# International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences - Complete Article Index ISSN: 0975-7538 | Website: https://ijrps.com | License: CC BY 4.0 Total articles: 4413 --- ## Estrogenic and Anti-prostatitis Activities of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn (Malvaceae) Stem Bark Aqueous Extract in Wistar Rats **Authors:** Basile Tindano, Nathalie Ouedraogo, Maya Doukouré, Elisabeth Ouedraogo, Abdelaziz Koussoubé, Filkpièrè Léonard Da, Balé Bayala, G Raymond Belemtougri G Raymond Belemtougri **Published:** 2026-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v17i3.4421 **Type:** research article **Keywords:** Ceiba pentandra, estrogenic activity, Malvaceae, non-bacterial prostatitis, ovariectomy Background: Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn stem bark is used traditionally for reproductive and inflammatory disorders, but its estrogenic and anti-prostatitis activities lack scientific validation.Objective: To evaluate the phytochemical constituents, estrogenic activity, and anti-inflammatory potential of C. pentandra aqueous stem-bark extract (AECP) in Wistar rats. Methods: Phytochemical screening used standard assays. Estrogenic activity was evaluated via the 3-day OECD 440 uterotrophic bioassay in ovariectomized rats (200 and 400 mg/kg/day p.o. vs. 17β-estradiol 10 µg/kg). Anti-inflammatory efficacy was assessed in male rats with intraprostatic carrageenan-induced prostatitis (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg p.o. vs. diclofenac 5 mg/kg), determining prostatic index and hematology at 24 h. Results: AECP contained polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenes/steroids (alkaloids absent). In ovariectomized rats, AECP (400 mg/kg) significantly increased relative uterine weight from 0.0418 ± 0.0026% to 0.0676 ± 0.0080% (p<0.02; +61.7%) without adrenal hypertrophy. In prostatitis, AECP (400 and 600 mg/kg) reduced the carrageenan-elevated prostatic index from 4.212 to 2.850 and 2.649 mg/g (p<0.001), comparable to diclofenac (2.318 mg/g). AECP (600 mg/kg) also normalized leukocytosis (from 9.967 to 3.400 × 10³/µL). Conclusion: AECP exhibits significant estrogenic and anti-prostatitis activities in Wistar rats, validating its traditional medicinal use. --- ## In Vitro Release Performance of Naproxen Sodium/Acetaminophen Pediatric Suspensions Using a Mini-Paddle Apparatus and USP Paddle Apparatus **Authors:** Reyna L. Rayón-Luna, Alysa J. Pineda-Donlucas, Raúl Medina-López **Published:** 2026-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v17i3.4420 **Type:** research article **Keywords:** Acetaminophen, Biopharmaceutics, Dissolution, Fixed-dose combinations, Mini-paddle apparatus, Naproxen sodium Background: Fixed-dose pediatric suspensions of naproxen sodium (NAP, 25 mg/mL) and acetaminophen (ACE, 20 mg/mL) are widely prescribed for childhood pain and fever, but lack official compendial dissolution monographs. Objective: To evaluate in vitro dissolution of three generic pediatric suspensions (G1–G3) against the reference product (Febrax®, R), comparing the discriminatory sensitivity of a mini-paddle apparatus versus the standard USP paddle apparatus. Methods: Dissolution was conducted in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer (37.0 ± 0.5 °C, 75 rpm) using a mini-paddle apparatus (200 mL, 2 mL dose) and USP Apparatus 2 (500 mL, 5 mL dose), maintaining identical 0.25 mg/mL NAP and 0.20 mg/mL ACE concentrations (n = 12). First-derivative spectrophotometry quantified NAP (243 nm) and ACE (253 nm). Model-independent metrics (Q60, MDT, DE) were analyzed by ANOVA with Dunnett's test. Results: Over 85% of both drugs dissolved within 15 min across all formulations, omitting f2 similarity calculations. Model-independent metrics revealed that the standard USP paddle apparatus detected statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in 88.89% of comparisons against reference R, whereas the mini-paddle apparatus detected differences in only 38.89%. Conclusions: The standard USP paddle apparatus provides superior discriminatory sensitivity over the mini-paddle system for quality control and post-marketing surveillance of pediatric suspensions. --- ## Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethyl Acetate and Methanol Extracts of Crotalaria biflora (Linn.) Whole Plant in Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Albino Rats **Authors:** Anoob Kumar KI, Swamivel Manickam, Sudhi BS, Rincy K, Lal Prasanth M L **Published:** 2026-06-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v17i2.4419 **Type:** research article **Keywords:** Crotalaria biflora, hepatoprotective activity, paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity, DPPH, FRAP, silymarin, liver enzymes Background: Paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose is a major cause of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Crotalaria biflora (Linn.) is traditionally used medicinally, but its pharmacological properties remain poorly characterised. Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of ethyl acetate (EECB) and methanol (MECB) extracts of the whole plant of C. biflora against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxiciMethods: Successive Soxhlet extraction using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol yielded four extracts. EECB and MECB were selected based on DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays. Acute oral toxicity was assessed according to OECD 423. Seven groups of Wistar rats (n=6) were treated for four weeks. Hepatotoxicity was induced with paracetamol (1000 mg·kg⁻¹, p.o., twice weekly), with silymarin (100 mg·kg⁻¹) as standard. Lipid profile, bilirubin, liver enzymes, and liver histopathology were evaluated. Results: MECB showed the highest antioxidant activity (DPPH IC₅₀: [A] µg/mL; FRAP: [B] µmol Fe²⁺ equivalent/g), followed by EECB (IC₅₀: [C] µg/mL; FRAP: [D] µmol Fe²⁺ equivalent/g). Both extracts significantly (p<0.05) reduced paracetamol-induced elevations in cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, bilirubin, ALP, SGOT, and SGPT and improved HDL dose-dependently. MECB (400 mg·kg⁻¹) produced the greatest hepatoprotective effect, comparable to silymarin. Histopathology showed reduced hepatocellular necrosis, vacuolisation, and sinusoidal dilation. Conclusion: MECB at 400 mg·kg⁻¹ demonstrated significant hepatoprotective activity, supporting further investigation of its bioactive phytoconstituents. --- ## The Role of Nanotechnology in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Innovations in Diagnostics and Targeted Drug Delivery **Authors:** Naresh Kshirasagar, Ratnakar Reddy Kotha, Sowmya Rajigari, Srilatha Malvey **Published:** 2026-06-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v17i2.4416 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Nanotechnology, Pharmaceutical industry, Drug delivery systems, Nano-diagnostics, Targeted therapy, Nanocarriers Background: Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative platform in the pharmaceutical industry, offering innovative solutions to long-standing challenges in disease diagnosis and drug delivery. Operating at the nanoscale (1–100 nm), nanomaterials exhibit unique physicochemical properties—enhanced surface area, improved apparent solubility, quantum-confinement effects, and tunable surface chemistry—that can be strategically exploited to improve therapeutic and diagnostic performance. Objective: This review synthesizes recent advances in nanotechnology-based diagnostic platforms and targeted drug delivery systems, emphasizing their mechanisms, comparative advantages, clinical relevance, and translational limitations. Methods: A structured narrative search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect for records published between January 2010 and December 2025, using Boolean combinations of the terms nanotechnology, nanocarriers, drug delivery, nanodiagnostics, and nanomedicine. Findings: Engineered nanocarriers—liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles—improve biodistribution, protect labile payloads, and enable both passive and ligand-mediated active targeting. In diagnostics, quantum dots, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, plasmonic gold nanoparticles, and lab-on-a-chip systems deliver picomolar-to-femtomolar sensitivity and support point-of-care testing. Clinically approved products such as Doxil, Abraxane, and lipid-nanoparticle mRNA vaccines demonstrate real-world translation. Conclusions: Although clinical translation remains constrained by toxicity, manufacturing scalability, and evolving regulatory frameworks, nanotechnology continues to underpin the shift toward personalized and precision medicine. --- ## Analytical Method Development and Validation for the Quantification of Related Substances in Pantoprazole Gastro-Resistant Tablets by RP-HPLC: A Critical Review **Authors:** Abirami A, Prarthana J, Surya R, Bharani Pandilla **Published:** 2026-06-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v17i2.4418 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Pantoprazole, related substances, reversed-phase HPLC, impurity profiling, stability-indicating method, forced degradation, ICH Q3B(R2), analytical quality by design. Pantoprazole sodium is a benzimidazole-class proton-pump inhibitor used widely in the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcers, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Because the molecule is acid-labile and oxidation-sensitive, it is formulated as an enteric-coated, gastro-resistant tablet, and its impurity profile must be tightly controlled to meet ICH Q3B(R2) thresholds. This review critically appraises the peer-reviewed literature on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) methods for the quantification of related substances in pantoprazole gastro-resistant tablets and converges on best-practice conditions for new method developers. A structured literature search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect (January 2005–December 2025) was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidance. Thirteen primary analytical studies and twelve regulatory or methodological documents (ICH guidelines, USP and Ph. Eur. monographs, PRISMA 2020, AGREE, GAPI and BAGI tool descriptors, plus PubChem records) were included after screening 84 records. The dominant RP-HPLC configuration uses a C18 stationary phase (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a phosphate-buffered (pH 7.0–7.4) mobile phase, acetonitrile as the organic modifier, 1.0 mL min −1 flow, 290 nm UV detection, and a 35°C column temperature. Methods coupling pantoprazole with a partner analyte shift to 239 nm for shared sensitivity. LC–MS/MS is required for genotoxic-impurity profiling below 1 ppm. Green-analytical metrics (AGREE, GAPI, BAGI) and Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) workflows are emerging but unevenly reported. RP-HPLC remains the workhorse technique for pantoprazole impurity profiling, but the literature is heterogeneous in column temperature, mobile-phase pH, and validation reporting. Standardised reporting of mass balance, AQbD design space, and greenness scores will materially advance the field. --- ## Phytochemical Profiling, Characterisation, and Antibacterial Potential of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Extracts Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Strains **Authors:** Amit Kumar, Jasveer Singh, Shiv Dutt, Navjot Singh Sethi, Jyoti Gupta **Published:** 2026-06-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v17i2.4417 **Type:** research article **Keywords:** Syzygium aromaticum; clove; essential oil; antibacterial activity; multidrug resistance; GC-MS; phytochemical screening; n-hexane extract; terpenoids; agar well diffusion Syzygium aromaticum (clove) is well recognised for its diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of clove bud extracts prepared by maceration with solvents of varying polarity n-hexane (non-polar), acetone (semi-polar), and ethanol (polar) against clinically relevant multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. An initial qualitative phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, and terpenoids in the extracts. Antibacterial activity was determined by agar well diffusion against four organisms: Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative, MDR). The n-hexane extract exhibited the highest zone of inhibition for all organisms tested (up to 18 mm against S. aureus), followed by the acetone and ethanol extracts, indicating that the principal antibacterial constituents of clove are lipophilic in nature. GC-MS analysis of the most active n-hexane extract identified five major terpenoid constituents: β-caryophyllene (32.5%), α-humulene (12.3%), caryophyllene oxide (7.8%), α-copaene (5.6%), and δ-cadinene (4.2%). These terpenoids are known to disrupt bacterial cell membranes and inhibit microbial growth synergistically. Together, the results demonstrate that lipophilic clove extracts particularly the n-hexane fraction possess significant antibacterial activity against MDR organisms and represent a promising natural source for the development of alternative antimicrobial agents. --- ## Peptide Fractionation from Cissus quadrangularis by Freeze–Thaw Method and Its Antimicrobial Applications **Authors:** Jeevitha R, Suresh K **Published:** 2026-03-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v17i1.4415 **Type:** research article **Keywords:** Bioactive peptides, Cissus quadrangularis, freeze–thaw extraction, antimicrobial activity, HPLC purification This study aimed to isolate and characterize bioactive peptides from Cissus quadrangularis (L.) and evaluate their antimicrobial activity. Plant material was dried at 37°C, powdered, and stored at −20°C. Peptides were extracted using phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) and Tris–NaCl buffer (pH 7.4), followed by homogenization and freeze–thaw cycles for effective cell disruption.The extract was clarified by centrifugation and filtration, and proteins were precipitated using 80% ammonium sulfate. The pellet was reconstituted, dialyzed (1–3 kDa cut-off), and lyophilized. Further purification by HPLC produced a distinct peak at 3.16 minutes. Peptide concentration, determined by the Bradford assay, increased during purification, reaching 80.7 µg/mL. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed low-molecular-weight peptides (3–10 kDa).Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Citrobacter freundii. The peptides showed strong inhibition against Gram-positive bacteria, especially S. aureus and B. subtilis, with weaker effects on Gram-negative strains.These findings highlight Cissus quadrangularis as a promising natural source of antimicrobial peptides. --- ## Phytochemicals of Clove: A Promising Frontier in Anticancer Research **Authors:** Jasveer Singh, Amit Kumar, Shiv Dutt, Navjot Singh Sethi, Jyoti Gupta **Published:** 2026-03-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v17i1.4414 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** synzygium aromaticum, clove, eugenol, phytochemicals, anticancer activity, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, NF-κB signaling, oxidative stress Medicinally important clove, or Syzygium aromaticum, has a number of bioactive phytochemicals in it, including as eugenol, eugenyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, tannins, triterpenoids, and flavonoids. Clove has several chemicals in it. A lot of people are interested in these molecules because they could be able to fight cancer. Various different investigations looked into whether clove phytochemicals may stop malignant cells from growing. They used nano-formulation techniques, in vitro cell line testing, in vivo animal models, and molecular docking analysis. This review article gives a brief overview of what the investigations found. Breast, colorectal, lung, cervical, prostate, oral, and liver cancers were just a few of the many types of cancer that were tested with clove extracts or isolated chemicals and showed dose-dependent cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects. Most of the research has focused on eugenol, which is the main component of clove essential oil. This is because it can activate caspases, up-regulate p53 and Bax, down-regulate Bcl-2, and stop the cell cycle in G0/G1 or G2/M phases by changing the levels of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. Controlling inflammatory signaling pathways, which includes activating NF-κB, stopping angiogenesis and metastatic signs, and lowering oxidative stress, is one of the known treatments. It's also important to note that in vivo studies have indicated that these findings are backed up by better histology outcomes, slower tumor growth, and a reduced rate of tumors. Recent advances in nano-delivery technology have made phytochemicals from cloves far more bioavailable, stable, and potentially anticancer. It seems that clove phytochemicals are multi-targeted anti-cancer agents that might be very useful as both chemopreventive and therapeutic agents because of the evidence that has been collected from these studies. Even yet, standardized formulations, thorough toxicological studies, and well-planned clinical trials are needed to show that they might be used as treatments in the future. --- ## Prediction of drug plasma levels from fixed-dose combination tablets: tramadol- hydrochloride/acetaminophen **Authors:** Raúl Medina-López, Felipe D. Reyes-Ramírez, Juan C. Ruiz-Segura **Published:** 2026-01-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v17i1.4413 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Analgesics, Convolution, Derivative spectroscopy, USP apparatus IV. Background: This study predicts the in vivo performance of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen from fixed-dose formulations (tablets) taking into consideration dissolution data and a convolution approach. Real peak plasma level (Cmax) and area under the curve from zero to infinity (AUC0-inf) were compared with the predicted pharmacokinetic parameters. Methods: Tramadol hydrochloride/acetaminophen reference tablets and four multi-source formulations were used. All formulations were tested with USP apparatus II and IV. Drugs were determined by a UV spectrophotometric derivative method. Dissolution data such as dissolution efficiency, mean dissolution time, t50% and t80% values were statistically compared. Hypothetical Cmax and AUC0-inf were compared through the calculation of prediction error (PE). PE values < 10% suggest that predicted parameters were similar to those obtained in a human study. Results: Comparison of dissolution parameters of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen showed no similarity in dissolution profiles of multi-source formulations and reference (p < 0.05). The predicted Cmax and AUC0-inf of both drugs in reference formulation were similar to same in vivo parameters only with dissolution data of USP apparatus II with HCl 0.1 N and USP apparatus IV with pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. Conclusions: The study reveals the best conditions for the evaluation of in vitro release behavior of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen in multi-source formulations since under these conditions the reference formulation generates hypothetical plasma levels comparable to those observed in a human study. --- ## Preliminary phytochemical and GC-MS study of Mangifera indica L. Leaves family: Anacardiaceae **Authors:** Rajiv Yadav, Ankur Mor, Yashu Shukla, Nilay U. Pandya, Bhagwati Devi **Published:** 2026-01-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v17i1.4801 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mangifera indicaL. leaves, Standardization, Preliminary phytochemical studies, GC-MS Study Mangifera indica L. family Anacardiaceae is an important medicinal having wide range of biological activities. The present study aimed to study Mangifera indica L. leaves morphological characters and determination of physicochemical parameters like foreign organic matter, moisture content, ash values and extractive value etc. Preliminary phytochemical studies were also carried out to detect the presence of many phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins etc. The results of physiochemical parameters i.e., total Ash was found 1.54±0.01% w/w, acid insoluble ash 0.77±0.02% w/w and sulphated ash 1.24 ±0.01% w/w respectively. The ethanol extractive were found 14.84±1.2 % w/w and water-soluble extractive value was found 16.73±0.7% w/w. The moisture content and foreign organic matter was found to be 11.7±0.6% w/w and 0.5±0.03% w/respectively. The preliminary phytochemical studies i.e., qualitative evaluation of the ethanol extract indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, saponins,quinones, proteins and amino acids. The Gas chromatography Mass spectroscopy of selected plant leaves extract were found 38 Phytoconstituents, some of them are Stigmasterol, Squalene, Pyrogallol, Methyleugenol, Phytol, Myristic acid, Stearic acid and Isopropyl palmitate etc. --- ## Exploring the production and functional properties of peptides derived from lysinibacillus fusiformis **Authors:** Chethankumar T, Neethirajan G, Suresh K **Published:** 2026-01-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v17i1.4800 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lysinibacillus fusiformis MGR 24, bioactive peptide, peptide purification, antimicrobial activity, mass spectrometry Rhizospheric bacteria are an important reservoir of bioactive metabolites for biomedical purposes. In the present study, individual bacterial colonies were selected from rhizosphere soil, and a morphologically different isolate designated MGR 24 was obtained. Based on morphological and biochemical characteristics, along with 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolate was identified as Lysinibacillus fusiformis MGR 24. Growth optimization studies identified carbon, nitrogen, and micronutrient composition as the most influential factors affecting biomass formation and product yield. Antimicrobial peptide expression was associated with the growth phase, and maximal activity (≈3100 AU/mL) was observed at 11–12 h of incubation. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a major extracellular protein component of approximately 96 kDa. Enzymatic management and digestion studies were carried out to ascertain the proteinaceous nature of the compound. The peptide was highly tolerant to temperature and pH and retained its original activity even after purification by cation-exchange chromatography, with a 40-fold enrichment of lyase and 80% recovery. LC–MS analysis revealed several peaks, including a major molecular ion at m/z 265.2663. These results emphasize L. fusiformis MGR 24 as a promising candidate for the stable isolation of antimicrobial peptides for further exploration of sensory properties. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of buccal patch of atenolol **Authors:** Madhankumar K, M. Janaki Ram, P.S. Monika, K. Purnasree, V. Vasavi **Published:** 2025-12-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i4.4799 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPMC, Sodium Alginates, Urea, Buccal Patches, Atenolol Atenolol buccal patches were formulated using the solvent casting method with different ratios of polymers such as gelatin, urea, HPMC, PVP K30, and sodium alginate. The prepared patches were evaluated for thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, and drug content uniformity. In vitro drug release studies were conducted using a semi-permeable membrane to mimic the buccal environment. All formulations followed first-order release kinetics and provided sustained drug release for up to eight hours. Among them, formulation F6 showed the highest drug release of 98.51% over eight hours, indicating an optimized polymeric composition for prolonged and effective atenolol delivery. The results suggest that the developed buccal patches can maintain steady plasma concentrations, reduce dosing frequency, and improve patient compliance compared to conventional oral tablets. Thus, the solvent casting method with suitable polymer combinations proves effective for designing controlled-release buccal delivery systems for atenolol. --- ## Toxicological and Biochemical Study of Bispyribac Sodium (Herbicide) on Zebra Fish (Danio Rerio) **Authors:** Vanam Rani, Lakavath Nikhitha, Gundlapalli Sai Kumar, Vulma Venkateshwari, Venkateshwara Rao Joginapally **Published:** 2025-11-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i4.4798 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bispyribac Sodium, Zebrafish (Danio rerio), Acute toxicity, LC50, NOAEL, LOAEL, Herbicide toxicity This study explores the toxic effects of the herbicide Bispyribac Sodium on zebrafish (Danio rerio), a commonly used model organism in toxicological research studies. These fish are often used in research because they are small, easy to handle, and react clearly to harmful substances. In this experiment, healthy adult zebrafish were kept in clean water and water mixed with the herbicide at three levels: 1 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, and 3 mg/ml. The fish were observed for 72 hours to check how many survived and how they behaved. No fish died in clean water or at 1 mg/ml, but many died at 2 mg/ml, and all died at 3 mg/ml. So, LC50 in 24 hrs is 3 mg/ml, LC100 in 72 hrs is 3 mg/ml. LC100 in 72 hrs is 1 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, and LOEC is 1 mg/ml. To know more, biochemical analysis was done on fish tissues. The results showed reduced levels of important enzymes like Hexokinase (reduced from 192.9 U/g to 38.5 U/g), glucose-6-phosphate (reduced from 32.1 mg/gm to 12.8 mg/gm), along with a decline in glycogen (reduced from 3.0 mg/gm to 1.2 mg/gm), protein (reduced from 0.2 mg/gm to 0.05 mg/gm), and cholesterol (reduced from 3.3 mg/gm to 1.3 mg/gm). This suggests disrupted metabolism and toxicity in the liver. In short, this herbicide can harm fish in many ways—not just killing them but also causing serious changes in behaviour and health. This shows the need to use such chemicals more carefully to protect aquatic life. --- ## Phytochemical and enzymatic insights into the lipid-modulatory activity of garcinia gummi-gutta **Authors:** Dhanalakshmi G, Navya Raj AR, Pruthvi A, Chandana SJ, Rekha H S **Published:** 2025-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i4.4797 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Garcinia gummi-gutta, kudampuli, Lipase inhibition, Anti-obesity, Cholesterol-lowering activity, Phytochemicals This study investigates the anti-obesity and lipid-modulating properties of Garcinia gummi-gutta through a series of phytochemical analyses, along with anti-cholesterol and anti-lipase assays. Phytochemical screening identified several bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, phenols, and flavonoids. LC-ESI-MS analysis further confirmed the presence of hydroxycitric acid (HCA), garcinol, and isogarcinol, all of which are known for their role in regulating metabolism. The lipase inhibition assay demonstrated notable activity, with the wet leaf extract inhibiting up to 53.42%, a result comparable to the well-known drug Orlistat (60.27%). Cholesterol-lowering effects measured using the Zacks and Liebermann–Burchard methods, revealed significant inhibition, exceeding the effects of Atorvastatin. Qualitative lipid tests showed changes in lipid solubility and saturation after treatment with the extract. These findings support the potential of G. gummi-gutta as a natural, plant-based option for managing obesity and hyperlipidemia through the modulation of lipid metabolism and enzyme activity. --- ## Neuroprotective effects of gloriosa superba extract against aluminum induced toxicity: in vivo and in silico evaluation **Authors:** Subha T, Suresh K, Muthusamy R, Parameswari A **Published:** 2025-11-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i4.4796 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gloriosa superba, AlCl₃ neurotoxicity, Neuroprotection, Molecular docking, Behavioral tests This study investigates the neuroprotective effects of Gloriosa superba ethanolic extract against aluminum chloride (AlCl₃)-induced neurotoxicity in male Wistar rats, supported by in vivo behavioral, biochemical, hematological, and in silico analyses. Rats were divided into five groups: control, AlCl₃-treated, two G. superba-treated groups (25 mg/kg), and a colchicine-treated group. Behavioral tests (Morris water maze, Y-maze, elevated plus maze, and open field) confirmed that AlCl₃ impaired memory, cognition, and locomotor activity, which were significantly restored by Gloriosa superba, particularly in Group IV. Biochemical markers, blood glucose, and lipid profiles were elevated in the AlCl₃ group but normalized with G. superba and colchicine. Hematological parameters also improved following treatment. In silico studies using molecular docking showed colchicine had strong binding affinity (–14.49 kcal/mol) with AChE (PDB ID: 1CFJ), supported by key hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions. ADMET profiling revealed favorable drug-likeness, high GI absorption, and moderate synthetic accessibility. Overall, Gloriosa superba extract demonstrated significant protective effects comparable to colchicine, suggesting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. --- ## Withania Coagulans Sachet: A Novel Approach Cramp and Diabetes Management **Authors:** Rohan R. Kherud, Parvani A. Wani, Pooja D. Mali, Akash N. Gade, Rushikesh k. Narode, Pranav D. Sonawane, Shraddha S. Shinde, Sanskruti S. Dhomase, Pranav M. Taskar, Shubham S. Adhav **Published:** 2025-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i4.4795 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Paneer dodi, menstrual cramp, antidiabetic, sachets, diabetes Paneer dodi is a versatile medicinal herb used since ancient times. It possesses significant therapeutic properties, offering various health benefits such as antidiabetic, weight loss, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is also known to relieve menstrual cramps effectively. This research aims to formulate a dry powder extract using a combination of Paneer dodi, fenugreek, fennel, stevia, and neem oil. This unique blend is designed to provide an effective natural remedy for managing diabetes (Madhumeha) and menstrual discomfort by reducing abdominal cramps with proven efficacy. The formulation offers a dynamic and holistic approach, promising relief with minimal side effects. It also highlights the traditional value of herbs across different regions. The therapeutic benefits of this herbal combination suggest its potential application in sachet form, delivering a convenient and natural remedy directly to users. This study underlines the continued relevance of herbal medicine in modern healthcare. --- ## Anthropometric profiles in hypertensive adults: a gender-specific comparative study **Authors:** Ifeoma N. Monago, Ejembi P. Eneh, Augustine C. Ihim, Ogechi C. Osuafor, Ofia A. Kalu, Bernice N Ogbu, Gladys I. Ahaneku, Ezinne G. Ukibe, Blessing C. Ukibe, Victory E. Ukibe, Nkiruka R. Ukibe **Published:** 2025-10-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i4.4794 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Omega-3 Fatty Acid, Calcitonin, Inflammation, Blood Pressure, Anthropometric indices, Hypertension, Adult Hypertension is a global health concern linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies suggest that biochemical markers such as omega-3 fatty acids, calcitonin, and calcium play key roles in vascular health and blood pressure regulation. This study aimed to assess the plasma levels of these biomarkers and their association with anthropometric and blood pressure parameters in hypertensive individuals. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 90 participants: 45 newly diagnosed hypertensive adults and 45 age- and sex-matched normotensive controls from NAUTH, Nnewi. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure readings were recorded. Plasma omega-3 fatty acids were measured using GC-MS, while serum calcitonin and calcium levels were assessed via ELISA and colorimetric methods. Results showed significantly higher BMI, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensives (p < 0.05). Plasma omega-3 levels were lower in hypertensives (269.41±128.40 ng/L) compared to controls (931.05±607.61 ng/L, p < 0.001). Calcitonin and calcium levels were higher in hypertensive participants (p < 0.001, 0.044). Gender differences revealed higher blood pressure and calcitonin levels in hypertensive females. A positive correlation between omega-3 and calcitonin was observed (r = 0.498, p = 0.048). The study highlights the potential roles of these biomarkers in hypertension pathophysiology and personalized management. --- ## Advanced synergistic remediation of diverse plastic pollutants using nano-enabled biocatalysts **Authors:** James Abe Katumalla, Pandu Brahmaji Rao **Published:** 2025-08-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i3.4793 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nano-enabled biocatalysts, Plastic Degradation, Microorganisms, Microplastic, Nano plastic pollution Plastic, a highly malleable material once shown its role to alternate things like ivory, wood, and so on to reduce burden on nature, has become a rapidly rising global concern over the past few decades due to its legacy in every possible application, from spacesuits to socks, daily needful things to life-supporting medical things. Its vast accumulation has reached from polluting rivers to the human internal organs, posing severe threats to ecosystems, human health and the stability of our planet Earth. This review explores the history, applications, major impacts, alternatives and recycling of plastic and nanotechnology as a transformative solution, focusing on the promising potential of Nano-enabled Biocatalysts (NBs) for efficient plastic degradation. NBs, which integrate biological elements like enzymes or microorganisms with synthetic nanomaterials (e.g., silver, titanium, iron oxides), offer superior catalytic activity, stability, and selectivity compared to their individual components. Prominent studies demonstrating NBs' efficacy, including the use of Aspergillus oryzae with silver nanoparticles and Lactobacillus plantarum with titania nanoparticles for enhanced polyethylene degradation, as well as bacterial consortia augmented by ironoxide nanoparticles and other advanced nanomaterials are reviewed. These innovative approaches facilitate faster and more complete plastic breakdowns, significantly reducing microplastic and nanoplastic contamination. Research in this domain is still in its early stages. Further studies are essential to fully comprehend the characteristics of biological and nanoscale components, engineer new functional materials, assess their comprehensive risks and benefits, and rigorously test their effectiveness under real-world environmental conditions before widespread implementation. --- ## Analytical techniques and integrated microbial remediation of microplastic from aquatic system **Authors:** Sriveni D, Pandu Brahmaji Rao **Published:** 2025-08-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i3.4792 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Microplastics, Aquatic system, Assessment, Microorganisms, Bioremediation Larger plastic pieces are disposed of in the environment, where they become weathered and degraded, resulting in the formation of microplastics (MPs), which are ubiquitous and have been increasing globally. MPs less than 5 mm in size are found in various sources, including oceans, sediments, surface water, groundwater, wastewater, tap water, bottled water, air, food products, aquatic organisms, and humans. They mostly originate from terrestrial sources, with rivers serving as essential transfer routes. MPs have a high ability to be absorbed into biological cells, where they are transported along the food chain, with humans as the final consumers of these products. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the range of microplastic contamination in Aquatic system, focusing on the sources, types, distribution, and analytical methods used for their detection and quantification. This paper also explores the potential of plastic-degrading microorganisms for bioremediation by highlighting recent advances in the identification and characterization of plastic-degrading microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, isolated from contaminated Aquatic system, and discusses the environmental factors that influence the efficiency of microbial degradation. It also discusses future research directions and the necessity of improving the comparability and efficacy of the fight against microplastic contamination. There is an urgent need for improved waste management practices, and microbial bioremediation is considered a sustainable approach for reducing microplastic contamination in Aquatic system. --- ## Patterns and outcomes of chronic migraine treatment: insights from a two-month prospective study **Authors:** Manju KC, Sunita Gupta, Anjali Pandey, Aakriti Aryal, Pooja Bhattarai, Mohammad Musthfa, Arjun Bhandari, Paridhi Kunwar, Gautam Prasad Chaudhary **Published:** 2025-08-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i3.4791 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic Migraine, Treatment Efficacy, Quality of Life, Pharmacotherapy, Migraine Triggers Background: Chronic migraine (CM) is a common and debilitating neurological condition that significantly impairs quality of life. Despite its prevalence, effective management remains underutilized. This study evaluated the effectiveness of various treatment strategies for CM and examined demographic patterns, common triggers, and their influence on treatment outcomes. Methods: A two-month prospective study was conducted at Crimson Hospital, Tilottama, Rupandehi, with 150 adult CM patients. Data on demographics, migraine characteristics, medication usage, and quality-of-life impacts were collected via structured patient profiles and verbal interviews. Statistical analyses, including paired t-tests, were used to evaluate treatment efficacy and explore relationships between variables. Results: The majority of participants were aged 31-45 years (53.3%) with a notable female predominance (80%). Common triggers included photophobia (62%) and stress (61.3%). Pharmacological interventions significantly reduced headache frequency from 5.78 to 2.37 attacks per month (p < 0.05). HIT-6 scores revealed a severe impact on quality of life in 36.7% of patients. NSAIDs and antidepressants were the most prescribed drug classes. Conclusions: Pharmacological treatments effectively reduced headache frequency and improved outcomes, but CM still profoundly impacts quality of life. Comprehensive management approaches, integrating pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies, are essential for optimal care. Future research should emphasize the long-term effects of treatments and enhanced patient education to improve care quality. --- ## Effects of atmospheric endocrine disruptors from the city of Ouagadougou on female reproductive function in the Wistar rat **Authors:** Souleymane Bengyende, Abdoul Dramane Sana, Tééganimbé Jean Kabore, Elisabeth Ouedraogo, Essohamam Jean Webike-mindamou, Balé Bayala **Published:** 2025-08-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i3.4790 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** effects, disruptors, reproduction, wistar female’s rats, Burkina Faso Anthropogenic activities contribute to the emission of various chemical particles and organic compounds into the atmosphere, either as volatile substances or through combustion, which pollute the air. Despite multiple pollution sources in Burkina Faso, limited research has been conducted on the effects of exposure to these pollutants, especially in Ouagadougou. While dietary exposure has been well-documented, the health risks associated with respiratory exposure remain poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of atmospheric endocrine disruptors on female reproductive function in laboratory animals (Wistar rats). Thirty female Wistar rats were exposed at three locations in Ouagadougou for six months, with ten rats per site. The animals were weighed biweekly, and at the end of the study, they were euthanized. Organs, including ovaries, uterus, adrenal glands, and kidneys, were collected and weighed. Hormone levels were determined using the Cobas 6000® instrument, combining clinical chemistry and immunoanalysis. The results showed a significant reduction in weight gain in exposed rats compared to controls. Hormonal assays revealed decreased hormone levels, and biochemical and histological analyses confirmed the effects of exposure. Significant differences were observed in the number of affected animals between the Post Office site, Bangrweogo forest, and control sites. Atmospheric endocrine disruptors had adverse effects on the female reproductive function of rats, highlighting the health risks associated with pollution exposure. --- ## An FMEA-driven holistic approach to quality risk management for new product introduction in pharmaceutical commercial plant: navigating global regulatory landscapes **Authors:** Nikhil Arun Vyawhare **Published:** 2025-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i3.4788 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Quality Risk Management (QRM), Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), New Product Introduction (NPI), Risk Assessment (RA), Critical Process Parameters (CPPs), Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs), Regulatory Compliance, Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) This review presents a comprehensive, regulatory-aligned strategy for conducting Quality Risk Assessments (QRAs) during New Product Introduction (NPI) in pharmaceutical commercial manufacturing. Focusing on the application of Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), the paper offers a practical framework for identifying, evaluating, and mitigating risks across the NPI lifecycle. Leveraging international regulatory guidelines—such as ICH Q9, WHO TRS, PIC/S Annex 20, USFDA, EMA, MHRA, ANVISA, SAHPRA (formerly MCC), and ASEAN GMP standards—the study outlines a systematic and proactive approach to Quality Risk Management (QRM). The FMEA methodology is examined in detail, emphasizing its role in risk prioritization using Risk Priority Numbers (RPNs), integration with the Pharmaceutical Quality System (PQS), and alignment with regulatory expectations for validation, cleaning, documentation, and supply chain readiness. Key failure modes, causes, and mitigations related to process scale-up, analytical method transfer, raw material variability, cleaning validation, packaging integrity, and transport logistics are outlined. Additionally, a structured FMEA template is introduced, supporting consistent, objective risk evaluations across multidisciplinary teams. This FMEA-driven model enhances decision-making, ensures compliance, and improves patient safety during the transition from development to commercial scale. --- ## Long-term exposure to sildenafil-adulterated herbal aphrodisiacs induces oxidative and functional alterations in the prostate and seminal vesicles of male rats **Authors:** Nomawende Emmanuel Joachim Ouedraogo, Basile Tindano, Maya Doukouré, Wendyam Joëlle Yougbaré, Elisabeth Ouedraogo, Jean Luc Kaboré, Abdel Aziz Koussoubé, Dramane Sana, Souleymane Bengyende, Balé Bayala **Published:** 2025-07-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i3.4787 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sildenafil adulteration, Herbal aphrodisiacs, Prostate, Seminal vesicle, Oxidative stress, Histopathology, Wistar rat The unregulated use of herbal aphrodisiacs adulterated with synthetic drugs such as sildenafil represents a growing public health concern, particularly in developing regions. This study investigated the chronic toxicological effects of two such formulations (AT and CM) on the prostate and seminal vesicles of male Wistar rats. Animals were orally administered AT or CM extracts containing 1 mg/g of sildenafil at doses of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg body weight for 90 days. Biochemical analyses revealed significant reductions in seminal vesicle fructose concentration and prostatic acid and alkaline phosphatase activities, indicating secretory dysfunction. Oxidative stress was confirmed by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and significant reductions in antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, CAT, GPx, and reduced glutathione. Histopathological examinations showed epithelial hyperplasia, glandular degeneration, and atrophy in both glands, particularly in high-dose groups. These findings highlight that chronic exposure to sildenafil-adulterated herbal products disrupts accessory gland function through oxidative stress and epithelial damage, raising concerns about their unregulated use and urging the implementation of tighter safety regulations and public awareness initiatives. --- ## Correlation of serum iron, ferritin, and magnesium with preterm labour **Authors:** Yogita Kamble, Suvarna Tryambak Jadhav, Nitin Bagal **Published:** 2025-07-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i3.4784 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Preterm labour, Serum iron, Ferritin, Magnesium, Micronutrient deficiency, Maternal nutrition Preterm labour, defined as the onset of labour before 37 completed weeks of gestation, remains a significant contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent evidence suggests that deficiencies in essential micronutrients such as serum iron, ferritin, and magnesium may play a crucial role in its pathophysiology. This study aims to investigate the correlation between maternal serum levels of iron, ferritin, and magnesium with the occurrence of preterm labour. A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted over six months at a tertiary care hospital, enrolling 100 pregnant women, including 50 with spontaneous preterm labour (28–36+6 weeks) and 50 with term deliveries (≥37 weeks). Blood samples were collected to assess serum iron, ferritin, and magnesium levels using standard biochemical assays. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, employing independent t-tests and Pearson correlation to compare values between groups. Women with preterm labour had significantly lower serum iron, ferritin, and magnesium levels compared to the term group, with significant positive correlations observed between gestational age and these biochemical parameters. This study demonstrates a strong association between lower maternal serum levels of iron, ferritin, and magnesium and the occurrence of preterm labour, highlighting the importance of early screening and supplementation during antenatal care. --- ## Effects of pre-operative exercise therapy and isometric stretches for mouth opening in a patient undergoing third molar tooth extraction: a case study **Authors:** Renuka Khedekar, Tanvi Nathani, Samiksha Dixit, Rucha Angre **Published:** 2025-07-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i3.4783 **Type:** case report **Keywords:** Physiotherapy, 3rd Molar Tooth extraction, Trismus, Mouth opening exercises, Isometric stretches Teeth extractions, particularly third molar extractions, are known to be painful procedures. Following such extractions, patients often experience pain and trismus, or limited jaw movement, which can significantly affect daily activities like chewing, speaking, and drinking. In response to these issues, a pre-extraction intervention was developed to reduce pain and prevent trismus. This intervention involved incorporating isometric stretches and jaw exercises into the patient's preoperative routine. The main objective of this case study was to reduce pain, improve Maximum Mouth Opening (MMO), and prevent trismus after the procedure. The study involved a 45-year-old male undergoing the extraction of a left upper third molar due to dental caries. Tools used in this study included a Vernier Caliper, Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The preoperative intervention significantly reduced pain and prevented trismus. This case supports the efficacy of pre-extraction stretches in improving outcomes and reducing post-extraction complications. --- ## Phytochemical screening of methanolic and aqueous extract of areal part (leaf, bark, fruit) of Bridelia retusa plant located in Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Odisha **Authors:** M. Nitesh Rao, Sobhan Reddy, Sovan Sourav Rath, Chumkijini Chhatria **Published:** 2025-06-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i2.4778 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** phytochemical, screening, methanolic, aqueous, Bridelia retusa Medicinal plants have played a pivotal role in the treatment of diseases with minimal or no side effects since ancient times. The preparation of medicinal herbs requires timely and appropriate plant collection, expert authentication, proper drying, and grinding for various experiments. B. retusa is used in folk medicine to treat conditions such as diabetes, rheumatism, dysentery, and diarrhea. This investigation aims to screen the phytochemicals present in the methanolic (hot and cold) and aqueous extracts of B. retusa aerial parts, including the leaf, bark, and fruit. The yield percentage was higher for the methanolic extracts compared to the aqueous extract when powdered leaves and bark samples were extracted using hot and cold methanol techniques, respectively. The highest extract yield of 16.32% was obtained from the hot methanolic extraction of bark powder. For fruit, the aqueous extraction method was superior to the methanolic techniques. The moisture content of the bark was 43.78±0.01%, leaves 41.52±0.01%, and fruits 56.03±0.18%. Moisture content significantly impacts phytochemical screening, as excessive moisture can dilute phytochemicals, leading to inaccurate measurements, while insufficient moisture can cause compound degradation. The plant extracts were found to contain saponins, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, and reducing sugars, with no phlobatannins detected. This study contributes to expanding the database of medicinal plants and exploring their medicinal properties. --- ## Recent advances in Roganidana through digital integration (artificial intelligence) **Authors:** Monika Gupta, Priya Puesh Pargotra **Published:** 2025-05-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i2.4768 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Roganidana, Digitalization, Artificial Intelligence The Indian Ministry of AYUSH has extensively embraced digital initiatives for the purpose of research and development. The use of advanced medical technologies and electronic communication in healthcare is the need of the hour. In Ayurveda, Roganidana highlights concepts propounding causative factors of disease and its pathology through the framework of clinical examination and diagnostic techniques. This ancient method of examination and diagnosis faces constraints and hurdles in achieving global acceptance. The need for Artificial Intelligence is to revolutionize Ayurveda by integrating machine learning algorithms, Natural Language Processing (NLP), and data analytics in various aspects. This underscores the utility of incorporating digital integration in Roganidana through various initiatives at different levels. The AYUSH sector has already put forth multiple initiatives accordingly. In the context of Roganidana research, initiatives include the AYUSH Research Portal, Digital Helpline for Ayurveda Research Articles (DHARA), National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal (NAMASTE), and Triskandha Kosha. Academic initiatives include Ayurveda e-learning modes and access to e-Samhita to improve the quality of education among Ayurveda students. Various diagnostic software such as Ayusoft, Prakriti Parikshan, and Nirogstreet are easily accessible to Ayurveda practitioners for disease diagnosis. Technical equipment use has also increased in research, for example, Nadi Tarangini, which ensures accuracy with the aid of information technology-based medical devices. This article aims to review improvements in patient health issues, their diagnosis, examination techniques, and treatment strategies with the utilization of modern technology in the context of Roganidana in Ayurveda. --- ## A comprehensive examination of regulatory affairs awareness in several pharmacy industries **Authors:** P Pravallika, V Ramadoss, N Audinarayana **Published:** 2025-05-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i2.4777 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Comprehensive Examination, Regulatory Affairs, Pharmacy Industries The registration process for various pharmaceutical products and new drug applications is the primary responsibility of the pharmaceutical drug regulatory affairs department. In the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory affairs (RA) specialists are essential due to their involvement with medical devices. RA offers operational and strategic guidance to accelerate the development of pharmaceutical, biological, and medical devices while working within legal constraints. Its main concerns include ensuring safety, effectiveness, low risk/high reward, and quality evaluation of pharmaceutical products used globally. Different regulatory authorities regulate certification and good manufacturing practices in each country’s regulatory framework. RA also plays a specialized role in drug product development. This abstract highlights research on awareness and knowledge testing in regulatory affairs, conducted among pharmaceutical professionals. A certified online survey, based on key RA concepts, was shared with over 1,000 professionals (academics, students, and industry experts). The results show that industrial professionals possess greater knowledge of RA than scholars and students. The survey concludes that RA education should be incorporated into academic curricula to meet future demands. --- ## PLGA nanoparticles for Risedronate using Double emulsion precipitation method **Authors:** So Hee Nam **Published:** 2025-05-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i2.4765 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Risedronate, Hydrophilic drug, PLGA, Nanoparticle, Double emulsion nanoprecipitation method Risedronate (RIS), a hydrophilic bisphosphonate, was successfully encapsulated into poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) using a novel double emulsion nanoprecipitation (DEPE) method. This approach improved drug entrapment efficiency (EE), which is typically low for hydrophilic compounds. Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) were employed as counter ions to form RIS-Ca²⁺ complexes, reducing RIS solubility in water and enhancing EE. The highest EE (20.5%) and particle size (237.5 ± 0.1 nm) were achieved using dichloromethane (DCM) with a RIS:Ca²⁺ molar ratio of 1:5. In contrast, EE without calcium ions was only 10.1%. Drug release studies demonstrated a rapid initial release followed by sustained release over 24 hours. Formulations containing calcium ions exhibited slower drug release than those without, likely due to ionic interactions. DCM proved more effective than ethyl acetate (EA) as an organic solvent, yielding smaller particles and higher EE. Overall, the DEPE method combined with calcium ion incorporation offers a promising strategy for formulating hydrophilic drugs into PLGA NPs for sustained delivery. --- ## Challenges and solutions in enhancing oral bioavailability of bcs class ii anti-cancer drugs **Authors:** Deepika Kumari Sandrapati, Naga Haritha Pamujula, Venu Madhav Katla **Published:** 2025-05-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i2.4764 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** BCS class II, Solubility Enhancement, Drug delivery system, Nano formulations This review aims to explore and evaluate the current strategies employed to enhance the oral bioavailability of BCS Class II anti-cancer drugs, which are characterized by high permeability and low aqueous solubility. These drugs face several formulation and pharmacokinetic challenges, including limited dissolution rates, variable gastrointestinal conditions, and extensive first-pass metabolism, all contributing to inconsistent and reduced therapeutic efficacy. Relevant scientific literature was sourced from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, focusing on studies published in the last ten years that reported on formulation strategies and bioavailability enhancement of poorly soluble anti-cancer drugs. Studies were selected based on their relevance to BCS Class II compounds and their inclusion of in vitro or in vivo bioavailability data. The review covers a wide range of formulation approaches, including the use of solubilizing agents, nanoparticulate systems, solid dispersions, and prodrugs. Special emphasis is placed on emerging technologies such as self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), lipid-based formulations, nano emulsions, and the incorporation of pH-modifying excipients, which have demonstrated significant improvements in solubility and absorption. The findings suggest that these innovative delivery systems hold considerable promise for optimizing the oral bioavailability of BCS Class II anti-cancer drugs, thereby improving therapeutic outcomes and patient compliance. Continued research and development in this area are essential for translating these strategies into clinically viable treatments and advancing the field of cancer pharmacotherapy. --- ## Alterations in hemodynamics and plasma concentrations of urokinase plasminogen activator and pro-adrenomedullin among malaria-infected adults at Nauth, Nnewi, Nigeria **Authors:** Nkiruka R. Ukibe, Ofia A. Kalu, Collins U. Obi, Jessica C. Nnaemeka, Chimezie J. Awalu, Bernice N. Ogbu, Ezinne G. Ukibe, Blessing C. Ukibe **Published:** 2025-04-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i2.4760 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Blood pressure, Plasmodium falciparum malaria, urokinase plasminogen activator, pro- adrenomedullin. Malaria remains a significant public health issue, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions like Nigeria. This study evaluates the impact of malaria infection on anthropometric variables, blood pressure, and plasma levels of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and pro-adrenomedullin (pro-ADM) in adults attending the General Outpatient Department (GOPD) at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study involving 90 participants aged 18-45 years was conducted, including 23 male and 22 female malaria-infected adults, and 22 male and 23 female non-malaria-infected controls. Plasma samples were analyzed for uPA and pro-ADM levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were recorded. Significant elevations in uPA and pro-ADM levels were found in malaria-infected adults compared to controls (p < 0.05). Elevated blood pressure and biomarker levels suggest malaria’s role in cardiovascular dysfunction and systemic inflammation, highlighting the potential of uPA and pro-ADM as biomarkers for malaria. --- ## Anticestodal evaluation of the Devil’s tree (Echites scholaris) against an intestinal parasite and assessment of the anthelmintic effects using scanning electron microscopy **Authors:** Lalngaih manawmi, Pawi Bawitlung Lalthanpuii, Lalnun danga, Kholhring Lalchhandama **Published:** 2025-04-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i2.4763 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anthelmintic, cestode, medicinal plant, parasite, scanning electron microscopy, traditional medicine The present research was formulated to assess the anthelmintic property of the medicinal plant, Echites scholaris, as used in the Mizo traditional medicine of northeast India. An experiment was set up to test the cestocidal activity against an intestinal parasite of chicken, Taenia tetragona. The plant extract was prepared in different concentrations alongside a standard anthelmintic, albendazole. The cestode was susceptible to both the treatments. Significant killing effects (p < 0.05) were noted in all the concentrations tested. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine and delineate the structural effects of the plant extract on the different body parts of the parasite. The most extensive damages on the anterior region, the scolex, included tegumental degeneration and progressive pruning of the parasitic attachment devices, the spines. Extensive tegumental erosion was seen throughout the main body segments. The young body segments showed more severe damages with characteristic erosion of the tegument and dystrophy of the microtriches. Unusual longitudinal tissue crevices and warts also developed. Localised erosion, disintegration and clumping of microtriches were observed on the mature body segments. The experimental results are evidence that E. scholaris is a valuable medicinal plant and could be the source of novel lead molecules in drug development. --- ## Streamlined synthesis of 3-azabicyclo [2.2.2] oct-3-one hydrochloride: enhanced and simplified approach **Authors:** V. N. Chandrasekhar, Himavathi Ganja, Aviraboina Siva Prasad, L. Vaikunta Rao **Published:** 2025-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i2.4757 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dieckmann cyclisation, Azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-one hydrochloride, Isonepecotic acid, Thionyl chloride, asymmetric reactions The quinuclidine ring system, found in various natural products and pivotal in synthesizing therapeutic compounds such as azasetron and palonosetron, holds significant importance. Azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-one derivatives, derivatives of this ring system, exhibit diverse biological activities ranging from anti-cancer to antihistaminic properties. Moreover, they serve as key components in catalysts for asymmetric reactions. However, the conventional synthesis method for azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-one hydrochloride suffers from drawbacks like the use of toxic pyridine rings and expensive catalysts, making large-scale production unfeasible. In response, we propose a novel synthesis route utilizing isonepecotic acid, offering simplicity, safety, and cost-effectiveness while avoiding harsh conditions and the need for expensive catalysts. This approach presents a scalable and economically viable alternative for the synthesis of 3-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-one hydrochloride. --- ## A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study on Hepatitis C Virus Genotypic Diversity among Hemodialysis Patients **Authors:** Abeer Ali Marhoon, Vijaya Anjaneya Naga Vara Prasad Sistla, Bogisetti Ravi, Manubotula Durga Sahithya, Srinath Mote **Published:** 2025-04-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i2.4756 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hepatitis C Virus, Hemodialysis Patients, HCV Genotypes, Next-Generation Sequencing, Direct-Acting Antivirals Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a significant public health challenge, particularly among hemodialysis patients, who are at increased risk due to frequent exposure to blood products and potentially contaminated medical equipment. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, genotypic distribution, and associated risk factors of HCV infection among hemodialysis patients in Southern India. A prospective, multi-center observational study was conducted over two years (January 2022 to December 2023) across several tertiary care centers in the region. A total of 340 hemodialysis patients were enrolled. Blood samples were collected and tested for HCV using ELISA, RT-PCR, and genotyping. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was employed for untypable samples. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. The prevalence of HCV infection was 17.35% (59/340). Genotype 1a was the most common (54.2%), followed by genotype 1b (20.3%) and genotype 3 (8.5%). NGS resolved 90% of untypable samples, identifying them as genotypes 1a and 1b. Prolonged hemodialysis duration (>3 years), multiple blood transfusions, and comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension were significant risk factors for HCV infection. This study highlights the high burden of HCV among hemodialysis patients in Southern India, emphasizing the need for advanced diagnostics, robust infection control, and targeted preventive strategies. --- ## Assessment of antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic effects of the hydroethanolic extract of the trunk bark of Lannea acida A. Rich. (Anacardiaceae) in male NMRI mice **Authors:** Abdelaziz Koussoube, Filkpièrè Léonard DA, Maya Doukoure, Basile Tindano, Tééganimbé Jean Kabore, Elisabeth Ouedraogo, Balé Bayala **Published:** 2025-04-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i2.4755 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, Lannea acida, Mice Lannea acida A. Rich (Anacardiaceae) is a plant widely used in African traditional medicine to treat various ailments, including diabetes and infertility. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-hyperglycemic activities of the hydroethanolic extract from its trunk bark in male NMRI mice. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Hypoglycemic effects were tested in fasting normoglycemic mice divided into five groups (n=5). The anti-hyperglycemic activity was evaluated via an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on five groups of NMRI male mice (n=5). The extract showed an IC50 of 0.630 ± 0.003 mg/mL and a ferric ion reducing capacity of 393.13 ± 20.13 mg EAA/g. Oral administration of the extract at 40, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight (bw) did not produce hypoglycemic effects compared to glibenclamide. However, at 200 mg/kg bw, the extract slightly reduced glucose-induced hyperglycemia (4 g/kg bw), though not significantly. This effect was weaker than that of glibenclamide (5 mg/kg). These findings suggest that Lannea acida possesses antioxidant and mild anti-hyperglycemic properties without inducing hypoglycemia, supporting its potential use in developing affordable phytomedicines. --- ## Assess the burnout syndrome and its impact on personal and professional life of the ICU nurses in a selected hospital of Bhubaneswar, Odisha **Authors:** Sanghamitra Rout, Rashmimala Pradhan, Jhunilata Pradhan, Sephali Moharana, Nibedita Rout **Published:** 2025-04-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i2.4750 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Burnout syndrome, impact on personal life, impact on professional life, ICU Nurses Objectives: The study aimed to assess burnout syndrome and its impact on the personal and professional lives of ICU nurses. Materials and Methods: A quantitative survey approach with a cross-sectional descriptive study design was adopted. A total of 140 ICU nurses were selected using purposive sampling. Burnout levels were assessed with the modified Burnout Self-Test Scale, while the impact on personal and professional life was evaluated with a self-structured questionnaire. Results: The findings revealed that the majority of participants (47.4%) were in the 20-24 years age group, 70% were unmarried, and 75.7% had completed GNM. Among the ICU nurses, 85.7% showed moderate signs of burnout, with 51.4% experiencing a severe impact on personal life and 57.15% on professional life. A positive correlation was found between burnout syndrome and personal life (r = 0.494, p = 0.000*) and between burnout syndrome and professional life (r = 0.387, p = 0.000*). The working department was associated with burnout levels, with a chi-square value of 16.501 (p = 0.011), confirming the existence of burnout. Conclusion: Burnout syndrome exists among ICU nurses, emphasizing the need to understand its magnitude and risk factors to implement effective preventive measures. --- ## Impact of clinical pharmacist in resolving drug related problem in acute coronary syndrome **Authors:** Lakshmi Priyanka P, Poovitha M, Preethi Bala D, Santhosh Kumar S P, Subashini R **Published:** 2025-04-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i2.4749 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drug-Related Problems (DRPs), Acute Coronary Syndrome, Clinical Pharmacist Interventions, Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE V9.1), Quality of Life The goal of this investigation was to identify drug-related problems (DRPs) and assess the effects of clinical pharmacist interventions in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) patients. Over a six-month period, 104 patients were evaluated, and the “Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe V9.1” framework was used to classify DRPs. Pharmacists focused on optimizing treatment and improving patient education through the use of patient information leaflets. The most frequently observed DRPs were adverse drug reactions (41.86%) and drug interactions (27.90%). A total of 73.2% of DRPs were successfully resolved. Furthermore, quality of life, as measured by the WHOQOL-BREF scale, showed significant improvement (p < 0.005), underlining the critical role of clinical pharmacists in patient care. This study emphasizes the importance of clinical pharmacist interventions in the early detection and resolution of DRPs, which can significantly enhance treatment outcomes and improve the overall quality of life for ACS patients. The findings highlight the essential role that clinical pharmacists play in optimizing medication management and promoting patient well-being. --- ## A systematic review on patient centric buccal film **Authors:** Saroni Saha, Ramit Rahaman, Hiranmoy Mitra, Abantika Mondal, Sumana Roy, Priyanka Ray **Published:** 2025-04-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i2.4748 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Permeability, Bioavailability, First-pass metabolism, Bioadhesion, Buccal drug delivery, Buccal films, Patient compliance Buccal drug delivery devices present a promising alternative to systemic drug administration, especially for patients requiring rapid therapeutic effects. By bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism, these systems promote direct absorption into the systemic circulation, thus enhancing bioavailability. This is particularly beneficial for patients who may have dysphagia, such as those in psychiatric, pediatric, or elderly populations. Recent advancements in formulation technology have led to the development of various mucoadhesive dosage forms, such as films, patches, and gels. These formulations use water-soluble polymers that dissolve quickly and adhere to the oral mucosa, allowing for sustained drug release. The review examines key factors influencing the mucosal structural properties, the mucoadhesion mechanism, and considerations in the design of mucoadhesive systems. The paper also discusses evaluation criteria and preparation techniques for orally disintegrating films, which offer faster onset of action and improved patient compliance. Given that buccal drug delivery systems provide a painless and easily detachable method for drug administration, further research into these systems is essential. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of oral mucosal drug delivery, emphasizing the importance of formulation design and the potential for novel therapeutic applications in the future. --- ## An overview on nanofibres: their whereabouts and applications in the pharmaceutical field **Authors:** Paramita Dey, Bommana Sweety Dhar **Published:** 2025-04-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i2.4747 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nanofiber, Electrospinning, Drug Delivery System, Electrospun Nanofibers, Fabrication Methods Nanofibers are generally solid, porous and high surface to volume ratio serving as an important approach towards various diseases in the medical field like wound healing, drug delivery, contraceptives, tissue engineering, bone regeneration etc. There are different types of nanofibers like polymeric, composite, inorganic and carbon. Electrospinning is a well known method of preparation that produces fibers ranging from micro meter to nanometer. Hence, nanofibers have an immense scope in therapeutic field. This paper deals with a vivid study about the emergence of nanofiber over the conventional dosage form, it’s pros and cons, method of preparation, different variety and so on. To get a good quality of nanofibers, a number of quality control tests are carried out like Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR (Fourier’s transform infrared spectroscopy) etc. Lastly, the article goes around its application and future perspectives. --- ## Development and validation of UV-VIs spectroscopic method for quantification of ibrutinib, an anticancer drug **Authors:** Mossammat Rima Akter, Md. Saddam Hossain, Ashiqur Rahman, Afsana Mustak Mim, Anupom Deb Nath, Md. Sabbir Mahmud, Tahmina Kabir **Published:** 2025-04-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i2.4745 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ibrutinib, International Non-proprietary Name (INN) drug, Method Validation, UV-Vis Spectroscopy Ibrutinib, an International Nonproprietary Name (INN) drug that inhibits Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), is a key treatment for various hematological malignancies, requiring reliable analytical methods for quality control and quantification in pharmaceutical formulations. This study aimed to develop and validate a UV-Vis spectroscopic method for quantifying Ibrutinib, following ICH guidelines. Ibrutinib was analyzed in raw materials and pharmaceutical dosage forms using solutions at various concentrations to construct a calibration curve. The method's accuracy, precision, ruggedness, robustness, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) were evaluated. Maximum absorbance occurred at 213 nm and 288 nm, with a regression equation of y=0.059x−0.007. The determination coefficient (R²) was 0.999, indicating excellent linearity. The dynamic range was 1.56–25 μg/mL, and the % Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) for precision, robustness, and ruggedness was below 2%. The LOD was 0.419 μg/mL and the LOQ 1.27 μg/mL, demonstrating a robust, accurate, and simple method for routine quality control of Ibrutinib. --- ## Flow-through cell dissolution method as predictor of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim plasma concentrations: studies using two-dose formulations **Authors:** Medina-López J R, Ríos-López A, Hurtado M, Vera-Ángeles Y A, Jung-Cook H **Published:** 2025-04-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i2.4744 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Convolution, Flow-through cell method, Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim, USP apparatus 4 The study aimed to predict sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) plasma levels using in vitro release data from the flow-through cell method (USP apparatus IV) and published pharmacokinetic information. Low-dose (400/80 mg) and high-dose (800/160 mg) tablets of both reference and generic fixed-dose combination formulations were tested using USP apparatus IV (22.6 mm cells, laminar flow at 16 ml/min) in a pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. Samples were collected at intervals from 10 to 60 minutes, and the extent of drug dissolution was determined using a spectrophotometric derivative method.Dissolution profiles of generic and reference formulations were compared using the f₂ similarity factor, dissolved drug at the last sampling time, dissolution efficiency, and mean dissolution time (t-test). Additionally, t50%, t63.2%, t85% (from hyperbola models) and Td values (from the Weibull function) were analyzed. While f₂ results indicated similarity (f₂ = 50–100), other comparisons yielded conflicting outcomes. A convolution approach was applied to predict plasma concentrations, and pharmacokinetic parameters such as Cmax and AUC₀-∞ were compared to real pharmacokinetic data. Prediction errors <10% were observed only for low-dose SMZ, while higher errors were found for low-dose TMP and high-dose formulations. Further human studies are needed to validate these findings. --- ## Development and validation of in vitro release test for a BCS class 4 drug nepafenac ophthalmic suspension using USP apparatus IV **Authors:** Vikas Singh, K. Saravanan **Published:** 2025-03-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i1.4743 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** In vitro release test, BCS class 4 drug, Nepafenac, Ophthalmic suspension, Sink condition, USP apparatus IV, Dissolution method development, Simulated tear fluid, Method validation The objective of the present study was to develop and validate an in vitro release test for Nepafenac ophthalmic suspension using a USP Type IV apparatus. Nepafenac is an approved drug for treating postoperative ocular inflammation and pain following cataract surgery. Various conditions, including the type and volume of dissolution medium, filter type, sample weight, and flow rate, were evaluated. The optimal in vitro dissolution profile was achieved using Apparatus IV (open-loop), STF (pH 7.4) as the dissolution medium, a GF/D membrane filter, and 0.5 g of the sample with a medium flow rate of 10 mL/min. Drug release was assessed using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method developed for this study. The in vitro release method was validated according to current ICH and FDA guidelines, considering parameters such as specificity, accuracy, precision, and stability of the analytical solution. The results were found to be within the acceptable criteria. Given the high costs associated with preclinical and clinical trials, implementing a reliable in vitro release method could provide valuable insights into the product's performance before conducting expensive in vivo bioavailability studies. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of dosulepin HCL mucoadhesive buccal films **Authors:** AK Sathish Kumar, N Audinarayana, GNA Lakshmi, D Jothieswari **Published:** 2025-03-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i1.4742 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dosulepin HCL, Mucoadhesive, Buccal Films, In vitro Dissolution studies. The current study aimed to develop Dosulepin HCl as a buccal bioadhesive film formulation to reduce dosing frequency by providing sustained drug release at therapeutic concentrations. Dosulepin HCl exhibits multiple pharmacological actions, including antihistamine, antiadrenergic, antiserotonergic, anticholinergic, and sodium channel-blocking properties, making it effective for various indications. Although primarily used for conditions like psychogenic facial pain, treatment efficacy with dosulepin often requires prolonged therapy, sometimes up to one year. Among various formulations, formulation F6, containing the polymer HPMC K100, provided superior drug release over seven hours. Compatibility studies (FTIR and DSC analyses) confirmed no significant interaction between Dosulepin HCl and the polymers used in the formulation. Stability tests conducted over 90 days according to ICH guidelines demonstrated the formulation remained stable. --- ## A prospective study on risk assessment and DVT prophylaxis in intensive care unit and patients in wards at tertiary care hospital **Authors:** G. Ananthalakshmi, Chetan Sai Potu, Tharun Kandhuri, B Lakshmi Priya, Pooja Reddy Sollipuram, Salome Satya Vani **Published:** 2025-03-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i1.4741 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Caprini score, Deep Vein Thrombosis, Enoxaparin, Hospitalized patients, Prophylaxis, Risk assessment Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a significant vascular condition, ranking third in morbidity and mortality, primarily affecting hospitalized patients, particularly those undergoing surgery or with underlying medical conditions. This prospective observational study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of DVT risk assessment and prophylaxis in reducing its incidence among hospitalized patients, while examining pharmacological agents and prophylaxis duration across various medical conditions. Conducted on 351 patients in a tertiary care hospital between December 2021 and September 2022, the study recorded DVT risk factors and stratified patients into different risk levels using the Caprini score. Among the patients, 349 were at risk and received prophylaxis, while two were deemed very low risk and did not require prophylaxis. Moderate risk was observed in 185 patients (52.7%), including 48 medically ill and 137 surgical cases. Enoxaparin was the most commonly used prophylactic agent, administered for an average of 7 ± 2 days. Dalteparin was used exclusively in sepsis patients, and physiotherapy emerged as the most common mechanical prophylaxis. Despite receiving both pharmacological and mechanical prophylaxis, two high-risk patients developed DVT. Risk factors such as swollen legs, sepsis, advanced age, high BMI, surgery, and prolonged bed rest compounded the risk. The study underscores the importance of early risk assessment and appropriate prophylaxis to prevent DVT. Further research is needed to optimize pharmacological agent selection and prophylaxis duration across different conditions. --- ## From paper to predictive: a new era in drug development and compliance **Authors:** S. Naveen Kumar **Published:** 2025-02-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i1.4782 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Artificial Intelligence (AI), Regulatory Affairs, Drug Development, Compliance, Pharmacovigilance, Automation, Predictive Analytics, Risk Management Pharmaceutical regulatory processes are undergoing a significant transformation, largely driven by the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI). What was once a slow, paper-intensive system is now evolving into a smarter, faster, and more predictive framework. This journal explores the shift from traditional methods to AI-powered tools that enhance various aspects of regulatory affairs, including regulatory submissions, safety monitoring, labeling, and compliance. While AI offers clear advantages—such as improved speed, accuracy, and efficiency—it also raises critical concerns regarding data privacy, fairness, and regulatory approval. These issues must be carefully considered to ensure that AI applications in regulatory processes remain transparent, unbiased, and compliant with established standards. This journal provides real-world insights and practical analyses, highlighting both the opportunities and challenges of AI in regulatory affairs. It emphasizes the need for responsible innovation that prioritizes patient safety and adheres to ethical practices. By exploring the potential of AI while acknowledging its limitations, this journal aims to guide the pharmaceutical industry toward an AI-enhanced regulatory future that balances technological progress with the highest standards of care. --- ## Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in skin by microdialysis technique **Authors:** Gaurang Mahendrakumar Bhavsar **Published:** 2025-01-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i1.4740 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Meloxicam gel, Arthritis, Micro dialysis, methanol, oleic acid, retro dialysis The topical formulation of the meloxicam drug can increase the rate and extent of penetration in the skin to treat arthritis compared to traditional oral dosage forms. The semi-invasive and highly reproducible, microdialysis technique allows direct monitoring of the in-vivo penetration behavior of the drug product. The pharmacokinetic parameters of meloxicam gel with and without permeation enhances was studied using rabbit`s skin as a model. A total of 12 studies using three formulations across four different rabbits were conducted. The retro dialysis technique was used to prove the diffusion process. The In-Vitro RR% (59.52 ± 8.18) was slightly higher than In-Vivo RR% (44.67 ± 6.57). The parameters estimated by non-compartmental analysis were AUC15-180, Cmax and Tmax. No statistically significant differences were found between the formulations and apparently no effect of permeation enhancer was observed. The skin area of exposure, duration of study and reduced dermis clearance played a significant role in the result of this study. --- ## Simvastatin nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: physicochemical evaluation and stability studies **Authors:** Doaa H. Alshora, Bander M. AlMalki, Mohamed A. Ibrahim, Fars K. Alanazi, Ehab M. Elzayat **Published:** 2025-01-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i1.4738 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Simvastatin, planetary ball milling, nanoparticles, tablets, stability Simvastatin (SIM) is a Class II drug with a reported bioavailability of only 5%, primarily due to its low solubility and extensive metabolism. Nanoparticle formulation offers a potential solution to these challenges. In this study, SIM nanoparticles were prepared using the wet milling method, a top-down approach. The effects of different ball sizes and stabilizers on particle size, zeta potential, dissolution parameters, and stability were evaluated. SIM tablets incorporating the best-stabilized nanoparticles were also formulated and assessed.The results demonstrated that reducing SIM to the nanoscale significantly enhanced its dissolution rate. The nanoparticles exhibited sizes ranging from 123 ± 3.8 to 733.5 ± 23.1 nm, with a zeta potential between -11 and -66 mV. Stability studies confirmed that SIM nanoparticles stabilized with 5% HPMC and 5% PL-F127 met USP impurity requirements (<2%). However, the lowest drug degradation was observed in SIM nanoparticles stabilized with 5% HPMC.In vitro release studies using 0.5 mm milling balls and 5% HPMC demonstrated an improved dissolution profile, with 26.8%, 21.85%, and 18.81% drug release at zero, three, and six months, respectively, compared to untreated SIM (14.3%, 11.0%, and 10.33%). SIM tablets with nanoparticles achieved significantly higher dissolution (25.23 ± 0.41%) than Zocor® (16.34 ± 1.09%). These findings highlight HPMC as a promising stabilizer for SIM nanoparticles. --- ## A comprehensive review of the siddha herbo-mineral formulation: vaazhai pazha jayaneer (VPJ) **Authors:** Shanmugapriyan Pazhani, Suresh Ramasamy **Published:** 2025-01-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i1.4736 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Siddha medicine, Jayaneer, Vaazhai Pazha Jayaneer, Herbo-mineral formulations, Traditional medicine, Pharmacological activities Background: Siddha medicine, a traditional system of healing, is acclaimed for its unique therapeutic formulations that incorporate minerals, metallic preparations, and medicinal plants. Vaazhai Pazha Jayaneer (VPJ), a herbo-mineral formulation, is prepared using Rasathaali Vaazhai Pazham (Musa acuminata colla), Karchunnaambu (limestone), and the ashes of dried banana bark. VPJ is traditionally used to treat urinary tract infections and as a base for high-potency Siddha medicines. Objective: To validate the traditional claims regarding VPJ by exploring its composition, traditional applications, and pharmacological properties through scientific analysis. Materials and Methods: The formulation was selected from the Siddha literature Anuboga Vaithiya Navaneetham. Raw materials were procured and authenticated by experts. VPJ was prepared using standard methods, and the pharmacological activities of its ingredients were documented. Results: The ingredients of VPJ exhibit diverse therapeutic properties, including anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. These pharmacological actions support its traditional uses in Siddha medicine. Conclusion: VPJ, as a herbo-mineral formulation, holds significant therapeutic potential. Scientific validation reinforces its efficacy, encouraging further preclinical and clinical studies to explore its full medicinal applications. --- ## A study on the evaluation of the anatomical skills learning methodology reviews given by the paramedic students - a cross-sectional study **Authors:** Dr. Kavitha, Dr. Srimathi **Published:** 2025-01-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i1.4735 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** medical education, study, learning, anatomical skills, reviews The anatomical based foundation for both the medic and paramedic students becomes essential to progress in their carrier. Anatomical practical skills become important to have thorough knowledge of the structures involved in theoretical and practical part of the anatomy for the paramedic students.The aim of the study is to evaluate the skill learning methodology reviews given by the paramedic students. The study will be conducted in the Department of Anatomy, SRIHER after getting a approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee. 100 numbers of paramedical students were assessed for the period of six months from Aug 2023 to Jan 2024. Two Google forms will be given, and effectiveness of the anatomical skills reviews were collected. The forms will be given both in virtual mode and in person mode and ask them to submit in classroom itself. Data collected in the google form, will be analysed, interpreted and the result will be obtained. Results will be obtained from the paramedical students based on the results analysed the finalised forms will be evaluated. Anatomical learning skills for the anatomy students becomes essential as the topic was very vague and facing challenges during Vivas. In this regard, this study becomes very important for the Paramedic students to give a better performance to learn the subject. --- ## A short narrative on article processing charges (apcs) for open accessed journals (oa) in scientific studies **Authors:** Sonam Bhutia **Published:** 2025-01-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i1.4734 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Open Access Journals (OAJs), Article Processing Charges (APCs), A Narrative perspective, Advantages, Different types of OAJs Many open-access (OA) publishers impose fees on authors in exchange for unrestricted online availability of their papers. This work reviews the literature on article processing charges (APCs) published since 2000. Although some OA journals allow free publication, most OA papers are published by commercial publishers that impose article-level charges (APCs). To cover these costs, authors rely on a combination of personal funds, library budgets, and research grants.APCs have raised two primary concerns: their impact on journal quality and the inability of authors with limited funding to publish their research. Waivers have not effectively resolved the underlying issue over time. Studies in the literature reveal limited expansion of waiver utilization, unintended negative effects on co-author networks, and concerns about the eligibility criteria for waivers. Recent bibliometric research indicates that APC-charging publications influence citations similarly to journals with other revenue streams.This short narrative review examines whether APCs are essential for OA publishing. --- ## Geno protective efficacy of D-Pinitol isolated from aerial parts of Glycine max L. (Merr.) on Doxorubicin-mediated genotoxicity assessed through in vivo comet assay **Authors:** Sudha M, Vinciya T, Parameswari P, Sanjukta Sainath Singh, Noorul Alam I **Published:** 2025-01-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i1.4733 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** D-Pinitol, Doxorubicin, Geno protective effect, Genotoxicity, In vivo Comet assay The goal of this investigation was to determine whether D-pinitol could protect against doxorubicin-mediated genotoxicity using the in vivo Comet test. Ten groups of Swiss albino mice (n = 6) were formed. Group I (Control) received a 0.9% NaCl treatment for fifteen days. Group II (Positive control) received doxorubicin (DOX) at 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.) for three days on the first, eighth, and fifteenth days. Mice were administered D-pinitol (D-P) at various concentrations (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg p.o.) for 15 days, categorized as Groups III, IV, V, and VI based on increasing D-P dosages. Group VII received DOX followed by D-P 100 mg/kg, while Group VIII received D-P 200 mg/kg before DOX. Group IX received D-P 300 mg/kg before DOX, and Group X received D-P 400 mg/kg before DOX. The in vivo Comet assay assessed DNA damage after collecting EDTA blood samples (50 µl) from all experimental and control groups. A highly significant increase in DNA damage (P<0.001) was observed in the DOX-only group. D-P showed no significant effect on DNA damage compared to the Control group. However, the group receiving D-P before DOX demonstrated a significant (P<0.001) dose-dependent reduction in DNA damage compared to the positive control. --- ## Protective effect of venotonic formula Hemoronil tablet on croton oil prompted hemorrhoid model in wistar albino rats **Authors:** Soumya Krishnan, Linto John, Layana Joshy **Published:** 2025-01-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v16i1.4732 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hemoronil tablet, acute oral toxicity, anti-hemorrhoidal activity, croton oil, chronic venous insufficiency Hemorrhoids are among the most common and prevalent anorectal disorders, affecting an estimated 4.4% of the general population worldwide. Traditional herbal medicine has held a prominent role in the treatment of hemorrhoids since ancient times. Currently, phlebotonics are extensively utilized to manage a range of conditions, including hemorrhoids and chronic venous insufficiency. The present study evaluated the oral acute toxicity and efficacy of phlebotonics fortified with vitamins (Hemoronil Tablet) in alleviating hemorrhoidal disorders induced by croton oil in Wistar albino rats.Two series of experiments were conducted: the first evaluated the acute oral toxicity effect of Hemoronil in an experimental model, and the second assessed its protective effect in animals with induced hemorrhoids. The acute oral toxicity analysis revealed no clinical signs or mortalities when administered once orally at doses up to 2000 mg/kg. Croton oil treatment significantly increased the recto-anal coefficient (p<0.0001) in the positive control group compared to normal control animals. Administration of Hemoronil tablet (400 mg/kg) (p<0.0001) caused a significant decline in the recto-anal coefficient, and the cytoarchitecture of the recto-anal portion showed marked protection against histological damage, appearing significantly similar to normal tissue. Treatment with Hemoronil tablet also resulted in a reduction in vasodilation and inflammatory cell infiltration. Additionally, treatment with Hemoronil tablet at 200 mg/kg also led to a mild yet significant improvement in the restoration of the damaged histoarchitecture of recto-anal tissue.The combination of phlebotonics fortified with vitamin C in the Hemoronil tablet is non-toxic and exhibits beneficial effects in ameliorating hemorrhoids through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hemostatic properties. --- ## Formulation and in vitro evaluation of eprosartan mesilate floating tablets using natural and synthetic polymers **Authors:** Hemant Kumar Sharma, Sambasiva Rao P **Published:** 2024-12-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4767 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Eprosartan mesilate, HPMC, Tara gum, Gatti gum and Moi gum, Floating tablets The extent of therapeutic advantages led to the development of Controlled drug delivery systems, which could be taken once a day. The prime objectives of these types of dosage forms would be single dose, which releases the active ingredient over an extended period of time. Secondly, it should release the active entity directly to the site of action, thus, minimizingor eliminating side effects. In the present manuscript, Eprosartan mesilate was selected as drug of choice to design an effervescent gastric floating matrix tablets (EGFMT) using natural polymers as well as synthetic polymers as matrix forming agents. Natural polymers comprises of Tara gum, Gatti gum and Moi gum, whereas Synthetic polymers consist of HPMC K4M, K15M, and K100M. These were compared; it was found that low concentrations of natural gum was enough to produce prolonged release. Hence out of three natural gums that were available, Bhara gum had given promising results. Therefore Bhara gum was selected for further studies. --- ## Assessment of antibiotic prescription patterns in a tertiary care hospital in chennai: a retrospective study **Authors:** Yeshwanth T R, Anand B **Published:** 2024-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4752 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibiotic Prescription Patterns, Fixed-Dose Combinations, Essential Drug List, Antibiotic Stewardship The inappropriate and excessive use of antibiotics is a key driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), posing a significant global health challenge. Tertiary care hospitals play a vital role in antibiotic stewardship by ensuring rational prescribing practices. This retrospective observational study evaluated antibiotic prescription patterns in a tertiary care hospital in Chennai, analyzing 300 prescriptions from the Medicine, Surgery, and Orthopaedics departments. The findings revealed distinct trends, with monotherapy being more common in Medicine (46%), while Surgery (90%) and Orthopaedics (70%) relied heavily on fixed-dose combinations (FDCs). Injectable antibiotic use was notably high, particularly in Orthopaedics (95.4%) and Surgery (90.2%), with a concerning absence of generic drug prescriptions across all departments. Adherence to the World Health Organization (WHO) Essential Drug List (EDL) was moderate, with Surgery demonstrating the highest compliance (60.2%). Cephalosporins and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations were the most frequently prescribed antibiotics. The study underscores the need for enhanced antibiotic stewardship strategies, including increasing generic drug prescriptions, optimizing oral antibiotic use where feasible, and strengthening adherence to standard treatment guidelines and the WHO EDL. --- ## Incidence and Determinants of Surgical Site Infections in General Surgery: A Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Chennai **Authors:** Yeshwanth T R, Anand B **Published:** 2024-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4751 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Surgical Site Infections, General Surgery, procedures, Antimicrobial Prophylaxis, Infection Control, Risk Factors Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a significant postoperative complication, contributing to increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and healthcare costs. This retrospective study conducted at Sri Venkateswaraa Medical College & Hospital, Chennai, assessed patients undergone surgery in the Department of General surgery a total of 634 Patients were analyzed patients which included 360 male (57%) and 274 female (43%). Colon surgery had the highest SSI rate among them, at 12.1%, even though there were fewer instances overall than appendectomy. The SSI rates for appendectomy and small bowel surgery are significant (10.9% and 10.6%, respectively). The greatest number of SSIs (19) occurs during appendectomy, which is noteworthy because a significant percentage of these patients are emergency situations. The comparatively low SSI rate of 4.3% of the total cases (140) in the case of hernia repair indicates that the technique is cleaner and has a decreased risk of infection. The findings highlight the need for enhanced infection prevention strategies, including improved perioperative glycemic control, standardized antibiotic prophylaxis, and targeted measures for high-risk procedures such as gastrointestinal surgeries. Strengthening these practices can significantly reduce SSIs, improve surgical outcomes, and enhance overall patient care in tertiary healthcare settings. --- ## Histo-morphometric study on ovary of Letrozole Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Wistars Albino Rats treated with Cynodon dactylon. **Authors:** Anandaramajayan Nallathambi, Govinda Rajan Manivasagam **Published:** 2024-12-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4737 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Polycystic ovarian syndrome, C. dactylon, Follicules, Corpus lutium. PCOS is a reproductive disorder with an incidence of 4%–10% worldwide, and in India, it ranges from 20%–26%. The menstrual cycle for a female begins at puberty, from 10 to 16 years, and ends at menopause at 51 years of age. It lasts from 21 to 35 days, with an average length of 28 days. C. dactylon is distributed all over the world in temperate and subtropical regions. C. dactylon has been proven to have antilipidemic, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic properties.Materials & Method: The study was conducted at JKK Munirajah Medical Research Foundations College of Pharmacy, Tamil Nadu, after obtaining institutional animal ethical clearance. Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were used, divided into 4 groups, each with 6 animals: the control group, induced (PCOS) group, Letrozole group, referral (Metformin) group, and treatment group (C. dactylon). For the first 21 days, the animals were treated with Letrozole to induce PCOS, and for the subsequent 22 to 42 days, the animals were treated with C. dactylon and Metformin. On day 42, the animals were sacrificed, and the ovaries were collected, processed for histopathological examination, and observed under a microscope. The morphometric values of the ovaries were noted and analyzed for mean and standard deviation using SPSS software.Result: In the treatment group, the number of follicles was increased, the number of follicular cysts was reduced, and the area of the corpus luteum was smaller compared to that of the referral and induced groups.Conclusion: The study concludes that C. dactylon has a good therapeutic effect in treating PCOS. --- ## Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from p. canius spine venom: characterization, antioxidant properties, and potential applications in nanomedicine **Authors:** K. Prabavathi, A. Subramaniyan **Published:** 2024-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4731 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** catfish curde venom extract, Synthesis of nanoparticles, Estimation of protein, FTIR, SEM, invitro Antioxidant DPPH activity Venomous catfish of the order Siluriformes possess venom glands located in their dorsal and pectoral spines, which serve as a defense mechanism against predators. These fish, abundantly found in India's aquatic ecosystems, represent an untapped resource for bioactive compounds. Among them, Plotosus canius, a prominent species inhabiting the estuaries of southern India, produces venom with potential antioxidant properties. This study explores the antioxidant capacity of P. canius spine venom by isolating its protein components and utilizing the venom for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, protein estimation, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Their antioxidant activity was evaluated through the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The results indicate that P. canius venom demonstrates significant potential for the synthesis of functional nanoparticles with strong antioxidant properties, highlighting its applications in nanomedicine and environmental sustainability. --- ## Phytochemical Profiling of the Methanol Extracts of Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle) by FTIR and GCMS Analysis **Authors:** Sumathi M, Kosalai D, Rajendiran Priyanka, Muthiah Chandran **Published:** 2024-12-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4730 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** FTIR, GCMS, Silybum marianum, Phytochemical, Profiling, Milk thistle Milk thistle is an annual or biennial plant belongs to family Asteraceae. All parts are used to cure many diseases such as treating toxin poisoning, hepatitis, cirrhosis, fibrosis of liver and stimulate liver Regeneration. From the period of time immemorial, this plant is used to cure all types of liver diseases. Their properties are due to presence of phytocompounds silymarin. It is a mixture of flavonoid this study aimed to analyze complexes, is the active component that protects liver and kidney cells from toxic effects of drugs, including chemotherapy. The seeds contain the highest amount of silymarin, but the whole plant is used medicinally. Hence, this study aimed to analyze the FTIR and GCMS profiles of bioactive phytocompounds present in the seed extract of Silybum marianum. The FTIR results of the present study showed the functional groups such as amine salts, ester, sulfoxide, alkene and halocompounds. The GCMS analysis showed the phytocmpounds such as 3-Octadecanone, Undecanoic Acid, 9,15, Octadecadienoic Acid, Methyl Ester, (Z,Z)-, 6-Octadecenoic Acid, Methyl Ester, (Z)-, Hexadecanoic Acid, 15-Methyl-, Methyl Ester, 8-Heptadecyne, 1-Bromo, and 9,12-Octadecadien-1-Ol, (Z,Z)-. --- ## Bio-She®: An In Vitro Study on the Antioxidant Potential of a Polyherbal Formulation **Authors:** H N Shivaprasad, Tharun M, Cherupalli Sree Ramya, T Sravani, Gaurav Soni, Madhu Krishnamani **Published:** 2024-12-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4729 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bio-She®, Antioxidant, DPPH Assay, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power, Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging, Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's antioxidant defenses, contributing to various degenerative diseases. This study investigated the antioxidant properties of Bio-She®, a polyherbal extract. