A Review on Candidiasis resistance current drug development process in its prevention and treatment

Abstract

A fungal infection caused by Candida albicans leads to illness and death worldwide. This review mainly focused upon Vulvovaginal Candidiasis that is a common fungal infection seen in women, especially during pregnancy; Candida species cause diseases, particularly in immunocompromised patients. This type of infection occurred during the nonsterile environment. The different types of candidiasis mentioned in this review are Mucosal Candidiasis, Oropharyngeal Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Candidiasis, Cutaneous Candidiasis, Invasive Candidiasis, Disseminated candidiasis, and Candidemia.  New approaches like vaccination, antibodies, cytokine therapy, amphotericin-B loaded nanofiber, mucoadhesive are required to improve the result of the patients suffering from infections. New insights into the mechanism of anticandidal host response have contributed to the design of novel immunotherapy. The systemic and topical treatment is carried. The novel drug therapy is given in order to avoid the resistivity developed by fungus. Diagnosis is made by different techniques like direct examination and Culture Method. The other examination methods used are Pathogen-related tests, mannan tests, nucleic acid-based assays.  Amphotericin–B loaded nanofibers and liposomes are developed and even certain plant extracts are using as an antifungal drug which is safer to use the future trends used for the study are Echinocandins, the latest class of drug used for the antifungal and drug act as a fungicidal that has low drug-drug interaction which makes first-line treatment for invasive candidiasis particularly. The different class of drugs has been used for the treatment are discussed with Azoles that are used in the treatment with a combination of the other class drugs.