A study on the agents that reduces the nicotine induced nicotinic receptor density in wistar rats
Article Sidebar
-
Nicotine deaddiction, Citric acid, Tyrosine, Nicotinic Receptor Density (NRD)
Abstract
The most important substance causing addiction towards cigarette is nicotine. Nicotine abstinence causes withdrawal symptoms in smokers. It is not just nicotine, along with it is the upregulation of nicotinic receptor density (NRD) that leads to addiction. All together makes nicotine deaddiction the most difficult aspect. Nicotine receptor density increases as long as the person is exposed to nicotine. When once the NRD is initiated by nicotine, later though you stop smoking, the increased nicotine receptors create an urge to smoke. Hence the person feels to smoke for satisfying the nicotine receptors. The smokers may attempt to quit smoking but the NRD will create an urge for nicotine again. One cannot completely quit smoking or cannot stop taking nicotine, until the NRD is reduced to normal. In our present study we have studied the effect of citric acid and tyrosine on decreasing nicotinic receptor density. We have induced the nicotinic receptor density to raise and studied the citric acid and tyrosine’s effect in maintaining the NRD closer to normal. The study concludes that citric acid and tyrosine have reduced the NRD significantly. This can control withdrawal symptoms and can stop craving for nicotine and finally can lead to cessation of smoking and from taking nicotine therapy.
Full text article
References
Acworth, I. N., During, M. J., Wurtman, R. J. 1988. Tyrosine: Effects on catecholamine release. Brain Research Bulletin, 21(3):473–477.
Behm, F. M., Schur, C., Levin, E. D., Tashkin, D. P., Rose, J. E. 1993. Clinical evaluation of a citric acid inhaler for smoking cessation. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 31(2):131–138.
Brody, A. L., Mukhin, A. G., Mamoun, M. S., Luu, T., Neary, M., Liang, L., Shieh, J., Sugar, C. A., Rose, J. E., Mandelkern, M. A. 2014. Brain Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Availability and Response to Smoking Cessation Treatment. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(7):797–805.
Brody, A. L., Mukhin, A. G., Shulenberger, S., Mamoun, M. S., Kozman, M., Phuong, J., Neary, M., Luu, T., Mandelkern, M. A. 2013. Treatment for Tobacco Dependence: Effect on Brain Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Density. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(8):1548–1556.
Cherek, D. R., Mauroner, R. F., Brauchi, J. T. 1982. Effects of increasing urinary pH on cigarette smoking. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 32(2):253–260.
Chiara, G. D., Imperato, A. 1988. Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 85(14):5274–5278.
Gibson, C. J., Watkins, C. J., Wurtman, R. J. 1983. Tyrosine administration enhances dopamine synthesis and release in light-activated rat retina. Journal of Neural Transmission, 56(2-3):153–160.
Govind, A. P., Vezina, P., Green, W. N. 2009. Nicotine-induced upregulation of nicotinic receptors: Underlying mechanisms and relevance to nicotine addiction. Biochemical Pharmacology, 78(7):756–765.
Gritters, M., Grooteman, M. P. C., Schoorl, M., Schoorl, M., Bartels, P. C. M., Scheffer, P. G., Teerlink, T., Schalkwijk, C. G., Spreeuwenberg, M., Nubé, M. J. 2006. Citrate anticoagulation abolishes degranulation of polymorphonuclear cells and platelets and reduces oxidative stress during haemodialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 21(1):153–159.
Levin, E. D., Rose, J. E., Behm, F. 1990. Development of a citric acid aerosol as a smoking cessation aid. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 25(3):273–279.
Lipovac, S., Hashim, M. N., Allen, A. S. H., Cooper, D., Czobor, T., Lajtha, P. 2001. A Differences in nicotine-induced dopamine release and nicotine pharmacokinetics between Lewis and Fischer 344 rats. Neurochem Res, 26:609–617.
Lukas, R. J., Changeux, J. P., Novère, N. L., Albuquerque, E. X., Balfour, D. J. K., Berg, D. K., Wonnacott, S. 1999. International Union of Pharmacology. XX. Current status of the nomenclature for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and their subunits. Pharmacological Reviews, 51(2):397–401.
Mamede, M., Ishizu, K., Ueda, M., Mukai, T., Iida, Y., Kawashima, H., Fukuyama, H., Togashi, K., Saji, H. 2007. Temporal Change in Human Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor After Smoking Cessation: 5IA SPECT Study. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 48(11):1829–1835.
Norregaard, J., Tonnesen, P., Petersen, L. 1993. Predictors and Reasons for Relapse in Smoking Cessation with Nicotine and Placebo Patches. Preventive Medicine, 22(2):261–271.
Paoletti, P., Fornai, E., Maggiorelli, F., Puntoni, R., Viegi, G., Carrozzi, L., Corlando, A., Gustavsson, G., Säwe, U., Giuntini, C. 1996. Importance of baseline cotinine plasma values in smoking cessation: results from a double-blind study with nicotine patch. European Respiratory Journal, 9(4):643– 651.
Penniston, K. L., Nakada, S. Y., Holmes, R. P., Assimos, D. G. 2008. Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and Commercially Available Fruit Juice Products. Journal of Endourology, 22(3):567–570.
Pontieri, F. E., Tanda, G., Orzi, F., Chiara, G. D. 1996. Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs. Nature, 382(6588):255–257.
Rose, J. E., Hickman, C. S. 1987. Citric Acid Aerosol As a Potential Smoking Cessation Aid. Chest, 92(6):1005–1008.
Staley, J. K. 2006. Human Tobacco Smokers in Early Abstinence Have Higher Levels of beta2* Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors than Nonsmokers. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(34):8707–8714.
Tiranathanagul, K., Jearnsujitwimol, O., Susantitaphong, P., Kijkriengkraikul, N., Leelahavanichkul, A., Srisawat, N., Praditpornsilpa, K., Eiam-Ong, S. 2011. Regional Citrate Anti-coagulation Reduces Polymorphonuclear Cell Degranulation in Critically Ill Patients Treated With Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration. Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, 15:556–564.
van de Rest, O., Bloemendaal, M., de Heus, R., Aarts, E. 2017. Dose-Dependent Effects of Oral Tyrosine Administration on Plasma Tyrosine Levels and Cognition in Aging. Nutrients, 9(12):1–14.
Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.