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using the DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Assay (DPPHRSA), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay, Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Assay (NORSA), and Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Assay (HRSA).In the DPPHRSA, Bio-She® exhibited an IC50 of 60 µg/mL, while ascorbic acid showed an IC50 of 11.4 µg/mL. In the FRAP assay, Bio-She® displayed a reducing power of 0.54 ± 0.0003 at 100 µg/mL, compared to ascorbic acid, which exhibited a reducing power of 1.118 ± 0.0011. The NORSA revealed a scavenging activity of 57.04 ± 0.71%, with an IC50 of 65.8 µg/mL. Furthermore, the HRSA demonstrated a scavenging activity of 42.18 ± 0.31% at 100 µg/mL, with an IC50 of 127.7 µg/mL.These findings indicate that Bio-She® possesses significant antioxidant activity, attributed to its rich phytochemical content, including flavonoids and polyphenols. This polyherbal extract may offer protective effects against oxidative stress-related disorders, highlighting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms behind its antioxidant properties and explore its applications in preventive and therapeutic medicine. --- ## Optimization of lyophilization cycle for the formulation and stability assessment of Doxycycline Hyclate **Authors:** Priya dharshini R, Selvi G, Sruthi S, Lakshmi Priya. A, Shyam Sundar. S **Published:** 2024-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4728 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lyophilization, Doxycycline hyclate, Cycle optimization, Antibacterial activity, Injectable Background and Aim:Doxycycline hyclate, prone to instability in solution, is unsuitable for liquid dosage forms. Lyophilization, a low-temperature drying process, addresses this limitation by converting the drug into a stable solid. This study aimed to optimize the lyophilization cycle for doxycycline hyclate, enhancing its stability, handling, and transport in injectable form Methods: Pre-formulation studies included solubility analysis, pH determination, water content measurement, FTIR, DSC, photostability, and compatibility studies. Twelve lyophilization cycles were designed, optimizing four formulations by varying temperature, pressure, and cycle duration. Formulations were assessed for cake appearance, solution clarity, pH, reconstitution time, and assay. The optimized formulation underwent additional evaluations for diluent and filter compatibility, in vitro antibacterial activity (disk diffusion), and stability under accelerated and photostabilityconditions.Results:Formulation F3 from Trial 3 exhibited superior performance, with a uniform, smooth cake appearance, clear reconstitution, stable pH, rapid reconstitution time, low water content (0.98%), and minimal organic impurities. Diluent and filter compatibility tests revealed no adverse interactions. The formulation remained stable under light and accelerated conditions, showing dose-dependent antibacterial activity comparable to the innovator’s product.Conclusion:The optimized lyophilization cycle significantly enhanced doxycycline hyclate's stability, handling, and transport. The injectable formulation demonstrated excellent stability, reliable antibacterial activity, and clinical suitability, offering a safer, more convenient alternative to liquid formulations. --- ## Convolution approach to estimate the in vivo behavior of ibuprofen soft gelatin capsules from in vitro release data of USP Apparatus 4 **Authors:** Medina-López J R, Ríos-López A, Reyes-Ramírez F D **Published:** 2024-11-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4727 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Convolution, Inverse release function, Ibuprofen, Prediction error, Soft gelatin capsules Hypothetical plasma concentration-time profiles of ibuprofen gelatin soft capsules were calculated using data from the USP apparatus IV (flow-through cell method). Four ibuprofen formulations (reference and generic products at 400 and 600 mg) were tested with laminar flow at 16 ml/min in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. Samples were withdrawn at 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes, and dissolved drug levels were measured using UV derivative spectrophotometric analysis. Dissolution curves were compared by calculating model-dependent and model-independent parameters, employing Student’s t-test for statistical analysis (significance set at p < 0.05). The dissolution data were fitted to various mathematical models to explain ibuprofen's in vitro dissolution. Hypothetical plasma concentration-time profiles were also calculated using published pharmacokinetic data from in vivo studies combined with a convolution approach. Validation of results was assessed using prediction error (PE) data for two key pharmacokinetic parameters: peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve from zero to infinity (AUC0-inf), with validity determined by a PE of ≤ 10%. Similar dissolution profiles were identified for the 400 mg formulations (f2 similarity factor), while dissimilarities were noted in other comparisons (f2 < 50, p < 0.05). The Weibull function best described the dissolution rate of the tested formulations. For the 400 mg reference product, PE values for Cmax and AUC0-inf were < 10%. A discriminatory dissolution method is essential for the 600 mg products, and further in vivo testing is necessary to corroborate the findings. --- ## Preliminary phytochemical evaluation of methanol extracts of momordica dioica roxb **Authors:** Pushpalatha Tanneeru, Dr. Kalpana Ramachandran, Dr.K. Parimala, Dr. Leena Joseph, Dr.V. Gayathri **Published:** 2024-11-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4726 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Momordica dioica, Phytochemical evaluation, Methanol extract, Cucurbitaceae Momordica dioica, commonly known as spiny gourd, teasle gourd, or kakrol, is a perennial, dioecious climbing plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family. This versatile plant is not only used as a food source but also plays a role in preventing and treating various illnesses. The current study focuses on the phytochemical analysis of Momordica dioica, investigating its potential medicinal properties. The fruit is extracted in stages using methanol, after which the presence of key phytochemicals—such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, phytosterols, triterpenoids, and quinones—is screened. The results indicate that this plant is a rich source of diverse phytochemicals. This experimental investigation has identified several biologically active secondary metabolites, which may contribute to the development of new drugs. Overall, Momordica dioica shows promise for future research in pharmacology and nutrition, highlighting its significance in both traditional and modern medicine. --- ## review on vital role of regulatory affairs in pharmaceutical industry **Authors:** Piyali Basak, Rajarshi Das, Sonia Mallick, Jaydip Ray **Published:** 2024-10-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4721 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Regulatory Affairs (RA), Pharmaceutical Industry, Regulatory Agencies, Regulatory Requirements, Medical Device, Central Drug Standard Control Organization (CDSCO), Post-Marketing Surveillance The burgeoning field of Regulatory Affairs (RA) serves as the foundation for ensuring public health in today's globalized marketplace. In the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory affairs play a crucial role in assuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of drug products, which are essential for the approval of new products entering the market. Emerging from a collective international desire to protect individuals from potentially harmful medications, this profession bridges the gap between pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies, ensuring that products meet all necessary legal and scientific standards.Regulatory affairs professionals act as guardians, meticulously ensuring the accuracy and completeness of product information. They navigate the complex labyrinth of regulations, translating them into practical plans for companies to follow. Their expertise encompasses the entire life cycle of a drug, from initial application submission and oversight of clinical trials to ongoing adherence to evolving regulatory requirements. This comprehensive approach guarantees the development, manufacturing, and distribution of safe and effective medications across various fields, including traditional pharmaceuticals, veterinary medicine, medical devices, and complementary therapies.As the pharmaceutical landscape continues to evolve, the demand for highly skilled regulatory affairs professionals remains strong. In India, the Central Drug Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) regulates drug legislation, facilitating drug development from initial research to market approval and post-marketing surveillance. --- ## development and evaluation of an oral quinine sulphate sustained release formulation for the management of visceral leishmaniasis **Authors:** Grace Lovia Allotey-Babington, Henry Nettey, Isaac Joe Erskine, Afia Antwi Mensah, Nana Kwame Gyamera, Nana Aboadwe Goode, Doris Kumadoh, Isaac Julius Asiedu-Gyekye **Published:** 2024-10-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4720 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drug repurposing, Leishmania donovani, Microparticles, Oral Quinine Sulphate, Visceral Leishmaniasis Background: Visceral Leishmaniasis is a systemic disease caused by the invasion of reticuloendothelial cells in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow by Leishmania spp. parasites. Current medications have numerous adverse effects and some resistance has been reported. Most treatments are administered parenterally, leading to non-compliance and treatment failure. This study aimed to develop an oral formulation of quinine sulfate to address these challenges.Methods: Quinine sulfate was encapsulated in hydroxypropylmethylcellulose using the spray-drying method and evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, drug content, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release properties. In the in vivo study, laboratory mice infected with L. donovani promastigotes were treated for two weeks.Results: The average size of the quinine sulfate microparticles ranged from 2.6 to 14.2 µm, with an entrapment efficiency of 93%. Oral formulations effectively cleared parasites from the organs.Conclusion: Orally administered quinine sulfate efficiently cleared parasites from the blood of infected mice and resolved infections in their organs. --- ## Advances in Mass Spectrometry Fragmentation Techniques for Peptide and Protein Characterization: CID to ETD **Authors:** Akhilesh Kumar Kuril, Krishna Moorthy Manchuri **Published:** 2024-10-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4717 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fragmentation techniques, CID, HCD, ECD, ETD, Peptide fragmentation, Isomer identification Mass spectrometry (MS) has transformed the field of proteomics by enabling the precise analysis of proteins and peptides at the molecular level. The heart of this analysis is the process of fragmentation, which plays a pivotal role in elucidating amino acid sequence, identifying post-translational modifications (PTMs), and characterizing structural features. Peptides and proteins are first ionized and then subjected to fragmentation techniques such as Collision-Induced Dissociation (CID), Electron-Transfer Dissociation (ETD), and Electron-Capture Dissociation (ECD). These techniques induce fragmentation along the peptide backbone, generating characteristic fragment ions (b and y ions, c and z ions) that reflect the sequence of amino acids. The mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios of these fragment ions provide crucial data for de novo sequencing and PTM identification. Furthermore, fragmentation patterns can reveal insights into protein folding, interactions, and dynamics. This article provides the detailed view of mass fragmentation techniques in peptides and proteins, highlighting its importance in advancing proteomic research and its applications in fields ranging from biomarker discovery to drug development. --- ## Study on the occurrence and factors contributing to lower back pain in Taif region adolescents, KSA **Authors:** Mohammad Yusuf **Published:** 2024-10-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4716 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lower back pain, Back pain frequency, Sedentary life, Diet constitutes, self-healing This study aimed to validate variables impacting the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) in adolescents, focusing on gender, age, exercise, sedentary activities, and dietary factors. A cross-sectional study with random sampling was conducted among adolescents aged 9 to 19 years, using a modified questionnaire based on the Oswestry and Roland-Morris LBP and Disability questionnaires. The response rate was 81.9%, with the highest LBP prevalence (87.5%) in 18-year-olds. Overall, 93.5% of participants reported experiencing back pain, particularly among those not actively involved in sports; notably, 63% led a sedentary lifestyle.Of the subjects, 23.5% reported sleeping 6-8 hours, 29.5% went to the gym 2-3 days a week, and 30.6% consumed over 3 liters of water daily. Additionally, 45.2% maintained a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, while 26.1% consumed high-protein foods. A good breakfast routine was linked to significantly reduced LBP. Males (59.2%) reported higher LBP frequency than females. For relief, 48.8% of males sought medical help or took medication, while 34.4% relied on self-healing methods. The study underscored the associations between various factors and LBP in adolescents and school-age children. --- ## Sleep Quality in School-Aged Children: The Role of Environmental Factors and Screen Time **Authors:** Dr. Sowntharya Pasupathy, Dr. Kalaivani Anantharaaman, Dr. Manasi Garg, Dr. Soundararajan P, Dr. Arun Sugumaran **Published:** 2024-10-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4715 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Children, Sleep, Quality, Technology Sleep plays a vital role in the optimal functioning of our body and is crucial for overall well-being. However, many parents are unaware of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation in children. This study examines factors affecting sleep in children and their correlation with screen time. The aim is to evaluate the relationship between screen time and environmental factors impacting sleep quality among school-aged children.A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on children aged 6 to 12 years. Sleep quality was assessed using a 22-item, pre-validated, parent-administered Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Contributing factors, including a screen time questionnaire, were gathered from parents. Children with pre-existing sleep disorders, neurobehavioral disorders, and chronic illnesses were excluded. A CSHQ score above 41 was considered abnormal, indicating a sleep problem. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test with SPSS version 20.0.In this study, 40.3% of children experienced sleep disturbances. The total mean sleep score was 39.56 ± 14.84, with private school children showing greater disruptions (41.78 ± 12.96) compared to public school children (37.14 ± 16.33; p = 0.001). Significant correlations were found between sleep quality, screen time exposure, and environmental factors such as lower socio-economic status, bed sharing, and room sharing.This study highlights that both excessive screen time and adverse environmental conditions negatively impact children's sleep quality. Efforts to increase awareness among parents, educators, and healthcare providers are needed to reduce sleep disturbances. --- ## Prevalence of systemic hypertension in COPD patients with GOLD stage 1 disease **Authors:** Saravana Ethinder M, Pravin Parmeshwar Satkar **Published:** 2024-10-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4712 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COPD, systemic hypertension, GOLD stage 1, obesity, tobacco smoking Morbidity and death in COPD patients is greatly influenced by co morbidities. We aim to study the prevalence of systemic hypertension in the initial stages of COPD, i.e. in patients with GOLD stage 1 disease having a FEV1 greater than 80% of predicted value in PFT. We conducted a period prevalence study on patients with early stages of COPD. Patients were evaluated for systemic hypertension after being diagnosed with COPD by pulmonary function test. The study was conducted at Sri Venkateswaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai. A total of 205 patients were identified with COPD meeting the necessary inclusion and exclusion criteria. 150 patients were male and 55 were female. Among them 53.6% patients were diagnosed with systemic hypertension. 20.9% of the hypertensive patients were having obesity. 95.4% of the patients with hypertension were tobacco smokers. 4.6% of the patients with hypertension were having a history of biomass fuel smoke exposure. Tobacco smoking, biomass fuel smoke exposure and obesity are important factors which influence lung function and many cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases. Patients in the early stages of COPD have a higher prevalence of systemic hypertension. Systemic hypertension must be identified and treated early to prevent long term cardiovascular/cerebrovascular complications in COPD patients. --- ## Prevalence of GERD among adult asthmatics visiting a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Saravana Ethinder M **Published:** 2024-10-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4711 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Asthma, Gastro Esophageal Reflux, Disease, Obesity, Overweight, Tobacco Smoking Asthma and its control is influenced by both external environmental factors and also on the presence of several comorbid conditions like allergic rhinitis, gastro esophageal reflux disease(GERD), obesity etc. We aim to study the prevalence of GERD in adult asthmatic patients visiting a tertiary care hospital. We conducted a period prevalence survey of adult asthmatics visiting the outpatient department. Gastro esophageal reflux disease was diagnosed clinically through GERD-Q questionnaire. The study was conducted at Sri Venkateswaraa Medical College and Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai. A total of 110 patients were taken for the study. GERD was prevalent among 50% of the study population. 86.2% of the smokers in the study were having GERD. Mean Body Mass Index(BMI) in the study population was 29.14 +/- 4.8 with 72.7% of the patients with gastro esophageal disease were overweight in their body mass index. Significant number of patients with asthma are known to suffer from GERD. GERD worsens the symptoms in asthma and makes it difficult to control with regular inhalational therapy. Being overweight in BMI, smoking are risk factors to the development of gastro esophageal disease and also influence lung function in asthma patients. Symptoms for GERD must be questioned to treat the disease and adequately control asthma. --- ## Correlates of Sexual Dysfunction in Male Patients with Alcohol Dependence Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study **Authors:** Dr. Saritha Dhuruvasan, Dr. Sumithradevi, Dr. Usaid, Dr. Uma Gayathri, Dr. Siva Ilango **Published:** 2024-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i4.4710 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alcohol, Deaddiction, Erectile dysfunction, Sexual desire Introduction: Sexual dysfunction and alcohol dependence syndrome are complex issues that significantly impact the overall well-being and quality of life of affected individuals. Sexual dysfunction, encompassing various issues such as erectile dysfunction, reduced libido, and orgasmic disorders, is a prevalent concern affecting a substantial proportion of the male population worldwide. Aim: To estimate prevalence of sexual dysfunction in patients admitted for Alcohol dependence and to identify various Clinical and Socio demographic correlates for sexual dysfunction in this population. Materials and Methods: The study involved fifty-eight male participants who had sought deaddiction treatment at the Psychiatry Outpatient Department of Tertiary Care Centre, Maduranthakam for alcohol dependence syndrome, diagnosed according to the ICD‑10. Information on sociodemographic, alcohol-related, and sexual dysfunction-related variables was gathered. Sexual dysfunction was assessed for the past year, ignoring temporary and situational complaints. The relationship between sexual dysfunction and various study variables was explored using relevant statistical tools. Results: Out of the total sample size evaluated using SAD-Q score, 71% are moderately dependent and 29 % are severely dependent. Sexual Dysfunction was present for 64% of patients in the study. For the 58 patients in the study, the most common sexual dysfunction reported was an absence of sexual desire in 19 patients, followed by erectile dysfunction which was present in 18 patients. The ability to reach orgasm was difficult for 6 patients. Satisfaction from orgasm was absent for 4 patients. Conclusion: This research seeks to advance our understanding of sexual dysfunction in male patients with alcohol dependence syndrome by unravelling the intricate web of factors influencing their sexual health. --- ## Pupil to limbus diameter ratio as an emerging autonomic function test and its correlation with anthropometric parameters in different phases of menstrual cycle **Authors:** Bhagyashree N, Varalakshmi B, Veena NH **Published:** 2024-09-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i3.4706 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pupil limbus diameter ratio, anthropometry, autonomic function test, menstrual cycle The menstrual cycle is a physiological change in normal females, indicating the proper functioning of both endocrine and reproductive health. The pupil to limbus diameter (PLD) ratio is defined as the ratio of pupil diameter measured at an axial plane to the limbus diameter measured at the same or a parallel axial plane. Alterations in estrogen and progesterone levels may influence cardiac autonomic functions. This study aimed to correlate the PLD ratio with anthropometric parameters, such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), during different phases of the menstrual cycle among medical students.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among first- and second-year female MBBS students aged 17 to 22 years. Anthropometric parameters, including height, weight, BMI, and WC, were measured for all participants. Eye photographs were taken during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, and the diameters were measured manually using the two-box method. The PLD ratios for both eyes showed a significant positive correlation with BMI (right eye: r = 0.682, p < 0.000; left eye: r = 0.430, p < 0.000) and waist circumference (right eye: r = 0.456, p < 0.000; left eye: r = 0.315, p < 0.001). The PLD ratio can serve as a simple, non-invasive, and cost-effective autonomic function test. --- ## FORMULATION AND EVALUATION COMBINATION OF CARBOPOL/HPMC POLYMER GELS CONTAINING OFLOXACIN FOR OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM **Authors:** Yerikala Ramesh, Venugopalaiah Penabaka, Bommalapuram Veerendra Reddy, Chigili Jansi Raani, Perugumi Ramya, Syed Shahistha, Vadlapalli Umadevi, YadalaPrapurna Chandra **Published:** 2024-09-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i3.4705 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carbopol, HPMC, Ofloxacin, Gels, Ocular drug delivery The current research focuses on assessing hydrochloride/HPMC polyethylene blends for uveitis drug delivery. Processes involving polypropylene (PP) matrices have shown similar behavior to solid lipid nanoparticles, with fluid sub-assemblies playing a larger role. Nanoemulsions, with long-chain structures, link drug dispersibility and rheology. The correct combination of polymer matrices is essential for designing an effective ocular drug delivery system.Further studies suggest that polypropylene enhances self-organization, while HPMC K100 improves drug dissolution and viscosity, particularly in formulations involving narcotics. A blend of three polymers has demonstrated effects on drug dissolution, dispersibility, and viscosity.Nanoemulsion-based formulations have shown the best results for drug dissolution and decent rheological properties. Cultured cell investigations indicate that higher levels of specific plastics improve dosage forms. Overall, this research emphasizes the importance of polymer selection and formulation in optimizing drug delivery for uveitis treatment. --- ## Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs): Design, characterization, release mechanism and remote-controlled application for targeted therapeutics **Authors:** Abhinav Babu, Aniket Bhardwaj, Saurabh Verma **Published:** 2024-08-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i3.4704 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Magnetic properties, Magnetic field, Superparamagnetic, Functionalization, Iron oxide nanoparticles MNPs as novel drug delivery system (NDDS) approach possess several magnetic properties for targeted and controlled delivery in various biomedical application. Unlike normal nanoparticles, MNPs enable to respond to external magnetic fields, allowing for manipulation, guidance, and functionalisation within the body. This review encompasses a wide range of scientific and technological goals aimed in understanding their properties, synthesis methods, characterization techniques, surface functionalisation strategies and application. Drug delivery based on magnetic properties has advanced dramatically to enhance therapeutic bioavailability, stability, and targeted delivwery. Converting nanoparticles into MNPs involves introducing magnetic properties to the nanoparticles through core-shell structures, doping or coating with magnetic materials, physical or chemical reactions, or biological synthesis methods. However, this study demonstrates the versatility and potential of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for various biomedical applications. Moreover, the in vitro and in vivo studies highlight MNPs' promising role in targeted drug delivery, imaging contrast enhancement, and magnetic hyperthermia for cancer therapy. Moving forward, further research is warranted to optimize MNPs' design, explore novel functionalization strategies, and address challenges related to biocompatibility, scalability, and regulatory approval. Therefore, MNPs reflects transformative impact across various fields, emphasizing their potential to drive advancements in healthcare, environmental protection, and technology. Continued research and innovation in this field are expected to unlock new opportunities and address global challenges, driving progress towards a healthier, cleaner, and more technologically advanced future. --- ## Ameliorative effect of α-tocopherol and curcumin against the deleterious effects of hydrogenated (thermally oxidized) rice bran oil in rats **Authors:** Vijeta Rajoriya, Papiya Bigoniya **Published:** 2024-08-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i3.4699 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Curcumin, Hepatotoxicity, Hydrogenated oil, Oxidative damage, Rice bran oil, Thermally oxidized oil, α-Tocopherol Rice bran oil (RBO) is known for its health benefits due to its high content of natural antioxidants like tocotrienols, tocopherols, and oryzanols, which combat oxidative stress and inflammation. However, repeated heating of RBO above 110°C leads to degradation, forming harmful oxidative components and reducing its antioxidant content. This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term consumption of thermally oxidized RBO on rats and the potential protective effects of curcumin and α-tocopherol supplementation. RBO was subjected to oxidative degradation through repeated frying cycles at temperatures ranging from 100°C to 180°C for 45 days. Physicochemical and phytochemical parameters of the oxidized RBO were analyzed. In vivo experiments evaluated serum biochemical, hematological, and histopathological parameters, along with oxidative and inflammatory responses in rats fed with oxidized RBO for 45 days. Results showed that thermal oxidation at 180°C significantly altered the chemical composition of RBO, increasing oxidative markers and reducing nutritional components. Consumption of oxidized RBO led to decreased body weight gain, elevated levels of various biochemical markers indicating liver and kidney dysfunction, hyperlipidemia, and increased oxidative and inflammatory damage in rats. However, supplementation with curcumin and α-tocopherol effectively mitigated these harmful effects. In conclusion, long-term consumption of thermally oxidized RBO negatively affects health parameters in rats, but fortification with curcumin and α-tocopherol helps alleviate these adverse effects --- ## TO ASSESS THE ROLE OF NASAL TAPENTADOL AS PRE-EMPTIVE ANALGESIA, IN BREAST SURGERY PATIENTS **Authors:** Safneedha P.M, Raveena Ragavi C.G.V, Pughal Vendan . G **Published:** 2024-08-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i3.4702 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pre-emptive Analgesia, Post operative Analgesia, Breast surgery, Nasal spray, Tapentadol, Perioperative Care Patients undergoes moderate to severe postoperative pain after surgery, which is troublesome during the postoperative period. Inadequately treated acute post operative pain causes prolonged morbidity to patients. Pre-emptive analgesic minimises the pain in perioperative period by central neuro sensitization. We assessed the role of Nasal Tapentadol in breast surgery patients, as a pre-emptive analgesic, in the reduction of post-operative analgesic requirement. In a double blinded prospective randomized control study, sixty breast surgery patients, received nasal spray of tapentadol (Group A) or saline Spray (Group B), 30 minutes prior to general anaesthesia. Perioperative analgesic requirement, time taken for first analgesic requirement in post operative period, post operative pain and sedation scores, we compared the following parameters in the first 24h during the postoperative period in all patients: Analgesic requirement during perioperative period, time taken for first post operative analgesic dose, pain score and sedation score in postoperative period.Data Of all sixty patients were analysed. Patients in Tapentadol Group A had significantly lower requirement of analgesics and lower Visual analog scale (VAS) than Saline group in the post operative period. However, Ramsay sedation score was more in Tapentadol group, immediately after shifting the patient to the postanaesthetic care unit. Single Pre-emptive nasal spray of tapentadol (45mg) is an effective intervention to, reduce the surgical pain and lesser requirement of analgesics, in post operative period, without added side effects. --- ## Hygrophilla Auriculata Extract Loaded Microemulsion gel for treatment of skin cancer **Authors:** Zaheer Shaikh, Sayali Aher, Shamir Shah, Shivam Lale, Mohammad Rizwan Shaikh **Published:** 2024-08-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i3.4685 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hygrophila Auriculata, Flower extract, Microemulsion Gel, Skin cancer, A431 cell line, Herbal Microemulsion Gel Globally, skin cancer is the most common type of cancer and is on the rise. It is broadly divided into Melanoma and Non-melanoma skin cancer, or Keratinocyte carcinoma, which are malignancies produced from melanocytes and epidermal cells, respectively. One of the most deadly malignant illnesses, cancer can spread to other tissues and organs and exhibit unchecked and aberrant cell division. Therefore, achieving a safe formulation for the treatment of skin cancer is important. The aim of this research is to formulate the Hygrophila Auriculata Flower extract Loaded Microemulsion Gel with small droplet size, high drug concentration, and high stability for skin application. A magnetic stirrer was used to create the Hygrophila Auriculata Flower extract Loaded Microemulsion, which was examined for morphology, clarity, dilution, zeta potential, particle size, stability, and chromatography. The cytotoxicity study of the formulation was performed in A431 cells and compared with a marketed formulation. The smallest particle size of the emulsion droplets improves the bioavailability of the drug, playing a vital role in skin penetration and effectiveness against skin cancer. Hence, the study predicts that the Hygrophila Auriculata Flower extract Loaded Microemulsion Gel could be effective for the treatment of skin cancer in the future. --- ## Antiulcer Properties of Guava and Chameli Leaves: A Phytochemical Exploration for Oral Ulcer Management **Authors:** Jaithliya Deepali, Nutan Rajput, Bhawar Falguni, Prakash Bindiya, Patel Sanjana, Limaye Rashmi, Sharma Neha, Puri Payal **Published:** 2024-08-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i3.4692 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-inflammatory, Chameli, Guava, Oral Ulcer, Phytochemical This study explores the therapeutic potential of Psidium guajava (Guava) and Jasminum grandiflorum (Chameli) leaves for oral ulcer treatment. Traditionally used in Ayurveda, these plants are rich in bioactive compounds. Ethanolic extracts were assessed for phytochemical content, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) confirmed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, and alkaloids. Total phenolics and flavonoids were quantified using colorimetric assays. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and ferric reducing power (FRAP) assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed via albumin denaturation inhibition, anti-protease activity, and membrane stabilization assays. Antibacterial efficacy against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli was tested using agar well diffusion. Guava extract exhibited higher total phenolic content (121.6 mg GAE/g) and comparable flavonoid content (280 mg QE/g) to Chameli. Both extracts demonstrated notable antioxidant activity, with Guava showing superior anti-inflammatory effects across all assays and antibacterial activity against both bacterial strains. These findings highlight the bioactive compounds contributing to the therapeutic potential of Guava and Chameli leaves. The developed herbal oral paste was effective in promoting healing, supporting its potential for oral ulcer treatment, although further clinical validation is needed. --- ## FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE-LOADED MICROEMULSION **Authors:** Yerikala Ramesh, Jakke Vyshnavi, Kalluri Beebijan, Konda Sravya Sree, Shaik Mahaboob Basha, Shaik Sumayah, Yadala Prapurna Chandra **Published:** 2024-08-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i3.4703 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** propionate butyric acid, micelles, nasal drug carrier This report focuses on the development of nanoemulsions, highlighting their potential as innovative drug delivery systems. The study, titled "Fluticasone Butyrate-Equipped Micelle Liposomal Delivery," aims to improve dissolution rates and bioactivity. The emulsifier structures showed a clear quantum fluid velocity, and in-vitro studies since 2005 revealed that certain formulations enhanced drug dissolution rates compared to others. This improved solubilization could extend bioactivity, as seen with atropine propionate. The study also examined the physicochemical properties, with results depending on the composition of surfactant, co-surfactant, water, and oil in the formulations. Process graphs indicated thicker emulsifier regions at the micellar margin, which led to improved formulations. Enhanced dissolution rates, particularly in oil-based drugs, were linked to the presence of nano-sized particles (54.30 nm) with a zeta potential of +/-10.61 mV. Stability tests confirmed that the solid dispersion remained stable for six months. Overall, this research supports the potential of nanoemulsions to improve drug delivery and efficacy. --- ## The secret of wetland: Marsilea quadrfolia as a promising green (wild) edible for health, hidden hunger and longevity from semiarid region **Authors:** Riddhi Rathore, Hitesh Solanki **Published:** 2024-08-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i3.4696 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Marsilea quadrifolia, Wild edibles, Nutritional analysis, Antioxidant assays, Hidden hunger The future food security and hidden hunger are the major challenges which lead the developing countries for the exploration of wild edibles. Wild edibles have also been explored for their nutritional values which can potentially contribute to solving the issues such as malnutrition and livelihood in developing and rural communities of various parts of the world. This is first study to evaluate the nutritional values and phytochemical screening of semiarid populations of Marsilea spp. The nutritional analysis reveals carbohydrate (0.63 %), protein (4.20 %), fat (5.0 %), dietary fiber (8.6 %) and mineral content. the study also attempts various antioxidant assays such as DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, CUPRAC and PMA. The results show Marsilea is a very rich source of nutrition and minerals. It may help in livelihood development in developing and poor countries. This fern can also be utilized for fortification and developing the cultivation practice of Marsilea. --- ## Targeting calcium dependant/cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway and GABAergic transmission by drotaverine and hesperidin for amelioration of tardive dyskinesia **Authors:** Vandana Nade, Neelofar Shaikh, Bhakti Pathak, Sumit Buye, Tejas Hatgaonkar, Prachi Shewale **Published:** 2024-08-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i3.4700 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drotaverine, Hesperidin, Psychotic Anxiety, Reserpine Antipsychotics, commonly used for anxiety and psychosis, are linked to severe side effects like fatal ventricular arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, and movement disorders, limiting their therapeutic use. This research aimed to explore novel mechanisms to treat psychotic anxiety while minimizing these risks. Drotaverine activates the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway, while Hesperidin inhibits dopaminergic hyperactivity. Using a reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia model, which mimics tardive dyskinesia linked to oxidative stress, reserpine (1 mg/kg, s.c) was administered for three days. Rats were pre-treated with drotaverine (8 mg/kg, p.o) and hesperidin (50 mg/kg, p.o) for five days. Statistical analysis via one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s test showed that reserpine significantly increased vacuous chewing movements (VCMs), tongue protrusions (TPs), and reduced locomotion and exploration. Pre-treatment with drotaverine and hesperidin reduced VCMs and TPs. Reserpine-treated rats had lower catalase and higher lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, indicators of oxidative stress, which were reversed by the drugs. Additionally, drotaverine improved cognition by modulating the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway, and Hesperidin offered neuroprotection through GABAergic transmission. Both drugs, alone or in combination, demonstrate potential as alternative therapies for psychotic anxiety with neuroprotective benefits. --- ## Change Control from Initiation to Implementation in the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Comprehensive Review **Authors:** Soaib Ahmed, Souvik Kundu, Rahul Patra, Jaydip Ray **Published:** 2024-07-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i3.4681 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Change Control, cGMP, Change Management, Change Control Board, Quality Assurance Change control plays a role in cGMP, just as all aspects of quality management should continually strive for enhancement. It works with a prior mechanism that empowers designated personnel across fields to assess, as well as having permission to authorize proposing or doing modifications that would impact the status that was prevalidated for the process system, including facilities, systems, and equipment. Change management involves overseeing changes in staff, protocols, operations, and product standards. These changes can occur in areas such as manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance, engineering, research and development (R&D), and marketing. Depending on their significance, changes may be categorized as critical, major, or minor; they may also be classified as emergency, planned, or unplanned based on their nature. Effective change management encompasses the coordination of personnel resources along with protocols to ensure consistency in operations and product excellence. It is a component of GMP compliance, as regulatory bodies mandate companies to demonstrate proficiency in managing changes. The process entails initiating a change request, followed by evaluating its impact on the product before devising an action plan for implementation, ultimately culminating with the Change Control Board (CCB) making decisions regarding the proposed changes. --- ## Comparative Study of Sublingual Misoprostol and Dinoprostone Gel in Labour Induction and Its Implication on Maternal and Neonatal Outcome **Authors:** Subashree Ilangovan, Selvi A **Published:** 2024-07-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i2.4680 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Labour Induction, Sublingual Misoprostol, Dinoprostone Gel, Randomized Controlled Trial, Maternal Outcomes, Neonatal Outcomes Effective and safe induction of labour is crucial in modern obstetric practice. This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of sublingual misoprostol versus dinoprostone gel in inducing labour. A prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary care hospital. A total of 828 pregnant women requiring labour induction were randomly assigned to receive either sublingual misoprostol (n=414) or dinoprostone gel (n=414). The primary outcome was the success rate of labour induction, defined as vaginal delivery within 24 hours. Secondary outcomes included the time interval from induction to delivery, incidence of hyperstimulation syndrome, mode of delivery, and maternal and neonatal outcomes. Data were analyzed using SPSS, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. The success rate of labour induction was significantly higher in the misoprostol group (78%) compared to the dinoprostone group (65%) (p<0.001). The median time from induction to delivery was shorter for sublingual misoprostol (10.5 hours) than for dinoprostone gel (14 hours) (p<0.001). Hyperstimulation syndrome occurred more frequently in the misoprostol group (12%) than in the dinoprostone group (7%) (p=0.02). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of mode of delivery, maternal outcomes (postpartum hemorrhage, need for blood transfusion, infection), or neonatal outcomes (Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes, NICU admissions). Sublingual misoprostol is more effective than dinoprostone gel in achieving vaginal delivery within 24 hours of induction. It also shortens the time to delivery but is associated with a higher incidence of hyperstimulation syndrome. Both methods are otherwise comparable in terms of maternal and neonatal safety. These findings support the use of sublingual misoprostol for labour induction, with careful monitoring for hyperstimulation. --- ## Seroprevalence of Transfusion Transmitted Infection (TTI) and demographic profile of seropositive blood donors in a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Sujata Banerjee, Yogesh R Yadav **Published:** 2024-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i3.4682 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Blood Transfusion, Transfusion transmitted infections (TTI), HIV, Hepatitis B, Syphilis and HCV Transfusion departments have long been crucial in the screening, monitoring, and management of diseases spread by blood transfusions. Transfusions are a life-saving intervention that saves lives all over the world. Research has indicated that blood banks with component facilities have greater rates of positive for HIV, HCV, and HBV, whereas blood banks without component facilities have higher rates of syphilis and malaria. A retrospective study on blood donors done at the Blood Bank of a tertiary care hospital of western Maharashtra, India, from January 2015 to December 2020. The study analyzed a total of 15,400 donors, of which 412 donors came out to be seropositive. Majority of seropositive blood donors were in the age group of 18-30 years. The study showed a significant difference between seropositivity of voluntary and replacement donors of the year 2020. Educating, clearing the notions/myths regarding blood donation, telling the benefits and involvement of social media and NGO in promoting blood donation activities can play an important role in breaking the ice between people and blood donations. It will also create awareness regarding blood donation in the general public. --- ## Nutraceutical Muffins: Development and Sensory Evaluation **Authors:** Bhatt Mehul K, Goswami Dhruvi, Rajgor Hiral, Patel Devanshi, Vora Jahanavee, Talaviya Priti, Shah Nehal **Published:** 2024-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i3.4679 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bioactive Compounds, Mung Bean Flour, Spinach Powder, Jaggery, Antioxidants Health professionals and consumers are increasingly urging food corporations to produce healthier options, leading to a rise in the popularity of gluten-free flours like millet, sweet potatoes, and mung bean flour. Nutraceutical muffins offer a novel approach by combining the enjoyment of a tasty snack with the health benefits of bioactive compounds. These muffins are formulated with ingredients such as mung bean flour, spinach powder, guava powder, jaggery, and ghee to provide dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Gluten-free and suitable for diabetics, they also address health concerns such as energy enhancement, vitamin deficiency, constipation, and bone health. In conclusion, nutraceutical muffins present an exciting way to merge health and flavor, making functional ingredients easily accessible in daily diets. However, further research is needed to optimize their formulation and validate their health benefits. --- ## GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Kalanchoe lanceolata for Antimicrobial and Antidiabetic Activities **Authors:** Sravanthi Suram, Lali Lingfa, Baloji Gugulothu, Srinivas Ankanagari **Published:** 2024-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i3.4678 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Kalanchoe lanceolata, GC-MS, Bioactive phytochemicals, Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial The herb Kalanchoe lanceolata, which is widely used in traditional medicine, has showed promise in treating a range of ailments. Despite its widespread usage in traditional medicine, the phytochemical contents of K. lanceolata are not well studied, particularly in terms of its potential involvement in diabetes management. In this study, the objective was to identify the phytochemical constituents of K. lanceolata and determine how they can help with diabetes management. The whole plant methanolic, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether extracts were analysed with GC-MS to identify bioactive components. In this study, 63 compounds were identified, 27 of which possess bioactive properties. Acorenone B, columbin, phytol, astaxanthin, β-sitosterol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, and caryophyllene oxide are significant compounds found to be present in K. lanceolata. In silico molecular docking studies predicted the antidiabetic and antibacterial properties of phytochemical compounds. These compounds show potential as antibacterial, antifungal and antidiabetic agents. This study stresses the significance of K. lanceolata bioactive components and sheds light on the therapeutic potential in diabetes control. --- ## To Compare the Effects of IV Bolus Doses Phenylephrine, And Ephedrine Injection in Maintaining Arterial Blood Pressure During Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Sections-A Randomized Comparative Study **Authors:** Niranjan Prabhuram, Raghuraman TR, Selvi A, Anand B **Published:** 2024-06-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i2.4684 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Preventive methods, Subarachnoid block, Ephedrine, Phenylephrine Spinal anesthesia is the preferred anesthetic approach for cesarean sections due to its benefits for both the mother and fetus. However, hypotension is a common and potentially harmful complication. Phenylephrine (PE) is frequently used as a vasopressor to manage hypotension during spinal anesthesia, but it can cause maternal sinus bradycardia. This study aimed to compare two strategies for maintaining arterial blood pressure during cesarean delivery: a 20 mcg bolus of phenylephrine followed by a 10 mcg/min infusion (Group P) versus a 6 mg bolus of ephedrine followed by a 0.1 mg/min infusion (Group E). A total of 100 pregnant women scheduled for elective or emergency cesarean sections under spinal anesthesia were randomly assigned to either Group P or Group E. Systolic blood pressure was well-maintained in both groups during the first 20 minutes. After this period, Group P’s blood pressure stabilized towards basal values, while Group E's remained slightly above basal levels—a statistically significant difference (p < 0.005). Diastolic blood pressure fell in both groups, but Group E maintained slightly higher levels than Group P. Group P had a 24% incidence of bradycardia requiring atropine, while no such cases were observed in Group E. Despite these differences, overall maternal arterial blood pressure was effectively maintained in both groups, with no significant difference in uterine tone or bleeding levels. --- ## A Comparative Study of Epidural Ropivacaine with Dexmedetomidine 1 µg/Kg and Ropivacaine with Clonidine 1µg/Kg by Epidural Route in Patients Undergoing Lower Abdominal and Lower Limb Surgery **Authors:** Anand B, Prabhuram Niranjan, Raghuraman TR **Published:** 2024-06-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i2.4686 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Epidural anesthesia, Ropivacaine, Dexmedetomidine, lower limb surgeries The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of dexmedetomidine and clonidine as adjuvants to Ropivacaine in the context of epidural anesthesia for procedures involving the lower abdomen and lower limbs. A total of Sixty patients with ASA I and II who were scheduled for lower limb and abdominal procedures under epidural anesthesia was included in the study. A pre-anesthetic checkup is performed one day before the procedure. Patients were screened for systemic illnesses, and laboratory tests were performed. The process for epidural anesthesia was described to the patients, and a signed agreement was acquired. Patients were randomized into two groups using computer-generated numbers: ropivacaine along with clonidine (RC) and ropivacaine along with dexmedetomidine (RD). Both the Ropivacaine and Clonidine and Ropivacaine and Dexmedetomidine groups differed significantly in the time it took for sensory and motor blockade to take effect. It follows that a synergistic effect of deep and persistent motor blockade, prolonged duration of sensory blockade, and effective sedation may be achieved when Ropivacaine and Dexmedetomidine are administered epidurally together. The dexmedetomidine group did have more severe but manageable side effects. As a result, ropivacaine mixed with dexmedetomidine has the potential to be an effective and safe epidural blocking agent for procedures involving the lower abdomen and leg surgeries. --- ## Clinical outcome and its correlation with inflammatory markers in SARS-COV-2 patients **Authors:** Aravind Surya Maddali, Bhargav Kiran Gaddam, Ramanan R, Hanifah Mohammad, Prasanna Venkatesh **Published:** 2024-05-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i2.4677 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, CRP, D-dimer, Serum LDH, Serum ferritin, ARDS, Outcome Coronaviruses, characterized by a single-stranded RNA genome, present a challenge due to the unclear relationship between elevated inflammatory markers and disease severity. This study examines the correlation between inflammatory markers (D-dimer, serum ferritin, serum LDH, CRP) and clinical outcomes in 62 COVID-19 patients at a medical center in Puducherry, India. Patients were categorized into mild, moderate, or severe based on WHO guidelines. CBC, RFT, D-dimer, serum LDH, serum ferritin, and CRP levels were evaluated at admission and after 72 hours. Most patients with moderate and severe disease experienced ARDS and required oxygen support, with ventilator assistance limited to severe cases. Severe cases were also associated with pulmonary embolism and DIC, leading to mortality in all six severe cases. Higher CRP positivity was noted in moderate and severe cases on days 1 and 3, along with elevated D-dimer, ferritin, and LDH levels, indicating severity. In conclusion, severe illness was marked by significantly elevated levels of CRP, D-dimer, ferritin, and LDH, suggesting their potential as prognostic indicators. Repeated monitoring of these markers may aid in predicting outcomes for severe cases in clinical practice. --- ## Cention-N: A Review **Authors:** Ashima Varshney, Sonal Gupta, Kumari Akancha, Neha Lal, Rohan Shrivastava **Published:** 2024-05-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i2.4676 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cention-N, Alkasite, Restorative material An ideal material used for restoration should be adhesive, tooth coloured, resistant to wear, nontoxic and biocompatible with the tissue. Various direct filling materials are available in dentistry such as amalgam, glass ionomer cement (GIC) and esthetic composite material, each of them having its advantages and disadvantages hence proper selection of restorative materials will help for its clinical success. Cention-N is a new alkasite, bulk filling, basic tooth-coloured, radiopaque material introduced by Ivoclar Vivadent in 2016. It is a self-curing filling material with optimum light curing. It consists of an isofiller which reduces the polymerization shrinkage and utilizes an alkaline filler which is capable of releasing acid-neutralizing ions. It presents with good mechanical properties and long-term stability due to the cross-linking of methacrylates in the final restoration hence it can be used in load-bearing areas. Cention-N can be efficiently used in pediatric patients as it is moisture resistant and releases fluoride which helps in remineralizing teeth thus preventing secondary caries. The use of caution is restricted in the anterior tooth as it is available only in one shade. --- ## Simulated acetaminophen plasma profiles from fixed-dose combination formulations: studies using the flow-through cell dissolution method **Authors:** Medina-López J R, Leyva-Hernández J M, Hernández-Osornio J J, Ruiz-Segura J C **Published:** 2024-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i2.4674 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acetaminophen, Acetylsalicylic acid, Caffeine, Convolution, Fixed-dose combination formulations, Flow-through cell method The aim of this work was to simulate acetaminophen plasma profiles from two fixed-dose combination formulations (acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, and caffeine of generic vs. reference formulation) and in vitro dissolution data generated by the flow-through cell apparatus (laminar flow of 16 ml/min, 22.6 mm cells and 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4). Results were compared with in vitro release information of USP apparatus type II (paddle at 100 rpm and 900 ml of same dissolution medium). Dissolved drugs until 60 min were determined with a ratio-derivative spectrophotometric method. To compare dissolution profiles of each drug, dissolution efficiency and mean dissolution time were calculated. To predict in vivo behavior a convolution approach as well as acetaminophen published information were used. Peak plasma concentrations and area under the curve (zero time to infinity) were considered and values of predicted error for these pharmacokinetic parameters were established. When comparing dissolution profiles with Student’s t-tests significant differences were found (p < 0.05). All values of predicted error showed satisfactory results since only data generated by the flow-through cell dissolution method achieved < 10% for each pharmacokinetic parameter. It is important to carried out in vivo studies with used formulations to corroborate the obtained results. --- ## Apple cider vinegar effervescent tablets on gut health, obesity and user experience – A randomized controlled trial **Authors:** Kannan S, Anandhasayanam A, Niranjana ES, Rajamurugan R, Akash B, Abitha S, Nandhamurugan R **Published:** 2024-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i2.4669 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Obesity, Abdominal fat, Apple cider vinegar, Body weight, Body mass index Research indicates that apple cider vinegar (ACV) may benefit health by lowering blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, body weight, waist circumference, and BMI. To investigate further, a 60-day randomized controlled trial was conducted at Sudha Institute of Medical Science involving 77 participants with abnormal weight. They were divided into control and ACV groups. The ACV group consumed a daily ACV effervescent tablet, engaged in mild exercise, and followed a low-sugar diet, while the control group followed only the exercise and diet regimen. Anthropometric measurements and participant satisfaction data were collected throughout. The analysis revealed significant reductions in weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference, and waist-hip ratio over the 60-day period. Additionally, improvements were observed in abnormal food intake and various digestive issues such as appetite, constipation, cravings, and gas problems in the ACV group. Notably, 56.25% of control group participants and 44.44% of ACV group participants were categorized as overweight. Data analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel, utilizing descriptive statistics such as mean and percentage. The study concluded that daily consumption of ACV effervescent tablets has a positive impact on weight loss and alleviates issues related to digestion and appetite. These findings underscore the potential benefits of incorporating ACV into dietary and lifestyle interventions for individuals with abnormal weight, suggesting its role as a complementary approach to promote overall health and well-being. --- ## Serum Cortisol Levels in Children with Catecholamine-Dependent Shock – A Prospective Observational Study **Authors:** Vijayabharathi E, Latha V, Prabakaran S, Shanthi Sangareddi **Published:** 2024-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i2.4672 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pediatric, Shock, Catecholamine, Cortisol Pediatric septic shock poses a significant challenge in ICUs worldwide, with high mortality and morbidity rates despite medical advancements. Early recognition and aggressive management are crucial. Resistance to standard therapies in some cases suggests potential adrenal insufficiency, particularly relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI), though research is limited. This study aimed to assess adrenal insufficiency prevalence in pediatric septic shock by evaluating basal serum cortisol levels in 49 children aged 1 month to 12 years admitted to the PICU. Results showed a significant 41% prevalence of adrenal insufficiency, correlating with prolonged critical care needs. Despite increased interventions, mortality rates didn't notably differ between groups. Recognition of adrenal insufficiency is vital due to its association with extended critical care requirements. Further research, including stimulation tests and trials, is needed to distinguish absolute and relative adrenal insufficiency and assess potential benefits of steroid supplementation. This study underscores the importance of comprehensive management strategies incorporating adrenal function assessment in improving outcomes for critically ill children with septic shock. --- ## Design, Molecular Docking, Synthesis, Anticancer activity of Thiazolidinedione derivatives **Authors:** Richa Dubey, Kuldeep Singh Patel **Published:** 2024-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i2.4670 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Androgen receptors, MCF-7, Molecular docking, Chronic myeloid leukemia Newly designed thiazolidine-2, four-diones RD1-RD15 were synthesized, and their anticancer activities were screened against MCF-7 cancer cells. They exhibited significant activities against MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Compounds RD3 and RD9 were identified as highly potent derivatives against MCF-7 (IC50 = 6.58 and 9.15 µM, respectively). The highly effective derivatives RD1, RD9, RD6, and RD15 were also tested against VERO normal cell lines. All derivatives were evaluated for their androgen inhibitory activities and showed varying degrees of potency, with IC50 values ranging from 0.07 to 0.83 µM. Additionally, derivatives RD1, RD6, and RD15 were assessed to confirm their in vitro binding affinities for anticancer activities. Finally, docking studies were conducted to investigate their affinities and binding modes toward androgen receptors. --- ## Case-Control Study Of Risk Factors Associated With Acute Unintentional Poisoning In Children Aged 1-12 Years In A District Hospital, Puducherry, India **Authors:** Latha V, Vijayabharathi E, Raja Ramalingam, Johnson Reddy B, Anuradha V **Published:** 2024-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i2.4673 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Children, Poisoning, Accidental, Factors Unintentional poisoning, particularly among children under five, is a global concern. A case-control study conducted in a South Indian tertiary care institute aimed to identify socio-epidemiological risk factors for acute unintentional poisoning in children aged 1-12 years. Through caregiver interviews, 480 children were categorized as cases (with acute unintentional poisoning) or controls (with acute medical illnesses). Household poisons ingestion was prevalent, with inadequate storage and accessibility as significant contributors. Prompt hospital presentation correlated with better outcomes. Higher birth order, low maternal education, paternal substance abuse, and inadequate storage emerged as risk factors. Though developmental delays weren't prevalent, maternal education, paternal income, and substance abuse were linked to childhood poisoning. Targeted interventions promoting household safety, parental education, and supervision are crucial for prevention, along with health education campaigns on safe storage practices, labeling, and substance disposal. Timely medical intervention and improved healthcare access are essential to reduce childhood poisoning-related morbidity and mortality, especially in resource-limited settings like India. --- ## Can prophylactic oral dextrose solution prevent hypoglycemia in high risk newborns? **Authors:** Tej Gita Uggina, Karthik Venkatesh, Vasanthan V, Shanthi Anantha Krishnan **Published:** 2024-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i2.4675 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** High risk newborns, Hypoglycemia, Oral dextrose solution, Prophylaxis Prophylactic oral dextrose gel recommended to prevent hypoglycaemia in high risk babies is not readily available and affordable. This study was therefore conducted to find out if oral dextrose solution decreases the incidence of hypoglycaemia in high risk neonates. This study included 186 high risk newborns. Oral 10% dextrose 2ml/kg was given at 30 minutes, 2, 6 and 12 hours of life, along with direct breastfeeding. Capillary blood glucose measurement was monitored at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours of life. Low blood sugar levels were confirmed by simultaneous venous blood sampling. Statistical tests used were chi square for proportions and ANOVA for means. Of the 186 high risk babies maximum babies were small for gestational age (n = 68, 36.5%). Among the high risk babies, 7 (3.7%) developed hypoglycaemia. All were asymptomatic. A higher proportion of hypoglycaemia was seen IUGR babies (n = 2/9, 22.2%) and in those delivered by caesarean section (n =3/71, 4.2%). Compared to the incidence of hypoglycaemia (7.2%) in the historical control group the incidence of hypoglycaemia (3.7%) in interventional group was lower though statistically not significant (p=NS). There is a decrease in the incidence of hypoglycemia in high-risk infants given prophylactic oral dextrose solution. However, this trend was not statistically significant. --- ## Hypotensive Anaesthesia in Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgeries: A Systematic Review **Authors:** Govindarajan A, Swetha NS, Govind Shaji, Parthasarathy S **Published:** 2024-02-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4664 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Nasal surgeries, Endoscopic, Anaesthesia, Hypotension, Bloodless This systematic review comprehensively analyzes the literature on hypotensive anesthesia in Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgeries (FESS), crucial for treating sinonasal disorders. The anesthesia technique choice significantly influences FESS outcomes. Hypotensive anesthesia, involving controlled blood pressure reduction during surgery, garners attention for potential benefits. A database search identified relevant studies examining its efficacy, safety, and impact on intraoperative visibility, surgical time, blood loss, and postoperative outcomes. Various drugs, including inhalational agents, hypocapnia, hypercapnia, local adrenaline, fentanyl, remifentanil, esmolol, dexmedetomidine, and nitroglycerine, have been employed to minimize bleeding and enhance operative conditions. Sevoflurane is a common inhalation agent. Dexmedetomidine, with lower bolus doses, proves advantageous for visibility and achieving a MAP of 60 mm Hg swiftly. Opioids have a lower hypotensive potential, nitroglycerine lacks analgesic effects, and beta-blockers provide favorable conditions. Dexmedetomidine's prolonged analgesia correlates with improved postoperative outcomes. Limited studies explore combined drugs' efficacy or side effects. Cognitive dysfunction is a concern, with hypotension approved up to a MAP of 60 mm Hg. The technique's application extends to children, but careful patient selection is crucial, considering contraindications and comorbidities. --- ## Comparative study of rubber band ligation versus surgical excision in the treatment of second-degree haemorrhoids **Authors:** Kishore D, Debarath Das, Lakshmana R, Pravin Dhas, Snigdha N, Malarmannan M **Published:** 2024-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4663 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Non-surgical management, Grade2 hemorrhoid, Band ligation Our study focused on comparing the efficacy of Rubber Band Ligation (banding), a day-care and cost-effective procedure, with conventional haemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of haemorrhoids. The study included 120 patients diagnosed through proctoscopic examination, with 60 assigned to each group. Patients were randomly selected through simple alternation for banding or haemorrhoidectomy after receiving procedural explanations and providing consent. Banding, utilizing Barron's band applicator and Hemoband suction device under local anaesthesia, demonstrated notable advantages. Comparison parameters included bleeding, pain, prolapse, and overall relief during follow-ups. Banding showed significantly lower bleeding persistence at 4 weeks compared to haemorrhoidectomy (p < 0.001). Prolapse rates were comparable between the two groups (10%). Complete relief was observed in 1.66% of patients in both groups at the first follow-up (p = 0.929). Banding resulted in moderate pain levels compared to haemorrhoidectomy. Hospital stay duration favoured banding, with 71.66% discharged in 1-3 days, while haemorrhoidectomy had longer stays (3-6 days: 26.66%, >6 days: 1.66%). In conclusion, Rubber Band Ligation emerged as a more effective and preferable method for second-degree haemorrhoids, providing better outcomes, reduced bleeding, and shorter hospital stays compared to conventional haemorrhoidectomy. --- ## Biodiversity and Healing: Exploring the medicinal potential of wild edible plants abundant in antioxidants **Authors:** Tapan Seal, Basundhara Pillai, Kausik Chaudhuri **Published:** 2024-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4662 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Wild edible plants, Antioxidant properties, Effect of solvent, Phenolics by HPLC, Traditional medicine Wild edible plants (WEPs) are rich in antioxidants with a history of traditional medicinal use. This study aimed to find the most efficient polyphenol extraction solvent from WEPs, including Lasia spinosa, Eriosema chinense, Nasturtium indicum, Begonia hatacoa, and Embelia floribunda, for pharmaceutical and drug industry applications. Polyphenols, crucial antioxidants, were meticulously analyzed via RP-HPLC. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and flavonol levels were measured with four solvents. 80% aqueous (aq.) ethanol proved the most effective, surpassing solvents of varying polarities. The plants exhibited high total phenolics and flavonols, notably gallic acid (30.78±1.67 µg/mg dry extract) and syringic acid (32.03±1.89 µg/mg dry extract) in 80% Aq. ethanol extract of E. floribunda. Correlation analyses revealed strong connections between parameters, with 80% Aq. ethanol and acetone showing the highest correlation values (r and R2), indicating their exceptional polyphenol extraction and antioxidant potential. The principal component analysis emphasized the pharmaceutical potential of WEPs, particularly E. floribunda's 80% Aq. ethanol extract due to its phenolic and polyphenolic content. In conclusion, 80% of ethanol extracts of these plants outperform synthetic derivatives in antioxidant activity, making them promising for pharmaceutical and drug product development with enhanced natural antioxidant properties. --- ## Comparative study of tissue culture and sensitivity versus swab culture and sensitivity of microorganisms in the healing of diabetic foot ulcers **Authors:** Debarath Das, Kishore D, Lakshmana R, Pravin Dhas, Snigdha N, Malarmannan M **Published:** 2024-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4660 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetic foot ulcer, Diagnosis Tissue culture and sensitivity, Swab culture and sensitivity This prospective observational study, conducted at the Department of General Surgery, SRM Medical College and Hospital, aimed to assess the effectiveness of tissue culture and sensitivity compared to swab culture and sensitivity in the healing of diabetic foot ulcers through antibiotic sensitivity of microorganisms. Between May 2016 and August 2017, 160 subjects with diabetic foot ulcers were randomly assigned treatment based on either swab or tissue culture findings. Patients were followed at 15-day intervals for up to 60 days. Results showed positive swab cultures in 76.88% and positive tissue cultures in 92.50% of the study population. The most prevalent organism in swab cultures was Proteus (14.38%), while Pseudomonas (16.88%) dominated in tissue cultures. The cumulative proportion of subjects developing granulation tissue was faster in the tissue culture group, reaching 57.50% at 15 to 30 days and 99% at 31 to 45 days. The swab culture group exhibited proportions of 48.80%, 75%, and 93.80% at the same intervals. In conclusion, diabetic foot ulcer treatment based on tissue culture showed slightly faster healing rates compared to swab culture. However, both groups achieved good ulcer healing within the 60-day follow-up period. These findings emphasize the importance of choosing an appropriate culture method for effective management of diabetic foot ulcers. --- ## Physicochemical and heavy metal analysis of Yavani-Sadav Churan – An Ayurvedic formulation **Authors:** Suman Lata, Sonia Dhiman, Mamta Rana **Published:** 2024-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4661 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Chooran, Standardization, Physico-chemical analysis, AAS Ayurveda is the most ancient documented healing heritage of the world that describes health management through natural products. Bhaishjya Kalpana, a branch of Ayurveda, describes details of pharmaceutical preparations of different dosage forms. Chooran kalpana is one of the solid dosage forms considered the secondary Kalpana of Kalka kalpana. In a common language, it is known as powder medicine and is used extensively in Ayurvedic treatment. For promoting Ayurveda, traditional health management introduced the term Drug standardization in the manufacturing of Ayurvedic medicine to ensure good quality medicines for the satisfaction of customers in the international market. Drug standardization is the core issue not only for Bhaishjya Kalpana but also for the entire Ayurveda health care. In the present study, Yavani–Sadav Churan was prepared and the physicochemical and Heavy metal analysis of churan is the main aim of the study. In this study, different parameters for assessment of purity, quality, and safety of Yavanisadava chooran will be carried out like organoleptic characteristics, loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water-soluble extractives, and Alcohol soluble extractives. pH, Bulk density, Tap density, Particle size, TLC and Heavy metal analysis by AAS method etc., which contribute to a great extent for standardization. --- ## Identification of a 2-aminothiazole framework using classical QSAR model targeting chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum **Authors:** Ravindran Karuppaiyan, Anitha Gunavel, Kasthuri Bai Solai, Prabha Thangavelu **Published:** 2024-02-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4659 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Plasmodium falciparum, Antimalarial effect, Chloroquine-sensitive strain, 2-aminothiazole framework,, QSARINS Chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum is the most deadly form of human malaria. It is associated with a number of mutations in P. falciparum. Chloroquine-resistant transporter is a protein that serves as a transporter in the parasite's digesting vacuole membrane. In order to combat chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum strains (NF54), this study employs QSAR modelling to examine possible structural alterations of 2-amino-thiazole derivatives. The traditional QSAR model was built using the PaDEL descriptor via QSARINS software. The model was found to have an internal cross-validation value of Q2loo = 0.7890 and an external validation parameter of RMSE ext = 0.6938. The predicted pIC50 values from the QSAR techniques for the case study chemicals were compared and found to be well fitted to the model and well predicted for the external set of compounds. The outcome demonstrates the value of using the suggested method in the creation of new medication candidates could fill the critical gap in scientific knowledge and open up novel possibilities for pharmaceutical development. --- ## A Systematic Review of Solubility Enhancement Techniques Used for BCS Class II & IV **Authors:** Pavankumar Dhoble, Bharat Tekade, Vishal Bodke, Mohan Kale **Published:** 2024-02-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4658 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** BCS Class, Solubility, Permeability, Absorption, Bioavailability Because of their low solubility, pharmaceutical researchers encounter tremendous difficulties in creating sustainable and more soluble drugs (BCS class II). About 40% of oral dosage forms have formulation and development problems due to water insolubility. The rate of dissolving, absorption, distribution, and excretion of an active medicinal substance is determined by its solubility parameters. Based on their solubility, drugs are divided into four kinds under the BCS categorization system. BCS Class II and Class IV drugs have problems with solubility. Increasing both the bioavailability and the solubility of poorly soluble medications can be accomplished in several ways. Some techniques—like solid dispersion, solid complexation, liquisolid, hydrotropy, sonocrystallization, and self-emulsifying techniques—are commonly used for solubility augmentation. Until an orally active medication dissolves in the lining of the stomach and/or intestinal fluids, it cannot pass through the GI tract membrane and enter the bloodstream. Therefore, a medication that is insoluble in water will typically exhibit limited absorption by dissolution, and a medication that is weakly permeabilized via membranes would typically exhibit limited absorption through permeation. Consequently, improving the oral bioavailability of active substances is the focus of two areas of pharmaceutical research: (i) accelerating the process of dissolution and solubility of drugs that are poorly soluble in water, and (ii) accelerating the permeability of poorly permeable drugs. --- ## Challenges of aminoglycoside resistance among acinetobacter species: a growing concern **Authors:** Sriranjani Balasubramanian, Chadiesh Nagarajan, Narayana Babu, Subashini Panchanathan, Jaya kumar **Published:** 2024-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v15i1.4739 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acinetobacter species, Aminoglycosides, Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, Antibiotic resistance, Minimum inhibitory concentration Aminoglycosides are essential in managing lethal bacterial infections, particularly those caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens like the Acinetobacter baumannii complex. This organism poses significant clinical challenges due to its resilience and ability to acquire resistance mechanisms, resulting in high morbidity and mortality rates. Key resistance mechanisms include aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs), such as acetyltransferases, adenyltransferases, and phosphotransferases, along with 16S rRNA methylase genes (armA, rmtA, rmtB, rmtC, and rmtD), which modify aminoglycoside binding sites on the 30S ribosomal subunit. This study focuses on Acinetobacter species, specifically examining aminoglycoside resistance, minimal inhibitory concentrations, and the molecular identification of resistance genes. A total of 156 non-repetitive Acinetobacter spp. isolates were collected from hospitalized patients across various clinical samples, including respiratory samples, blood, exudates, and urine. Of these, 87 isolates were resistant to both amikacin and gentamicin, with the gene aac(6’) detected in 39 isolates. This study helps develop an antibiogram and provides a baseline for future research on combating drug resistance. --- ## Chemical composition and antibacterial assay of essential oil from Thalictrum punduanum Wall **Authors:** Leelawati Nitwal, Manisha Palni, Anand B. Melkani, Lalit Mohan, Lalit S. Bisht **Published:** 2023-12-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4657 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Thalictrum punduanum Wall., Essential oil, n-Nonadecanol, Phytol, Antibacterial activity Thalictrum punduanum Wall. is extensively dispersed in northern India and grows on damp rocky slopes among mosses. Many different diseases have been successfully treated using potent herbal remedies from the genus Thalictrum. The essential oil from the plant species was extracted using a steam distillation procedure, and the resulting oil was analyzed using GC-FID and GC/MS techniques. The chromatogram showed more than seventy peaks, however, forty-six compounds were identified, constituting 85.3% of the oil. n-Nonadecanol (21.1%), phytol (17.1%), 6R,7R bisabolene (9.1%), bifloratriene (7.6%) and 6,10,14 trimethylpentadecan-2-one (6.1%) were found to be the major constituents of the essential oil. The essential oil of T. punduanum showed the dominance of oxygenated diterpenes and nonterpenic constituents. The antibacterial activity of the oil was tested by using the standard method (disc diffusion) against seven animal and three plant pathogens. The oil exhibited good to moderate activity against a majority of the pathogens. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was recorded at a minimum concentration of 31.25μL/mL against Xanthomonas phaseoli and Enterococcus faecalis, and the oil has good potential as an antimicrobial against these two pathogens. --- ## Floating tablets formulated with acebutolol hydrochloride and evaluated in vitro **Authors:** P. Sambasiva Rao, Hemant Kumar Sharma **Published:** 2023-12-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4766 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acebutolol hydrochloride, HPMC, Tara gum, Gatti gum and Moi gum, Inflatable tablets The advantages of controlled drug delivery systems have driven significant advancements in pharmaceutical formulations. Unlike conventional systems that release the active compound all at once, controlled delivery systems are designed to release the drug gradually over an extended period. This approach not only maintains a consistent therapeutic level but also targets drug release at the site of action, thereby reducing or eliminating potential side effects. In this manuscript, a combination of natural and synthetic polymers was employed to develop a controlled release formulation using acebutolol hydrochloride as the model drug. Natural polymers included Tara gum, Gatti gum, and Moi gum, while synthetic polymers comprised HPMC K4M, K15M, and K100M. Interestingly, formulations with lower concentrations of natural gums demonstrated more prolonged drug release compared to those with higher concentrations. Among the three natural gums evaluated, Bhara gum showed the most promising results in sustaining the release profile. Due to its superior performance, Bhara gum was selected for further in-depth investigation. This study highlights the potential of integrating natural polymers into advanced drug delivery systems, offering an effective and safer alternative to conventional drug formulations by optimizing release kinetics and site-specific delivery. --- ## Appropriateness of Surgical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in a tertiary care hospital: A prospective observational study **Authors:** Shailaja K, Fragrance Jemimah D, Aritta Hillari L S, Priyanka N **Published:** 2023-11-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4549 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis, Antimicrobial resistance, Surgical site infection, Guidelines compliance Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a significant concern in global healthcare, particularly in middle and low-income countries, leading to increased hospitalizations, morbidity, mortality, and financial strain. Ranked third in the CDC's National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System, SSIs have prompted a focus on preventive measures, notably surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP). However, SAP is often used inappropriately, contributing to the rise of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Addressing this, a six-month prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital to assess the adherence to SAP guidelines among 386 patients undergoing surgeries in various specialties. The study aimed to evaluate the appropriateness of SAP practices and identify factors leading to non-compliance. Results showed that only 58.3% of patients fully adhered to the guidelines. While 100% compliance was observed in SAP indication, lower adherence was noted in the timing of administration (97.7%), choice of SAP (85%), and duration of prophylaxis (70.2%). These findings underscore a significant gap between recommended SAP practices and actual implementation. This gap highlights the need for stronger Institutional Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) programs and the critical role of clinical pharmacists in regularly evaluating SAP and prescribing practices. To combat the rise of antibiotic resistance while ensuring patient safety, enhancing SAP practices in line with national and international recommendations is essential. The study advocates for more active interventions at the time of order to optimize antibiotic use, thereby addressing the challenge of compliance in SAP guidelines. --- ## Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Sacostemma acidum Voigt **Authors:** Pravanjan Kumar Tripathy, Manas Ranjan Mishra **Published:** 2023-11-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4548 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sarcostemma acidum Voigt, Medicinal plant, Ethnomedicinal uses, Aqueous extract, Pharmacological effect Sarcostemma acidum Voigt, commonly known as Somlata, belongs to the Apocynaceae family and is a leafless plant with significant traditional medicinal use. Found mainly in Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, and South India, it thrives in dry rocky areas. The shrub, characterized by numerous branches and an absence of leaves, features green, cylindrical stems ranging from 2 to 4 meters in length and 0.5 cm to 1 cm in diameter. The plant's leaves, though present in opposite positions, are reduced to scales, rendering it leafless. The flowers are actinomorphic, displaying a light yellow or white hue. Microscopic analysis of the stem of Sarcostemma acidum reveals three primary components: the outer epidermis layer, cortex, and vascular bundles. The outermost epidermis consists of a single layer of cells, and the cortex comprises collenchyma and parenchymal cells. The aqueous extract of S. acidum contains a diverse array of compounds, including carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, free amino acids, steroids, triterpenoids, fixed oils, fats, mucilage, gums, and waxes. Different parts of S. acidum are utilized for various purposes, such as a natural restorative for health, ear drops in otitis, and application on wounds and cuts. The stem extract exhibits antipsychotic effects and inhibits spermatogenesis. Recent studies also highlight its analgesic, antipyretic, and antidiabetic properties. This plant holds promise for further research in isolating active constituents with therapeutic effects. --- ## An insight into the little-known, menacing facts of autoimmune disorder **Authors:** Selvi G **Published:** 2023-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4479 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Autoimmune Triggers, Immune Tolerance, Immune Dysregulation, Autoimmune Flares Autoimmunity is a misguided immune response that occurs when the immune system becomes disorganized and attacks the body. While autoimmunity is prevalent to some extent in most of us, it is often harmless. This immune response can sometimes cause a wide range of diseases known as autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases start when there is a development from submissive autoimmunity to pathogenic autoimmunity. This progression is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors and mostly remains dormant for a period. A sudden recurrence of emergencies occurs with few options for survival. When T or B-cells or both get stimulated in the absence of infection, it results in a state where the immune system is unable to distinguish between self or non-self. This results in the efflux of immune cells leading to the destruction of self-molecules. The exact process governing this event is still inconclusive, but the research done so far predicts that genetics, habitat, and infections must be major causes of abnormal activation of the autoimmune reaction. --- ## Pharmacovigilance in Saudi Arabia: A Narrative Review on Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting **Authors:** Hana J. Al Khabbaz **Published:** 2023-10-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4452 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Adverse Drug Reaction, Pharmacovigilance, Post-Marketing Surveillance, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Saudi Vigilance System Adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting is an important aspect of pharmacovigilance (PV) in ensuring drug safety during the post-marketing surveillance phase. Currently, the National Pharmacovigilance Center (NPC) established by the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) is the regulatory authority receiving ADR reports in Saudi Arabia. Spontaneous ADR reports from healthcare professionals and the public are received by the NPC through an electronic platform known as the Saudi Vigilance System. Signal analysis of the received ADR reports aids the decision-making initiatives related to the reported drugs. Stakeholders’ contribution to ADR reporting, and implementation of effective electronic platforms are important factors affecting the national PV performance. The concept of stakeholders reporting on ADR is relatively new in Saudi Arabia, especially to the public. In this narrative review the national studies describing the stakeholders’ knowledge, perception and barriers toward ADR reporting, and the incidence of ADR reporting by healthcare institutions in Saudi Arabia were evaluated. The findings indicate that more efforts are needed by the SFDA to educate stakeholders about the importance of ADR reporting. The study recommends ADR electronic systems integration between the SFDA and healthcare institutions to improve the frequency and quality of ADR reports, and regular feedback on decisions made about ADR reports should be provided by the SFDA to stakeholders to improve their awareness of the importance of ADR reporting and enhance their contribution to PV and ADR reporting process. --- ## The Antibacterial Activity of Various Solvent Extracts of Leaves of Raphunus sativus **Authors:** Noor Mohamed M, Parameswari M, Pavithra B, Naveen Kumar S, Nirmal Kumar P, Jothirani P **Published:** 2023-10-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i4.4448 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Raphunus sativus, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Antibacterial Activity Raphinus sativus extract was prepared by Soxhlet extraction method using various solvents such as ethyl acetate (polar solvent) water and ethanol (nonpolar). The chemical test was performed to identify the presence of flavonoid content. Among them ethyl acetate extract shows a high flavonoid content.So it was used for further studies. By using the in vitro agar well diffusion method, antibacterial activity was measured in all extracts. 2 strains of bacteria were chosen for testing, including gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC25923) and gram-negative (E. coli, ATCC25922) bacteria. The diameter of the zone of inhibition were measured and compared to the amoxicillin reference standard.Compared to gram-positive bacteria, the extract exhibits higher potential activity against gram-negative bacteria. Concentration directly relates to how much action is taken. --- ## Drug Utilization Pattern and Role of Clinical Pharmacist in Medication Adherence of Stroke Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital, South India: A Prospective Observational Study **Authors:** Muhas C, Hasna P, Nayana KM, Jassim M, Aparna KS **Published:** 2023-08-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i3.4310 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drug utilization pattern, Medication adherence, Patient counselling, Stroke, Comorbidities Stroke comprises of a broad term encompassing many disorders of the blood vessels of the central nervous system that may result from either inadequate blood flow to the brain with subsequent infarction of the involved portion of the CNS or haemorrhages into the parenchyma or subarachnoid space of the CNS causing neurologic dysfunction. Stroke is one of the major cause of mortality worldwide. The objective of the study was to assess the drug utilization pattern (DUP) and to evaluate the impact of counseling on medication adherence for stroke patient admitted in the hospital. Dual antiplatelet therapy (69.4%) was mostly given over monotherapy (28.2%). CCB (28.2%) was the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive drug class and amlodipine (77.1%) was the major CCB given in this study. 96.5 prescriptions comply AHA/ASA guidelines. Unintentional reasons for nonadherence were been reported more frequently than intentional reasons prior to the counseling. The commonest reported unintentional reasons were Forgetfulness (96.0%), Confusion (80.0%) and intentional reasons are carelessness (92%), avoiding dosing schedule (78%). Medication adherence before and after counseling was compared and was found to be improved with a statistically significant (p<0.01). In our study most patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia were the victims of the stroke. An equal preponderance of both the gender was observed. Our study identified unintentional reasons for non-adherence were more common than intentional non-adherence. --- ## Phytochemical and Hepatoprotective Activity of Prosopis juliflora Barks on Different Models **Authors:** Hemamalini K, Sadanandam Palle, Kanakam Vijayabhaskar, Supraja A **Published:** 2023-08-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i3.4308 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Methanolic Extract, Barks, Prosopis juliflora, Hepatoprotective activity Liver injury is a common disorder where natural remedies are practiced from ancient time from plant source which shows alternative treatment in a safe manner. The Hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Prosopis juiliflora bark part was taken for evaluation in screening. The model chosen for the study is carbon tetrachloride (0.1ml/kg) and the standard drug silymarin of 20mg/kg was used for the study for 21 days. The hepatoprotective effect of the methanolic extract against the carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in wistar rats has been demonstrated by the substantial and severe reduction of enzymes in the serum. --- ## Evaluation of the total antioxidant capacity, total polyphenol content, and flavonoids content in ethanolic fruit extract of Raphia hookeri and determination of the correlation between the antioxidant effects and the phytochemical contents **Authors:** Akighir J, Yakubu O E, Imo C, Ojogbane E, Owuna R I, Jato J A **Published:** 2023-08-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i3.4306 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Raphia hookeri, total antioxidant capacity, total polyphenol content, total flavonoids content, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance, Superoxide dismutase and catalase In order to assess the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total polyphenol content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) in ethanol fruit extract, as well as to ascertain the relationship between the antioxidant effects and phytochemical levels, this study looked at all three variables. 11 groups of 10 rats each were formed out of the experimental animals. All experimental subjects received a single intraperitoneal injection of aluminium chloride, 4.2 mg/kg body weight. Groups 4 and 5 received n-hexane fraction at 10 and 20 mg/kg b. w., respectively, whereas the other groups received various fractions and crude extracts of R. hookeri. Ethyl acetate fraction was given to groups 6 and 7 at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg b. w. Aqueous fractions at 10 and 20 mg/kg b. w. were given to groups 8 and 9. While groups 10 and 11 got ethanolic crude extract daily for 21 days at doses of 200 mg/kg b. w. and 400 mg/kg b. w., respectively. All groups that were given AlCl3 - induced TBARS showed a significant (P 0.05) increase in vivo antioxidant activity. However, in the liver, kidney, and testes of all treatment groups, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity considerably increased (P 0.05). This suggests that a significant portion of the antioxidant activity displayed by the ethanolic fruit extract of R. hookeri is due to flavonoids. --- ## Gender Determination by Using Left Foot Index in Rajasthan Adults **Authors:** Nupur Shukla, Monika Gupta **Published:** 2023-08-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i3.4302 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Left Foot breadth, Left Foot Index, Left Foot length, Digital sliding caliper In the present era, with the evolution in the medical field, many parameters have gained importance in researches by the forensic experts, anthropologists in the identification of biological remains. Nowadays, complete human skeletons can be used for the identification of the biological profile of an individual. One of the emerging parameters are the foot dimensions in identification and gender determination. The study was conducted on 207 males & 200 females from Rajasthan adult population of age group 17 to 25 years. The anthropometric measurements of left foot length and breadth were measured by the digital sliding caliper. Significant Foot index was calculated, it was found that the overall left foot index for males was 37.89 and females was 38.24. This indicates that the value of left foot index is less than 38 in male but more than 38 in females. This 38 value obtained can be the deviation point in predicting the gender, by calculating the left foot index. --- ## Descriptive and Retrospective Study on the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus **Authors:** Samera S, Jayaprakash S, Jeyasundari K, Bharathi P, Suryaprakash R **Published:** 2023-08-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i3.4301 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Obesity, Patients, Adults, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Weight gain has been declared as one of the top 10 global health risks by the World Health Organization (WHO). In the past few decades, obesity has increased alarmingly around the world. Most patients with type 1 diabetes possess anti-insulin antibodies before receiving insulin therapy. About 80% of patients with type 1 diabetes have circulating islet cell antibodies. Both developed and developing countries are facing a medical disaster due to obesity. The incidence of type 2 diabetes is correlated with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance does not lead to hyperglycemia in most obese individuals. The purpose of this study is to determine whether Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients are overweight or obese, and to identify risk factors for such disease. Preventing diabetes complications and reducing its prevalence. A study was conducted to determine whether obesity increases the risk of diabetes. Identify dyslipidemia in Type 2 diabetics by studying its prevalence pattern. The age range of 40 to 70 years for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The study also excluded participants with dyslipidemia. Various metabolic parameters were measured as well as baseline anthropometric indices (BMI, WHR). We found 25 patients in normal weight category, 3 patients in underweight category, 50 patients in overweight category, and 53 patients in obese category among the patients aged 40-50 years. Developing appropriate and controlled strategies for improving nutrition and promoting weight loss is urgently needed to mitigate Type 2 diabetes patients' increasing health challenges. --- ## Development of Osmotic Drug Delivery System to Control the Release Pattern of Drug Repaglinide **Authors:** Paras Pophalkar, Sarita Karole **Published:** 2023-07-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i3.4287 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Novel drug delivery systems, drug delivery, bioavailability, osmotic pump, drug solubility, osmotically controlled drug delivery systems The osmotic drug delivery system is a specific type of drug delivery system that regulates the medication release pattern using osmotic pressure. The components of this system include a drug core, a semipermeable membrane, and an osmotic agent. Water is transferred into the osmotic agent across the semipermeable membrane when the drug delivery system is placed in an aqueous environment. This causes the osmotic agent to expand and put pressure on the drug core. This pressure causes the medicine to be released under regulated conditions via a tiny opening in the semipermeable membrane. In comparison to conventional drug delivery methods, the development of osmotic drug delivery systems provides a number of benefits, including increased therapeutic effectiveness, less toxicity, and enhanced patient compliance. The semipermeable membrane's composition, the type and amount of the osmotic agents being employed, as well as the size and number of orifices, may all be changed to easily adjust the rate at which medications are released. In the present work, an osmotic drug delivery system of Repaglinide drug had been developed and characterized with various parameters. This drug delivery system showed potential results to improve drug delivery in the patients. --- ## Potential Pharmaceutical Uses of Algal Residues of the European Third Generation Biofuels Sector **Authors:** Billel Djeghri, Nousseiba Hedid **Published:** 2023-06-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i2.4286 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biofuel, Algal biomass, Pharmaceutical uses, Therapeutic uses, JEL classification: Q42, I12 The international gas crisis, the scarcity of oil and climatic upheavals has accelerated the development of alternative energy sources in Europe, such as algal biomass. This paper mainly aims to assess the potential uses of algal residues from the production of 3rd generation biofuels in the European pharmaceutical industry. It highlighted the antiviral activity and the antioxidant power of residual algal biomass from the production of 3rd generation biofuels in Europe. A residual algal biomass which also seems to carry molecules of interest in the pharmaceutical field since it could in the future constitute the basic component in the production of drugs on a large scale in Europe. --- ## Prescribing Pattern Analysis in Ureteric Calculus at a Tertiary Care Hospital, Erode, Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Hema Nandhini H, Rajamurugan R, Salin C B, Akash S, Harish R S, Ajay Kumar S **Published:** 2023-06-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i2.4274 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Urolithiasis, Ureteric calculus, Parentral antibiotics Urolithiasis is one of the most common medical condition of genito-urinary tract which affecting almost 5-15% of the world population and nearly 12 % in India. Nearly 50% of affected patients will have recurrence within 5 years, making it a lifetime disease. Since it is a recurrent condition, the treatment options are not satisfactory for the cure or prevention of ureteric calculus. The present study is mainly evaluating the prescribing pattern of ureteric calculus in a tertiary care center. A retrospective observational study was conducted with 105 prescriptions in the in-patient department of urology in a tertiary care center. The data collected were analyzed by MS Excel sheet & descriptive analysis. It was found that, 72.38% of patients were undergone surgery whereas 21.61% were treated with only drugs. Febuxostat and Hydrochlorothiazide were found to be the mainstay treatment options for the non-surgery patients. Acetaminophen + Diclofenac (375mg) was the most commonly used analgesic (65.71%) in all types of patients. Inj.Amikacin (1g) was the highly prescribed (24.04%) antibiotic during hospitalization and it switched over to T.Trimethoprim+ Sulfamethoxazole (960mg) (26.33%) during discharge. Out of 28 prescribed medicines, 17 were prescribed as per NLEM 2021. The study concluded that, the patients were treated rationally, but there should be a proper intervention on the drugs which are not in the list of NLEM for their use. The use of parentral antibiotics was high, so knowledge among the physicians should be improved by following the updated guidelines and continuous education on urology cases. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of Risperidone orally disintegrating tablets **Authors:** P. Bharathi, S. Jayaprakash, A. Abirami, S. Samera, R. Venkatesh Babu **Published:** 2023-06-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i2.4283 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Risperidone, Formulation, Evaluation, Tablets Most people have difficulty swallowing, particularly the geriatric or pediatric population. Tablets have many advantages such as cost-effectiveness, compactness, least variability of contents of all oral dosage forms. Oral Disintegrating Tablets (ODT) are dissolving tablets that are solid oral dosage forms that break down into a swallowable form without additional water. There are many properties such as it should break down without additional water, easily transportable. Chemicals such as Mannitol, Sorbitol, Propyl paraben, Methyl paraben, Crospovidone, etc. are used for manufacturing ODTs. The formulation steps for the tablet are sieving, dry mixing, lubrication, and compression. ODTs are evaluated for friability, thickness, hardness and weight variation. Formulation-I contained 2mg Risperidone,121.60mg Mannitol anhydrous, 11.20mg sodium starch glycollate, 0.80mg methylparaben, 0.20mg propylparaben, 1.40mg Aspartame, 0.7mg Sunset yellow, 1.40mg Strawberry flavour, and 0.70mg Magnesium stearate. Each formulation from F-II to F-VII were made by changing the composition compared to F-I. Using a pH 1.2 buffer, Risperidone calibration curves were analyzed using HPLC. There were straight-line relationships for Risperidone standard solution in Media at a concentration of 0-10 μg/ml. Physico-chemical parameters such as Loose Bulk Density (LBD), Angle of Repose, Tapped Bulk Density (TBD), Drug content (%) and Compressibility index (%) were analyzed for FI- F-VII. The cumulative percentage drug release of F-I is 96.50, F-II is 99.65, F-III is 99.82, F-IV is 98.56, F-V is 98.25, F-VI is 99.73 and F-VII is 99.82. F-I - F-VII formulations were compared to marketed sample (ZISPER MD 2mg). Stability Data of Risperidone F-VII Orally disintegrating Tablets at two different temperatures were carried out. --- ## Systematic Study about the Audit of Medical Device **Authors:** Souvik Kundu, Debraj Paul, Rahul Patra, Jaydip Ray **Published:** 2023-06-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i2.4278 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Audit, Medical devices, Regulatory audits, Adverse effect In the field of Medical science and technology, the medical device section is one of the crucial parts and has tremendous effects on the healthcare sector. The medical device to save lives has a game-changing invention in the healthcare sector. That’s why efficacy and safety is a primary concern related to the use of medical devices. It is the primary expectation that the patients will experience the enhancement of treatment quality after using these gadgets. For this reason, regulatory acceptance is much needed, and each medical device manufacturer has to go through an auditing process. The quality process audit is beneficial to multiple stakeholders and it also assures the quality process methods and related standards as well as the outcome products. It also minimizes the adverse effects related to the use in the treatment process. In comparison between government and private auditing bodies, the government sector proves more costly in the purpose of conducting an audit. The auditing bodies are responsible to ensure product quality and meet up all regulatory compliance and standards. The approved regulatory bodies also have quality training expert members and having up to date rules and regulations backed up. In this article, various types and methods of auditing are mentioned which covers every part of the auditing requirements. --- ## An Overview on Mucormycosis in Covid-19 Patients **Authors:** Insiya Gangardiwala, Pradyuman Rajput, Trishya Mishra, Asish Kumar Saha, Shekar Sanjayrao Deshpande **Published:** 2023-06-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i2.4284 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Mucormycosis, Covid-19, CT scan, diabetic patients The devastating COVID-19 pandemic has brought the world into a new era of Public Health problems. After the first and second waves of the COVID-19 infection, the world saw a unique pattern of post-covid complications, which were even more dangerous than the alone COVID- 19 infection. The second wave brought with it the deadly Mucormycosis, which was commonly known as Black Fungus. The extreme use of steroids in managing covid infection and the covid patients with multiple comorbidities were the most affected population with the black fungus disease. The fungal strain Rhizopus oryzae was a dominantly reported etiologic pathogen for the occurrence of fungal infection called Mucormycosis in COVID patients. The baseline signs & symptoms known are characterized by Acute sinusitis, Prolonged fever, Headache, Nasal and Sinus congestion, Purulent nasal discharge, Black lesion on the upper palate & on nasal bridge, Unilateral facial edema, Numbness, Orbital swelling, Periorbital cellulitis, Blurring of vision, Conjunctival suffusion, Central retinal artery occlusion, Dry ulcers, Abscesses, Proptosis, Palatal or Palpebral fistula developing into necrosis, hyphal angioinvasion resulting into thrombosis and tissue infarction, Soft tissue necrosis and marked chemosis. The traditional treatment modes used were antifungal therapy, surgical debridement, supportive therapy and surgical/prosthetic rehabilitation the recent management of mucormycosis as released by ECMM under the ―One World One Guideline initiative in 2019 provides a detailed algorithm for the successful treatment of mucormycosis. In this article, we have compiled complete information about post-COVID Mucormycosis. --- ## Prevalence of Primary Headache Disorders in a Population of Semi-Urbanized Area of South India: A Cross-Sectional Study **Authors:** Neelima Ganzi, Savitha R S, Easwaran V, Samhitha Reddy Y, Priyanka P T, Lakshmi O, Leena debora, Syamala A **Published:** 2023-05-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i2.4276 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Migraine, Cluster type, Unclassified headache, Tension type, Chronic Headache disorders are the most common neurological complaints worldwide, among all primary headache- tension type is common followed by migraine. It occurs independently and Changes in nerve cell activity which create inflammatory chemicals which are responsible for causing head pain. The study aims to assess the various headache disorders among people aged under 50. To assess the prevalence of various headache disorders. To identify the common triggering factors in association with age, gender, social activities. A Cross-sectional observational study was carried out in Neurocare hospital for a period of six months. Patient detailed information is collected by using specially designed data collection form. Statistical tool was used to analyse the data. The 6 months prevalence of primary headache disorders among the population was 0.72% overall migraine was 32.2%, Tension type headache was 31.46%, Cluster headache was 14.04%, Unclassified headache was 21.91%. The study concludes that 39.8% of patients have a migraine disorder. Primary headache disorders are more common in South India. The results in our study indicates that female population is more prone for primary headache than male. However, prevalence rate was recorded in tension headache yet, it is still the most common headache type in rural area. --- ## Hypothetical Approach Towards Understanding of Stages of Kriyakala with Pathogenesis of Type II DM **Authors:** Aparna Singh, Sonam Agrawal, Sangeeta Gehlot **Published:** 2023-03-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i1.4267 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Kriyakala, Bala, Dosha, Immunity, Disease Ayurveda believes in a holistic approach toward health and gives more emphasis to the prevention of diseases by attaining Dhatu Samyata via adopting the appropriate lifestyle and dietary habits. Ayurveda scholars have mentioned that exposure to etiological factors does not lead to the immediate manifestation of the disease but gets through certain stages for the full-fledged manifestation of the disease. These six consecutive stages through which the pathogenesis of the diseases accelerates to the advanced stage as well as signs and symptoms are produced in accordance to the intensity of aggravation of Dosha are termed as Shatkriyakala. These stages can be correlated with the pathogenesis of various diseases for their proper understanding as well as designing treatment protocol in accordance with stages of pathogenesis to assure a better prognosis of the disease. Thus, an approach has been made to correlate the stages of Kriyakala with the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. --- ## Applications of Microparticles: A Review **Authors:** Adiba Khan, Mitali Bodhankar, Nikita Pal **Published:** 2023-03-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i1.4256 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Microspheres, Target Site, Controlled Release, Novel Drug Delivery The small size and effective carrier capacity of microspheres make them a crucial component of novel drug delivery systems. With a particle size range of 1-1000 μm, microspheres are distinctively free-flowing powders made of synthetic polymers or proteins. The range of microsphere production methods provides several chances to regulate drug delivery processes and improve the therapeutic potency of certain medications. There are numerous techniques for delivering therapeutic medicines to target areas over time. One such technique is to employ microspheres, also known as microparticles, as medication carriers. When adjusted and kept at the correct concentrations at the location of interest, it provides a dependable method of delivering medications selectively to target areas. In addition to their capabilities for prolonged release, microspheres have received a lot of attention. --- ## Cardiac Conduction Defects and Pacemaker in Pregnancy – Case Series **Authors:** Srisha Soundararajan, Rupal Sipani, Niruby Rasendrakumar, Nidhi Sharma **Published:** 2023-03-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i1.4174 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Cardiac Conduction Defect, Arrhythmia in Pregnancy, Pacemaker, Beta Blocker, Sick Sinus Syndrome, Complete Heart Block, Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome, Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs Pregnancy is a state of hyperdynamic circulation. Any additional load on the already burdened heart in a pregnant woman is a threaten to the life of the mother and fetus. This case series on conduction cardiac abnormalities in pregnancy includes three patients with congenital complete heart block with pacemaker in situ, sick sinus syndrome with pacemaker in situ and a case of Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome in pregnancy respectively. In spite of arrhythmias being one among the commonly encountered cardiac complications in pregnancy, there is limited evidence on management of arrhythmias and patients with pacemakers in pregnancy. Management of these patients should include pre-conception counselling, antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum care with a multi specialist team comprising of obstetrician, cardiologist and anaesthetist. A basic knowledge on monitoring and functioning of pacemakers is of important in managing such cases. --- ## Development and Validation of an HPTLC Method for Qualitative and Quantitative Estimation of Quercetin in Glinus oppositifolius (L.) **Authors:** Tushar Adhikari, Prerona Saha **Published:** 2023-02-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i1.4252 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Quercetin, HPTLC, Glinus oppositifolius (L.), Flavonoid Glinus oppositifolius (L.) is a perennial herb used in Indian folk medicine as a stomachic, aperients, antiseptic, uterine stimulant, and to promote menses and lochia. The reported pharmacological activities of this plant are immunomodulatory, hepatoprotectivite, anthelmintic, anti-hyperglycemic etc. activities. To an HPTLC densitometric method was developed and validated for the qualitative and quantitative estimation quercetin in Glinus oppositifolius (L.) available from West Bengal. The shad-dried leaves of Glinus oppositifolius (L.) were extracted with Methanol. HPTLC analysis was carried out on aluminum-backed silica gel 60 F254 plates with Ethyl acetate-Toluene–Formic acid 5:4:0.2 (v/v/v) as mobile phase. The HPTLC densitometric method was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines for estimation of quercetin. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) is 102.95 ± 3.85 mg QE/ gm. In HPTLC analysis, G. oppositifolius ethanolic extract showed a maximum of 8 well-resolved peaks at Rf 0.005, 0.098, 0.266, 0.466, 0.655, 0.724, 0.776 and 0.827. Well separated and compact spots (Rf) of quercetin (0.81±0.06) were detected. The regression equation obtained was y = 0.0002x + 0.0019, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9852. The linearity range (µg/spot) 20-100. Quercetin content was found to be 0.25 ± 0.0047 mg of quercetin /100gm sample.The developed method was fond precise, robust an accurate and was successfully used for the detection and quantification of quercetin in Glinus oppositifolius (L.) and the quantities of quercetin was 0.25 ± 0.0047 mg of quercetin /100gm sample. --- ## Etiological Evaluation of Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia at a Tertiary Care Hospital in the Eastern Part of India **Authors:** Prabhat Kumar, Arun Kumar Singh, Anju Bharti, Sandeep Kumar, Chanda Hemaliya, Sandip Kumar, Lalit Prashant Meena **Published:** 2023-02-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i1.4208 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Iron‑Deficiency Anemia, Anemia of Chronic Disease, Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia Microcytic hypochromic anemia is a part anemia classification based on the morphology of anemia with well-known causes and management. The causes of microcytic hypochromic anemia may be either due to iron deficiency anemia, anemia of inflammation, or thalassemia. There are lots of recent advancements and studies done on the etiology of Microcytic Hypochromic anemia but accurate data especially from the eastern part of India are notavailable. To investigate the causes of Microcytic Hypochromic anaemia at a tertiary care centre in eastern India. After obtaining valid written consent, cases of microcytic hypochromic anaemia were selected from the OPD and indoors for this cross-sectional investigation. The whole haematological and biochemical investigations were sent for anaemia workup. The study comprised 100 patients with microcytic hypochromic disorder. The study comprised subjects ranging in age from 18 to 80 years. 39% were men and 61% were women. In thalassemia patients, the most common were b-thalassemia traits in 81.8 %, followed by 9% of each Delta B–thalassemia and double heterozygous HBE and beta thalassemia. Anemia is not an illness in and of itself, but rather a symptom of another, hence finding the underlying cause is significantly more important. The diagnosis of microcytic hypochromic anaemia is insufficient in the absence of an underlying cause. Special precautions will be made to determine the cause of iron deficient anaemia. The thalassemia trait must also be diagnosed in order to minimise excessive iron supplementation and for family screening. --- ## Complete Heart Block with Pacemaker in Pregnancy **Authors:** Rupal Sipani, Jayarakkini A, Shanthi E **Published:** 2023-01-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i1.4178 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Pacemaker, Arrthymias, ECG, Ceserean Delivery, Bipolar Cautery, Preconceptional Counselling Nowadays many women with pacemakers in heart are contemplating and undergoing pregnancy. Complete heart block is an important obstetric complication. Pregnancy with complete heart block is rare and it requires a multidisciplinary approach involving the obstetrician, cardiologist, anaesthesiologist and neonatologist. Though data on such patients where the cardiac association with obstetrics is limited. We present a case of a pregnant woman with congenital complete heart block with permanent pacemaker insitu. 21 year old primigravida at 36 weeks of gestation with congenital complete heart block and pacemaker in situ came to OPD with complaints of pain abdomen. The patient was asymptomatic throughout the pregnancy. The patient was admitted & on evaluation was found to have threatened preterm labour & underwent emergency LSCS & delivered a girl child with a good Apgar score of 8/10,9/10. Intra op & post-op mother & baby was doing good & stable throughout the hospital stay. --- ## Madhuca longifolia leaf extract mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Photocatalytic activity **Authors:** Rajani A, Rishi Kesh Meena, Preeti Mishra **Published:** 2023-01-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i1.4175 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial Activity, Antioxidant Activity, Green Synthesis, Madhuca longifolia, Photocatalytic Activity, ZnO Nanoparticles The biogenic synthesis of ZnO NPs is a promising substitute for the standard method of NP synthesis. In the current study, ZnO nanoparticles were produced biologically. Leaf extract from the Madhuca longifolia (M-ZnO NPs) plant was used to create ZnO NPs, which were then examined using UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM. SEM and TEM examination and XRD validated the size and crystalline nature of Zinc oxide nanoparticles, respectively. Functional groups involved in the production of ZnO NPs were visible in the FTIR spectra. By scavenging DPPH free radicals at various concentrations, the antioxidant activity of green ZnO NPs was determined. By using the agar well diffusion method, ZnO NPs were tested for their bactericidal potential against Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains. A 96% photodegradation of MB dye and 91% degradation of textile wastewater was observed in green-produced ZnO NPs when exposed to sunshine. The recent work proved that ZnO NPs have substantial antioxidant, antibacterial, and photocatalytic activity. Therefore, the study offers a straightforward, practical, economical, and ecologically secure green synthesis technique for the biofabrication of multifunctional ZnO nanoparticles. --- ## Development and Validation of a simple UV spectrophotometric method for the determination of Delamanid **Authors:** Vaishali Pardeshi, Tushar Lokhande, Rina Firke, Sneha Patil, Vishakha Pawar **Published:** 2023-01-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i1.4176 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Delamanid, UV Spectrophotometric Method, Process Validation, ICH Guidelines Using a Shimadzu UV-2600, a quick, precise, easy, and affordable UV spectrophotometric approach has been created. Solvent made with methanol to assess the bulk Delamanid content. A wavelength of 320 nm was used for the detection process. The parameters linearity, accuracy, precision, ruggedness, robustness, LOD, and LOQ were taken into consideration during method validation in accordance with ICH Q2R1 criteria. It demonstrated linearity in the range of 60-360 (/mL) at a predetermined λmax of 320 nm, and it had a strong correlation coefficient (R2-0.996) and outstanding mean recovery (99.00-100.07%). Determination of Delamanid used this technique effectively. The method's linearity, accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility were statistically and by recovery experiments confirmed. The outcomes demonstrated the method's applicability for both regular Delamanid bulk analysis and commercial formulations. --- ## Diagnostic Aids and Techniques of Oral Cancer- An Updated Review **Authors:** Deivanayagi M, Afreen Fathima I **Published:** 2023-01-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i1.4177 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Oral Cancer, Cytology, Biopsy, Oral Scan Oral cancer is the most prevalent and lethal type with a four in every 3000 incidence rate worldwide and a 3% survival rate. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which is multifactorial, is brought on by genetic and epigenetic instability. Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are precursor lesions that often precede oral cancer, and their early diagnosis is advantageous for patients since it may lengthen their productive longevity. Currently, oral cancer screening, early identification, and its pre-invasive intraepithelial phases are still largely focused on visual inspection of the mouth. These methods are subjective and early lesions can be easily missed. Due to a lack of early identification, oral cancer's five-year survival rate is still low. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) emphasised that by developing efficient cancer control and screening strategies, we can prevent a third of the 15 million cancer cases that are expected to occur in the future and better manage a second third. Oral cancer screening aids and techniques have witnessed a lot of advancements recently. This article reviews the current diagnostic methods and instruments for detecting oral cancer, which include the oral CDx brush, Velscope, Chemiluminescence, DNA ploidy, microarray technology, colposcopy, and oral scan. It also adds on the molecular (genetic and epigenetic alterations) & decoding of the oral carcinogenesis genomics data. --- ## Comparative Evaluation of in vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants from Andhra Pradesh **Authors:** Swetha Polagani, Narendra Kumar Reddy Kolli, Gangarao Battu, Murali Krishna Kumar M **Published:** 2022-12-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i4.4285 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Trichodesma zeylanicum, Sansevieria zeylanica, Capparis zeylanica, Anti-inflammatory, Carrageenan An in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of three different medicinal plants growing around Chevuturuvillage, Mylavaram, Andhra Pradesh was tested in the current study. Each plant extract was subjected to phytochemical analysis. Two methods were used to assess anti-inflammatory activity: Carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, Dextran-induced rat paw oedema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma are the three conditions studied. T cordifolia has the potential to be used as an anti-inflammatory and antipyretic medication in the future, according to this study. The presence of several phytoconstituents in extracts of Trichodesma zeylanicum, Sansevieria zeylanica, and Capparis zeylanica may be responsible for this activity. Anti-inflammatory activity was comparable to that of standard medications, according to the statistical analysis. The findings suggest that Capparis zeylanica root bark has anti-inflammatory effects. --- ## Comparison of Fixation and Uptake of Split Skin Graft Using Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma with Conventional Method for Ulcer **Authors:** Raguram V., Jai Vinod Kumar R., Velineni Bharath, Reegan Jose M., Nivedha R. **Published:** 2022-12-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i4.4149 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ulcer, Platelet rich plasma, Split Skin graft, Growth factors Platelet Rich Plasma contains a major Growth factor and has adhesive and healing properties. PRP promotes angiogenesis, collagen synthesis, and wound healing. The main aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of SSG fixation using autologous platelet-rich plasma with the conventional method like suturing. In this study, patients who were admitted with a diagnosis of ”ulcer” in the General Surgery department in SRM medical college hospital and research centre were included and would be taken as subjects for this study. It is a randomized, controlled study with a sample size of 60. Thirty people were put in the autologous PRP group, and another 30 people were put in the suture group. Instant graft uptake of SSG to the ulcer was statistically significant in the PRP group. The seroma formation, the number of dressings and the period of hospital stay were comparatively increased in the suture group than in the PRP. The usage of PRP is secure and efficient in healing ulcer. It has been discovered to be very advantageous in many ways for both the patient and the surgeon. Based on what we found, we recommend using autologous PRP on wounds before resurfacing to help them heal better and faster than suturing. --- ## A Randomised Control Trial in Comparison of Polypropylene Mesh Versus Polyester Mesh in Open Inguinal Hernia Repair **Authors:** Tharun Ganapathy Chitrambalam, Sundeep Selvamuthukumaran, Pradeep Joshua Christopher, Preetham Anguraj, Lokesh Reddy **Published:** 2022-12-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i4.3959 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mesh, inguinal hernia repair, open meshplasty, Lichtenstein tension free repair, polypropylene mesh, polyester mesh, post operative pain One of the most common surgical problems presenting to the surgical OPD is Inguinal Hernia. Surgery being the main treatment for hernia, surgical techniques of inguinal hernia have undergone great development over centuries and decades. Lichtenstein’s tensionless hernia repair has revolutionized the procedure. It is one of the first surgeries learnt by a surgery resident. While hernia recurrence rates have drastically been brought down by the placement of mesh, post operative pain has become more troublesome in hernioplasty. Polyester is a softer pliable material than the routinely used polypropylene mesh offering the benefit of less post operative pain and improved quality of life Prospective single blinded randomized control trial involving 144 patients assigned to receive lichtenstein repair with polyester mesh (n=72) or polypropylene mesh (n=72). All the patients were operated on by a single surgeon to maintain uniformity and made sure that ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric and genitofemoral nerves were identified intraoperatively and preserved. Patients were observed in the hospital and visual analogue score for pain was recorded postoperatively at 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months complications were also noted down and analyzed using two sample t test for continuous variable and Chi-square test for categorical variables. The conclusion from this study is that usage of Polyester mesh is comparable and slightly superior to that of Polypropylene in view of Post operative Pain, duration of Stay in the Hospital and patient acceptance. Further studies are needed to find the optimal mesh for inguinal hernia repair. --- ## Development and Validation of Simple UV Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Pretomanid **Authors:** Vaishali Pardeshi, Tushar Lokhande, Ashwini Shelke **Published:** 2022-12-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i4.3939 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pretomanid, UV Spectrophotometric method, Process validation, ICH guidelines In order to treat multidrug resistant TB, pretomanid, a nitroimidazooxazine antimycobacterial agent, is used with other antituberculosis medications. There is no technique for its analysis that uses spectroscopy, HPLC or HPTLC. Since a UV spectrophotometric approach for Pretomanid analysis must be developed. Utilizing a Shimadzu UV-2600, a quick, accurate, straightforward, and affordable UV spectrophotometric approach has been devised to determine Pretomanid. Solvent made of methanol to assess the bulk Pretomanid concentration. The detection process was placed at a wavelength of 321 nm. The parameters linearity, accuracy, precision, ruggedness, and robustness were taken into consideration during method validation in accordance with ICH Q2R1 criteria, as well as LOD and LOQ. It demonstrated linearity in the 10– 30(g/mL) range at a predetermined max of 321 nm, and had a strong correlation coefficient (R2-0.997) and outstanding mean recovery (99.00–100.07%). In terms of intraday and interday precision, Pretomanid’s% RSD was discovered to be 0.6366 and 0.666, respectively. Pretomanid identification using this approach was effective. The method’s linearity, accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility were statistically and empirically verified. The out- comes demonstrated the method’s applicability for both routine examinations of protomanid bulks and industrial formulations. The suggested UV-Vis Spectrophotometric approach was verified in accordance with ICH requirements and found to be simple, accurate, precise and quick for the determination of Pretomanid. --- ## Characterization of gums and their influence on the phenomenon of drug re- lease **Authors:** P. Sambasiva Rao, Hemant Kumar Sharma **Published:** 2022-12-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i4.4758 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Physico-chemical Properties, Tara gum, Gatti gum, Moi Gum, Rheological Properties It is the aim of this study to develop a new sustained release excipient for use in a final product that will allow active ingredients to be released controlled over a period of 12 hours or more when exposed to gastric fluids. In the development of sustained drug delivery systems, several naturally available polymers were being investigated. Our study characterized several natural polymers with good flow properties and good physicochemical properties, including low moisture content, which inhibits the growth of bacteria. Drugs with a high swelling index will swell more and hold more water, so they will penetrate the body more effectively. This evidence indicates that the gums are gelling, making them suitable for the development of controlled release delivery systems since they display non-Newtonian plastic flow behavior. A FTIR and DSC study was performed to characterize gums, and the absorption spectrum of the gums did not change. Detection of bacteria and fungi was within limits, pathogenic microorganisms were not present, and acute toxicity studies revealed the gums' safety. --- ## High Fat Diet and Low Dose Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Dyslipidaemia and Hepatic Damage in Rats **Authors:** Sudesh N. Gaidhani, Viswanth Reddy S., Srikanth Ala, Sudhakar D., Sanjaya Kumar Y. R. **Published:** 2022-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i4.3835 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HFD, STZ, NPD, Metabolic syndrome, Diabetic Dyslipidaemia, Insulin, Hepatic Cirrhosis The objective of the present study was to validate a rat model of diabetic dyslipidaemia along with hepatic damage by High fat diet and low dose streptozotocin combination that resembles the natural history of metabolic syndrome in humans. Male and Female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups. One group of rats fed with high fat diet and other group was fed with normal pellet diet for a period of 2 weeks followed by streptozotocin administration on 15th day. Body weight of the animals was measured on day 0, 14 and 21, also post 1 week of the streptozotocin administration the blood glucose, serum lipid, liver, kidney markers and insulin levels were measured. The high fat diet fed animals had exhibited a significant increase in body weight post two weeks of HFD feeding, but the body weight was reduced post 1 week of streptozotocin intervention due to metabolic disruption caused by STZ. The HFD group animals exhibited significant increase in blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL. Similarly, a significant decrease in HDL and serum insulin levels were observed as compared to the NPD fed animals. Further the HFD group animals had shown significant elevation of the liver function enzymes such as ALT and ALP levels as compared to the NPD fed animals. The present study confirms the experimental induction of diabetic dyslipidaemia along with hepatic damage which serves as an ideal model for metabolic syndrome along with hepatic cirrhosis which would useful for evaluating the therapeutic agents against type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and hepatic cirrhosis. --- ## Biological Synthesis and Characterisation of Silver Nanoparticles of Zingiber officinalis and Evaluation of its Biological Activity **Authors:** Swapna B., Chandrasekhar K B, Madhuri D., Sumathi G. **Published:** 2022-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i4.3833 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Silver Nanoparticles, UV-Visible Spectrophotometry, IR, SEM, HPLC, Antimicrobial Activity Ginger (Zingiber officinale) belongs to Zingiberaceae family is one of the famous spices all over the world. It is a perennial creeping plant with long leaves, yellow green flowers and thick tuberous rhizome. Silver nanoparticles’ potential uses in Green Chemistry have received attention. The current study focuses on the rapid biological production of silver nanoparticles using different plant materials and characterizations using UV-visible spectrophotometry, IR, SEM, and HPLC investigations. Within 15 minutes of adding sodium carbonate, an aqueous extract of dried Zingiber officinalis rhizome reduces silver nitrate. No further reduction and stabilizing chemicals are required for the entire process, showing a green synthesis. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus use biosynthesized “Zinger-AgNps” as a competent antibacterial agent. Zinger-AgNps were evaluated as its catalytic capability to reduce the model pollutant methylene blue. Both of them are displayed 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-specific free radical scavenging activity (DPPH). Silver biological material nanoparticles are created by utilizing less hazardous and nontoxic reduction agents, such as ascorbic acid and sodium citrate. The antioxidant and lipid peroxidation inhibition properties of ginger prevent peroxidative damage, indicating the benefits of ginger in the prevention of microbial food spoilage, free-radical-induced damage and rancidity. The sodium citrate aggregation for silver nanoparticles, firm surface contact, and synthesized silver nanoparticles are used to study antibacterial efficacy and antioxidant activity. --- ## Effect of retrowalking and forward walking in ramp for gait and balance training in knee osteoarthritis subjects **Authors:** Varadharaju B, Srinivasan V, Kotteeswaran K, Harini B **Published:** 2022-12-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i4.4270 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Osteoarthritis Knee, Retro Walking, Forward Walking, Gait Training The study aims to investigate the effect of forward walking versus retro walking on gait and balance training among OA patients. The study setting is Saveetha College of Physiotherapy, SIMATS Chennai, and the sample technique used is simple random sampling. The sample size for this study is 30 participants. The study design is a quasi-experimental study, meaning that the participants are not randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Instead, the participants are assigned based on some characteristic or criteria that may affect the outcome. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, convenient samples of 30 knee osteoarthritis patients' subjects were collected for this investigation. Patients were allocated into two groups namely group A and group B. In Group A, 15 participants received the traditional physical treatment, IFT, and forward walking in a ramp; in Group B, 15 subjects received traditional physical therapy, IFT, and retro walking in a ramp. Pretest value as timed up and go test was made before and after commencing the therapy for both the group A and B. The mean scores for the Timed up and go pretest and for group A are 17.13 and 15.93, respectively, while the mean scores for group B are 17.60 and 15.27. . Statistical analysis of for time up and go test revealed that there was a statistically significant difference noted between Groups A and B respectively. Our study shows that retro walking in ramp has highly significant gait and balance among osteoarthritis patients. --- ## Sleep and quality of life in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder during Covid-19 home confinement period **Authors:** Varadharaju B, Srinivasan V, Mahesh Kumar K, Arun Kumar, Sundar A, Thanalakshmi J, Prasanth S, Prasanna Narayanan S **Published:** 2022-11-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i4.4269 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Covid-19, Sleep Habits, Quality of life Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), one of the most common conditions worldwide with a prevalence rate of 1%. The main backbone treatment of ASD such as individualized behavioral and educational therapies were further hampered during this COVID home confinement. This study aims to investigate the relationship between sleep patterns and autism symptoms of children with ASD during covid-19 home confinement period. It’s a cross-sectional design using the following questionnaire Autism Behavior Checklist (AuBC), Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), KINDLR. The questionnaire about the ASD children’s sleep and quality of life before and during home confinement was collected from their parents via telephone and . Out of 52 children with ASD with age range of 6 to 14 years 40 were boys and 12 were girls. Children with ASD during home confinement had sleep problems, and autism symptom score compared to the normal (non-confinement) state. The mean QOL score for children was 68.2 (out of 100.0) on the KINDL which is decreased compared to normal state. The sleep pattern and ASD symptoms were worsened in the ASD children when forced into house confinement during COVID-19 pandemic. It can be alleviated and may be controlled by medication and psychotherapy interventions, as well as parental education. --- ## Patient perspective regarding late termination of pregnancy at a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Archana Kumari, Hephzibah Kirubamani N., Vaanathi Ramu **Published:** 2022-11-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i4.3725 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ultrasound, Fetal anomaly, Counselling, late termination of pregnancy To arrive at an understanding about the view and attitudes of pregnant women regarding late termination of pregnancy after prenatal diagnosis of a severe fetal anomaly. A semi-structured questionnaire based prospective descriptive study was conducted from January 2022 to September 2022 in Obstetrics and Gynecology department of Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Thandalam. 16 pregnant women with severe fetal anomalies detected after 23 weeks were included. All the women were counselled about the type and lethality of the anomaly including management option. Informed consent was obtained from all the patients and ethical approval was obtained. A total of 16 women with congenital anomalies in fetus detected after 23 weeks of gestation over 8 months of the study period were included in the study. All the participants were properly counselled and given adequate time to make the decision. Among which 11 decided to terminate the pregnancy and 5 continued. All 11 who opted for termination of pregnancy was joint decision by the family. 5 women continued their pregnancy. Reasons to continue the pregnancy were praying that baby will born normal (n=1), hoping that surgery can correct the abnormality (n=3) and wanting to see the baby (n=1). This study shows that women who are pregnant with serious fetal anomalies have a range of opinions and attitudes regarding termination. To compare with initial decision making larger follow-up studies will be necessary to see whether patient’s perspective changes over time. --- ## Formulation and Evaluation of Ketoconazole Microsponge Topical Gel **Authors:** Joshna Booravilli, Janaki Devi Sirisolla, Shivani Saluru **Published:** 2022-11-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i4.3630 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ketoconazole, Eudragit L 100, Eudragit S 100, Quasi Emulsion Method, Topical Gel Microsponges are those drug delivery systems which are intended in a way to deliver a minimum dose of the drug or pharmaceutically active ingredient to increase the stability of formulation, to alter drug release profile. Ketoconazole is an imidazole anti-fungal agent belonging to BCS class II. The main objective of this research work is to formulate and evaluate ketoconazole microsponge for topical delivery by using various polymers such eudragit S-100, eudragit L-100 in four ratios 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 by quasi emulsion method. The formulations prepared were labelled based on the ratios as ES 2. ES 3, ES 4, ES 5 for eudragit S-100 and EL 2, EL 3, EL 4, EL 5 for eudragit L-100. Evaluation tests like entrapment efficiency, production yield, drug content was performed and formulation of eudragit L-100 (EL 5) and eudragit S-100 (ES 5) showed better results. ES 5 and EL 5 formulations were optimized and tests like in vitro dissolution studies were conducted which showed that the formulation ES 5 showed released upto 8 hours and can be used in the formulation of gel. The gel (GES5) was prepared by usingmicrosponges containing the drug ketoconazole equivalent to 1 % w/w and was incorporated into the gel base made up of Carbopol 934. The microsponges were sieved and were dispersed in Carbopol gel. Evaluation tests like pH measurement, visual inspection, spreadability studies, drug content and in vitro diffusion studies. This method of formulating microsponges has improved drug delivery therefore helping in the enhancement of the bioavailability of the drug and also acts as an efficient carrier through the skin. --- ## Management of Diabetes Mellitus to Improve the Quality Life of Patients **Authors:** Akimana Cedrick, Janaki Devi Sirisolla, Joshna Booravilli, Shubham Yadav **Published:** 2022-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i4.3408 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Diabetes Mellitus (Type-2), Exercise, Obesity, Blood Glucose Levels, High Blood Pressure Diabetes is non-communicable disorder that is often a result of change in lifestyle or genetic variations among individuals across the globe. Diabetes is a fatal condition and it is an unpredictable disorder hence it is regarded as a tragedy, painful, horrible and terrifying disorder. This is why this article is intended to call out readers, researchers and scientists to do whatever could be done to prevent, withstand, overcome or cure diabetes particularly type 2 which is mostly found widely. Although the cure of diabetes has not yet been found, the goal is to be able to alter diabetic patient perceptive about the disorder so that they can bear the disorder as a part of who they are bravely, instead of being affected by the disorder condition, and to gradually alert patient awareness will improve patient disorder state, tolerance and acceptance while science and technology are advancing to find the cure or vaccine. Since this chronic disorder have no cure or vaccine, the patient suffers a lot from not only health problems but also psychological, emotional and financial problems therefore it is essential to develop strength within diabetic patients to withstand the disorder state via treatment, surgery, yoga, meditation, exercise, nutrition and habitual changes. Elevating diabetic mellitus patient’s attitude, knowledge, self-acceptance and strength will result into better patient compliance toward the treatment but also society’s perceptive will be enhanced by care toward diabetic mellitus patients, through various seminars and Counselling. --- ## A comparative study of neurobehavioral changes induced by rotenone through oral and intraperitoneal administration **Authors:** Suchitra Kavuri, Senthilkumar Sivanesan **Published:** 2022-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i4.3404 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Parkinson’s disease, Rotenone, intraperitoneal and oral toxicity, Wistar rats, neurobehavioral studies Parkinson’s disease is one of the major neurological disorders seen worldwide and associated with many motor and nonmotor symptoms. Rotenone-induced motor and behavior impairments could involve the gut-brain axis which is emphasized in several recent works. To explore how oral and intraperitoneal rotenone toxicity impacts neurobehavioral alterations in Wistar rats. The effect of intraperitoneal (3 mg/kg body weight 21 days) and oral (50 mg/kg body weight for 28 days) rotenone toxicity in male Wistar rats on various neurobehavioral parameters viz., rotarod, actophotometer, rearing behavior and elevated plus maze was comparatively studied. The neurobehavioral studies such as the Rota-rod test, rearing behavior, Elevated plus maze (EPM), and Actophotometer were performed by following standard published protocols and by utilizing the facilities available at the Institution. Kruskal-Wallis one- way ANOVA on ranks with Student-Newman-Keul’s multiple comparisons was used. It was found that both oral and intraperitoneal rotenone treatments had a significant impact on neurobehavioral parameters when compared to their respective controls. Although there were few differences observed in the study set behavioral parameters between intraperitoneal and oral rotenone treatments, it was not significant. The study findings suggest that neurobehavioral alterations caused by oral or intraperitoneal rotenone toxicity are found to be significant. The fact that oral rotenone toxicity has gut-brain axis- related problems can also have a role in PD-related motor/movement and anxiety behavior dysfunctions. --- ## Synthesis and In vitro Testing of Novel Quinoline Derivatives and for Cancer Cells **Authors:** Kuldeep Singh Patel, Richa Dubey, Archana Singh **Published:** 2022-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i4.2901 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lung Cancer, Cytotoxicity, Quinoline, Molecular Modeling, Docking Quinoline and its derivatives represent an important class of nitrogen containing heterocycles because they are useful intermediates in organic synthesis and biological activities such as antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, anti- cancer, and antimalarial activity. A quinoline containing eight compounds was successfully synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral analysis. Therefore, the synthesis of new quinoline derivatives with strong pharmacological activity is important in medicine. There is significant research focused on the development of new quinoline-based structures and new methods of synthesis. In this research study, new quinoline derivatives were synthesized and the synthesized compounds were characterized by several spectroscopic techniques, the biological activity of these compounds was evaluated using lung cancer cell lines and molecular modeling in an enzymatic system. The synthesized eight new compounds were tested for their potential activity in lung cancer cell lines. Eight synthesized compounds (K1- K8) were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities. The anticancer test showed that the quinoline compounds K2, K3 and K4 show good anticancer activity. Among them, K2 and K4 were shown to be dose-dependent, with K4 having the highest toxicity at 250 µM and K8 having the highest toxicity at 125, 250, and 500 µM, while K1, K2, K5, K6, and K7 were not cytotoxic. --- ## Drug Utilization Review of Antibiotics in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients and Comparison with the Standard Drug of Choice **Authors:** Nevin Joseph, Alfin Baby, Shaniya Thomas, Jobin Kunjumon Vilapurathu **Published:** 2022-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i4.2900 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** CKD, Antibiotics, Irrationality, Infections, DUE, Comparison The risk of morbidity and death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), formerly known as chronic renal failure (CRF), is increased by a number of comorbidities, including infections, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and anaemia. The second most common reason for death in this population is infections. Antibiotics can accumulate in the body and have harmful consequences when given to CKD patients without the necessary dosage modification and in an illogical manner. The purpose of this particular study was to compare the standard treatment protocol with the reasoning and prescribing patterns of antibiotics administered for infections in CKD patients staged 3-5 in the nephrology department of a single Center in Kerala’s Kottayam district. The medical records of 272 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were admitted to the nephrology department between November 2019 and November 2020 were examined as part of single-centred retrospective research that was created to address this. Surprisingly, just 45 percent of the prescriptions were rational, while 55 percent of them were nonsensical. Additionally, we discovered that 23 percent of antibiotic selections went outside accepted therapeutic standards. Thus, we could conclude that the prescriber must use the utmost caution while prescribing to a patient with CKD to prevent future difficulties. --- ## Pregnancy with A Sick Heart **Authors:** Shajni Krishna G M, Rupal Sipani, Nidhi Sharma **Published:** 2022-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i4.2902 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** sick sinus syndrome, heart disease in pregnancy, prosthetic valve, valvular disease, arrhythmia Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) refers to a collection of cardiac arrhythmias associated with dysfunction of the sinoatrial node that commonly leads to disorders in cardiac rhythm and conduction. Mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of sinus node dysfunction in SSS patients still appear unclear since degenerative fibrosis of nodal tissue has been the closest pathology associated but it is noteworthy to mention the occurrence of this condition in the younger population as well. Manifestations of this disease can be diverse with being totally asymptomatic to vague symptoms like bradyarrhythmia, tachyarrhythmia, syncope, palpitations and dizziness. Diagnosis can be quite difficult due to the stated diverse symptoms. Definite treatment is the replacement of a defective pacemaker with a synthetic pacemaker. Pregnancy with underlying heart disease should be carefully monitored and managed. However, pregnancy after surgical correction of underlying cardiac anomaly has shown a good prognosis in recent years due to the availability of various improved surgical techniques. Below is a depiction of how pregnancy with a prosthetic valve was managed effectively by a multidisciplinary approach that yielded a good outcome. --- ## A Review on Biosurfactants **Authors:** Jaysree R C, Rajendran N **Published:** 2022-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i4.2903 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Biofilm, Biosurfactant, Petroleum, Phospholipids, Food Industry Biosurfactants are produced by different microorganisms like bacteria, algae, fungi on to the cell surface. They are amphipathic in nature which helps them to aggregate at the interfaces, thereby reducing the surface tension. They are characterized by the molecular weight into two i.e. low molecular and high molecular. According to the different biomolecule such as protein, carbohydrate moiety attached, they have distinct and different structures which provide them different functions and applications in different fields. In this present review, the relationship among microorganism, biosurfactant and hydrocarbon has been described and the different applications in various industries have also been explained. --- ## Risk of malignancy index (RMI) for prediction of malignancy in women with adnexal masses **Authors:** Sukanya L **Published:** 2022-09-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i3.2733 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adnexal masses, Malignant ovarian cancer, Prediction, Risk of malignancy index, Sensitivity, Specificity Ovarian cancer is predominantly cancer in the perimenopausal and post- menopausal age group. A definitive biomarker has not been identified for malignant ovarian cancer and histopathology remains the diagnostic gold standard for this. Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI) in predicting malignant pelvic masses includes serum CA125 level, menopausal status, and ultrasonographic findings. The risk of malignancy index (RMI) was evaluated in the women presented with adnexal masses for its accuracy in predicting the malignancy. This was a retrospective study which included 120 women who presented with adnexal mass in a tertiary hospital. RMI scoring was done based on CA125 levels, ultrasound findings and postmenopausal status and RMI was correlated with the histopathological findings. Out of 120 subjects, 74.1% of subjects were proved to have malignant tumors. RMI in predicting malignancy showed a sensitivity of 88.76%, a specificity of 45.37%, a positive predictive value of 81.63%, a negative predictive value of 66.67% and an accuracy of RMI found to be 82.5%. The RMI is found to be a simple, cost-effective and reliable tool in predicting malignancy in women presenting with adnexal masses that helps in timely referral to a gynaecological oncology center for better management and survival. RMI scoring can be used as it is a better tool for analysing multiple parameters of the tumour. --- ## Comparison of downstaging, pap smear, colposcopy and colpo-directed biopsy in the detection of cancer cervix **Authors:** Nithya R, Rajalekshmi M, Nasreen Banu M **Published:** 2022-09-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i3.2498 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pap smear, Colposcopy, Biopsy, Cancer Cancer cervix accounts for 80% of female genital cancer and is the most common genital cancer. India accounts for 27% of the incidence all over the world. The mortality due to cancer cervix is 14.7%. To assess the reliability of downstaging in early detection of the precancerous lesion. To correlate the findings in 110 women with unhealthy cervix by cytology, colposcopy directed biopsies. The work was carried out continuously over one year and 2 months. 110 women were evaluated. When Cytology was compared with Colposcopy, Cytology had only 38.8% sensitivity. Cytology showed higher specificity (98.4%). 95% of the patients with abnormal Cytology had abnormal colposcopy. Colposcopy showed a sensitivity of 96.3% and a specificity of 72.3%. Sensitivity was more than a Pap smear, but specificity was less than a pap smear. Thus, colposcopy offers an excellent tool for evaluating cervical lesions. It is an easy and perspective method, and its importance lies in teaching, diagnosis and management of cervical lesions, neoplastic and non- neoplastic. --- ## Comparative study of healing of Diabetic foot ulcers between conventional method and local application of probiotics **Authors:** Unnikrishnan E S, Balaji D, Velineni Bharath, Arul A **Published:** 2022-09-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i3.2501 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Foot Ulcers, Probiotics Diabetes mellitus is one of the most critical health issues in the health care system. Patients with Diabetes are subject to various complications. Diabetic foot infection is one of most incapacitating kinds of human infection. Due to growing antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, existing medications have undesirable side effects and inadequate healing mechanisms. Probiotics are either a single organism or combination of organisms capable of boosting the body’s immune system, promoting anti-inflammatory action, and enhancing the wound healing process at the site of an infection. Therefore, it is a revolutionary strategy to use probiotics to eradicate harmful microorganisms and enhance wound healing. Hence the present study was performed to compare the conventional method and local application of probiotics to treat Diabetic foot ulcer. In present study average age of patients in both group were found almost similar 58.58 years in control group and 57.3 years in probiotic group. The diabetic foot wound size of all patients in both groups were evaluated and it was found that mean wound size in both group were almost same. During the study it was found that there was no significant difference in mean wound bed score between two groups on day 1(Control:8.12; Probiotic: 8.24), whereas a significant difference observed on day 7(Control: 10.36; Probiotic; 11.14) and day 14 (Control:12.78; Probiotic:13.56). An increase was seen in mean wound bed score in both groups from day 1 to day 14 but it was observed more in Probiotic group. Present study concludes that probiotics can be safely utilized in therapy of infected diabetic wounds. The probiotic when used along with conventional therapy could results in the hastening the wound healing process as evidenced by significant difference in the day 7 and 14 wound bed scores. Although more studies are needed in this field to give better evidence for support of probiotic use. --- ## Efficacy of Single Dose Oral Gabapentin in Day Care Laparoscopic Surgeries - A Randomized Double-blinded Placebo Control Study **Authors:** Anand Pushparani, Rajagopalan Venkatraman, Lakshmipathy Gayathri, Loganathan Sundaram, Krishnamohan Manojkumar **Published:** 2022-08-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i3.2228 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gabapentin, Hemodynamics, Laparoscopy, Postoperative nausea and vomiting, Postoperative pain Gabapentin, an anticonvulsant, reduces postoperative pain and has an anti-emetic property by diminishing central sensitisation. We studied the effect of oral gabapentin on the recovery profile of daycare laparoscopic surgeries. One hundred patients undergoing daycare laparoscopic surgeries were randomly divided into two groups: Group G - Gabapentin 300mg and Group P - Placebo tablet was given orally one hour before surgery. General anaesthesia was standardized in both groups. The time taken to achieve a Modified Aldrete score of nine and duration of postoperative analgesia was observed. The Visual analogue score(VAS), hemodynamics, additional intraoperative fentanyl consumption and complications were also recorded. If VAS ≥ 3, Paracetamol 1g and if VAS ≥ 6, Tramadol 100mg was used. The total consumption of analgesics was noted. The continuous and categorical variables were assessed by unpaired student t-test and chi-square test, respectively. Both groups were demographically similar. The recovery time in the gabapentin group (5.18 ± 1.53 min) was similar to the control group (5.05 ± 1.62 min). The duration of analgesia was significantly prolonged in gabapentin (297.4 ± 120.86 min) than in the control (148.63 ± 48.92) group. The hemodynamics was significantly reduced during the first hour in the gabapentin group than in the control group. The additional fentanyl requirements, PONV were also significantly reduced in gabapentin while an increased incidence of dry mouth was observed. The use of a single dose of oral gabapentin in laparoscopic surgeries significantly prolonged the duration of postoperative analgesia with similar recovery time, reduced intraoperative fentanyl consumption, better hemodynamic stability and fewer complications. --- ## Effect of Multimodal Exercise Program on Functional Outcome, Fatigue and Emotional Health in Mastectomy Patient with Concomitant Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case Study **Authors:** Saumi Sinha, Rohit Balasaheb Rahane, Rakesh Kumar Sinha **Published:** 2022-08-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i3.2125 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Case report, Mastectomy, Functional impairment, Fatigue, Anxiety, Depression, Multimodal exercise program Breast cancer is among the most prevalent type of cancer among women. Mastectomy is a common surgical option for breast cancer, which usually leads to significant functional impairment. Fatigue, anxiety and depression are reported by mastectomy patients. This study aims to investigate the effect of a multimodal exercise program on improving functional impairment, fatigue, anxiety and depression after mastectomy. A 40-year-old female presented with abnormal tissue growth, pain and nipple discharge at the right breast. She was diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma stage I and undertook six weeks of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by modified radical mastectomy (MRM). Postoperatively, patient had a functional impairment, fatigue, anxiety and depression. An eight-week multimodal exercise program comprising ROM exercises, strength and endurance training, breathing exercises and functional activities was given. DASH for assessing upper extremity functions, BFI for assessing the impact of fatigue on daily activities and HADS for assessing anxiety and depression. An eight-week multimodal exercise program effectively improves functional impairment, fatigue, anxiety and depression in mastectomy patients with rheumatoid arthritis. --- ## Colonoscopic Profile of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed in Adults: A Tertiary Care Centre Based Study **Authors:** Fahad Dadu, Sachin Dhande, Mahendrakumar Kalappan, Jagadeesan Mohanan, Magesh Kumar Sivanesan, Damodharan Jeyachandran **Published:** 2022-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i3.2092 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed, LGIB, colonoscopy Lower Gastro intestinal (LGIB) bleeding is one of the most important clinical symptoms which have significant morbidity and mortality. It has an annual admission rate of 0.15% with mortality rate of 5-10%. LGIB can be caused by a number of causes, including both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions. Colonoscopy is the gold standard diagnostic measure which is a simple, convenient and cost-effective procedure. The present study aimed to assess the Colonoscopic profile of LGIB presented to our tertiary care centre. This is a cross-sectional observational study conducted in a tertiary health care centre. A total number of 58 adult subjects with LGIB aged above 18 years were recruited over a period of six months after obtaining written informed consent. All included patients underwent detailed history, clinical examination, blood tests and colonoscopic evaluation. Results were analysed. In our study among the 58 subjects (n=33) were males, which were equal to 57%. The majority of our patients were between the mean age of 31-40 years. Most colonoscopic findings were suggestive of ulcerative colitis, which equalled to 31%. Other different aetiologies of LGIB were as following: carcinoma of the colon (15%), haemorrhoids (15%), colonic polyps (14%) carcinoma of anal canal (5%) and so on. The majority of our patients had moderate anaemia, which was equal to 45% and this was due to persistent LGIB. The incidence of lower GI bleeding increased with increasing age among our patients. The leading cause of lower GI bleeding was found to be ulcerative colitis. The prevalence of colon cancer increases with increase in age. It was followed by CA colon, haemorrhoids, and colonic polyps; hence colonoscopy is recommended in all patients with chronic LGIB. --- ## Antidiabetic effects of the Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP): A Review **Authors:** Wienaldi A, Nyoman Ehrich Lister I **Published:** 2022-08-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i3.1913 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** PRP, DM, Antidiabetic Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic illness that manifests as elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) as a result of kidney failure, particularly in insulin-producing cells. Platelet Rich Plasma is one of the treatments for hyperglycemia that takes a cutting-edge approach to cell regeneration and has attracted substantial attention in recent years (PRP). PRP can accelerate cell proliferation due to the large number of bioactive molecules found in PRP, the majority of which are platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) protein, transforming growth factor (TGF-), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). This paper does a literature search or conducts a review of published research articles. Search for publications using the keywords PRP and DM or blood sugar levels in Google Scholar and Pubmed. The time period covered by the criterion for papers published in the recent five years is from 2017 to 2021. According to the literature search, there was three research examining the effect of PRP on blood sugar levels in the diabetic model, all of which used experimental animals. According to the literature review, PRP is a viable alternative in the treatment of diabetes mellitus that has a reasonably efficient effect on decreasing blood glucose levels. --- ## Design and Synthesis of 3, 5-Diphenylpyrazole derivatives as Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators **Authors:** Pritam N. Dube, Vivekanand A. Chatpalliwar, Yogita B. Thombare, Tushar N. Lokhande **Published:** 2022-07-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i3.1778 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast cancer, Docking, MCF-7, Pyrazole, SERM This exploratory work encompasses synthetic chemistry to develop novel 3, 5- diphenylethanone derivatives compounds based on the medicinally relevant scaffold of pyrazole as that of standard SERM i.e. Tamoxifen and Raloxifene. Specific strategies for the synthesis of novel analogues were used and were subjected to modeling and docking studies for analyzing the ER subtype selectivity. The in-silico studies were conducted in order to attain a better insight into the interactions of these molecules with their target receptor in order to study their subtype selectivity and preferential binding site. The various orientations taken by ligands while binding the estrogen receptor-α were studied over 1ERR (PDB) using Schrodinger Maestro environments. The anti-cancer potential of these derivatives were evaluated in estrogen receptor-positive cell lines in an in vitro assay, exploring MCF-7 and Zr-75-1 cell lines. Amongst all, the derivatives that displaced promising anticancer activity (4-chloro substituted, compound 4b) were selectively screened for in vivo anti-cancer activity subjected to NMU administration mammary carcinoma in female Sprague- Dawley rat. As hormone estrogen has been largely implemented in the metastasis of breast cancer, it has become imperative to measure levels of the hormone in tumor-affected animals. The percentage of incidences, tumor latency, tumor burden, and tumor volume was measured after sacrificing the experimental animals. --- ## In silico predictions of NADPH oxidase binding properties of selected flavonoids - Protective role in arsenic induced neurotoxicity **Authors:** Rupasree Peruru, Sujatha Dodoala **Published:** 2022-07-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i3.1520 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Arsenic neurotoxicity, NOX inhibition, flavonoids, in silico studies, molecular docking The study was an attempt to provide evidence for the effect of selected flavonoids on NADPH oxidase (NOX), which is a key enzyme in the generation of oxidative stress. For this study, a set of flavonoids were selected and screened for their molecular properties like physicochemical descriptions, oral bioavailability, Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) penetration and P-glycoprotein (Pgp) substrate property using Molinspiration online tool, Swiss ADME and Swiss Target Prediction websites. Based on the molecular properties, three flavonoids (Naringenin, hesperidin and diosmin) were narrowed down for further molecular docking studies as they were found to be Pgp substrates. The protein targets were duly selected as they are the subunits of the NOX subtype, which was commonly expressed in the brain and they are key elements of NOX activation. Molecular docking studies were carried out with Autodock vina software to enumerate the binding energies of the flavonoid molecules with the selected protein targets. The three flavonoids naringenin, hesperidin and diosmin, have shown good binding energies for the selected targets compared to apocynin, a well-known NOX inhibitor. The molecular docking results revealed that hesperidin had shown the highest bonding energies, followed by diosmin and naringenin. These flavonoids naringenin, hesperidin and diosmin, might be the better inhibitors of NOX and might usefully help in combating arsenic induced neurotoxicity. These in silico findings need further confirmation by in vitro and in vivo studies. --- ## Liver vs Uterus – A Rare Case of Cornual Ectopic Pregnancy **Authors:** Shajni Krishna G M, Hephzibah Kirubamani **Published:** 2022-06-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.1315 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** ectopic gestation, tubal pregnancy, cornual pregnancy, ultrasound, beta HCG Implantation of the fertilised egg in any place other than the endometrial cavity or the uterus constitutes the term ectopic pregnancy. This can occur in any part of the abdominal cavity, with the fallopian tube being the most common location, including the cornua of the uterus, ovary and Cervix. Though the exact aetiology remains unknown, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), previous ectopic gestation, pelvic surgeries, in vitro fertilisation, ipsilateral salpingectomy, infertility, history of medical termination of pregnancy, and certain types of contraception are considered risk factors. The most common method of diagnosis is by ultrasound – transabdominal or transvaginal. Treatment options include medical and surgical methods, depending on a number of factors like the gestational age, ultrasound findings, haemodynamic stability of the patient, beta HCG level and the patient’s desire for future fertility. Below is a rare case of how a cornual pregnancy presented to us with co-existing liver pathology. With the desire for future fertility taken into consideration, medical management was opted by the patient and executed. The patient showed good recovery and ectopic gestation was resolved. --- ## Dermis as an Interposing Reinforcing Layer for Repairing Large Urethrocutaneous Fistula Following Hypospadias Surgery **Authors:** Qassim Y N, Mohammed M J, Mohammed Bassil Ismail **Published:** 2022-06-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.1264 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Urethrocutaneous Fistula, Hypospadias, Dermis Urethrocutaneous fistula (UCF) remains one of the most common complications following hypospadias repair with variable reported incidence. Avoidance of overlapping of neourethral and skin suture lines by tissue interposition, significantly reduces fistula formation. Many techniques for tissue interposition have been described. In this study, we evaluated our experience in using the dermis as interposing layer for repairing large urethrocutaneous fistulas. To evaluate the efficacy of using the dermis in both free graft and flap forms as an interposing reinforcing layer in repairing large UCF following hypospadias surgery. Twenty five patients with urethrocutaneous fistula complicating hypospadias repair were involved in a prospective study. Their ages ranged from 4-20 years. All the patients were operated upon under general anesthesia. The fistula is then closed primarily as a first layer by turning the incised margins upside down then dermal flap from the adjacent area or free dermal graft are used as a second reinforcing layer followed by skin closure. The patients were scheduled back for regular follow up visits for about 6 months. All the patients presented with fistula size more than 4 mm in diameter and the proximal penile shaft was the most frequent site of involvement (40%). No major complications were observed apart from one case of fistula recurrence in a patient treated by dermal flap. --- ## Ichthyosis Uterus – A Rare Premalignant Lesion of Endometrium **Authors:** Sai Supriya Muthyala, Niruby Rasendrakumar, Nidhi Sharma **Published:** 2022-06-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.889 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Ichthyosis, Squamous Metaplasia, Hydrometra, Dysplasia Ichthyosis (ikTHeosis) uterus is a rare benign metaplastic transformation of uterine endometrium into stratified squamous epithelium. The word ichthyosis (plural ichthyoses) comes from two ancient Greek (ixtus), meaning fish and disease. The metaplastic epithelium is parakeratotic with absent granular layer. Premalignant potential of this benign transformation has not been established due to the rarity of occurrence. We report a case of 72 year old female, post menopausal with the complaints of painless lower abdominal distension for past six months. She had no history of menorrhagia or dysmenorrhea in her previous menstrual cycles. USG abdomen was done. She was taken up for elective hysterectomy with a diagnosis of hydrometra. Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with pelvic lymph node sampling done. Peritoneal fluid cytology, peritoneal biopsy was done. Gross section of specimen was seen and the same sent for histopathological examination. Based on these histological findings a diagnosis of Ichthyosis uteri with focal High grade Squamous intraepithelial lesion of endometrium was made. In our case, there is a direct continuity of the squamous metaplasia of the endocervix and the endometrial lining. This supports the benign metaplastic spread of squamous epithelium from the transformation zone of the cervix into the uterine cavity. However, the stimulation of squamous metaplasia in uterine endometrium as a result of long term hydrometra is being hypothesised in our patient. The association of hydrometra, squamous metaplasia and dysplastic changes in endometrium are speculated. --- ## Quality and Regulation Standards for Ventilator as Medical Devices in India **Authors:** Nidhi Pandey, Arti R Thakkar, Ramanpreet Walia **Published:** 2022-06-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.887 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Medical Device, Regulation, Quality Standards, Ventilator, CDSCO The Drugs & Cosmetic act is meant to regularize safety & quality of medical devices, which is applied to all medical devices, implemented from 1st April 2020. Earlier 37 medical devices were regulated/ notified in India. The present study focuses on the devices which require regulations but still lack the quality check points for scrutiny from Central Drug standard control organization (CDSCO), Delhi. Furthermore, it aims to provide quality checklist for two upcoming devices (Ventilator) which is neither categorized nor regulated by Central Drug standard control organization, Delhi. Since the medical devices aid in diagnosing, treatment and palliative care, it is essential to check the quality such that it matches with the International standards. Post covid-19 outbreak ventilators have come under surveillance and notified as medical devices. The present study monitors all parameters for regulation of the ventilator. The survey based quality & regulation standards for ventilator as medical devices has been incorporated in this study. --- ## Drinking Water and Sanitation Practices in North-Western Part of Kottayam District - A Cross Sectional Epidemiological Study **Authors:** Sreekanth .S. Kaithavalappil, Deepa Sreekanth, Anjana Karunakaran Nair, Dayana Nicholas, Kenneth Nelson **Published:** 2022-05-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.495 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Drinking water, Escherichia coli, Epidemiological, Waterborne diseases Safe drinking water and good sanitation facilities are prime factors for a healthy community. This will in turn limit the spread of diarrhoeal diseases. The purpose of the present cross-sectional epidemiological study was to obtain baseline data on drinking water in Vaikom, Kottayam district, Kerala, India. In this study, thirty households were surveyed and the targeted participants were mothers of the households with children under the age of five. Drinking water samples were collected and analyzed for bacterial contamination by membrane filtration (MF) techniques. 40% of the households used borehole water, while 33.3% used household tap water, 16.7% used healthy water and 6.7% depended on tanker truck water as a drinking water source. Only 3.3% uses bottled water as the primary drinking water source.73% of the water samples collected from tanker truck source are contaminated with Escherichia coli(E.Coli) and 61% of well water samples are contaminated with E.coli. For the bottled water category, it was seen only 2% was contaminated. Any presence of E.coli in the potable water means it is not safe to use. Continuous monitoring of water quality and effectiveness of the treatment processes, and following regulations, are essential to ensure that the water quality meets the set standards. --- ## Preparation, Characterization and Stability Study of Oral Reconstitutable Suspension of Amoxicillin and Potassium Clavulanate **Authors:** Pranit P Atpadikar, Amol S Sherikar, Mahanthesh M C, Disouza J I **Published:** 2022-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.452 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Reconstitutable, Micromeritic, Carr’s Index, HPLC Assay, Accelerated Stability To overcome the problem of bitter taste, degradation, and sedimentation, reconstitutable suspension of Amoxicillin and Potassium Clavulanate was prepared. The suspension was prepared by using two different formulations. The suspensions were characterized for micromeritic studies such as bulk density, tap density, Car’s index, angle of repose, pH, and viscosity. The HPLC assay was performed for the quantitative determination of Amoxicillin and Clavulanate potassium from suspension. The accelerated stability study was carried out to predict the stability profile of a drug product. Formulated reconstitutable suspension of Amoxicillin and Potassium Clavulanate has IPQC properties. From the results, it is concluded that reconstitutable suspension was successfully prepared and evaluated. --- ## In OVO Assessment of Antiviral Potential of Aloe Barbadensis Miller against Newcastle Disease Virus **Authors:** Solomon Chuwang Chollom, Michael Unata Iduh, Kim Jerry Bot, Daniel Zanyu Egah, Surajudeen A. Junaid **Published:** 2022-05-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.360 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aloe barbadensis Miller, Newcastle Disease Virus, antiviral assay The antiviral potential of Aloe barbadensis Miller against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) was determined using 11-day old embryonated chicken eggs. Identification and harvesting of Aloe barbadensis Miller plant were done at Federal College of Forestry, Jos while laboratory assay was done at the Bio- chemistry and Viral Research Divisions of National Veterinary Research Institute Vom. Extraction and phytochemical analysis of plant extract was done using distilled water, acetone, ethanol and chloroform, while cytotoxicity studies, determination of EID50 as well as antiviral assay were carried out according to standard methods. Results obtained indicated that distilled water is the best solvent for extraction of Aloe barbadensis Miller in terms of quantity and quality of products. This is because it turned in the highest yield of extract and also retained most pharmacologically active substances, as shown by phytochemical studies. Cytotoxicity studies, on the other hand, showed that embryonated eggs could tolerate the plant extract at concentrations of 200mg/ml and below, while antiviral assay clearly revealed inhibition of virus multiplication in embryonated eggs in extract concentrations as low as 100mg/ml and above. It, therefore, implies that the Aloe barbadensis Miller plant can be extracted in distilled water and administered to birds infected with NDV at recommended dosage to effectively treat Newcastle Disease. --- ## A successful RH ISO immunization in pregnancy and perinatal outcome **Authors:** Hepsibah Kirubamani, Pavithra Baskaran, Nasreen Banu M. **Published:** 2022-04-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.342 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Immunization, ISO, Perinatal, Pregnancy, RH RH ISO immunization is a major cause of severe hemolytic Anemia in newborns and poor perinatal outcomes. Nowadays, the rate of isoimmunization is rising so careful monitoring and follow up is required in the mother to improve the perinatal mortality. A case of multigravida, Rh iso immunized with titre value of 1:8 ago; this case defines how the perinatal outcome with this level of titre value and the events of a baby after immediate delivery. Rh isoimmunization is diagnosed with Doppler ultrasound to calculate the MOM VALUE, if >1.5, then it needs an immediate termination, exchange transfusion, IVIG and double light phototherapy are the options in the treatment in Fetal Anemia. Advantages of IVIG use before transfusion case reports show a reduction in the transfusion rate and phototherapy. This case report showed the successful RH isoimmunization in pregnancy with an ICT titre of 1:8 and the related perinatal outcome. PSV AND MSV Doppler which is a noninvasive test which is used to benefit the Rh isoimmunization patient; however, if the mom is within normal limits, we can be able to prolong the pregnancy, or we might know when the ideal time is to terminate the pregnancy along with Doppler nowadays if titre of more than 1:32, IVIG is also one good option to eliminate the repeated exchange transfusions and phototherapy for the baby. --- ## Homology modelling and molecular docking study of TMPRSS2 with small-molecule protease inhibitors to control SARS-CoV-2 **Authors:** Salha M Tawati, Aisha A Alsfouk, Asma Alsarrah **Published:** 2022-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.190 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, SARS-Coronavirus 2, serine protease Due to the urgent need of drugs to control the COVID-19 pandemic, repositioning of already marketed drugs could be a fast and convenient option to identify agents to aid in controlling and treating COVID-19. This work presented a computational work regarding homology modeling and molecular docking of repurposing drugs related to the SARS-CoV-2. We have created a homology model of the cell surface transmembrane protease serine 2 protein (TMPRSS2) in order to investigate and analyze the interactions of already known small-molecules. This study indicates the most active inhibitors, poceprevir, simeprevir and neoandrgrapholide, that can be used further to search for better TMPRSS2 inhibitors. Moreover, we analyzed the most important atomistic connections between these compounds and the modeled protein pockets. This study will focus on TMPRSS2-targeted drugs by comparing the binding mode of approved and experimentally used TMRSS2 inhibitors with other agents with TMPRSS2 inhibitory activity and could potentially inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and therefore could lead to the identification of new agents for further clinical evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 and potential treatment of COVID-19. --- ## Synthesis and Characterization of CSNP-SiO₂ nanocomposite by using antibacterial activity **Authors:** Rajaduraipandian Subramanian, Amutha Eswaran, Gandhimathi Sivasubramanian, Annadurai Gurusamy **Published:** 2022-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.187 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chitosan, chitosan NPs, CSNP - SiO₂ nanocomposite, Antibacterial activity, TGA, XRD, SEM Because of its promising biological achievements, the development of nanotechnology, nanoparticle-based products, and their applications has piqued the interest of many researchers. Inorganic nanomaterials, on the other hand, are well known to be effective antimicrobial agents. Metal nanoparticles, such as Silicon dioxide, are particularly important among the various nanoparticles due to their low cost and ease of availability. Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from chitin, a natural polysaccharide that follows cellulose as the second most abundant polysaccharide. The Precipitation Method was used to create a Chitosan Nanoparticle with SiO2 Nanocomposite (CSNP - SiO2 nanocomposite). TGA, XRD, SEM, FT-IR, PSA, UV, and FL were used to characterize the Chitosan Nanoparticle with SiO2 Nanocomposite. The findings showed that bio-nanocomposites have a greater antibacterial effect due to the combined effect of CS and nanoparticles (NPs). Chitosan/SiO2 nanocomposites were tested for antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. The goal was to assess their physical, mechanical, and biological properties, as well as their potential for biomedical applications. --- ## Awareness and current knowledge of women on breast cancer in Hyderabad, Telangana State **Authors:** Shilpa Ch., Mahesh Kumar V. P., Madhukar A. **Published:** 2022-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.191 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast cancer, Knowledge, Awareness, Screening, Telangana State, India The purpose of the present study is to accomplish research objectives that are to assess the effectiveness of an awareness program on knowledge and attitude regarding breast cancer and screening technique among women. 105 women were selected living in the Hyderabad district, Telangana state, selected for the study by Simple random sampling technique between 13-70 years. Appropriate data collection is the most important and central part of any investigation, which provides necessary data for the study. We made a standard Structured knowledge questionnaire and attitudes scale containing 57 questions to assess women knowledge and attitude regarding breast cancer. The most significant and important part of any exploration is gathering significant data, which will give the information expected to respond to the inquiries brought up in the survey. We made a standard Structured information Questionnaire, and a disposition like a scale containing 57 inquiries was utilized to evaluate the information and demeanor of women with respect to malignant breast growth. We designed and developed an Informational booklet on knowledge and attitude regarding breast cancer and screening technique after pre-test knowledge and lacking attitude areas like Objectives, Breast Structure, Types of Cancer and Causes of Breast Cancer, Risk factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention and Screening of breast cancer, Clinical Breast Examination, Mammography and Treatment. After data collection, analysis was done to determine the association between selected variables, computing co-efficient of correlation to find the relation between knowledge scores and attitude scores. --- ## Estrogen, Progestrone Receptor and Her2/Neu Expressions incases of Breast Cancer **Authors:** Mahendra M Patil, Pawar S J, Rohit S Kadam, Atul B Hulwan, Mahendra Alate, Dhirajkumar Mane **Published:** 2022-04-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.181 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast cancer, Estrogen receptors, Invasive ductal carcinoma, Progesterone receptor, Hormone receptor To correlate ER, PR and HER2/neu expressions with established prognostic factors viz. type of tumour, tumour size, tumour grade, tumour necrosis, lymphovascular invasion (tumor emboli), and axillary lymph node metastasis status. To correlate immunehistochemical marker status ( ER, PR and HER2/neu) with clinical details (age and sex) of patients. The investigative research of Progesterone receptor (PR), Estrogen receptor (ER), as well as HER-2/neu expressions in cases of developing breast carcinoma was carried out over a period of 2 years from June 2015 to May 2017 which included 101 breast cancer cases. Palpable breast lump with or without pain were most frequent complaints. Maximum number of breast cancer cases revealed involvement of left breast. It was found that ER and PR expression was strongly correlated. No significant association was found between the presence of ER, PR expression as well as the size of the tumor. ER and PR negativity was associated with breast carcinoma cases having axillary lymph node metastasis. Out of 101 breast cancer cases tumor necrosis was present in 38.61%. However, the occurrence or absence of tumour necrosis in ER, PR expression was not strongly linked. Tumor emboli were noted in 31.68% of cases. In case of breast cancer with tumor emboli decreased ER and PR expression was observed. --- ## The Effect of the Administration of Salam Leaf Ethanol Extract on IL-6 and IL-4 on Benzene-Induced Brain Networks of Rats **Authors:** Murni Syahyati Gultom, Chrismis Novalinda Ginting, Linda Chiuman, Steven Theo **Published:** 2022-04-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.185 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Syzygium polyanthum, Neuroprotective, IL-4, IL-6 Benzene is poisonous to the human body and has been linked to neuro-toxic and neurodegenerative illnesses. Bay leaf is extremely safe to consume because it has been shown in experimental animals to have no toxic, teratogenic, or genotoxic effects and to have a strong antioxidant effect. The purpose of this study is to assess the neuroprotective impact of an ethanolic extract of bay leaf on rats exposed to benzene. The study was divided into 11 groups: group 1 was assigned to a control condition, groups 2 and 3 were assigned to negative controls, groups 4 and 5 were assigned to positive controls, and groups 6-11 were assigned to receive an ethanol extract of bay leaf. For 21 days, benzene was injected intraperitoneally every three and six days and the extract was delivered orally. On day 22, rats were sedated and their brains were collected and examined for IL-4 and IL-6 levels using an Elisa kit and a 450 nm microplate reader. The results indicated that the levels of IL-4 and IL-6 increased statistically substantially in rats given just benzene (p0.05), whereas they decreased in animals given the highest extract, 800 mg/kg BW. The levels of IL-4 and IL-6 were not statistically significantly different from those in the normal group (p>0.05). Thus, it can be inferred that the ethanolic extract of bay leaves has a neuroprotective effect due to the presence of flavonoids that contribute to the prevention of inflammation caused by benzene exposure. --- ## Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Contraception in Rural Area of Vidarbha **Authors:** Asawari Deo, Deepti Shrivastava, Sonali Chauhan **Published:** 2022-04-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.182 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Contraceptives, Family Planning, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Awareness Knowledge of use of contraceptives is necessary to prevent unwanted pregnancies and for optimal spacing, especially when it comes to rural populace. It is essential to create awareness and educate them regarding the proper usage of contraceptives and facilitate their usage. Family planning has two main objectives; firstly, to have only the desired number of children and secondly, proper spacing of pregnancies. India has undergone fertility transition and important feature of this transition is the fact that contraceptive use has spread to even uneducated women. Family planning is widely discussed topic on the national stage, with lot of government machinery to help implement it, yet there exist lot of disparity in its execution. In our study, the knowledge of contraception was upto 60%, while its acceptance was seen in 50% of the population, knowledge of contraceptives was very much likened to the level of education the populace has received as well as due to efforts of mother and child health and family planning services in the rural area, lack of use contraceptives was mainly attributed to fear of side-effects, which were mainly due to hearsay. Our study highlights the fact that even though our study was based in rural area, it involved women belonging to all stratas of society, and women had more predilection towards temporary methods of contraception rather than going for permanent contraception. It is concluded from the present study that 60% women had knowledge and were aware of the contraceptives but lacking information about their availability at health care centers. --- ## Evaluation of antioxidant activities and quantitative estimation of phytochemicals in Kandelia candel (L.) Druce **Authors:** Jasna T K, Khaleel K M **Published:** 2022-04-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.138 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant Activity, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Kandelia Candel, Phenolics Kandelia candel, a mangrove belonging to the family Rhizophoraceae, the whole plant is reported to have anti-diabetic properties and was studied for the evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic study. Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and Total Alkaloid Content were quantitatively estimated by using standard protocols. The study evaluated the antioxidant activity of the extract and the method was employed for the evaluation of antioxidant activity are DPPH radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay and Phosphomolybdenum assay. Potent antioxidant activities were shown by the acetonitrile extract and water extract of leaf and stem in all the assays. Acetonitrile extract of bark showing highest DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 31.84 g/ml). Plant extract showing poor, reducing power. The better reduction of molybdenum was shown by acetonitrile extract of bark followed by leaf (617.33 ± 4.44). Chloroform, acetonitrile and water extract of leaf and bark of Kandelia candel, were evaluated for antidiabetic activity by alpha-amylase inhibition assay, Water and acetonitrile extract show good inhibition. Highest TPC and TFC were obtained for the acetonitrile extract of bark (237.6 ± 1.06 and 1277.19 ± 3.41). These findings show that the polyphenolic constituents in the extracts are responsible for free radical scavenging capacity. The results of this study indicate that this plant is medicinal with prominent antioxidant activities. --- ## Flat-foot in overweight is an escalating health problem among college going students **Authors:** Abirami P, Ushapriya Mathiazhakan, Bhuvaneswari A **Published:** 2022-04-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.139 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Flat-foot, overweight, escalating, health problem, college-going student Flat-foot is a remedial condition, where the foot does not have a normal longitudinal health arch while standing. The study aims at assessing and associating flat-foot levels among college students. The study design adopted with a simple sampling technique was an exploratory survey design that selected 102 students. Inclusion requirements include age: 18 to 24, both genders. Body mass index 25.0 and bilateral/unilateral flat-foot index. The resource consists of a structured questionnaire in Section A. The goal of section B was to use the Denis method to test the flat foot. The majority of college students who are overweight belong to the Grade 1 category. In the age-wise category, between 17 years and 20 years, 18 of them were flat-foot in Grade 1, 11 were flat-foot in Grade 2, and 4 were in Grade 3, for a flat toe. In Grade 2, 14 males were flat-foot, and in Grade 1, 21 females were flat-foot about gender. Students ranged in height from 1.40 m to 1.53 m, 16 of whom were flat-foot grade 1 and students under 76 to 100 kg were flat-foot grade 1, and their BMI ranged from 25 to 34, 22 of whom were flat-foot grade 1. The current study indicates a clear correlation between flat foot levels with their demographic weight variable at 0.00 and with their BMI at 0.026. A significant association between demographic variables and their footprint is therefore present. --- ## A Study of Correlation of Serum Uric Acid Levels With Diabetic Complications **Authors:** Mahitha M, Mahendra Kumar K **Published:** 2022-04-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.129 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Serum Uric Acid, Glycosylated Haemoglobin, Nephropathy, Retinopathy, Coronary heart disease Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, end stage renal disease, coronary heart disease, stroke, foot ulcers and lower limb amputations. Serum uric acid levels independently predict the development of macro vascular and micro vascular complications. In this study we analyse the association of serum uric acid with the macro and micro vascular complications of diabetes. In this hospital based observational study, hundred diabetic patients were included; of which fifty had complications, the remaining fifty had no complications. Blood investigations including fasting and post prandial blood sugars, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum creatinine, micro albuminuria, lipid profile, serum uric acid were done in all patients. All the parameters were compared between the two groups. Males with complications had significant high uric acid than females with complications. HbA1c, total cholesterol levels, micro albuminuria, serum creatinine had a positive correlation with the serum uric acid. Uric acid levels were higher among patients with complications compared to patients without complications which was statistically significant (p =0.00001). Patients with nephropathy, retinopathy and coronary heart disease had elevation in serum uric acid levels which was statistically significant. Patients with complications had higher uric acid levels than patients without complications. --- ## Prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy in hypertensive patients **Authors:** Ifrath Nusaiba, Panimalar Veeramani **Published:** 2022-04-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.91 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Grades, Hypertension, Prevalence, Retinopathy Hypertension manifests in the eyes as retinopathy, choroidopathy and optic neuropathy of which retinopathy can be used as a predictor for systemic morbidities and mortalities. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of retinopathy in hypertensive patients and determine the correlation of retinopathy with parameters like age, sex, duration of hypertension, severity of hypertension and control of hypertension. This was a cross-sectional, retrospective study done in patients attending our hospital between January to March 2019 comprising of 200 patients. The grading of retinopathy was done using Keith-Wagner-Barker system. The presence of retinopathy was compared with parameters like age, sex and duration of hypertension. Statistical analysis was done using MS-Excel and Chi-square test. Among the 200 hypertensive patients (117 males, 83 females), 57 patients had retinopathy (28.5%) of which 35 were males and 22 were females. Among patients with retinopathy, 32 had Grade 1, 16 had Grade 2, 8 had Grade 3 and 1 had Grade 4 retinopathy. Based on the severity of hypertension, 8 out of 61 patients having mild hypertension, 25 out of 81 patients had moderate hypertension and 24 out of 58 patients having severe hypertension, had retinopathy. The prevalence of retinopathy was higher in patients with hypertension for 5 years or more (54.4%) than those with hypertension with less than 5 years (21.8%). Our study showed prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy to be 28.5%. Severity of hypertension and duration of hypertension > 5 years was found to have an association with hypertensive retinopathy. --- ## Effect of vestibular stimulation on cold water stress-induced neurological changes in Wistar rats **Authors:** Rama Kranthi T, Archana R, Senthilkumar Sivanesan **Published:** 2022-04-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.88 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Caloric vestibular stimulation, Coldwater swimming stress, Corticosterone, Histopathological changes, Stress The current study was undertaken to see the effects of cold-water stress on the brain and to evaluate the beneficial effect of vestibular stimulation on stress-induced brain changes. Healthy, male, Wistar rats, weighing 180 to 250 gm with 3-6 months of age, were used for the study. Stress was induced by making the animals swim in cold water maintained at 100C for 30 min a day, for 14 days. Following cold water swimming stress, bilateral hot water caloric vestibular stimulation was given to the animals using 410C temperature water for 15 days. Rats were sacrificed and histopathological brain changes were studied by Hematoxylin & Eosin staining. Serum corticosterone level has increased significantly after cold water swimming stress (p<0.01). Corticosterone was less in animals that received caloric vestibular stimulation in comparison with the animals which did not receive caloric vestibular stimulation (p<0.05). Coldwater swimming stress had induced focal neuronal atrophy, nuclear pyknosis with congested blood vessels and infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Stressed animals that received caloric vestibular stimulation recovered well and showed the cerebral cortex with the normal neuroglial arrangement. Hypothalamus showed normal morphology and the hippocampus showed a pyramidal layer with a normal thickness in comparison to the animals which did not receive caloric vestibular stimulation. We conclude Caloric vestibular stimulation was effective in reversing the cold-water stress-induced serum corticosterone and histopathological changes in the brain. --- ## Histological and Physiological assessment of Endothelin-1 and Cholesterol in breast cancer of women **Authors:** Hussein I. H. Al-Azzawi, Zaid M. M. Almahdawi, Ayad H. Ibrahim, Wieeam A. Saleh **Published:** 2022-04-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i2.94 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast Cancer, Endothelin-1, Cholesterol The current study included two aspects, one of which is histological and the other physiological. It included (75) blood samples from women with breast cancer, in addition to (15) blood samples for healthy women as control, in addition to collecting tissue biopsy from the mammary glands of some women whose blood samples were drawn Including them in advance. Those diagnosed with breast cancer and ages ranged between 38-68 years, where the study was conducted from 1 May 2019 to 2 October 2019. Gland tissue and the owner of those tumours swelling of the axillary lymph nodes. Another cancer that was found was papillary carcinoma, where epithelial hyperplasia appeared in the form of large papillae that filled the cavity of the gland. There is a large number of white blood cells and severe hematoma. Another type of gland cancer discovered is cribriform carcinoma, which is a rare case. Invasive cancer is the most dangerous, as it is observed in the glandular tissue with the presence of agglutination and crowding of tumour cells and tumour cysts. The study also showed haematological changes characterized by a highly significant concentration of Endothelin-1 (P ≤ 0.01) in the blood of women with breast cancer group 5 and group 4, compared to the control group as a usual case. At the same time, there was a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in the con- centration of Endothelin-1 in infected women in groups 3, 2 and 6 compared to the control group. The study showed a very significant decrease (P ≤ 0.01) in the cholesterol concentration of women with breast cancer of group 5, and group 6 compared to the control group, while its level decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in-group 4 compared to the control group. --- ## Influence of Indian snake (Naja naja) venom on cognition and biochemical functions in N- Nitrosodiethylamine treated Drosophila melanogaster **Authors:** Leela Sudarsanan Amulya, Perumal Subramanian **Published:** 2022-03-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.33 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Behavioural assay, Drosophila melanogaster, Naja naja, Peptides, Redox homeostasis, Snake venom The flies (Drosophila melanogaster) were segregated into four groups. 1st Group is normal-control, 2nd group is wild type flies administered with 0.01% NDEA, 3rd group is wild type flies administered with 0.01% NDEA + 0.01% Naja naja snake venom (NNV) and 4th group is flies administered with 0.01% NNV alone were administered via food medium for 21 days. After the experimental period, the behavioural changes were analyzed. The behavioural assays include negative geotaxis, phototaxis, smell chemotaxis, taste chemotaxis, thermotaxis, and hygrotaxis were carried out in all groups of flies. The behavioural changes were found to be deteriorated in NDEA administered flies when related to the control but the behaviour is likely to regularise in NDEA+NNV administered flies. The protein carbonyl levels and levels of thiobarbuturic acid reactive substance (TBARS), protein thiol and lipid peroxides were noticeably elevated in NDEA administered flies as matched to control flies and similarly be likely to regularize in the NDEA+NNV group. Likewise, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were diminished in the group of NDEA administered and were noticeably more in the group of NDEA+NNV administered group. NNV has been stated to possess pharmacologically active components such as disintegrins, cobratoxin, hannalgesin, cytotoxin II, etc. which could possess antioxidant, antibacterial, hypotensive, cancer suppressive, anticoagulant, and analgesic activities. Our present study provides evidences that these components could normalize cognitive behaviour and attenuate oxidative stress in a genetically important model organism D. melanogaster. --- ## A bizarre surgical aftermath of caesarean scar endometriosis **Authors:** Nidhi Sharma, Nasreen Banu M., Sai Supriya Muthyala **Published:** 2022-03-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.34 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Abdominal, Endometriosis, Scar, Surgery A 32-year-old multiparous female patient came to our gynaecology OPD with complaints of a painful lump over the previous caesarean scar. She had a history of two caesarean sections previously in 2012 & 2015. The last Caesarean section was done electively along with copper T insertion in 2015. In the postoperative period, she had a superficial surgical site infection which was managed successfully with antibiotics and re-suturing done on day 8 postoperative period and rest were uneventful. On per abdominal examination seen, a hyperpigmented hard indurated tender mass of 6*4cm present in the right side of scar site with 2mm orifice and chocolate brown fluid seen oozing from the orifice on pressing. Ultrasound showed a hypoechoic mass of 4*6 cm in the subcutaneous plan of the abdominal wall extending up to the anterior uterine wall with minimal vascularity. Possibility of scar endometriosis was given. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed defined Solid soft tissue mass of size 2*8.3*3.4 cm (CC*AP*TR) seen in the deep subcutaneous plan of the anterior abdominal wall in the hypogastric region extending to deep musculature of rectus abdominis. Rectus muscle and anterior rectus sheath closed with loop ethilon and 15*15cm trulene mesh placed as only mesh fixed with 2-0 prolene and another drain placed. The patient made a good recovery following the surgery. Histopathology report consistent with scar endometriosis showing foci of endometrial tissues consisting of cystic endometrial glands surrounded by endometrial stroma. --- ## A Statistical Comparison between Zagreb indices for correlation with toxicity predictions of natural products **Authors:** Siva Parvathi M., Sujatha D., Sukeerthi T. **Published:** 2022-03-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.32 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Natural Compounds, First Zagreb Index, Second Zagreb Index, Hyper Zagreb Index, Toxicity Graph theory had wide applications in developing in silico tools and it is widely used to calculate topological indices to establish structural activity relations of chemicals/compounds. However, usage of Zagreb indices with respect to natural compounds activity/toxicity prediction needs more attention. Many available online tools are using atom bond connectivity index (ABC Index), first and second Zagreb indices. The usage of the Hyper Zagreb index is very rare and using natural compounds is neglected. In this context, three types of Zagreb indices (first Zagreb index, second Zagreb index and hyper Zagreb index) were calculated to the selected chemical compounds of natural products and the relation between these indices and cytotoxicity of natural compounds were established. We have selected IC50 Values of the selected natural compounds in Hela cell lines as an index for cytotoxicity from the literature. The correlation of Zagreb indices and activity was performed using the R program, and we reached the conclusion that all indices correlate with the cytotoxicity of the studied compounds. This study acts as evidence to prove that, hyper Zagreb index correlates more with the cytotoxicity/activity of the studied natural compounds. Further studies using other Machine Learning tools to verify these findings will establish the importance of the hyper Zagreb index as one method to predict the toxicity of natural compounds. --- ## A Cost Comparison and Cost Variation Analysis of Anti Rheumatoid Drugs and Anti-Hypertensive Drugs in Ayurveda and Allopathy **Authors:** Renuka Munshi, Vivek Singh **Published:** 2022-03-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Allopathy, Ayurveda, brands, cost-analysis, cost variation, monthly cost Our study aimed to analyze and compare monthly costs along with cost variation between Ayurveda and Allopathy medicines used to treat 2 chronic disease conditions, viz. Rheumatoid Arthritis and Hypertension. The prices of Allopathic & Ayurvedic drugs mentioned in the treatment guidelines for these 2 conditions were obtained from different sources. The minimum and the maximum cost of a particular drug of the same strength manufactured by various pharmaceutical companies were noted for both Ayurvedic and as Allopathic medicines. Cost Ratio and percent Cost Variation were also calculated. The results showed that the percent Cost Variation Difference (%CVD) for ayurvedic medicines for Anti-Rheumatoid arthritis ranged from 105% to 166.33%. In the case of Allopathic drugs, the %CVD ranged from 182% for DMARDs to 1184.39% for Corticosteroids. In the case of Anti-hypertensive medicines, too, the mean %CVD ranged from 84.21% for Rasaushadhi to 353.33% for Arishta, while %CVD ranged from 150.70% for ACE inhibitors to 269.85% for Calcium channel blockers for Ayurvedic and Allopathic medicines, respectively. A comparison of the monthly medicine cost for Rheumatoid Arthritis in Ayurveda and Allopathy showed that the cost for Ayurveda medicine ranged from ₹993.16 to ₹1994 while that for Allopathic medicines ranged from ₹735.53 to ₹2634.57. In the case of hypertension, the monthly medicine cost ranged from ₹255.64 to 2136.35 depending on the grade of Hypertension for Ayurvedic medicines and ₹312.65 to ₹631.15 for Allopathic medicines. Thus, we can conclude that there is a wide difference in the prices of the various brands of the same oral Antihypertensive and Anti-Rheumatoid arthritis drugs available in both Ayurveda and Allopathy in the Indian market. --- ## Review on: Diabetes Mellitus is a Disease **Authors:** Afroj A. Shaikh, Mayur K. Kolhatkar, Dipak R. Sopane, Ashish N.Thorve **Published:** 2022-03-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.27 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Diabetes, Non-communicable disease, Treatment, Non-curable, Insulin Therapy, islet & Stem cell therapy, Anti-Diabetic drug In this review article, an attempt was made to present an overview of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of insulin resistance syndrome characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. Diabetes is not a contagious disease. We can say Insulin dependent disorder. Nowadays, Diabetes Mellitus detect in many more peoples all over the World. In this report, we all know about Diabetes Mellitus. In that, we include its classification, sign & symptoms, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment etc. It’s had Four types, namely type 1, type 2, gestational Diabetes Mellitus & Other specific types such as, lada, mody. Fatigue Polyphagia, Polydipsia, polyuria, vomiting, dehydration etc., are common signs & symptoms are observed in Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus is mainly caused by the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. Its cause’s autoimmune disorders such as Addison’s Disease, Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis & Graves’ disease. Some genetic factors, prior family history, environmental factors, autoimmune destruction, high insulin resistance these factors increase the risk of the development of diabetes mellitus. Most of the diabetic patients are older adults. Blood Glucose tests are used to detect diabetes mellitus. Insulin therapy is helpful to prevent or treat diabetes mellitus. For some patients, we used Islet replacement therapy and stem cell therapy used. In diabetes mellitus treatment, some drugs are used, such as miglitol, metformin, nateglinide, pioglitazone, glipizide, dapagliflozin, colestimide, bromocriptine etc. it's known as anti-diabetic drugs. Diabetics patients are more fastly rise in World. --- ## The Paradoxical Relationship Between Nicotine and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review **Authors:** Maliha Majeed, Gregory Lewis, Catherine Olang, Sasha Lake, Vasavi Gorantla **Published:** 2022-03-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.26 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Smoking, Nicotine, ACE-2 Across the board, smoking is considered to be negative toward our health. While this information has been known for a relatively long time, the COVID-19 pandemic has stirred up a controversial idea: that smokers are protected from severe COVID-19 relative to non-smokers. This suggests that smoking is a helpful agent in the evolving fight against SARS-CoV-2, and impressionable individuals are at risk of starting to smoke as a means of protecting themselves from the virus. To address the validity of this claim, a systematic review was done according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed was searched for relevant articles and the results were screened according to inclusion criteria. Our search yielded a total of 81 results and after removal of duplicates, non-English papers, and a quality appraisal a total of 16 papers were included in this review. We found that while smokers were more likely present with a less severe disease due to downregulation of severe cytokine storm, they were overall more likely to contract COVID-19 due to upregulation of ACE-2 receptors which SARS-CoV-2 uses to enter the cells of the respiratory epithelium. Also, long time smokers who develop COPD are more likely to have fatal outcomes from COVID-19 infection. Further, these results were due to the effects of nicotine and not cigarettes themselves. Since cigarettes contain numerous carcinogens, they are not recommended as a prophylaxis for COVID-19. However, we recommend that nicotine should be a topic for further research as potential therapy. --- ## Determination on Antioxidant Activity of Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex Hook. Leaf Extract **Authors:** Hanna Jeeja Alexander, Bojaxa A. Rosy, Ani Besant S, Jancy Rani G, Catherine Sheeja V, Blessy R **Published:** 2022-03-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** DPPH, H2O2, NO, SO, S.cylindrica Bojer ex Hook Antioxidant compounds work by preventing or detecting oxidative chain reactions caused by free radicals, stabilizing generated radicals and thus reducing the risk of oxidative damage in the body. They are sometimes called as free radical scavengers. Plants are naturally rich in antioxidants which contains bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity. The work was carried out to verify whether different types of method shows the same sensitivity and/or capacity to determine the antioxidant activity of two different extract of Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex Hook. Their extracts were analyzed using 4 four different methods (i) DPPH (ii) Hydrogen peroxide (iii) Superoxide (iv) Nitric Oxide scavenging activities. These four methods could quantify the antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant evaluation methods must be fast, reproducible, require small amounts of the chemical compounds being analyzed, and not be affected by the physical characteristics of the compounds. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in both the extracts 13.6% (Ethanolic extract) and 13.9% (Chloroform extract) in 20µg/ml concentration of DPPH activity and the lowest antioxidant activity was also observed in ethanolic extract of Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity 68.7% in 100µg/ml concentration. Finally the application of DPPH free radicals are higher than the results of other three methods of free radical activity. --- ## Nutritional Content and Antioxidant Properties of Sapota (Manilkara Achras Forb.) Fruit Varieties **Authors:** Sudha Durairajan, Malarkodi Raja **Published:** 2022-03-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.24 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sapota Fruit, Antioxidant, Nutritional Property, Principal Component Analysis, Phytochemicals Sapota is popular in a number of countries for its delicious, soft, sweet and luscious fruits. Although several varieties of sapota are under commercial cultivation in India, information on nutritional profiling of fruit and the associated health benefits have not been investigated. Hence, the present study was carried out to evaluate seven commercial varieties of sapota for their nutritional characteristics with a view to better exploit sapota fruits for their health benefits. A notable feature of the study was that the varieties Kalipati, Guthi and CO2 had significantly higher levels of the micro elements Fe, Cu and Zn respectively which could be exploited for treating mineral deficiency symptoms in human patients. The separation and identification of high levels of minerals and phytonutrients like, total phenol, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, fatty acids and free radical scavenging activity in fruit pulp showed that sapota fruit is nutritionally a rich fruit with many phytochemicals which are beneficial in both health and disease. The principal component analysis could successfully identify varieties with the largest amount of phytonutrients having specific health benefits. --- ## Critical Thinking and Decision Making: Essential Skills in Nursing **Authors:** Reji R K, Sushma K Saini **Published:** 2022-03-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.21 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Critical Thinking, Decision making, Nurses, Clinical reasoning, Clinical judgment Critical thinking and Decision-making skills are the crucial skills in the Comprehensive Patient care system where the ability of Physician and nurses is to provide high-quality, safe care depending upon their ability to think, reason, and judge critical clinical situations. Nurse Practitioners, Nurse Educators, and Nurse administrators are required for managing the dynamic health care system along with advancing excellence at every level of patient care in all levels of clinical settings by applying the skills of CT (critical thinking) along with DM (decision making). This narrative review summates the present scientific knowledge state concerning decision-making and critical thinking skills in nursing. Numerous keywords, as well as Mesh terminology, have been used to search Google Scholar and Pubmed databases. Additionally, the relevant lists of reference articles have been examined. In clinical practice, using critical thinking along with decision-making skills enhances professional action based on evidence as well as develops such areas of profession relevant to competence, according to the findings. In terms of providing safer, more competent service, the CT skills’ acquisition may help to increase diagnostic precision along with decision making, resulting in better results for patients. Nonetheless, in clinical practice, our literature review revealed that there are just a few studies investigating CT. Improved CT skills may enhance patient quality care, however, the exact relationship between CT as well as outcomes is yet unknown. --- ## The review on: “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease” **Authors:** Pradnya D Jadhav, Vaibhav V Kakade, Aniket E Indrale **Published:** 2022-03-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.19 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Genetic CJD, Prion, Sporadic CJD (sCJD), Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs), Treatment This review will explore the information about Creutzfeldt -Jakob disease (CJD), which is the human prion disease. CJD is a rare brain disorder and rapidly progressive. CJD belongs to the family of human prion disease, which is caused by misfolded, transmissible infections particles, or prions. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs), also known as prion disease. Spongiform refers to the characteristic appearance of infected brains. CJD affects about one person in every one million people per year worldwide. CJD is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder which is having a higher mortality rate. CJD usually appears in later life and has a high incubation period but become rapidly progressive once clinically symptoms begin. CJD exist in three major groups sporadic CJD (sCJD), Acquired CJD, and Genetic CJD. The sporadic form generally affects the late middle age or elderly persons (Mean age of 67 years). Most people with clinically diagnosed CJD die within a year. Other neurodegenerative illness like Alzheimer's disease involves the deposition of an aberrantly folded protein: although CJD is transmissible. There is no specific treatment for CJD except for supportive care. The arrangement of different clinicians and surveillance programs can maintain awareness of CJD to control the future incidence of its transmission. --- ## A Review on – “Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Abdomen Pain During Periods” **Authors:** Harshada B Shirke, Vaibhav V Kakade, Nikhil C Katore **Published:** 2022-03-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.20 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Menorrhagia, Dysmenorrhoea, Anemia, Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) In medical terms, heavy bleeding is the term called menstrual period with normally or abnormality concerns. Some women do not experience blood loss enough to be defined as Menorrhagia. In medical terms, Menorrhagia is defined as a common problem that women report to their physician. On average, 10 million American women face this problem every year. It means every single woman out of five women. A 30-year-old mother of two presented to her physician with two years of increased heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and server dysmenorrhoea. Heavy menstrual bleeding lasts for more than 7 days. In some cases, there is heavy bleeding. If there is no treatment for this problem, the person cannot live a healthy lifestyle. Due to this problem, there are chances of causing anemia. Anemia is a disease in which a person feels tired, weak or have a problem in breathing. Due to the heavy menstrual bleeding, one can't live the normal life social, physical, emotional, well-being and cannot ask for any help from others. Heavy bleeding many causes the disease, which re due to any other disease or problems. You can’t do the normal usual activities work or any other job when having heavy menstrual bleeding as compared to the normal bleeding. When the blood flow is heavy, you might suffer from painful cramps and sometimes these cramps, which one related to menorrhagia are serious and they require medical treatment. When periods are heavy, which means the pads which are used get soaked very fastly but using a double pad may give relief and also protect from heavy bleeding. --- ## Effects of aqueous leaves extract of Aloe barbadensis on blood glucose levels of streptozocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats **Authors:** Abdulaziz Khaled Hasan, Rakesh Kumar Jat, Abdul Mannan Khan **Published:** 2022-03-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.23 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aloe barbadensis, Diabetes Mellitus, Oral Hypoglycemic Agent, Antilipidemic, streptozocin, Glibenclamide The study was to investigate the antidiabetic of aqueous extract of leaves of plant Aloe barbadensis. In STZ induced diabetes in rats, a study was conducted on six groups of six male Wister rats each to evaluate the hypoglycaemic effect. Diabetes was induced in rodents by intravenous (i.v) infusion of STZ at a portion of 50 mg/kg body weight, disintegrated in 00.10M virus citrate cushion (pH = 04.50). Blood glucose level was estimated utilizing GOD-POD (Kit spin react). Blood tests were pulled back from the retro-orbital plexus under light ether. A. barbadensis (ALEC) was exposed to hostile to diabetic action in rodents where STZ was utilized as a portion of 120 mg/kg in intraperitoneal portion as a diabetogenic specialist to an acquainted diabetic with test rodents. In intense streptozotocin prompted models fasting blood glucose level was recorded on multi-day as basal worth 4th, 7th and 10th day. Aqueous extracts of leaves of A. barbadensis at portion 250 and 500 mg/kg showed portion subordinate critical enemy of hyperglycemic action on 4th, 7th and 10th day post-treatment. ALEC portion of 100 mg/kg likewise caused a decrease in blood glucose level; however, outcomes were found factually non-noteworthy. The Antihyperglycemic impact of fluid leaves concentrate of A. barbadensis at portion 100 mg/kg was discovered less viable than reference standard medications glibenclamide. The most extreme decrease was seen on the 10th day of the greatest portion of 500 mg/kg ALEC. Glibenclamide produces a critical decrease in blood glucose level in contrast with diabetic control. Glibenclamide was used as a standard drug, and the results were compared in reference to it. The study confirmed the aqueous extract of Aloe barbadensis has significant and sustained oral hypoglycaemic activity, comparable with the hypoglycaemic effect of glibenclamide, a sulfonylurea derivative. --- ## Effect of an Ayurvedic Intervention (Ayush-64) as a Stand-Alone Treatment in Mild to Moderate COVID-19: An Exploratory Prospective Single-Arm Clinical Trial **Authors:** Singh N R, Amit A, Babita Yadav, Arun Gupta, Rakesh Rana, Vishakha Rajesh Wetal, Neha Dubey, Sophia Jameela, Richa Singhal, Shruti Khanduri, Sharma B S, Rao BCS, Bharti A, Srikanth N, Dhiman K S **Published:** 2022-03-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.22 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Ayush-64, Ayurveda, Influenza-like-illness, SARS-CoV-2 Virus An Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation (Ayush-64) was repurposed for use in mild to moderate COVID-19 cases based on the supportive evidence obtained from a pilot study on its effect on Influenza like illness (ILI) and molecular docking study which revealed that several compounds isolated from Ayush-64 demonstrated antiviral activity. The study aims at evaluating the effect of an Ayurvedic intervention (Ayush-64) in mild to moderate COVID-19 patients. A prospective single arm, pilot study in mild to moderate COVID-19 patients. The study was conducted at Chaudhary Brahm Prakash Ayurved Charak Sansthan (CBPACS), New Delhi, India. A total of 37 COVID-19 participants confirmed through RT-PCR were included in the study. The proportion of participants with negative SARS-CoV-2 on nasal or throat swab in a 2-day consecutive real-time RT-PCR test was evaluated as the secondary outcome. In the study, 86.1% of participants demonstrated clinical recovery with 14 days of use of Ayush-64 as stand-alone treatment without any other conventional medicines, out of which 75% clinically recovered within 8 days. Further, 69.4% of participants turned negative by the 15th day, out of which 50% became COVID-19 negative on the 8th day. No AE/ ADR was observed during the study. Ayush-64 may significantly facilitate clinical improvement in terms of duration for clinical recovery and attaining negative conversion in mild to moderate COVID-19 cases. --- ## Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan with Silica (CS) Nanocomposite with Enhanced Antibacterial Activity **Authors:** Bhuvaneswari P, Shanmugavadivu T, Sabeena G, Annadurai G, Sindhuja E **Published:** 2022-03-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.16 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chitosan nanoparticle, Silica gel, characterization studies, Antibacterial activity A mixture of nanocomposite material has been obtained by in situ formations of an inorganic network in the presence of a preformed organic polymer. Chitosan biopolymer is the most common and then silica is used in composite materials, which were used for the sol-gel reaction. The average particles size of nanocomposite powder is 63.33nm as measured by XRD. Chitosan-silica nanocomposite (CS) has a rough surface texture which appears as agglomerates of varied sizes and shapes of microfibrils and separate binding crystalline structure measured by SEM. The agar well diffusion assay is used to confirm the inhibition zone of bacteria. The nanocomposite showed antibacterial activity when tested against the pathogens gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. Further, the synthesized nanocomposite was characterized by using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Particle size analysis (PSA), UV–vis absorption spectroscopy (UV) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). --- ## Investigating the flow behaviour of pharmaceutical blends using shear cell methodology **Authors:** Hasan Aldewachi, Hiba R Tawfeeq, Thamer A. Omar **Published:** 2022-03-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Powder flow, Shear cell, flow properties, FT4 Powder Rheometer, pharmaceutical blends Powder flow properties are critical bulk level features for the manufacturing of solid dosage forms. Small-scale powder flow measurements are also widely accepted as a tool for predicting large-scale production failure. The aim of this study is to explore the flow properties of a two-component powder mixture and investigate the effect of mixing two powders with different properties on the flow properties parameters. To achieve this aim, 12 blends were prepared using an acoustic mixer (Labram). The flow properties were studied using rotational shear cell methodology. The results showed that the addition of Micr APAP into the excipients with good flow properties significantly increased the flow resistance of the prepared blends and consequently reduced their flow properties. The main driving factor in determining the flow properties is the particle size of the blend’s components. The results of this study suggest that it is very important to measure the flow properties of any pharmaceutical blends and not depend only on the flow properties of the original components before mixing. --- ## Activity of Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) Leaves Extract and Fraction as Herbal Drug Against α-Glucosidase Inhibition **Authors:** Aris Suhardiman, Ketut Adnyana I., Ika Kurnia Sukamawati, Titin Rostinawati **Published:** 2022-03-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.17 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Agarwood leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam), Diabetes mellitus, IC50 value, alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors Diabetes mellitus in 2020 in the world was 422 million people, and 1,6 million deaths are directly attributed to diabetes each year. Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by increased levels of glucose in the blood due to impaired function of the pancreas gland in producing the hormone insulin. One of the mechanisms of action of the antidiabetic drug class is α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors. Compounds that play a role in the inhibitory activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme from plant extracts are flavonoids. Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) plants contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, quinones, tannins and steroids/triterpenoids. Gaharu leaves were extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent, then the extract obtained was fractionated using a liquid-liquid extraction method with n-hexane, ethylacetate and methanol-water as solvents. The extracts and fractions obtained were tested for inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme as measured by a microplate reader at a wavelength of 405 nm and acarbose as a comparison. The inhibitory activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme is expressed by the IC50 value. The inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase enzyme from extracts and fractions of n-hexane, ethylacetate and methanol-water were 90,87 µg/ml; 908,53 µg/ml; 89,78 µg/ml and 35,89 µg/ml and acarbose 19,08 µg/ml. The methanol-water fraction showed a very strong inhibitory activity against the α-glucosidase enzyme. --- ## The neuroprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum in benzene-induced rats **Authors:** Andini Mandira, Chrismis Novalinda Ginting, Linda Chiuman **Published:** 2022-03-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.13 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Zyzygium polyanthum, Neuroprotective, Interferon-gamma, COX-2 The toxic and carcinogenic effects of benzene are caused by several factors such as the duration, mode and level of exposure, and individual susceptibility factors (age, gender, lifestyle, and pre-existing diseases). Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp, known as the bay leaf, is a species of the Myrtaceae family. It is used as traditional medicine by various ethnic groups, especially in Southeast Asia, such as Malaysia and Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the neuroprotective effect of the ethanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum using 44 rats. These experimental animals were divided into eleven groups, each consisting of 4 rats. The normal group was given only CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose), while negative 1 and 2 were given benzene 100 mg/kg BW every 6 and 3 days intraperitoneally. Furthermore, positive groups 1 and 2 were treated with vitamin c + benzene 100 mg/kgbw every 6 and 3 days, respectively. Group I-6 rats were given the extract at a dose of 400, 600, and 4800 mg/kgbw + benzene 100 mg/kgbw every 3 and 6 days during 21 days of the experiment. On day 22, the rats were injected with 1% ketamine and their blood samples were taken directly from the heart. This was followed by Interferon Gamma and COX-2. The result showed that the ethanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum can reduce the biomarker of Interferon-gamma and COX-2 in benzene-induced rats. --- ## Development of n-HA/CS-GM biomimetic nanocomposite for biomedical applications **Authors:** Aswathy C, Jenson Samraj J, Gurusamy Annadurai **Published:** 2022-03-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.15 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Osteomyelitis, Nanohydroxyapatite, Guar gum, Co-precipitation, Osteosarcoma Nowadays, effective treatment and management of malignant osteomyelitis remain an alarming clinical challenge causing the creation of antimicrobial biomaterials for orthopedic surgeons. The has revived attention in creating antimicrobial biomaterials for orthopedics. The collaboration of nanotechnology and engineered biomaterials will probably provide perception for developing novel and hybrid composites. Because of improved control of the interaction between nanoparticles and polymers, nanohydroxyapatite (n-HA) incorporated nanocomposite would provide versatility in designing specific properties. As a result, the study describes the ethanolic extraction of Guar gum from native Cassia fistula seeds, as well as the development of (n-HA), Chitosan (CS), and Guar gum (GM) nanocomposite via the Co-precipitation method. The nanocomposites were characterized based on their physicochemical and morphological properties, such as XRD, FT-IR, and SEM. The nanocomposites were tested for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus) ATCC25923 and anticancer activity against MG 63 (osteosarcoma) cancer cell line MTT assay. The antibacterial result confirms that the n-HA/CS-GM hybrid nanocomposites exhibit excellent antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and average inhibition zones of the different content samples against S. aureus were 15.75 mm for n-HA/CS and 19.75 mm for n-HA/CS-GM hybrid microspheres, respectively. The cytotoxicity result showed that the average OD of cells treated with 7.8 to 1000 µg/mL concentration of n-HA/CS composite varied from 0.479 to 0.297 parallel to 88.70% to 55% cell viability, and the OD of n-HA/CS-GM composite varied from 0.447 to 0.273 corresponding 82.77% to 50.55% cell viability for 7.8µg/mL concentration up to 1000µg/mL. --- ## Phytosomes - An emerging approach for effective management of Dermatological Disorder **Authors:** Deepti Dwivedi, Alok Kumar Shukla, Satya Prakash Singh **Published:** 2022-03-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.11 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Phytosomes, herbal extracts, antiaging, dosage form, bioavailability The word ”Phyto” means plant, and also sometimes, it can be signified as cell- like. The development of phytosomes produces a little cell by itself, by which the active ingredient of the herbal extracts is protected from the intestinal secretions and instinctive bacteria destruction. The introduction of phyto- somes into herbal formulation is very recent and useful because they have advanced bioavailability, and they are better absorbed. Also, they consume this enhanced ability to cross lipid-rich bio membranes to finally reach the blood. Phytosomes can also be defined as complex chemical mixtures which are formulated by countering more than one mole synthetic or natural phos- pholipids phosphatidyl ethanolamine or phosphatidylserines with the one mole of another component. There are various plants materials which can be merged in the process of phytosomes, such as several herbal extracts includ- ing quercetin, grape seed, Rhein, neem, green tea, aloe vera, marigold and ginseng. The bioavailability of phytosomes further as linked to conventional herbal extracts because it has enhanced capability to penetrate the lipid bio membrane to finally reach the systemic blood circulation. Phytosomes has been categorized as a novel line for herbal drug delivery. Various conven- tional dosage forms such as gels and creams remained expressed using these constituents, but they appeared to be a better dermatological effect. Hence, phytosomes were formulated by binding phosphatidylcholine (acts as a trans- porter and protect the skin) and herbal extracts. They consist of a phospho- lipid molecular structure which includes two fat-soluble tails and a water- soluble head, and because of its dual solubility, it was absorbed better and was also used for the treatment of skin carcinomas, antiaging and skin disorders. --- ## Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH): An Update **Authors:** Vasavi Rakesh Gorantla, Nettam Prathyusha, Sunanda Tuladar, Srinivasa Rao Bolla **Published:** 2022-01-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.7 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Diabetes, gut dysbiosis, hypercholesteremia, Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis, obesity Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is a globally rising, multifactorial disease which may be a result of obesity, diabetes (type-2), hypercholesteremia and gut dysbiosis. NASH is characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of liver tissues which further leads to hepatocellular carcinoma or liver failure. Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) show symptoms of NASH in which the fat accumulation in the liver exceeds 5-10%. Accumulation of this fat in the form of triglyceride in the hepatocytes is the key factor for the development of NASH. This may be caused due to increase in the flow of fatty acid and de novo lipogenesis. This abnormal retention of fat leads to lipotoxicity, which can cause apoptosis, necrosis, inflammation and an increase in oxidative stress. Since the pathological factors associated with NASH are unclear, the treatment to control the progression and management of the disease is cumbersome. Progress is being made in order to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of this condition. With studies reporting that NASH is the most common liver disease after hepatitis C, there is an increase in the demands for medical therapy and diagnosis of NASH. However, no treatment has been proven to be effective for long-term use. Gut dysbiosis, major pathways involved in NASH progression, experimental animal models and the current therapeutic strategies for NASH is discussed in the present review. --- ## A New Second-Derivative Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Vildagliptin in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form **Authors:** Subhadip C, Nalanda Baby R, Pridhvi Krishna G, Suraj M, Shyamdeo Kumar T **Published:** 2021-12-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4914 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vildagliptin, Derivative Spectrophotometry, Method Validation, Quality Control An accurate derivative spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor vildagliptin in the pharmaceutical dosage form. The second derivative of the UV spectra has enabled the estimation of vildagliptin absorbance at 217 nm without any interferences. Linearity, precision, accuracy, detection (LOD), and quantification (LOQ) limits were established for method validation. Calibration curve was linear in the range of 10-60 µg/mL with a regression coefficient of 0.998. The method was validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH Q2 (R1)). The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were found to be 2.06 µg/mL and 6.25 µg/mL, respectively. Intra and interday precision data illustrated that the method has acceptable reproducibility as the percentage relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 2 %, which indicates the precision of the method. The recovery was 98.39 % by the standard addition method. The percentage assay of vildagliptin was 98.06 % which showed good applicability. The following results indicate that the procedure is accurate, precise, and reproducible while being simple and less time-consuming. The method was demonstrated to be adequate for routine analysis in quality control. --- ## Analysis of Fracture Midshaft Clavicle Treated by Intramedullary Device Versus Conservative **Authors:** Swapnil Date, Kiran Saoji, Kushal Surana **Published:** 2021-12-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4915 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Midshaft Clavicle Fracture, Screw Intramedullary Nail, Clavicle Brace Clavicle fractures account for about 2.6 to 4 % of all fractures. The best method to treat the displaced midshaft fracture of the clavicle remains a topic of debate. Although there is a large number of studies published about this topic, it is still relatively unknown as to which modality provides better long term functional outcomes and low complications rates. In our study, we have analyzed midshaft clavicle fracture treated with intramedullary device versus conservatively in terms of clinical, functional and radiological outcomes. The mean age of the patients in our study was 35.766 years. Male: Female ratio was 5.0:1.0. The mean time interval between injury and intervention was 2.1 days. Out of 30 patients, 11 patients (36.666%) had left sided fractures, while 19 patients (63.333%) had right sided fractures. Out of 30 patients, 12 patients (40%) had type 2B1 fracture according to Robinson's classification, followed by type 11 patients (36.666%) type 2B2, 6 patients (20%) type 2A1 and 1 patient (3.333%) type 2A2 fracture. Inoperative group, the mean Constant and Murley score before the intervention, at 1 month follow up, 3 months follow up and at 6 months follow up were 47.46, 76.73, 82.8 and 90.73, while in a conservative group, it was 47.53, 71.66, 79.2 and 89.46 respectively. Inoperative group, the mean Q-DASH score before the intervention, at 1 month follow up, 3 months follow up and at 6 months follow up were 29.33, 19.33, 16.86 and 13.8, while in a conservative group, it was 31.266, 22.533, 18.8 and 15.66 respectively. The final outcome, on the basis of the final Constant and Murley score in 13 patients (43.33%), was excellent, 11 patients (36.66%) was good and 6 patients (20%) was fair. Inoperative group, complications were seen in 6 patients (40%), while in the conservative group, complications were seen in 10 patients (66.66%). Thus, the functional, clinical and radiological outcome of the patients managed surgically with an intramedullary device was significantly better when compared with patients treated conservatively. --- ## Prescription Pattern of Antimicrobial Agents in Various Dental Clinics at Malabar Region of Kerala, South India **Authors:** Muhas C, Mohamed Saheer K, Syed Altafuddin Quadri, Naseef P P, Abdul Khader P M, Muhammed Elayadeth-Meethal **Published:** 2021-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4911 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial Agents, Prescription Pattern, Amoxicillin, Drug Utilization, Dental Practice Antimicrobial agents (AMAs) are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in dental practice. However inappropriate prescribing and irrational use of antimicrobial agents without prior culture and sensitivity tests, inadequate duration, dosing etc. have been identified as major factors contributing to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, which is an ongoing challenge in all over the world. A total of 1900 patients were screened and out of which 1748 patients were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study after taking consent. This study shows that the majority of patients attended in these clinics were female, 1020 (58.35%) and majority of patients (717) comes under age group 21-40 (41.02%) followed by age group by ≤ 20 (32.43%). This study established that most commonly recommended antimicrobial agents were amoxicillin, followed by amoxicillin-clavulanate and metronidazole. The antimicrobial agents like Ciprofloxacin, Cefixime, Tetracyclines, Azithromycines were also used but in less extent. This study also revealed that the selection of antimicrobials was not confirmed with culture and sensitivity tests in all cases, which may negatively influence bacterial resistance profile. --- ## The antioxidant activity of seaweed salt from Sargassum polycystum in Sprague-Dawley male White rats **Authors:** Nurjanah A, Asadatun Abdullah, Huda Shalahudin Darusman, Josephine Vieta Gracia Diaresty, Anggrei Viona Seulalae **Published:** 2021-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4912 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Catalase, S. polycystum, Seaweed Salt, SOD Seaweed has many health benefits and has been the potential raw material for making low sodium and high potassium healthy salt. Sargassum polycystum is widely used as a low-sodium functional salt, which has a strong antioxidant capacity. However, it's in vivo potential is unknown. This research was a purpose to determine the antioxidant activity of SOD and catalase enzymes in seaweed salt through in vivo test in Sprague-Dawley rats. To achieve this, salt was produced from S. polycystum flour and distilled water at a ratio of 1:10 and heated at 40°C for 10 minutes, using a water bath. The mixture was stirred using 500 mesh nylon cloth and filter paper, then dried with an oven at 60°C for 30 hours. In vivo research method was then adopted using 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats, which were divided into 5 treatment groups. The analysis used was the treatment of commercial and seaweed salt, Sargassum polycystum, and plain water (aquades) in the test animals with 4 replications, which include each treatment group consisting of 4 Sprague-Dawley rats. Data were analyzed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) from Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. S. polycystum salt had a Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) ratio of 0.38 and NaCl content of 49.05%. The antioxidant activity of SOD and catalase enzymes ranged between 54.09–73.40 U/mL and 0.67 – 0.79 U/mL, respectively. These values indicate that the application of S. polycystum salt is able to balance the antioxidant activity of SOD and catalase. In addition, seaweed salt has the potential to reduce cell damage due to free radicals. --- ## Impact of Clinical Pharmacist Interventions in Management of Diabetes in Primary Care in Saudi Arabia **Authors:** Maha Aldraimly, Syed Azhar Bin Syed Sulaiman, Ahmed Ibrahim Nouri, Salma Fahad Alanazi, Reem Fahad Alanazi, Saeed Ur Rahman, Nawaf Fahad Alanazi **Published:** 2021-12-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4909 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clinical Pharmacist, Diabetes, Primary Care, Intervention, Quality of Life, Pharmaceutical Care The study aimed to identify the impact and effectiveness of clinical pharmacist intervention on the management and overall quality of life of diabetic patients. Two cross-sectional studies using SF36 Health Survey, involving physicians and pharmacists at the Ambulatory Care Department in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Diabetic patients showed significant improvements in their QoL in terms of general health, energy and fatigue, pain scores, and social, emotional, and physical functions. Moreover, PC was found to have a significant impact on diabetes related QoL along with various outcome indicators, such as HbA1c, random blood sugar, and lipid profile in such patients. Additionally, satisfactory knowledge, good practice in identifying prescription errors were found among pharmacists. This study reveals that clinical pharmacists are valuable members of interdisciplinary primary care teams in ambulatory care. This can positively impact glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes and improve their quality of life. Also, the current study presented that a satisfactory extent of pharmaceutical care by an ambulatory clinical pharmacist was effective in improving HbA1c in patients with diabetes. A clinical pharmacist in ambulatory care was found to be eminent and of an added value to the patients, physicians, and healthcare team. --- ## Effect of nori, a combination of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and gotu kola (Centella Asiatica) on blood pressure, modulation of ACE, eNOS and iNOS gene expression in hypertensive rats **Authors:** Yani Mulyani, Patonah Hasimun, Hajar Sukmawati **Published:** 2021-12-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4908 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Centella asiatica, Curcuma longa, Hypertensive, Gene Expression, Nori Hypertension is a major risk factor for causing life-threatening cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, coronary heart failure, kidney failure, and stroke. Its cases continue to increase worldwide and it is estimated that 1.56 billion adults would live with the condition in 2025. Therefore, this study aims to examine the antihypertensive effect of nori supplement prepared with a combination of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and gotu kola (Centella Asiatica) on L-NAME-induced and non-induced rats. It was conducted for 28 days on 25 wistar rats that were randomly assigned to the negative, positive, comparison, supplement, and test control groups. CODA was then used in measuring the blood pressure of the rats, while ECG and PPG sensors were utilized for arterial stiffness assessment, as well as for spatial QRS-T and heart rate analysis. Additionally, serum NO levels were measured using griess reagents by spectrophotometric λ540 nm. At the same time, the gel-based PCR semi-quantitative method was used in assessing the activity of ACE, including eNOS and iNOS gene expression. The results showed that nori preparations which contained a combination of 5% turmeric and gotu kola in a feed mixture, had an antihypertensive effect. The effect was characterized by a decrease in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure, as well as heart rate, arterial stiffness, and spatial QRS-T. Additionally, it occurred due to increased NO availability, which resulted from eNOS expression as well as a decrease in iNOS and ACE expression. --- ## Curcumin therapy: Immune booster in present and post-pandemic (COVID-19) Era **Authors:** Shubha P, Shyamsundar S, Manjunatha H B **Published:** 2021-12-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4906 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Curcumin, Cytokine, NF-қB, SARS-COV2 COVID-19 pandemic, which has traumatized the world population, in principle, is an inflammatory lung disease secondary to SARS-COV2 virus infection. Inflammatory lung injury progressing to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a recognized clinical feature of the disease. Inflammatory cytokines released in response to COVID-19 activate the transcription factor - the nuclear factor-қB (NF-қB) and series of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are responsible for lung injury. Accurate yet precise treatment of coronavirus disease still remains inconclusive, and intervention is mainly symptomatic treatment, respiratory support, antiviral therapies and vaccination. Currently, the major focus of therapy is on reducing lung inflammation by elevating the host immunity. In this scenario, NF-қB inhibition can be conceptualized as a promising approach to down-regulate the overproduction of cytokines, such that inflammatory lung tissue injury could be prevented in COVID-19 infected patients. Towards this, curcumin from Curcuma longa (Turmeric) would play a vital role in the intervention and suppress NF-қB activation via translocation of p65 into the nucleus. Moreover, Curcumin is a proven therapeutic agent against various inflammatory pathologies as it also has the potential to inhibit the expression of certain genes that are critical for the regulation of inflammation. Keeping this phenomenon and the current medical significance in view, we have explored and computed the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin to develop it as a potent therapeutic agent to prevent NF-қB induced lung tissue injury in COVID-19 with the main goal of elevating immunity in the post-covid-19 situations as well as in healthy human beings. --- ## Anti-inflammatory effect of Helix aspersa extracts in sephadex-induced model of lung inflammation: possible modulation of neutrophils **Authors:** Mebirouk Romeila, Naimi Dalila **Published:** 2021-11-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4904 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-Inflammatory Effect, Helix aspersa Extracts, Histopathology, Lung Inflammation, Myeloperoxidase The focus of our study is to compare the anti-inflammatory effect of extracts prepared from Algerian mollusk called Helix aspersa, on induced lung inflammation in rats: aqueous AE, hydroalcoholic HE and organic OE extracts. Animals were classified into six groups: control group T was instilled with NaCl (0.9%) in the trachea, negative control group was instilled with sephadex in trachea (5mg/mL/Kg), positive control group was instilled with sephadex and treated with an anti-inflammatory drug, groups SAE, SHE and SOE were instilled with sephadex and treated intraperitoneally with aqueous, hydroalcoholic and organic extracts respectively (4mg/mL/Kg). 24h after instillation, we sacrificed animals, blood samples and bronchoalveolar fluid lavage (BALF) were collected. Lungs were preleved for histological investigation. We measured myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) in BALF. Results showed sephadex induces a massive granuloma in lungs. HE and OE decreased leukocyte count in BALF and blood. AE increased leukocyte count in blood and decreased it in BALF. The three extracts decreased MPO activity in BALF, reduced number of inflammatory cells in the alveoli and protected lung from sephadex beads injuries. Both AE and HE reduced edema in lung. We conclude that treatment with Helix aspersa had an anti-inflammatory effect on lungs inflammation. --- ## Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Its Suitability as an Adjuvant for Treatment of Covid-19 Patients: A Review **Authors:** Sameera Dawar, Meena Jain **Published:** 2021-11-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4903 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Coronavirus, COVID-19, Therapeutic Uses, Hypoxia, ARDS, Cytokine Storm The outbreak of the SARS CoV2 'Coronavirus pandemic' is believed to have originated in Wuhan in 2019 as a zoonotic spread from bats to humans. It is a highly communicable infection-causing rapid human to human transmission of the virus by virtue of its infectious and pleomorphic nature. The virus has affected millions of people worldwide, with numbers still rising with each passing day. Depleting oxygen saturation levels is amongst the prime concerns in the majority of infected patients. Nasal prongs, face masks, mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane (ECMO) are the commonly used modes of oxygen delivery in such patients. These methods though mostly successful, at times fail to restore the depleting oxygen levels to normal. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) involves the administration of 100% O2 in a special chamber whose pressure is maintained at a level greater than 1 ATP. The main purpose for raising the pressure within the chamber is that as the atmospheric pressure increases, the saturation levels of oxygen in the blood also increase, which eventually result in increased overall tissue oxygenation. This article provides a systematic and wholesome review on the basic principle of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, its effects on the body at a microscopic and macroscopic level, its various uses and its suitability as an adjuvant for the treatment of select COVID-19 infected patients. --- ## To Evaluate Aloe Vera- Chitosan Based Surgical Dressing to Chitosan Dressing Alone on the Healing of Palatal Donor Sites - A Pilot Study **Authors:** Archana R Sankar, Sheela Kumar Gujjari, Kulkarni P K **Published:** 2021-11-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4901 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aloe Vera, Chitosan, Free Gingival Graft, Gingival Recession, Healing, Visual Analog Scale The present study was undertaken to clinically assess the synergistic effect of topically applied Aloe vera Chitosan to Chitosan alone on the healing of palatal donor sites in free gingival graft surgical procedures. 20 subjects (10 per group) were enrolled into this triple blinded randomized clinical trial, designed to evaluate the efficacy of Aloe vera Chitosan to Chitosan on free gingival graft surgical wounds. Subjects were assigned to either Group A (aloe vera + Chitosan) or Group B (Chitosan alone). Visual Analog Scale(VAS) and Wound healing index were recorded at 7th day, 14th day and 21 days postoperative. Results showed no statistical significance when considering VAS. However there was a statistical significance in wound healing (p=0.04) in group A when compared to group B from 14- 21st day postoperative. It is the first human trial and was a pilot study to assess the synergistic effect of Aloe vera and Chitosan on wound healing. The study has shown that a combination of both acts synergistically in accelerating healing especially in areas where faster healing is necessary to provide overall comfort to the patient. It is therefore a futuristic and a promising material as a surgical dressing with further longitudinal trials. --- ## Scapulectomy for Fibromatosis – Ocological and Functional Outcomes **Authors:** Shanmugasundaram Gouthaman, Mohan Choudhary B, Chandiralekha S, Dorai Kumar R, Jagadesh Chandra Bose **Published:** 2021-11-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4902 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Scapulectomy, Type II Shoulder Resection, Aggressive Fibromatosis, Malawer’s Classification Aggressive fibromatosis is a locally invasive tumor that does not metastasize. Only few cases of scapulectomy for fibromatosis of scapular muscles are reported in the world literature. We present two consecutive cases of scapulectomy done for fibromatosis of periscapular muscles at the Department of Surgical Oncology in our centre between 2014 and 2019. One patient underwent subtotal scapulectomy by posterior approach and the other patient underwent scapulectomy below spine of scapula by combined anterior and posterior approach. The follow-up period of both the patients was 5 years. One patient developed recurrence after 9 months of surgery dealt by re-resection followed by adjuvant radiation. The modified Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score for scapular surgery was 20 in the first patient and 22 in the second patient. Both of them are able to carry out normal regular activities with the compensation from the opposite upper limb. Scapulectomy for symptomatic fibromatosis of the scapular muscles gives acceptable functional results and good disease-free interval. Scapulectomy should be considered as part of resection for better tumor clearance in fibromatosis involving muscles around the scapula. Further studies are needed to evaluate and validate the need for radical surgery in this setting. --- ## Synthesis and Characterization of Cadmium with Titanium Oxide (Cd-TiO2) Nanocomposite: Testing its Antibacterial Effect **Authors:** Daniel Sam N, Anish C I, Sabeena G, Rajaduraipandian S, Manobala A, Annadurai G, Jaya Rajan M **Published:** 2021-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4900 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cd-TiO2 Nanocomposite, Characterisation, Antibacterial Activity Sol gel methods were used for the study of the antimicrobial activity of Cd-TiO2 Nanocomposite against gram-negative and positive bacteria. These Cd-TiO2 Nanocomposites have been characterized by various optical and electro-chemical techniques. They have been exhibited by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The structures of the various XRD patterns indicate that the product has a rhombohedral structure. The particle size of Cd-TiO2 nanocomposite is 35nm. The SEM images confirm the spherical appearance of the sample. The energy dispersive X-ray spectra have been confirmed as well and then C, O, Ti, Cd, Pt element are present in Cd-TiO2 Nanocomposite. The weight percentage of Cadmium is 5.8%, Ti is 51.03%, C is 5.13% and O is 31.75% in Cd-TiO2 Nanocomposite. BET image shows that the major pore size distribution of Cd-TiO2 nanocomposites is ranged from 2.24 nm. The Cd-TiO2 nanocomposite showed that the antibacterial activity when tested against the pathogens only gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas. The zone of minimum inhibition concentration was measured in a range of 20mm in 25μl and 30mm in 100μl. --- ## Neoteric Approaches for Extraction of Bioactives from Marine Macroflora **Authors:** Mohini Anandrao Salunke, Balaji Sopanrao Wakure, Pravin Shridhar Wakte **Published:** 2021-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4896 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Marine Macroflora, Neoteric Extraction Methodologies, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE), Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) More than 70% of the earth's surface is covered by the marine ecosystem. This habitat is home to a large number of marine species that produce very different metabolites as defense mechanisms. In recent years, a lot of research work has been done on the extraction of biologically active compounds using various methods in many commercial areas such as biomedicine, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutrition and health care and chemical industry. In fact, many traditional extraction methods have several limitations, such as low efficiency, high energy costs, and low yields. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new and updated extraction methods. Because conventional extraction methods are solvent-intensive and time-consuming, consequently this review covers neoteric approaches like pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE), enzyme assisted extraction (EAE), extraction with supercritical fluids (SFE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and working mechanism to extract bioactive components from marine flora. The advantages of the new technology include higher output, less time and lower cost. In addition, different combinations of new extraction technologies and technologies suitable for heat-labile compounds have also been identified. This article summarizes the most important bioactive compounds in marine flora and the latest developments in new extraction techniques. --- ## A Case Report of Microperforate Hymen Presented with Primary Infertility **Authors:** Pavithra Baskaran, Nidhi Sharma **Published:** 2021-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4897 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Hymenal Anomalies, Vaginal Septal Anomalies, Recurrent UTI, Recurrent Vulvovaginitis, Primary Infertility Micro perforate hymen is an uncommon congenital defect in which the hymen has a microscopic pinpoint aperture. It is a different entity from imperforate hymen, but it might present with more or less similar complaints. Here we are discussing about a unique case of pinpoint hymenal opening or microperforate hymen where the patient presented to us with primary infertility. Most cases of micro perforate hymen present in the paediatric age group with recurrent urinary tract infections and recurrent vulvovaginitis. Rare cases in a review of literature noted that a patient was seen to present with urethral dilatation during coital activity. In this case report, we present a patient who came with primary infertility who has never been examined in the past. She had regular menstrual cycles but scanty flow with the main complaint of dyspareunia. After examination, she was found to have microperforate hymen and suspected transverse vaginal septum defect. Hence, routine investigations were done, and we proceeded with hymenectomy. This example demonstrates the importance of a thorough genital examination and the inclusion of hymenal abnormalities in the differential diagnosis of women with recurrent dysuria, vaginitis, primary infertility, and oligomenorrhoea, so that early intervention can be done to improve the woman's quality of life and reduce pregnancy difficulties. --- ## Ayurvedic Concept of Vega of Visha - A Review Article **Authors:** Praveen Kumar, Manish Rajak, Santosh Kumar Vishwakarma **Published:** 2021-11-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4895 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Visha, Visha Vega, Dhatus Ayurveda Samhita describes various types of Visha such as Sthavara Visha (Inanimate poison), Jangama Visha (Animate poison) and Kritima Visha. These types of Visha, when it enters into the body, it passes through the different Dhatus and give rise to different stages of Vega in the body and according to these Vegas, different types of signs and symptoms appear on the body. The main aim of this review article is to compile and evaluate the concept of Visha Vega and their sign & symptoms. All the descriptions of Visha Vega mentioned in different Ayurvedic texts were critically analyzed and discussed to check their relation. After analysis, it is observed that all the symptoms which appear during entering of the Visha are mainly due to their Vegas. As gradually stages of Vega progresses, their signs and symptoms gradually become more severe. After critically analyzed it is concluded that if we diagnosed the different Vegas of Visha at the right time, we could treat those patients better. --- ## Assessment of Regulatory Strategies for Orphan Drug Development and Approval Process in USA & EU **Authors:** Sadiq Basha G, Srinivasan R **Published:** 2021-11-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4894 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Regulations and Guidelines of Orphan Drugs, Regulatory Challenges, Regulatory Orphan Drug Life Cycle Orphan medicines are pharmaceutical drugs or vaccines supposed to deal with, preventing or diagnose of a rare disease (viz., myoclonus ailment, Huntington's disease, Tourette syndrome, etc.). The meaning of rare sicknesses varies throughout some jurisdictions, however, generally contemplates the ailment of occurrence, severity, and life of alternate healing options. An uncommon ailment isn't worldwide and depends on the rules and guidelines officially adopted and approved via each region or U.S.A. The Orphan Drug Act, 1983 (ODA) has been recognized and adopted in numerous nations, international (United States of America (USA) and European Union (EU).) in the preceding 35 years, and has effectively advanced R and D ventures to widen new pharmaceuticals for the remedy of rare sickness. The rate of occurrences of such diseases were outpaced at an extra pace than the speed with which medicines are researched and developed to treat rare diseases. One of the main reasons is that the pharmaceutical industry is not interested in researching the enhancement of orphan medicines since they no longer have a significant large market. Despite the multiple incentives provided by the orphan drug act, this is the current reality. However, in this article, we've tried to concentrate on the current regulatory framework, current concepts of rare disease, regulatory challenges for rare disease drug development, and orphan drug approval in the United States & the European Union. --- ## Studies on forced degradation and solid state stability of tenofovir disoproxil orotate **Authors:** Nageswara Rao Jakkam, Sudhakar Chintakula, Sreenivasa Rao Battula **Published:** 2021-11-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4891 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tenofovir Disoproxil Orotate, HPLC Method, Forced Degradation In order to develop a stability regulatory system for drug substances and degraded products, a forced degradation study is an essential part in the design of the method. As per ICH Guidelines Q1A in 1993, it was established as an essential requirement for the regulatory system to assess the stability of drugs and their degradation products under the degradation studies by force. These analytical methods are helpful in the development of stability, indicating the method by conducting the studies on forced degradation with their mechanism of degradation. Drug products by degradation and new drug substance by forced degradation conditions are more severe than a demonstration of specificity of stability indicating methods. The analytical method development is facilitated by those techniques for better understanding of (API) active pharmaceutical ingredients and (DP) drug products stability. --- ## Gagging Assessment Scale: A Reliable Tool for Assessing Association Between Gagging and Dental Fear in Children Prior Dental Treatment-A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study **Authors:** Pragyna Priyadarshini, Deepa Gurunathan **Published:** 2021-11-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4890 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental Anxiety, Dental Fear, Gagging Assessment, Scale, Gagging Reflex Gagging is a normal protective defence mechanism of our body that prevents entry of foreign bodies into the airway, which can create undue havoc during dental treatment especially in children. The present study aims to assess the prevalence of gagging and any of its existing association with dental fear and anxiety in children prior to dental treatment. A cross-sectional pilot study design was conducted in South Indian children (age group: 3-10 years) having no history of underlying psychological and systemic ailment. Different assessment scales of gagging (Gagging Assessment Scale [GAS], Shorter Objective Form of Gagging Problem Assessment [GPA-SF]/OGPA), dental fear (Children’s Fear Survey Schedule Dental Subscale [CFSS-DS]) and anxiety (Modified Dental Anxiety Scale- Faces [MDASF]) were administered to evaluate their response prior to the treatment. Younger children specifically females demonstrated severity of gagging reflex, which was directly correlated to their higher perception of dental fear and anxiety. However, no conclusive evidence of an association between gagging, dental fear and anxiety was ascertained. Prior knowledge of the gagging problem in children can help clinicians to effectively modify the treatment modalities for successful outcomes, while GAS could be a reliable tool for assessing its severity in children prior to dental treatment. --- ## Review of Jatwadi Dhoom Agad as a proposed fumigation product for mosquito repellent and antimicrobial action **Authors:** Suryajeet H Pawar, Abhijit B Patil, Manasi Deshpande, Trupti Patil, Sharvari Jawale **Published:** 2021-10-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4889 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Jatwadi Dhoom Agad, Dhoopana, Mosquito Repellent, Antimicrobial, Antiviral, COVID-19 Ayurveda has given much importance to prevent the diseases by stating various measures. Medicated smoke fumigation (Dhoopana) is one of such measures described for disinfection as well as protection from poisonous animals and insects. Herbal, herbo-mineral and animal origin formulations containing volatile oil and having antimicrobial property are used for medicated smoke fumigation. Fumigation with such drugs is safe, natural and cost effective technique. Mosquito borne diseases are major human health problem in all tropical and subtropical countries by affecting millions of people each year. Commercial repellents like Allethrin, DEET have been reported many harmful effects for humans. There is a need for further standardised studies in order to develop new products that offer high repellency as well as good consumer safety. A review is planned to investigate ingredients of Jatwadi Dhoom Agad through analyzing published experimental research work. Out of eight ingredients of Jatwadi Dhoom Agad, two showed mosquito repellent effect and three have mosquito larvicidal effect. This paper is foot step in the efforts to establish probable mode of action of Jatwadi Dhoom Agad as insect repellent. The effect of smoke of these drugs may be repellent for mosquitoes. All drugs have shown antimicrobial activity in vitro. This product has potential to be used as fumigation product in current COVID 19 pandemic. --- ## Medicinal Plants with Cardioprotective Potency and Some Possible Cardiac Biomarkers for Monitoring and Diagnosing Myocardial Infarction: A Review **Authors:** Ajah O, Omodamiro O D, Christian E Odo **Published:** 2021-10-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4888 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cardioprotective, Myocardial Infarction, Cardiac Biomarkers, Diagnosis Following the increasing rate of Cardiovascular diseases, actions have been taken and geared towards the discovery of new leads (drugs) since the existing drugs treat and manage some of these Cardiovascular ailments but with proven adverse effects on the side of the patients. Coronary artery disease which is also called Ischemic heart disease is a crucial problem worldwide, and it's known as a major non-transmissible disease. A good example of ischemic heart disease is acute myocardial infarction (MI), and its manifest due to inequality between coronary blood supply and myocardial demand. Sustained ischemia causes myocardial infarction, which leads to myocardial cell death. Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes/proteins that are used as essential tools in cardiology for primary and secondary prevention, diagnosis and management of acute myocardial infarction and other heart-related issues. The treatment and management of diseases in the African continent are achieved mostly with traditional medicine, and Plants are known to contain active components which possess medical properties that are harnessed for the treatment of different diseases. So many medicinal plants have shown to be potent in the treatment and management of this life-threatening condition known as acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). Some research-proven cardioprotective plants and possible tools for evaluating their potency are reviews in this article. --- ## Effects of Onopordum acanthium L., seeds extracts on serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and angiotensin-converting enzyme in hyperlipidemic and diabetic rats **Authors:** Husni Abdulla Mhammad, Amad M Saleh Jubrail, Malika Kassim Najeeb **Published:** 2021-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4887 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cotton Thistle Extracts, Diabetic and Hyperlipidemic Rats, TNF-α, ACE, Histopathological, Improved This study was designed to evaluate the role of local Onopordum acanthium L. (cotton thistle) seed extracts (200mg/kg) in diabetic and hyperlipidemic rats with the histopathological examination of liver, kidney and spleen tissues. Ninety adult male rats were randomly divided into nine equal groups. The first group was used as a control fed on a standard diet; the second group was treated with water extract and the third group was treated with the ethanolic extract. The fourth group was injected with streptozotocin (40mg/kg) as a diabetic group, while in the fifth group, diabetic rats were treated with water extract and in the sixth group, diabetic rats were treated with the alcoholic extract. The seventh group was fed on high cholesterol diet (hyperlipidemic group). In the eighth and ninth groups, hyperlipidemic rats were treated with water extract and alcoholic extracts, respectively. The fasting blood glucose (FBS), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), lipid profile, liver and renal function parameters, CRP, WBCs, hematological parameters and body weight were almost improved when diabetic and hyperlipidemic rats were treated with water extract and ethanol extract. Histopathological changes in the liver, kidney and spleen in diabetic groups were improved in groups treated with both extracts. Conclusion: from the results of this study, it can be reported that extracts of local cotton thistle seeds (mostly water extract) were effective in controlling abnormal parameters and histopathological changes in diabetic and hyperlipidemic rats. --- ## Assessment of Medication Adherence and Health-Related Quality of Life in Chronic Liver Disease Patients **Authors:** Sudhamshu K Tantry, Ruhana A, Mary Daborah, Amal Mathew, Noah M Bose **Published:** 2021-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4883 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic Liver Disease, Medication Adherence, Health Related Quality of Life, RAND’s SF-36 Quality of Life Questionnaire, Adherence to medication and refills scale, Child-Turcotte-Pugh Score Cirrhosis is a growing cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. It is associated with multiple life-threatening complications. Improving medication adherence could have a greater impact on the health of the population. Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) has become a common outcome indicator in clinical and epidemiological studies. It is a multidimensional concept that includes self-reported measures of one's physical and mental health as well as their social well-being. This study aimed to assess the HRQoL and medication adherence in Chronic Liver Disease (CLD) patients. Medication adherence was determined using the Adherence to Refills and Medication Scale (ARMS) and RAND's SF-36 was used to assess HRQoL. A total of 102 Chronic Liver Disease patients were enrolled in the study, the majority of whom belonged to Child-Turcotte-Pugh class C (45.1%). The majority of the patients had a history of alcohol consumption (77.5%). The total average of four dimensions under PCS and MCS of SF-36 was 45.49 and 72.89 respectively and the overall average of all domains was 59.19. Concerning the Child-Turcotte-Pugh score of the patients, a significant correlation was obtained between physical functioning and RLPH domains. ARMS score had a significant impact on 3 of the PCS and all MCS domains of SF-36, indicating that the patient's medication adherence has an important role in HRQoL. --- ## Prevalence of Post Partum Depression Among Postnatal Women at a Tertiary Care Centre Using Edinburgh Post Partum Depression Scale **Authors:** Sivasundari Maharajan, Dhanvarsha Sumaldha Subbiah Ramkumar, Nimrah Amthul, Shrutiravali A **Published:** 2021-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4875 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Post-partum Depression, Mental Health, Pregnant Women, Breastfeeding, Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale Postpartum depression is a grave mental health problem, which is more prevalent than society realizes and poses great risk. It has been associated with lack of breastfeeding, aversion towards the baby and negative impact on the development of the child. A total of 300 women who delivered between January 14 to March 31 of 2020 at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital were chosen following ethical clearance. After explaining the aspects of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale in their native language, the questionnaire was provided. A score of 10 and above were considered positive. Data were evaluated using SPSS and Chi square test. The prevalence of PPD was seen in 14% of women. It was higher with vaginal delivery, in women who had multiple births, lack of financial and social support, with domestic violence and alcoholic partner. Medical help was advised to women who scored 10 and above; only 5% sought medical intervention. Others did not recognize depression as a health issue. This shows the lack of awareness among the population. Medical health professionals should spread awareness, conduct more studies to evaluate the prevalence, the predisposing factors, methods for early diagnosis and ways to help women overcome “THE OTHER SIDE OF MOTHERHOOD”. --- ## Retrospective Analysis of Hematological Parameters in Covid Positive Pregnancy **Authors:** Sivasundari Maharajan, Nimrah Amthul, Dhanvarsha Sumaldha **Published:** 2021-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4873 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID19, Pregnancy, Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio, D-dimer The newly identified SARS-CoV-2 virus and its ongoing implicated COVID-19 pandemic started off as pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Certain laboratory values that may be considered deranged in non pregnant states are normal physiological changes in pregnancy. An understanding of the normal haematological and immunologic parameters in pregnancy is necessary for the interpretation of COVID-19 severity. Considering the COVID-19 infection is still new, little is known about the clinical course of the disease in pregnancy. This is a retrospective observational study undertaken in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Saveetha Medical College Hospital, Chennai, India, from April to November 2020. Out of the 50 women in the study, 19 women were anaemic with haemoglobin <11, accounting for 38% of the study population. A neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio greater than 4.5 was observed in 44% of the population. Thrombocytopenia was present in 12% of the population. D-dimer greater than 1000 was found in 12% of the study population. All of our patients were asymptomatic, had good maternal and fetal outcomes even though derangement of inflammatory markers were noted. The immunological changes of pregnancy make pregnant women more susceptible to pathogens. Though our patients had instances suggestive of critical prognosis like an increased neutrophil-lymphocyte-ratio and affirmative acute phase reactants and inflammatory markers, they were asymptomatic (category BNH) and stable in room air. However, further analysis of laboratory parameters and their correlation to clinical scenarios in the second wave of COVID19 infection is warranted. --- ## Prevalence of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use among General Population in South India - A Cross-Sectional Study **Authors:** Yamuna Devi M S, Shanmugapriya S, Kaavya S **Published:** 2021-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4876 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), General Population, Prevalence, South India Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) refers to a wide range of clinical therapies outside of conventional medicine used along with the physician prescribed drugs to complement the treatment. It is widely accepted and used across the globe. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of use of CAM among the general population and to determine the acceptability, extent and pattern of CAM use. This cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was done among the general population in South India. 300 participants aged >18 years were included in the study irrespective of their genders. An interviewer-administered questionnaire with 20 questions was used to assess CAM usage. The statistical analysis was done by Chi-square test using SPSS version 25. The mean age was 50.39 (± 15.67) years. CAM usage was significantly influenced by age, educational qualification, occupation, geographical area and accessibility to a health care facility. The prevalence of CAM usage was found to be 62%. Homeopathy/Herbal medicine (34%) was the most commonly used CAM. About 35% had used CAM without the knowledge of their treating physician. More than 60% believe that CAM is safe with fewer side effects and around half of them had symptomatic relief following CAM usage. Our study results indicate the need for more studies testing various CAM modalities exploring their uses, adverse effects & interactions with other drugs, which in turn can guide the physicians in their treatment. --- ## A Review on the Complications and Management of Osteoporosis **Authors:** Mohsin Aijaz Soomro, Raheel Akbar Baloch, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Niaz Hussain Keerio, Muhammad Faraz Jokhio, Ajmal Khan Silro, Syed Shahid Noor **Published:** 2021-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4867 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Osteoporosis, Osteoporosis Management, Bone Mineral Density, Fracture Risk Management Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that is characterized by low bone mineral density. It also disrupts the microarchitectural of the bone. In leads to increased bone fragility and risk of fractures. Even while it occurs in persons of various ages and ethnicities (including Caucasians and whites), it is more common among Caucasians (whites), elderly people, and women. Osteoporosis is becoming a global epidemic as the world's population ages and lives longer. Osteoporosis affects an estimated 200 million individuals worldwide. It affects a 3rd of women and one in every 12 men. This increases morbidity as well as mortality due to several complications. Thus, it is essential to improve diagnostic methods and to introduce early intervention to prevent this disease. Lifestyle modification is an important recommendation for the population at risk. There are several pharmacological interventions that could be taken to prevent osteoporosis as vitamin D and calcium supplements and to treat osteoporosis as bisphosphonates and anabolic drugs. The most important step in the treatment is tailored to the individual patients and to optimize the treatment according to each case individually. Therefore, increasing doctor awareness, which promotes improved awareness among the general public, will be useful in averting this epidemic. --- ## Innovative Method Development Comprehensive Separation of Impurities and Validation for a novel Antipsychotic Drug Blonanserin **Authors:** Annapoorna V, Ravindhranath K, Sreenivasa Rao B, Rao P Y G, Venugopal K **Published:** 2021-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4871 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antipsychotic, Blonanserin Impurities, Validated Method, HPLC Blonanserin an antipsychotic novel drug used for the treatment of schizophrenia has antagonist properties for dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2. On the other hand, it lacks adrenergic-α1, muscarinic M1, and histamine H1 antagonist activities. Clinical studies demonstrated in Japan had shown to be more effective for treating negative as well as positive schizophrenic symptoms. This drug was accepted and approved worldwide in the treatment of schizophrenia. A new HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of Impurities of Blonanserin (BNS) to ensure that the methodology meets the requirements of the target analysis application. Active and efficient chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zorbax Bonus RP EP C18 column having a particle size of 5μm, with dimensions of 250mm × 4.6 mm, mobile phase containing pH 2.4 buffer and Organic, with 1.0 ml/min flow rate, column oven temperature at 30oC and the eluent detection at 245 nm. The method shows well-separated impurities, is specific without interference from blank solution with resolution more than 1.2 between any of the impurity, correlation coefficient more than 0.99 showing good linearity; mean recovery ranging from 97% to 105% and is very sensitive at lower detection and quantification limits. This method was well developed and has been applied successfully to monitor and estimate impurities in Blonanserin. --- ## Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and reverse migration of workers during lock down their health and prevention **Authors:** Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha, Shweta Dadarao Parwe **Published:** 2021-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4878 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Lockdown, Migrant Workers, Reverse Migration, nCOVID-19, Quarantine Migrant workers are a valuable community for developing the Indian economy; adverse effect occurs on their mental and physical health during this pandemic situation. The coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic emerged in India due to spread nationwide from China, Wuhan city, and then Spread overall, 213 Countries and Territories worldwide have been reported. The Indian Government immediately set up a lockdown and quarantined the patients in the hospital and declared that area as a contentment Zone to avoid infection transmission. In this pandemic situation, many labour workers were living with their families in metropolitan cities. The urgent demand for public transport in the migrant workers from different states in India. For reaching them to the native place. These lead to spreading the coronavirus infection and increase the cases of nCOVID-19. It concluded that public health services and transportation for the migrant worker to reach the native place from all states. A maximum number of trains were needed, rather than travel restriction aware of them regarding wearing of Mask, Handwashing, and Quarantine after travelled. It has been six months since COVID -19; many questions remain unanswered about the coronavirus and its pathology. It was clear by global authorities that countries need to plan and increase health clear awareness and facilities for the migrant workers. --- ## Viruddha ahara and its management - A review article **Authors:** Manish Rajak, Praveen Kumar, Ramesh Prasad **Published:** 2021-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4880 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ahara, Upastambha, Incompatible Diet, Viruddha Ahara Ahara plays an important role in our life. Actually, our healthy life mainly depends on the different types of Ahara which we consume in our daily routine. So Acharya Charak mentioned Ahara in the three Upastambha of Ayurveda. Viruddha Ahara, or incompatible diet, is a very important issue discussed by ancient Ayurveda. The substances which are contrary to dhatus behave with Viruddha to them. This Viruddha Ahara may be in terms of properties, combination, processing, place, time, dose etc. or natural composition. The main aim of this review article is to compile and evaluate the concept of Viruddha Ahara. All the descriptions of Viruddha Ahara mentioned in different Ayurvedic texts were critically analyzed and discussed to check their relation. After critically analyzed it is concluded that if due to Viruddha Ahara, various types of diseases appear in our body, so we should take the Ahara according to Ayurvedic concepts mentioned in different Ayurvedic texts. --- ## COVID-19 Menace: Stepwise Measures with Respect to Diet **Authors:** Monali G Kurhadkar, Renu Rathi, Bharat Rathi, Sandesh Khobragade **Published:** 2021-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4882 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Agantuja Jwar, COVID-19, Immunity, Ahara Human being all over the world is suffering due to the recent outbreaks of COVID-19 and prevention of viral infections emerges as a critical issue in safeguarding public health. According to Ayurveda, COVID-19 is considered as an Agantuja Jwar in which Agantu (outside) agent attacking the body. It is Sansargajanya (Aupasargika Roga) causing epidemic or pandemic infection. As no treatment is found effective, diet plays an important role to improve immunity towards viral diseases. Relevant references were searched related to diet described in Ayurveda treaties. Scientific research papers related to clinical studies on dietetic drugs were also searched. The concept of balanced diet for healthy living has been explained by various Acharyas of Ayurveda, Acharya Kashyapa mentioned that the stability of an individual health is dependent on Ahara and there is nothing best except diet for sustaining the life of human beings. He has also equated Ahara as Bheshaja (medicine) and nothing else is considered as Mahabheshaja (Superior Medicine). Here treatment is suggested as per symptoms available through patients and as per Ayurveda, dietary habits followed during COVID-19 and boosting immunity to fights against pandemic diseases through yoga and Rasayana Chikitsa. --- ## Management of Early Avascular necrosis of femoral head with Core Decompression and Platelet Rich Plasma infiltration **Authors:** Aditya Pundkar, Sandeep Shrivastav, Swapnil Date **Published:** 2021-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4884 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Early Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head, Core Decompression, Platelet Rich Plasma, Femoral Head Salvage Procedures, Total Hip Replacement Various modalities available for the treatment of AVN range from conservative modalities like observation and non-weight-bearing mobilization, various pharmacological agents like Bisphosphonates, Enoxaparin are shown to be useful in some studies, Hyperbaric oxygen therapy to Surgical modalities like femoral head preserving procedures (core decompression with or without additional procedure, i.e. bone grafting, biologic adjuvants – Platelet Rich Plasma, Stem cells etc. and rotational osteotomies) and replacement surgeries. 20 patients of Early AVN who met inclusion criteria and operated with core decompression and PRP infiltration were included in this study. Out of 20 patients, 2 patients (10%) had superficial infections which healed on its own without any intervention, 5 patients (25%) had restriction of movements and 3 patients (15%) required replacement surgery. The mean pre-operative Harris Hip Score of our study was 64.3, and the mean post-operative Harris hip score of our study was 80.2. Out of 20 cases, 6 patients (30%) showed limitation of the progression of the disease, 3 (15%) patients progressed to the further stages of the disease and 11 patients (55%) had remission of the disease. The final outcome, on the basis of Harris Hip Score in 5 patients (25%), was excellent, 7 patients (35%) was good, 5 patients (25%) was fair, and in 3 patients (15%) was poor. Our study concludes that Core decompression along with PRP infiltration can be used as a good alternative for or in addition with traditionally performed core decompression and bone grafting. --- ## Assessment of Cognitive function and Complications in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis **Authors:** Vishnupriya R, Mridu Mariam Daniel, Robin Jacob Abraham, Anand Kumar Shah, Sheethal Kuriakose, Dinesh Kumar Anand **Published:** 2021-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4869 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cognitive Function, End Stage Renal Disease, Hemodialysis, Psychological Distress, Quality of Life ESRD causes changes within the daily lives of patients, creates limitations to perform activities and features a great impact on emotions and quality of life. Cognitive Impairment is common in individuals with CKD, particularly among those treated with dialysis. The aim of the study was to assess the cognitive function, complications, adherence and psychological distress in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The psychological distress was measured using Kessler psychological distress scale K10 and 19(21.12%) subjects had mild distress, 9(10%) subjects with moderate distress and 6(6.66%) had severe psychological distress. Adherence was assessed using the End Stage Renal Disease Adherence Questionnaire (ESRD-AQ). It was found that all the 90(100%) subjects were adherent to hemodialysis attendance and medication. Hemodialysis related acute complications were assessed and it was shown that 84(93.33%) subjects had cardiovascular complications, 86(95.55%) subjects had neuromuscular complications, 72(80%) subjects had electrolyte imbalance, and 83(92.23%) subjects experienced complications like itching, sleep disorders, back pain etc. It was concluded that there would be an improvement in the QOL of subjects if there were necessary interventions & patient education in the early stages of CKD that can help in improving self-management skills of the individual subjects and prevent progression from staging 5-CKD. --- ## Exploring quality control standards and potential antibacterial property of different extracts of the root of Physalis minima L. **Authors:** Dibyendu Shil, Tanmay Sarma, Saumendu Deb Roy, Jashabir Chakraborty, Smriti Rekha Chanda Das, Trishna Das, Taslima Akhter Rohman **Published:** 2021-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4868 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Physalis minima Root, Standardization, Phytochemical, Flavonoid, Antibacterial Physalis minima (Fam. Solanaceae) is well known (local name: Pokmou) ethno-medicinal plant in north-east part of India. Traditional knowledge claimed that aerial parts of this plant has medicinal values like antiulcer, anti inflammatory, antimalarial, antidiabetic, antimicrobial etc but there are lack of scientific evidence to support these properties. The aim of study is to established standard monograph of the root of Physalis minima and also evaluate antibacterial property from root extracts against selected Gram (+ve) (S. aureus) and Gram (–ve) (E. coli) bacteria strains by agar disc diffusion method. Morphological study revealed that root is tap root, greyish white in colour, slightly sweet taste. Microscopic evaluation showed the presence of phelloderm, cambium, medullary rays across the xylem and phloem, starch grains. Physicochemical parameters were found to be within limit. Different extracts have shown the existence of metabolites viz. Alkaloids, steroids, tannin, flavonoids. Phytoconstituents like flavonoid, phenolic and tannin were quantified. Pet ether and ethanol extracts at 5mg/ml concentration showed remarkable zone of inhibition against Gram (+ve) and Gram (–ve) microorganism. Recent study suggests standardized Physalis minima root contains bioactive compounds mainly flavonoids, tannins possess significant antibacterial potential against both Gram (+ve) and Gram (–ve) microorganism. --- ## Prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress in gynaecologists working during COVID-19 pandemic - in private practitioners at Tamilnadu **Authors:** Parimala A, Rajalekshmi M, Nasreen Banu M **Published:** 2021-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4877 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Depression, Anxiety, Stress The research paper titled the Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and stress in gynaecologists working during the COVID-19 pandemic in private practitioners at Tamil Nadu. The objective is to determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress in Gynaecologist who are working during the COVID-19 pandemic practicing privately in Tamil Nadu. Descriptive research is applied using the convenience method of sampling with 118 gynaecologists. Most respondents were female, and the majority of the age group were less than 29 years. It is found that the high prevalence of mental health conditions amongst doctors’ demonstration that mental health carries within the speciality and the key contributory factors to poor mental health. Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could be psychologically stressed. To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19. This cross-sectional, survey-based, region-stratified study collected demographic data and mental health measurements from 118 health care workers. Health care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 were eligible. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on public mental health. Therefore, monitoring and oversight of the population mental health during crises such as a pandemic is an immediate priority. The aim of this study is to analyze the existing research works and findings in relation to the prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. --- ## Optimization of Silver Nanoparticles Production using Aspergillus niger and Study of Antimicrobial Activity **Authors:** Suguna Selvakumaran, Kayathri Marimuthu, Thiruvany Poopalan, Kalaiyarasi Tamil Selvan, Nozieana Khairuddin **Published:** 2021-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4872 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Silver Nanoparticles, Aspergillus niger, Optimized, Antimicrobial Property Silver nanoparticles have attracted high attention worldwide for their various applications. The physiochemical parameters such as temperature, media, mixing ratio affect the rate of synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their yield. Thus, optimization of these physiochemical parameters is needed to enhance the production of silver nanoparticles. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Aspergillus niger culture supernatant. The produced silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible Spectrophotometer at 200 nm to 700 nm, which had a peak at 450 nm, indicates the formation of silver nanoparticles. It was found that Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) as o ptimum media, 40 ml of supernatant and 10 ml of silver nitrate as optimum mixing ratio and 65 °C as optimum temperature to produce silver nanoparticles. The optimized silver nanoparticles were subjected to antimicrobial activity, and it was found that it is highly effective towards gram-negative bacteria than gram-positive bacteria where the zone of inhibition for Escherichia coli was 7 ± 2.7 mm and 5.3 ± 2.1 mm for Staphylococcus aureus. --- ## Neuroprotective effects of Huperzine-A in aluminum induced neurotoxicity in hippocampus of mice **Authors:** Nilesh Kumar Mitra, Aathi Selvanayagam **Published:** 2021-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4870 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aluminum, Hippocampus, Acetylcholinesterase, Huperzine A, Neuroprotection Exposure to aluminum has been correlated with the epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Huperzine A (HupA), derived from the Chinese herb Huperzia serrata, is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, its use in aluminum induced neurotoxicity has not been reported. The objective of the study was to examine the effect of HupA on aluminum-induced changes in AChE activity and hippocampal neurotoxicity. Aged female swiss albino mice were divided into five groups (n=10). Aluminum treated group (Al-S) received 30 mg/Kg of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) intraperitoneally (IP) for two weeks followed by IP normal saline. Three HupA treated groups received similar IP dosage of AlCl3 for two weeks followed by HupA 0.1 mg/Kg, HupA 0.2 mg/Kg and HupA 0.5 mg/kg. Control group received IP normal saline. At the end of week 4, AChE was estimated, and pyramidal neurons of hippocampus were counted. Al-S group showed an increase in mean brain AChE and Al-HupA 0.1 reduced it significantly (p<0.05). Reduction in mean neuronal density in Al-S group, was comparatively more in CA3 hippocampal area (p<0.001). Quantitative study found that 0.2mg/Kg of synthetic Huperzine A given intraperitoneally, was able to increase neuronal count significantly compared to 0.1mg/Kg and 0.5mg/Kg of Huperzine A. --- ## Results of non-surgical treatment of isolated closed tibial shaft fractures **Authors:** Nizam Ahmed, Madan Lal, Niaz Hussain Keerio, Ghazanfar Ali Shah, Aftab Alam Khanzada, Muhammad Rafique Joyo, Syed Shahid Noor **Published:** 2021-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4860 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Non- Surgical, Tibial Shaft, Fracture This Research aimed to see how well isolated closed tibial fractures retained their reduction after being immobilized in a cast. Medical data were gathered for all patients of identified solitary closed tibial shaft fractures treated non-surgically. Males were more typically impacted than females among the 32 individuals evaluated. The mean age was 27.68 years old (SD=7.06). Direct trauma with motorcycle was the most prevalent causes of injury. The average follow-up time for each patient was 9.1 months (SD=2.36). According to the AO/OTA classification, 34.4 % of the fractures are A1.1, 28.1% are A2.1, and 37.5 % are A3. The average time for all fractures to heal was 13.7 weeks (SD=3.24). In the 22nd week, there was one occurrence of delayed union. Shortening of bone was less than 1 cm in 93.75 % of patients and more than 1.5 cm in 6.25% of patients. In 2 (6.25%) of the patients, the anterior or posterior angulation was more than 10 degrees. Furthermore, even with uncomplicated tibial fractures, there appears to be a debate about therapy selection when considering long-term physical handicap and a longer follow-up time. --- ## Effects of paroxetine on biochemical parameters and reproductive function in male rats **Authors:** Rachid Mosbah, Aziez Chettoum, Alberto Mantovani **Published:** 2021-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4863 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antidepressant, Paroxetine, Biochemical Parameters, Reproductive Function, Rat Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are a class of molecules used in treating depression, anxiety, and mood disorders. Paroxetine (PRT) is one of the most prescribed antidepressants, which has attracted great attention regarding its side effects in recent years. This study was planned to assess the adverse effects of paroxetine on the biochemical parameters and reproductive system. Fourteen male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into two groups (7 rats for each): control and treated with paroxetine at a dose of 5mg/kg.bw for two weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood was collected from the retro-orbital plexus for measuring the biochemical parameters, whereas the reproductive organs were removed for measuring semen quality and the histological investigations. Results showed that paroxetine induced significant changes in some biochemical parameters and alteration of semen quality, including sperm count, spermatids number and sperm viability, motility and abnormalities. The histopathological examinations of testis and epididymis revealed an alteration of spermatogenesis, cellular disorganization and vacuolization, enlargement of interstitial space, shrinkage and degenerative changes in the epithelium of seminiferous and epididymal tubules with few to nil numbers of spermatozoa in their lumen. In conclusion, paroxetine treatment caused changes in some biochemical parameters and sperm profiles as well as histopathologic effects of reproductive organs. --- ## Effect of Cervical Mobilization and Transcutaneous Supraorbital Nerve Stimulation in Migraine Without Aura **Authors:** Raghumahanti Raghuveer, Sonali Marbate, Ruchi A **Published:** 2021-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4862 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Migraine, Cervical Mobilization, Transcutaneous Supraorbital Nerve Stimulation, Myofascial Release for Migraine Migraine is one of the most common disabling headache disorders which is categorized into two broad types based on the number of headache days. It is called episodic or general migraine if the attacks occur less than 15 days per month, and it is categorized as chronic or transformed migraine if headache occur on 15 or more days per month. This study was conducted to find out the effect of strategy for pain using a modality and strategy using mobilization in reducing disability, frequency and pain in migraine without aura. Thirty-Two subjects were selected based on diagnostic criteria for migraine and divided into two groups. Group A received Cervical Mobilization and Myofascial Release with home exercise program and Group B received Transcutaneous Supraorbital Nerve Stimulation with home exercise program. Visual Analogue Scale, Questionnaire (HIT-6) were recorded as outcome on baseline and after 3 weeks. Results showed significant improvements in both the groups with, p<0.01. Between group comparisons elicited non-significant differences with p˃0.05. Following the results, it can be concluded that cervical mobilization and Transcutaneous Supraorbital nerve stimulation can be added as a valuable adjunct to medical management in the treatment of migraine without aura. --- ## Invitro Membrane Stabilizing Potentials of Fractionates of Ethanolic Extract of Carica Papaya Leaf **Authors:** Ojongbede Onose, Naiho Alexender Obidike, Nwogueze Bartholomew Chukwuebuka, Ofulue Ofioritse Ogheneyoma, Daubry Tarela Melish Elias, Olowe Gideon Temitope, Ebuwa Emmanuel Ikemefune **Published:** 2021-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4865 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carica papaya, Membrane Stability, Fractionate, Sickle Cell Anaemia Invitro membrane-stabilizing potentials of fractionates of ethanolic extract of Carica Papaya leaf was investigated in this study. The soxhlet extraction method was used to extract the plant, fractionated with 6 different solvents to give 6 different fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, butanol, methanol benzene). Hbss red blood cells samples were obtained from non-crises state sickle cell patients from Eku Baptist hospital Abraka Delta State, Nigeria. These tests involved the use of positive (p-hydroxy benzoic acid 5ug/ml) and negative controls (normal saline) for membrane stability experiments. Hbss blood was treated with 2mg/ml to 10mg/ml in seven groups with leaf fractionates. Data was analyzed using ANOVA test. The results shows that osmotic fragility was reduced by the introduction of the leaf fractionate, with the highest rate of reduction noticed in the hexane 1 fractionate. PHBA reversal rate and osmotic fragility effect was normal at low doses, but as concentration increases, reversal rate and percentage reduction of sickling decreases. It was concluded that Carica papaya leaf extract fractions, just as its crude extracts, have as much osmotic fragility activities, and this is dose-dependent and has no negative effect on tested blood samples as compared with the treatments with PHBA. --- ## Result of high Fibular Osteotomy (HFO) in Osteoarthritis knee **Authors:** Ajmal Khan Silro, Muhammad Faraz Jokhio, Mohsin Aijaz Soomro, Raheel Akbar Baloch, Niaz Hussain Keerio, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Syed Shahid Noor **Published:** 2021-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4861 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** High Fibular Osteotomy, Osteoarthritis, Knee, Varus Deformity, Orthopedic, Mesenchymal Cell Induced Chondrogenesis To assess the effectiveness of high fibular osteotomy (HFO) in improving function and reducing pain among patients diagnosed with osteoarthritis knee admitted in the orthopedic department of Dibba Hospital Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. This is a descriptive, correlational cross-sectional study design. The study was conducted at the Orthopedic department Dibba Hospital Fujairah, United Arab Emirates, during the period from March 2019 to March 2020. All patients had knee osteoarthritis and were managed using HFO. All patients were adults and older than 18 years of age. Data was analyzed using the SPSS program. Ethical approval was gained from the hospital as well as from patients. The mean age of the patients was 32.5 ± 8.3 years. The study included 100 participants, among them, 28 were females, and 72 were males. There was a statistically significant relationship between knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score and Lysholm. Also, knee x-rays images demonstrated clinical improvements among most of the patients. According to previous results, HFO and mesenchymal cell induced chondrogenesis (MCIC)should be considered for treating of medial compartment osteoarthritis, especially in patients with varus deformity. --- ## Awareness and Practice of Radiation Protection Protocols Followed in Dental Clinics-A Survey **Authors:** Simone Shah, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2021-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4859 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Radiation Exposure, General Practitioners, Chennai, ALARA, Thyroid Collar The radiographic examination is one of the principal diagnostic methods used in all fields of medical services and contributes to the promotion of the health. Accordingly, a certain amount of radiation is inevitably delivered to patients during normal radiographic procedures. Repeated radiation doses utilized in dental treatment might be harmful to the patients and thus a thorough knowledge on radiation protection protocols are mandatory for dental clinicians. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, awareness and practice of general dentists practicing in the Chennai regarding radiation prevention protocols undertaken in their area of work. The study was a questionnaire based cross-sectional study. A total of 200 dentists were contacted to participate in the study. The target population entailed were general dentists practicing in Chennai. A Pretested questionnaire was mailed to the respondents following informed consent. The data were extracted from the responses and analyzed. The total response rate recovered was 75 % and the respondents comprised of 54 males & 96 females respectively. Only 49% of the general dentists followed the position & distance rule for radiographic procedures appropriately. The results showed that the knowledge, awareness of the general dentists regarding radiation prevention protocols in Chennai were satisfactory. However, the practice regarding radiation protection protocols were inadequate. To ensure the implementation of radiation prevention protocols, strict protocols must be followed by the licensing and monitoring authorities about the use of the equipment emitting radiation and rigorous health education programs should be initiated to sensitize the clinicians. --- ## Association of ABO and RH Blood Groups with Diabetes **Authors:** Falah Mahdi Thahad, Rasmiya Hadi Basal, Athar Hassan Abdullah **Published:** 2021-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4866 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mellitus (DM), ABO Blood Group, Rhesus Factor (Rh) Diabetes mellitus (DM) expresses a so-called metabolic abnormality resulting from a defect in the secretion of insulin secreted by the pancreas, and this causes a metabolic disorder, i.e. the metabolic syndrome of both triglycerides and carbohydrates, which in turn leads to high blood sugar as well. DM consists of two types, one insulin-dependent and the other non-insulin-dependent. In the past years, researchers have found a relationship between each of the ABO blood groups with susceptibility to certain diseases, as it was found that peptic ulcer disease is most affected by people with blood type O. The vast majority of them suffer from stomach cancer in addition to increased susceptibility to sweating. In our current research, our study includes DM metabolic disorder and its relationship to each of the different blood groups of people as well as the ABO/Rhesus (Rh.) factor. --- ## Serum 25 hydroxycholecalciferol levels throughout pregnancy - A cross-sectional study in South Indian Pregnant Women **Authors:** Julie Christy A, Saraswathi Perumal, Sumathy G **Published:** 2021-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4864 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 25 hydroxycholicalciferol, Pregnancy, Vitamin D, Retarded Growth Vitamin D deficiency has been reported worldwide. It has been reported at suboptimal levels in gestation. The levels vary during various trimesters of pregnancy. This article focuses on the gestation week wise variations observed in the serum cholecalciferol levels during gestation. 100 venous blood samples were collected from singleton, non-smoking pregnancies. The samples were collected in the summer and winter seasons during various weeks of pregnancy. The samples were collected randomly in patients who were not supplemented with vitamin D. The serum cholecalciferol levels were observed to be deficient during the first trimester (below<30 ng/ml), there was an increase in the vitamin D levels in the second trimester (levels<30 ng/ml). During the third trimester, the levels increased gradually. The ratio of cases deficient during the first trimester was higher when compared to the second and third trimesters. The serum cholecalciferol levels remain deficient due to the foetal organogenesis in the first trimester. The serum 25 hydroxy cholecalciferol levels are compensated with the development of the placenta. During the second trimester, it gradually increases and reaches sufficient limits during the third trimester. --- ## UV Spectrophotometric Method Development and Validation of Esomeprazole in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms **Authors:** Gowtham Reddy Cheruku, Sai Laasya Mithinti, Purushotham Saidu **Published:** 2021-09-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4855 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Esomeprazole, Sodium Hydroxide (NAOH), UV Spectrophotometer, Sonicator, Electronic Balance The work discusses method development and validation. An uncomplicated, accurate, and straightforward method was developed for the drug Esomeprazole in bulk as well as Pharmaceutical dosage form. NaOH was used as the solvent. The maximum wavelength (ʎ max) for Esomeprazole was found to be 305nm. The validation was performed as per International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines for Accuracy linearity, precision, Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ). Esomeprazole's recovery percentage (%) was 100.20%, respectively. Linearity for Esomeprazole was observed between 5-25µg/ml, respectively. Regression equation y=0.0407x-0.0122, regression coefficient (r²) is 0.9963 for Esomeprazole. Inter day and intraday precision were checked, % relative standard deviation values were less than 2. The regression equations were used to derive the Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) values. LOD value was found to be 0.734 µg/mL and LOQ value was 2.224 µg/mL for Esomeprazole. The assay of the marketed formulation was performed, which was between 98-102%. So the method developed was simple and economical that can be adopted for routine tests. --- ## Development and Validation of UV Spectrophotometric Method of Mesalamine Using Hydrotropic Solubilizing Agents **Authors:** Bhavani N L D, Gowtham Reddy Cheruku, Bhargava Sri Harsha Polina, Dheeraj Kotagiri, Jnanendra Kumar Korukollu **Published:** 2021-09-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4856 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hydrotropic Solubilization, Mesalamine, Citric Acid, UV Spectrophotometer, Electronic Balance, Sonicator The work was proposed to discuss method development and validation of the drug Mesalamine by using hydrotropic solubilizing agents. An uncomplicated, accurate, and precise method was developed for the drug Mesalamine in bulk as well as Pharmaceutical dosage form. 5M Urea was used as the hydrotropic solubilizing agent to enhance the solubility of the drug. The maximum wavelength (ʎ max) for Mesalamine was found to be 241nm. The validation was performed as per International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines for Accuracy, linearity, precision, Limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantification (LOQ). Percentage recovery (%) of Mesalamine was ascertained to be between 95 to 98%. Linearity for Mesalamine was observed between 2-10 µg/ml. Regression equation y=0.0571x-0.0186, regression coefficient (r²) is 0.9996 for Mesalamine. Inter day and intraday precision were checked, % relative standard deviation values were less than 2 for both the methods. Limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantification (LOQ) values were derived using regression equations. LOD value was found to be 0.55 µg/ml. LOQ value was found to be 1.67 µg/ml. The assay of the marketed formulation was performed and the results of the assay were obtained by the proposed method. The results are in between 98-102%. So, the method developed was simple and economical that can be adopted for routine tests. --- ## Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) in Tuberculosis Patients **Authors:** Akash S Wallepure, Salin Sebastian, Sradha S Thomas, Nishant Khatiwada, Divya Mol E C, Vivekanand Kumbar **Published:** 2021-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4854 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tuberculosis, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. TB is a significant and major public health emergency globally. According to the WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2020, 10 million people developed TB disease in the year 2019. The main objective of the study was to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice in TB patients. The study also reveals the association between KAP and the demographics of the subjects. An observational study was employed to collect data from a total of 71 subjects. Both quantitative and qualitative statistical analysis were adopted. From the findings, the mean age of the study population was 45.5 ± 13.96 years. Over 15.50% of subjects appeared to have adequate knowledge, 87.33% of subjects had a fair attitude, and around 58% of subjects were reported to have good practices towards TB. A weak positive correlation between knowledge and attitude (p = 0.051), weak positive correlation between knowledge and practice (p = 0.138) whereas, a significant and moderately positive correlation between attitude and practice (p = 0.002) was observed. The mean knowledge scores of graduates and post-graduates were higher in comparison with other study subjects. The study findings showed that the majority of subjects had several misconceptions about TB and hence prioritized interventions and more awareness programs at the root levels are needed to aid TB control and eradication. --- ## Artificial Intelligence in the Pharmacy Profession **Authors:** Shivani Agarwal, Rachit Kumar Gupta, Shivang Kumar **Published:** 2021-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4853 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Artificial Intelligence (AI), Clinical Trial, Deep Learning, Drug Discovery, Machine Learning, Oncology, Robot The scientist named ‘John McCarthy' used the term "Artificial Intelligence" for the very first time in 1956. Previously, it is only limited to engineering field, but in the recent years, it is briefly introduced into the other fields like pharma, healthcare, business, public sector etc. This review article presented to help as a short presentation of AI for the doctors and pharmacists. Here we describe the AI in various field of medical care, its advantage as well as disadvantages in pharmacy, and its tools. It is greatly advanced into the decision-making, problem solving and critical thinking and having applications in various fields like business, pharmacy, health care, and engineering as well. Now the robots are using in the various medical procedures as they are more trustworthy for doctors, as they are more advanced in their work, as they can do any task within the short time period and effectively than humans. This is concluded that AI is the new evolving field in every sector, even in pharmacy, and it need more development for updating the current scenario as well as for new researches. --- ## Molecular Docking and ADME Study of Quinoline and Chalcone based Derivatives for Anti-Cancer Activity **Authors:** Kuldeep Patel, Richa Dubey, Shaifali Soni, Jagdish Chandra Rathi, Neerupma Dhiman **Published:** 2021-09-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4849 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Docking, Thymine Phosphorylation, Zinc Database, Chalcone, Qunoline Cancer is a big issue that affects people all over the world. It develops as a result of uncontrolled cell growth. The interaction between developed ligands and thymine phosphorylation was investigated in this study, which was computationally optimized. The aim of this study was to examine the anticancerous activity of designed ligands in thymine phosphorylation (PDB ID: 1UOU) in order to minimize the cost and time required to develop a novel anticancer drug with minimal side effects. All the designed ligands showed mild to excellent binding with proteins. Most of the ligands exhibited better interaction compared to reference compound Tamoxifen with pdb files. Some of the designed ligands among (1-7) in qunoline derivatives and (1-5) in Chalcone derivatives showed excellent docking scores with PDB file (1UOU) of thymine phosphorylation. All the designed ligands and Zinc databases were docked with 1UOU PDB files of protein, and it was found that out of twenty-five designed ligands in Qunoline series, ligand 25 showed the best binding (docking score−8.268) with 1UOU PDB of protein thymine phosphorylation. And that out of ten designed ligands in Chalcone series, ligand K1 showed the best binding (docking score−9.433) with 1UOU PDB of protein thymine phosphorylation. Docked ligand cavity of ligand ku 25 in qunoline series and K 9 in Chalcone series showed important hydrophobic/non-polar residues such as Ile199, Ile316, Trp119, Phe168, Ile198, Cys172, Tyr188, Tyr398, Tyr435, Phe343, Tyr60, Leu328, Leu171, and showed pi-pi interaction with Tyr326. Further wet laboratory studies are continued in our laboratory to confirm and find out the efficiency and activity of target compounds. --- ## Comprehensive rehabilitation of Supraspinatus tear: A case study of post-op fracture stiffness **Authors:** Angela Kapoor **Published:** 2021-09-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4846 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Combine Physical Therapy, Electrotherapeutic Modality, Frozen Shoulder, Lateral Fracture of Clavicle, Shoulder Mobilization The disorders of the upper extremity and the shoulder is extremely common accounting for 30% of people who experience shoulder pain and stiffness at some stage of their ageing. A high incidence of shoulder dysfunction is seen in people in recent trends. Shoulder stiffness is the main complication after fracture shoulder immobilization, and Diabetes Mellitus contribute to the frozen shoulder, which is the most typical complication in Diabetes mellitus patients. A case of lateral clavicle fracture with chief complaints of pain on the right shoulder, stiffness around the joint and reduced range of motion was reported to the outpatient physiotherapy department for rehabilitation. A proper assessment was done, and the differential diagnosis was frozen shoulder with supraspinatus tendon tear was reported. The patient also had a reduced range of motion of shoulder abduction and lateral rotation due to frozen shoulder. The investigation of MRI report stated that there is a partial supraspinatus tendon tear. Medical examination of the frozen shoulder confirms the diagnosis. A combination of non-pharmacological treatment with exercises, NSAID and exercise therapy, was planned. He was successfully treated with the combination of physical therapy treatment with the electrotherapy modalities and shoulder girdle mobilization. Comprehensive therapeutic exercises include mobilization of soft tissue using Cyriax technique, peripheral joint mobilization to improve controlled ROM. Mobilization of soft tissue along with home exercise supports patients suffering from frozen shoulder. The treatment primarily aimed at relieving pain and increasing range of motion and thus improving the quality of life in the patient. Only manual therapy alone does not give satisfactory results along with electrotherapeutic modality with proper dose work on the patient. --- ## Preservation of human tissue by plastination: An anatomical perspective **Authors:** Nazma Farhat, Tanbira Alam, Niazur Rahman S M **Published:** 2021-09-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4852 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Human Anatomy, Plastination, Polymer, Preservation The necessity of preserving human tissue has increased over the years because of various reasons. Preserved tissues play a crucial part in the teaching and research of anatomy. This review paper has compiled the basic techniques of human tissue plastination from the anatomical perspective and its advantages over typical methods. One of the most effective techniques we used to preserve human tissue is plastination. It was developed by German anatomist Dr. Gunther Von Hagens. After him, many improvements are made to get maximum results. Because of this technique's advancement, we can see an accurate 3-D sample of human tissue, which is anatomically correct and looks almost real. There are essential procedures for all types of plastination like fixation, dehydration, defatting, force impregnation, positioning, and hardening. Silicone, epoxy, and polyester are primarily used as the polymer. Acetone is used for dehydration. Removal of fat is crucial for tissue preservation by plastination. Plastinated specimens are used in laboratories for teaching anatomy, in research institutes for morphological studies, and also in forensic to solve crimes. After analyzing several research articles, it was concluded that plastination has much more advantages than other human tissue preservation techniques for anatomical usages. --- ## Virosomes as drug delivery system: An updated review **Authors:** Mohd Muaz Mughees, Mughees Ahmad Ansari, Afifa Mughees, Faisal Farooque, Mohd Wasi **Published:** 2021-09-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4850 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Drug Delivery System, Structure, Application, Mechanism, Influenza Virosomes Amid the era of development in all sphere of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, it would not be an exaggeration to say that we have a myriad of molecules available to us in labs with promising results against many diseases. The limitation lies in the fact that some molecules are toxic when they act on organs other than their targets. Yet others cannot reach their targets in the desired concentration, be it due to easy degradation in the gut or high first-pass metabolism or very short half-life, etc. Thus, to overcome this, we have an alternate drug delivery system, namely Virosomes. The purpose of this review is to understand the drug delivery aspect of the virosomes, its type, structure, method of preparation, mechanism of action, administration routes and the application in the medical field. Virosomes are the regenerated viral envelope having a central empty space that can act as the vehicles for drug delivery. The central empty space can be filled with the desired bioactive molecule. Virosomes are most commonly prepared by using the reconstituted viral envelope of the Influenza virus, but other virus such as Sendai or HVJ, Hepatitis B Virus, HIV, New castle Disease Virus etc., can also be used for the preparation of virosomes. Virosomes has a great potential as the drug delivery system for almost all types of the drugs, and this encourages the researchers and therapeutic industries to enhance their pharmacological profiles, clinical result and stability. --- ## Curcumin anti-inflammatory and antitumorigenic effect on arteriovenous fistula maturation in patient with end-stage renal disease with diabetes mellitus **Authors:** Dedy Pratama, Hendro Sudjono Yuwono, Rudi Supriyadi, Herry Herman, Avicenna Akbar, Bany Faris Amin, Fachreza Aryo Damara **Published:** 2021-08-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4843 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acetylsalicylic Acid, Arteriovenous fistula, Curcumin, Matrix Metalloproteinase 9, Nitric Oxide The primary clinical problem of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the high maturation failure rate. Curcumin shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumorigenic, and antiproliferative effects that may contribute to AVF maturation. This study investigated the effectiveness of curcumin and acetylsalicylic acid on anti-inflammatory and antitumorigenic effects on AVF maturation in patients with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) with diabetes mellitus (DM). The present study is a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial consisting of curcumin, acetylsalicylic acid, or placebo intervention for eight weeks. A total of 67 participants completed the intervention. There was a higher level of nitric oxide (NO) between the curcumin and placebo four weeks (92.58±24.70 vs 75.67±16.50 µmol/L, adjusted p = 0.038) and eight weeks (95.27±28.77 vs 76.66±23.24 µmol/L, adjusted p <0.05) postoperatively. Higher-level of NO between acetylsalicylic acid and placebo (93.65±24.65 vs 75.67±16.50 µmol/L, adjusted p = 0.031) four weeks postoperatively. Curcumin increases NO after four and eight weeks and lowers MMP-9 four weeks after AVF operation. Acetylsalicylic acid increases NO four weeks after AVF surgery on ESRD patients with DM. --- ## Formulation and Invitro characterization of Flurbiprofen loaded Nanosponges **Authors:** Gangadhara R, Satheesh K P, Devanna N, Sasikala L, Vandavasi Koteswara Rao **Published:** 2021-08-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4841 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Flurbiprofen, Carbopol, Pluronic F68, Ethyl Cellulose The aim of this analysis is to see how effective a Nanosponge-loaded topical gel is at distributing flurbiprofen through the skin. Flurbiprofen was entrapped in Nanosponge and formulated into a gel for this purpose. Flurbiprofen Nanosponges were developed by solvent evaporation using pluronic F68 and ethyl cellulose. The particle size and entrapment quality were discovered to be in the range of 200-410 nm and 90.94% to 98.68%, respectively. For gel formulation, Nanopsonges with high entrapment efficiency and the smallest particle size (F3) were chosen based on the characterization. Using Guar gum, Carbopol, and HPMC K4M, a total of 6 formulations were produced to determine the sustained drug release and were tested for physiochemical tests, producing positive results. According to the findings of the above in vitro drug release trials, formulations containing carbopol release more drug at the end of 11 hours than other formulations and follow a zero-order with case II transport mechanism. --- ## Comparison of intravenous ibuprofen and intravenous ketorolac effectivity for non-specific acute musculoskeletal pain **Authors:** Rizaldy Taslim Pinzon, Tifany Edfa Susanto **Published:** 2021-08-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4838 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Non-Specific Acute Musculoskeletal Pain, Pain Intensity, Intravenous Ibuprofen, Intravenous Ketorolac Acute musculoskeletal pain is an illness of muscle, bone, joint, and muscle tissue that is caused by an injury or inflammation. Ibuprofen and Ketorolac are Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs or NSAID that are usually used for non-specific acute musculoskeletal pain. The purpose of the study is to compare the pain relief of non-specific acute musculoskeletal pain between intravenous Ibuprofen and intravenous Ketorolac therapy. This study uses a quasi-experimental, non-randomized, non-equivalent, active comparator, open-label study. The total sample for this study is 60 subjects, divided into two groups (n-30), subjects are required by using purposive sampling. Pain measured by Numeric Pain Scale. The mean baseline of the pain intensity were 63.33 ± 8.841 for the Ibuprofen group and 59.33 ± 12.847 for the Ketorolac group. There was not any differences between both of group (p = 0.107) after the medication were given all measurement shows significant differences between two groups (p = <0.05) that Ibuprofen group shows better results. Intravenous Ibuprofen has better effectivity rather than intravenous Ketorolac as a treatment of non-specific acute musculoskeletal pain. --- ## Assessment of Health Related Quality of Life and Medication Adherence in the Elderly Population **Authors:** Aishwaria Jyothi Bhasu, Mangala Susmitha, Rhea Climies, Asmita Clara Baral, Divya Mol E C, Nandini Swamy **Published:** 2021-08-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4839 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Compliance, Elderly, Health Related Quality of Life, Medication Adherence, Medication Non-Adherence The elderly population, aged above 60 years, are prone to various chronic and concurrent diseases. This requires prolonging medication usage, often with complex regimens which affect their medication-taking behavior, compliance, adherence, and overall prognosis of the disease. Thereby, an accurate assessment of adherence behavior and its complimentary factors, prescription analysis are necessary for effective and efficient treatment planning and an overall improvement in the Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) of the elderly population. Our study was aimed to comprehend the HRQOL and medication adherence pattern of the elderly. One hundred and thirty-three subjects with a mean age of 66.68 ± 5.49 years were recruited for the study and were assessed for their HRQOL, medication adherence, and the factors influencing medication adherence. Relevant data were collected, questionnaires were administered, and appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. Our findings demonstrated that there is a noticeable change in the HRQOL of the elderly population. It was also found that subjects were highly adherent to their medications, but certain factors played a major role in influencing medication non-adherence. This implies the importance of determining factors affecting HRQOL, medication adherence, adequate prescription analysis, and promoting and practicing rational use of drugs that can significantly optimize therapy and provide a good prognosis of disease for the elderly population. --- ## Green tea phytocompounds targets Lansterol 14-α demethylase against ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida glabrata **Authors:** Priyanka Sirari, Jigisha Anand, Devvret A, Ashish Thapliyal, Nishant Rai **Published:** 2021-08-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4840 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Candida, Erg11, Ergosterol, Green Tea, Rutin Green tea is credited as one of the world’s healthiest drinks with enriched antioxidants. It is known for its multi-beneficial health benefits against diabetes, blood pressure, hypertension, gastro-intestinal upset and is bestowed with significant antimicrobial potential. There are previous scientific evidence highlighting the antifungal potential of green tea and has identified it as a potential inhibitor of non-albicans Candida species. Lansterol 14-α demethylase (Erg 11) or CYP51 protein belongs to the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) superfamily. Erg 11 is involved in ergosterol biosynthesis and has a significant role in azole drug resistance in Candida glabrata. The present study attempted to identify the inhibitory potential of green tea phytocompounds against inhibition of Erg 11 in Candida glabrata using bioinformatics tool viz., autodock vina software. Out of 15 green tea phytocompounds investigated, the study identified, Rutin (-10.5 kcal) Kaempferitrin (-9.4kcal), Epigallocatechin gallate (-10kcal), Epicatechin gallate (-8.7kcal), and Coumaroylquinic acid (-8.6kcal) acid as the potent phytocompounds which showed significant molecular interaction with Erg 11 in Candida glabrata. In attribution to the constant emergence of azole-resistant isolates, this preliminary analysis therefore, indicated the potential of green tea phytocompounds against inhibition of non-albicans Candida specific candidiasis. However, further, in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of these phytocompounds, the dose regime, drug likeliness, and cytotoxic analysis are required to be investigated and validated. --- ## Anti-hyperlipidemic effects of citrus fruit peel extracts against high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats **Authors:** Pallavi M, Ramesh C K, Siddesha J M, Krishna V, Kavitha G C, Nethravathi A M, Sameera Parveen, Anil Kumar K M **Published:** 2021-08-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4837 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atherogenic Index, LDL-C/HDL-C Ratio, Lipid Profile, Lime, Sour Orange The anti-hyperlipidemic effects of ethanolic extracts of orange, pomello, lime, citron and sour orange fruit peels (250 and 500 mg kg-1, i.p) were tested in high fat diet-fed rats. The ethanolic extracts of lime and sour orange peels (250 and 500 mg kg-1, i.p) showed potent anti-hyperlipidemic effects, as evident by the decreases in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL-C, and VLDL-C, in addition to the increases in HDL-C levels. Besides, lime and sour orange peels (250 and 500 mg kg-1) extract significantly decreased LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, while lime, sour orange and pomello peel extracts markedly decreased atherogenic index. Remarkably, lime peel extract followed by sour orange and orange at 500 mg kg-1 dose improved hepatic architecture to near normal with less deposition of fat globules and fewer sinusoids. Altogether, lime and sour orange peel extracts were found to be effective against hyperlipidemic parameters such as TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios, and athrogenic index, in addition to the increased levels of HDL-C. Thus, lime and sour orange peel extracts could be natural supplement in the management of hyperlipidemia and associated diseases. --- ## Gender difference in cruciate ligament of the knee in normal condition and the risk to its injury; an updated review **Authors:** Yasser Alharbi **Published:** 2021-08-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4836 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cruciate Ligament, Knee, Risk, Trauma, Females, Injury Anterior cruciate ligament is a broad intracapsular stabilising ligament in the knee joint. Anterior cruciate ligament tears are one of the commonest injuries occurring to athletes. Numerous studies have investigated the epidemiology and risk factors to anterior Cruciate Ligament injury. It has been documented that anterior Cruciate Ligament tears are more common among females. In this review, we presented a collective summary of cruciate ligaments variations between genders in normal conditions and in different illnesses. Moreover, we illustrated the different response between genders to trauma and stressors as regards the effect on the cruciate ligaments. We also presented a summary of the risk factors and types of injury to the cruciate ligaments in response to different modes of trauma. We summarized the most prevalent, recent and evidence-based risk factors of anterior Cruciate Ligament injuries which include genetic, hormonal, anatomical, environmental, biomechanical and neuromuscular risk factors. We emphasized on the relationship between age, hormones and the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries during puberty, older ages and changes accompanying menstrual cycles. We conclude that risk factors are numerous, but the higher prevalence in females can be predictable based on these factors and therefore preventable. However, further studies are required to deeper investigate the recovery predictive factors after injury and determine better approaches to tackle these risk factors. --- ## Assessment of Chromosome Cassette Pattern of MRSA in Correlation to Coagulase Gene **Authors:** Salama Mostafa Abdel-Hafez, Essam Hassan Mohamed, Youssef Saeed Alghamdi, Mohamed Mohamed Soliman, Saad Hommod Alotaibi, Adel Alkhedaide, Magdy Yassin Hassan, Hamada Hassan Amer **Published:** 2021-08-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4835 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** MRSA, Chromosome Cassette Patterns, Coagulase Repeats, PCR The resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to antimicrobials drugs is due to expression of the mecA gene. Current study was conducted on 33 MRSA clinical samples (Cefotaxime and Oxacillin positive). All MRSA isolates were examined using Antibiogram, Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) and PCR to clarify the expression of SCCmec genes and to detect the differences on repeats of coagulase gene (Coa). Results showed that all isolates were 100% resistant against Amoxycillin-clavulanate, Ampicillin and Cefotaxime, 45.5% were resistant against Ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. mecA gene is expressed in all examined isolates (100%). All examined isolates harbored and expressed coagulase gene repeats. Coagulase repeats were 27.27% with 5 repeats (81pb), and 72.72% with 4 repeats. In conclusion, the virulence of MRSA strains is increased and gave different antibiogram activities from different global regions and the repeats of Coa gene give no detectable differences among MRSA strains. --- ## Zymography-types, advantages, uses and troubleshooting - A detailed review **Authors:** Madhu Narayan **Published:** 2021-08-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4833 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Zymography, Matrix Metalloproteinases, In-Gel Zymography (IGZ), In-Situ Zymography, In-vivo Zymography There are many methods for the study and quantification of enzymes in the body systems. Off-late, the method of zymography has assumed immense importance in diagnostic medicine. It is a method where enzymes are visualized using the substrate conversion technique. The product of reaction appears, or the substrate disappears and the mechanisms specific for the recognition of this measure the biochemical reaction. This procedure has many advantages, the most important ones being providing both qualitative and measurable data, such as molecular zymography methods for visualising hydrolytic enzymes and differentiating among whole molecules, degradation and complexes. There are three main types of zymography, namely- In-Gel zymography (IGZ), In-Situ zymography (ISZ) and In-vivo zymography (IVZ). There are many variations of this technique like transfer 2D and reverse zymography. This method is mainly used to study the expression of matrix metalloproteinases. Alternate to the conventional zymography techniques have been suggested, like usage of the new Ponceau S staining protocol that provides significant benefits in terms of assay usability and cost reduction and is comparatively faster and easier. Mild alterations in the actual procedure of zymography can take care of minor issues arising during the procedure. --- ## Ayurvedic herbal remedies as bone regenerative materials for surface coating of implants-A preliminary in-vitro validation study **Authors:** Srinidhi Bhat, Ramesh Chowdhary **Published:** 2021-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4831 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cissus Quadrangularis, Lakshadi Guggulu, Alkaline Phosphatase, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Osteogenesis Asthishrinkala and Lakshadi guggulu are traditional ayurvedic herbal constituents widely used in treatment of bone disorders. These herbal constituents improve the bone regenerative capacity by their osteogenic potential. Identify the active constituents and their uses improving the treatment outcome in modern orthopaedic medicine. The aim of the study is to isolate and evaluate the osteogenic activities of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Cissus Quadrangularis and Lakshadi guggulu. Various concentrations of aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. quadrangularis and Lakshadi Guggulu were subjected to assess the alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activity using spectrophotometric method and their kinetics were determined. The extracts of C. quadrangularis and lakshaqdi guggulu shows increased alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activity with increasing concentration. Moreover the activity of Lakshadi guggulu methanolic extract was more superior to the C. Quadrangularis at respective concentration. Based on the increased alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activity, the C. Quadrangularis and Lakshadi guggulu extracts possess significant osteogenic activity which can be used as a competent surface modification material in dental bone healing and orthopaedic titanium implants. --- ## Preliminary Physico-Chemical Profile of Yashtimadhu Ghrita **Authors:** Swathy Vijayakumar, Mahadevan Subramaniam, Vandana Rani Madhavan, Anusree Dileep, Ramesh Narve Venkatesha, Delvin Thozhuthumparambil Robin **Published:** 2021-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4832 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Yashtimadhu ghrita, TLC, HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Physico-Chemical Analysis, Acute Injuries Yashtimadhu ghrita is a single-herbal ghee formulation mentioned in the classical texts of Ayurveda and is indicated in sadya kshatavrana (an acute inflammatory condition or an acute wound associated with trauma). It also minimizes the pain related to the wound. The present study is intended to create a finger print profile of Yastimadhu ghrita through its pharmacognostical identification and the physico-chemical analysis. The genuineness of the dry specimen of Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.) was confirmed through organoleptic evaluation and cross-sectional microscopy. Yashtimadhu ghrita was prepared as per the Sneha paka (preparation of unctuous formulations using ghee, oil etc.) procedure mentioned in Sarngadhara Samhita Madhyama khanda and the standard operative procedures specified in Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India. The test result of the finished product shows Acid value 6.7, saponification value 213.4, and Refractive index value 1.455 at room temperature, Iodine value 38.7, LOD 0.64. TLC and HPTLC were carried out for the characterization of the plant material in an appropriate solvent system. A total of nine spots were distinguished in 254 nm and five spots in 366 nm during the HPTLC scanning. The Rf value pertaining to the spots were identical in the methanolic extract which indicates the presence of definite constituents in Yashtimadhu ghrita. --- ## A Comprehensive Review on the Drug: Fenofibrate **Authors:** Deepak Gunwal, Braham Dutt, Manjusha Choudhary, Vikas Budhwar **Published:** 2021-08-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4829 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Fenofibrate, Antihyperlipidemia, Solubility, Bioavailability, Hypercholesterolemia Fenofibrate is currently used as antihyperlipidemic drug, which has a direct effect on lowering cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL (Low-Density Lipids), VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipids) levels along with raising the level of HDL (High-density Lipids) in the blood. It also plays a significant role in insulin resistance metabolic disorder. This drug is mainly used for controlling diseases related to lipids like hypercholesterolemia, severe hypertriglyceridemia and dyslipidaemia. Along with statins, it significantly controls the level of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. It belongs to the group of drugs called 'Fibrate'. Fenofibrate was patented in 1969. In 1974, it was synthesized as a derivative of clofibrate and launched at the French market. It was marketed in 1975. In 2017, it was available as a generic medicine. Presently this API is being marketed in around 85 countries all over the world. Fenofibrate is a BCS Class-II drug having poor water solubility. The poor aqueous solubility of this drug causes low bioavailability and limited permeability through the GIT membrane. This API degrades at higher temperatures and in a humid environment, with one of the resultant degradation products being fenofibric acid. In the present review, we have discussed the historical development, pharmacology, analytical profile with its physicochemical properties and ongoing research scenario on this API. --- ## Wound healing potential of Launaea pinnatifida Cass leaf juice in rats **Authors:** Kamala K Chandak, Dipak D Wasule **Published:** 2021-08-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4830 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Launaea pinnatifida, Wound Healing, Topical Application, Acute Toxicity Testing Launaea pinnatifida is a procumbent herb native to the coastal area and found throughout India and many other countries. It is utilized as a dietary plant in the preparation of various dishes in the Maldives. Traditionally it is used for the treatment of skin injuries and is reported to contain flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, tannins, saponins etc. As no scientific work has been found to be published related to wound healing potential of the L. pinnatifida plant, the present study investigated the effects of dried leaf juice of L. pinnatifida on wound healing property in rats using various wound models. In result analysis, the wound contraction percentage was found to be increased and the scar area and epithelization time were found to be decreased when 3 % ointment L. pinnatifida leaf juice was applied topically. Similarly, with incision and dead space wound models, wound breaking strength and hydroxyproline levels were found to be increased. So, Launaea pinnatifida leaf juice showed significant wound healing activity in all wound models, which supports its claim for being used traditionally in skin diseases. --- ## Safety Pharmacological studies of Kalyanaka ghrita **Authors:** Diddi Sneha Latha, Arulmozhi S **Published:** 2021-08-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4827 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ICH S7A&S7B, Kalyanaka ghrita, Modified Irwin’s Test, Cardiovascular Safety, Respiratory Safety Safety pharmacology is a study of unfavorable, pharmacodynamic effects of a drug on physiological functions with therapeutic range by using International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) S7A guidelines. The cardiovascular, central nervous, and respiratory systems are most affected by pharmacological side effects, resulting withdrawal of multiple medications from the market. Kalyanaka ghrita (KG) is an Ayurvedic formulation with ghee as a major basic component, though a promising candidate in treatment of AD, KG has not been documented for its safety profile, which prompted the study. In this study we evaluated safety pharmacology of KG oral (4, 2, 1g/kg), and nasal (100, 50, 25 µl/rat), in Wistar rats for 28 days subjected to CNS, CVS and the respiratory safety profile was evaluated on day 0, 14 and 28. At the end of the study the nasal turbinate was evaluated histopathologically. In the present study KG did not cause any significant change in CNS profile. However KG treatment had increased the grooming and rearing behaviors, which were not significant compared to vehicle control and did not cause change in CVS and respiratory profile upon treatment with KG for 28 days. The epithelium of nasal turbinate of animals was found intact after 28 days of nasal administration. After sustained dosing, the KG oral and intranasal treated groups showed no harmful events, which illustrates the CNS, CVS and respiratory safety profile of Kalyanaka ghrita. --- ## Influence of Withania somnifera(L) Dunal Root Extract on Rat Kidney Exposed to Electromagnetic Waves from Mobile Phone: A Histopathological and Antioxidant Analysis **Authors:** Jyothi Lakshmi K, Sathialekshmi V, Vinaykumar N **Published:** 2021-08-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4826 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR), Oxidative Stress, Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD), Kidney, Withania somnifera This study is about to discover the consequences of 4G mobile phone emission on MDA, anti-oxidants, antioxidant marker, and histo-pathological variations in the kidney of rats.144 male rats were separated into four groups. The Group I is considered as the control group, Group II was subjected to mobile radiation 2400 MHz frequency range for 3 hours/day for the period of 6 months, Group III was as same as Group II but treated with 250 mg/kg aqueous extract of Withania somnifera root (Aq-Wsr) orally for 6 months. Group IV was given 250 mg/kg Aq-Wsr alone for 6 months. The animals were euthanized and the kidneys cells have been evaluated for antioxidant and histo-pathological parameters. Results of the study demonstrated that the LPO were significantly raised (p < 0.05) while SOD, CAT, GSH and GPx were significantly lowered (p < 0.05) in the EMR exposed group when compared to the Group I and Group III. In histo-pathological observation, intertubular congestion, haemorrhage, necrotic changes in cortex and medulla, cast formation within the proximal and distal tubules have elevated significantly inside the EMR group compared to the control group (p <.05). Contrarily, the total number of glomeruli in the cortex of EMR group of subjects decreased compared to the Control group (p< 0.05). The defensive effects of Aq-Wsr were witnessed within the kidney of Group III rats. From the study, it is very significant to raise open awareness of promising harmful consequences of cell phone radiofrequency EMR exposure. --- ## Pharmacognostical studies on leaves of Mussaenda frondosa Linn. **Authors:** Shanthi S **Published:** 2021-08-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4825 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Flavonoids, Fluorescence, Mussaenda frondosa, Pharmacognosy, Physicochemical, Phytochemical The Mussaenda frondosa Linn. belonging to the family Rubiaceae, commonly known as Sriparnah in Sanskrit, is a scandent shrub traditionally used in the treatment of cough, bronchitis, fever, inflammation, wounds, ulcers, jaundice, leucoderma and pruritus. Though it is an important plant, till date, no pharmacognostical reports have been available on its leaf. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to ascertain the requisite pharmacognostical standards for the standardization of the Mussaenda frondosa leaves. Various investigations like Pharmacognostical studies, preliminary phytochemical screening and High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis were carried out, and the salient qualitative parameters were reported. Microscopical evaluation of the leaf revealed the presence of paracytic stomata, microcrystal’s, Idioblast, collenchymas, sand crystals and unicellular unbranched covering Trichomes. The presence of flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, mucilage, saponins and proteins were confirmed through Preliminary phytochemical studies. The HPTLC profile of ethanol extract from M. frondosa L. revealed ten phytoconstituents of Rf value ranging from 0.11 to 0.88. The significant peaks are observed at Rf values of 0.11, 0.16, 0.23 and 0.81. These findings provide referential information for correct identification and standardization of the Musssaenda frondosa leaves, even in powder form. This information will also be useful to distinguish Mussaenda frondosa from the closely related other species of Mussaenda. The Pharmacognostic and phytochemical profiles reported in this research work for Mussaenda frondosa may play a major role in setting monograph of the plant, which might be helpful in proper identification of the plant. --- ## Psychological distress and its associated factors in the hypertensive patient (HTN-Pt) in Ludhiana, Punjab: A questionnaire-based retrospective study **Authors:** Maninder Singh, Bikram Singh, Arshvir Kaur **Published:** 2021-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4823 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hypertension, Herbal Formulations, Psychological Distress, Kessler-10, Grapes An elevation in blood pressure is an important risk factor of cardiovascular disease and several factors that can contribute to hypertension induce psychological distress. This study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of psychological distress and to assess general awareness regarding disease, concomitant substance abuse, and use of herbal drugs among hypertensive patients (HTN-Pt) at Satguru Pratap Singh (SPS) Hospitals, Ludhiana. The psychological distress was assessed using the standard Kessler-10 scale along with face-to-face interview among 275 outpatient department (OPD) HTN-Pt on follow-up. 15.30% (n=33) of total participants (n=213) had alcohol use disorders and 8.80% (n=19) of them were addicted to smoking habits. K10 scale results in patients, showed 46.9% (100) patients were suffering from psychological distress out of which 26% (n=56) were having mild, 17% (n=36) moderate and 4% (n=8) patients were having severe psychological distress. Highest percentage (33.80%) of patients with psychological distress were from age group 31-60 years of age (p value=0.003, COR= 0.240, 95% CI 0.072, 0.584). Many HTN-Pt were consuming the herbal supplements out of which 92 % of patients consuming grapes were found to have psychological distress (p value=0.034, COR= 0.380, 95% CI 0.155, 0.930). The results of the study indicated that there was a high prevalence of psychological distress in HTN-Pt belonging to age group of 31-60 years of age and patients involved in the consumption of grapes. This study asks for supervision on the concomitant administration of herbal supplements with allopathic medicines in HTN-Pt to avoid psychological distress. --- ## Critical review on role of Microbiota transfer therapy in Autism spectrum disorder **Authors:** Hemalakshmi R, Pavithra Amritkumar **Published:** 2021-07-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4820 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Autism Spectrum Disorder, Chelation Therapy, Faecal Microbiota Transplantation, Gut Dysbiosis, Gut Microbiome, Microbial Transfer Therapy, Probiotics Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that affects behaviour and communication. It can be diagnosed at any age, although the symptoms generally appear in the first two years of life. Autism is also known as a "spectrum" disorder because there is wide variation in the severity and type of patient experience. Intestinal dysbiosis remains a risk factor for several neuron-developmental disorders and physiological diseases such as ASD. The gut microbiome in human influence the total metabolomic profile and thus has an impact on the overall health of human. The brain-intestinal axis concept demonstrates the interaction between the brain and the diverse gut microbial population. Recent findings show that ASD symptoms in affected individuals are linked with the altered intestinal microbiome. The current treatment modality for the symptoms of ASD are limited to Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) and FDA approved medications like Risperidone and Aripiprazole. Individuals with ASD appear to be susceptible to adverse effects of these medications. Current accumulating studies indicate that Microbiota Transfer Therapy (MTT) is a promising technique for treating ASD. MTT involves in vitro batch culture of gut microbiota, which is viewed as a quick and accessible method. It has provided encouraging results by improving ASD-related gastrointestinal (GI) and behavioural symptoms in affected individuals. The present review focuses on the link between gut dysbiosis and ASD, analyses the available clinical studies related to various treatment options and describes the role of MTT as a promising therapy of bringing back the healthy gut microbiota composition in treating ASD. --- ## Effect of vitamin C supplementation on hematological parameters in smokeless tobacco chewers **Authors:** Jaywant S Thorat, Anand G Joshi, Kanchan C Wingkar **Published:** 2021-07-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4819 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Granulocytes, Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Platelets The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of Vitamin C (VC) supplementation on hematological parameters in Smokeless Tobacco (ST) chewers. A total of 338 subjects aged between 31 to 60 years (168 ST chewers and 170 ST non-chewers) participated in the present study. ST chewers were further divided into 3 subgroups with respect to ST chewing duration in years. Subjects of both the groups were examined at the baseline study and after 45 days of supplementation of 1 g of Vitamin C (VC) for hematological parameters. WBC count (p=0.04), granulocytes % (p=0.0007), HCT (p=0.01) and MCV (p=0.04) were significantly increased whereas, monocytes % (p=0.002) and platelet count (p<0.0001) were significantly decreased in ST chewers as compared to controls. After supplementation of VC, WBC count (p<0.001) and granulocytes % (p<0.0001) were significantly decreased and lymphocytes % (p=0.008), monocytes % (p<0.0001), RBC count (p=0.01) and Hb content (p=0.006) were significantly increased in ST chewers as compared to their baseline values. In conclusion, the use of ST had deleterious effects on hematological parameters; however, supplementation of 1 g of VC showed protective effects on hematological parameters. --- ## Pharmacognostical evaluation of the stem and root of Rhynchosia beddomei - An endemic plant of Andhra Pradesh **Authors:** Chatna Ramesh, Goli Penchala Pratap, Mohd Kashif Husain, Vallepu Nagaraju, Gudivada Sudarsanam **Published:** 2021-07-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4822 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rhynchosia beddomei, Endemic Plant, Ethnobotany, Pharmacognostical Approaches Rhynchosia beddomei (Fabaceae) is an endemic plant to the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India. The plant is widely used by Yanadi and Chenchu tribes for the treatment of rheumatic pains, wound healing, cuts, boils, sprains, and also as an antidote for insect bites. For the worldwide acceptance of the traditional system of medicine, documentation and standardization of the raw materials used for the preparation of herbal medicine is of primary concern. Pharmacognostical studies play an important role in the identification of plants. Standardization of plant materials is mainly done by detailed microscopic evaluation. The present study aims to evaluate and establish the various pharmacognostical approaches like macroscopical, microscopical (cell structure and their arrangement), physicochemical (including different ash values, loss on drying and extractive values), fluorescence, preliminary phytochemical profiles of the stem and root parts. The microscopical studies of stem revealed the presence of prominent tanniniferrous circular idioblasts in the phloem region and prismatic, rectangular, and cuboidal-shaped calcium oxalate crystals in the pith, cortex, and phloem parenchyma regions. In the roots, thin and thick roots were studied. The thin root has a wide fissured periderm and a narrow cortex with a discontinuous layer of sclerenchyma elements inner with periderm. The thick root has a wider, fissured superficial periderm followed by a cortical zone where parenchyma cells and sclereids are mixed at random. The current research report on pharmacognostical evaluation provides an important diagnostic tool for the correct identification and documentation of the endemic plant material of R. beddomei in dried form. --- ## Acute Transverse Myelitis Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine: A Case Report **Authors:** Ali Alshahrani **Published:** 2021-07-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4818 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Pfizer, vaccine, acute transverse myelitis, COVID-19, MRI, CSF protein The case report demonstrates the issue of Khalid Ali, who is a citizen of Yamen, explicitly living in Saudi Arabia. He is 38 years, weighs 82kgs, and of 162 cm in height. He is a sales professional and married with two kids. Khalid Ali has been living healthy until two years ago when he started experiencing pains in his lower extremities accompanied by numbness. He was treated, and everything went back to normal until soon when the case came back after the administration of the Pfizer vaccine as a preventive measure for COVID-19 disease. The consequence of the administration of the Pfizer vaccine resulted in severe pain and weaknesses in his legs and severe headache on the second day, which resulted in him being put on an ICU after 48 hours since he was almost paralyzed. A series of tests were conducted on him, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hematology, and biochemistry which involved Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) protein test. MRI findings were significant since they indicated acute inflammation on the spine observed on the dorsal spinal cord with contrast and lumbosacral spinal cord. All the hematology tests turned out to be expected. Biochemistry conducted tests were similarly standard except for CSF protein which was highly abnormal. The combination of the high abnormal CSF protein test and acute inflammation of the spine observed from the MRI findings were confirmed evidence of acute transverse myelitis as a result of the administration of the Pfizer vaccine. --- ## HPTLC analysis and anti-inflammatory activity of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) leaves **Authors:** Ananthi T, Ramya V **Published:** 2021-07-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4816 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antiinflamatory Action, HPTLC, Phytoconstituents, Plectranthus amboinicus Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. are generally used in Chinese folk medicine for treating fever, cough, mumps, sore throats, and mosquito bite. The current study was therefore carried out to provide vital pharmacological details about the leaf. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of ethanolic extract from Plectranthus amboinicus. The leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus were rinsed, air dried and then powdered using machine. The ethanol extract of the plant was used for phytochemical analysis to identify the constituents present in the plants. HPTLC analysis was carried out to investigate its secondary metabolite profile by using the solvent mixture. The anti-inflammatory effect was analysed by inhibition of protein denaturation assay. The hypotonicity induced haemolysis was observed from 100µg/ml to 500µg/ml of extract concentration. The results proved that the ethanolic leaf extract of P. amboinicus has antiinflammatory activity. The presence of flavonoid, quercetin in plant extract was confirmed by HPTLC analysis and these flavonoids may be responsible for the antiinflammatory activity. Further studies are needed to the development of potential drug that may be used for various pharmacological activities. --- ## Study on correlation of inspiratory pulmonary function parameters with anthropometric parameters and analysis of pattern of inspiratory parameters at various age points in Indian Children **Authors:** Sudeep Kale, Mangala Deshpande, Pandurang Thatkar, Sandeep Chaudhari, Manisha Deshpande **Published:** 2021-07-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4813 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Peak Inspiratory Flow Rate, Pulmonary Function, Inspiratory Volume, Prediction Equation, Flow Volume Loop The prevalence of lung diseases is increasing globally. Mortality, morbidity and respiratory disability are a growing health concern. The pulmonary function test is an accurate tool for detecting airway and lung abnormalities. Early diagnosis of respiratory disease is key to preventing mortality and morbidity. The current study has evaluated the relation of the anthropometric parameters and inspiratory parameters of pulmonary function test and also analyzed its behaviour over the growing age in Indian children. The current study included 2109 school-aged children aged 6 to 15. The height, weight, body mass index and body surface area were recorded. The spirometry was performed in accordance with the protocols. The parameters of the inspiratory flow volume loop were recorded. This study observed a good relation between the anthropometric parameters and inspiratory lung function parameters and the parameters were higher in males than in females. The behaviour of these parameters at various points of growing age was analyzed. This study revealed geographical, gender wise variation in the inspiratory parameters. The study also revealed different patterns of lung growth in boys and girls. Hence this study recommends to include inspiratory parameter assessment in the routine assessment of respiratory patients for early and accurate diagnosis of lung pathology in young children. --- ## Evaluating Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) of patients with Non - Alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as a risk factor for atherosclerosis and correlation with metabolic syndrome **Authors:** Raghuram K, Lavanya A, Ram Kumar M, Jagadeesan M, Prasanna Karthik S, Kannan R, Gowrishankar A, Mageshkumar S **Published:** 2021-07-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4814 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fatty Liver, Carotid Arteries, Atherosclerosis, Diabetes mellitus This study aimed to evaluate the effect of NAFLD on CIMT as a risk factor for atherosclerosis. The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is escalating worldwide due to mount of obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM) prevalence. Non-invasive appraisal of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) by high-resolution carotid B-mode ultrasonography is broadly used for determining atherosclerosis. In this case-control setting, 151 subjects were categorized in three groups: group I counting 49 patients with NAFLD and DM; group II counting 50 non-diabetic NAFLD patients; and the control with 52 normal subjects as group III. The right and left CIMTs and its maximum reading (CIMT max) were deliberated by a skilled sonographist blind to the groups. The sonographic grading of the NAFLD was dogged in groups I and II. Median CIMT max was extensively higher in group I comparing with group II and control group (p<0.001). This disparity between group I and group II were not significant after adjusting for age and history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia (p=0.089). After scheming the confounders, there was a statistically significant between-group I and group II with the control group (p<0.05). There was no significant disparity in median maximal thickness of intima-media in the carotid of group I compare to group II in patients with and without prominent liver enzymes (in both groups, 0.6 mm, p= 0.402). Based on our findings, there is a significant relationship between the presence of NAFLD and atherosclerosis. This association was independent to the Diabetes mellitus presence. The grade of NAFLD and elevated liver function tests had no effect on the severity of atherosclerosis. --- ## Assessment of Knowledge of COVID-19 among health care workers: Cross-sectional study **Authors:** Madhana Gopal K, Meganathan M, Deepa Kameswari P **Published:** 2021-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4803 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Health Care Workers, Knowledge COVID-19 is spread by human-to-human transmission through many modes. To date, no antiviral treatment or vaccine has been explicitly recommended for COVID-19. Therefore, applying preventive measures to control COVID-19 infection is the most critical intervention. The rate of disease spread is high in hospitals, and hence the health care workers (HCWs) are at most risk of getting infected. This is an online observational, cross-sectional survey carried out in Tamil Nadu state of South India using a snowball sampling technique during April 2020. Medical, nursing, physiotherapy and allied health science's staff from various hospitals are included in the survey. Using Google forms, the willing participants were encountered with 30 multiple choice questions related to clinical knowledge of COVID-19. By the end of the month, we have received 162 responses from various HCWs; among them are medical, nursing, physiotherapy and other paramedical staff. Most of the respondents were nurses (29.6%) and physician’s (23.4%). The average knowledge score of all the respondents in regards to COVID-19 was moderate at a correct overall rate of 62.1%. The study results say physicians showed the highest knowledge score on COVID-19, followed by nurses and other paramedics. There is a gap between the knowledge and information regarding the clinical aspects of COVID-19 among health care workers. --- ## Insight of Codon usage bias and Evolutionary rate among the genes C, E, prM and NS5 of the Kyasanur Forest Disease virus **Authors:** Mallikarjun S Beelagi, Uma Bharathi Indrabalan, Sharanagouda S Patil, Suresh K P, Shiva Prasad Kollur, Ashwini Prasad, Chandrashekar Srinivasa, Chandan Shivamallu **Published:** 2021-07-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4811 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** KFD Virus, Codon Usage Bias, Evolutionary Characteristics Analysis, Positive Selection, tMRCA Kyasanur Forest Disease was first evolved in the Kyasanur forest, Karnataka. The transmission of the virus has occurred from the monkey to the human by the tick vector. On the early day of viral spread, the disease was restricted to the surrounded region of Kyasanur forest, Shimoga district. But in the present days, the disease has been spreading to neighboring districts and states as well. So, this study involves estimation of codon bias among the gene C, gene E, gene prM, and gene NS5 of the KFD virus and rate of evolution with phylogenetic analysis. The codon usage analysis has revealed the moderate codon bias among all the selected genes and the role of mutation pressure in genes- C and E and natural selection in genes- prM and NS5. Also, the tMRCA age was 1942, 1982, 1975, and 1931 of genes- C, E, prM, and NS5, respectively, of the KFD virus. The integrated analysis of codon usage bias and evolutionary rate analysis signifies that both mutational pressure and natural selection among the selected genes of the KFD virus. --- ## An overview on Ethnopharmacologicals studies carried out on Lannea microcarpa Engl. & K. Krause (Anacardiaceae): a medicinal plant used in Burkina **Authors:** Salfo Ouédraogo, Mathieu Nitiéma, Lazare Belemnaba, Tata Kadiatou Traoré, Bavouma C Sombié, Hermine Zime Diawara, Sylvin Ouédraogo, Rasmané Semdé **Published:** 2021-07-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4812 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Lannea microcarpa, Medicinal Plants, Hypertension, Formulation, Phytomedicine Lannea microcarpa, is one of the species of medicinal plants used in medicine and traditional pharmacopoeia for the treatment of human pathologies in Africa. This review focuses on the ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological previous studies of Lannea microcarpa. Some information on phytochemical makeup and its effects on human health are already documented. However, information concerning its ethnopharmaceutical and phytopharmaceutical potential is scarce and poorly documented. These data were obtained by documentary researches using different scientific sites such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, ResearchGate, PubMed, and SCIENCEDOMAIN, from theses, dissertations and scientific articles. Additional information was obtained from classic books about herbal medicine and others scientific databases. Ethnobotanical surveys carried out have indicated their uses in the management of arterial hypertension. It appears from bibliographic research that Lannea microcarpa has vasorelaxant, hypotensive and antihypertensive effects, etc. Other studies have shown the presence of phytochemicals of interest for the management of high blood pressure. However, their use in traditional forms does not make it possible to guarantee the stability of medicinal preparations. Quality control and standardization studies were carried out in order to define the optimal conditions for guaranteeing effectiveness. This article gives an overview of previous studies carried out on the plant in order to have data for the improvement of its use. --- ## COVID-19 patients' interracial prevalence analysis: A statistically analysed distribution study **Authors:** Mustapha Ibrahim Abdullahi, Rakesh Das, Mohd. Almas Khan, Prabhjot Kaur Phull, Mohd Wamiq Khan **Published:** 2021-07-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4810 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Survey on Peak Pandemic Months, Intra-Continental and Intercontinental Data Distribution, Statistical Resolution, Dietary Factor Evolved The objective of this study is inspired from the immeasurable difference of COVID-19 incidence data between African & Indian population at peak prevalence month of its pandemic. Raw data analysis of Africa and India was schemed when COVID-19 situation as in peak on pandemic all over the world. The detected data distributions of inter-countries and other countries of Africa were comparatively studied on statistical basis of Correlation coefficient. The evaluation of p-values, ANOVA study with graphical representation on the comparative basis was carried out and interpreted. The screening of the large variation of data distribution has made uniform to get proper variation. The different mean±SD values are 67.142±69.91, 76.642±66.747 & 77.21±67.0215 and CV of these African countries shows 1.080, 0.90377 & 0.90076 respectively. Thus, ANOVA study showed no significance value, p < .05, where P-value is 0.913928 because of least variations. On the other hand, the % distribution of COVID-19 pandemic represents the wide difference of inter-continental difference of Africa from India, specifically of pie-chart. However, due to vast difference in COVID-19 intercontinental cases on restricted travellers interconnectivity tends to focus our attention to examine dietary roles in COVID-19. --- ## Effectiveness of short-term belly breathing training in individuals who work-from-home during the COVID-19 lockdown in India **Authors:** Jayabalan Prakash, Tittu Thomas James, Shubham Menaria, Anas Usman, Centina Rose John **Published:** 2021-07-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4809 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Belly Breathing, COVID-19, Lockdown, Stress, Sleep COVID-19 impacted many lives around the globe, leading to a nationwide lockdown in India from the 25th of March 2020. Home confinement, physical and social isolation, the spread of false news through social media, fear of contracting the disease, lack of physical activity, and work-from-home situations have affected the mental status and sleep quality of individuals during the lockdown. We intended to identify the effect of belly breathing exercise in reducing the depression, anxiety and stress levels in individuals who work-from-home during the lockdown. A hundred participants were identified through snowball sampling and were divided into two equal groups. Group A received a health education program and belly breathing techniques, whereas group B was provided with a health education program alone. DASS 21 and single item Sleep Quality Scale was assessed before recruitment and after three weeks of intervention in both groups. Significant reduction in depression, anxiety, and stress levels were observed in group A (p<0.001) than that of group B. Participants who underwent belly breathing also reported significant improvement in sleep quality after three weeks of intervention. Belly breathing has found to be an effective and simple technique to instruct and perform, which significantly reduces depression, anxiety and stress levels in individuals who work from home and are in need of medical advice for their mental health status. We suggest the use of belly breathing in improving the mental status in any black swan events such as home quarantine or strict physical isolation measures, and even during any stressful situations. --- ## Process validation of sucralfate oral suspension **Authors:** Aluri Nandini, Ravi G **Published:** 2021-07-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4808 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Quality Assurance, GMP, Quality, Suspension, Validation Drugs are the critical elements in the health care system. They must be manufactured in the high-quality levels. End product testing by itself does not guarantee of the quality of the product. Quality assurance techniques must be used. In pharmaceutical industry, process validation performs this task, by ensuring that the process does what it purports to do. Validation is one of the important steps in achieving and maintaining the quality of the final product. If each step of production process is validated, we can assure that the final product is of the best quality. This study is intended to demonstrate and standardize the data that should be routinely included in the marketing authorization dossier describing evolution and validation of the manufacturing process and distinguish from the validation data which more properly fall under the remit of GMP inspection. During the study of critical process variables of sucralfate oral suspension were validated to demonstrate consistency of manufacturing process to produce the produce the product of desired quality. The validation studies were conducted which were intended for the use of commercial purpose so this validation study is concurrent type. All the in-process variables and finished product characteristics were monitored; the statistical analysis of data was carried out. Further from the results, it is inferred that the manufacturing process of sucralfate oral suspension was validated. --- ## Effect of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose and Microcrystalline Cellulose in Design and Optimization of Nebivolol Hydrochloride Immediate Release Tablets by Response Surface Methodology **Authors:** Ramu Samineni, Jithendra Chimakurthy, Sathish Kumar Konidala, Udayaratna K, Devatulasi K, Ager Dengoc **Published:** 2021-07-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4806 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gastrointestinal Tract, Myocardial Infarction, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, Immediate Release Tablet The goal of the research is to design and optimize Nebivolol Hydrochloride immediate-release tablet using response surface methodology. Nebivolol Hydrochloride immediate-release tablets used in the treatment of heart attacks, myocardial infarction. Response surface methodology calculations for this optimization study were performed utilizing Minitab 17. Different formulations of immediate-release were prepared by applying 2 factors 3 levels full factorial design using Minitab 17, which gave 9 formulations by using the wet granulation method. Independent variables like the amount of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (X1), and microcrystalline cellulose (X2) and dependent variables like the per cent drug release at 45 minutes (Y1), disintegration (Y2) were selected for optimization. The prepared batches of Nebivolol Hydrochloride immediate-release tablets were evaluated for the pre-compression and post-compression parameters like weight variation, thickness, hardness, and friability, disintegration, and in-vitro drug release studies. All the Physico-chemical parameters were found satisfactory for prepared tablets. The optimized formulation F7 showed disintegrated in 83 sec, percentage dissolution release 97.85 at the end of 45th minute. The results shows that formulated immediate-release tablets of Nebivolol HCl were better to meet patient compliance with respect to effectiveness. --- ## Potential of β-carotene as anti-aging serum: A narrative review **Authors:** Nadhiya Nurfitra Rahmah, Nabilla Dira Tama, Nenis Rahma Wulandari, Waras Nurcholis **Published:** 2021-07-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4807 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Anti-Aging Agent, Antioxidant, Premature Aging, β-Carotene β-Carotene is known to have antioxidant activity, the ability to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress that occurs in the body. However, researchers have paid a little attention to the potential of β-Carotene as an anti-aging agent. The aim of this study was to describe the potential of β-Carotene from natural sources as anti-aging agent via antioxidant mechanism. Literature study was conducted on 28 publications associated with natural sources of β-Carotene, mechanism of anti-aging and antioxidant in the body. The results showed that the best antioxidant activity of β-carotene in scavenging free radicals was at low concentrations while taking into account antioxidant activity, dose, and half-life. UV exposure and air pollution can be a source of free radicals that cause aging of the skin. High antioxidant activity of β-carotene has the potential as anti-aging agent in the form of a beauty serum to treat premature aging of the skin. --- ## The outcome of natural honey used in chronic ulcers **Authors:** Nizam Ahmed, Aftab Alam Khanzada, Muhammad Rafique Joyo, Tanveer Afzal, Niaz Hussain Keerio, Ghazanfar Ali Shah, Syed Shahid Noor **Published:** 2021-07-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4804 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Honey, Non-Healing Ulcers, Wounds The unique characteristics of natural honey obtained in any source in topical chronic nonhealing ulcers have been decreased discomfort, oedema, inflammation, deodorization, disinfect, neo-vascularization, collagen synthesis, granulation, epithelization and hence the ulcer treatment method. In that study, 200 patients were treated in a forward-looking, unrandomized experiment, with persistent, unhealing ulcers found in various areas of their body in the two groups keeping 100 in Group A and used honey dressing and Group B managed without using honey. Natural honey from multiple sources has been used. The main explanation for reduced mobility and loss of work illustrates productivity being pain and fever. The leading causes of healing delays were bacterial infection, necrotic tissue involvement, bedridden state, age, fatigue, Ulcer located near the joint. The quality, the simplicity of application and the efficiency make the control of recurrent nonhealing Ulcers easier for natural honey. For low cost, easy access, and improved healing make it a valuable option for natural honey to handle chronic, nonhealing ulcers, as well as healthy use in diabetic patients. --- ## Study of Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus **Authors:** Niharika G S, Mariya P Sunny, Maedeh Maghrourzefreh, Ann Nema Thomas, Malini Muraleedharan Nair, Sreelatha S **Published:** 2021-07-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4795 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, KAP, Maternal and Fetal Outcomes, Pregnant Women Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common medical complication in pregnancy and is a severe and neglected threat to maternal and child health. The objective of this study is to investigate risk factors, and maternal and fetal outcomes of GDM. This helps us understand if every pregnant woman should be made aware of GDM and its control measures, to reduce its incidence and complications associated with it. This was a hospital-based prospective observational study carried out for 6 months, in in-patients of the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department. 65 subjects were recruited based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Consent was collected. Necessary details were gathered using the self-designed data collection form and validated questionnaires. Based on the data collected, descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. According to our study major risk factors identified were increased maternal age, multigravida, high BMI, and poor knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards GDM. The most common maternal complication observed was maternal distress 55 (84.61%). The most common fetal complication was low APGAR score at 1 min 20 (30.77%). A moderate positive correlation was observed between the level of knowledge and practice towards GDM which was statistically significant. According to our study there are modifiable risk factors including high BMI and poor knowledge about the disease. Pregnancies complicated with GDM are associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Thus, there is a need to create awareness about GDM and its control measures, among pregnant women and women planning for pregnancy. --- ## Validated stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of dolutegravir and rilpivirine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms **Authors:** Gopinath K, Padmavathi K V, Murali Krishna N, Subbarao M **Published:** 2021-07-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4800 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Development, Dolutegravir, Rilpivirine, RP-HPLC, Validation For simultaneous analysis of Dolutegravir and Rilpivirine utilizing RP-HPLC, an accurate, rapid, economical, quick and reliable assay technique was developed and tested. Successful chromatographic detachment using acetonitrile and 0.1 percent tri ethyl amine in the water of pH-2.5 adjusted with 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in 40:60 v/v as a movable phase with a flow of 1 ml/min and UV observation at 230 nm. Chromatography at ambient temperature was performed isocratically, and the run time was 10 min. By injecting the norm six times, device suitability parameters were studied and the findings were far below the acceptance criteria. The linearity analysis was performed at levels ranging from 10% to 150% and the R2 value was found to be 0.999. Precision has been found to be 0.8 for repeatability and 1.2 for intermediate precision. Assay of the commercialized formulation was performed by using the above method, and we get 100.01 percent was present. For routine analysis in drug testing, this chromatographic approach can be effectively implemented. By using the above technique, an assay of the marketed formulation was performed and found to be within the limit. Degradation studies were carried out on Dolutegravir and Rilpivirine, with a purity threshold greater than purity angle in all conditions and within the acceptable range. The above-mentioned technique was validated according to ICH guidelines. --- ## In-vitro bio-potential and pharmacological studies of newly synthesized Schiff base Cd(II) complex **Authors:** Manimegalai K, Kunjitham R, Rajasekar K, Senguttuvan S, Udaya A, Balasubramaniyan S **Published:** 2021-07-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4797 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 4-cholorobenzaldehyde, Isoniazid, E. coli, A. niger, Pharmacokinetics (E)-N-(4-chlorobenzylidene) isonicotinohydrazide The post-transition '4d' Cd(II) metal complex were synthesized and characterized by the addition of neutral Schiff base (E)-N-(4-chlorobenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide) as primary ligand and nitrite ion as mixed ligand. The Schiff base were synthesized with the addition of bio active Isoniazid and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde by eco-friendly technique (water as solvent). The synthesized complex where physically, chemically, spectroscopically and biologically characterized by various Physico-chemical, spectral and biological methods such as micro analytical data, namely elemental analysis & metal estimation, conductivity, Ultraviolet-visible, Infra-Red, Far-Infra Red, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H &13C) spectral studies. Based on the conductivity and spectral studies, the complex is neutral and non-electrolyte in nature. They have tetrahedral geometry around the Cd(II) metal ion. The in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of Schiff base and Cd(II) complex were screened against E. coli and A. niger by Agar disc diffusion method using Chloramphenicol and Fluconazole as standard control and DMSO as a solvent control. The results indicate that the complex have more potent than the Schiff base due to the chelation. The pharmacological studies of Schiff base and Cd(II) complex also predicted using a computational method by Swiss ADME software. The lipophilicity and medicinal chemistry importance of the Schiff base and Cd(II) complex were predicted and confirmed by the bio-potential activities. --- ## Study to determine the Results of Femoral Shaft Fractures among Children managed with Immediate Hip Spica Cast **Authors:** Muhammad Faraz Jokhio, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Niaz Hussain Keerio, Ajmal Khan Selro, Imran Khan Maher, Raheel Akber Baloch, Syed Shahid Noor **Published:** 2021-07-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4799 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hip Spica, Femur Fracture, Children This prospective descriptive study aims to assess the importance of the immediate hip spica in a fracture of the femoral shaft in children at the Orthopedic Department of Liaqat University of Medica and Health science Jamshoro, Pakistan, for a one-year duration from June 2019 to June 2020. All children 1 to 5 years of age with femoral fractures who were admitted to the Orthopedic department within seven days of injury were included in the study. A total of 35 children, 24 (68.6%) boys and 11 (31.42%) girls, with a mean age of 3.8 years, were treated with an immediate hip spica cast. Their ages ranged from 1 to 5 years. The time of immobilization of the Spica cast ranged from 4 to 6 weeks (mean 5.4 weeks). In the second week, seven (22.85%) children had spica wetting, and breakage and reinforcement of spica was done, and 5 (14.28%) children had a spica wedging, and casting was applied to fix the angulation. No extension or hypertrophy was observed in the fractured limb. We concluded that immediate hip spica casting is a safe, inexpensive and definitive treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children aged 1-5 years. --- ## Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Intra-articular Distal Radius Fracture by Buttress Plate: An Outcome Assessment **Authors:** Muhammad Faraz Jokhio, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Raheel Akbar Baloch, Mohsin Aijaz Soomro, Ajmal Khan Silro, Niaz Hussain Keerio, Syed Shahid Noor **Published:** 2021-07-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4796 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Intra-Articular Fracture, Distal Radius Fractures, Buttress Plate, Open Reduction and Internal Fixation This study aims to evaluate the surgery outcomes of distal radius fractures using open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with buttress plate in our hospital. 200 patients were included with age above 18 years, having distal radius fractures and who were treated by ORIF buttress plate. The patients who had intraarticular distal radius fractures were included in this study. Data was collected from hospital records. Mean age of our patients was 38.5 ± 8.3 years. Patients were assessed functionally using Gartland and Werley point system and anatomically (radiologically) using Sarmiento’s modification of Lindstrom criteria. Among study participants, 140 patients had excellent restoration (70%), 20 patients had good restoration (10%) and the rest had fair restoration. There were some complications among patients like superficial infection and injury to superficial branch of radial nerve. In the follow up, we notice stiffness in one case with reduced range of movement of wrist and fingers. In our study, we had good to excellent results in 80% cases, anatomically and functionally. We conclude from our study ORIF using buttress plate is the best method for managing displaced intra-articular distal radius fractures. --- ## Albumin, as a Therapeutic Protein: Potential Source, Application, Isolation and Purification **Authors:** Ukun MS Soedjanaatmadja, Nadiya Adnani, Wildan Abiyyi, Saadah Diana Rachman, Shabarni Gaffar, Safri Ishmayana, Ari Hardiyanto **Published:** 2021-07-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4794 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Albumin, Hypoalbuminemia, HSA, C. gariepinus, P. hypophthalmus Albumin is one of the plasma proteins found in the human body, which is about 55-60%, and the total normal serum protein level is 3.8-5.0 g/dL. Albumin consists of a single chain of a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 66.5kDa and consists of 585 amino acids. In the albumin molecule, 17 disulfide bonds connect amino acids containing sulfur. The molecular albumin is elliptical so that with such molecular forms, it will not increase the plasma viscosity and dissolve perfectly. Albumin is protein and its action as a transport agent and maintains colloid osmotic pressure. The need for albumin in the world reaches 500 tons annually, which is used hypoalbuminemia therapy. Hypoalbuminemia therapy which is often used is HSA (Human Serum Albumin) therapy. The use of HSA has disadvantages such as causing infections, expensive processing costs, and the cost of products. Thus other sources of albumin are needed. One that can be the potential source of albumin is Indonesian catfish (Clariasgariepinus). Our research studies have obtained the albumin from Indonesian catfish (C. gariepinus) and Patin fish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) with high yield and purity. The Indonesian catfish is the potential albumin source after the isolation and purification process was obtained that the molecular weight, the purity, and the total albumin content of purified albumin were 66.7 kDa, 95.38%, and 118.5 mg /g of wet weight, respectively. --- ## Ameliorative effects of Coccinia grandis leaf extract on Diabetes-Induced alterations of glucose metabolism, Cox activity and histological changes in Brain of Wistar Rats **Authors:** Bhaskar Nagilla, Bharathi Appidi, Pratap Reddy K **Published:** 2021-07-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4845 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aldose Reductase, Coccinia grandis, Diabetic Rat Brain, Glucose, Hippocampus Coccinia grandis has been used in tribal populations of India both as food and medicine, but it has been not reported to be a neuroprotective agent yet. The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Coccinia grandis leaf extract on diabetes induced brain damage of Wistar rats. This study reports the protective effect of methanolic leaf extract of Coccinia grandis against STZ induced diabetes in rats. Metformin (150mg/kg body wt.) was used as a reference drug. The enzymes of the polyol pathway and its related substrates were studied in the brain tissue. The effect of Coccinia on Cyclooxygenase (COX) and Prostaglandin peroxidise (PG) was also studied. Diabetes induced rats showed a significantly increased activity of Aldose reductase, Sorbitol dehydrogenase, Glucose-6-phosphodehydrogenase, whereas the decreased activity of Hexokinase. The content of Glucose, Sorbitol significantly increased in rat brain. Sodium potassium ATPase activity was also decreased in diabetic rats. COX, PG peroxidase was increased. Histological alternations were induced in the hippocampus of STZ treated diabetic rats. Oral administration of Coccinia leaf extract (200mg/kg) of body weight to diabetic rats for 21 days efficiently attenuated the parameters studied. A decreased activity of brain AR, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glucose-6-dehydrogenase was observed along with the increase in Hexokinase and Sodium potassium ATPase activity. It also showed decreased content of glucose and Sorbitol. Diabetes induced brain damage in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex was restored with Coccinia treatment. Decreased COX and PG peroxidase suggest its protection against inflammation. The current results suggest that Coccinia grandis leaf extract exerts the potential ability to reverse the progression of hyperglycemia and its concomitant induced brain damage. --- ## In-Vitro CT-DNA Cleavage of Newly Synthesized Zn(II) Complex with P-Mercaptoaniline and Benzoate Ion **Authors:** Sudhakar P, Rajasekar K, Balasubramaniyan S, Selvarani R, Veeravel C, Narasimhavarman S **Published:** 2021-07-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4798 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 4-ATP, Benzoate Ion, Bio-Potential, Antibacterial, Antifungal, DNA-Cleavage Coordination complex of Zn(II) with 4-mercaptoaniline(4-MTP or 4-ATP) were synthesized under microwave irradiation. The synthesized complex was characterized by elemental analysis, metal estimation, UV-Visible, conductance measurement, IR, Far-IR & NMR (proton and carbon) spectral studies. The metal complex was found to mononuclear, neutral and colorless in nature which are confirmed by the elemental analysis and molar conductance studies. The geometry for 1:2:2 complex exhibits to be square planar were confirmed by its spectral absorption study. The ligand was coordinated to the metal ion through its ‘N’ or ‘S’ atom and diamagnetic nature of the complex to be confirmed by the IR, Far-IR and NMR spectral studies. The electrochemical properties of complex shows the well redox properties of them with Zn(II)/Zn(I) couple by predicting the values of anodic and cathodic current. In-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of microorganisms viz., S. Aureus, bacillus and C. Albicance were carried out by Agar disc diffusion method using Amikacin and ketoconazole as standard control and DMSO as solvent control. The metal complex shows enhanced biological activities than the 4-ATP. The CT-DNA cleavage study of 4-ATP and its Zn(II) complex were performed and calculated the IC50 values. The results show the antioxidant property of 4-ATP and its complex. --- ## Effect of Cyperus squarrosus plant extracts on diabetic neuropathy in Streptozotocin (STZ)–induced diabetic rats **Authors:** Raghavendra H G, Ravipraksh P, Devanna N **Published:** 2021-07-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4793 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetic Neuropathy, Cyperus squarrosus, Streptozotocin, Diabetes mellitus, Eddy's Hot Plate, Tail Immersion The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of Cyperus squarrosus plant extracts in streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes was induced by a single administration of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg/intraperitoneally). After 72 hours to measure the fasting blood glucose levels, blood glucose levels more than 220 mg/dl, consider diabetic rats. Animals were divided into six groups, animals untreated with STZ were kept in a normal control group. STZ-induced diabetic rats orally administered with ethanolic and aqueous plant extracts (EECS & AECS) dose 200 & 400 mg/kg, p.o. for eight weeks, Rats were subjected to evaluate serum glucose, biochemical parameters, and test were performed on the initial day, 2n, 4th 6th and 8th week in all groups to evaluate the neuropathy by Eddy’s hot plate and tail immersion test respectively. Diabetic animals were treated with Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) and plant extracts (200 & 400 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. Groups treated with Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) and Cyperus squarrosus extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced elevated serum glucose level & lipid profiles and restored the reduced body weight. After completion of work, we observe the changes in fasting serum glucose, triglysaroids LDL, cholesterol levels are significantly reduced in animals treated with aqueous extract 400mg/kg. Other side animals treated with extracts decrease in the severity of diabetic neuropathy compare with untreated diabetic rats. Finally concluded that Cyperus squarrosus plant exhibit anti-diabetic property and beneficial protection against neuropathy in STZ induced diabetic rats. --- ## Neuroprotective role of Beta-asarone: A review **Authors:** Vidya C S, Arehally M Mahlakshmi **Published:** 2021-07-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4792 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Beta -Asarone, Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, Neuroprtotecctivity Acorus calamus (Acoraceae) also known as sweet flag in Indian traditional medicine is generally used for treatment of various ailments like cough, fever, bronchitis, inflammation, depression, tumours, haemorrhoids, skin diseases, insomnia, hysteria, epilepsy, and loss of memory. Asarone is a chemical compound of the phenylpropanoid class found in plants such as Acorus and Asarum. There are two isomers, α (trans) and β (cis). Alpha-asarone is potentially toxic compared to beta-asarone and hence pharmacological elucidation of beta-asarone is wide. Beta-asarone due to its blood brain barrier crossing property it is well elucidated for potential neuroprotective effect. The beneficial properties of beta-asarone are attributed to molecular pathways of endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and synaptogenesis through IRE1/XBP1 ER stress pathway, mitochondrial ASK1/MKK7/JNK pathway, CaMKII/CREB/Bcl-2 expression and PERK/CHOP/Bcl-2/Beclin-1 pathways. The memory enhancing property of beta-asarone is said to be due to beclin dependent autophagy by PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The aim of this review is to highlight the neuroprotective role of beta asarone in terms of neuroinflammation, apoptosis, neurogenesis and autophagy with special emphasis on two neurodegenerative disorders Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease along with its beneficial property in elucidating synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. Further research on toxicity and pharmacokinetics of beta-asarone are much needed to bring this potential compound into therapeutic use. --- ## Optimization of Pigment Production by Micrococcus and Arthrobacter species Isolated from Soil and Water **Authors:** Sanchita Choubey, Sneha Vittal Chapade, Supriya Ashok Garud **Published:** 2021-07-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4791 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial Activity, Arthrobacter, Micrococcus, Pigment A pigment is a substance that is substantially used in different industries that come in a wide range of coloration and few of which are soluble in water. Bacterial pigments have many applications in the modern day life. Some microorganisms have the characteristics feature to produce pigments which may additionally beneficial us in identification. Bacterial pigments have larger compatibility and greater biodegradability with the environment. Nontoxic nature of pigment produced with the aid of a huge range of microorganisms make them ecofriendly for use in foodstuff, dye, cosmetics, pharmacy and different industrial purposes. Pigments of bacteria provide various advantages compared to synthetic dyes. They are biodegradable in nature, easy to extract, easily available, cheaper substrates needed. The pigment produced by the bacteria can be used as anticancer agents, antibacterial agent and anti-proliferative agents. The object of the existing find out about was once to isolated pigment producing microorganism from water and soil samples and explores their properties. Based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics, they have been recognized as Micrococcus and Arthrobacter. The pigment isolated from bacterial spp. is used for the antimicrobial activity, anti-oxidant recreation and for optimization of pH, temperature and NaCl. It was once concluded that water and soil have various microorganisms and they have the capacity of producing pigments. --- ## An insight into the medicinal perspectives of mannich bases of benzimidazole derivatives: A review **Authors:** Vasuki B, Mahadevan N, Vijayabaskaran M, Mohanapriya K, Kosilamani P, Balaji K, Tamilselvan P, Sambathkumar R **Published:** 2021-07-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4790 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Mannich Base, Benzimidazole, Pharmacological Activity The heterocyclic aromatic compound benzimidazole is made up of benzene and an imidazole ring. In medicinal chemistry, it's a crucial pharmacophore and a privileged structure. It's a component of the vitamin cobalamin. Antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-cancer, anti-helminthic, antioxidant, anti-fungal, anti-allergic, anti-parasitic, anti-proliferative, anti-HIV, anti-convulsant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive and proton pump inhibitors are only a few of the pharmacological functions of benzimidazole derivatives play a critical role throughout the medical sector. The Mannich reaction is one of the most versatile reaction in organic synthesis. This reaction can be used to make N-methyl derivatives and a variety of drug molecules. Mannich base benzimidazole derivatives play a significant role in medicine, with several medicinal applications including antibacterial, anthelmintic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, analgesic and anti-convulsant. Changes in their composition have provided a high degree of variety, which has been beneficial in the case of new therapeutic agents with increased efficacy and lower toxicity. This analysis emphasises the significance of synthesis and various biological activities of newly synthesized mannich bases of benzimidazole derivatives, as well as a few key synthesis methodologies. --- ## Evaluation of antioxidant property and anticancer prospective of the leaf extract and biofractions of Bauhinia foveolata Dalzell – A native of the Indian Western Ghats **Authors:** Liesl Maria Fernandes e Mendonça, Arun B Joshi, Anant V Bhandarkar, Himanshu Joshi **Published:** 2021-07-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4789 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** DPPH (2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), Hydrogen Peroxide, MCF-7 Cells, Nitric Oxide, Sulforhodamine B The current study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer potential of ethanolic leaf extract of Bauhinia foveolata Dalzell. (EEBF) and its toluene, ethyl acetate and methanolic biofractions viz., TFBF, EFBF and MFBF. Phytoconstituents were screened by adopting established procedures. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were assessed spectrophotometrically. In vitro antioxidant activity was assayed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide as free radicals, whereas anticancer activity was evaluated using sulforhodamine B assay. EEBF showed maximum phenolic content of 49.12±0.31 mg GAE/g and flavonoidal content of 28.75±0.42 mg QUE/g, than its biofractions. EEBF showed considerable antioxidant activity with IC50=19.04±0.24 μg/mL and IC50=65.85±1.22 μg/mL when compared to the standards Ascorbic acid (IC50=12.06±0.05 μg/mL) and Gallic acid (IC50=64.65±0.72 μg/mL) in DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging assays, respectively. MFBF showed significant activity with IC50=26.76±0.75 μg/mL in hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay compared to the standard Gallic acid (IC50=76.60±1.31 μg/mL). TFBF showed favourable growth inhibition of MCF-7 cells with GI50=73.5±11.96 µg/mL when compared to other samples screened (GI50>80 μg/mL) as against the standard Adriamycin (GI50<10 μg/mL) in SRB assay. The therapeutic virtues of EEBF and MFBF as free radical scavengers and TFBF as an antiproliferative may be attributed to the phenolics, flavonoids, steroids and triterpenoids present. --- ## Withania Somnifera Linn as Herbal Source of Diverse Pharmacological Potential - A Comprehensive Review **Authors:** Kajal Panchal, Praveen K Dixit, Rajni Saini KM, Nagarajan K, Puspendra Kumar, Vidhu Saxena, Sanjeev Kumar Chauhan **Published:** 2021-07-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4788 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ashwagandha, Withanoloides, Churna, Anti-Inflammatory, Cardioprotective, Hemopoietic Ashwagandha, also known as Indian winter cherry, belonging to the Withania Somnifera Linn. (Solanaceae) family, (commonly available as Churna). Africa, the Mediterranean, and India are all home to this species. It is 30-50cm high and mainly found in the drier parts of India. Since it raises haemoglobin (red blood count) and hair melanin. Withania Somnifera is known as "Rasayana," which means "strong rejuvenator" in Ayurvedic jargon. In ethnomedicine, it is a well-known health food and herbal tonic that is used to treat cardiovascular diseases. It can be used as a single herb or as part of polyherbal or herbo-mineral formulations for humans. It is traditionally used to treat various diseases such as inflammation, asthma, dyspepsia, hypertension, rheumatism, tumor, anxiety, hemopoietic, antimicrobial, depression, immunomodulation, antiulcer, hepatoprotective activities, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease, rejuvenating properties and syphilis. It has wide variety of chemical constituents such as withanoloides, flavonoid, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, steroids have been studied. Despite the fact that previous review articles on this plant have been written, this review article is provided to bring together all of the most recent knowledge on its phytochemical and pharmacological activities. --- ## Current update on COVID-19 vaccines **Authors:** Abisri Suresh, Amal Mathew, Narottam Tiwari, Noah M Bose **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4721 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19 Vaccines, Virology, Platform Technologies, SARS-CoV-2, Spike Protein, Vaccine Safety Novel Coronavirus, also known as SARS-CoV-2, is an infectious disease that primarily affects the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. The viral spread occurs through respiratory droplets produced while coughing and sneezing. Major vaccine targets for COVID-19 are spike protein, M protein, envelope protein, receptor binding domain, nucleic acids etc. Different mechanisms through which a vaccine can be developed to evoke an immune response include virus inactivated vaccine, live attenuated vaccine, subunit vaccines, virus-like particles, replicating and non-replicating viral vectors and nucleic acid-based vaccines. The mainstay of COVID-19 treatment is supportive and symptomatic therapy with dexamethasone, hydroxychlorquine and anti-viral agents like Darunavir, Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Interferons. Maintaining social distance, personal hygiene, use of N-95 masks aids in limiting the spread of the infection. There is a vital requirement for an ideal and potent vaccine with a favorable benefit-risk profile to evoke an immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection. There are currently 11 approved vaccines in the market of which the Pfizer/ BioNTech vaccine have produced the most efficacy (95%), followed by Moderna (94%), Sputnik (91.6%), Covaxin (90%), Janssen (90%) and Astra Zeneca (70%). Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine-related adverse reactions and the high cost of the vaccine can be a major barrier to public acceptance and global access to the vaccine. --- ## Vaccine Targeted Prophylaxis For Covid-19: A Comprehensive Review **Authors:** Sonia Goswami, Nagarajan K, Praveen K. Dixit, Vidhu Saxena, Richa Goel, Sanjeev Chauhan **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4767 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid-19, Coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Vaccine, World Health Organization The Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the contamination that prompts sickness19(covid-19), has spread quickly from the initially known cases in china in December 2019 to nations round the globe. On March 10,2020, the world health organization reported that there have been 113,702 affirmed instances of corona virus -19 round the globe, additionaly to 4,012 passing. Due to this worldwide well being emergency analysts are handling build up a corona virus immunization. Protected and compelling immunizations are going to be a game changer: yet for years to return we should always wearing covers, genuinely separating and staying faraway from swarms. Being inoculated doesn't imply that we will laugh in the face of any potential risk and put ourselves as well as other people in danger, especially in light of the very fact that it is as yet not satisfactory what proportions the antibodies can ensure against sickness also as against contamination and transmission. Vaccine for corona virus are basic devices for managing the pandemic when joined with compelling testing and existing anticipation measures. The general undertaking to form a secure and effective coronavirus vaccine is proving to be fruitful. A handful of vaccines now are authorized round the globe, may more in development. Antibodies save an excellent many lives per annum. --- ## In-vitro antioxidant and selective cytotoxicity of Garcinia cambogia and Garcinia indica leaf extracts on human kidney cancer cell line **Authors:** Varsha Jayakar, Vinayak Lokapur, Manjula Shantaram **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4773 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant, Anticancer, Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia indica, Kidney Cancer, Phytochemical, Selective Cytotoxicity Kidney cancer is one among the top 10 cancers. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is commonly known kidney cancer. Almost all clinically targeted drugs used in treating RCC have many aftereffects. To overcome this problem with herbal products, the present study is aimed to investigate the preliminary phytochemicals, antioxidants and selective cytotoxicity of aqueous leaves extract of Garcinia cambogia (GC) and Garcinia indica (GI) on (HEK-293) human embryonic kidney cells and (A498) human renal carcinoma cells. The phytochemical analyses were done using standard protocols. In-vitro antioxidant activity was carried out using DPPH, FRAP, and Phosphomolybdenum assay. Anticancer activity on A498 kidney cancer cell line was evaluated by MTT assay and the selectivity index was calculated. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of GC and GI leaf extract divulged the presence of various phyto-constituents. GI extract revealed higher phenolic content while flavonoid content was more in GC extract compared to alkaloids and saponins. Both plant extracts exhibited higher antioxidant capacities based on the test performed. GC and GI leaf extract was selectively cytotoxic in-vitro to (A498) human renal carcinoma cells and can be safely used against kidney cancer at 500 µM (GC extract)and 300 µM (GI extract). Selective index for GC and GI extract was 15.9 and 2.4 respectively. The results indicate that GC and GI extracts are a favourable antioxidant and anti-cancer agents for A498 human renal carcinoma cells. However, further studies to isolate the bioactive compounds responsible for these activities are underway and to explore their molecular mechanism. --- ## Implementation of Good Computer System Validation Practices in Pharmaceutical Industry - A Review **Authors:** Chinta Sharvani, Vikas Jain, Hemanth Kumar, Gangadharappa H V **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4774 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Computer System Validation, Good Automated Manufacturing Practices Computer Systems Validation is a method used to ensure information is generated by a computer-based system that satisfies a set of specified requirements. Compliance with computerized systems is becoming increasingly relevant in the pharmaceutical industry as computer system validations have many benefits, such as enhancing quality control, reducing other validation costs and time, improving compliance with GMP 21 CFR Part 11 Regulation which affects the quality, health, identification or effectiveness of products subject to the GMP Regulations. Both the European Medicines Agency of Europe along with the Food & Drug Administration of the USA has developed CSV practice guidelines. An overview of relevant documents which fulfil the computer system validation along with its best practices implemented is presented below. Official requirements and standards of the USA, Europe, and Switzerland are taken as the main focus. The taken basic GMP guidelines' like Gamp, AVP and PDA implies the same principles and theories. They explain majorly about what to do view point of validation, whereas GAMP describes how to do validation. We strive to define the computer device validation needs of equipment conducted from a pharmaceutical industry perspective. The categorization of a computer system into various frameworks or categories gives the flexible approach for the validation of complex as well as simple computerized systems. The present review article discusses the implementation and various good practices of the pharmaceutical industry to maintain computer system validation. Implementing various good computer system validation activities reduces the re-work and always maintains the quality standards as per the user requirements; as a result of which the future trends will notice merging of various new implemented terminology and techniques as a common practice in mixed sectors. --- ## A Quality by Design (QbD) Based Method Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Simultaneous Estimation of Metformin and Ertugliflozin **Authors:** Haritha G, Vijey Aanandhi M, Shanmugasundaram P **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4772 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Quality by Design, Design of Experiments, Metformin, Ertugliflozin and Analytical Target Profile This study explains about the Analytical Quality by Design approach for the optimization of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for the simultaneous estimation of Metformin and Ertugliflozin in pharmaceutical substance. The study aimed to optimize the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) by means of an analytical target profile in order to achieve good separation of compounds along with acceptable analysis time. Identification of risk factors for variables affects the method efficacy. This leads to the development of an accurate, precise, and economic method. The optimized conditions of the developed method were a stationary phase of a Discovery C18 250 x 4.6mm, 5m and a mobile phase of Orthophosphoric acid buffer (pH 2.2), ACN taken in the ratio 60:40 was selected as mobile phase and detection wavelength of 230nm. The flow rate was selected as 0.98ml/min at 29.150C column temperature. Using the central composite design (CCD) method was optimized. The method is showing the linearity over the concentration range of 25-150µg/ml for Metformin and 0.375-2.25µg/ml for Ertugliflozin. The intra-and inter-day precision were less than 2% of relative standard deviation. Accuracies between 99-102% of the true values. The LOD obtained for Metformin and Ertugliflozin were found to be 59 and 3.7, respectively. LOQ obtained for Metformin and Ertugliflozin were 77.6 and 5.2, respectively. Under accelerated conditions degradation percentage of the drug was found to be less than 10%, and the degradation product peak not affecting the system suitability of Metformin and Ertugliflozin. --- ## The prevalence of comorbidities and associated risk factors among Covid-19 deceased in Mizoram, India **Authors:** Andrew Lalchhuanawma, Divya Sanghi, Lalhlimpuii Chawngthu **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4765 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clinical Characteristics, Comorbidities, Covid-19 Deceased, Covid-19 India, Covid-19 Mizoram The WHO declaration of the novel coronavirus (Covid-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 as a pandemic has raised serious questions and has since been a global health concern. Data on the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings of deceased covid-19 individuals are sparse. The study analyzed the clinical and laboratory profiles of Covid-19 deceased in Zoram Medical College Mizoram, India. The decedents' mean age was 62.88 (±18.659) years; among them, 87.5% were males, and blood group B was associated with half of the deceased. In Mizoram, the case fatality rate, crude death rate, and recovery rate were 0.2%, 7.27 per million, and 99.40%, respectively, with 3547 cases per million. The median length of hospital and ICU stay (between admission and death) was 15.5 and 11 days. The common presenting symptoms were fever (75%), shortness of breath (62.5%), cough/ sore throat (50%). Hypertension (62.5%) and diabetes mellitus (62.5%) were the two most prevalent comorbidities, followed by cardiovascular diseases (25%). The concurrence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus constituted 87.5%, 75% of the decedents reported the presence of at least one of the comorbidities. The two most common complications were an acute respiratory failure (87.5%) and cardiovascular complications (87.5%). Increased risk of severe Covid-19 disease increases with advanced age (>60 years), gender (male), and underlying comorbidities. --- ## Endangered Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Herbal Medicines in the South-East Rajasthan (Hadoti Region) **Authors:** Aparna Pareek, Shalini Maheshwari **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4784 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Endangered, Ethno-medicinal, Conservation, Indegenous, Hadoti Region, Traditional Knowledge The present study was carried out to gather information about Ethno-botanical knowledge of tribal people and ethnic races those are residing in forests of south-east Rajasthan since ages. A large number of wild and cultivated plants are being used by them to treat various ailments due to limited access to modern health care services. The study was carried out in an unexplored remote tribal area of South east region of Rajasthan to investigate and document the existing ethno-medicinal knowledge on local flora which is rich and diversified in important medicinal plants. The ethno-medicinal knowledge in the study area is gradually heading towards extinction because the old age community members being the main bearer of this knowledge are passing away and younger generation is not interested to take it. Herbal practitioners in the area have sufficient traditional knowledge, but mostly, they are reluctant to disclose it to other community members. Hence, the current study was planned with the objectives to record the traditional knowledge of study area mainly pertaining to endangered Ethno-medicinal plants of the proposed area of study. The study was conducted through direct interviews with 35 Herbal practitioners and 240 informants from the study area. Data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires from the community members and local herbal. We presented thirty most used species by ancestral healers of Hadoti to cure different ailments and their medicinal uses. This study also provide details regarding Habitat, Mode of transfer, Abundance Status, Effect and popularity and Cultivation practices (status of plant)of selected 30 plants. --- ## Activity and safety test combination of garlic exstract(Alium sativuml) and candlenut extract(Aleurites molucanna) as fertilizer rabbit fur **Authors:** Misde Yola, Agung Wibowo, Shelly Taurhesia **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4781 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Combination, Extract, Candlenut, Garlic Efficacy of candlenut oil and garlic oil with three concentrations of 1000 ppm, 500 ppm and 100 ppm tested its activity as a fertilizer of rabbit fur by applying hazelnut oil and garlic oil each of approximately 1 ml at spot prepared twice daily for 28 days. The result of the third activity test of this concentration tested the data with statistics and got the most optimum result as a grower of rabbit fur is candlenuts oil with the concentration of 1000 ppm with the average growth of length for 28 days is 0,6250 cm and garlic oil with concentration 500 ppm with the average length of growth for 28 days is 0.8417 cm, while for the most optimum rabbit fur weights are with garlic concentration of 1000 ppm with an average weight of 28 days is 0.3627 g, while the growth of rabbit fur weight most optimum for 28 days is candlenut 1000 ppm with an average weight for 28 days = 0.3518 g result of significant analysis at (p≤0,05). --- ## Antiulcerogenic activity of Yttrium and Copper oxide nanoparticles **Authors:** Anil Kumar S, Ramesh A **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4783 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Yttrium Oxide, Copper Oxide, Pyloric Ligation, Proton Pump Inhibition, Antiulcerogenic Gastric ulcer is an excavation of mucosa and extending to submucosal layers due to increased gastric secretion, generation of free radicals and imbalance between protective factors and aggravating factors. The present study aimed to screen yttrium and copper oxide nanoparticles for antiulcerogenic activity. Metal oxide nanoparticles were evaluated for various biological activities considering their high surface area to volume ratio, different oxidative states, cell permeability etc. Various studies have proved metal oxide nanoparticles to be beneficial in various ailments due to their antioxidant, antibacterial, and other pharmacological activities. Nanoparticles prepared using biogenic methods were relatively more biocompatible and less toxic compared to conventional methods of synthesis. In the present study, green synthesized yttrium and copper oxide nanoparticles were evaluated for acute toxicity, antioxidant, proton pump inhibition and antiulcerogenic activity. In vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH, nitric oxide scavenging methods and H+K+ATPase assay was performed to evaluate the mechanism of action. Synthesized nanoparticles have shown no signs of acute toxicity as per OECD 423. Pyloric ligation method was performed to evaluate gastric volume, pH and ulcer severity. The present study revealed the dose-dependent antiulcer potential of yttrium oxide nanoparticles at doses of 2mg/kg and 20mg/kg. Antisecretory action of yttrium and copper oxides were evident from in vitro H+K+ATPase activity and inhibition of gastric volume. Antioxidant activities of yttrium oxide nanoparticles indicate gastric mucosal protection by free radical scavenging action. Copper oxide nanoparticles produced antisecretory activity but produced mucosal damage and hemorrhage at a dose of 20mg/kg. --- ## A case report on Alagille syndrome and its clinical features **Authors:** Somanaboina Padmakar, Sayed Alishar, Mohammad Ahamadi Tabasum **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4785 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Edema, Lesions, Neonatal Jaundice, Posterior Embryotoxon Alagille syndrome is a rare, chromosome dominant inherited complex disorder affecting varying organs like the liver, heart, kidneys, skeleton, and brain. lt invariably happens because of Notch signaling pathway defects, primarily as a result of JAG1 mutation (ALGS type 1), but it conjointly occurs seldom because of neurogenic locus notch homolog protein (NOTCH2) mutation (ALGS type 2). The symptoms and severity of Alagille syndrome can vary widely, often in the same family, from person to person. Some people may have mild forms, while others may have more severe forms. Blocking of bile flow from the liver (cholestasis), yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucosal membranes (jaundice), low body weight, and extreme itching (pruritis) are the common symptoms, which often occur within the first three months of life. In this current study, we tend to report a case of 14 years old female child who was hospitalized with characteristic facial features like a broad forehead, yellowish discoloration of sclera and skin, posterior embryotoxon, intense itching, dry, coarse skin, mild splenomegaly, mild hepatomegaly. She conjointly had a history of progressive neonatal jaundice with prominent skin lesions and edema. Therefore our study emphasizes and focuses mainly on understanding and identification of distinct features associated with this syndrome to aid better management in all cases. --- ## A Study on Extraction and Characterization of Vigna mungo Polymer **Authors:** Krishnaveni Manubolu, Sreenivasulu Munna, Chandrasekhar Kothapalli Bonnoth **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4787 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Natural Polymer, Vigna Mungo, Non-Solvent, Acetone, Ethanol The aim of work is to extract and characterize the Vigna mungo polymer solvent using acetone and ethanol. Natural polymers contribution towards formulation of dosage forms is appreciable as they are biocompatible, biodegradable and safe. So extraction and characterization of Vigna mungo polymer helps in the interaction studies of preformulation. In this present study, various physicochemical characters like phytochemical screening, viscosity, particle size analysis, and flow characteristics were determined. Further characterization performed using FTIR and XRD. Vigna mungo polymer obtained using acetone was taken into further studies of evaluation because of more product yield and less particle size. FTIR results revealed existence of carbohydrate nature. X-ray diffractogram presented degree of crystallinity 26.4%. And phytochemical screening of the extracted polymer indicated presence of mucilage and carbohydrates using ruthenium red and molisch's test. Statistical analysis of data was performed using two way ANOVA using Graphpad prism 5 software was used to compare Vigna mungo polymer extracted using acetone and ethanol. Physicochemical parameters experimental data found to be statistical significance two way ANOVA (P < 0.05). --- ## Pharmacological and Biochemical evaluation of anti-arthritic activity of Justicia gendarussa extract in FCA induced arthritis in Wistar rats **Authors:** Ashish A, Anjali A, Praveen K Dixit, Nagarajan K **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4769 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Arthritis, FCA, Carrageenan, Inflammation, Diclofenac sodium, Justicia gendarussa The present study is carried out to evaluate anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic potential of Justicia gendarussa. Leaves and stem extracted with ethanol and chloroform. These extract is tested against in-vitro (HRBC membrane stabilization method and Inhibition of protein denaturation method) and in-vivo (Carrageenan induced paw edema model) anti-inflammatory models. To assess the anti-arthritic activity, FCA induced arthritis model is used. Assessment of arthritis is done by paw volume, joint diameter, body weight, biochemical parameters, hematological parameters (Hb, RBC, WBC, ESR). The effect of in-vitro anti-inflammatory model depends on concentration. Both test extract and standard Diclofenac sodium has been shown concentration dependent effect. The maximum anti-inflammatory effect of the test extract achieved at 2000μg/ml. The test (JGLE, JGLC, JGSE) has been shown inhibition of paw edema induced by carrageenan at 50mg/kg body weight. The extract JGLE, JGLC, JGSE at 50mg/kg body weight and 100mg/kg body weight orally showed the significant (P< 0.05) and dose dependent inhibitory effect against FCA induced arthritis model. Diclofenac sodium 20mg/kg body weight orally is used as a standard. JGLE exhibit more significant and most promising anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory effect than other extracts these effects support the traditional role of J. gendarussa in arthritis and other inflammatory condition. --- ## Design and development of zolmitriptan niosomal in situ nasal gel for the treatment of migrain **Authors:** Anilkumar J Shinde, Karan B Swami, Firoj A Tamboli, Harinath N More **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4786 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Zolmitriptan, Niosomes, In situ Gel, Permeation Study, Migraine The objective of the present study was to development of Zolmitriptan (ZMT) niosomal in situ nasal gel formulation for migraine treatment. By intranasal route delivered drug to the central nervous system (CNS) through the olfactory lobes, which bypasses the first-pass metabolism and consequently enhances the bioavailability. Noisome of ZMT were prepared by using the lipid film hydration method. Optimized niosomal formulation was used to prepare in situ gel. The developed Noisomal formulations were characterized for vesicle size, shape, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, drug content and in-vitro diffusion study, mucoadhesive strength, permeation study, FTIR, DSC and XRD studies. The FTIR and DSC studies predicted that there was no any interaction in drug and excipients. ZMT niosomes were showed particle size, Polydispersity index (PDI), Zeta potential, % entrapment efficiency and drug content, 149nm, 0.223, -28.9, 88.16±0.8 % and 96.23±1.2% respectively. In-vitro diffusion study of niosomes shows 96.23±0.7% at 8h. The permeation rate of in situ niosomes gel and the pure drug was about 98.56% and 79.46%, respectively. XRD & DSC studies were showed that reduce crystalinity in the formulations. The SEM images of niosomes were found spherical in shape to some extent showing particle size distribution. Thus, it can be concluded that developed ZMT niosomal in situ gel formulation can be considered as a promising system for which may reduce dose requirement, improve patient acceptability and efficient targeting drug delivery to the brain through the olfactory lobe for migraine treatment. --- ## An Impact of first COVID lockdown on physical and mental health along with the quality of life in Adults belonging to Maharashtra state **Authors:** Tejal Patel, Aashi Bhatnagar, Junneshwar Bidve, Ashwin Kshirsagar, Satyam Bhodaji, Rekha Marbate, Avani Dabri, Nilofer Mogal **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4766 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lockdown, Mental Health, Pandemic, Physical Health, Quality of Life Amid rise in Covid-19 cases throughout the world including India. So study was initiated to find out the impact on different domains of health. A self-administered questionnaire was prepared, which consist of questions pertaining to the change in physical and mental health along with the quality of life during the lockdown period and was distributed through Google forms. During the survey, a total of 663 responses were collected, of which 604 responses were analyzed. Out of responses that were calculated, the physical health of 370 participants (61.30%) was improved, physical health of 111 (-18.40%) participants has deteriorated and the remaining 123 (20.30%) participants barely changed. The mental health of 274 (-45.30%) participants was declined, 201 (33.20 %) respondents tried to maintain a healthy mental state while 129 (29.30%) members maintained a peaceful state of mind. The quality of life of 290 (48%) was adversely affected, 218 (36%) participants were able to maintain a healthier lifestyle, and their quality of life increased, while 96 (15.8%) remained unchanged. Quality of life is most negatively hampered whereas there is improved physical health status in the adult population. All the 3 components are Physical and Mental health along with Quality of life was affected due to Covid-19 related lockdown but out of these, physical health was 61.3% positively affected while mental health and QOL were deteriorated by 45% and 48% respectively. --- ## Breast cancer: understanding etiology, addressing molecular signaling pathways, identifying therapeutic targets and strategizing the treatment **Authors:** Preeti Tanaji Mane, Sangram Prakash Patil, Balaji Sopanrao Wakure, Pravin Shridhar Wakte **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4779 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Breast Cancer, Classification of Breast Cancer, Enzymes, Etiology, Genetic Mutations, Non-Coding RNAs, Signaling Pathway Breast cancer has messed the life of a greater number of women being the most common cancer affecting them worldwide. A number of risk factors contribute the breast malignancy, however, genetic drift is accountable the most. Depending on the cell origin, invasiveness and receptors involved, breast cancer is classified into various subtypes. The accurate diagnosis of breast cancer is important as it defines the prognosis and directs the type of treatment required. A number of major signaling pathways involved in breast tumorigenesis and its development include estrogen receptors (ERs), HER2, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog (Hh), PI3K and mTOR pathway. Furthermore, certain enzymes like Cyclin dependent kinases and breast tumor kinases also play a vital role in cell cycle regulation and therefore, in the development of breast neoplasms. Recent studies have also enlightened the role of non-coding RNAs in breast cancer development. This review discusses various aspects of breast cancer such as its etiology, subtypes, various signaling pathways involved, targets projected by these pathways and the current treatment options based on a few of these targets. Also, the role of different genes, enzymes and non-coding RNAs related to breast tumorigenesis and development is discussed. --- ## Salivary biomarkers and its implication in tobacco users-A narrative review **Authors:** Kavitha Muthu, Mohan Narayanan **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4778 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Biomarkers, Tobacco, Oral Health Tobacco has been associated with diverse diseases on the mouth, oral potentially malignant disorders, oral cancer and systemic diseases/cancer. The prevalence of oral cancer is high with tobacco users. The local and systemic physiology is altered by tobacco-related chemicals/metabolites. These may reflect as biomarkers of tobacco use, and they also influence the level of different biomarkers. Saliva being the initial body fluid influenced by the presence of these biomarkers and possess additional advantage to monitor, diagnose or prevent tobacco-associated illness by assessing the same. This narrative review aims to emphasize the different salivary biomarker studies and their inference on tobacco users. Articles have been collected from a different search engine, and the results were assessed to highlight their importance on human health. These markers can be further validated as diagnosing and/or predicting markers in high-risk tobacco users. In addition, the recognized readily available non-invasive salivary markers would be a great source for patient education and promoting health awareness in such groups. --- ## Alcoholic Hepatitis – A Fatal Disease **Authors:** Mayuri K, Sunitha S **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4780 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Liver, Alcohol, Hepatitis, Fibrosis, Diagnosis, Treatment, Capsaicin Liver is the vital organ that metabolizes and excretes nutrients. Failure of the liver leads to death in cases. The complication which causes liver failure is excessive alcohol consumption. Liver metabolizes ethanol and it faces the highest degree of injury by uncontrolled drinking. Alcohol use produces a broad spectrum of diseases; hepatosteatosis, Alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. Pathogenesis of Alcohol related Liver Diseases (ALD) is explained by hepatic lipogenesis, deceleration of hepatic lipid breakdown, defective hepatic lipid export, macrophage induced alcoholic hepatitis (AH), Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) transport into the hepatic bloodstream, Malondialdehyde and acetaldehyde (MAA) adducts formation and hepatocyte stellate cell (HSC) induction. Main symptoms of AH include oxidative stress, metabolism interruption, inflammation, restoration process changes and bacterial byproducts misplacement from the gut into hepatic portal blood circulation. Diagnostic studies of ALD are concluded by medical records, clinical and laboratory declarations. Earlier, Glucocorticoids, Pentoxifylline, TNFα were used in the treatment of AH, alone or combined. Novel treatments include Metadoxine, Caspase inhibitors, Microbiome Modification, Microbial Phage Therapy, and liver transplantation. These treatments are prescribed in combination with addiction psychiatrists, social work, and family counselors. Recent studies confirmed that AH could be prevented by consuming capsaicin daily, which ultimately reduces the global burden. --- ## A review on medicinal and commercial use of Marine Algae **Authors:** Navaith Ahmed S, Usharani B **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4777 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antibacterial, Antiobesity, Antioxidant, Antiviral, Seagrass, Types of Algae Algae are a various group of autotrophic organisms that varies from unicellular to multicellular forms and found in saltwater as well as freshwater. They are key producers with a great source of nutrients and vitamins. In the last few decades’ discovery of biological activity from marine algae has increased significantly. Seaweed offers wide range of therapeutic possibilities both externally and internally as they are good source of neutraceuticals and potent drug. Seaweed is widely distributed along temperate and tropical coastlines of the world and they found to depths of 50-60 meters. Our focus is on the potential applications of the medical field. It is used as medicine, food and supplement for ages and also found in rudimentary applications in the cosmetics and industrial industry. The potential uses of algae in the medical field are based on properties like antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antieczemic etc., The nutrient value in the algae envisages it as a potential supplement for vitamins. Algae is accepted as complete food as it is well balanced with carbohydrates, proteins, essential amino acids, minerals and vitamins and they are commonly named superfoods. Medicinal properties of different algae species attract the attention of scientists worldwide for the synthesis of pharmaceutical products that promote good health. Algae are also widely used in Obesity management which is one of the great challenges of the century. --- ## Assessment of symptoms on patients with urinary tract infections and adherence to medications **Authors:** Eva Lorel Kouassi, Abdul Wahid Ishaque, Amulya P Shetty, Rimpa Devi, Sheethal Kuriakose, Mamatha T R **Published:** 2021-07-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4776 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Impact, Medication Adherence, Urinary Tract Infections, UTISA Although urinary tract infections (UTIs) are considered to be the most common bacterial infections worldwide, their assessment remains a big clinical challenge, because they are not reportable diseases in developed countries like United States and any other parts of the world including India. This situation is further complicated by the fact that accurate diagnosis depends on both the presence of symptoms and a positive urine culture, although in most outpatient settings this diagnosis is made without the benefit of culture. Our study aimed to appraise the impact of urinary tract infections symptoms on selected patients and comprehend their adherence to medications despite the challenges of antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance observed. One hundred and twenty patients with confirmed cases of urinary tract infections were recruited for the study. The mean age of females and males patients was found to be 59.86±2.37 and 52.27±3 years respectively. Pertinent descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. Spearman correlation test revealed a strong positive correlation between overall UTIs’ symptoms and their impact on patients at baseline (0.84) and at follow up (0.799) with p value =0.5. On the other hand the majority of patients were found to be adherent to the medications after discharge. The current study revealed that Urinary tract infections if left untreated can negatively impact the lives of patients suffering from it and hinder their adherence to medications. Consequently, accurate and early assessment of UTIs’ symptoms in clinics and hospitals becomes a necessity. --- ## Synthesis, Characterization And Assessment of Anti Microbial Behaviour of Goat Faecal Mediated Silver Nanoparticles - Fed on Tirumala Hills **Authors:** Shakir Basha S, Ashok Thulluru, Naresh Babu C, Chithra Shekar C, Jagadeesh P, Mohammed Idress N S, Praveena R, Sravan Kumar C, Anil A **Published:** 2021-07-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4752 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Goat Feces, Silver Nanoparticles, Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity To synthesize, characterize, and to assess the anti-microbial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) induced by goat fecal matter. The AgNPs were processed by the microwave heating method and the characterization was accomplished by employing various spectroscopic approaches such as UV-Visible, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, Particle size, and Zeta potential analysis. The lmax for both extracts were found at 426& 438nm. The wideband corresponded to O-H stretching vibrations at 3384.0 cm-1, 3273.9 cm-1 and 3366.2 cm-1, bands at 2918.5 cm-1, 2922.5 cm-1, 2853.2 cm-1, and 2850.2 cm-1 corresponded to the N–H and C–H stretching. The bands at 1638.1 cm-1, 1651.9, and 1686.5 cm-1 corresponded to the C=C stretch. Bands of 1460.3 cm-1, 1450.4 cm-1, 1409.2 cm-1 and 1376.3 cm-1 corresponded to C-N, C-C bond stretching vibrations. The stretch of C-O indicates bands at 1159.7 cm-1, 1033.2 cm-1, and 1032.8 cm-1. The synthesized AgNPsdemonstrated good anti-microbial activity on gram +Ve (S.aureus) and gram -Ve (E.coli) bacteria. Bio/Green synthesized AgNPs have shown improved biological performance, this tends to minimize production cost, pollution-free, less chemical usage, and stable generation of nanoparticles. --- ## Slow-growth conservation- cryopreservation and Analysis of genetic stability of in vitro regenerated Coelogyne Nervosa A.Rich A endemic orchid **Authors:** Chithra Devi B.S, Sangilimuthu A, Daanya V **Published:** 2021-07-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4222 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cryopreservation, Droplet vitrification, Epiphytic orchid, Slow-growth conservation Coelogyne Nervosa A. Rich., an endangered medicinal epiphyte (lithophyte) is a strict endemic of the Western Ghats distributed across Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. KC medium supplemented with 2,4-D is best suited for direct embryo induction from 80 days old protocorms. Hormone-free KC basal medium supported the conversion of somatic embryos into complete plantlets. For the medium-term storage experiment, somatic embryos were placed on storage media containing various growth inhibitors (such as different levels of chlormequat, maleic hydrazide and paclobutrazol). They were stored for ten months to assess the percentage of survival. The surviving shoots were transferred to the recovery medium for eight weeks. At 8°C, the highest survival rate was observed with ABA at 0.2 mg L−1. For cryopreservation: droplet-vitrification best results were obtained when the somatic embryos, after 20 days of subculture were immersed in an osmoprotectant solution. Osmo-protected samples were immersed in PVS2 (15% ethylene glycol and 15% DMSO) at 0°C for 30 min. Pre-prepared Somatic embryos were plunged into cryovials for one day. Regrowth levels were as high as 70%. DNA samples extracted from leaves of the mother plant, somatic embryos without storage, regenerates of slow growth preservation and cryopreservation. The samples were analysed by DNA based molecular marker – inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and found no genetic changes during the cryopreservation process. --- ## Green Route Synthesis of Bio-active Cd(II) and Hg(II) Complexes With ‘N’ Donor Novel Schiff base and Oxalate ion **Authors:** Veeravel C, Rajasekar K, Balasubramanian S, Selvarani R **Published:** 2021-07-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4768 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** (E-N-((E)-3- phenylallylidene)aniline, Cinnamaldehyde, Aniline, Antibacterial, Antifungal Green route synthesis of bio-active diamagnetic Cd (II) and Hg (II) complexes with Schiff base and oxalate ion were synthesized using water as a solvent and characterized by using electronic spectra (UV-visible), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR), 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, mass spectra and physical characterization such as CHN analysis, metal estimation and molar conductivity. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of ligand complex compared with Schiff base. The complexes have the general formula of ML2X (M= Cd (II) & Hg (II), L-C15H13N, X-C2O4) confirmed based on the results of elemental analysis, metal estimation and the reasonable shift of mass spectra, FT-IR and NMR spectral signals of the complexes compared with free Schiff base. The coordination of Schiff-base and anionic ligands through an inner-sphere coordination mode by imine nitrogen and the oxygen atom of oxalate ion. The conductivity measurements of metal complexes indicate that they are non-electrolyte. The Schiff base and its metal chelates were tested in-vitro bio-potential activity against bacterial strain such as E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and fungal strain viz., C Albicans, A. Niger by Agar disc diffusion method using chloramphenicol and fluconazole as bacterial and fungal standard. The results revealed that the metal (II) chelates exhibited higher antibacterial activity than the free Schiff base. --- ## Antioxidant activity and Hepatoprotective potential of Ethanolic leaf extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus against various Hepatotoxins induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino wister Rats **Authors:** Suresh K, Hindustan Abdul Ahad, Satyanarayana SV **Published:** 2021-06-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4764 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hepatoprotective, Artabotrys hexapetalus, paracetamol, ethanol, Isoniazid and Rifampicin, hepatotoxins, histopathological The objective of this research was to see whether the ethanolic extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus leaves had antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties against paracetamol (PCT), ethanol (ETN), and isoniazid and rifampicin (IR)-induced hepatotoxicity in Albino Wister rats. The materials were dried in the shade, pulverised, and extracted using ethanol. Phytochemical experiments were carried out as a first step. The ethanol extract's hepatoprotective activity was evaluated in Albino Wister rats. PCT (3 g/kg), ETN (5 g/kg), and IR (100 mg/kg) reduced the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and bilirubin, which are all biochemical indicators of liver injury. Both hepatotoxin-treated and untreated group of animals determined for their antioxidant levels. Aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), alanine transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, an antioxidant function of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl 2-picryl hydroxyl), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation methods, hydroxyl radicals, and nitric oxide were among the biochemical and histopathological tests performed. The altered levels of biochemical markers were restored to near-normal levels in a dose-dependent fashion after treatment with A. hexapetalus ethanolic leaf extract (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg body weight). The findings of the current research indicated that the ethanol leaf extract of A. hexapetalus had potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. --- ## Medication Errors: Reported Prescription Faults and Prescription Error **Authors:** Ali Alshahrani, Mona Alsheikh, Mohammad Yusuf **Published:** 2021-06-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4762 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Medication Error, Reported Prescription Fault, Prescription Error, Saudi Arabia, Tertiary Hospital The present study aimed to evaluate the trends of prescription errors that did not caused any harm to the patients and the prescription errors that were identified before reaching to the patients in the year 2017 at a tertiary care hospital in Kingdom Saudi Arabia. Simple random sampling and sampling based on prescription errors that were identified, documented, and reported before reaching the patients in the first three quarters of 2017 were performed in present observational retrospective study. Descriptive analysis with D’Agostino & Pearson omnibus were applied for normality testing at 95% CI through one-sample t-test to compare the prescription errors that did not cause harm to the patients and were identified before reaching the patient in the first quarter (Q1), the second quarter (Q2), and the third quarter (Q3) of 2017. Total number of prescription errors that did not caused harm to the patients were 1,601 in Quarter 1 further decreased to 1,422 in Quarter 2 and then increased to 1,710 in Quarter 3 of 2017. Furthermore, the total number of prescription errors that did not cause harm to the patients were 1,601 in Quarter 1 further decreased to 1,422 in Quarter 2 and then increased to 1,710 in Quarter 3 of 2017. The current study revealed that prescription errors were common in the tertiary Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia. Therefore, educating the prescribers to reduce prescription errors through seminars, conferences, and workshops is essential. Also, a joint training exercise for the pharmacist and doctors would minimize the prescribing errors. --- ## Association of socioeconomic disparity of the pregnant women with adverse pregnancy outcomes **Authors:** Vineela Nekkanti, Githa Kishore **Published:** 2021-06-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4761 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Socioeconomic status, pregnancy outcomes Socioeconomic status of the pregnant women is a key determinant of the pregnancy outcomes. The government of India has started several health schemes to provide appropriate antenatal care for the pregnant women. The present study aimed to assess the association of socioeconomic status of pregnant women with adverse pregnancy outcomes after the implementation of these schemes. The present study used Kuppuswamy scale to determine the socio-economic status of the study subjects and pregnant women of both upper and lower SES class without major pregnancy complications were recruited into the study. These subjects were followed up until delivery, and their adverse pregnancy outcomes such as lower segment cesarean section (LSCS) delivery, preterm birth, low birth weight (LBW) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission were reported. In the present study, the rate of LSCS, preterm birth, LBW and NICU admission was high among the lower SES group as compared to the upper SES group women. However, NICU admission had a statistically significant association with SES of pregnant women at p=0.038. The difference in the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes among the upper and lower SES pregnant women is minimal, which could be attributed to the enrolment of lower SES pregnant women to the government health schemes. Hence, to overcome the economic disparities among the pregnant women, the implementation of government health schemes should be strengthened by promoting the role of the accredited social health activist (ASHA) worker. --- ## Synthesis, characterization, molecular docking and in vitro anticancer activity of 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-substituted phenyl-2-pyrazoline-1- carbothioamide **Authors:** Benupani Sahu, Rajapandi R, Avik Maji, Abhik Paul, Tanushree Singha, Tapan Kumar Maity **Published:** 2021-06-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4759 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anticancer, Molecular docking, Pyrazoline, SRB Assay and Molegro Virtual Docker In the present study, eight numbers of new 3- (4-methoxy phenyl)-5-substituted phenyl-2-pyrazoline-1-carbothioamide (5a-h) have been synthesized from 1- (4-methoxy phenyl)-3- (substituted phenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one (3a-h) and structurally characterized by using FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass and Elemental analysis. The synthesized molecules were biologically evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), liver cancer (Hep-G2) and leukaemia cancer (K-562) cell line using Sulforhodamine B (SRB) bioassay technique. From the all-synthesized compounds 5a, 5c, 5d, and 5e exhibited potent anticancer activity (GI50= <10µg/ml) as compared to the controlled drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) (GI50=44.5µg/ml) and Adriamycin (ADR) (GI50= <10µg/ml) on MCF-7 cell lines. Besides this, all the synthesized compounds have exhibited moderate activity against human liver cancer (Hep-G2) and leukaemia cancer (K-562) cell lines. In addition, molecular docking studies were also explored in order to study the probable binding specificity into the active site of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR) (PDB ID: 1M17) using Molegro Virtual Docker Evaluation 2013 6.0.1 (MVD). Based on the molecular docking result, it was found that compound 5a exhibited the best interaction with the above target (i.e., EGFR) by interacting with specific amino acid residues such as: Thr 766, Gin 767, Thr 830, Cys 575, Ala 719 and Met 769. --- ## Attenuating Effect of Vitamin E and Tinospora cordifolia on Bisphenol-A Induced Apoptosis in Goat Testis **Authors:** Sharma R. K, Gandhi A **Published:** 2021-06-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4760 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Capra hircus, Amelioration, BPA, Tinospora cordifolia, catalase, Vitamin E During the present study effect of Vitamin E and Tinospora cordifolia on BPA induced goat (Capra hircus) testicular tissue was evaluated. Testicular tissue was exposed to varied concentrations of BPA, Vitamin E and Tinospora cordifolia in three experimental groups along with their specific control for 4 and 8hrs. In group I, the cultured tissue was exposed to three doses of Bisphenol-A viz. 0.01, 1.0 and 100 nM/ml. In group II, Vitamin E (0.1µM/ml) was supplemented along with BPA (0.01, 1.0, 100 nM/ml) and in group III Tinospora cordifolia extract (250 µg/ml) was added with BPA (0.01, 1.0, 100 nM/ml) in the culture media. With the increase in dose level as well as the exposure duration, the frequency of apoptotic cells increased significantly (p< 0.05), as revealed by acridine orange and methylene blue staining. BPA exposure also induced a decline in the antioxidant enzyme activity such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione. Vitamin E and Tinospora cordifolia resulted in a decrease in the percentage of apoptotic cells and an increase in levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione activity was observed. Hence, it is concluded that BPA induced more damage at its higher concentration and the antioxidant Vitamin E and Tinospora cordifolia ameliorate the oxidative stress-induced changes, thereby suggesting the potential of Vitamin E and Tinospora cordifolia in counteracting the cellular damage induced by agents like BPA. --- ## Efficacy of Anti-Rusting Agents on Sterilization of Instruments used in Orthodontic Practice **Authors:** Subashree Rathi Selvan, Arvind Sivakumar **Published:** 2021-06-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4757 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** corrosion, rusting, orthodontic pliers, sterilization, anti-rusting agents Autoclaving (a process of sterilization) of instruments can lead to rust formation and corrosion especially the cutting instruments because they have a carbide steel tip. The aim of this study was to check the microbial load of instruments after treatment with any of these agents viz. sodium hypochlorite, vinegar, lemon and coconut oil followed by autoclaving and to assess the instruments for corrosion treated by these above-mentioned agents followed by autoclaving. A sample of 25 orthodontic pliers and cutters were selected for evaluation. They were divided into five groups depending on the agent used. After ultrasonic cleaning of these pliers, they were immersed in the respective solutions for 10 minutes, dried and then subjected to autoclaving. Microbial swabs were collected at two stages: before treating the instruments(T0) with anti-rusting agents and after autoclaving(T1). Quantitative culture was performed using standard technique. The working edge of each instrument was examined visually on the amount of corrosion seen. The mean difference in colony forming units of each group were sodium hypochlorite-48.6, vinegar-32.2, coconut oil-31.4, lemon-7.4 and control group-16.8. In this study, use of additive agents like sodium hypochlorite, vinegar, lemon and coconut oil did not alter the process of sterilization, wherein, the CFU’s of all the four experimental groups were similar to the control group. Visual examination reveals that the anti-rusting property of coconut oil is far superior compared to all other agents used. --- ## Immediate effect of intercostal stretch on chest expansion in healthy smokers **Authors:** Siva Jyothi N, Senthil Selvam P, Srikar Narla, Yatheendra Kumar G, Subramanian S S, Jibi Paul, Mallela Bharath Kumar, Ravi Shankar Reddy **Published:** 2021-06-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4754 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Intercostal Stretch, Lung Function, Smokers, 6MWD, Neurophysiological Facilitation, Chest Measurement Intercostal stretch is a neuro physiological facilitation technique which has been proved to be effective on the ventilator parameters. Smoking is a worldwide problem which causes major health risks that are related to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Cigerrete smoking causes the alteration in lung function, increase the air way resistance and also irritates the airways. 30 subjects were taken for the study those who met with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Intercostal stretch was given to the subjects from 3rd to 8th rib. Chest expansion and 6-minute walk distance was calculated pre and post intervention immediately. Paired t test was calculated. The results of the study suggest that there is no significant difference in 6-minute walk distance (p>0.05) and there is a significant improvement in the chest expansion (p<0.05) immediately after the intercostal stretch in healthy smokers. --- ## Knowledge, awareness, and practice (KAP) level of parasite infection among adults in Selangor, Malaysia **Authors:** Mehru Nisha, Nurul Nadiah Ab Talib, Naim Khir, Intan Sufinaz Daud, Fabian Davamani **Published:** 2021-06-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4753 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Knowledge, Awareness, Practice, Parasite Infection, Adults, Selangor Parasites are live organism that lives in a host to obtain the nutrients for their survival. Parasitic infections are commonly as seen in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. These parasitic infections can be caused by protozoa, helminths and ectoparasites. However, the knowledge of parasitic infections could vary among the adults in urban or semi urban areas where parasitic infections are rare among them. This study was conducted to detect the level of knowledge, awareness and practice of parasite infection among adults in Selangor. The study was conducted using an online questionnaire. Around 59 participants from Selangor district in the age group of 21 to 60 years responded to the questionnaire. The results of this research was analysed by Google Docs software. According to the result obtained, the level of knowledge, awareness and practice of adults towards parasite infection is highly satisfactory. As majority of participants (76.3%, n=45) are familiar with the symptom of intestinal parasitic infection, majority of contributors (93.2%, n=55) practice the correct way in processing the meat by cooking the meat thoroughly, and some of the participants (14.9%, n=9) were aware of malaria as the high risk of being contagious in Selangor district. The level of knowledge, awareness and practice of parasite infection among adults in Selangor is adequately high. However, it is still necessary for these populations to get more exposed the information on parasite infection. --- ## Cytotoxic Test of Fraction of Gaharu Leaves (Aquilaria Malaccensis) on Cervic Cancer Cells (Hela Cells) Using MTT Assay Method **Authors:** Aris Suhardiman, Asep Ramdani, Dewi Kurnia, Aiyi Asnawi **Published:** 2021-06-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4750 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HeLa Cells, MTT assay, Agarwood, Cytotoxic, IC50 Cervical cancer is one type of cancer that attacks women in both developed and developing countries. Cancer can arise from cell division errors or DNA damage from certain environmental exposures that cause free radicals as a factor of cancer cells. The agarwood plant (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) has been known by society as a health tea ingredient. The content of compounds contained in tea is believed to have anti-cancer and antioxidant activity. In previous studies found some of the active compound ingredients contained in the leaves of agarwood, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoid, saponins and tannins. Tests that have been done previously that agarwood plants have good cytotoxic activity against cancer cells MCF-7 from one of the fractions, the n-hexane fraction. In this study, another cytotoxic potential test was carried out from aloe plants on other cancer cells, namely HeLa cells. Extraction was carried out by the Soxhletation method using 96% ethanol solvent, then fractionated with n-hexane solvent, ethyl asetate, and methanol: water. The MTT assay method is used to test the cytotoxic activity of sample research on cell cultures used. Measurements were performed using an ELISA reader at 550 nm wavelength. The results showed that the IC50 values of the four samples tested were ethanol extract (299,506 µg / ml), n-hexane fraction (120,913 µg / ml), ethyl acetate fraction (3490,476 µg / ml) and methanol fraction: water (294,060 µg) / ml). from extracts and fractions it is known that the highest value is shown by the n-hexane fraction in the moderately active/moderate category. --- ## Glucocorticoids: Boon or Bane-An assessment of safety profiling of steroids in a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Sadhana N Holla **Published:** 2021-06-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4748 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adverse drug reactions, Causality, Hyperglycemia, Prednisolone, Preventable Glucocorticoids are used in therapy empirically, but undesirable effects occur with large doses or prolonged administration. The aim of the study is to assess the pattern of adverse drug reactions of glucocorticoids in a tertiary care hospital. A retrospective analysis of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) following administration of glucocorticoids was conducted in the ADR monitoring center, Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal. Clinical and treatment data were collected from the patient case records in the suspected adverse drug reaction reporting form as per the World Health Organization guidelines. ADRs were assessed for Causality, Preventability and Severity using WHO causality assessment scale, Modified Schumock and Thornton’s scale and Hartwig’s severity scale, respectively. 100 ADRs were observed in 85 patients, with 51% males and 49% females. Prednisolone (53%) was the most common drug responsible for ADRs, followed by betamethasone (9%) and dexamethasone (8%). Hyperglycemia (34%) was the most common ADR, followed by cutaneous adverse reactions (32%). Acne (20%) was common among them. Over 86% reactions were categorized "possible". Among ADRs (91%) treated, only 16 % recovered. About 39% of cases were "probably preventable". The majority of ADRs (72%) were moderate in “severity”. Given the number and severity of side effects, the institution of glucocorticoids requires careful consideration of the relative risks and benefits in each patient. --- ## Resistance profile of bacteria to antibiotics in an out hospital environment **Authors:** Hicham Chemsi, Farida Hilali, Abdelilah Laraqui, Tahar Bajjou, Yassine Sekhsokh **Published:** 2021-06-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4749 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Frequency, Extramural, Sensitivity, Resistance For an increasing number of infections and causative agents, treatment becomes more difficult or impossible because of the loss of antibiotic efficacy. As a result, resistance is a real public health problem. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the frequency of community bacterial infection as well as to establish a susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from antibiotics. It is a prospective study, descriptive type. It was conducted in a non-hospital setting over a six-month period. The inclusion criteria were all positive specimens: urinary examination, vaginal sampling, urethral sampling, pus, sputum, sperm. Exclusion criteria included patients with negative examinations and other microorganisms (viruses, fungal infections and parasites). The data collection was done using an information sheet. An antibiogram is performed for the study of resistance. Data mining was performed and analyzed statistically 1565 samples that met the inclusion criteria, 1228 strains were Gram-negative bacilli (78.46%), 323 Gram-positive cocci (20.64%), 14 Gram-negative cocci (0.9%). The sex ratio was 2.2. The distribution of isolates showed a predominance of urinary examinations 1076 (68.8%), vaginal samples 195 (12.5%), urethral specimens 111 (7.1%), sputum 105 (6.7%), spermocultures 36 (2.3%), plus 28 (1.8%) and various 14 (0.8%). It was represented by Escherichia coli 986 (63.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 235 (15.1%), Staphylococcus sp 106 (6.8%), Enterococcus sp 64 (4.1%), Streptococcus sp 59 (3%), 8%), Enterobacter sp 39 (2.5%), Pseudomonas sp 28 (1.7%), Proteus sp 25 (1.5%), Neisseria gonorrhoae 13 (0.8%), Citrobacter koseri 8 (0%), 5%) and Acinetobacter sp 2 (0.1%). The susceptibility frequency of enterobacteria is represented by amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 49.3%, ceftriaxone 97.1%, cefuroxime 89%, cefotaxime 100%, gentamicin 69.6%, ciprofloxacin 75.1%, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim 41.1% and doxycycline 29.9%. --- ## A Review of Markers in Ayurveda for Anti-Inflammatory Drugs **Authors:** Vineetha R, Vijey Aanandhi M, Shanmugasundaram P, Binoy Varghese Cherian E **Published:** 2021-06-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4747 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Boswellia serrata, Sunthi, Guduchi, Gokshru. Guggulu, HPLC, HPTLC, LC-MS, UPLC-PDA From the ancient days itself the ayurvedic medicine has special importance. This ayurvedic system of medicine originated in India. In India nearly 70% of people use ayurvedic system of medicine along the western system of medicine. The Ayurveda mainly come under three classes are vata, pitta and the kapha. Chemically identified constituents of an herbal medicine that are of concern for quality control purposes are known as markers. Some of the markers are widely used for anti-inflammatory agents are Boswellia, sunthi, gokshuru, guduchi, guggulu this marker possesses anti-inflammatory action that reduces pain, swelling of joints, Arthritis, joint complaints, Muscular injuries etc. The chromatographical / spectroscopical analytical development can be done for markers. The analytical development possesses the way to the analytical information about the markers. The technique such as HPLC, HPTLC, LC-MS, UPLC-PDA are properly validated by ICH guidelines using validation parameters such as accuracy, recovery, precision, LOD, LOQ, Robustness etc. For many markers there is lack of development of Hyphenated techniques. By increasing the analytical techniques, research is prone to be more effective and successful to promote quality, safety and efficacy. --- ## 25 hydroxycholicalciferol levels during Pregnancy in Rural and Urban Population of South India **Authors:** Julie Christy A, Saraswathi Perumal, Sumathy G **Published:** 2021-06-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4744 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gestation, 25 hydroxycholicalciferol levels, serum calcium Maternal 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol is the storage form the vitamin D. It gets activated to 1,25, Dihydroxycholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in the kidneys. Pregnancy increases requirement for the vitamin D3. The 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol is produced by the fetal kidneys from maternal sources of 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol. Vitamin D3 is essential for intestinal calcium absorption and bone mineralization in fetus.104 venous blood samples were used to study 25 hydroxycholecalciferol and serum calcium levels. Experimental group involved venous blood samples from 100 ANC between 20-40 years. In the first trimester rural ANC cases had an average 25 hydroxycholecalciferol level of 50.9ng/ml. In Urban participants the average was 31.6nmol/L. Second Trimester ANC in rural sector had an average of 54nmol/L and in urban average was 45nmol/L. In third trimester rural participants had an average of 61nmol/L, urban participants had 28nmol/L. The urban participants in all the three trimesters had 25 hydroxycholecalciferol insufficiency. 25 hydroxycholecalciferol deficiency is higher percentage in first trimester, gradually reduces in second trimester and reaches towards normal limits in third trimester. The placental secretion compensates for the homeostasis and maintenance of normal calcium levels and during third trimester. Active fetal bone mineralization occurs in third trimester. --- ## A knowledge, attitude and practice study on awareness of contraception among postpartum women in a tertiary care centre **Authors:** Sivasundari Maharajan, Dhanvarsha Sumaldha Subbiah Ramkumar, Perni Navya Sree **Published:** 2021-06-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4745 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Contraceptive method, Postpartum counselling, Pregnant women, Family planning Despite being the first country to launch the National Family Planning Programme in 1952, India still lags behind in practising contraception. This study was conducted to assess knowledge, awareness and practice methods of contraception during the postpartum period. The study included 720 postpartum women; details including awareness and practice methods of contraception and factors affecting use by the postpartum women were obtained. Statistical analysis was done by using the chi-square test and percentage (%). The mean age of postpartum women was 26.5 years, 28.19% were literate between 9th -12th grade, 96.94% women were housewives. Among them, 56% of women were aware of at least one contraception and correct usage. Among them, 98.01% knew about sterilization. About 48.88% of women were aware of more than one method of contraception. After counselling, 97.2% of women were willing to use contraception. However, 2.78% of patients chose abstinence. In our study, knowledge about contraception based on education and socio-economic status of women shows significant association (p-value <0.00001 for both). Health professionals should evaluate the level of awareness, create awareness and provide education regarding methods of contraception for use in the postpartum period to improve maternal and fetal outcome. --- ## Comparative Molecular Docking Analysis of Phytoconstituents against Alzheimer’s Disease Targets- An In-Silico Approach **Authors:** Geethanjali T, Logesh Kumar S, Keerthish Sujan B, Lakshmi Prabhaa M, Khousikan K, Lakshmi Priya S V, Srikanth J **Published:** 2021-06-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4743 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alzheimer’s Disease, ADME, Drug Likeness Property, Molecular Docking Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and one of the leading causes of death. The Aim and objective of the present study is to perform in-silico docking analysis of the major active constituents identified in three Indian medicinal plants namely Convolvulus pluricaulis, Coriandrum sativum and Panax ginseng for its effectiveness against the targets of Alzheimer Disease. In-silico docking analysis was performed by Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD-2010, 4.2.0) and Schrodinger Mestro (V 11.8). In addition, Drug likeness property, pharmacokinetics (ADME) and safety profile prediction studies were performed to identify the best drug candidates using Qikpro and Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T). The target for Alzheimer Disease is Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase. The X-ray crystal co-ordinates of AChE (PDB ID: 4bdt) and BChE (PDB ID: 6eqq) obtained from the Protein Data Bank. The phytoconstituents of three medicinal plants were retrieved from PubChem compound database in mol format. The standard drugs Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine, Memantine was obtained from the drug bank in. mol format for comparison. It was analysed from the parameters of docking that the phytoconstituents from Panax ginseng showed better anti-Alzheimer activity compared to that of the standard drugs. Based on the research findings, further studies can be performed in in-vitro & in-vivo animal models of Alzheimer’s disease to establish the efficacy of promising phytoconstituents. --- ## Role of Sneha kalpana (Oil based formulation) in the management of Vataja Prameha (Vata predominance Prameha) w.s.r. to Khadira-kramuka kashaya siddha taila **Authors:** Amrit Godbole, Abhinav A, Sweta K M, Arpit Srivas, Vandana Singh, Pratyush Sharma, Singh O P, Tripathi J S **Published:** 2021-06-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4742 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Diabetes Mellitus, Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity, Prameha, Khadira- Kramukakashaya Siddha Tail Diabetes mellitus is a fast-growing pandemic. In India, the urban population is more prone to disease rather than the rural Indian population. Dietary habits, faulty lifestyle, and urbanization leading to reduced physical exercise may be responsible to a large extent. Indian system of medicine, namely Ayurveda cited a disease entity named Prameha. It is a clinical syndrome that includes various clinical conditions like, obesity, pre-diabetes, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. The symptomatology, types, and sub-types mentioned in the context shows relevance with modern times rationale of free fatty acid and its role in peripheral insulin resistance. The article put an emphasis on those cases of chronic diabetes (DM type 2) which becomes insulin dependent in later phase of life and its coherence with Vatolwana prameha of kaphaja and pittaja variety (Kaphaja and Pittajaprameha with predominant Vata). This review article focuses on the Ayurvedic management of chronic insulin dependent type 2 diabetics. Various research papers indexed in Pubmed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science was deeply studied and cited appropriately in the article. The closest possible correlation of modern and Ayurveda principles and their relevance in the present time is tried to be drawn. The treatment protocol given in Ayurveda texts is scientific enough to be taken into consideration for making it as the first-line treatment of not only diabetes mellitus but also in the cases of obesity and metabolic syndrome. --- ## A Review Study on Cellulitis **Authors:** Hemalatha C N, Jagadeesan B, Janani N, Aniesh Kumar A, Harinathan R, Harikrishnan N **Published:** 2021-06-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4739 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cellulitis, streptococci aureus, CT scan, Non – Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Clindamycin, Dicloxacillin Cellulitis is a clinical condition which is characterised by reddishness, soreness, localized pain, erythema, swelling and formation of abscess in the leg, pyrexia and an increase in the heartbeat. It is the infection of the sub-cutaneous tissue and dermal layer usually found complicating a wound or ulcer. It is considered an infectious disease as it causes morbidity and mortality. It is also called skin diseases, as the skin is involved and lacks sharp demarcation from uninvolved skin. Cellulitis spreads rapidly and is pyogenic in nature and is frequently associated with lymphangitis and fever. Streptococci (streptococci pyogenes) and staphylococcus aureus are the two species which causes cellulitis. Five types of cellulitis can be classified they are facial cellulitis, periorbital cellulitis, breast cellulitis, perianal cellulitis. Diagnosis of cellulitis is based on morphological features of the lesion and a CT scan is required for determining cellulitis. By the visual inspection, the cellulitis is spotted. The common risk factor for cellulitis is oedema. If the cellulitis patient has Diabetes Mellitus or injury in the skin or any inflammation in the liver, they are considered to be in a dangerous state. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs are prescribed to decrease the clinical features. Clindamycin, Dicloxacillin are antibiotics that are administered to cure cellulitis. This review discusses the general information regarding cellulitis, its clinical indications, pathophysiology, microbiology and its treatment. --- ## Molecular characterization of oral bacteria isolated from human saliva **Authors:** Sharee Leong, Shamala Marimuthu **Published:** 2021-06-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4741 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Colony Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Human saliva, Lactobacillus sp., Molecular characterization, Oral bacteria Periodontitis is an inflammation of gums and bones that supporting the teeth which caused by Staphylococcus intermedius. The saliva from a patient of periodontitis or suspect to periodontitis will have higher levels of Staphylococcus intermedius. Hence, human saliva is clinically informative in diagnosing oral disease and the oral health of an individual. In this study, oral bacteria in human saliva were identified using 16S ribosomal RNA. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes from the isolated colonies were amplified through the colony Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. 16S rRNA genes were used to determine species identity by sequencing and generating the phylogenetic tree. The results showed that Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. were the most prevalent oral bacteria found from all the saliva samples, while Lactobacillus sp. was found from two samples. From the constructed phylogenetic trees, bacteria strains B1 and B2 clustered with the Staphylococcus sp. database. Bacteria strains B9 and B10 were categorized as Streptococcus sp. as the confidential level between Streptococcus sp. database is 100% in Neighbour-Joining tree. Sample B15 and B16 clustered with Lactobacillus sp. database. Oral bacteria species typically associated with periodontitis was detected in all saliva samples. Therefore, it is important to fully understand the nature of the oral bacteria before further research on drug design and administration of oral treatment is executed. --- ## Molecular Modeling Studies of Benzimidazole Nucleus **Authors:** Vijey Aanandhi M, Anbhule Sachin J **Published:** 2021-06-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4740 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Benzimidazole, CoMFA, CoMSIA, HQSAR and Docking For the identification of the lead compounds, a molecular docking tool is used. The little structure, namely Ligand, generally holds together the protein places. It describes a similar approach that utilizes to place over another three-dimensional structure of a probable drug on its prospective object sites. Given that, it was worthwhile to build a virtual library of benzimidazole derivatives to find lead structures to test against C. Albicans. The two-dimensional structure of all planned compounds was drawn by using the current version software and pass on to the software window. The energy of all three-dimensional structures was reduced by Molecular Orbital Package up to Root mean square gradient 0.001 and put aside in MDL Molfile (.Mol) format. To assess the likely potential of the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship models, the dataset was split into a training set comprising of 32 molecules and a test set of 8 molecules in such a way that the structural variety and an extensive range of biological action in the specific set were added. The IC50 values were transformed to pIC50 to give numerically larger data values. --- ## Anti-diabetic and wound healing potential of Benincasa hispida in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats **Authors:** Vemulapalli Ravi Kumar, Veerachamy Alagarsamy, Rakesh Kumar Jat **Published:** 2021-06-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4737 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Benincasa hispida, streptozocin, diabetes, antioxidants, wound healing Benincasa hispida (B.hispida) is a potential bioactive herb with a wide range of pharmacological actions. Diabetes wound healing effect of effect of B.hispida is not clear. Hence, the study was planned to investigate the antidiabetic and wound healing activities of methanolic and petroleum ether of B.hispida on streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intra peritoneal injection of Streptozocin (60mg/kg). The antidiabetic activity was studied at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) of plant extracts. In this study, STZ intoxicated rats displayed increased blood glucose level, lipid peroxidation and decreased level of antioxidants. Further, lipid profiles such as total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL were significantly increased, and HDL was significantly decreased in STZ diabetic rats. Treatment with B.hispida methanolic and petroleum extracts at the dose of 100 and 200mg/kg showed significant antidiabetic activity. Further, in wounded rats, B.hispida significantly increased the wound contraction rate and shorten the period of epithelization. In conclusion, B.hispida showed a significant antidiabetic and wound activities mediated through its antioxidant effect. --- ## Effectiveness of Siddha Formulations in Treating Breast Cancer: An Evidence-Based Case Series **Authors:** Shanmugasundaram Gouthaman, Roshni Saravanan, Jayaprakash Narayanan, Arputha Selvi A **Published:** 2021-06-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4738 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Breast Cancer, Siddha, RasagandhiMezhugu (RGM), Modified Radical Mastectomy, Chemotherapy, Survival Breast cancer is one of the top-ranked cancers affecting women in the world. Although there are approved standard regimens for treatment, due to toxicological side effects, there is a demand for novel anti-cancer drugs with minimal adverse effects leading to the emergence of Indian Systems of Medicine. Natural treatment modalities such as Siddha, Ayurveda and Unani are emerging and have been given gaining importance in recent times. They have been in vogue for centuries together and have shown better prognosis over a period of time with lesser toxicity and admiring oncological results. The presentation is an evidence-based report on the cure of breast cancer using Siddha chemotherapeutic formulations. --- ## Anticoagulant Properties from Marine Algae – A Systemic Review **Authors:** Pandian P, Srinivasan N **Published:** 2021-06-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4736 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Marine algae, anticoagulant, heparin, sulphated polysaccharides, clotting time The anticoagulants are used to eliminate mainly blood clots. They are offered to patients who are at risk of developing clots, in order to improve their general wellbeing. Anticoagulant namely heparin, has many disadvantages like thrombocytopenia, antithrombin defensives, bleeding disorders etc. The marine algae are sulphated polysaccharides has many advantages from commercially available anticoagulant which is derived from the animal's sources. The anticoagulant is found in various species of marine algae, mainly from the red, brown and green algae and it’s determined by various methods, namely APTT, PT, TT, CT. The marine algae species are Padina tetrastromatica, Ulva fasciata, Corallina, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Grateloupia filicina, Ulva rigida, Bursatella leachii, Agardhiella subulate, Turbinaria ornate, Monostroma angicava, Arthrospira platensis, Sargassum tenerrimum, Sargassum wightii, Turbinaria conoides, Lomentaria catenate, Gracilaria debilis, and Monostroma nitidum are some of the species revealed its anticoagulant properties. The anticoagulant produced by the marine species are compared with standard namely heparin by in vitro and in vivo methods and the review result reveal that the anticoagulant values produced are nearer to the standard and in some species, the value are more than that of standard. The sample are crude extracted one and some samples are isolated from different fraction. --- ## Evaluation of medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of Ehretia cymosa Thonn. (Ehretiaceae) **Authors:** Alfred Maroyi **Published:** 2021-06-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4731 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Boraginaceae, Ehretia cymosa, Ehretiaceae, indigenous pharmacopeia, traditional medicine Ehretia cymosa Thonn. is a deciduous medium-sized to large tree which occurs naturally from Sierra Leone in West Africa to Eritrea and Kenya in East Africa, and Zimbabwe in southern Africa. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of E. cymosa. This review examines the existing literature on the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of E. cymosa. This study revealed that the bark, leaf juice, leaves, roots, seeds, stems, twigs and whole plant parts of E. cymosa are mainly used as aphrodisiac, laxative and ethnoveterinary medicines and as traditional medicines for gastro-intestinal problems, wounds, malaria, fever, typhoid, convulsions, epilepsy, toothache and respiratory infections. Phytochemical research revealed that the species is characterized by alkaloids, anthraquinones, essential oils, fatty acids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, proanthocyanidins, pseudotannins, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenes. Ethnopharmacological research revealed that the extracts of E. cymosa and phytochemical compounds isolated from the species showed antibacterial, antidiabetic, antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant activities. Ehretia cymosa should be subjected to detailed phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological evaluations aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties. --- ## Gastroprotective effect of ethanol extract of carica papaya seed on rats induced rifampicin and isoniazid **Authors:** Elviyanti A, Nyoman Ehrich Lister I, Edy Fachrial **Published:** 2021-06-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4729 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carica papaya, Isoniazid, Rifampicin The first-line therapy for tuberculosis is Rifampicin, in combination with Isoniazid (INH), Ethambutol (ETB), and Pyrazinamide (PZA). The side effects of TB drugs that may arise if the drug use for a long time include hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal disturbances. Carica papaya seeds has a potential effect to prevent the gastrointestinal distrubances caused by rifampicin and isoniazid. This study aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective effect of carica papaya seeds on rats induced rifampicin and isoniazid. Experimental design group was divided into 8 group, including normal, negative 1 (rif 50 mg/kgbb), negative 2 (IN 50 mg/kgbw), negative 3 (rif and inh 50 mg/kgbw), positive 1 (rif and inh 50 mg/kgbw + cimetidtine 18 mg/kgbw), group 1(rif and inh 50 mg/kgbw + EECP 100 mg/kgbb) +, group 2 (rif and inh 50 mg/kgbw + EECP 300 mg/kgbb), group 3 (rif and inh 50 mg/kgbw + EECP 500 mg/kgbb). Rifampicin, isoniazid, and EECP was given 20 days. The result showed that rifampicin and isoniazid induced alteration gastric organ, histopathology of the negative group also showed alteration and also decreased pH level. --- ## Byproducts from the edible oil industry as potential adsorbent for the removal of Pregabalin from aqueous solution **Authors:** Chandrarao D, Rama Devi D, Vani P, Basavaiah K, Satyabalaji T, Narasimha Raju Ch.B.V **Published:** 2021-06-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4730 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Bio-sorption, Coconut cake powder, Freundlich isotherm, Groundnut seed cake powder, Langmuir isotherms, Pregabalin, Pseudo second order kinetics, Temkin isotherm Removal of Pregabalin from aqueous solution as well as industrial effluent using a new, efficient and cost-effective activated carbon derived from groundnut seed cake powder (GNSCP) and coconut cake powder (CCP) has been presented in this study. Experimentation has been carried out by optimizing various parameters such as pH, contact time, dosage, temperature and initial drug concentration using a batch adsorption model. Surface texture and morphology of the activated carbons have been analyzed by HR SEM; Characterization of the adsorbents has been carried out using FTIR and PXRD. Bio-sorption of Pregabalin using GNSCP and CCP followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Langmuir adsorption isotherm suits the best for the present study. Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption of the drug onto the chosen adsorbents is a spontaneous and feasible process. The maximum adsorption capacity for the uptake of Pregabalin by GNSCP was found to be 9.71 mg/g and with CCP 9.83 mg/g. Suitability of the adsorbents for the treatment of industrial effluent has also been carried out and found to have 98 % removal of the drug from the effluent. --- ## Phytochemical compounds and pharmacological activities of lemon (Citrus limon L.) – Update Review **Authors:** Hartati R, Insanu M, Mudrika S. N, Fidrianny I **Published:** 2021-05-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4727 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Citrus, lemon, traditional uses, phytochemical compounds, pharmacological activities The lemon plant (Citrus limon L.) is a species from the Rutaceae family that spread from Southeast Asia and spread to all countries in the world. Lemon has been used traditionally since ancient times to treat various diseases and has been tested for various pharmacological activities. The literature review was carried out to study the phytochemical compounds and pharmacological activities of lemon plants. The literature compiled by a minimum of 50 scientific articles using search engines such as Science Direct, Pubmed, and Google Scholar, published for a maximum of the last 10 years, includes a minimum of 20 articles in the last 2 years, has a DOI, and the quality of the journal index is reviewed using Scimago. Lemon is very rich in phytochemical compounds, including flavanones such as hesperidin, eriocytrin, naringin, narirutin, didymin; flavones such as apigenin, luteolin, and diosmin; flavonols such as routine, quercetin, mirisetin, isositrol, limositrol, and limositrin; terpenoids such as limonene, limonoids, and carotenoids. Various kinds of in vivo and in vitro studies provide results of various pharmacological activities such as antioxidants, anticancer, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, antiurolithiasis, and antiplasmodial. It is necessary to develop further research on the pharmacological activity of lemon plants in the future. --- ## A perspective review of phytochemistry and pharmacology of the Syzygium genus **Authors:** Yuniarni U, Sukandar E Y, Fidrianny I **Published:** 2021-05-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4722 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Syzygium, Phytochemistry, Bioactive Compound, Pharmacological Activity, Syndrome Metabolic Syzygium is a genus of the Myrtaceae family consisting of large and widespread species from Africa, Asia, Australia, and throughout Oceania and the Pacific region. Some have been cultivated for bearing fruit, ornamental plants and used as traditional medicine. This article excavated Syzygium genus which was focused on traditional uses, chemical compounds and biological activities related to treatment of syndrome metabolic. All information was obtained from the scientific literature such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus and PubMed. Several species were known to have therapeutic potential and used in traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, and herbal medicine in Indonesia. Traditionally, Syzygium is known for its therapeutic purposes such as coughing, diarrhea, colds, dysentery, inflammation, pain, skin, and mouth infections. Only a few species have been scientifically studied to verify their usage as traditional medicine. There were many reports on the traditional uses and medicinal effects of Syzygium plants, but only a few review articles mainly about phytochemical constituents and their role in pharmacological activities. The present reviews highlight the phytochemical and pharmacological activity of various species of the Syzygium genus. The pharmacological activities were discussed in this article focused to metabolic syndrome treatment, such as antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant and antihypertensive activities. Chemical components isolated mainly flavonoid, terpenoids/sesquiterpenoid, sterols, and lignan. Several bioactive compounds have been identified correlated with pharmacological activity, but the chemical compounds were different for each species. --- ## Efficacy of Aconite and Ignatia as an anxiolytic- In vivo study **Authors:** Nandini Prashanth Bhat, Sairoz A, Divya C, Ashwija Shetty, Lydia Quadros, Hareesh Krishnan, Pugazhandhi Bakthavatchalam **Published:** 2021-05-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4719 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anxiety disorders, Chronic Unpredictable stress, Aconite, Ignatia Anxiety disorders are the most common form of psychiatric disorders and start at an early age. The homeopathic system of complementary treatment is increasingly used by the general population. Ultra-diluted Aconite and Ignatia are homeopathic medicines used by clinicians for the treatment of anxiety. The objective of this study is to test the efficacy of Aconite 12CH and Ignatia 12CH on experimental anxiety models of Wistar rats subjected to chronic unpredictable stress. 30 Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of Control, Stress, Vehicle, Aconite and Ignatia group with 6 animals in each group. All the groups were subjected to chronic unpredictable stress except the control group. The last two groups were fed Aconite and Ignatia through oral gavage daily for 5 weeks. Following this, a behavioral and biochemical assessment was done. It was observed that the Aconite and Ignatia treated animals showed better weight gain, but the behavioral and biochemical assessment did not show any significant change. Hence it was inferred that ultra-diluted Aconite and Ignatia though an anxiolytic used clinically, did not decrease anxiety in Wistar rats which were subjected to chronic unpredictable stress. --- ## Estimation and Evaluation of Mexiletine for Bio-availability and Bio-equivalence studies by Liquid phase extraction using LC-MS/MS **Authors:** Elavarasi E, Binoy Varghese Cherian, Shanmugasundaram P, Vijey Aanandhi M **Published:** 2021-05-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4718 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mexiletine, Anti-arrhythmic agent, Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Liquid phase extraction (LPE) The work aims to develop an appropriate method for mexiletine with 35-65% recovery by the LPE method with efficient and selective efficacy of the IS and analyte for the analysis under Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/ Mass Spectrometry. This method also reveals the bio-availability and bio-equivalence report for Internal Standard & working standard. At first, the selection of proper IS. The Internal standard should be structurally more similar to mexiletine. The selection of method plays a major role in which extraction procedure is done either by LPE or SPE. The selection of separation procedure should be either isocratic or gradient. Selection of column on bases separation principle of the compound. Since separation is the major principle for chromatography. Argon and Nitrogen Gas is used as carries with a flow-rate of 2L min. Temperature at 20°C, the pressure at 20psi. If the instrument doesn't show any peak or response in after loading sample, check the columns is an aqueous or reverse-phase and then submit the sample. Check all the solution and column and temperature and system stability before loading the sample. After loading the sample, must form calibration curve it must form linearity. The method found should possess the following parameters Specific & Selectivity, Precision & Accuracy. The work aims to develop a simple, elegant way for quantification of a molecule and the method determined will have recovery of 35-65% worldwide. This quantification will be further utilized in Full-Method Validation. --- ## Comparison of attitude towards Psychiatry as a speciality between undergraduate students and interns in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital **Authors:** Venkatraman Natarajan, Diwakar Thiagarajan, Iniyan Selvamani, Raman K **Published:** 2021-05-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4717 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Psychiatry, Interns, Undergraduates, Stigma, Psychiatric illness Nowadays, a declining interest in psychiatry as well in the professional arena is seen. This attitude is significant for Interns and an important study phase of medical UGs for extreme care of psychiatric patients. The aim was to study and compare the attitude of undergraduate students and medical interns towards psychiatry. It was a cross-sectional study done at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Thandalam, Chennai, where a comparison between medical interns and undergraduate students were made. The study sample consisted of about 100 interns and 200 medical undergraduates who gave their consent for this study. The Attitude towards psychiatry (ATP) questionnaire consisting of 30 questions was given and from the data collected, the mean scores were calculated and analyzed using the Student t-test by SPSS version20. The medical undergraduates exhibited a more positive attitude towards psychiatry than interns (P-value estimated was 0.001). However, only 15% of interns and 7% of medical undergraduates strongly agreed and wanted to pursue psychiatry as their profession. Interns showing negative attitude in psychiatry may be due to strange stereotypic remarks made by peers, existing stigma towards psychiatry, less clinical rotations and less hours of teaching during the undergraduate days. --- ## A review of the phytochemical compounds and pharmacological activities of Eurycoma longifolia **Authors:** Insanu M, Pratiwi S N E, Fidrianny I **Published:** 2021-05-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4716 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Eurycoma Longifolia, Traditional Usage, Phytochemical Compound, Pharmacology Activity Eurycoma longifolia belongs to Simaroubaceae family. It is a tall tree and has different local name from many countries and this review consisted of their traditional usage, phytochemical compounds and pharmacological activity. A systematic review was conducted to study the scientific work of E. longifolia which published in the last 10 years and minimum 20 articles that published in the last 2 years, published in Pubmed, Scopus etc. also has a digital object identifier (DOI). E. longifolia was a popular traditional medicine. The leaves was used as supplement for giving birth, its bark as anthelmintic and its roots as antimalaria, laxative, antidiabetic etc. Due to high demand of this plant there are various formula of E. longifolia available in health food market. Many studies have been performed to determine the active constituents and pharmacology activities of E. longifolia. Alkaloid, quassinoid, polyphenols, flavonoid, polysaccharide, triterpenoid were found in E. longifolia. Quassinoids is a major phytochemical compound in E. longifolia which has various types like eurycumanone, eurycomanol, eurycomadilactone and eurylactone. Quassinoids has bitter taste and often found in Simaroubaceae family. Pharmacological activities of E. longifolia such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-osteoporotic activities. The literature review results showed that E. longifolia can be considered as medicinal plant for human. In the future, further studies on mechanism of pharmacology activity of E. longifolia are warranted. --- ## Comparing the effects of green tea/ green coffee bean extracts and chlorhexidine gluconate on salivary Streptococcus mutants count in children with early childhood caries **Authors:** Fatemeh Sadat Sajadi, Fereshteh Saffari, Mehdi Ansari, Fatemeh Sharifi, Nima Hatami, Mahboobeh Shokrizadeh, Maryam Sharifi **Published:** 2021-05-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4714 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Green Tea, Green Coffee Bean Extracts, Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Streptococcus mutans Dental caries is known as a major oral health problem induced by Streptococcus and Lactobacillus as primary contributing microorganisms responsible for this condition. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of green tea/ Green coffee Bean Extracts and Chlorhexidine Gluconate on Streptococcus mutans count. The study was conducted among 90 preschool children aged from 4 to 6 years. Statistical analysis was done using the Shapiro-Wilk test, Friedman test, Chi-square test, paired sample t-test, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann-Whitney U test at a significance level of 0.05. The results demonstrated a significant difference in the mean of salivary S. mutans count after administration of CHG (p-value=0.001) and GT (p-value=0.02) between three different times. The study results indicate the beneficial effects of Green Tea/ Green Coffee Bean extracts and Chlorhexidine Gluconate on salivary Streptococcus mutans count. --- ## Effect of Electronic Gadgets on Quality of Sleep Among College Students **Authors:** Prakash P, Sooriya Praba V, Esther J, Leo Franka J, Merlin Viju, Santhanalakshmi M, Sneha Anna Jose **Published:** 2021-05-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4715 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gadgets addiction, Quality of sleep and college students A descriptive study to assess the effect of electronic Gadgets on Quality of Sleep among College Students. This study was conducted at Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry. Clearance from the Institutional Review Board and formal permission from the study settings were obtained. 240 samples were selected by the stratified random technique. Structure questionnaire was used to assess the quality of sleep and gadgets usage among participants after the content validity. The data gathered were analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The present study assessed the quality of sleep and gadget usage on college students, and it was found that 57.1% of participants had poor sleep quality, 42.9% participants had good sleep quality and in relation to gadget usage, 64.6% of participants had mild addiction, 31.3% participants had moderate addiction and 4.2% participants had severe addiction. The correlation between effects of gadget usage and quality of sleep were assessed. It was found that r=0.378 and it denotes a weak correlation. There is an association between quality of sleep with selected demographic variables, namely age (p=0.026). The research evidence identifies that the majority of college students had poor sleep quality and mild gadgets addiction. Hence, there is a requirement for intervention or psychological measures to reduce gadget students among college students. --- ## Pharmacotherapy of upper gastrointestinal bleeding along with its utility at tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Surakanti Bhavani, Racha Snigdha, Malreddy Bhavani, Surakanti Sushma Reddy, Shravan Kumar P, Vasudha Bakshi, Narender Boggula, Rajeev Kumar Gollapalli **Published:** 2021-05-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4713 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, Mallory-Weiss tears, Melena, Pharmacotherapy, Tertiary care hospital Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) is the most common GI emergency observed with mortality of 6-10% overall. The authors aimed to assess the pharmacotherapy of upper gastrointestinal bleeding along with its drug utility and their performance. A total of 120 patients were enrolled meeting the criteria and observed that the main cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding was found to be esophageal varices followed by duodenal ulcers. The major contributing factor for UGI bleed was alcohol and smoking. The study revealed that males are predominantly being affected with UGI bleed; probable reasons may be habitual behaviour of the patients. Majority of the population who are affected were associated with comorbidities like hypertension, cirrhosis, jaundice, hepatitis, ulcers and diabetes mellitus. Portal hypertension was the major complication seen among the study population, followed by Jaundice and Ascites.The most common cause of portal hypertension is cirrhosis of liver. As an initial evaluation modality of all our UGI bleed patients were done with UGI endoscopy for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. The most commonly prescribed drugs were anti-secretory agents [pantoprazole], mucosal protectants [sucralfate], vasoactive agents [terlipressin], antibiotics [rifampicin, ceftriaxone, metronidazole]. It is observed in the study with high dose of alcohol consumption results into serious complications and increasing mortality and morbidity. In the modern era of medical management, it would be better to deal with rational drug prescription in association with clinical pharmacologist suggestions during medical rounds by clinician. --- ## Comparative study of atenolol in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis **Authors:** Keerthana G, Afroz Patan, Ramachandran S, Binoy Varghese Cheriyan, Vijey Aanandhi M **Published:** 2021-05-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4709 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Atenolol, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Atenolol is a beta-blocker that is cardioselective, meaning it only affects beta receptors. It is used to treat angina pectoris and high blood pressure. The HPLC and Capillary Zone Electrophoresis analytical technique was developed for the purpose of detecting and quantifying Atenolol in human plasma, according to the study paper you're reading right now. The internal standard and atenolol were recovered from the solution after being extracted from plasma using the Liquid-Liquid Extraction method. A mobile phase of 10mM sodium hydrogen phosphate, 7.3mM Sodium Lauryl sulphate (pH=3), methanol, and acetonitrile (40:57:3, v:v:v) is used, with a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. A fluorescence detector was used to detect the isolated materials, which had an excitation wavelength of 229 nm and an emission wavelength of 298 nm. With this in view, Atenolol's and the internal norm's survival times are observed to be 5.4 and 8.3 minutes, respectively. The linear correlation coefficient (R20.9992) was found in the Atenolol calibration curve. The recovery rate for atenolol and an internal norm was estimated to be between 76 and 87 percent. Solid-phase extraction was performed on an uncoated silica capillary with a diameter of 58.5 cm 75 m, and detection was performed at 194 nm in the Capillary Zone Electrophoresis procedure. For an electrolyte solution containing 50mM H3BO3 and 50mM Na2B4O7 (50:50 V/V), atenolol was determined to be present in the solution in less than 3 minutes. Energized with a voltage of 25kV and injected with a hydrodynamic configuration for 4S. Under various conditions, this method was used to assess the stability and capability of measuring Atenolol in human plasma. --- ## Review on Analytical Methods for the Determination of Insulin **Authors:** Poovarasan S, Sumithra M, Vijey Aanandhi M, Gandhimathi R **Published:** 2021-05-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4710 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Insulin, Immunoassays, ELISA and CLIA Insulin is a major hormone of polypeptides that regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates. Diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, is associated with excessive levels of insulin. As a result, accurate insulin quantification is important for hyperglycemia diagnosis and care. Insulin's main purpose is to keep blood sugar levels in check. Insulin performs its functions by binding to nerve terminals on liver,fat, and striated muscle. In response to an increase in blood glucose levels, insulin facilitates the migration of the endothelial glycosyltransferases type iii (GLUT4) to a cellular membranes, increasing glucose absorption in insulin-sensitive periphery tissues such as fat and muscle. The activation of liver glycogenesis is then aided by insulin.Finally, insulin signals the liver to avoid processing glucose by preventing both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Where there is a low level of glucose in the blood, glycogens are converted to glucose and released into the bloodstream. The key instruments for detecting insulin have been immunochromatographic techniques. The current research focuses on the different analytical methods for assessing Insulin levels. This study looked at assay methods (AlphaLISA,ELISA,RIA,CLIA, HTRF, and on-chip motilal oswal financial), column chromatography immunoassay (LC-MS/MS andHPLC-UV, MECC,), but also novel science, industrial, and research biosensor assays. ELISA has long been a standard instrument in therapeutic immunoassays because of its high output. On the other hand, advanced computational methods, including such spectroscopy techniques, are incredibly specific but promising instruments that can differentiate between glucose and its analogues. The advantages and disadvantages of the most common methods were also discussed. --- ## Novel herbs and drugs for endometriosis management: A review on current and futuristic therapies **Authors:** Komal S, Harikrishnan N, Gejalakshmi S, Kayalvizhi S, Hemamalini Baskaran, Priyanka J, Mohan Kumar A, Sriram GM **Published:** 2021-05-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4699 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Endometriosis, Fertility, Future Medical Therapy, Hormonal Drugs, Herbs A disorder with estrogen dependency comprising of inflammatory lesions outside the uterus, causing pain and inflammation in pelvis and affecting women of reproductive age with infertility and post reproductive age is endometriosis. Endometriosis is viewed as public health issue with a major impact on quality of life of women. Medically advanced computational and chemical treatments are available to treat the progression of the disease by diagnostic imaging, clinical examinations, imaging and laparoscopy often leading to immediate surgery. A warrantable rethinking on the diagnosis and management of endometriosis is to be assessed and medical treatments should be considered as first-line option for therapeutic relief for endometriosis by suppressing the systemic estrogen levels providing desirable efficacy and safety, prior to performing endometriosis surgery. The aim of this review is to describe natural products, hormonal and non-hormonal compounds that suppress the progression of endometriosis. Various herbal, conventional and traditional therapies are investigated to treat gynecological disease, endometriosis. The information in this paper include various studies assessing the use of novel treatments in addition to the herbal and hormonal products in the endometriosis therapy. Most of the studies involved were in scrutinizing the pharmacological activity profiles of various sources of drugs in endometriosis treatment, hormonal drugs involved suppression and regulation of various hormones along with various factors like anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative and apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, anti-invasive, immunomodulatory, and estrogen modulating activity. --- ## In-vitro Cytotoxic activity of Papaverine compound isolated from Aqueous Ethanolic leaf extract of Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. **Authors:** Ganesh S, Vijey Aanandhi M **Published:** 2021-05-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4698 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr., Papaverine, Human Melanoma Cell Line (A375), Cisplatin Natural compounds that occur either in pure form or as extract after standardization from medicinal plants, provide a limitless chance for new discovery leads because of consummate chemical diversity. The rising demand for compounds that occur naturally during screening studies, that has therapeutic action predominantly on the vegetative part of the plant has grown across the world. In this study, Papaverine compound was isolated from aqueous Ethanolic extract (80%) from vegetative (leaf) part of herbal plant Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. Isolated compound was subjected for characterization studies like Thin layer chromatography (TLC), Mass spectrophotometry (MS), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), 1H and 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Confirmatory study using the aqueous ethanolic crude extract by MS technique and mass library match confirms the presence of Papaverine compound. Further, in-vitro cytotoxic activity using Human Melanoma cell line (A375) was carried out using the isolated compound (papaverine), Aqueous ethanolic extract and standard Cisplatin. Six different Concentration ranging from 3.125 to 100 µg/ml were prepared. Control samples were prepared without standard and samples solution. Absorbance measured at 570 nm in UV-Vis spectrophotometer using a microplate reader and the % of viability was calculated. IC50 value of Aqueous ethanolic extract of Erythrina subumbrans, isolated compound-Papaverine and standard Cisplatin exhibits value of 82.14µg, 23.43 µg & 4.02 µg respectively. --- ## Evaluation of Risk Factors in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and its Management in Tertiary Care Hospital **Authors:** Anusha K, Manisha B, Cherukuri Anusha, Hina Sultana, Neelam Injeti **Published:** 2021-05-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4696 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Abnormal Uterine Bleeding, Risk Factors, Diagnostic Tools, Uterine Bleeding Management, Anticoagulants To evaluate risk factors in abnormal uterine bleeding and its management in tertiary care hospital. It is a prospective observational study carried out for a period of 6 months in the in-patient and out-patients department of Gynaecology. A total of 306 cases were analyzed out of that 88 cases had meaningful data for analysis. Most common risk factor observed in our study was Leiomyoma(29%). Major percentage of risk was observed in the age group 31-45years (64%). The diagnostic method used for screening and confirmation of AUB was USG Abdomen in 63 patients (58%). Most of the Out-patients and few in-patients were administered with anti-fibrinolytics to control heavy bleeding and along with combinational hormonal therapy for hormonal imbalance patients. The surgical procedure carried out was hysterectomy (53%).In the present study, drug induced uterine bleeding were not observed. In our study, abnormal uterine bleeding occurring without any known risk factors that can be included into the category of NOT YET CLASSIFIED according to PALM-COEIN classification, as to which physicians must be more cautious towards the patients visiting at Out- patient departments as it may lead to serious complications. --- ## Hepatoprotective effect on methanolic extracts of Tagetes erecta leaves and Tridax procumbens against drug induced hepatic injury **Authors:** Aithamraju Satish Chandra, Shanmugapandiyan P **Published:** 2021-05-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4701 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tagetes erecta, Tridax procumbens, Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Hepatotoxicity, Oxidative stress, Antioxidants The current study was undertaken to evaluate the preclinical efficacy of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta (METE) and methanolic extract of Tridax procumbens (METP) against Isoniazid and Rifampicin (INH-RIF) induced hepatic injury. Animals were randomly divided into seven groups, vehicle (control) or INH-RIF (50 mg/kg, i.p.), METE (200 and 400mg/kg, p.o.), METP (200 and 400mg/kg, p.o.) and standard silymarin for 28 days. INH-RIF intoxicated rats displayed significant (p<0.05) elevation in serum hepatic markers, lipid peroxidation and decrease in antioxidants like SOD, CAT, Gpx and GSH in liver tissue. Treatment with METE & METP (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) restored the altered biochemical level to normalcy. Thus, the outcome of the study reveals that METE & METP showed promising hepatoprotective activity in INH-RIF induced hepatic damage mediated by its membrane stabilizing and antioxidant effect. All the methanolic plant extracts produce significant hepatoprotective activity against drug induced hepatic injury. --- ## Assessment of Perception, Knowledge and Practice of Healthcare Professionals Regarding Pharmaceutical Advertisement (PA) in Pakistan **Authors:** Muhammad Abdul Quddoose, Azhar Hussain, Madeeha Malik, Nabeel Siddique **Published:** 2021-05-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4690 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pharmaceutical Advertisement, Pharmaceutical Marketing, Pharmaceutical advertising in Pakistan Pharmaceutical advertising (PA) effects both healthcare professionals and consumers. Ethical and legal challenges of PA are often odious and unmet to the standards. This study was designed to assess perceptions, knowledge, and practices of healthcare professionals towards pharmaceutical advertisement in Pakistan. A survey-based descriptive cross-section study, of 764 sample records and analyzed by SPSS, version 21. A Chi-square test was performed (p ≤ 0.05) to find out differences among variables. We found 34.8% (n=266) physicians, 8.4% (n=64) dentists, 13.6% (n=104) hospital pharmacists, 15.7% (n=120) community pharmacists, 8.4% (n=64) regulatory pharmacists, 8.3% (n=63) marketing pharmacists and 10.9% (n=83) physicians and pharmacists from distributions and other relevant fields participated in this study. The result showed that 81.4 % (n=622) believed that medical advertisements should seek government approval, 71.3% (n=545) assumed that only registered drugs could be advertised. 34.0% (n=260) answered only prescription drug could be advertised. 7.2% (n=284) showed a negative response towards advertised drugs. 33.0% (n=252) answered that advertising encourages the patients to decide on their choice of a drug without the help of a healthcare professional, while 31.4%(n=240) of the respondents were agreed that advertising provided reliable information regarding a medicine. 36.4% (n=278) of respondents were agree that advertisements increased drugs cost. 32.7% (n=250 and 37.4% (n=286) answered that patients buy an advertised drug without referring a doctor. This study concluded that the awareness regarding PA was low among the healthcare professionals in Pakistan. Healthcare personals were in the favor of advertisement, regardless of little knowledge about the current advertisement rules in the country. Comparatively, Pharmacists have better knowledge of PA than physicians do. --- ## Stability Indicating Assay Method (Siam) for Determination of Semaglutide by HPLC Using QBD Approach **Authors:** Merugu Manasa, Vijey Aanandhi M **Published:** 2021-05-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4692 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** RP-HPLC, Semaglutide, QbD, CCD, Desirable method An accurate, precise, robust and stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was developed for the estimation of Semaglutide using QbD approach. After conducting several trials using CCD method, one desirable method was optimized. Stationary phase selected was Kromasil C18 (250×4.6 mm, 5 µm) and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (pH2) and Methanol used as mobile phase in the ratio of 61.2: 38.8. Detection was carried out at the wavelength 230nm. Flow rate selected for separation was 0.98ml/min and the temperature of 29.150C. The retention time was found to be 2.518 at the run time of 5min. The developed method was subjected to validation as per ICH guidelines. Semaglutide linear in the concentration range of 0-9µg/ml and the regression coefficient were found to be 0.999. The developed method was accurate, precise and robust. When a sample solution subjected to stress conditions like acid hydrolysis, neutral hydrolysis, photodegradation and thermal degradation, no degradation products were observed. In basic degradation studies two degradation products and oxidative conditions one degradation product was observed. From stress studies, we can observe that the degradation of Semaglutide was less than 10 in all conditions, and there is no impact of degradation products on system suitability parameters. The peak was homogenous I all conditions, thus proving the stability-indicating nature of the method. This method can be applied for the determination of Semaglutide in the drug substance. --- ## A review on bioanalytical method development and pre-method validation concepts using SPE and LLE process by LC-MS/MS method **Authors:** Arun Kumar V, Vijey Aanandhi M, Gandhimathi R, Sumithra M **Published:** 2021-05-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4689 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Bio-Analytical, Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Calibration Curve, Coefficient Variation, Standard Deviation, Relative Error, Lower Limit of Quantification, Upper Limit of Quantification The review article provides guidance for the development of a Bio-Analytical Method intended for the estimation of drugs in biological fluids. The development of a suitable analytical method for the identification, isolation and quantification of different drugs and or their metabolites from biological fluids is an essential and challenging component of pharmacokinetic studies. The uses of detection techniques that are highly sensitive and specific for the quantification of drugs and or metabolites in biological fluids are preferred. To collect the information on physiochemical, pharmacokinetic, chromatographic and extraction procedures of the drug/Metabolites from available sources, e.g., Medline, Journals, Analytical abstract, Physician Desk Reference, Library etc. Summarize the physiochemical, pharmacokinetic properties, chromatographic and extraction procedures. Select the equipment according to the availability and sensitivity. Select the initial chromatographic conditions and also identify the extraction. The selection of Internal standard should be similar to the analyte. Prepare the required solutions and stock dilutions at the required concentration. Tune the instrument with suitable solutions and optimize parameters for Q1/Q3 ions. Condition the system and column with the selected mobile phase. Perform pre-method validation experiments. Select the best weighing factors for the standards. Compile all the chromatograms and raw data and archive since the development of a Bio-Analytical method for a given drug is so essential to start with, this guidance for approaching and conclude for a suitable method that later can be validated. It is important to note that this is intended to identify minimal criteria for producing consistent and comparable data. --- ## Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of Ehretia obtusifolia Hochst. ex DC. (Ehretiaceae) **Authors:** Alfred Maroyi **Published:** 2021-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4688 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Boraginaceae, Ehretia obtusifolia, Ehretiaceae, ethnopharmacology, indigenous pharmacopoeia, medicinal plants, pharmacological properties, phytochemistry, traditional knowledge Ehretia obtusifolia Hochst. ex DC. is a shrub or small tree which occurs naturally in tropical Africa and Asia. This study aims to provide some information about the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of E. obtusifolia. This review examines the existing literature on the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of E. obtusifolia. This study revealed that the bark, branch, fruit, leaf, root, stem, stem bark and twig decoction or infusion of E. obtusifolia are mainly used to treat and manage sore throat, retained placenta in both humans and animals, teething pain, toothache, abdominal pains, menstrual problems and pain. Phytochemical research revealed that the species is characterized by alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, phlobatannin, saponin, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. Ethnopharmacological research revealed that the extracts and phytochemical compounds isolated from the species showed antibacterial, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity activities. Ehretia obtusifolia should be subjected to detailed phytochemical, biological and toxicological studies. --- ## Method Development and Validation of RP-HPLC method for Saxagliptin and Sitagliptin in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form - A Review **Authors:** Suma A.H, Binoy Varghese Cheriyan, Vijey Aanandhi M, Ramachandran S **Published:** 2021-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4687 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Saxagliptin, Sitagliptin, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, RP-HPLC, ICH guidelines The study's goal was to develop a plain, quick, and responsive RP-HPLC method for determining the concentrations of Saxagliptin and Sitagliptin in pharmaceutical bulk dosage form (bulk powders). Isocratic elution with Cosmosil C18 (250nm 4.6nm, 5m particle size) and UV detection at 212nm for Saxagliptin and Develosil ODS HG-5 RP-C18 (15cm 4.6mm, 5m particle size) and UV detection at 255nm for Sitagliptin were used in this chromatographic process. Methanol and water (70:30) in a mobile solution with a flow rate of 0.8ml/min for Saxagliptin and (0.05m) phosphate buffer: methanol and water (70:30) in a mobile solution with a flow rate of 0.8ml/min for Saxagliptin and (0.05m) phosphate buffer: These protocols have been put through their paces in accordance with ICH guidelines. The normal curves for Saxagliptin and Sitagliptin were observed to have a linear relationship across the analytical ranges of 10-50 g/ml and 30-70 g/ml, respectively. The accuracy, precision, limit of identification, the limit of quantification, and robustness of the system were all calculated. Various analytical methods such as UPLC (Ultra performance liquid chromatography), UV spectroscopy, LC-UV methods have performed to the quantitative determination of Saxagliptin and Sitagliptin drugs. --- ## Genoprotective effect of D-Pinitol isolated from aerial parts of Soybean plants against Doxorubicin-induced genotoxicity evaluated by in vitro comet assay in Vero cell lines **Authors:** Murugesan Sudha, Thangarasu Vetrichelvan **Published:** 2021-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4694 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Genotoxicity, Doxorubicin, D-Pinitol, In vitro Comet assay Doxorubicin is a chemotherapeutic agent with a genotoxic effect on normal cells at its therapeutic dose itself. D-Pinitol is an abundantly available carbohydrate in Soybean plants and has been proven for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Our investigation was examined by in vitro comet assay to explore the genoprotective effect of D-Pinitol in normal cells against Doxorubicin-induced genotoxicity in Vero cell lines. In vitro comet assay treatment groups were Vero Cell lines with culture medium (control group), Doxorubicin (0.15μg/ml), D-Pinitol (0.05×103 mM, 0.125×103 mM, and 0.25×103 mM) alone, and pretreatment with D-Pinitol (0.05×103 mM, 0.125×103 mM, and 0.25×103 mM) before Doxorubicin (0.15μg/ml) treatment. When compared to the control group, D-Pinitol alone treated groups showed no significant changes in the percentage of DNA damage. For the evaluation of the genoprotective effect of D-Pinitol, the % DNA damage in the D-Pinitol, and Doxorubicin simultaneously treated groups were compared to the Doxorubicin alone treated group. The results showed that Doxorubicin-induced genotoxic effect in Vero cell lines was significantly reduced by D-Pinitol in a dose-dependent manner by reducing DNA damage. Our findings confirmed that D-Pinitol had no genotoxic effect and it showed a genoprotective effect against Doxorubicin-induced genotoxicity. --- ## Antioxidant studies of 3-(5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1Hpyrazole- 4-yl)-1-(furan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one **Authors:** Ganesh Somashekarachar, Arpita Goswami, Kannika Byadarahalli Ravindranath, Madan Kumar Shankar, Manju Nagaraja **Published:** 2021-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4693 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chalcones, Pyrazoles, FTIR, NMR, antioxidant activity Chalcones are flavonoid precursors, abundant in edible plants. The pyrazole moieties in chalcones show various pharmacological activities. Notably, Chalcone-based structures exhibit numerous pharmacological activities like antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidant functions because of having α, β-unsaturated ketone moiety. Such broadspectrum biological activities were also observed in several nitrogen containing heterocycles. Among the heterocyclic systems, pyrazole stand unique. All these observations led us to design and synthesize pyrazole fused hybrid thiophenechalcone molecule 3-(5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-yl)-1-(furan-2-yl) prop-2-en-1-one (3a). The synthesis was performed using base catalyzed reaction of pyrazole aldehyde and acetyl furan. Further characterization of the molecule was done by spectroscopy and antioxidant studies. Spectroscopic methods included Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectra (MS). The antioxidant potency of the compound was carried out based on the scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH). This compound showed moderate free radical scavenging activity of 45.12 %. --- ## Gastro-retentive drug delivery systems: a review with focus on floating drug delivery systems **Authors:** Durga Srinivasarao M, Saravanakumar K, Chandra Sekhar Kothapalli Bannoth **Published:** 2021-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4684 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Gastro-retentive drug delivery systems, migrating motor complex, floating drug delivery systems, mucoadhesion, raft forming systems, effervescence Gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) attributes to gastric maintenance time combined with the medication discharge for expanded time has essentially improved patient consistency. Medications for which the chief fundamental site of ingestion is the stomach or the proximal piece of the small digestive tract or have the assimilation issue in the distal piece of the digestive system are reasonable for GRDDS. Orally sustaining or controlling the drug release combined with gastric retention property can avoid recurrent dosing in the case of drugs with short half-lives. GRDDS is also effective in locally treating gastric and duodenal ulcers, including oesophagitis and Helicobacter pylori infections. In this current survey, the physiology of the stomach alongside its motility design, typically called migrating motor complex (MMC), was discussed. Various approaches to GRDDS with a focus on floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) were reviewed. The vacillations in plasma drug focus are limited and portion subordinate unfriendly impacts can be forestalled by FDDS, particularly for the medications with a restricted restorative list. Slow arrival of the medication into the body by means of FDDS limits the counter movement prompting higher medication proficiency. Further, the Advantages, limitations, suitable drug candidates, factors affecting and Future challenges of FDDS were discussed. --- ## Significance of Hyaluronic acid as a biomarker with seropositive and seronegative autoantibodies in Rheumatoid arthritis patients **Authors:** Vinod A N, Preeti R Y, Riya K, Ruthvik N, Prahaladh R **Published:** 2021-04-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4683 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-CCP, Biomarkers, Hyaluronic acid, RF, Rheumatoid arthritis Testing for autoantibodies is a flagship feature of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder affecting both the male and female population. Synovial inflammation followed by cartilage, bone, and joint destruction in the later stages of RA puts life in peril, especially for those with other comorbidities. In this study, we focused on to measure serum Hyaluronic acid (HA) along with seropositive and seronegative RF, Anti-CCP autoantibodies to establish any association with these biomarkers. It was a cross-sectional study involving 152 RA patients based on the 1987 ACR criteria for the diagnosis of RA and 68 age‑ and sex-matched healthy controls. After clinical examination, the traditional markers were assessed to measure the disease activity, such as CRP, ESR, Anti-CCP, and RF in RA patients. The serum HA levels were measured using the ELISA method. All the values were expressed as median (25th–75th percentile). Based on seropositive and seronegative RF and Anti-CCP autoantibodies, the patient group was divided into four groups- both seropositive, both seronegative, and the other two mixed groups. The traditional inflammatory markers were significantly increased in RA patients than in controls with (p < 0.001). In our study, there was a significant increase in serum HA levels in RA patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.03). At the same time, serum HA level is increased in the group with seropositive for both antibodies showing statistical significance. Serum Hyaluronic acid is involved in synovial inflammation, manifesting a common triggering mechanism more with Anti-CCP antibodies than RF, promising for better clinical utility in the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis. --- ## Adsorption conceivable consequences of bio-sorbent got from cordia dichotoma (lasoda) and cassia occidentalis in the removal of methyl red dye **Authors:** Venkata Ramana K, Venkata Kishore C. H, Chandra Mohan K, Sailaja G, Hari Babu B **Published:** 2021-04-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4682 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adsorption isotherm, Bio-adsorbent, Equilibrium models, Kinetics, Methyl Red (MR), Pollution control Sorption abilities of the sorbent material derived from Leaves and Barks of Lasoda (Cordia dichotoma) and Cassia Occidentalis were explored towards Methyl Red using synthetically prepared simulated wastewaters. Various factors such as initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and the effect of temperature, which affects the adsorption, were evaluated. The equilibrium of adsorption was studied by Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. To identify the kinetics of the adsorption process, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion, Bangham’s pore diffusion, and Elovich equations were applied. The interference of fivefold excess of common anions and cations present in natural water was studied. Cations like Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cu2+ have shown some interference but Fe2+ and Zn2+ have synergistically maintained the maximum extraction of the dye. The procedures developed have been successfully applied to some industrial effluent. The experimental data were suitable for the pseudo-First order kinetic model. The correlation coefficient (R2) and dimensionless separation factor (RL) values have confirmed that adsorption obeys Langmuir adsorption, indicating monolayer formation. --- ## Ehretia amoena Klotzsch (Ehretiaceae): Review of its medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties **Authors:** Alfred Maroyi **Published:** 2021-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4679 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Boraginaceae, Ehretia amoena, Ehretiaceae, herbal medicine, indigenous knowledge, traditional medicine Ehretia amoena is a deciduous shrub or small tree widely used as herbal medicine in tropical Africa. Ehretia amoena occurs naturally in Eswatini, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The current study critically reviewed the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of E. amoena. Literature on medicinal uses, phytochemical and biological activities of E. amoena was collected from multiple internet sources such as Elsevier, Google Scholar, SciFinder, Web of Science, Pubmed, BMC, Science Direct and Scopus. Complementary information was collected from pre-electronic sources such as books, book chapters, theses, scientific reports and journal articles obtained from the university library. This study revealed that the bark, fruit, leaf, root, root bark, stem and stem bark decoction or infusion of E. amoena are mainly used as an anthelmintic or dewormer and herbal medicine for fever, typhoid, sleeping sickness, wounds, menstrual problems, abdominal pains, sexually transmitted infections, skin diseases, vomiting, pain, muscle pain and gastro-intestinal problems. Ethnopharmacological research identified chrysosplenetin, chrysosplenol D, emodins, polyose, polyuronoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids and volatile oils from the leaves and roots of E. amoena. The crude extracts of E. amoena and the phytochemical compounds identified from the species exhibited antibacterial, antitrypanosomal and cytotoxicity activities. Ehretia amoena should be subjected to detailed phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies. --- ## Hypoglycemic effect of katakakhadiradi kashayam by alleviating the oxidative damage in experimentally induced diabetic rats **Authors:** Angelie Jessica Subbiah, Kavimani M, Mukilan Ramadoss, Prabhu K **Published:** 2021-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4681 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Katakakhadiradi Kashayam, Diabetes, Antioxidants, Hyperglycemia, Glibenclamide At present, herbal plants and their biologically active components have acquired importance in diabetes mellitus (DM) management, which has spread worldwide. The current study was carried out to analyse the antidiabetic action of Katakakhadiradi kashayam in streptozotocin administered diabetic rats. The study was done in wistar rats by inducing diabetes using streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Diabetic rats were given katakakhadiradi kashayam with various doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg/b.wt for 14 days, and its efficacy was compared with glibenclamide drug. The hypoglycemic effect of this katakakhadiradi kashayam was tested by taking blood glucose measurement in experimental rats. The oxidative damage caused by streptozotocin was analysed by LPO levels and the antioxidants status was assessed by GSH levels, GPx, SOD and CAT activities in pancreatic tissues. The antidiabetic study of katakakhadiradi kashayam showed reduction in hyperglycemia by reducing the oxidative damage in pancreatic tissue and improving the antioxidants. Overall, the reports of the study showed that katakakhadiradi kashayam could be used to improve management of diabetic rats. The acquired data suggest the hypoglycemic efficacy of katakakhadiradi kashayam, which is practically a safe herbal formulation and may be used as a good alternative to cure diabetes mellitus. --- ## Effect of Hypericum perforatum extract on behavioural studies in experimentally induced neurodegenerative disease **Authors:** Chandran Satheesh kumar, Srinivasagam Raja Sankar, Kaliyaperumal Prabu **Published:** 2021-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4680 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Behavioral studies, Hypericum perforatum, MPTP, Parkinson’s disease Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative movement disease affecting a large number of people worldwide. In animals, the intracranial or systemical application of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) can result in severe injury to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Hypericum perforatum is a plant generally used as an antidepressant that also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Hypericum perforatum has been used to lessen the mild to moderate symptoms of depression. The present study was done to find the effect of Hypericum perforatum methanolic extract pretreatment and post-treatment on behavioral studies in MPTP induced Parkinson’s disease model. The behavioral assessments were performed with a forced swim test, pole test, tail suspension test, and catalepsy test. Hypericum perforatum extract ameliorated depressive-like behavior better in post-treatment as compared with pretreatment group in MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. It can be said that Hypericum perforatum methanolic extract might be a therapeutic agent for the treatment of PD, but further clinical studies are required. --- ## Awareness among consumers on adverse drug reaction reporting system in India - A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study **Authors:** Yamuna Devi M. S, Saratha Muthukumar, Kaavya S **Published:** 2021-04-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4677 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adverse drug reaction (ADR), Pharmacovigilance, Awareness, Side-effects The adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting system in India came into existence in 2010 through an initiative by the Government, the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), considering the social and economic consequences of drug effects. Though the system is functioning effectively for almost a decade, there has been a lacuna in reporting due to the lack of awareness among the patients who are the direct consumers. Medicine side-effects reporting is the newest initiative started in 2014 by PvPI, and the forms for consumer reporting is made available in over 10 different Indian languages like Tamil, Hindi, etc. It is imperative to determine the level of awareness among the public regarding drug side-effects and the existence of a National Programme to monitor the same, especially in a country like India with a population of nearly 1.38 billion. The aim of this study was to determine the awareness among the general population about the ADR reporting system in India. This cross-sectional study was done over a period of one year amongst the general public in South India. Data was collected from about 338 participants using a standardized questionnaire and analyzed descriptively using SPSS statistical software version 24. The overall response rate was 93.8%, and the mean age was 35.62 ± 10.43 years. Though the respondents had sufficient knowledge (66%) about ADRs, their awareness about the reporting system was very poor (19%). Reporting through phone (78%) was preferred over-reporting through specific forms (10%). To conclude, our study emphasizes that public participation and awareness are crucial in strengthening the existing system of Pharmacovigilance. --- ## Formulation of wedelolactone enriched extract with enhanced potential to inhibit cytokines in experimental arthritis **Authors:** Atre B N, Arulmozhi S, Sathiyanarayanan L, Dhapte-Pawar V V, Mahadik K R **Published:** 2021-04-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4678 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Eclipta alba, wedelolactone, cytokines, rheumatoid arthritis Eclipta alba Linn. (Asteraceae) is traditionally claimed and reported to possess antarthritic and anti-inflammatory activity. Wedelolactone, an active constituent of Eclipta alba Linn responsible for its therapeutic effectiveness, is poorly water soluble and less bioavailable. Hence in the present study, we proposed a SNEDDS formulation of wedelolactone rich extracts of Eclipta alba Linn. (EAF) and evaluated its effect in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) induced arthritis in rats. EAF reduced increase in paw volume and hyperalgesia in 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses significantly. It restored all cytokines (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-6); hematological and biochemical parameters altered due to FCA induction. The histopathology further supported the potential of EAF in arresting the progress of the disease. It protected cartilage destruction and exudation of inflammatory cells dose dependently. In conclusion, the EAF exhibited potent antarthritic potential due to the increased bioavailability of wedelolactone and other constituents. The mechanism of action is mainly mediated through inhibition of cytokines, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of wedelolactone. --- ## Effect of Katakakhadiradi kashayam on liver metabolism in streptozotocin and nicotinamide induced diabetic rats **Authors:** Angelie Jessica Subbiah, Kavimani M, Mukilan Ramadoss, Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao, Prabhu K **Published:** 2021-04-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4675 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Katakakhadiradi kashayam, diabetes, biochemical parameters, bilirubin Plants have the ability to impart therapeutic action on chronic diseases such as diabetes and its comorbidities. The current study was done to find the effectiveness of Katakakhadiradi kashayam on liver metabolism in streptozotocin and nicotinamide administered diabetic rats. Diabetic rats were treated with katakakhadiradi kashayam for 28 days and compared with glibenclamide. The antidiabetic action of Katakakhadiradi kashayam was measured by the serum levels of urea, bilirubin, SGOT and SGPT activity. In the current study, the level of urea, SGPT and SGOT activity was significantly higher and reduced total bilirubin observed in diabetic rats. The protection given by Katakakhadiradi kashayam against diabetic complication was confirmed by a histology study. Most of the plants present in Kadakakhadiradi kashayam are effective in regulating the enzymes in diabetes mellitus. The obtained data imply the antidiabetic effects of katakakhadiradi kashayam, which is practically a safe herbal formulation and can be used as a good alternative for managing DM. --- ## Ultrastructural changes of Basolateral Amygdaloid nuclei in the Sprague Dawley rats brain following exposure to naphthalene balls **Authors:** Angu Bala Ganesh K S V, Sujeet Shekhar Sinha, Kesavi Durairaj, Abdul Sahabudeen K **Published:** 2021-04-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4676 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Naphthalene, Neurotoxicity, Basolateral Amygdala, TEM Naphthalene is a bicyclic aromatic constituent commonly used in different domestic and marketable applications comprising soil fumigants, lavatory scent disks and mothballs. Accidentally, workers, children and animals are exposed to naphthalene mothballs, so there is a need to study the pathology behind this chemical toxicity. The current study was carried out to assess the ultra structural changes of basolateral amygdaloid nuclei in the Sprague Dawley rats brain in association to naphthalene toxicity. The toxicity model group was administered with naphthalene (200 and 400mg) using corn oil as a vehicle for 28 days. The post delayed toxicity of naphthalene high dose ingestion was also assessed in rats. After the experimental period, the brain tissue was processed to observe the ultra structural changes using a transmission electron microscope. The alterations in cell organelles, nuclei damage, mitochondrial swelling, chromatin condensation suggested naphthalene induced damage in the neurons of the basolateral amygdala of the brain in the toxicity model group. These experimental trials provide information about the alert of mothball usage in the home and identify risks linked with accidental exposure and misuse. --- ## Effect of Mechanical Neck pain on Neck Disability and Scapula position among School Teachers in Delhi and NCR **Authors:** Jyoti Kataria, Bijender Sindhu, Sonia Pawaria **Published:** 2021-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4672 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Shoulder and/neck pain, School teachers, Posture, disability Neck pain found to be most common musculoskeletal condition in office workers with 12-month prevalence. Mechanical neck pain can be classified into two categories in clinical studies mechanical neck pain which has patients without any identifiable anatomic cause and leaves patients having neurological dysfunctions cervicogenic headache and inflammatory disorders. Current research work has total of 150 participants out of which there were 100 females school teachers having mean age of 37.8 years (median 38 years) and 50 male school teachers having mean age 40 years (median 39 years). Participants included in the study were professionally active school teachers of primary, secondary and senior secondary. Scapula position and neck disability was examined as per keiblers lateral scapular slide test and Neck disability index. Total 150 teachers were included in the study 80 teachers having mechanical neck pain (study group) and 70 teachers not having mechanical neck pain (control group) statistically significant difference found in scapula position and neck disability. In the present research, it is found that there is statistically significant difference in scapula position protraction and upward rotation at three different levels as well as there are statistically significant changes observed in neck disability. --- ## Evaluation of phytochemical and ethnomedicinal uses of Bersama swinnyi E. Phillips (Francoaceae) **Authors:** Alfred Maroyi **Published:** 2021-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4668 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Bersama Swinnyi, Ethnopharmacology, Francoaceae, Indigenous Knowledge, Melianthaceae, Traditional Medicine Bersama swinnyi is a small to medium-sized tree endemic to evergreen forests of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa. The species is widely used as traditional medicine throughout its distributional range in the country. A systematic review of the literature studies was carried out to document the phytochemical and ethnomedicinal uses of B. swinnyi. The results of the current study are based on literature survey conducted using various search engines such as Web of Science, Elsevier, Pubmed, Google Scholar, Springer, Science Direct, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, and pre-electronic sources such as books, book chapters, scientific journals and other grey literature obtained from the University library. The bark and root extracts of B. swinnyi are mainly used as aphrodisiac, charm and ritual purposes, and traditional medicine for infertility, impotence, leprosy and menstrual problems. Chemical constituents identified from B. swinnyi include 23-hydroxy betulinaldehyde, 24-propylcholestan-7,15,20-triol, betunal, lupeol, oleanolic acid and swinniol. Bersama swinnyi is a valuable medicinal plant species and future research should focus on more exploratory research to gain a better understanding of the ethnopharmacological properties of the species. There is also a need for extensive toxicological evaluations of crude extracts and compounds isolated from the species since B. swinnyi contains potentially toxic compounds. --- ## Acute toxicity of jalawure (Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze) and gadung tikus (Tacca palmata Blume) using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos as a model **Authors:** Agus W, Suganda A G, Fidrianny I **Published:** 2021-04-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4667 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** gadung tikus, jalawure, Tacca, toxicity, zebrafish Tacca is a genus of several species reported to have potential as a new therapeutic agent with toxic properties for several cells. Jalawure and gadung tikus are two species from the Tacca genus that can be found in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to determine the level of acute toxicity of jalawure and gadung tikus by using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos as a model. The sample was extracted by maceration using ethanol 96%. The acute toxicity test was carried out by using fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test protocol No. 236, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), 96 hr of static exposure using the negative control group (medium embryo), the test solution group (extract) and the positive control group (3,4-dichloroaniline 4 µg/ml). The result of acute toxicity of extract against zebrafish embryos demonstrated that LC50 of jalawure leaf extract 26.06 ± 0.31 µg/ml, jalawure stem extract 251.52 ± 6.15 µg/ml, jalawure corm extract 463.24 ± 9.68 µg/ml, gadung tikus leaf extract 15.04 ± 0.15 µg/ml, gadung tikus stem extract 263.73 ± 6.58 µg/ml, and gadung tikus corm extract 17.71 ± 0.12 µg/ml. Embryo coagulation was the endpoint that was most commonly found in almost all extracts. Gadung tikus leaves extract, gadung tikus corm extract and jalawure leaves extract expressed moderate toxicity level. --- ## Comparative evaluation of Skeletal, Dental and Soft Tissue Changes in Class II Division 1 Malocclusion Cases Treated with Twin Block and innovative Clear Block Appliance- a Prospective Interventional Study **Authors:** Ankita Agrawal, Narendra Sharma, Ranjit Kamble, Sunita Shrivastav, Shriya Prakash Murarka, Akanksha Kumar **Published:** 2021-04-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4666 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Twin Block Appliance, Clear Block Appliance, Cephalogram, Retrusion, Proclination, Extrusion, Merrifield’s Z angle The present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the skeletal, dental, and soft tissue changes in skeletal Class II division 1 cases treated with Twin Block and Clear Block appliances using a cephalogram. A total of 40 patients of age between 12-14 years were randomly divided into two equal groups. Group 1: treated with Twin Block appliance and Group 2: treated with Clear Block appliance. The pre-treatment lateral cephalogram was taken and skeletal, dental, and soft tissue parameters were evaluated and the appliance was delivered. After 8 months, another lateral cephalogram of all the cases was taken and analyzed. The pre and post-treatment values were compared between the two groups. The pre-treatment cases were almost comparable in skeletal, dental, and soft tissue features in both groups. There was a significant change in mandibular growth by SNB angle. The retrusion and extrusion of maxillary incisors as well as a proclination and extrusion of mandibular incisors were seen in group 1 while no change was observed in group 2. Treatment with Clear Block appliances has shown significant and favorable Skeletal, Dental and Soft tissue changes which are similar to already proven by the Twin Block appliance. Clear Block provides an esthetic and less bulky option for growth modification with similar results as compared to conventional Twin Block with the additional benefit of preventing lower incisor proclination. --- ## A review on Antibiotic Policy and Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (AMSP) – Need of the hour **Authors:** Manoj Kumar, Anu Sharma, Yasmeen M, Parwez A **Published:** 2021-04-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4665 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Multidrug Resistance, Panresistance, Antibiotic Policy, Antibiotic Stewardship Program Emerging trends of antimicrobial resistance and development of multidrug resistance and pan resistant strains have become a significant public health problem worldwide. The rate at which newer drugs are developing has slowed down and clinicians are left with only limited therapeutic options for treatment of the patient. We are heading towards the pre antibiotic discovery phase where mortality was high due to unavailability of appropriate drugs; however, in current situation due to misuse or over use of antibiotics, microbes have developed newer methods of resistance, thus rendering these antimicrobials ineffective in their action which has resulted in increased morbidity and mortality among patient and increase in the health care expenditure. Antimicrobial resistance continues to be a major public health problem of international concern. As there is alarming situation globally due to development of multi and pan resistant bacteria which are also known as superbugs, these superbugs have resulted in havoc as these infections are not treatable and is of great concern to the treating physician. Judicious use of antibiotics and implementation of antibiotic stewardship program are the only ways to combat the current situation. The present review aims to provide information on framing of antibiotic policy and implementation of antimicrobial stewardship program. --- ## Syntheses and identification of cefotaxime-non-transition metal complexes **Authors:** Mohamed S. Teleb, Soha F. Mohammed, Akmal S. Gaballa **Published:** 2021-04-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4660 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Synthesis, characterization, non-transition, metal complexes, cefotaxime The coordination chemistry of the biologically active cefotaxime sodium and, in particular, the mode of its interaction with some metal ions of electronic configuration d0 (alkaline earth) and others, Zn (II), Pb (II), and Ce ions with the electronic configuration d10 has been investigated. Seven complexes were synthesized, isolated in the solid-state, and characterized by elemental analyses, conductivity measurements, IR and UV/VIS spectra, as well as thermal analyses. Based on the obtained experimental data and literature, the structural formulae to these complexes were suggested and formulated as [Mg(cef)2].2H2O (1), [Ca(cef)2].2H2O (2) [Sr(cef)2].2H2O (3), [Ba(cef)2].2H2O (4), [Zn(cef)2(H2O)2] (5), [Pb(cef)2(H2O)2].4H2O (6) and [Ce(cef)2(H2O)2].3H2O (7). The data obtained show that cefotaxime interacted with metal in a molar ratio of 2:1, respectively. Cefotaxime bonded to metal ions in the anionic form as a bidentate ligand through the lactam carbonyl (C=O) and the carboxylate group (COO-). Tetrahedral and octahedral shapes were proposed as the most likely geometries associated with a metal having such electronic configurations. The absorption bands observed in the electronic spectrum of free cefotaxime are also observed with some shifts in the spectra of its complexes, indicating their formation. The absorption bands of free cefotaxime and its complexes were assigned to electronic transitions. The thermal analyses date strongly support the structures proposed for the complexes and indicate the formation of the corresponding metal oxide as a final decomposition product. --- ## Clinicopathological Study and Management of Carcinoma of The Breast **Authors:** Ajay Raja A, Lakshmana R, Abhilash M, Govinda Raju Chintada, Jeyakumar S, Pravindhas A **Published:** 2021-04-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4659 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast Cancer, Radiation Therapy, Adjuvant Chemotherapy, Hormone Therapy Worldwide, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed life-threatening cancer in women and the leading cause of cancer death in women. In India, breast cancer accounts for 19% of all cancers in women and is second only to lung cancer as a cause of cancer deaths. Many early breast carcinomas are asymptomatic; pain or discomfort is not usually a symptom of breast cancer. Breast cancer is often first detected as an abnormality on a mammogram before it is felt by the patient or healthcare provider. Surgery and radiation therapy, along with adjuvant hormone or chemotherapy when indicated, are now considered the primary treatment for breast cancer. For many patients with low-risk early-stage breast cancer, surgery with local radiation is curative. In India, Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy among women next to the Ca cervix. Since it presents as a painless lump, patients neglect and come to the hospital often late. This study is an attempt has been made to study the various risk factors, the natural history of the disease, clinical features, and mode of spread, pathological types, staging and management of breast cancer. Since most cases presented to us either in the Early or Locally Advanced stage, they were included in the study. For the diagnosis of breast lesions, Triple Assessment should be involved to characterize the lesions, which include clinical examination, imaging and FNAC/ Biopsy for histopathological correlation. --- ## Transgender Women in Malaysia: A review of health related issues and challenges **Authors:** Abdul Hadi Said, Farah Natashah Mohd, Samsul Draman, Mohd Aznan Md Aris, Rawahah Husna Ramli **Published:** 2021-04-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4655 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Transgender, Women, Health, Issues, Challenges Transgender refers to individuals who perceive their gender differently from their original gender assigned at birth. Transgender women are those who were assigned male gender at birth but expressed themselves as female later on in their life. The numbers of transgender women in Malaysia have been increasing rapidly. Along with this increment, health problems related to this population has grown. Despite this, there is no specific local guideline about the health issues and its management related to this population. Many health professions out there did not know what to expect when dealing with transgender women. Unlike the original male or female, transgender women have their own unique needs as well as health problems related to their lifestyle. Furthermore, some of their health problems are related to the general population, such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and sexually transmitted disease (STD). Failure to identify and manage the problems among transgender women will eventually contribute to an increase in cumulative HIV and STD cases in our country. Hence, the aimed of this article was to review current knowledge on transgender women’s health issues and challenges, especially in the context of the local population. This review also emphasizes that healthcare professionals in Malaysia need to have at least a basic knowledge of transgender women’s health issues. --- ## Recommending form of anticancer drugs in oncology unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital **Authors:** Pandiamunian Jayabal, Nithiya Dhanasekaran, Shanmugasundaram S **Published:** 2021-04-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4658 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** anticancer drugs, oncology, Prescription Cancer has become a chief ailment and danger to the global society. It is one of the foremost reasons for demise in the world. A survey by the World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that 8.2 million people died from cancer in 2012 and it may rise to 19 million by 2025. Drug interactions connected through anticancer drugs are a global concern and should not be ignored. Nausea, vomiting or some other mild response to extreme myelosuppression may vary from adverse drug reactions. Analysis of prescription trend is a possible method in ascertaining the position of drugs in culture and it has to be taken out at every hospital regularly. The research is developed to examine the prescription pattern of anticancer drugs in the clinical oncology unit of a tertiary care centre in India. The patient's demographic data, medication name, type, dose, intensity and duration etc., have been analyzed in each prescription Commonly utilized anticancer narcotics and different forms of cancer were identified and the national essential drug list percentage of the medicines used was analysed. The current study intended to assess the tendencies and pattern of prescribing anticancer drugs. The prescribing practises were apposite and were in agreement with WHO strategies. The present study seemed to sustenance best proposing performs in order to endorse cost effective treatment and improved health care delivery. --- ## Analytical performance comparisons of Modified Jaffe’s kinetic method and Enzymatic Trinder method for creatinine along with risk zone identification **Authors:** Ravi Yadav, Swati Sawant, Sudarshan Shelke **Published:** 2021-04-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4657 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Creatinine, Enzymatic, Jaffe, Performance The aim of this study is to compare analytical performance characteristics and also the patient results obtained from both Modified Jaffe’s kinetic and Enzymatic Trinder methods for serum creatinine so as to identify risk zone, if present, within the measurement range. Serum creatinine was measured on 206 left-over serum samples by Modified Jaffe’s kinetic and Enzymatic Trinder methods. For analytical performance comparisons, limit of detection(LOD), limit of quantification(LOQ), linearity, measuring range, intra and inter-assay CV were measured and compared. Statistical comparisons were done by Pearson‘s correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman tests. For Enzymatic Trinder and Modified Jaffe’s kinetic methods, LODs for serum creatinine were 0.01 & 0.02 mg/dl respectively; LOQs were 0.04 & 0.06 mg/dl respectively; linearity were upto 55 mg/dl & 30 mg/dl respectively. Correlation coefficient was high (r=0.99); intra and inter-assay CV measurements were acceptable. However, CV was lower for Enzymatic Trinder method. Bland-Altman plot showed that more than 95% data points lie within ± 1.96 SD limit of mean difference value (0.16). Average discrepancy (ie. bias) was 0.16 mg/dl across whole measurement range. However, at low concentrations, Modified Jaffe’s kinetic method gave higher values indicating systematic bias, thereby forming a “risk zone” in measurement range. Analytical performance requirements were met by both methods for routine use and good agreement exists between them. However, better performance was not shown by Modified Jaffe’s kinetic method at low concentrations. Such a “risk zone” needs to be identified by laboratories for accurate reporting of creatinine results. --- ## Prediction score to assess morbidity/mortality of patient after fracture proximal 1/3rd femur **Authors:** Ravindra B. Gunaki, Rahul Sharma, Chitresh Mehta, Swapnil Chitnavis, Vibhu Pratap Singh **Published:** 2021-04-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4643 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fracture, Hip joint, Comorbidities, pre-fracture mobility Fractures around the hip joint in the elderly is a major health concern with respect to perioperative and post operative morbidity, especially in the 1-year postoperative period. The prospective and retrospective study was carried out at Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, over a period of 1 year. Various comorbidities play a detrimental role in the postoperative outcome of these fractures. 100 patients of the gediatric age group with fracture around the hip joint were studied and followed for about a year to assess 1-year morbidity. An attempt is made to categorize all the comorbidities and create a Comorbidity Index. The Predictors included in the Comorbidity Index are age, pre-fracture mobility, anaemia, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, renal disease, dementia, alcohol dependence, tobacco chewing, serum protein levels, previous surgeries, stroke, antiplatelet drug intake, duration between operation and death and cause of death. The outcome of the Comorbidity Index determines the deceased patients had an average of 13.73 Comorbidity Index Score, whereas the non-deceased patients had an average of 4.95 Comorbidity Index Score. This score can also be helpful in providing counselling to the patient and the patient's relative about the patient's outcome for surgery. This score will also prove useful in reducing medico-legal complications and will be documented and explained to the patient's relatives. --- ## A critical review on vrischika visha W.S.R. to keraliya visha chikitsa **Authors:** Shanti R Nair, Suwarna Meshram, Prasanth R Krishnan **Published:** 2021-04-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4649 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Literary Review Vrischika Visha, Keraliya Visha Grantha, Scorpion Scorpion stings are major public health problem especially in rural parts of India. Envenomation from Scorpions if estimating on yearly basis it is about 12 lakh people per year and is responsible for nearly about 3250 deaths. There are about 1400 species of scorpions identified worldwide out of this only 53 are reported to be dangerous to humans, In India we have identified around 86 species. Poison due to insect bite is common and can be accompanied with a variety of symptoms ranging from simple itching to life threatening situations. Many may go through minor problems like swelling, tingling or numbness due to the sting. Scorpion sting usually results in severe symptoms, as its venom is more potent. Young children and older adults may require immediate treatment. Vrischikadamsha is such a specific envenomation that requires medical attention. There are ample references treatment modalities and medicines in Keraleeyavisha chikitsa granthas and ayurvedic classics which are described for managing vrischikavisha. Many of the keraliyavishagrantha are written in Malayalam hence there is a need to explore and bring out the remedies. So in this article a humble effort is made to bring out the different vrischika and treatment modalities described in keraleeyagrandhas along with the specific symptoms. --- ## Prevalence, knowledge and associated factors on self-medication practice among the community of Lalitpur Metropolitan City, Nepal: a cross-sectional study **Authors:** Birendra Shrivastava, Omi Bajracharya, Rajani Shakya **Published:** 2021-04-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4642 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Self-medication, prevalence, knowledge, associated factors, Nepal Self-medicine has become one of the important components in day-to-day life to treat mild ailments. If not used rationally, it may lead to serious public health issues. The aim of this study is to explore the prevalence, knowledge, and associated risk factors of self-medication practice among the community of the Lalitpur Metropolitan City of Nepal. A cross-sectional community based prospective study was conducted among 1,004 participants of the Lalitpur Metropolitan City using a pretested and validated questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis with an alpha level of 0.05 by using SPSS. The prevalence of self-medication was 45.20%. The three most common ailments for practicing self-medication were fever, headache, and cough/cold. The top reason for self-medication was minor illness. The study indicated that overall knowledge scores were significantly associated with self-medication (P<0.001). Multiple logistic regression showed the elderly are more oriented towards self-medication practice [AOR=5.22 (95%CI: 2.73-9.98)]. The health professional families have a high affinity towards self-medication practice [AOR=2.82 (95%CI: 1.68-4.75)]. Likewise, storing medicine at home [AOR= 7.01 (95%CI: 5.10-9.64)] and poor knowledge of medicine use were [AOR=1.81 (95%CI: 1.14-2.88)] more likely to prefer self-medication. The prevalence of self-medication was high, mostly due to the poor knowledge about appropriate medicine used. Self-medication is unavoidable in many situations; therefore, implementation of action plans to improve awareness about the consequences of self-medication is needed, thus facilitating its responsible use by the community. --- ## Standardization of Ayurvedic gargle (Kavala) based on volume and time of holding with special reference to its immediate effect **Authors:** Saniya C K, Mangalagowri V Rao, Sunil Choudhary, Singh O P **Published:** 2021-04-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4647 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Kavala, Immediate effect, Maximum oral capacity, Samyak lakshana, Shreshtamatra, Standardization Traditional medical systems like Ayurveda always give importance for preservation and restoration of health. Gandoosha and Kavala are two therapeutic and preventive measures described in Ayurveda for oral health. In the classical texts, the exact volume of kavala dravya and time duration for kavala procedure is not mentioned, where the measurements are made according to the capacity of the individual. The objective of this study is to standardize the amount of kavala dravya and time taken for kavala in healthy volunteers. In this study, kavala dravya was prepared and was given to 30 voluntary participants, in the dose of half of their maximum oral capacity, and the time for attaining samyak lakshana was noted. By statistical techniques, the mean amount of kavala dravya and mean time taken for samyak lakshana were found out and were respectively 50 ± 3.3 ml and 120 ±10 seconds. Along with this, the majority of the participants had showed positive effects of Kavala like the feeling of cleanliness, increased salivation, feeling of freshness and aroma to the oral cavity. As the sample follows the standard normal distribution, the means on volume and time taken for Kavala can be extrapolated to other population. This may help to assess the reliability and comparability of future research on Kavala. --- ## In-silico Analysis of Terpenes From Mentha rotundifolia (L) As Human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-Related Carboxypeptidase (ACE2) Inhibitors **Authors:** Geeta Mounika, Netala Silvia, Gondu Eswara Rao, Kotte Raju, Siva Kumar B, Ravi Chandra Sharabu, Radha Madhavi B, Sujit Kumar Mohanty **Published:** 2021-04-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4648 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ACE2, Inhibition, In-silico, Lisinopril, Mentha rotundifolia, terpenes The Mentha genus includes several species such as Mentha rotundifolia L., which is widely distributed around the Mediterranean basin, America and in western Asia. The plant is recommended in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases. It has also been used to discover biomolecules that have significant beneficial effects with fewer side effects. Mentha rotundifolia (L) leaves are potential as an antihypertensive cause of terpenes which contain in them. 36 different terpenes and terpenoids have been identified and selected from this plant. This study evaluated the mechanism of phytoconstituents from the above plant in the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) with molecular docking. Selected ligands were docked on the receptor (PDB ID: 1R4L) using Auto Dock Vina and analysed by PyMol. 2D and 3D structures of compounds were drawn by the Chem Draw program. The standard drug that has been taken for the study, lisinopril, has shown a binding affinity of -7.8 Kcal/mol. Calacorene, one of the terpenes present in the plant, has interacted with Phe274, Asp367, Glu406, Thr445, Thr371 residues of protein and produced a docking score similar to that of the standard drug Lisinopril. In the light of the results obtained, the plant studied is promising as a source of natural hypotensive agent that can be further developed as a lead molecule. --- ## Identification of Bioactive Components in the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Syringodium Isoetifolium and Assessment of its Biological Activity by Gas Chromatography – Masspectrometry **Authors:** Kalaivani P, Amudha P **Published:** 2021-04-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4650 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Syringodium isoetifolium, Hydroalcoholic extract, Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Analysis, Octadecanoic acid, Biological activities Herbal plants show a growing interest in natural antioxidant, also play an important role in the treatment of muscle pain, stomach problems, wounds etc. About 75 to 80% of the world population uses herbal medicine. One such herb (Marine Plants) used in the treatment of cancer is Syringodium isoetifolium. In a previous study, Syringodium isoetifolium with three different extracts (Aqueous, ethanol and 70% hydroalcohol) proves the presence of phytocompound such as Tannin, Saponin, Flavonoids, Stroids, Terpenoids, coumarin etc and also has high antioxidant activity. The current study aims to identify the bioactive compounds from the hydroalcoholic extract of Syringodium isoetifolium. The photo components present in the hydroalcoholic extract was determined by GC-MS Analysis and the mass spectra of compounds present in the extract were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology library. 20 different phytocompounds were found to be present in the hydroalcoholic extract of Syringodium isoetifolium using GC-MS analysis. Some of the important phytocompounds are Hexanoic acid, Methyl ester, Octadecanoic acid, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, 1-Isopropylidene-3-methyl-3-vinylcyclobutane. The study reveals that the identified phytocompounds from the hydroalcoholic extract of Syringodium isoetifolium has essential biological activities such as Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antimicrobial, Antifouling and Anticancer properties. Further depth of the study will deal with the exact mode of action of the phytocompounds. --- ## Biocontrol potential; antifungal activity and plant growth promoting activities of endophytic bacteria from Raphanus sativus **Authors:** Lavanya J, Chanthosh S, Reshma Shrii, Viknesh V, Deepika S, Subhashini sivaji **Published:** 2021-04-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4646 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Exigobacterium aurantiacm, Plant growth promotion, Raphanus sativus, Tonsilliphilus suis The study was aimed to find an alternate approach for chemicals used in agriculture to avoid microbial infections. Fungal pathogens cause different types of plant diseases and affect a majority of edible crops by destroying the tissues of the plant in a direct or indirect mechanism. So, an alternative approach led to the development of biocontrol agents using endophytic bacteria. A total of 8 endophytic bacteria were isolated from the root, stem, and leaves of radish (Raphanus sativus). The antagonistic activity of these bacteria against the 2 isolated plant pathogenic fungi was determined in vitro. Two out of eight bacteria showed more than 50% inhibitory activity against one fungus, were further characterized using the 16s rRNA sequencing method. On the basis of the phylogenetic tree of the 16s rRNA method, the endophytic bacterial samples were identified as Tonsilliphilus suis and Exiguobacterium aurantiacum against plant pathogenic Aspergillus flavus isolated from Raphanus sativus, which makes them highly suitable as an alternative for chemical fertilizers to provide resistance to plant pathogenic fungi. The cell wall degrading activities such as protease activity, amylase activity, and plant growth-promoting properties such as Hydrogen cyanide (HCN), Indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia production of these endophytic bacteria were evaluated. The results show that T. suis is the most effective strain for radish growth development. --- ## Study of outcome of knee joint in patients with fracture distal femur versus fracture ipsilateral femur and tibia **Authors:** Ravindra B Gunaki, Chitresh Mehta, Rahul Sharma, Swapnil Chitnavis **Published:** 2021-04-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4651 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fracture Distal Femur, Ipsilateral Fracture Femur and Tibia, Neer’s Score, Floating Knee The posture on the two wheeler at the speed we travel, makes knee the vulnerable joint of all in any of the mishaps. We as orthopedic surgeons see the fractures around the knee joint as one of the most studied concept in the subject. This is a prospective study conducted, over 2 years, in Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed to be University, Karad. In this study, 20 cases of fracture distal femur and 20 cases of ipsilateral fracture femur and tibia were studied to evaluate outcome of knee joint and post surgical stabilization of fractures. The fractured limb was stabilized with splinting the limb in Thomas splint or plaster slab. The type of fracture, type of fracture fixation, duration of hospital stay, time of union and time to start weight bearing are evaluated. According to Neer’s score, Good outcome was found in both Fracture Distal femur and Ipsilateral Fracture Femur and tibia. The functional outcome was found to be better in diaphyseal fractures femur and tibia treated with intramedullary interlock nailing which allowed early mobilization and weight bearing than in intra-articular fractures treated with plating. Bony union occurred early in closed, diaphyseal and simple transverse or oblique fractures and delayed in open, intraarticular and comminuted fractures. --- ## Parental Beliefs about Child’s Experience of Anxiety in Saqr Hospital Ras Al-Khaimah, U.A.E **Authors:** Samira Mohamed Saleh, Sneha Pitre **Published:** 2021-04-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4645 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anxiety, belief, emotional health, PBA-Q Anxiety is a reaction of an individual to change or a stressful event. Separation anxiety, fear of darkness, stranger anxiety etc., are normal features of development during the initial part of life. However, if it persists and not identified at an early stage can lead to anxiety disorders in children. Parents play an important role in its identification at an early stage and management to protect the child from long term consequences of anxiety disorders. It imposes them to have an appropriate belief about the experience of their child’s anxiety. Cross sectional survey was conducted among 252 parents who visited Saqr hospital for various health care issues. Participants were selected using a convenience sampling technique. Data was collected with the use of a self-reported Parental Belief about child's anxiety questionnaire (PBA-Q). Majority (93.7%) of parents had a moderate level and 5.6% had a highly negative belief about the experience of their child’s anxiety. No significant association was observed between Parental Belief about a child's anxiety and demographic variables like age, gender, education. However, a significant association was observed with the household income of the family. Parents being the primary and most influential caregiver, play a significant role in the emotional health of the children. Findings of the present study strongly recommend regular assessment of parents belief about the experience of anxiety in children and provide guidance to minimize anxiety disorders in children. PBA-Q is a simple tool that can be used in day to day practice. --- ## Detection of metallo beta lactamase genes in heteroresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical isolates in Egypt **Authors:** Alaa El-Din M.S. Hosny, Ali A. Abdelrahman, Dalia M. Hamed, Samira Zakeer **Published:** 2021-04-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4644 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Heteroresistance, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Sequencing The aim of the study is to isolate and characterize Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from different clinical specimens and then study the susceptibility of the isolated strains to different antibiotics, screening for heteroresistant isolates and detecting the metalloβ-lactamase genes in these isolates. A total of two hundred and fifty clinical isolates were collected from which one hundred forty five isolates revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa. They were collected from different clinical specimens applied for bacteriological testing from hospitalized in-patients admitted to Kasr Al Aini Hospital and Al-Demerdash Hospital, Egypt, in the period from February 2016 to December 2017. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using ten antibiotics. The study covered the heteroresistance of P.aeruginosa towards several classes of antibiotics to make the statistical analysis convenient and to overview the significance of this resistance. The minimum inhibitory concentration was detected for the heteroresistant P.aeruginosa resistant isolates. The polymerase chain reaction of the heteroresistant strains was performed to detect the metallo-β-lactamase genes SIM, IMP and SPM and then sequencing was done consequently. SIM, IMP and SPM metalloβ-lactam e genes were detected in the heteroresistant isolates. The isolates showed a high resistance pattern to ampicillin (98.62%) and a high sensitivity rate to imipenem (96.55%) and the IMP gene was the highly significant gene. --- ## New Method for the Estimation and Validation of Fostemsavir and Ganciclovir by using RP-HPLC **Authors:** Srinivasa Rao Surabhi, Neelu Jain **Published:** 2021-04-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4652 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPLC, Fostemsavir, Ganciclovir, Development, Validation We have evolved a completely unique, reliable HPLC technique for simultaneous quantification of Fostemsavir and Ganciclovir. The chromatographic detachment was attained on an X-Bridge phenyl column (150x4.6mm, 3.5 µ) using isocratic elution with a buffer containing 0.1% OPA and acetonitrile proportion of 50:50 as movable part with a stream of 1 mL/min at room temperature. The maximum absorbance of the drugs was observed at 236 nm. Dissolve 1mL of orthophosphoric acid in 1 lt of HPLC marked water and sieved by using 0.45 µ filter paper, this solution was used as a buffer. 10 min run time was used to separate Fostemsavir and Ganciclovir. Analysis was achieved within 15 min over honest linearity within the concentration range from 6-90 µg/mL of Fostemsavir and 2.5-37.5 µg/mL of Ganciclovir. To check the system suitability parameters, the normal solution was injected six times, from the outcomes, it was concluded that all the outcomes were well under the acceptable range. Precision and recovery study results were well under a suitable range. From this technique, an assay of Fostemsavir and Ganciclovir was performed and the results were well under the acceptable range. Degradation studies were carried out on Fostemsavir and Ganciclovir, with a purity threshold greater than the purity angle in all conditions and within the acceptable range. The above-mentioned technique was validated according to ICH guidelines. --- ## Rauwolfia tetraphylla mediated synthesis of herbal nano powders by ball milling and GC-MS analysis, evaluation of their antimicrobial activity **Authors:** Vasa Padmaja, Gorrepati Rosaiah, Kakumanu Babu **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4611 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ball milling, GC-MS, Herbal nanoparticles, Rauwolfia tetraphylla Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of biological applications of nanoparticles is of immense importance in recent years in the field of Nanotechnology. Due to increasing demand of nanoparticle synthesis from medicinal plants now a days, in the present study, it is aimed to produce bio compatible, non-toxic, homogenous nanopowders by Ball milling, one of the top-down approaches from root, stem and leaf of Rauwolfia tetraphylla, an important medicinal plant of Apocynaceae. Rauwolfia tetraphylla L., an endangered species, is rich in various phytochemicals and often used as a substitute of Rauwolfia serpentina and therefore aimed to produce nanopowders from different parts of this plant. These biosynthesized nanopowders were characterized by UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Further bioactive components of root, stem and leaf nanopowders were analysed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS), and different compounds were identified by comparison of GC-MS spectrum with library searches. Methanolic root, stem and leaf nanopowders were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activity. Antibacterial activity was assessed against human pathogenic bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Vibrio parahemolyticus. Human pathogenic fungi Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Mucor hiemalis were selected for evaluating antifungal activity. The present study confirms the good antibacterial and antifungal activity of Rauwolfia tetraphylla synthesized nanopowders. As GC-MS analysis revealed different phytoconstituents, other pharmacological activities need to be evaluated. --- ## Comparison between conventional dosing versus personalized pharmacokinetic dosing of vancomycin: a pilot study from a Malaysian private hospital **Authors:** Tsuey Li Yong, Chee Ping Chong **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4629 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vancomycin, Conventional Dose, Personalized Dose, Pharmacokinetic Pharmacist led vancomycin dosing is not a common practice in private hospital settings of the Malaysian healthcare system. The lack of this pharmacist led system has led to conventional vancomycin dosing without considering the differences in patients pharmacokinetic parameters. This study aims to compare the differences in vancomycin doses between conventional dosing and pharmacist-led personalized pharmacokinetic dosing. A retrospective pilot study was conducted on inpatient adults who were prescribed with intravenous vancomycin in a private hospital. Personalized vancomycin doses were retrospectively calculated by using the pharmacokinetic parameters and was then compared with the actual conventional doses used in the patients. The area under concentration curve over 24 hours/minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC24/MIC) ratio achieved by the doses was also compared. The targeted AUC24/MIC ratio was 400-600 to ensure efficacy and safety of the therapy. A total of 24 patients with a median age of 55.50 years were conveniently sampled. The patients were mostly male (58.3%) and were admitted to the neurosurgical ward (33.3%). Vancomycin was mainly prescribed as empirical treatment (58.3%) for a median treatment period of 5.00 days (IQR 4.00 – 7.00 days). The conventional doses had significant (p < 0.001) lower median total daily dose (2000 mg versus 2500 mg) and lower AUC24/MIC ratio (385 versus 495) as compared to personalized doses. In conclusion, the personalized pharmacokinetic dosing method was significantly more able to achieve the targeted AUC24/MIC ratio. Vancomycin personalized dosing should be considered in the Malaysian private hospital setting. --- ## In- vitro Pharmacological investigation and Molecular Docking validation of Rhodiola rosea root against Bacterial and Helminthiasis infections **Authors:** Syeda Sanobar, Dharmendra Ahuja **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4637 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rhodiola rosea, GC-MS, Earthworm, Escherichia coli, Molecular Docking The present study's objective was to identify the phytoconstituents present in methanolic extract of Rhodiola rosea (R. rosea) with a help of Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The extract was subjected for the antibacterial (Escherichia coli) and anthelmintic (adult Indian earthworms-Pheretima posthuma) in-vitro activities followed by the validation of the same by subjecting the bioactive compounds obtained in GCMS analysis to molecular docking studies for anthelmintic and antibacterial protein targets. Six compounds with molecular formula C12H14O4NF3, C9H14O2Si, C29H44O12, C18H30O, C12H23O2N, and C17H32O were identified in GCMS analysis. Different extract concentrations viz 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 mg/ml and 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 µg/ml for anthelmintic activity and anti-bacterial activity respectively. For anthelmintic protein target, results of molecular docking (presented by 3D & 2D model) revealed that the identified compounds (binding energy -6.05 to -8.40 Kcal/mol) exhibited a comparable binding affinity as that of albendazole (binding energy -9.54 Kcal/mol) except C3 (binding energy +33.42 Kcal/mol) compound. antibacterial protein target, compounds' binding affinities were found to be in the range -4.49 to -6.68 Kcal/mol, while chlorobiocin was found to be -4.75 Kcal/mol. The extract exhibited dose-dependent in-Vitro anthelmintic (150 and 200 mg/ml) and antibacterial activity (150 and 200 µg/ml. The minimum lethal amount of extract concentration for anthelmintic activity was found to be 150 μg/ml. At this concentration, Pheretimaposthuma died in 33.56 ± 2.15 min while with a standard dose of albendazole, the lethal time was found to be 22.75 ± 1.63 min. Finally concluded that the identified bioactive compounds from R. rosea have the potential anthelmintic and antibacterial activity as justified by in-vitro biological evaluations and molecular docking studies. --- ## Randomized controlled clinical trial to study the efficacy of Priyangvaadi Gana Siddha tail in the management of Parikartika w.s.r. to fissure-in-ano-An Ayurvedic management protocol **Authors:** Sudheer Kumar Patle, Alok Kumar Diwedi, Harjodh Singh, Rakesh Khatana **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4613 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Parikartika, Yastimadhu tail pichu, Priyangvaadi Gana, siddha Taila Sushruta explained about Guda-Roga, i.e. Ano Rectal Disease in Shalya Tantra. It includes no. of disease out of them one is Parikartika," i.e. Fissure – in – Ano. Lifestyle diseases are mainly caused by improper work pattern, stressful life, improper diet intake and improper sleep habits. These causative factors produce indigestion which leads to various lifestyle disorders, specially anorectal disorders like piles, fissure in ano, fistula in ano etc., constitute a significant group. Priyangvaadi Gana siddha tail in the management of Parikartika. The present study is designed as a Randomized, single-blind parallel in which 60 patients will be enrolled. Priyangvaadi Gana Siddha Taila Pichu and Yastimadhu tail Pichu will be given for basti twice a day. Assessment will be done 0th, 7th day, 14th day and 28th day. The changes are expected to be observed in subjective parameters such as pain bleeding per rectum with itching as well as with objective parameters such as Parikartika Healing. The study is expecting the nonsurgical management of fissure in ano with respect to the impact of Priyangvaadi Gana Siddha tail pichu and Yastimadhu tail Pichu. The research is expecting to be a baseline and benchmark of the prospective studies in Acute Fissure in ano (Parikartika). --- ## Association of flat foot with obesity in middle-aged individuals **Authors:** Manish Kumar, Divya Sanghi, Jyoti Kataria, Pratiksha Arya **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4639 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Flat Foot, Obesity, Middle Aged Individuals, BMI, Navicular Drop Flat foot can be classified as a foot with collapsed or minimally developed longitudinal arches. Another term used for flat foot is pes planus in which the medial longitudinal arch of the foot has collapsed. The frequency of flat foot is not explained properly as there is a lack of comprehensive definition, better method to classify and proper radiographic criteria for defining a flat foot. Due to obesity, there is an increase in forces at weight-bearing areas of the lower limb and feet. Long term continuous loading effect, specifically related to the feet region due to obesity, has not been extensively evaluated. To find the association of flat foot with obesity in middle-aged Individuals. A total of 120 subjects in the age range of 30 to 50 years were recruited with 60 subjects in each two groups formed on the basis of BMI indexes as Group A (Normal with BMI score 17.5 – 22.99) and Group B (Obese with BMI score >28). Navicular Drop Test and Waist/Hip ratio were measured using Brody’s method and inch tape method, respectively and the correlation between Navicular drop and W/H ratio was evaluated thereafter in both the groups. The result of the study demonstrated that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between navicular drop test and W/H ratio in both the groups, with a stronger association in the obese group (r=0.7 at p=0.05). This study concluded that there is a strong correlation between flat foot and body weight in middle-aged individuals. Hence individuals should be physically active to maintain their body weight in order to avoid any biomechanical alteration in feet structures. --- ## Comparative in vitro dissolution studies of fixed-dose combination formulations: analgesic tablets of acetaminophen/caffeine **Authors:** Medina-López J R, Sánchez-Badajos S, Carreto-Jiménez R M, García-Hernández P, Contreras-Jiménez J M **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4634 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Flow-through cell apparatus, Generic formulations, USP Apparatus 4 A simple and rapid UV derivative method with zero-crossing determinations was developed for estimation of acetaminophen (ACE) and caffeine (CAF) in fixed-dose combination formulations. The first-derivative of standard solutions of both drugs were used and ACE and CAF were quantified at 273.0 and 216.5 nm, respectively. The method was validated, and it was applied to dissolution studies with the USP Apparatus 2 and flow-through cell (USP Apparatus 4). Dissolution profiles comparisons (generic vs reference) were carried out with model-independent and model-dependent approaches. Mean dissolution time and dissolution efficiency were calculated and significant differences, in almost all calculated parameters, were found (p<0.05). Weibull, logistic, Gompertz, and Probit models were used to fit dissolution data and Probit was the best-fit model that describes the in vitro dissolution performance of ACE and CAF. Using t50% data, derived from this fit, dissolution profiles of ACE in USP Apparatus 2 were significant different (p<0.05). The proposed UV derivative method generates reliable information that can be compared with published results. Dissolution studies of fixed-dose combination formulations are important because quality of generic drug products depends on quality of references. It is essential to maintain a post-marketing evaluation of formulations with analgesic drugs mixed with CAF to offer the population high quality medicines. --- ## Molecular Docking Study of alpha-Cyclodextrin With Psoralen: MDA-MB-231 Cancer Cell **Authors:** Prasheena Russell S, Steiny R P, Prema Kumari J **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4612 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** alpha-Cyclodextrin, Docking, MDA-MB-231 cancer cell, PatchDock, Psoralen Psoralen is an important bioactive component, isolated from the leaves of Ficus carica (Fig). Psoralen is proved to inhibit breast cancer cell growth and in tumor bearing mice the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts is regulated. It is difficult to treat Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, a sub type of breast cancer. On treating Fig leaf extract, it is found that the leaf extract inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB-231, which is a TNBC cell line, but not MCF10A cells, which is normal breast epithelial cell line. To increase the stability, solubility, volatility, it is beneficial to encapsulate natural products with α-Cyclodextrin (α-CD). Cyclodextrin constituted by 6 glucose units are termed as α-Cyclodextrin. Compared to host molecule guest: host inclusion complexes exhibit improved chemical or biological properties. Main aim of the study is interaction of Psoralen with α-CD and MDA-MB-231 Cancer cell with α-CD: Psoralen inclusion complex by molecular docking studies. 3D structures of Psoralen, α-CD and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell are obtained and docking is carried out using PatchDock server. Model which is highly favorable will have a high score. Energetically favorable and most probable structures of α-CD: Psoralen and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell: α-CD Psoralen inclusion complex has a score of 1762 and 6230 respectively. --- ## New Approach for Administration of Doxazosin Mesylate: Comparative Study between Liquid and Solid Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems **Authors:** Al Zahraa G. Al Ashmawy, Noura G. Eissa, Gehan F. Balata, Hanan M. El Nahas **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4638 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Doxazosin mesylate, Self-nanoemulsifying, oleic acid, Tween 80, adsorption, mean arterial pressure Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) in both liquid and solid forms were suggested to improve water solubility of Doxazosin mesylate (DOX) a poorly water- soluble antihypertensive drug. Oleic acid: Smix (1:9 w/w) and Tween 80: co-surfactant mixture (Ethanol and PEG 400) (1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1) were chosen to prepare a liquid and solid forms of SNEDDS according to their solubility. TEM images revealed change in the crystalline nature of DOX into uniform particles with smooth surface. Characterization studies revealed droplet size ranges from 79.80±14.39 to 273.10±4.17 nm, zeta potential ranges from -5.57±0.10 to -21.13±0.46 mV and dissolution enhancement of more than two folds with more favorable properties for the solid forms. FTIR demonstrated significant physical changes in DOX crystalline structure. In conclusion, the solid SNEDDS containing oleic acid: Smix (1:9 w/w) and Tween 80: co-surfactant mixture (3:1 w/w) and adsorbent mixture of Avicel 101 and Aerosil 200 (40:1 w/w) might be a promising formula for better management of hypertension with expected shelf stability. --- ## Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of an Epiphytic Orchid Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume. Collected from Kannur District, Kerala, India **Authors:** Ruthisha PK **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4630 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Phytochemicals, medicinal plants, antibacterial, phenolic compounds, flavonoids Treatment with medicinal plants consists of the ancient tradition of India and which has been continued for years. Our ancestors collected rare plants from forests and mountains for treatment purpose. At the same time, they give deep concern for the conservation of the species on the earth. Their knowledge and services are not profitable but valuable. The study is focused on the phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of the medicinal plant Rhynchostylis retusa of the family Orchidaceae. The plant is growing in sacred groves and local gardens of Payyanur of Kannur district, Kerala, India and used for traditional healing practices. The Orchidaceae family includes many plants having medicinal properties, but most of them were not studied or exploited yet. Qualitative analysis of primary metabolites and secondary metabolites indicates the presence of phytochemicals in Rhynchostylis retusa. The total alkaloid, carbohydrate, protein, phenolic compounds and flavonoids were seen in significant amount in this plant. In vitro antibacterial (agar well diffusion) activity was done by gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), gram-positive Streptococcus mutans (MTCC 890), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and antifungal activity by Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404). The plant extracts exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against these strains. The studies with the medicinal plant R.retusa make clear that the plant is rich in active components and phytochemicals. The plant contains a favourable amount of phytochemicals and this makes them cure various diseases. The plant also shows antioxidant and antibacterial activities. --- ## Controlled drug release of levofloxacin from poly (acrylamide) hydrogel **Authors:** Madhusudana T, Mamatha G. P, Demappa T, Satyanarayan N. D **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4631 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hydrogel, free radical polymerization, pH, levofloxacin, drug delivery Hydrogels are 3D polymer networks capable to absorb and release water or biological fluids. They are stimuli-responsive materials, which can show rapid volume changes with response to small changes in environmental parameters such as ionic strength, pH, and temperature. In this work, we performed a synthesis of Poly(acrylamide) hydrogel and tested for controlled release of levofloxacin hemihydrate as a model drug. We used sodium metabisulfite and potassium persulphate as free radical initiators to prepare hydrogel with methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker. Characterization of hydrogel was performed by TGA, SEM, and FT-IR. Swelling study and drug release were performed at pH 1.2 and 7.4 solutions, identical to the gastrointestinal fluid at 37°C (human body temperature) to examine possible site-specific drug delivery. UV-Visible spectrophotometer was used to measure the concentration of drug release. Results exhibited the pH and temperature-dependent drug release. The amount of drug release was found to be 17% and 99% in acidic and alkaline pH of 1.2 and 7.4, respectively, after 6 hours. --- ## A comprehensive review on physicochemical, pharmacological and analytical profile of curcumin **Authors:** Kavita Rohilla, Sunita ahlawat, Manjusha Choudhary, Vikas Budhwar **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4614 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Curcumin, Curcumin stability, Ferulic acid, Glucuronide, Tetrahydrocurcumin, Vanillin In the rhizomes of curcuma longa (family zinziberaceae), curcumin is present as a pigment, due to which it has importance in spices, cosmetics and drugs. It shows a variety of biological and physiological activities, like anti-tumour, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-oxidant, anti-HIV etc. It has low toxicity at higher doses and is well tolerated by the human body. In spite of the proven research that supports the medicinal benefits of curcumin, its medicinal uses are countered by its low aqueous solubility and potential to get degraded in the GIT, which ultimately contributes towards its poor bioavailability. The present review summarizes the uses and applications of curcumin in drugs and cosmetics, briefly describing its status in folk medicines. It also mentions the methods of its analysis in drugs and cosmetics formulations and foodstuffs. The use of turmeric in ayurvedic medicines is described with their recipe and references. From the ancient times, turmeric is being used in various cosmetic preparations. In Indian rituals, turmeric is an essential component. In this review, various uses of the turmeric in cosmetics is mentioned. Ongoing recent research in these spheres is also summarised with references. In this review, the drawbacks of curcumin are also mentioned. As we know that turmeric is an ancient herb and have very beneficial properties beside this, it has some drawbacks, some negative properties etc. In the present review, we have discussed about various pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and medicinal properties of the curcumin and all this is summarized with the help of text, tables and figures. Various historical researches about curcumin are mentioned, including information about the discovery. --- ## Potential effects of incretin-based therapies on polycystic ovary syndrome in rats: a comparative study of linagliptin versus liraglutide **Authors:** Hanan Abdelmoneam Shamardl, Hala Fawzy Kamel, Asmaa Mohamed Elsayed, Hiba Saeed Al-Amodi, Sahar Mohy El-Ashmony **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4632 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Incretin-based drugs, Insulin-resistance, Letrozole, PCOS, Rats Low glucagon like peptide1 (GLP-1) level may contribute to the metabolic dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In this study, prospective therapeutic effects of incretin-based drugs; linagliptin versus liraglutide were investigated on letrozole induced PCOS rats. Animals were divided into five groups (control, PCOS, linagliptin, liraglutide and combined). Letrozole was administered for seven weeks (1mg/kg/day, orally). Linagliptin (3mg/kg/day, orally), liraglutide (1.2mg/kg/day, Sc) and combined drugs were given for 4 weeks. Measurements of anthropometric, hemodynamics, blood glucose indices, HOMA-IR, serum lipids, TNF-α, NF-kB, and sex hormones were estimated. Antioxidant activities alongside immunohistochemical (PCNA) studies were assessed. The present results proved that both drugs significantly ameliorated most of anthropometric, glycemic, lipid, hormonal, inflammatory and antioxidant indices. Obvious histological improvement was obtained by linagliptin and combined therapy while being questionable by liraglutide. In conclusion, linagliptin caused evident ovarian histological advance rather than liraglutide. Linagliptin may represent a promise in alleviating metabolic, hormonal and unique beneficial histologic effects of PCOS. --- ## Physiochemical Analysis of Nilotapaladi Yoga **Authors:** Ravi Dabas, Sweety A, Dixit VK, Kar AC **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4635 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPTLC, Mochrasa, Nilotpaladi yoga, Raktatisara In Ayurveda many Ayurvedic formulations are explained, which used to treat a variety of illness since ancient time and to protect patient faith in Ayurveda and Ayurvedic treatment, scientifically proven safety, standard and quality of herbs is the need of the hour. Nilotpaladi yoga (NY) is mentioned in Ayurvedic texts for the Treatment of Raktatisara (~haemorrhagic diarrohea). Nilotpaladi yoga consists of four ingredients such as Nilakamala (Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f.), Mocharasa (Salmalia malabarica Schott & Endl.), Lajavanti (Mimosa pudica Linn.) and Kamalakesara (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.). Nilotpaladi yoga ingredient like Mochrasa (Salmalia malabarica Schott & Endl.) is known to be effective as Shonita sthapaka gana (a group of drugs that act as haemostatics). Physiochemical analysis of Nilotpaladi yoga is not explored in detail. So, this article is an attempt to present a physiochemical analysis of ingredients of Nilotpaladi yoga by using Modern analytical Techniques. Physio-chemical analysis, HPTLC etc., were carried out as per standard methods. --- ## Seroprevalence of celiac disease among children in Baghdad, Iraq **Authors:** Huda Sahib Al-Rawazq, Luay Ibraheem Al-Rawi, Riyadh Abdul-R Al-Zubaidy **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4609 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies, Anti-gliadin antibodies, Celiac disease, Children, ELISA Celiac disease (CD) represents A unique disorders in which consumption of a food ingredient namely gluten-containing grains (wheat, rye, barley) in com- bination with genetic susceptibility is fundamental for the development of an a guilefully evolving autoimmune reaction influence the gut and other organs. The present study determines the celiac disease among suspected children. From special the laboratory for Pathogenesis Analyses in Baghdad 100 blood children samples was collected during the period from 1st March 2018 till the 31 th of July 2018, analyzed by two serological test which were Anti-tissue transglutaminase (tGT) antibodies and Anti-gliadin antibodies for the pres- ence of serum Immunoglobulin A (IgA tGT), Immunoglobulin G (IgG tGT), Immunoglobulin A (IgA AGA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG AGA) were measured by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). In result obtained positive serological test Trasglutaminase (tGT) for IgA tGT was 5 (16.7 %), IgG tGT was12 (40.0 %), more than Antiglidin Antibodies IgA AGA was 3 (10.0 %), IgG AGA was 10 (33.3 %). the males was 18 (32.1 %) more than female between (6 year - 9 year) age group which represent 10 (37.0 %). The symptoms of celiac disease found with weight loss 26 (86.7 %), chronic diarrhea 21 (70.0 %), vomiting 19 (63.3 %). In this study, obtained positive serological test Trasglu- taminase for (IgA, IgG tGT) Antibodies in male between age group (6 year - 9 year) and with the symptoms more found with weight loss, chronic diarrhea, vomiting. --- ## Regulatory Approval process for marketing drug in Japan **Authors:** Uma Maheshwari A, Kamaraj R **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4636 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Orphan drug product, Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency, Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council (PAFSC) For the development of new drug, it requires a greater amount of research work in chemistry, Manufacturing, control, Preclinical and clinical trials. The drug approval process in all regulatory market carrying responsibilities on multiple factors such as data, safety, efficacy to public health in a country. Current constrain of affairs reveals diverse countries need to follow different regulatory requirements for Regulatory approval process for marketing drug in the different regulatory market of the country to ensure safety and efficacy of the product. In order to conduct a regulatory process for approval of a drug, every country has their unique regulation, guidelines, legislation and respective regulatory authority. Japan has its own regulatory authority for drug and medical device called the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (MHLW), Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), respectively. In the Japan Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare are overseeing the approval procedure of new drug, Generic Drug and Orphan Drug also. In that regard, the Drug Approval process followed in Japan ensures that every company has adhered to specific guideline available in their respective website. The drug comes to market with safety, efficacy to enhance the health of people in Japan by scrutinised process. It results into the longevity of human, which is so apparent in their demographic chart of Japan's Population. --- ## Critical Review of Raktatisara vis-a-vis Ulcerative Colitis **Authors:** Ravi Dabas, Dixit V K, Kar A C **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4616 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ahara, Faculty Lifestyle, Relapse, Pathogenesis, Psychological Factors, Vihara Many studies have been conducted for the role of Ahara (~dietary habits), Vihara (~abnormal Physical activity) and Manas (~Psychological factors) and their association with pathogenesis of Ulcerative colitis, which is a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease, which pursue a protracted relapsing and remitting course, usually extending over years. The causes of relapsing of ulcerative colitis are not known. Dietary factors have been associated in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis as well as associated with an increased risk of relapse of ulcerative colitis. Here, we have reviewed the probable mechanisms of the role of diet and its association with pathogenesis of Ulcerative colitis (UC). In Ayurveda, on the basis of signs and symptoms ulcerative colitis can be best compared with Raktatisara. This article is an attempt to do critical review and put a light on the role of diet, faulty lifestyle and Psychological factors in occurrence and progression of Ulcerative colitis (UC), and try to explain Etiopathogenesis of Raktatisara in relation to ulcerative colitis by going through Ayurvedic texts, Google Scholar, PubMed journals etc. --- ## Formulation and Evaluation of Taste Masking Lercanidipine Hydrochloride Oral Disintegrating Tablets **Authors:** Ravi Kumar Kota, Pavankumar Krosuri, Madhusudhana Chetty C **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4633 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lercanidipine, Tulsion 339, super disintegrants, oral disintegrating tablets, disintegration time Lercanidipine is an antihypertensive drug. It is a dihydropyridine class of calcium channel blockers. It is extremely bitter. The reason for this exploration was to build up a non-bitter orally breaking down the tablet of inadequately solvent medication viz Lercanidipine. The bitterness of drug, masked through complexing Tulsion 339 in various ratios. Sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose selected as super disintegrants in the formulation. The formulated tablets were assessed for various properties like Drug content, crushing strength, friability, wetting time, water retention proportion, breaking downtime and in-vitro disintegration time and dissolution studies. The disintegration time obtained in the range between 38.46-51.40 seconds. Release studies observed between 5 to 30 minutes. From the prepared formulations, formulation using Low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose with 5% concentration showed 98.89% drug release within 30minutes. Thus, F9 was considered as best among the other formulations With effective dissolution and improves patient intake. Drug release Kinetic analysis (r2) based on best curve fitting method for optimized lercandipine formulation showed first order kinetics proves that the drug release depends upon its concentration. --- ## Botany, Traditional Uses and Pharmacology of Bukkun Booti - Phyla nodiƒlora (L.) Greene: An Underexposed Botanical Drug of AYUSH-Unani System **Authors:** Mohd Kashif Husain, Goli Penchala Pratap, Mokhtar Alam, Ghazala Javed, Munawwar Husain Kazmi **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4618 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** AYUSH-Unani, Bukkum, Bukkun Booti, Folk-medicine, Lippia nodiflora, Pharmacology, Unani therapeutics, Verbenaceae Bukkun Booti (Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene; Syn. Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx.), of Verbenaceae, is a fast-growing creeping perennial medicinal herb, has a very long history for human use as it is generally distributed throughout the world. The plant has been traditionally used and recorded in AYUSH-Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha systems of medicine. In the Unani System of Medicine (USM), the Bukkun Booti is used for detoxification of the blood. It is useful in Bawāsīr (bleeding piles), Ru‘af (epistaxis), Hasāh al-Mathāna (cystolithiasis), Sozāk (gonorrhea) ‘Usr al-Bawl (dysuria) and Hummayat (fevers). Ethno-medicinally, it has been widely used as a traditional folk medicine to treat and cure ailments by the local tribal and other communities. The entire plant is diuretic, febrifuge, stomachic and astringent; good for ulcers, wounds, asthma, bronchitis, knee-joints and to ladies after delivery. Bukkun Booti is a rich source of antioxidants and secondary metabolites, and aerial parts are reported to contain phenolic compounds (flavonoids), which are found to have a broad array of reported pharmacological actions such as; antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic and hepatoprotective properties. The purpose of this review paper is to bring together the available information on the current status and therapeutic uses of Bukkun Booti in the Unani System of Medicine and to discuss the botany and importance of the plant on the basis of folk uses, pharmacological activities and chemical constituents. The potential characteristics of P. nodiflora could be utilized more efficiently by linking the bridge of traditional uses, pharmacology and phytochemistry through an integrated approach. --- ## Design, fabrication and evaluation of clotrimazole loaded polymeric microsphere based in situ ophthalmic gel **Authors:** Manish Kumar Gupta, Vipul Sansare, Birendra Shrivastava, Santosh Jadhav **Published:** 2021-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4617 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Clotrimazole, Corneal fungal infection, In situ gel, PLGA, Polymeric microsphere The present study was started with aim to design clotrimazole loaded polymeric microsphere based in situ ophthalmic gel for management of corneal fungal infections. The clotrimazole loaded microsphere was fabricated using various percentage of polylactide-co-glycolide polymer by solvent evaporation technique and evaluated for particle size, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. The polyvinyl alcohol was used as stabilizer. The formulation batch which showed good particle size and entrapment efficiency was selected for further study. The in situ ophthalmic gel of optimized drug loaded microsphere was formulated using various ratios of sodium alginate and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose. The formulated gel was evaluated with respect to pH, in vitro gelling capacity, clarity, viscosity, in vitro antifungal activity and in vitro transcorneal permeation behavior. The fabricated drug loaded microspheres revealed acceptable particle size, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. The prepared in situ gels were clear and exhibited acceptable pH, rheological properties and in vitro gelation. The drug loaded microsphere based gel revealed superior in vitro antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger than conventional formulation and sufficient drug permeation across goat cornea. Thus, formulated clotrimazole loaded microsphere based in situ gel based systems can be a promising approach for sustained ophthalmic delivery of antifungal agents. --- ## Acute toxicity studies of an novel natural polymer vigna mungo in swiss albino rats **Authors:** Krishnaveni Manubolu, Sreenivasulu Munna, Chandrasekhar Kothapalli Bonnoth **Published:** 2021-03-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4559 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vigna mungo, A natural polymer, Histopathology, Safety, Acute oral toxicity The aim of the present research is to investigate acute toxicity profiling of isolated Vigna mungo new natural polymer. Safety administration is the primitive criterion for any drug substance. To explore the safety and toxicity profiling of the novel polymer, this study was carried out. Vigna mungo novel polymer was isolated from the pulverised seeds of Vigna mungo which is part and parcel of our diet. This polymer is obtained using a non-solvent extraction method using acetone. Acute toxicity studies were performed according to the OECD guidelines 420. In this, the selected animal model is Swiss albino rats, grouped into control and test containing each three animals. 2000 mg/kg of Vigna mungo polymer was administered to a test group and did not produced any abnormalities and behavioural changes. Furthermore, histopathological studies, body weight, haematological parameters did not presented abnormal values. The observations found 2000mg/kg of a dose of the polymer did not cause lethality and death of any animal till 14 days of a period. It was concluded that Vigna mungo novel polymer is safe to administer up to 2000mg/kg dose. Hence, the novel Vigna mungo polymer is safer for therapeutic use in pharmaceutical formulations. --- ## Analytical Method Development and Validation for Determination of Selpercatinib by Using RP-HPLC **Authors:** Navya Singamsetty, Raja Sundararajan **Published:** 2021-03-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4471 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Selpercatinib, Method Development, Validation, ICH guidelines, RP-HPLC, RTKs A novel, specific and precise RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the quantification of selpercatinib in pure and its pharmaceutical dosage form. Selpercatinib is a kinase interrupter with increased selectivity for rearranged during transfection (RET) tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) above the additional RTK classes. It is used for the treatment of RET fusion positive non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The segregation was accomplished on the Zorbax C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm) with a 5 µ particle size. 0.1% orthophosphoric acid and Acetonitrile (ACN) (60:40 v/v) was used as an optimized mobile phase at a flow rate of 1ml/min. The wavelength selected was 220.0nm. The retention time for selpercatinib was 2.653 min. The linearity of selpercatinib was detected to be 5- 30µg/ml. Linearity equations obtained for selpercatinib was y = 18428x + 2196.2 with correlation coefficient 0.999. The % RSD for precision was found to be less than 2%. %Recovery was obtained as 99.74% for selpercatinib. The LOD and LOQ for selpercatinib were obtained as 0.02 µg/ml and 0.05 µg/ml. --- ## Comparing efficacy and safety of sodium valproate with propranolol in paediatric migraine prophylaxis **Authors:** Varsha Gajbhiye, Lamture Yashwant R., Sadama Quazi **Published:** 2021-03-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4470 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Headaches, Antiepileptic, Antidepressant, Beta-blockers Migraine is a common disorder of the paediatric age group. Propranolol has been used in prophylaxis for migraine. The use of Sodium valproate in the prophylaxis of migraine is not known. It is postulated that it increases the level of GABA in the brain that will decrease events related to migraine in the cortex. All parents of the patient were advised to keep diaries for noting time, date, severity and duration of headache during the study period, which was for a period of 6 wks. The decreased frequency of headache more than in Group A was 68% and propranolol group was 68.89%. In group A(sodium valproate), patients showed a reduction in headache duration and 52% in Group B. 20% of them headache free in Group A and 18% in Group B. Decrease in the severity of headache in Group A was 52% while 50% in Group B. The mean headache frequency before and after treatment was reduced from 8 to 2.5 attacks per month in group A and from 8.2 to 2.6 in group B. The t-value is 11 for group A. Sodium valproate is more effective and safer in migraine prophylaxis as compared with propranolol. --- ## Determination of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of the Whole Plant Extracts of Argyreia imbricata (Roth) Sant. & Patel **Authors:** Sebastin V, Gopalakrishnan G, Sreejith M, Anoob Kumar K I **Published:** 2021-03-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4469 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Argyreia imbricata extracts, Total phenolic content, Antioxidant activity Plants of the genus Argyreia posses’ ethno medicinal importance and various pharmacological activities are also reported. In this study, phenolic content, anti-oxidant potential of different extracts of Argyreia imbricata was evaluated. Extraction of powdered whole plant material was done with different solvents viz., petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol by soxhelation. The estimation of phenolics in the selected extracts of Argyreia imbricata was done by using a Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. The antioxidant potential of different extracts was evaluated by total anti-oxidant capacity, DPPH, hydroxyl and nitric oxide radical scavenging and reducing power assay methods. In the phenolics estimation, the methanol extract showed a significant presence of phenolic content followed by ethyl acetate extract. In case of anti-oxidant activity, the methanol and ethyl acetate extract showed a significant activity based on their concentration. The findings of this study clearly revealed the potential of methanol extract of A. imbricata in phenolic content and anti-oxidant activity. Also, the ethyl acetate extract showed significant results. Further studies on identification, isolation of the active constituents, toxicity evaluations may give useful results. --- ## Efficacy of Ashwagandha (withania somnifera [l.] Dunal) in improving cardiorespiratory endurance (VO2 max test) in healthy subjects **Authors:** Bargale Sushant Sukumar, Tripathy T B, Shashirekha H K, Suhas Kumar Shetty **Published:** 2021-03-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4376 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ashwagandha, Cardiorespiratory Endurance, Haemoglobin, Physical Fitness, VO2 Max (Maximal Aerobic Capacity), Withania Somnifera In Ayurveda, certain herbal formulas are considered to be Rasayana and they are typically taken over periods of time to regenerate both brain and body tissue. Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) is used as an adaptogen, antioxidant, immune modulator, free radical scavenger, anti stress, anti arthritic, antispasmodic, anti inflammatory, nervous tonic, nerve soothing and anticancer agent. Ashwagandha (WS) as a nutritional supplement is yet too established. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is a gold standard of cardiopulmonary and muscle cell fitness is considered. The study evaluated the efficacy of Ashwagandha to improve cardiorespiratory endurance (VO2 max) in healthy subjects. They randomized single blind controlled comparative clinical study. 54 health volunteers in each group, study group received Ashwagandha Choorna 12gm with milk (200ml) empty stomach in the morning and the control group only milk (200ml). Maximal capacity of oxygen intake in ml/kg/min (VO2 max) with Rockport fitness walking test of both study and control group were measured before intervention (0th day), after the intervention (60th day) and follow up (90th day). A significant improvement in the VO2 max (F=20.675, P <0.0001) and Hemoglobin (X2=74.150 P <0.0001) in the study group was found. Supplementation of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) with milk improve hemoglobin and VO2 max (maximum aerobic capacity). --- ## Prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes among economically backward tribes, Tamilnadu, India **Authors:** Geetha K, Kanniammal C, Kanmani S **Published:** 2021-03-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4361 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Blood Sugar, Glucometer, Finger Prick Method, Substance Abuse India has the second largest concentration of tribal population in the world. Indian tribes constitute around 8.3% of nation’s total population. To assess the prevalence of Prediabetes and diabetes mellitus among tribal population of Kancheepuram district. Cross sectional study design, Multi stage cluster sampling technique was used, house to house data collection was done for 85 irula tribal people. The Irula are a Scheduled tribe that lives in northern Tamil Nadu and the Nilgiri Hills. They are sort of like a cross between tribals and ordinary southern Indians. Structured questionnaire were used to assess demographic variables (gender, age, educational qualification, marital status, family status, occupation, monthly salary and religion). Measurements taken were height, weight, and blood sugar by finger prick method with glucometer. Above 140 to 199 mg/dl considered as prediabetes and 200mg/dl is considered as diabetes. Prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus among tribes were 49.4%, 25.9%, poor literacy, poverty and substance abuse makes the tribes more prone to prediabetes and diabetes. --- ## Tazemetostat– A Drug review **Authors:** Anju K Paul, Hridya Jayamohanan, Keechilat Pavithran **Published:** 2021-03-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4282 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Adverse effects, B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Epithelioid sarcoma, EZH2 enzymatic activity Epithelioid sarcoma affects three in 10 million people, usually teenagers and young adults. Tumours grow under the skin of the extremities or they can affect the trunk, head, or neck. It grows slowly, but can infiltrate surrounding tissues, later on, it frequently metastasis to lymph nodes. For advanced case, doxorubicin-based chemotherapy regimen is recommended. In January 2020, FDA approved the first-in-class, small molecule enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) inhibitor, tazemetostat (Tazverik) to treat adults and paediatric patients aged 16 years and older with locally advanced or metastatic epithelioid sarcoma not suitable for complete resection. The recommended dosage is 800 mg twice daily until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The first-in-human study of tazemetostat was a phase 1 open-label multi-centered dose-escalation study. Tazemetostat is having an oral bioavailability of approximately 33%. Apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vss/F) is 1230 L (46%) with 88% bound to human plasma proteins. Metabolism takes place via CYP3A. 15% and 79% of radioactivity is excreted through urine and feces respectively. ≥ 20% of the adverse reactions and above was fatigue, pain, constipation, nausea, anorexia and vomiting. This article summarizes the history, chemistry, physical properties, mechanism of action, indications, and drug–drug interactions of tazemetostat and we also discuss briefly the results of various clinical trials. --- ## Efficacy Of Core Strengthening Exercises On Swissball Versus Conventional Exercises For Improving Trunk Balance In Hemiplegic Patients Following Stroke **Authors:** Subrat N. Samal, Snehal S. Samal, Neha Ingale Chaudhary, Sachin Chaudhary, Vasant Gawande **Published:** 2021-02-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4219 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Stroke, Swiss ball, Core strengthening, Trunk balance, Conventional In stroke, there is paralysis or weakness of one side of the body including upper limb, trunk and lower limb leading to the disturbances in the trunk muscles. Trunk is often neglected part in the stroke rehabilitation, trunk training exercises and Swiss ball exercises results in better recruitment of trunk muscles thus improving sitting balance. To compare the effect of core strengthening exercises on Swiss ball and Conventional exercise, to improve trunk balance in hemiplegic patients following stroke. A total number of 70 subjects were screened as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were divided into two groups, Group-A received core strengthening exercises on Swiss ball along with conventional treatment and Group-B received core strengthening exercises along with conventional treatment. Subjects showed improvement in trunk balance following 6 weeks of core strengthening exercises. Post-intervention the TIS, BBA and MBI score of both groups improved but the Group-A improved more significantly than Group-B. The level of significance was P<0. 0001. This study concluded that both the interventions have improved the trunk balance and activity of daily living by making the patient functionally independent. --- ## A study to assess the predictive value of CRP in detecting type-II diabetes mellitus with nephropathy **Authors:** Shashi Prabha Singh, Pradeep Kumar, Preeti Sharma, Rakesh Sharma, Manish Verma **Published:** 2021-02-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4216 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes type 2, Nephropathy, C reactive protein To assess C reactive protein (CRP) in detecting type-II diabetes mellitus with nephropathy. Patients with a history of diabetes type 2 with nephropathy and patients with diabetes type 2 without nephropathy were included in the study. A total of 30 cases, both male and female, were recruited and compared with30 normal healthy adults. Each participant (age, gender, BMI, i.e. body mass index and WHR, i.e. waist-hip ratio) were recorded. CRP was measured by immunoturbidimetric method. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were measured by the CHOD- POD method, GPO-PAP method, and CHOD-POD/phosphotungstic method. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)cholesterol and very low-density cholesterol were measured by Friedewald formula. Lipoprotein ratios ware also calculated. CRP was significantly (p=0.0001) higher among cases (12.60 3.30) compared to controls (5.47 4.29). CRP >9.5 correctly (efficacy) predicted DM2 with DN among 46.7% cases with sensitivity and specificity of 93.3 (95%CI=84.4-102.3) and 76.7 (95%CI=61.5-91.8) respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) was also high (AUC=0.85, 95%CI=0.75-0.95). There was a poor correlation of CRP with lipid profile among DM-2 with DN. Linear regression analysis showed that lipid biomarkers such as HDL, LDL, VLDL & total cholestarol-to-HDL ratio as well as BMI and WHR were positive predictors of CRP after adjusted for age and sex. In turn, HDL, LDL, VLDL and TC to HDL ratio level were a negative predictive factor of CRP levels. The increase of 1 unit on HDL was associated with a reduction of 1.25 in CRP levels. In this study, the level of CRP was higher among cases compared to controls. This study also found that CRP >9.5 had good sensitivity and specificity in predicting DM2 with DN. --- ## UV Spectrophotometry and FTIR analysis of Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant Potentials in Glycyrrhiza glabra and Zingiber officinale **Authors:** Rangarajan N, Sampath V, Dass Prakash M V, Mohanasundaram S **Published:** 2021-02-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4215 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Glycyrrhiza Glabra, Zingiber Officinale, Flavonoids, Glycyrrhizic Acid, Gingerol Notable growth in the usage of herbal remedies could be seen in recent days as an effective alternative choice of drugs. In particular, phenolic compounds have gained the highest attention and priority among the scientific community in exploring them as a novel drug for a wide range of communicable and non-communicable diseases. It has been studied well and proven extensively that the antioxidant potential of plants is largely depending on its phenolic contents. This study was focused to compare and analysis the biochemical composition, antioxidant activity and characterization of phenolic compounds in Glycyrrhiza glabra and Zingiber officinale root extracts. The ethanolic and chloroform extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Zingiber officinale roots were subjected to preliminary screening. The qualitative Phytochemical tests of the Glycyrrhiza glabra and Zingiber officinale root showed the existence of polyphenols, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, flavanoids, amino acids and proteins. The DPPH assay of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Zingiber officinale root tissues showed a significant antioxidant property. FT-IR and UV Spectral studies of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Zingiber officinale roots showed the presence of different biologically significant flavonoids. The results of this study exemplifies that the selected plants are notable sources of phenolic compounds and hence observed that significant antioxidant potential. --- ## An immunohistochemical and biochemical evidences of pancreatic β-cell regeneration in type 2 diabetic rats after treated with Aegle marmelos leaf extract and Aegeline **Authors:** Gopalan DH, Vani M, Manikandan S, Vijayakumar V **Published:** 2021-02-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4213 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aegle marmelos, Anti-insulin antibody, Immunohistochemistry, Diabetes, Rat The study aims to investigate the Immunohistochemical changes in pancreatic beta cells in fructose fed, streptozocin (STZ) induced Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) rats treated with various doses of leaf extract of Aegle marmelos (AAM) and Aegeline (AG). 42 adult male wistar albino rats were separated into 7 groups, including Vehicle Control (VC); T2DM; T2DM + AAM 250 mg/kg; T2DM + AAM 500 mg/kg; T2DM + AG 20mg/kg; T2DM + AG 50 mg/kg and T2DM + AG 100 mg/kg. Experimental T2DM was created by a single dose of 40 mg/kg STZ injection intra-peritoneally along with 10% of fructose solution given orally for 30 days. Calculated dosages of AAM and AG were given with oral gavage for 30 days. Pancreas was harvested and processed. Slides were stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains. Insulin expressing beta-cells was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Fructose fed, STZ induced rats showed degenerative expressions in beta-cells. In STZ treated rats, AG reduced the blood glucose concentration and serum insulin levels at the maximum functional dose compared to AAM. The immunohistochemical information suggests that the AG at 100 mg/kg dose has the capability of making the dormant cells to reproduce to restore the lost cells of islets of Langerhans. --- ## Evaluation and comparison of expired and extant metformin drug by method validation using UV-VIS spectrophotometry **Authors:** Sangeetha Raja, Kasthuri Natarajan, Jamuna Rani R **Published:** 2021-02-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4211 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Accuracy, Linearity, Metformin, Method validation, Precision, Robustness, Specificity, UV-VIS spectrophotometry Metformin, a widely used antihyperglycemic drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The usage of this therapeutic drug has become more common as the frequency of diabetes mellitus metabolic disorder is high world wide especially in India. Improper disposal of the expired drug is creating a huge impact in the environment as well as financial prudence for the country. UV-visible spectrophotometry is one of the simple and accurate method for the apposite validation of drug. Our aim is to evaluate and compare the expired and extant metformin drug by UV-visible spectrophotometry. We observed the absorption maxima at 233nm and the resolution of the analyte peak is highly specific for metformin drug. The calibration curve with different concentration of both expired and extant drugs was found to be linear. The repeated interday and intraday measurements of both the drug at 10 ppm concentration were extremely precise and the percentage recovery was accurate by zero order spectroscopy. The drug solution was stable at different time points and the robustness during all variations was not much affected for both the expired and extant metformin drug. We observed the system suitability is satisfactory and fulfilled all the parameters of method validation. The detection and quantification limit of both the drugs was found to be the lowest concentration about 1ppm as an exact value. Our results conclude that there is no significant variation in all the method validation parameters between the 10 years expired and extant metformin drug. This will be helpful to avoid wastage or disposal of enormous expired metformin drug and to reconsider the extension of expiry date by pharmaceutical companies with proper approval of the organizations. --- ## Gracilis Muscle and Myocutaneous Flap **Authors:** Ajitsingh P. Chadha, Nehadeepkaur Chadha, Khirsagar A. Y. **Published:** 2021-02-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4212 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gracilis muscle and myocutaneous flap, Carcinoma penis, imperforate anus Gracilis muscle is type II muscle flap. Total 16 cases were operated on with Gracilis muscle or myocutaneous flap. Group A – loss of scrotal skin following Fournier’s gangrene. Group B - Traumatic avulsion of the scrotal skin, Group C– Anal incontinence following Surgical repair of imperforate anus. Group D – Carcinoma penis operated for total amputation of the penis. Amputation of the penis. All the patients from Group A did well except for necrosis at the margin of the flaps in two patients. In Group B patient did well without any complication in Group C Three out of five patients did well. Two patients were still incontinent. In Group D, the first patient had a good flap for seven days. Later there was discolouration and on a ninth day, there was complete discolouration of the skin pedicle. Debridement was done, the muscle underneath was viable. A split-thickness skin graft was applied. The graft takes up was good. Within 10 days the muscle contracted too much an extent that the size of the phallus became almost nil. --- ## Enactment of System Thinking Framework for Convolution of Immunization Service Governance **Authors:** Kanniyan Binub, Govindarajan P K, Sheela P Haveri, Jisha Nahar Musthafa, Mohammed Muneersha TK **Published:** 2021-02-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4209 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Barriers, Malappuram District, Solutions, Vaccination Vaccinations are given to healthy people to prevent specific diseases which are proven tool of public health. Nowadays lot of hesitant movement are active around the globe. Application of system thinking should be adopted to solve this complex phenomenon. The objective is to study the barriers and solutions of Immunization enlisted by Policy makers and administrators at Malappuram district, Kerala, South India. Descriptive qualitative method was the design espoused in this study. Free listing is the technique adopted to enlist barriers and solution at Malappuram district. The data was analysed using Visual Anthropac software. Further barriers and solutions of immunization was enumerated on basis of descending order of Smith S value. Causal loop diagram was used to depict complex phenomenon regarding barriers of immunization. The policy makers and administrators had solicited barriers as Religious belief, antivaccine lobby, negative propaganda by alternative systems and ineffective logistic management. The main solutions set forth to break barriers were strengthening Information Education Communication (IEC), bring in behavioural change communication and adopt policy reforms. The study determined by conscripting community and health system enabled barriers, with solutions for it encompassing global networking, engaging various stake holders and applying system approach for health system strengthening. --- ## Assessment of Serum Vitamin D, Folic acid and Vitamin B12 in Congenital Heart Disease Patients in a Teritary Hospital **Authors:** Lally Hanna Luke, Anandhi D, Shiva Kumar K, Valli G, Revathi K, Binoy Varghese Cheriyan **Published:** 2021-02-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4208 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Congenital heart disease, Vitamin D3, Vitamin B12, Malnutrition Congenital heart disease patient suffers from malnutrition irrespective of the types of cardiac defects. These children are often admitted in hospitals owing to congenital heart defects. Corrective catherization, proper nutritional intake and counselling can improve the malnutrition. To assess the vitamin status in children with congenital heart disease patients admitted in paediatric general ward of tertiary hospital. The study was a prospective observational study, a total of 100 patients were evaluated for their nutritional deficiency such as serum vitamin D3, folic acid and Vitamin B12 by employing ELISA KITS. The study observed a significant levels of vitamin D3 and folic acid depletion in congenital heart disease patients. There was no severe depletion of vitamin B12 in the current study. The study had made an insight into the malnutrition status of congenital heart disease patients and recommends consumption of micronutrients in congenital heart defect patients. --- ## A Study on Different Hurdle Factors of Nano Metal Vitamin Complex for the Prevention of Microbial Spoilage in Seafood **Authors:** Haris. V.T, Gobianand K **Published:** 2021-02-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4204 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Copper metal, Vitamin-E, Nanoparticles, Hurdle technology, Chilling temperatures, Brine salts Hurdles that have a positive effect by inhibiting microorganisms may have a negative one on other parameters such as nutritional properties or sensory quality, depending on their intensity. In order to lower the preservative level, the hurdle technology concept has been developed, consisting in using combined hurdles to establish an additive antimicrobial effect, and even sometimes a synergetic one, thus improving the safety and the sensory quality of food. The antibacterial and anti-oxidant potential of copper oxide nano particles coupled with vitamin-E (CuONPs+VE) was investigated by applying the novel hurdle factors against seafood pathogens and by studying the cell viability using MTT assays. The hurdle method is proposed to explain the significance of combined use of different preservation factors as synergistic effects instead of using a large-intensity preservation factor. Effect of CuONPs+VE and chilling temperatures (-18◦C and +4◦C); and Effect of CuONPs+VE and brine salts at various concentrations (5%, 10%,) were evaluated. CuONPs+VE with different chilling temperatures and brine salt concentration showed significant results on compared to control temperatures. Thus CuONPs+VE due to their bacteriostatic activity can be efficiently used in hurdle technology which reduces the food spoiling organisms. Thus CuONPs+VE in combined with hurdle technology can be used as alternatives for chemical preservatives in preservation techniques. --- ## Short Review On Varicose Vein And Its Management **Authors:** Pranav N, Anila K N, Riju.R. Menon **Published:** 2021-02-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4190 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Varicose vein, CEAP classification, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, risk factors, management, treatment A varicose vein is a condition which affects a large number of people in Western countries and India especially, the northern areas. For curing this proper disease diagnosis, sufficient care for patient and treatment strategies are required, to control the symptoms and signs of varicose vein, the flavonoid group of drugs have been widely used for many years. Under this group, Daflon is the most potent and efficient drug which can be used. This enhances the bioavailability and absorption from the gastrointestinal area. Improved quality of patient’s life and efficacy makes this drug therapy more potent and significant. Some of the clinical studies have shown its better action for increased venous tone, lymphatic drainage, decreases cosmetic disfigurement, inflammatory responses occur in microcirculation, protection from free radicals and improved quality of life and efficacy. When compared with other available drugs like Polidocanol, Sotradecol, Asclera, Varithena, Sodium tetradecyl sulfate etc. clinical benefits of Daflon is more. This drug is useful in the early stage and can be used in severe condition along with sclerotherapy, compression treatment and surgery. Increased patient’s quality of life and increased efficacy were observed in Daflon treated group. Thus it is efficacious as a standard therapy alone and also in combination with other conservative treatment. --- ## Burns Management In Tertiary Health Care Centre **Authors:** Ajitsingh .P. Chadha, Nehadeepkaur .A. Chadha, Kshirsagar A Y **Published:** 2021-02-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4188 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Burns, Assessment, Morbidity, Resuscitation, Escharotomies, Antibiotic therapy, TBSA, Split thickness, skin grafting In rural places of our country, burns have become frequent accidents due to the use of floor-based stoves & kerosene lamps. Suicides due to burns are also quite usual in our country. The objective of this study is to evaluate the necessity of early excision of the burn wound and skin grafting to decrease the morbidity, mortality, complications of burns and stay at the hospital. Calculate pressure garment efficacy in preventing burn scar and contracture formation. To lay out cost-effective management for patients at rural hospitals. 50 patients were included in this study presenting with burn injuries, admitted in the department of plastic surgery from June 2019 to December 2020. In a recent study, Females (52%) suffered more as compared to males. Scalds were the prime root cause of the burns constituting the 52% of the cases. Infections of Burn wound was seen in 20 patients (40%). Pseudomonas was prime organism isolated. Wound excision was required in 19 patients (38%). Around 6 to 12 days, elapsed between the injury to the surgical excision. 19 patients required (38%) covering of wound permanently with STSG. The mean admission period in hospital for burns of 41-60% was 62 days, 33.4 days for 21-40% burns and 19.6 days for <20%. Amongst 50 patients, 3 died accounting to 6% of overall cases. This study concluded that initiation of resuscitation with untimely wound excision and permanent coverage with grafting can bring significant fall in mortality, painful debridements, limiting complications, decreasing the duration of stay at a hospital, curtailing the cost of health care and time apart from work. --- ## Allopurinol Induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome **Authors:** Athul Gopan, Anukrishna V P, Devina Janeendran, Athulya Subhash, Jacob Thomas, Remya Reghu **Published:** 2021-02-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4189 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Steven-Johnson Syndrome, Allopurinol, erythematous, mucopurulent discharge, immune-mediated Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is an acute, self-limited, rare but life threatening disease that manifests as severe mucocutaneous blistering and erosions. Here we report a rare case of allopurinol-induced SJS. A 25-year-old male patient with no other comorbidities was admitted to the hospital with complaints of fever, redness of eyes, swelling of lips with discharge and crusting, extensive erosions in the oral mucosa for the last 4 days, following consumption of allopurinol for a duration of 1 month. Investigations were within normal limits. The offending drug was withdrawn and he was treated with corticosteroids, antimicrobials, and other supportive measures. Allopurinol, a Xanthine oxidase inhibitor is mostly used for the treatment of primary and secondary hyperuricemia, Health care professionals must be aware of the spectrum of adverse effects of this drug and must take urgent measures once the diagnosis is suspected especially to save the patient from such severe or fatal reactions like SJS/Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). --- ## Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Prevention of Peri-Implant Infection and Inflammation: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Survey **Authors:** Amit Shah, Gaurav Mishra, Pallavi Singh, Pankaj Kumar Singh, Vaibhav Krishna Singh, Gargi Nimbulkar **Published:** 2021-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4169 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Attitude, Knowledge, Practice, Peri-implant, Prevention Even till now, nothing much has been done to explore the inflammation and prevention of the same around the implants placed, hence the aim of this study was to evaluate factor associated with dentist knowledge, attitude along with practice in preventing peri-implant diseases. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, questionnaire based study carried within Dental professionals of Patna city. Stratified random sampling technique was the sampling method utilized in this study. The survey was conducted among 132 dentists. A questionnaire was framed by using google forms. Most of dental professionals were having fair knowledge {61(46.21%)}, positive attitude {61 (46.21%)} and poor practice (47.72%)} towards prevention of Peri-implant diseases. On application of Chi-square test, it was found that knowledge of study participants was significantly (0.05*) associated with gender, average duration of doing Implant surgery while attitude was significantly (0.05*) associated with age and degree. It was concluded that knowledge was fair; attitude was positive and despite this practice was poor regarding the prevention of Peri-Implant diseases among Dental professionals. Factors associated with knowledge, attitude and practice of study participants was gender, average duration of doing Implant surgery, age and degree. --- ## Cytotoxic activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles on non-invasive human breast and prostate cancer cell lines **Authors:** Fakhria A Al-joufi, Jawaher AlEnzi, Madawy Alhazmi, Hassan A Elgebaly **Published:** 2021-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4178 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, anticancer activity, breast cancer, prostate cancer ZnO-NPs have displayed anticancer activity against a broad range of tumor cells. The present research work was planned to formulate highly pure and well-characterized ZnO-NPs, in addition, to investigate their cytotoxicity against two types of cancer cells. The cancer cells that had been investigated in the present study were breast (MCF7) and prostate (PC3) cancer cells. The aqueous sol-gel method is a powerful and cost-effective technique for the synthesis of high pure ZnO-NPs. While the anticancer activities of ZnO- NPs on both MCF7 and PC3 were determined by MTT assay. Characterizations of ZnO-NPs were fundamentally evaluated by their morphological and structural properties, in addition to their particle size distribution with the aid of SEM and EDX, respectively. ZnO NPs were successfully prepared using sol-gel method in a range of nano-scale. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has shown flower-like nanoparticles of zinc oxide, their nano-size has ranged from 4.497 nm. to 143.7 nm. Results of EDX characterization has exhibited a good purity of ZnO-NPs (zinc content of 50% and Oxygen content of 50 %). There was size-dependent effectiveness of ZnO-NPs as an anticancer agent on both MCF7 and PC3. In addition, there were positive correlation between anti-cancer activities and low toxicity with the size of ZnO-NPs. At 12.2 µg/ml, ZnO- NPs has exhibited around 51% reduction in the viability of cancerous cells. In conclusion, the results of this study have shown that there was an effective and notable dose-dependent manner in the treatment of MCF7 and PC3 with ZnO-NPs, in the cell line approaches. --- ## Naringin and 5-fluorouracil suppress inflammatory Cytokines in human skin cancer cell line **Authors:** Deepa Suruli, Fathima Bushra Sheriff Mirza, Gloria Jemmi Christobel R, Amuthavalli Kottaiswamy, Shila Samuel, Vijayaraghavan Radhakrishnan **Published:** 2021-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4172 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Naringin, 5-fluorouracil, Inflammation, Cytokines, Anti-inflammatory Naringin is a citrus flavonoid recently studied for anti-inflammatory activity in numerous cancer cells. In this study, the anti-inflammatory properties of naringin along with 5-fluorouracil in human skin cancer cell lines A375 was analyzed. A375 cells were treated with naringin, 5-fluorouracil alone, and combination. MTT assay and cell viability assays was demonstrated to detect the inhibitory effects of naringin or 5-fluorouracil on cell proliferation. mRNA expression of TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, and NFκB were determined using quantitative RT-PCR. The effect of naringin and 5-fluorouracil combination significantly inhibited the growth and proliferation of the A375 cells in a concentration dependent manner with the IC50 values of naringin (24.75 µM) 5- fluorouracil (2.5 µM). The combination of naringin+5-fluorouracil on A375 cell lines at a concentration of half IC50 values (12µM+1 µM). Naringin and 5-fluorouracil combination also decreased the level of TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, and NFκB mRNA in the A375 cell line. Naringin and 5-fluorouracil exerted anti-inflammatory effect through the suppression of NF-kB, IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6 in A375 cells. Taken together, our results suggested that treating A375 with naringin and 5-fluorouracil combination may have future applications in treating skin cancers through its anti-inflammatory effect. --- ## Bedsore and strategies for preventing and treating the bedsore **Authors:** Yashas M S, Preeti S, Amit B Patil, Shailesh T **Published:** 2021-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4180 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Pressuresore, management, skin necrosis, pressure, complication, tissue hypoxia The best recognized and also the most widespread example of tissue necrosis is bedsore. A bedsore is localized damage to the skin and other underlying tissue, usually over a bony prominence, as a result of prolonged, unrelieved pressure. The cause of bedsore is shearing forces; friction, moisture, and constant pressure contribute to the development of bedsore. Hospital research shows that bedsores develop from 3% to 4.5% of patients during prolonged hospitalization and Sores develop from 25% to 85% of patients with spinal cord injury. The doctor and nurses will regularly examine the patient who is at risk of developing bedsore and inspect each pressure sites at least twice a day. Doctors and nurses are important warriors who manage bedsore treatment effectively. This review describes the new strategies have been used to prevent and management of bedsore such as inexpensive foam devices, anti- pressure devices, air-filled equipment, a sheet of hydrogels, wound vacuum assisted closer, skin bioprinting, and Lab VIEW virtual instrument. --- ## A prospective cross-sectional study on knowledge and practices of healthcare professionals on biomedical waste management from Nilgiris district, Tamilnadu **Authors:** Aneena Suresh, Oorvashree S, Jayalakshmi T, Ramyaa R S, Ngawang Choedon **Published:** 2021-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4176 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biomedical waste, healthcare professionals, hospital, knowledge, management, practices This study was conducted to ascertain the knowledge and practices related to biomedical waste management in secondary care hospitals in our region. The required information was obtained using a simple questionnaire which included 2 parts, namely, knowledge and practices with 16 and 20 questions respectively. Out of the 80 respondents, 75 % were females. Nurses constituted a major fraction of healthcare professionals (70%) in hospitals. About 47.5% of the respondents had a working experience of 0-5 years. Females had better knowledge and practices in the disposal of medical wastes (91.14% and 94.998%) as compared to males (88.125% and 89%). There was a significant association of age with the knowledge (p= 0.013) and insignificant regarding practice (p= 0.998) of healthcare professionals. The knowledge and practices of all healthcare professionals were overall good. There was a significant association between a professional category of healthcare professionals with knowledge (p= 0.00000181) and practices (p= 0.003129) of medical waste disposal. The results of the investigation uncovered that healthcare professionals had great learning about the disposal of biomedical waste. It was additionally discovered that healthcare professionals adhered to the strategies and the rules related to biomedical waste management. --- ## Correlation between BMI and Oral Cancer: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study **Authors:** Arun Prakash Sharma, Seema Monga, Junaid Malik, Khaja Nasereruddin, Shahid Rasool, Ratna Priya **Published:** 2021-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4170 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** BMI, Case-Control Study, Oral Cancer Increased body mass index (BMI) is considered a significant factor in several malignancies of body. It also affects the prognosis of the management of malignancies. Its role in cancer of the oral cavity should also be evaluated as another risk factor other than tobacco, alcohol, virus etc. Therefore this study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between BMI and cancer of the oral cavity. A total of 160 patients (140 males, 20 females) with confirmed histopathologic diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and 200 healthy controls were enrolled. Height and weight of each study subject were measured. BMI was calculated by dividing the weight of the subject in kilograms with the square of the height in the square of metres. Chi-square test was used for evaluation of the level of significance. The number of those subjects with OSCC belonging to the overweight and obese group was 136 while the number of those healthy controls belonging to the overweight and obese group was 24. The statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between BMI and oral cancer. There is a significant correlation between oral cancer and increased BMI. Increased BMI can also be considered as another critical risk factor for oral cancer because it has been found associated with other cancers of the oral cavity. --- ## The effect of balance training and conventional pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease **Authors:** Suresh Babu Reddy A, Nataraj Madagondapalli Srinivasan, Anil Kumar T, Vinod babu, Gopala Krishna Alaparthi, Kalyana Chakravarthy Bairapareddy **Published:** 2021-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4179 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Health-Related Quality of Life, Balance, Activities Balance Confidence scale, Exercise tolerance, St. George Respiratory Questionnaire, Berg Balance Scale, Falls and Six-Minute Walk Test The purpose of our study was to determine the added effect of a balance training program to conventional pulmonary rehabilitation on exercise capacity, balance, fall risk and health related quality of life in patients with moderate COPD. A Randomized Control Trial with two groups- Experimental and Control groups. 133 participants were randomly allocated to either the conventional pulmonary rehabilitation group or the combined pulmonary rehabilitation group with balance training. In the present study we found statistically significant improvement in Berg Balance Scale by -22.55%, Timed Up and Go test by -46.46%, Single Leg Stance Test by -51.69%, Activities Balance Confidence Score by 13.89%, Elderly Falls Screening Test by -57.42%, Six-minutes walk test by 3.04%, and St. George respiratory questionnaire total score by -18.16%.It is recommended that implementation of 8 weeks balance training with conventional pulmonary rehabilitation program is beneficial on improving balance, six-minute walk distance and health related quality of life in subjects with moderate COPD. --- ## New Validated RP-HPLC Method for Cisplatin and Topotecan in API and Vaccine Form and its Stress Studies **Authors:** Subrahmanyam Talari, Anuradha V, Komala sai prathyusha A **Published:** 2021-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4184 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPLC, Cisplatin, Topotecan, Development, Validation We have developed a completely unique and reliable HPLC technique for simultaneous quantification of Cisplatin and Topotecan. A chromatographic detachment was attained on a XDB C18 column (150x4.6mm, 3.5 µ) using isocratic elution with a buffer containing buffer and acetonitrile with the proportion of 60:40 as a movable phase with a flow of 1 mL/min at room temperature and UV detection was carried out at 262 nm. Dissolve 1mL of triethylamine in 1 lt of HPLC grade water and filter through 0.45 µ filter paper. This solution was used as a buffer. 10 min run time was used to separate Cisplatin and Topotecan. The analysis was achieved within 15 min over honest linearity within the concentration range from 5-75 µg/mL of Cisplatin and 2-30 µg/mL of Topotecan. By injecting the standard six times, system suitability parameters were studied and the outcomes were under the acceptable limit. Precision and recovery study results were found to be within a suitable limit. By using the above technique, the assay of the marketed formulation was performed and found to be within the limit. Degradation studies were carried out on Cisplatin and Topotecan, with a purity threshold greater than the purity angle in all conditions and within the acceptable range. The above-mentioned technique was validated according to ICH guidelines. --- ## Articulatory Evaluation Of Lingua Palatal Sounds In Denture Wearers – Pre And Post Comparison **Authors:** Meenakshi S, Indu Thammaiah, Anil Kumar G, Sahana K **Published:** 2021-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4181 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Denture wearers, acoustic analysis, perceptual analysis, palatine rugae, speech-language pathologists (SLP) Speech is an autonomous and unconscious activity. Its production involves a combination of phonation and articulation. Thus the aim of the study is to evaluate and compare linguo palatal sounds /ţ/, /d/, /t∫^/and / ∫^/ in three different groups like Group A individual with conventional complete dentures without palatine rugae, group B individual with conventional complete dentures with palatine rugae and Group C normal dentition individuals. A total of 20 individuals completely edentulous were selected in the age range of 50 to 65 years for the study. Control group consisted of10 individuals, with complete natural dentition in the same age group.4 Linguo-palatal phonemes in Kannada like /ţ/, /d/, /t∫^/and /∫^/ were considered for the study and the target phonemes were identified in the initial and medial position of words of Kannada Articulation Test. The speech samples with target phonemes were analysed perceptually and acoustically by SLP software. Spectral parameters and temporal parameters were better in with palatal rugae denture than compared to without palatal rugae. Perceptual analysis reports showed many substitution errors with a conventional denture. To summarize, with customized rugae denture speech was clearer. To conclude, speech characteristic will be better after denture insertion compared to the edentulous stage. --- ## A study on symptom improvement and efficacy of formoterol plus budesonide in the asthma management in northern parts of Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Mani Dhandayuthapani, Murugesh Shivashankar, Uma K **Published:** 2021-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4177 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Asthma, Formoterol, Budesonide, pMDI, DPI The purpose is to study the asthma symptom improvement and efficacy of formoterol (LABA) and Budesonide (ICS) combination in the asthma management in northern districts of Tamilnadu. It is a multicentric, non-comparative, questionnaire and random sampling study was conducted in 145 mild to severe asthmatic patients. They were in Formoterol plus budesonide combination inhalation drugs available in DPI and pMDI. Among the 145 asthmatic patients, 45 patients, 6 patients and 94 patients were in DPI, nebuliser and pMDI devices respectively. During drug initiation, The Asthmatics were in mild (27%), Moderate (57%) and Severe (16%) stages. After one year of follow-up, the number of patients in the mild is 84%, moderate 14% and severe 2%. Among 45 DPI Asthmatic patients, 29 patients, 15 patients and 1 patient have reported the handling the devices as easy, medium and hard respectively. On the other hand, 94 pMDI asthmatic patients, 38 patients, 48 patients and 8 patients have reported the handling of devices as easy, medium and hard respectively. The treatment resulted in 77 patients as good, 65 as satisfactory and 3 as same. After one year, all the 145 asthmatic patients adhered with the treatment and experienced symptom improvement with 53% patients as good, 45% patients as satisfactory and 2% patients as same. The treatment of formoterol and budesonide combination in the northern districts of Tamilnadu have effectively controlled the asthmatic symptoms and improved the quality of life in asthmatics. Moreover, the patient’s adherence to the treatment is good in the northern parts of Tamilnadu. --- ## Stability Indicative and Cost Effective Creation and Validation of Analytical Method of Lopinavir and Rilpivirine by High Performance Liquid Chromatography **Authors:** Srinivas L, Neelu Jain **Published:** 2021-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4182 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPLC, Lopinavir, Rilpivirine, Development, Validation We have developed a completely unique and reliable HPLC technique for simultaneous quantification of Lopinavir and Rilpivirine. Chromatographic detachment was attained on a X-bridge phenyl column (150x4.6mm, 3.5 µ) using isocratic elution with a buffer containing buffer and acetonitrile with the proportion of 70:30 as movable phase with a flow of 1 ml/min at room temperature and UV detection was carried out at 250 nm. Dissolve 1ml of tri ethylamine in 1 lt of HPLC grade water and filter through 0.45 µ filter paper, this solution was used as buffer. 8 min. run time was used to separate Lopinavir and Rilpivirine. Analysis was achieved within 15 min over an honest linearity within the concentration range from 20-300 µg/ml of Lopinavir and 2.5-37.5 µg/ml of Rilpivirine. By injecting the standard six times, system suitability parameters were studied and the outcomes were under the acceptable limit. Precision and recovery study results were found to be within the suitable limit. By using the above technique, assay of Lopinavir and Rilpivirine was performed and found to be within the limit. Degradation studies were carried out on Lopinavir and Rilpivirine, with a purity threshold greater than purity angle in all conditions and within the allowable range. The above mentioned technique was validated according to ICH guidelines. --- ## Pharmocognostical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Stem of Artabotrys odoratissimus.(roxb.)R.Br.(Annonaceae) **Authors:** Saritha Kodithal, Murali R, Srinivasan N **Published:** 2021-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4185 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Extraction, organoleptic, microscopy, physico-chemical, Mineral Analysis Medicinal plants constitute the major bioactive compounds of most indigenous medicines and a large number of medicinal preparations which contain one or more ingredients of plant origin. The worldwide enthusiasm for the study and practice on herbs has in this manner, significantly expanded during the most recent two decades due to developing mindfulness about the quality and symptoms of manufactured medications, their impediments in numerous zones of treatment, nearly significant expense and regularly tranquilize past the range of normal man. For thousands of years people have utilized herbs for health care. The herbal products today symbolize safety in contrast to the synthetics that are regarded as unsafe to human and environment. Pharmacognostical studies help in the identification and authentication of the plant compounds isolated from various parts of plants. Stem bark of Artabotrys odoratissimus were studied by macroscopical, microscopical, physicochemical, phytochemical, fluorescence analysis of powder and other methods for standardization recommended by WHO. The pharmacognostic characters investigated, will help in identification of the crude drug; the standardization parameters set down will guarantee the viability of medication and furthermore recognize the medication from its adulterants. The particular characters will moreover be valuable for the arrangement of monograph of this plant. --- ## Circulating PCSK9 levels and conventional risk factors in CAD **Authors:** Deepa P K, Kedari G S R, Resmi C R **Published:** 2021-02-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4161 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronary Artery Disease, Apo B, PCSK9, Conventional Risk factors Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the chief cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The aim of this study was to compare the levels PCSK9 and conventional risk factors of CAD in CAD patients and age and sex-matched controls and also to evaluate the relationship of circulating PCSK9 levels with other conventional risk factors of coronary artery patients. Sixty two clinically proved CAD patients and sixty-two healthy; age and sex-matched subjects without CAD were selected for the study. Detailed clinical and other relevant data were recorded using proforma. Five ml of fasting venous blood was collected from all the subjects and used for the investigations of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HBA1C, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (Direct), Apo B and PCSK9. The outcomes of this study showed that levels of FPG, HbA1c, lipid parameters-total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c, Apo B were significantly higher whereas HDL-c were significantly low in CAD patients compared to normal controls. Circulating PCSK9 level was significantly elevated, and its level was correlated with other risk parameters. This study found that circulating PCSK9 level was significantly high, and its level was correlated with other risk parameters. --- ## Cramming the causative mechanism of glycogen synthase kinase-3β mediated by ischemic preconditioning against ovariectomy challenged rat heart **Authors:** Vishal Kumar Vishwakarma, Tarique Mahmood Ansari, Prabhat Kumar Upadhyay, Ritesh Kumar Srivastav, Farogh Ahsan, Arshiya Shamim **Published:** 2021-02-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4158 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Glycogen synthase kinase-3β, Estrogens, Ischemic preconditioning, Mitochondria High risks of cardiovascular diseases in women are associated with low estrogen levels. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) exhibits protection in the heart by Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) phosphorylation that inhibits the mPTP opening, and this protective action of IPC is attenuated by estrogen deficiency. An experiment was performed on female Wistar rats with/without ovariectomy (OVX). Isolated rat heart was attached with perfusion assembly. Infract size, coronary flow, LDH, CKMB and histopathology were estimated. Sham control group decreased the LDH, CKMB and infract size in normal rat heart. The IPC mediated protection of heart was attenuated in OVX rat heart. Inhibition of GSK-3β is found to enhance the threshold of mPTP opening during reperfusion. The treatment with atractyloside stuck significantly the protection of heart of IPC in normal and OVX rat heart. These observations show that downregulation of GSK-3β through an impaired opening of mPTP during reperfusion and GSK-3β might be potential adjuvant to IPC against cardiac injury in OVX challenged rats. --- ## Elevated blood Lead impairs the Hematological and Heme Biosynthesis related parameters of Silver Jewellery Workers **Authors:** Mandakini S Kshirsagar, Jyotsna A Patil, Arun J Patil **Published:** 2021-02-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4156 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Silver Jewellery Workers, Blood Lead Level, Erythrocyte δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase, Urinary PBG and δ -ALA Hematological Parameters To see the present scenario of blood lead (BPb) levels of Silver Jewellery Workers (SJW) and its effects on haematological and heme biosynthesis parameters. Forty-two SJW of having an age range of 20-45 years were included for this study and compared with 50 healthy male subjects of the same age. Blood lead, RBC δ- aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALDH), urinary δ- aminolevulinic acid (U- δ-ALA), urinary porphobilinogen (U-PBG) and haematological parameters were measured. Blood lead level of silver jewellery workers was significantly elevated (p<0.001, 325%) and non-activated δ-ALAD (p<0.01), activated δ-ALAD (p<0.05) were notably reduced and the ratio of A/NA δ-ALAD (p<0.01) was considerably enlarged in SJW as compared to control group subjects. Urinary excretion of δ-ALA (p<0.001) and PBG (p<0.001) levels were extensively increased in SJW as compared to subjects from the control group. Hb (p<0.001), PCV (p<0.001), MCV (p<0.001), MCH (p<0.05) and RBC (p<0.001) were notably reduced in SJW, while total WBC count (p<0.001, 29.8%) was considerably elevated as compared to subjects from the control group. Conclusions: Increased BPb level in SJW indicates the more absorption of lead from the GIT, which inhibits heme biosynthesis, and alters haematological parameters. --- ## Relationship between Quality of life and Perceived stress among Caregivers of patient with Schizophrenia **Authors:** Sara Sapharina G J, Neelakshi G **Published:** 2021-02-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4166 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Caregivers, Perceived Stress, Quality of life, Schizophrenia Caring for the patient with mentally ill is a difficult and challenging task where the caregivers need to face the bio-psychosocial and financial problems during the process of care giving. Developing country like India, it is difficult to give care to the person with mental illness due to stigma and other cultural barriers which family need to undergo in turn it reflects on patient care. The family member who is taking care of mentally ill patient takes complete responsibility on their shoulder in meeting the daily activity needs of the patient, which is done meticulously with adequate supervision. In this study the majority of the caregivers had moderate stress 64(85.3%) and 11(14.7%) experienced high perceived stress and there is a low positive co-relationship between the perceived stress scores and Quality of life –domain1 (physical health) ’r’ value is 0.35 and domain 4 (environment) ‘r’ value is 0.29 and it is statistically significant respectively. A statistically significant association between perceived stress categories with sample Characteristics like gender, place of residence, education and type of family (p ′ < 0.05). The mental health care professionals to be involved actively in rehabilitating the mentally ill patients and considering the caregivers as a primary source of care providers and in order to help them to improve their quality of life and equipping them to be resilient so as to achieve good therapeutic success in their patients. --- ## A sort of validated Bioanalytical method developed for the estimation of Etoposide and Cisplatin in rat plasma by using two different advanced liquid chromatographic techniques like HPLC and UPLC and its application in bioequivalence studies **Authors:** Siva Madhu Chaitanya, Srinath Nissankararao, Satya Lakshmi Gandham **Published:** 2021-02-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4167 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Etoposide, Cisplatin, Bioanalytical, HPLC, UPLC An easy, quick, precise, active and reproducible reverse method high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), as well as Ultra pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC) unique technique, was developed for the bio-analytical method of Etoposide and Cisplatin with Oxaplatin as an internal standard. Chromatographic analysis was performed using HPLC was Waters Alliance e-2695, and UPLC was Waters Acquity UPLC by using x-bridge phenyl 150x4.6mm, 3.5µ column and therefore the mobile phase containing 0.1% triethylamine and acetonitrile at a ratio out of 60:40 v/v. The flow rate was 1 ml/min, and analytes were detected at 283 nm employing a photodiode array detector at ambient temperature in both liquid chromatographic systems. The proposed biological method was proved in both HPLC and UPLC with USFDA guidelines. USP tailing is 1.1, 1.02 for etoposide and 1.16, 1.05 for Cisplatin in HPLC and UPLC. USP plate count is 4794, 3884 for Etoposide and 9289, 14487 for Cisplatin. The calibration curve under accumulation set of 5-100 ng/ml of etoposide and 10-200 ng/ml of Cisplatin in both HPLC and UPLC. The accuracy of low, middle and high-level quality control samples are taken in 50%, 100% and 150% levels. Stability study was administered altogether conditions are bench top, wet extract and auto sampler, freeze-thaw, short term stability and in long term stability. This is the advanced technique established to the straightforward, economical, suitable, precise, accurate and stable method for the analysis of Etoposide and Cisplatin and study of its stability and phar- macokinetic studies using rat plasma. --- ## Acute Toxicity Study of Standardized Faloak Bark (Sterculia quadriƒida R. Br.) Extract on Wistar Rats **Authors:** Suci Noviyanah, Triana Hertiani, Retno Murwanti, Siswadi A, Erna Prawita Setyowati **Published:** 2021-02-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4154 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sterculia Quadrifida, Standardized Extract, Acute Toxicity, Histopathology The bark of Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R. Br., Malvaceae) is used for traditional medicine in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the level of toxicity of the Faloak bark standardized ethanolic extract. The barks were collected from East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. TLC profile was determined by TLC-densitometry, total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined in ethanolic extract from bark of faloak (S.quadrifida) by UV-V is method. The acute toxicity was performed according to the TD420 method by OECD (2001) on Wistar rats. The animals were grouped into control and treatment groups (2000 mg/kg body weight). All animals were evaluated for possible toxicity signs by measuring body weight, food and water consumption, and histopathological observation. The result of mean concentration of total phenolic content was found to be 17,69 ± 2,01 (%GAE) and concentration of total flavonoid content was found to be 8,56 ± 0,02 (%NE). The results showed that no mortality occurs after 14 days of treatment. In general, no significant changes in animal behavior, body weight, food and water consumption compared to the control group. Histological observation found no sign of toxicity on vital organs. LD50 values obtained from the acute toxicity test results for Faloak ethanol extract (Sterculia quadrifida R. Bark) are higher than 2,000 mg/kg BW and categorized as having a low level of toxicity. --- ## Reciprocalcation of caveolin and HSP-72 on IPC interceded cardio-protection in the orchidectomized rats **Authors:** Ritesh Kumar Srivastav, Tarique Mahmood Ansari, Mahesh Prasad, Vishal Kumar Vishwakarma, Shravan Kumar Paswan, Farogh Ahsan **Published:** 2021-02-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4160 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Caveolin, Testosterone, Ischemic preconditioning, Heart rate, Oxidative stress Diminished testosterone levels conjoined to cardiovascular risk factor mainly myocardial infarction which broadens the risk of cardiovascular mortality referring to age. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is one of the interventions to shield such injury. The present study implicated the possible involvement of caveolin and heat shock protein 72 (HSP-72) during stress in orchidectomy (OCD) challenged rats. OCD was performed in male rats and kept for 6 weeks to observe the reduction in the level of testosterone. Isolated perfused heart of normal and OCD group was subjected to ischemic insult as per IPC cycle. Myocardial infarct size, haemodynamic, enzymatic and oxidative stress parameter were assessed for each heart. Diadzein (DDZ) a caveolin inhibitor was administered before the isolation of heart and it significantly decreases myocardial infarct size, release of lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine kinase and oxidative stress marker. DDZ also potentiated the effect IPC-mediated increase in the heart rate and coronary flow. The effect of caveolin inhibitor was remarkably reduced by quercetin administered before 1 h. of the administration DDZ. The findings of this study revealed that protection of myocardium induced by caveolin inhibitor pretreatment has not been lost in OCD rat heart. --- ## Consumption of bilimbi cause acute kidney injury **Authors:** Sruthy C Prasad, Velayudhan K K, Remya Reghu **Published:** 2021-02-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4146 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Calcium oxalate crystals, Acute interstitial nephritis, Averrhoa bilimbi, Serum creatinine, Oliguria Averrhoa bilimbi is a fruit have high oxalic acid content. Excess intake of this fruit will cause acute kidney injury due to high oxalate concentration, and also increase creatinine. In case of high consumption, the only remedy is hemodialysis, but in lower consumption, the renal function will recover without specific treatment. Bilimbi contains 25.1% of oxalate, and its consumption carries a high risk of developing acute kidney injury by deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in renal tubules. The fruit plays an important role in nutrient profile like contain carbohydrates, fibers, proteins, vitamin C, vitamin B, calcium, iron, flavonoids, tannins and terpenes. It also helps to reduce the weight loss due to the high amount of dietary fiber found in bilimbi, which helps to control body weight. Here a male patient who consumed bilimbi fruit per day approximately 30 – 40 and his creatinine level become elevated to 3. 49 mg/dl. With conservative treatment, the patient creatinine becomes normal within one week without dialysis. In some cases did not show oxalate crystals because of low urine excretion, here the patient had oliguria, and because of that, no oxalate crystals were found. Here the main parameter was creatinine, and during admission, the serum creatinine was 3. 49 mg/dl on the first day then 2. 97 mg/dl on the second day, 2.39 mg/dl on the third day and 1.19 mg/dl on forth day and from the fifth day to the seventh day the patient was serially monitored the serum creatinine. It was 1. 19 mg/dl. --- ## Comprehensive GC-MS and FT-IR Profiling of Coleus zeylanicus essential oil and investigation of its anti-fungal and anti - oxidant activities **Authors:** Lakshmi M, Nandagopal S **Published:** 2021-02-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4139 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Essential Oil, Hydro-Distillation, GC-MS, Anti-Fungal Activity, Inhibitory Zone, Antioxidant, IC 50 To evaluate the leaf volatile constituents of essential oil of Coleus zeylanicus and evaluate their anti-oxidant and anti-fungal activity. The Chemical composition of Coleus zeylanicus essential oil was determined using GC-MS and FT-IR analytical techniques. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH scavenging assay. The anti-fungal effect was tested against two potential pathogenic fungal strains Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur using agar well diffusion method. The essential oil was profiled by the presence of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 90.67% of their total composition followed by oxygenated monoterpenes and monoterpene hydrocarbons as 5.3% and 2.1% respectively. The GC-MS results showed 14 compounds from Coleus zeylanicus leaf EO representing 98.07% of the total oil composition. The major component was identified as a-Gurjunene (35.94%), a-bisabolol (10.82%) and G-selinene (4.26%). EO showed remarkable antioxidant activity values of IC50 = 59.78 ± 3.21µg/ml by DPPH scavenging assay. The essential oil showed interesting anti-fungal effects against two pathogenic fungal strains. The most sensible strains to Coleus zeylanicus EO was Malassezia furfur (32.00 ± 0.50mm) compared to that of Candida albicans (15.00 ± 1.25mm). Hence, Coleus zeylanicus EO has potential application against fungal infection and oxidative stress related diseases. However, further investigations are necessary to isolate and investigate the action mechanism of these bioactive compounds. --- ## Pattern of usage of psychotropic agents in geriatric patients in a teritiary care hospital **Authors:** Drishya Dev, Rakhi Krishna, Mahima Bharathi, Neethu C M, Alex Baby Paul, Priya Vijayakumar **Published:** 2021-02-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4145 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antipsychotics, Geriatrics, Prescription pattern, Tertiary care Psychotropic medications are used in the treatment of chronic psychotic disorders like anxiety, depression, insomnia, bipolar disorders, cognitive impairment, seizure, loss of consciousness, altered sensorium, delirium etc. The objective of this study is to describe the pattern of use of psychotropic medications in patients presenting to geriatrics department, to compare the pattern of usage of psychotropic medication at the time of admission versus at the time of discharge and to find out the dose optimization pattern in elderly patients. Observational retrospective study, conducted in the department of geriatrics. The sample size calculated for the study was 35. The study was carried out through AHIS and by reviewing case files. The data were collected on specially designed data collection forms. Consumption of the psychotropic drugs was the highest within 71-80 years of age group, of which 49.15% of patients fall in this age group. All of the patients prescribed with psychotropic medications had insomnia (26.70%), followed by anxiety (20.30%), seizure (20.30%) and depression (16.90%). Among the 2nd generation anti psychotropics, quetiapine was the most frequently prescribed drug (54.24%). Benzodiazepines were the preferred antidepressants (36%) followed by SSRIs. Sixty two percent of the patients continued the same dose prescribed from the outside hospital and a dose increment was done for 37.5% of the patients. The incidence of usage of psychotropic medications were found to be more with females. Atypical antipsychotic drugs were the most commonly used ones. Current evidence shows no superiority for atypical antipsychotics over haloperidol. --- ## Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities of extracts of Barleria cuspidata Heyne ex Nees on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats **Authors:** Manohar Reddy, Raja Sundararajan **Published:** 2021-02-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4143 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antidiabetic activity, Barleria cuspidata Heyne ex Nees, Biochemical parameters, Histopathology Traditionally, Barleria cuspidata Heyne ex Nees is utilized for antidiabetic action with the absence of logical investigation. Thus, the current examination was attempted to explore for its antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic movement in streptozotocin instigated diabetic animal models. Blood glucose levels were estimated in normoglycemic rats at initial, 60th and 120th minutes intervals and in glucose feed hyperglycemic rats at initial, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after a solitary portion of streptozotocin at 55 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneal were made diabetic in albino rats. Blood glucose levels were estimated at week by week spans after everyday administration of chloroform and methanol extracts of Barleria cuspidata at dosages of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. Other biochemical boundaries of serum triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, uric acid, creatinine, urea, transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransaminase, insulin and glycosylated hemoglobin were like- wise estimated toward the finish of the investigation. Chloroform and methanol extracts of Barleria cuspidata by an oral organization for 21 days altogether (P<0.001) decreases the elevated blood glucose extents in diabetic rats whereas in normoglycemic rats it doesn’t adjust the blood glucose amounts altogether and in glucose feed hyperglycemic rats significantly decreases the raised blood glucose levels. Likewise, the chloroform and methanol extracts of Barleria cuspidata improved other biochemical boundaries related to diabetes. Moreover, the extracts of Barleria cuspidata favourable affect the histopathological changes of pancreas in streptozotocin initiated diabetic rats. --- ## Biological control methods in Piper nigrum Linn. leaves infected with galls caused by Liothrips karneyi **Authors:** Asha Renjith, Payal Lodha **Published:** 2021-02-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4162 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gall, Plant Extracts, Biological Method, Liothrips Karnyi, Disease Management Piper nigrum Linn. (Black pepper) belongs to the family Piperaceae and an economically and medicinally important spice and is a native of Southern India. Leaf marginal gall is transmitted by Liothrips karnyi belonging to family Phlaeothripidae of order Thysanoptera (Thrips). Insect induced galls arise due to growth reaction of plants due to the attack of cecidozoa, also known as zoocecidia. The growth and development of the host plant alter due to the infestation of the insect, which involves certain complex phenomena. The different groups of cecidozoa influence the plants in such a way as to produce galls at different stages in their life history. Most of the cecidozoa cause galls only in their developmental stages, but some of them are capable of inducing galls both in larval as well as adult stages. The crop production in India has been adversely affected due to the infestation of pests. And it is necessary to use different approaches of disease management to curb the infestation, and significant researchers have shown progress to protect the crops in an eco-friendly manner. Piperine exhibits diverse pharmacological activities like antihypertensive, antiplatelets, antioxidant, antitumor, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-reproductive, insecticidal activities. In the present investigation, the biological method of disease management of marginal leaf gall transmitted by Liothrips karnyi has been undertaken. The biological control of leaf diseases has been significant on the increased reflection of environmental problems over pesticide uses. --- ## A Study On Assessment Of Autonomic Nervous System Function In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus **Authors:** Sharath shanmugam, Oshin mantro, Jagadeesan M, Mariraj I, Prasanna Karthik S, Gowri shankar, Magesh Kumar, Vinoth Kanna S **Published:** 2021-02-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4163 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus (DM), Autonomic nervous system (ANS), cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN), Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) The autonomic nervous system (ANS) innervates the entire neuraxis and influences the functions of all organs. This study was undertaken for evaluating the autonomic dysfunction in diabetic patients using clinical autonomic tests and neuro- electrophysiology. A prospective study was carried out in 66 patients with type II diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care hospital for one year. Systemic examination, necessary investigations, nerve conduction study and clinical testing for the autonomic nervous system were done. The results were noted and analyzed. 65.2% were females, whereas 34.8% were males. Mean duration of diabetes was found to be 9.06 years (SD 4.121). 80.3% population was known to have type 2 diabetes for 5-10 years duration, 13.6% had diabetes for 10-15 years, and only 3.5% had diabetes for more than 15 years. Mean FBS was found to be 196.12(mg/dl) ±77.180 SD and mean PPBS was 303.26(mg/dl) ±115.385 SD. Mean HbA1c levels were 10.95 ± 2.36 SD. 33.3% showed early parasympathetic involvement for cardiac autonomic neuropathy, 9% had definite parasympathetic involvement, and only 6% had both parasympathetic and sympathetic involvement. 62.12% showed abnormal responses in nerve conduction study, of which 48.78% had autonomic dysfunction. The main factor responsible for the development and progression of autonomic dysfunction is poor glycaemic status. If contributing factors canbe detected, early identification of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and appropriate management would halt its progression. Aggressive glycaemic monitoring and treatment shall bring down the progression and prolong the time interval in showing abnormal responses in autonomic function testing. --- ## Method development and validation of amlodipine and cilnidipine in human plasma by using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry **Authors:** Muni Krishnaiah A, Rama Chandraiah C, Srinivas M, Devanna N **Published:** 2021-02-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4132 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amlodipine, Cilnidipine, LC-MS, Ve ion mode, Turbo spray Amlodipine and Cilnidipine in K2EDTA plasma were determined by Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry. To improve LC separation and detection sensitivity for the LC-MS technique interface of contiguous stationary phases and LC gradients were enhanced. For separation Acetonitrile was used as eluent. Reversed phase C8 and C18, X-bridge columns were utilized. Telmisartan was used an Internal Standard in this process. For elution Telmisartan needs acidic PH but Amlodipine and Cilnidipine needs neutral PH, dilution with H2O for supernate get afterward extraction. The standards were separated in existence of Telmisartan as internal standard from Amlodipine and Cilnidipine by LC-MS/MS using the MRM transitions. The extracted ion chromatograms were considered from peak ratio of analyte to internal standard. Human plasma without analytes, and solutions containing analytes without human plasma were also analysed. To determine the stability analyte was kept in steady state at room temperature for 24 hrs in plasma. The instrument had operating in positive ion mode. The product ion mass spectra of Amlodipine were 409.1 → 237.7 and Cilnidipine was 493.2 → 117.1. Quadratic regression was used to generate calibration curve by the Analyst 1.5 software program. To obtain the linear response the concentration range is 1-1000ng/mL. For each analyte intra (n=6/batch, 3 days) and inter-batch (n=18) accuracy and precision values were obtained. --- ## Bone mineral density in patients with thalassemia major, the experience of a single institute **Authors:** Ahmed I Ansaf, Safa A Faraj, Rahan A Mohammed **Published:** 2021-02-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4159 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Thalassemia Major, Bone Density, Osteopenia, Osteoporosis Thalassemia is an inherited disorder causing an imbalance in the development of the globin chain with ineffective erythropoiesis and increased peripheral consumption. Expansion of bone marrow decreases bone mineral density. Bone disease in thalassemia is manifested as diffuse bone pain, scoliosis, spinal deformities, nerve compression, spontaneous fracture. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) is a useful indicator for bone monitoring and assessment and significant predictor of bone disease in thalassemia. The purpose of this study is to evaluate Bone Mineral Density in thalassemia patients and its correlation with other factors. The study was conducted in Hematology Center at Al-Karama Teaching Hospital, Wasit, Iraq, from the first of January to the thirty of April 2019. Fifty-eight thalassemia patients were enrolled in this study. Bone mineral density was assessed using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry technique (DEXA scan) for the lumber spine (L1-L4) at the Dexa unit in the rehabilitation Center in KUT. The patients were divided according to BMD by Z-Score ≤ 15 years old patients, T score for adults (>15 years old) into three groups: a score ≥ -1 defined as Normal BMD, Osteopenia (between -1 and -2.5 SD), and Osteoporosis (below -2.5 SD). The effect of Gender, Age, frequency of blood transfusion, Hb level, Serum Calcium, and Serum Ferritin on BMD was evaluated. Young patients (with age equal to or younger than 15 years) showed lower bone density than older patients. Also, Patients with Suboptimal blood transfusion had lower bone density than patients than good compliance blood transfusion program, P-value 0.001, 0.012, respectively. The results indicated a direct relationship between the age of the thalassemia patients and bone mass density, P-value = 0.0001, Pearson Correlation = 0.7. Low bone density was reported in young age and suboptimal blood transfusion. --- ## Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for the estimation of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir in combined dosage form **Authors:** Naik Desai Prabhat Prabhaker, Kapupara Pankaj **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4112 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ledipasvir, method development, Sofosbuvir, validation Nowadays scientists aim at developing generic and specific methods for drugs in combined pharmaceutical dosage forms. The main aim was to develop and carry out validation using precision and accuracy for Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir by applying RP-HPLC method. The dosage form in fixed combination of Sofosbuvir-Ledipasvir helps in effective treatment of genotypes of chronic hepatitis C virus. This combination of Sofosbuvir-Ledipasvir was the first FDA approved direct acting antiviral to treat hepatitis C. Both the drugs were optimized using mobile phase as acetonitrile: 0.1% orthophosphoric acid (55:50v/v) with pH 3.0. The mobile phase was optimized at maximum wavelength of 283nm. The separation was achieved using C18 Cosmosil (4.6 x 250mm) column with a particle size of 5µ. The method was specific eluting retention times of 3.7 for Sofosbuvir and 6.0 for Ledipasvir. Intra and interday precision was carried and %RSD was found to be less than 2%. The results were found to be accurate with percentage recovery of 99.76% and 99.10% for Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir respectively. Linearity was carried out in the concentration ranging from 40-200µg/mL and 9-45µg/mL for Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir respectively. Both the drugs showed the regression coefficient of 0.999. Deliberate changes in flow rate, pH and wavelength were made and found that method was robust. The developed method was found to be accurate, simple, specific, robust and precise for the simultaneous estimation of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir in tablet dosage form. --- ## A study on the agents that reduces the nicotine induced nicotinic receptor density in wistar rats **Authors:** Bhanu Prakash G, Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan, Senthilkumar Sivanesan, Madhankumar Swaminathan **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4074 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nicotine deaddiction, Citric acid, Tyrosine, Nicotinic Receptor Density (NRD) The most important substance causing addiction towards cigarette is nicotine. Nicotine abstinence causes withdrawal symptoms in smokers. It is not just nicotine, along with it is the upregulation of nicotinic receptor density (NRD) that leads to addiction. All together makes nicotine deaddiction the most difficult aspect. Nicotine receptor density increases as long as the person is exposed to nicotine. When once the NRD is initiated by nicotine, later though you stop smoking, the increased nicotine receptors create an urge to smoke. Hence the person feels to smoke for satisfying the nicotine receptors. The smokers may attempt to quit smoking but the NRD will create an urge for nicotine again. One cannot completely quit smoking or cannot stop taking nicotine, until the NRD is reduced to normal. In our present study we have studied the effect of citric acid and tyrosine on decreasing nicotinic receptor density. We have induced the nicotinic receptor density to raise and studied the citric acid and tyrosine’s effect in maintaining the NRD closer to normal. The study concludes that citric acid and tyrosine have reduced the NRD significantly. This can control withdrawal symptoms and can stop craving for nicotine and finally can lead to cessation of smoking and from taking nicotine therapy. --- ## Insights from the interfaces of HIV-1 envelope (ENV) trimer viral protein GP160 (GP120-GP41) **Authors:** Christina Nilofer, Arumugam Mohanapriya **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4111 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HIV-1, Envelope, Trimer, Glycoprotein, GP160, GP120, GP41, Protein Interface, Van Der Waals The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) type 1 viral protein is a life threatening virus causing HIV/AIDS in infected humans. The HIV-1 envelope (ENV) trimer glycoprotein GP160 (GP120-GP41) is gaining attention in recent years as a potential vaccine candidate for HIV-1/AIDS. However, the sequence variation and charge polarity at the interacting sites across clades is a short coming faced in the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. We analyzed the interfaces in terms of its interface area, interface size, and interface energies (van der Waals, hydrogen bonds, and electrostatics). The interfaces were divided as dominant (>60%) and subdominant (<60%) based on van der Waals contribution to total energies. 88% of GP120 and 74% of GP41 interfaces are highly pronounced with van der Waals energy having large interfaces with interface size (98 ± 65 (GP120) and 73 ± 65 (GP41)) and interface area (882 ± 1166Å2 (GP120) and 921 ± 1288Å2 (GP41)). Nevertheless, 12% of GP120 and 26% of GP41 interfaces have subdominant van der Waals energies having small interfaces with interface size (58 ± 20 (GP120) and 27 ± 9 (GP41)) and interface area (581 ± 1605Å2 (GP120) and 483 ± 896Å2 (GP41)). It was interesting to observe GP41 small interfaces with subdominant van der Waals are stabilized by electrostatics (r2=0.63) without hydrogen bonds (r2=0). However, GP120 small interfaces were found to have two fold more hydrogen bonds (r2=0.59) than electrostatics (r2=0.20). Therefore, our previous finding stating that small protein-protein interfaces rich in electrostatics holds true in case of GP41 whereas not with GP120 protein interfaces. --- ## Design and Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Activities of Dual Loaded Flavones Nano Formulations Scaffold with Chitosan **Authors:** Senthil Kumar C, Praveen Kumar K N, Brintha N, Prakash G, Sundararajan N, Mohan S **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4114 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-microbial activity, Chitosan, Flavonoids, Quercitin, Rutin, Silibinin Flavonoids belong to the comprehensive category of polyphenols and namely flavon-3-ols (flavonols, anthocyanins, isoflavones, flavanones and flavones) are found in plant sources. Quercetin, rutin and silibinin exhibit numerous pharmacological spectrum but it has hurdles like poor aqueous solubility, rapid clearance and poor penetration potential attribute to reduced clinical usage. Hence the aim of this research is to design and evaluate of antimicrobial and wound healing activities of dual loaded flavones nano formulations scaffold with chitosan-based film by nanopreception techniques. The prepared film was subjected characterization studies such as physical appearance, thickness, weight variation, folding endurance and water absorption capacity in addition was to evaluate anti-microbial activity of dual loaded flavones nano formulation film by well diffusion method and skin irritation study performed as per OECD 406 guide lines. The prepared duo loaded flavonol scaffold chitosan film employed with in-vivo wound healing activity in excision wound model. Results revealed that chitosan film scaffold with quercetin and rutin nano formulations and film scaffold with quercetin and silibinin nano formulations showed significant zone of inhibition when compared with control group. Acute skin irritation study revealed that the film scaffold with quercetin and rutin nano formulations and film scaffold with quercetin and silibinin nano formulations shows no adverse event such erythema and skin irritation. However, on 14th day, control group showed 75.91% wound healing, whereas the quercetin and silibinin group showed 84.75% wound healing. On the other hand, Quercetin and Rutin Group showed appreciable wound healing activity of 90.70%. Hence Chitosan scaffold film with quercetin and rutin nano formulations has enhanced wound healing and re-epitheliasation activity. --- ## Preliminary Characterization and Comparison of Mucilage from Leaves of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. as A Tablet Binder **Authors:** Gayathri R, Benedict Jose C, Ramkanth S, Pradheesh Mohan S, Swetha V, Mohan S **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4094 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Hibiscus Sabdariffa Mucilage, Natural Binder, Tablet Binder The present research dealt with the extraction and characterization of mucilage from the Hibiscus sabdariffa leaves. Compared with normal binding agents such as starch and Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidine (PVP), the mucilage of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HSM) was assessed for its binding properties in tablet formulations. Tablets were formulated using HSM, starch and PVP as binders at a various concentration to evaluate its comparative binding efficiency. The compressed tablets were analyze for their quality control tests as per IP. The extracted HSM showed the characteristics of mucilage and good physicochemical properties. The FTIR and thermal analysis compatibility tests showed that there were no significant reactions between the drug and mucilage. Granule properties of various formulations were found to be comparable and have excellent flow characteristics. Post compression parameters suggested that tablets formulated with mucilage had better hardness and friability as that of the tablets prepared with starch and PVP. The formulations exhibited a better and more consistent release as compared to standard formulations using starch and PVP as a binder. The statistical analysis of in vitro dissolution profile by using DD solver software for difference factor (f1), similarity factor (f2), and Rescigno index (ξ) values also indicated promising results. The results notably indicate that binding property of HSM was at par with starch and PVP. --- ## Invitro Designing of Fluvastatin Chrono Formulation **Authors:** Swetha M., Suresh Kumar J.N., Satyavathi D. **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4116 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chrono therapeutics, fluvastatin, ludiflash, lycoat, HPMC K200M and Ethylcellulose The objective was to improve fluvastatin prescribed pulsatile release formulation to get the disintegrative and ruptured lag-time mechanism with a fixed time delay which matches the chronotherapeutics (hypercholesteroidal disorder). Pre formulation studies UV, FTIR (Drug excipient compatibility), solubility studies and flow properties were evaluated for blend and drug. All the values were within the limit. 12 core tablets were prepared with two novel disintegrants, i.e. ludiflash, lycoat in different concentrations after doing the post-compression parameters & drug release F8 was optimized & then coated with PH sensitive polymers HPMC K200M & Ethylcellulose in different concentrations. An evaluation was carried out for all six formulations, and all the values were within the limit. Based on In-vitro dissolution studies, swelling index and rupture test C5F8 is optimized and compared with the marketed product for 10 hours. As per the ICH guidelines optimized formulation (C5F8), stability tests were conducted for three months and was found to be stable. Optimized formulation (C5F8) contains 3:2 polymers (HPM K200M: Ethylcellulose) demonstrates an outstanding pulsatile drug delivery relative to the branded version (Lexcol XL) compared to all other formulations. --- ## Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth: Sausage of Medicinal Properties **Authors:** Jubilee R, Komala M **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4097 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** K.africana, cucumber, kigelinole, pinnatal, leshmaniasis Nature had been serving humanity from ages by providing with the food and resources of our well-being. It was serving with medicines and herbs that are used to heal many disorders. There were numerous lead molecules that had been isolated from natural sources, especially plants. Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth is a widely distributed plant in Africa. Savage tree or the cucumber plant is the common name of the plant. It belongs to the family Bignoniaceae. The plant is a native plant of Africa which is confined to the south, central and West African regions. Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed for the plant revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, carbohydrates and sapogenetic glycosides. The plant has been reported to contain flavonoids, aldehyde iridioids, coumarins like dihydroisocoumarin, naphthoquinones like pinnatal, isopnnatal, kigelinole and isokigelinole. It had been investigated and proven to possess various chemicals that treat inflammations, cancers, psoriasis, dysentery and bacterial infections. --- ## Endometrial compaction and serum progesterone measurements at the day of embryo transfer cannot predict pregnancy outcomes in frozen-thaw embryo transfer cycles **Authors:** Dalal M. Al Jarrah, Manal Taha Al Obaidi, Itlal J. AL Asadi **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4050 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Endometrial Thickness, Frozen Embryo Transfer, Serum Progesterone Measurement Endometrial receptivity plays a basic role in successful embryo implantation and pregnancy outcomes and can be assessed by many of non-invasive markers. Our study evaluated the impact of two of these markers specifically serum progesterone and endometrial thickness at embryo transfer day in prediction pregnancy outcomes on (60) patients attempting medicated frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles. All patients were received sequential estrogen & progesterone medications for endometrial preparation then submitted to measurements of endometrial thickness (EMT) by transvaginal-ultrasound (TV- US) & serums progesterone (P) analysis at the embryo transfer day, thereafter day 3 verified-thawed embryos grades (A ± B) were transferred. Compacted (decreased) EMT was seen in 48.3% of patients with higher pregnancy rate (PR) of 58.6%t than non-compacted EMT (no change or increased) which was seen in 51.7% of patients with (PR) of 29.0%, (P value=0.021). However ongoing pregnancy rate (Ong PR) not differed significantly between both groups (44.8% in compacted vs 25.8% in non-compacted, P value=0.053), also the means of serum P not differed between pregnant and non-pregnant patients (P value=0.374). ROC curves for Ong PR prediction in relations to endometrial compaction & serum progesterone at embryo transfer day were poor (AUC= 0.630, & AUC=0.576, respectively). This study suggested that endometrial compaction or serum P levels measurements at embryo transfer day were poor predictors for ongoing pregnancy where any kind of EMT changes (decreased or not) seen after P administration not significantly affect pregnancy outcomes in frozen-thaw cycles of cleavage stage embryos transfer. --- ## Antioxidant enzyme response of medical plant Persian Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) to irrigation with microwaves treated water **Authors:** Muthik A Guda, Sheimmaa J Hadi, Kasim Kadhim Alasedi, Faris J Alduhaidahawi, Laith Saheb, Muthanna F Ali **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4087 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** T. foenum, irrigation, microwaves, Antioxidant enzyme, germination The research, influences of different energy microwaves treated water on the antioxidant enzyme of Trigonella foenum-graecum (T. foenum ) were studied. The analysis was carried out in 2020 in the laboratories of Ecology Department, College of Science under stable variables such as temperature, humidity, sunlight. The antioxidant enzyme, The catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activity in T. foenum (hypocotyl and radical) were measured after twenty days of experiments. Results showed that germination was increased with water energy, and all enzymes activity were increased in low energy treated water gradually but decreased rapidly in high energy treated water. hypocotyl showed a higher response than Radical. (CAT) and (SOD) enzymes activity rises slowly in 30w* until it reaches a peak in 50 w * 120 s then decreases rapidly in 70 w * 150 s and whenever the time of treatments increased the enzyme becomes less effective. Both (APX) and (POD) had the same response but showed an increase in activities at 30W. The results improve that microwaves treated water-induced antioxidant enzyme response in T. foenum. While the specified energy level and duration showed a better growth rate compared to regular watering water. The results of this research serve those interested in developing cultivation and water treatment methods and improving our understanding of T. foenum irrigation behaviour using microwave treated water. --- ## Traditional Indian plants as the source of compounds to treat a respiratory viral infection **Authors:** Vidya Venkateswaran, Vinduja Vasudevan, Aradhana Karthikeyan, Vrithi Sundararaman, Ineya Madhavan, Samantha Prathab, Aakash John Peter, Nagasathiya Krishnan, Velmurugan Devadasan, Pachaiappan Raman **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4089 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Viral infection, Chloroquine, Traditional medicine, Coronavirus, Natural compounds Since December 2019 world news broadcasted stories of a deadly disease caused by SARS CoV-19, which is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Coronaviruses (CoVs) and the associated severe acquired respiratory syndrome (SARS - CoV) are potential agents to infect the respiratory tract of humans and animals. Much scientific effort has been focused on the development of vaccine and medicines to protect future outbreaks. However, the chances to rapidly develop an effective vaccine are difficult now. Due to the sudden and explosive emergence of the disease, empirical strategies have been used to treat the patients. The increasing demand for natural products as an alternative therapy for pandemic viral diseases has encouraged research into the pharmacological importance of bioactive compounds from plants, especially Indian herbs. Ethnopharmacological studies have been extremely relevant to discover promising drugs for the treatment of viral diseases. This review is intended to focus on the traditionally practised Indian medicinal plants and bioactive compounds with antiviral properties used for the treatment of respiratory associated viral infections and other retroviral infections. It may lead us to develop a broad spectrum of anti-viral for the prevention and control of these viral pathogens in the current situation. --- ## Olax scandens: The Plant of The Researchers- A Review **Authors:** Johnsy Mary F, Komala M **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4096 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Olax, Antipyretic, Pharmacology, Laxative Plants had been a source of food for human beings from the start of the evolution of mankind. Besides food, herbs served us as the source of medicines to treat ailments. Plants had been investigated for the chemical moieties that are potent in treating many diseases. With the development of science and technology, there had been various drugs, synthesized to treat diseases. But the chemicals that were synthesized had serious adverse effects and side effects. So there has been a focus on herbs and medicinal plants in search of the alternatives for synthetic drugs. In this paper, Olax scandens had been reviewed for its Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Pharmacological profiles which revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents like glycosides, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids etc. Few areas include the Himalayas and sub- Himalayan regions like northern parts of Bihar, Kumaon. The plant also grows widely in Deccan forest and the Western Ghats. The plant is native to countries like India, Srilanka, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam and Java. Olax is s scandent shrub which grows to 5m height. The leaf is simple, alternate and oblong with the lanceolate surface. The inflorescence is axillary, racemose and panicle. The flowers are white, and the fruits are drupes and ovoid in shape. The plant was proven to exhibit anti-bacterial, laxative, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antipyretic activities. --- ## Effect of 4 weeks resistive inspiratory muscle training on respiratory functions in patients with tetraplegia during in-patient rehabilitation **Authors:** Gitanjali Sikka, Joginder Yadav, Roop Singh, Gupta K B **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4164 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Complete Cervical SCI, Cough capacity in cervical injury, RIMT in Acute SCI, Spirometry in SCI There is reduction in lung compliance in first week after spinal cord injury (SCI) that deteriorates further and neuroprotective therapies like strength training of respiratory muscles should begin in first month after SCI since both motor and sensory scores at baseline and their further recovery is maximum during this phase. Few studies on SCI subjects within first month of injury have supported use of resistive inspiratory muscle training (RIMT), but have advocated the need for further research in this patient population owing to pitfalls in these studies. The present study was a prospective randomized control trial being carried out to determine whether RIMT programme of four weeks duration is effective in improving respiratory functions and strength in motor complete cervical SCI patients (AIS grade A, B) during in-patient rehabilitation. Patients within first week of cervical SCI (C4-C7 level) were assigned to RIMT (48 patients) and Control (48 patients) group and completed 40 supervised training sessions over a period of four weeks. Outcome measures included:- Spirometry, inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength. No significant differences of Chi-square test (P < 0.05) and unpaired “t” test (P < 0.05) were found between RIMT and Control group for all demographic and pre-training measurements. Following results were recorded after 2 weeks and 4 weeks of training on all outcome measures:- Highly significant difference (P<0.01) within both groups with One–way ANOVA; Highly significant difference (P<0.01) with unpaired “t-test” between RIMT and control group. Cohen “d” effect sizes for RIMT vs. Control group were in large effect size zone i.e. greater than 0.8. The findings of present study show beneficial effect of RIMT on respiratory functions and strength in patients with tetraplegia in first month post injury and we propose that RIMT should be included early in acute phase rehabilitation of these patients. --- ## Development and Validation of Stability-Indicating UPLC-TUV Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Darunavir and Ritonavir in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form **Authors:** Dhanabalan Kamalakannan, Subramaniam Ananda Thangadurai **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4127 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ritonavir, Darunavir, UPLC Estimation, Precision, Accuracy A straightforward, explicit, accurate and monetary ultra-performance liquid chromatographic with tunable ultraviolet indicator (UPLC-TUV) strategy was produced for the simultaneous estimation of Darunavir and Ritonavir in bulk and tablet dosage form. The Separation was accomplished on a BEH C18 section (4.6 mm X 50 mm, 5 µm) at a frequency of 270 nm, utilizing a mobile phase acetonitrile and water (50:50 V/V) in an isocratic elution mode at a stream pace of 0.3 mL/min. The maintenance time for Darunavir and Ritonavir was discovered to be 0.739 min and 0.401 min, individually. The proposed strategy was validated for precision, linearity range, accuracy, roughness, and constrained degradation concentrates according to ICH rules. The adjustment bends of Darunavir and Ritonavir were linear over the scope of 100-600 µg/mL and 12.5 to 75 µg/mL. The LOD’s were discovered to be 1.93 and 0.03 for Darunavir and Ritonavir, separately. The LOQ’s were discovered to be 5.84 for Darunavir and 0.08 for Ritonavir. The strategy was discovered to be precise and stability-showing has no meddling pinnacles of debases and excipient were noticed. The created technique was appropriate for quality control labs for quantitative examination of both in bulk and joined dose structure. The created strategy is new and better in innovation when contrasted than the announced techniques and less maintenance time, high theoretical plate check and structure of the mobile phase with great division, precise and stability-showing has no meddling pinnacles of debases and excipient were noticed. The technique was appropriate for quality-control research centers for quantitative examination of both in bulk and consolidated measurements structure. --- ## HPLC method development for determination of metoprolol, telmisartan and cilnidipine simultaneously using response surface design **Authors:** Jayaseelan S, Kannappan N, Ganesan V **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4126 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPLC, Metoprolol, Cilnidipine, Telmisartan, Optimum Flow Rate, Chromatographic Conditions The development of an HPLC method for determination of Metoprolol, Telmisartan and Cilnidipine simultaneously in additional dosage was not published or reported up till date. The main aim of our study was to design a simultaneous and multiple response optimizations using the Derringer’s desirability function in order to estimate Metoprolol, Telmisartan and Cilnidipine in pharmaceutical and bulk drug dosage form by HPLC method with experiment central compositive design (CCD) protocol for the quantitative methods analysis and also for validation of the procedure that is developed as per ICH regulations. An innovative RP-HPLC method had been designed for the estimation of Metoprolol, Telmisartan and Cilnidipine simultaneously in formulation using central composite design. Three factors were investigated and determined as significant when compared to the interaction and quadratic effect of the samples that CCD along with the response of the surface methodology. The developed method produced a good resolution of the drugs with a very short run time of 7.5 min. It was also validated according to ICH guidelines. It was recognized as novel and simple method that is accurate and cost-effective. So the proposed method fits best in the assaying routine of Metoprolol, Telmisartan and Cilnidipine in any formulations produced by quality control laboratories. --- ## Does Hydroxychloroquine Improve Glycemic Status and Lipid Profile in Rheumatoid Patients with Diabetes Mellitus – An Observational Study **Authors:** Kalyani Praba P, Thamarai Selvi K, Vijay Anand B, Saravanan A **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4144 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), Lipid Profile Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease, causing chronic inflammation of small joints in hands and feet. The chronic inflammation and corticosteroid use in rheumatoid patients predispose them to insulin resistance and diabetes. Hydroxychloroquine, a proven drug in rheumatoid arthritis, seems to be beneficial in diabetes and also reduces the risk of cardiovascular events. This study was done to find out the role of hydroxychloroquine on the glycemic status and lipid profile in Rheumatoid patients having treatment with Diabetes mellitus. 50 patients with both RA and DM in the middle age group were categorized into HCQ and Non-HCQ group. Both the groups were followed up for 6 months. Their glycemic status and lipid profile were compared by measuring FBS, PPBS, HbA1C, triglycerides, total cholesterol, VLDL, LDL and HDL. Statistical analysis was done by student t test. The mean FBS, PPBS, HbA1C values in HCQ Group patients decreased significantly from 155.16, 200.12 and 8.26 to 135.80, 174.60 and 7.49 respectively in the follow-up period. In the Non-HCQ group, there was no significant change in mean FBS and PPBS after 6 months. Mean HbA1C increased from 8.13 to 8.33 in Non-HCQ group. Triglycerides, total cholesterol, VLDL and LDL also were found to be reduced in patients who had taken HCQ. In Rheumatoid patients with diabetes, use of HCQ improves their glycemic status and reduces the lipid abnormalities. --- ## Formulation and Evaluation of Duo Flavono Loaded Anionic Polymeric Nanoparticulate System **Authors:** Senthil Kumar C, Moorthi C, Sundararajan N, Sivasakthi R, Mohan S **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4117 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Quercetin, rutin, silibinin, nanoparticulate system, bio-enhancers & EPO-NPs/QU Quercetin, rutin, silibinin three flavonoids are the major flavonols taken in diet. Among these, Quercetin has many benefit but it is poor soluble in water, unstable in gastric fluids which leads to lower therapeutic value and bioavailability. Hence to increase the therapeutic efficacy and bio-availability, quercetin loaded anionic polymeric nanoparticulate system have been developed using nanoprecipitation methods. Quercetin loaded Nanoparticulate systems were employed Characrization studies like size of particles, morphology, in–vitro drug releases and storage stability. This research result was revealed that a mean size of particle was 84.4 nanometer (nm) with Polydispersity Index was 0.268 and potential of 10.2 milli volt (mV), morphological studies shown formulated quercetin polymeric nanoparticles were sphere shaped. The invitro drug releases studies shown >95% release of drugs within 45 mins. This novel approach of nanocomposite may promise a original system for the safeguard and release of a range of water hating chemicals to target specific tissues using specialized drug delivery. --- ## Formulation optimisation and characterisation of azithromycin proniosome **Authors:** Ramkanth S, Aravind M, Gayathri R, Benedict Jose C, Swetha V, Mohan S **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4093 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Azithromycin, Box Behnken, Design Expert, Proniosomes The research was featured to formulate, characterise and optimise the Azithromycin Proniosome using the three-factor three-level Box Behnken scheme. The independent variables chosen were span 20 (X1), span 80 (X2) and phospholipids (X3) to assess their individual and shared response on entrapment efficiency (Y1) and % drug released at six h (Y2). Based on Box Behnken design, 15 formulations were prepared and optimised using Design Expert Version 12.0.10.0. The entrapment efficiency and in-vitro drug release were exposed to different regressions to setup a polynomial equation. The counterplots understood the connections between the independent and dependent factors. The congruity of the polynomial equations was tested by fixing three checkpoint groups. The optimised formulation was determined by point prediction method using the various constraints. The optimised batch was subjected to multiple parameters such as vesicle shape, viscosity, spread ability, drug content, entrapment efficiency, in-vitro drug diffusion and stability studies. The optimised formulation shows better physical and chemical stability which is confirmed by the results of various parameters. The in-vitro drug diffusion has observed to be 98.53% at 24th h obeying zero-order drug release with diffusion mediated non-fickian type of drug release kinetics. The formulation preserved at both refrigerated and room temperature shows better stability. This approach might be an additional finding in enhancing the adherence of patient and improves compliance. --- ## Role of Enzymes in Causing Neurological Disorders **Authors:** Vysakh Visweswaran, Roshni PR **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4092 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Enzymes, Alzheimer’s Disease, Redox, Thiamine, Depression, Neurotransmitters Diseases of the nervous system are always associated with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The fragile nature of the neurons and their inability to replicate means that neurological disorders are associated with a permanent disability. Pharmacotherapy of neurological diseases requires understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the disease pathology. In most of the cases a faulty cellular biochemical pathway is involved, resulting from a defective enzyme. This article focusses on role of enzymes in various neurological disorders. To review pertinent literature and summarise the role of enzymes in the underlying pathology of various neurological disorders. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, SCOPUS, J-GATE and Google Scholar and relevant papers were collected using the keywords enzymes, Alzheimer’s disease, redox, thiamine, depression, neuro transmitters, epileptogenesis. The literature review highlighted the role of enzymes in major neurological disorders and their potential to be used as drug targets and biomarkers. Identifying defective enzymes gives us new molecular targets to focus on for developing more effective pharmacotherapeutic options. They can be also considered as potential biomarkers. An abnormal enzyme is most often a direct result of an underlying genetic abnormality. Identifying and screening for these genetic abnormalities can be used in early identification and prevention of disease in individuals who have a genetic predisposition. The modern advances in genetic engineering shows a lot of promise in correcting these abnormalities and development of revolutionary cures although ethical concerns remain. --- ## Association of Antioxidant to the Genesis of Psychiatric Disorder **Authors:** Ranjit S. Ambad, Sonal Muley, Lata Kanyal Butola, Ajinkya S. Ghogare **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4124 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mental disorder, Depression, Oxidative stress, Antioxidant status, SOD Mental disorders were associated with a wide range of chronic illnesses, disability, and even mortality, particularly among elderly people. Depression will be the second cause of disease. Anxiety is an emotional state of antipathy in which the sense of fear is disproportionate to the magnitude of the risk. Enzymatic antioxidants like SOD, GPx, and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin C, E act as free scavengers, thereby reducing oxidative stress and resulting in cell injury. Thus, we aimed to study SOD, GPx, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E, 1. To study levels of SOD, GPx, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E in psychiatric disorders.2. To study the levels of Vit-C and E before and after vitamin supplementations. To correlate the levels of SOD, GPx, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E between psychiatric patients and healthy controls (age-matched) attending AVBRH Wardha and SMHRC Nagpur. This cross-sectional examination was completed on 50 psychiatric patients and 50 healthy controls and the levels of SOD, GPx, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E are measured before and after giving supplements. In Psychiatric patients, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were 135.26 ± 24.68, Glutathione Peroxidase levels were 1.591 ± 3.35, Vitamin C levels were 0.32 ± 0.11 and Vitamin E levels were 4.302 ± 1.54, which is lower than the normal range. The present study concludes that antioxidant plays a major role to fight against oxidative stress. So proper antioxidant should be taken. --- ## Hepatoprotective Activity of Cassia Auriculata against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats **Authors:** Jenila Jose Jancy V, Kalaichelvan V, Balakrishnan N **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4125 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant, Cell Membrane, Hematology, Cassia Auriculata, Ethyl Acetate In previous decade the herbal drugs have been investigated for their medicinal properties for the natural therapy. About half of the people around the world, even in the developed countries had been using the medicinal plants and natural drugs as treatment of diseases. In this regard the herbs should also be investigated for their pharmacological properties, safety concerns and efficacy too. In the present investigation, we have believed medicine and inhibiting potential effects of extract of C. auriculata was investigated for the hepatoprotective activity. This study facilitated to rediscover the new ancient medication for the treatment of liver diseases. The plant C.auriculata showed very good activity in terms of the hepatoprotective nature against the liver injury by chornic use of drugs which is due to the anti-inflammatory properties added to the antioxidant activity of the herbs. These were to prevent the CCl4 induced free radicals and damage. The formation of cellular damage and free radicals was inhibited. The data that we procured from the investigation shows that the antioxidant activity of the plant in both extracts of plant helped for the activity. It may contain large amounts of the phenols and flavonoids that showed free radial scavenging activity which might be responsible for the hepatoprotective activity also. --- ## Full mouth rehabilitation with maxillary equator® attachment over denture and mandibular hybrid denture - a case report **Authors:** Marian Anand Bennis, Deepak Nallaswamy V **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4165 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Implant, Prosthodontic, Rehabilitation, Overdenture, Equator Implant-supported prosthodontic rehabilitation of total edentulism remains the most complex restorative challenges. The main reason being the number of variables that affect both the aesthetic and functional aspects of the prosthesis. A hybrid denture or the ‘Toronto prosthesis’ is one that is fabricated over a metal framework and retained by screws threaded into implants. This article presents the fabrication of implant-retained maxillary Equator® attachment overdenture opposing mandibular implant-retained hybrid prosthesis. A total of four implants (Equinox® Myriad plus) were placed the maxillary arch and six implants (Equinox® Myriad plus) in the mandibular arch. The patient’s occlusal vertical dimension, centric relation, aesthetics and phonetics were determined and maintained throughout the restorative process. This case report describes the management of a completely edentulous patient with a mandibular implant-supported fixed prosthesis and maxillary implantretained overdenture with Equator® attachment. --- ## A comprehensive review of the traditional plant based medicines for the treatment of rheumatism **Authors:** Ganesh N Sharma, Harjinder Kaur, Birendra Shrivastava, Satish Chander Arora **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4122 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Autoimmunity, Inflammation, Medicinal plants, Rheumatism, Traditional uses Inflammation is a highly complex mechanism and can be described as the body’s first defensive immune system reaction. The immediate purpose is to guard against infectious invasions, the introduction of antigens, any cell and tissue disruption or harm. If it is not treated, it is persistent which progresses to serious degenerative conditions such as rheumatism, atherosclerosis and asthma. Rheumatism is a category of inflammatory disease with chronic conditions. The disease includes a rise in the amount of neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes, which primarily influence the synovial fluid of the movable joints and eventually cause cartilage and bone degradation across the joints. Many steroidal and nonsteroidal drugs (Methotrexate, Cyclosporine and Dpencillamine, Ibuprofen, Sulindac, Indomethacin) are prescribed as treatment therapies. But, unfortunately, all these drugs are having side effects. So, to enhance the pharmacological effects and decrease the side-effects of the available treatment therapies, there is a need to move towards alternative therapies. By keeping the limitations of the existing therapies, in the present review, we tried to summarize the data of traditional medicinal plants with maximum pharmacological activities with less side effects for the rheumatism patients. A systematic literature and electronic archive analysis was performed using internet search engines such as Google scholar, Pubmed, Medlineplus, and Science Direct from numerous academic publications. This review paper is summarized with total 500 articles out of which 330 articles are selected to review for extracts and parts used, chemical constituents, traditional uses and for reporting anti rheumatic activity. --- ## Immunodmodulation: Herbal perspective and investigations - A review **Authors:** Kasula Masthanaiah, Karthikeyan E **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4095 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Immunomodulation, Herbal Drugs, Immune Suppression, Immune Stimulation Immunomodulation had been in application in medical systems and the traditional Indian systems like Ayurveda. It has various applications in medicine for altering the defence of the body that is immunity. A lot of conditions that require immunomodulation are supported by drugs for immune suppression and immune stimulation. They are often called as immune suppressants and immune stimulants. There are other class of drugs, immune adjuvants. Synthetic drugs are notorious for causing side effects and the herbal alternatives had been investigated for the activity. So the herbs stand as the alternatives for the synthetic drugs in better treating the disease that concern the immune system. The inconsistency of the in-vivo response of the immunity, with the phytochemicals, is also a limiting step for their effective usage as immunomodulatory agents when it comes to practical application. Overall, herbs had been supplying the chemical constituents that can be used directly or in the purified form as immunomodulatory agents. This review is the segregation of the various methods available to perform the screening of the drugs and extracts for immunomodulatory activity. This paper also enlists various herbs used for immunomodulation and had been proven for the same recently from 2010 to date. --- ## Risk factor stratification in chronic kidney disease - A tertiary care analysis **Authors:** Aadhyyanth R Allu, Sivasubramanian K **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4120 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), Chronic Glomerulonephritis (CGN), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Hypertension, South India Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become recognized as an important issue affecting the health of millions around the world. It has been found to be highly prevalent in many countries, including India, accounting for massive health expenditure as well. The burden of CKD is on the rise in both developed and developing countries. The objectives were to identify and study the risk factors for CKD among patients attending Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai and to study the association between risk factors and CKD. The case-control study was conducted on 110 cases and 110 controls. A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect information. Statistical Analysis was done using MS Excel 2007, and Chi-Square test was also used. Of the parameters studied, age, residence, family history, smoking and alcohol were found to be associated with CKD and were statistically significant (p<0.05). The findings suggest that positive family history, smoking and alcohol may have an impact on chronic kidney disease in patients of South India. Hence screening and creation of awareness may help in decreasing mortality. --- ## Role of Prolactin and β-hCG in Female Infertility **Authors:** Ranjit S. Ambad, Lata Kanyal Butola, Archan Dhok, Nandkishor Bankar **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4118 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Prolactin, female infertility, HCG The World Health Organization (WHO) describes infertility as a disability for couples in childbirth to attain pregnancy within 12 months of daily sexual intercourse. The reproductive years of women starts when she starts her menstrual cycle during puberty and capacity to have a child typically ends about age (45) years. However, it may be possible for a woman to become pregnant before her cycles end with menopause. Infertility affects 13–20 per cent of couples worldwide, regardless of race or ethnicity. The present study aim was To study the levels of prolactin and beta hCG in female infertility. And To correlate the levels of prolactin and beta hCG in infertile womens and healthy controls. The present study was conducted in the departments of biochemistry and dept. of obstetrics and gynaecology. The study was conducted on two groups of 40 infertile Females and 40 healthy controls. Serum sample used for estimation of prolactin and hCG, assessed by dry chemistry analyzer. Serum prolactin levels in infertile females is 33.96±11.46 and hCG levels was 86.38±12.45, which was higher in infertile female as compared to healthy control with a p-value of<0.05. The present study concludes that Hyperprolactinemia is a major contributing hormonal factor in infertility among infertile women and, as such, prolactin and hCG should be measured in infertile women. --- ## Herbal Remedies: Promisingly Effective for Rheumatoid Arthritis **Authors:** Mullaikodi O, Komala M **Published:** 2021-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4090 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Rheumatoid arthritis, polyherbal formulations, herbal treatment, standardization Rheumatoid arthritis is most significant and devastating to the human body. It is an autoimmune disorder that affects almost 2-4% of the population of the world. Rheumatoid arthritis usually occurs when the immune system works against one’s own body and attacks it. Rheumatoid arthritis generally affects the joints like wrists, elbows, knees and ankles. Even though the reason for causing RA is unknown, the contributing factors for the development of the RA are of various types. Usually women are more affected by RA then men due to the prevalence of hormonal changes. Age is also an important factor that contributes for the development of RA. The general treatment approach for rheumatoid arthritis is to prevent further damage of joints and lower the inflammation and pain. Symptomatic treatment is also the base for RA treatment in many patients. Considering these side effects and limited use of the synthetic drugs, a deep focus has been put into herbal drugs as useful remedies to treat RA successfully. So there has been as growing trend towards development of polyherbal formulation employing potent herbs to treat the disease. Scientific investigations had been carried out to prove the potency of the herbs to treat RA in various animal and invitro models. Many polyherbal formulations had been marketed successfully and were prescribed by the physician. In this view the standardization stands as utmost important parameter for proving the quality of the formulation. Considering the marketed formulations attempts are to be made to determine the quality and effect of the herbal formulations. Investigations are also to be made to determine the interaction between the herbs employed in the formulation. --- ## A detailed investigation in determining Alzheimer’s disease and its risk factor using different classification techniques **Authors:** Mahendran Radha, Anitha M, Jeyabaskar Suganya **Published:** 2021-02-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4149 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alzheimer’s Disease, Dementia, Classification Techniques, Linear SVM, WEKA The prevalence of genetic disorders has recently crept surprisingly high. Neurodegenerative complications, specifically, pose physical and mental stress to parents and caretakers. These complications may be witnessed in the case of dementia. The general dementia type that accounted for between 60 to 80 per cent of psychiatric illnesses was Alzheimer’s disease. At an earlier stage, illness detection serves as a critical task that helps the diseased person to enjoy a decent quality of life. It has become a much necessitated strategy towards relying on automated techniques like data mining approach for early diagnosis and assessment of risk factors concerned with Alzheimer’s. There has been an unprecedented growth of interest concerned with devising novelized approaches proposed in recent times for classifying the disease. However, there is still a grave need for developing an efficacious approach for better prognosis and classification. Data mining is carried out using different machine-learning approaches to assess the risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. Through the present research, and we compared numerous classification methods such as Decision Tree, Linear SVM, KNN, Logistic Regression, Radial SVM, and Random Forest, and finally reported the most outstanding approach in terms of its accuracy. --- ## The Impact of Gemcitabine-induced Reproductive Toxicity on The Sperm count and Morphology of Albino Rats **Authors:** Bassam Abdulaziz Alahmadi **Published:** 2021-02-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4171 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Gemcitabine, Toxicity, Testis, Sperm, Rats Cancer treatments can affect sperm production and a significant percentage of cancer patients may develop permanent azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia after chemotherapy. To investigate the influence of Gemcitabine toxicity on the reproductive system of albino male rats (sperm count and morphology). An experimental animal study conducted in the zoology department, College of Science, King Saud University during the period from June to October 2014 using albino rats (Rattusnorvegicus) (Wistar strain). Males were divided into four different groups (control” 0 mg/kg”,7 mg/kg,14 mg/kg, and 21 mg/kg). The reproductive organs, testicles and epididymis decreased in weight and atrophied in most of the animals treated with the drug in various doses. The mean absolute and relative epididymal weights were also significantly decreased. In the drug-effects recovery group, neither the testicles nor the epididymis in the animals treated with the three doses recovered fully normal weight. The testis’s efficiency in producing sperm was significantly decreased at all doses. In the recovery group, the testis regained its efficiency, as no significant difference was recorded between the drug-treated groups and the control group. The drug caused complete loss of sperm, in a rat treated with the big dose. Gemcitabine caused a significant increase in the percentage of deformed sperms in all treated animals. Gemcitabine drug has high toxicity on the reproductive system of rats with a dose tenth of human dose, with a massive decrease in the count and quantity of sperm, which means that this drug can have more toxicity effects on human. --- ## Biological synthesis of Nanoparticles from Medicinal Plants: Recent Studies **Authors:** Gouramma Patil, Sharanabasappa B Patil **Published:** 2021-02-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4142 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Synthesis of Nanoparticles, Green Approach for Nanoparticles, Nanoparticle Synthesis In a recent trend, nanotechnology has been developed to be an important field of research in various fields like medicinal chemistry, pharmaceuticals and all. On the other hand, compared to chemical method of synthesis, method of synthesis of nanoparticles by green method is simple, effective & ecofriendly. Plant extracts are obtained from the plant, creep, cereals, etc. generally natural extracts are prepared by decoction method or solid powder formation method. The natural extracts are very much effective in the medicinal approach. The study of Nano sized particles towards natural extracts has given a novel way in the field of medicines. So from the nanomaterials of natural extracts, one can expect still good effective results. As we know that preparation of nanoparticles through green approach is one of the good selections in the view of betterment of ecology. Therefore by taking aqueous extracts of medicinal plants’ parts and metal ions, nanoparticles can be synthesized. The plant extract and metal ions are taken in a fixed ratio and keep at room temperature for the reduction. The Changes in the Color confirmed the formation of nanoparticles. Further, the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV, EPMA, XRD and FTIR data. --- ## Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice among hypertension patients at tertiary care hospital on drugs **Authors:** Sivasakthi R, Senthil Kumar C, Mohan S, Nithiyan P **Published:** 2021-02-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4077 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cardiology, Drug Therapy, SPSS Software, Hypertension Drug therapy problems are significant for the pharmaceutical care practitioner. The evaluation of drug therapy problems is the target of the assessment and shows the major decisions made in that step of the patient care process. Although drug therapy problem evaluation is technically part of the assessment procedure, it performs the very particular input made by pharmaceutical care practitioners. The prospective observational study was conducted at the Cardiology department with 450 hypertension patient based on Inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data collection form was administered after getting the Consent form. The data were analyzed by using SPSS software. A total of 450 HTN patients were included in the study & only 402 patients of them enrolled in the study as per the inclusion & Exclusion criteria stated in the protocol. In this study, 452 Interventions were performed & documented for both drug therapy 35.84% (n=162) & health education 64.15% (n=290). These interventions were equally distributed among the patients. Drug therapy-related intervention was solved amid adjustment of medication chart in HTN patients. The study sealed that pharmaceutical care Intervention is a basic device to enhance BP management in HTN patients. The role of Clinical pharmacist is essential to improve the knowledge of patient for better treatment outcome. --- ## Frequency of signs and symptoms in children with foreign body aspiration: A retrospective study in Iran **Authors:** Gholam-Ali Dashti Khavidaki, Reza Gharibi **Published:** 2021-02-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4152 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aspiration, children, foreign body, airways Foreign body aspiration is still one of the most important diagnostic and therapeutic items for physicians. The mortality rate and prevalence of diseases caused by foreign bodies are higher in children due to the relatively narrow airway and immature protective mechanisms. Considering the high prevalence of foreign body aspiration in children, as well as the possible complications, we decided to investigate the frequency distribution of signs and symptoms in children with foreign body aspiration. This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on the files of 50 children with foreign body aspiration who referred to Khatam Al-Anbia Hospital in Zahedan, Iran from 2016 to 2018. The files were entered into the study by the census method, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, demographic factors (age and sex), as well as the type of aspirated object, signs, and symptoms, were examined. The files of 50 children with a foreign body aspiration were reviewed. Among the patients, 27 (54%) were boys and 23 (46%) were girls. The highest frequency was between 1 and 2 years, with 36%. The most common symptom in these patients was cough and respiratory distress with a frequency of 72% and the most common clinical findings were unilateral wheezing with 50% and decreased unilateral respiratory sounds with 18%. Also, the most common types of foreign objects were nuts with a frequency of 44% and supari with 38%. Also, unilateral wheezing had a significant relationship with the type of aspirated foreign body (P = 0.01). Children between the ages of one and two years are more likely to have foreign body aspiration, and in children with symptoms of cough and respiratory distress, as well as clinical findings of unilateral wheezing and decreased unilateral respiratory sounds, foreign body aspiration should be suspected. --- ## Standardization of vestibular stimulation through rocking chair in elderly population **Authors:** Archana R, Sahayarani A, Vijayaraghavan R **Published:** 2021-02-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4155 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Elderly, Rocking, Vestibular stimulation The present study was undertaken to standardize the vestibular stimulation applied through the usage of the rocking chair in elderly population. A total of 50 elderly male and female participants were part of the study after obtaining the written informed consent. Rocking chair used for the application of vestibular stimulation was specially designed for the study. The rocking chair specifically designed for this study was equipped with four different frequencies that is 15 cycles/ min, 30 cycles/min, 45 cycles/min and 60 cycles/min. As the selection of ideal speed is subjective, the participants were subjected to all the speeds. The speed was adjusted as per their comfort level and was scored on a likert scale. Other physiological parameters, like pulse rate and blood pressure, were measured. Pulse rate and blood pressure was decreased and remained within normal limits in step-2 in both male and female participants. Majority of the participants reported that they were comfortable in step-2 that is the frequency of 30 cycles/min and duration of 30 minutes. The study standardized the frequency and duration of vestibular stimulation through the rocking chair in the elderly for the first time. Further, detailed studies are recommended to support the beneficial effects of rocking at this particular frequency in the elderly population. --- ## Identification of Bacteria Sample Plaque from Periodontal Disease Among Diabetic Patients **Authors:** Shahida Mohd-Said, Nur Fatimah Zaharah Salehuddin, Siti Nursyuhada Jafar, Haslinda Ramli, Tuti Ningseh Mohd-Dom, Rohazila Mohamad Hanafiah **Published:** 2021-02-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4147 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Periodontal disease, Diabetes, Bacteria Molecular identification of bacteria are very important to develop database gene bank in university. Databases of genes are very important to annotate a collection of nucleotide sequence and protein translation of oral bacteria. This research was conducted to identify bacteria that present in the plaque sample among diabetic patients collected from the Department of Periodontology and Community Oral health Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM). A total of bacteria was successfully isolated on Blood Agar from periodontal patients’ plaques. Colony Forming Unit (CFU/mL) was calculated to estimate the number of viable bacteria in a sample after performed serial dilution. Gram stained was done for all isolated samples to differentiate between Gram positive and negative organisms. About 2.07 x 107 CFU/mL of bacteria was successfully collected from periodontal plaques on diabetes patient. From the numbers, only 17 were selected to identify the species. Seven from the samples were Gram-positive bacteria, meanwhile ten sam- ples were identified as Gram-negative bacteria. PCR products were isolated from the samples by using polymerase chain reaction analysis. Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii,Streptococcus oralis,Streptococcus sanguinis,Streptococcus agalactiae,Streptococcus lutetiensis,Streptococcus downei,, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Klebsiella pneumoniae,Enterobacter clocae,Salmonella enterica subs enterica, Enterobacter ludwigii, Enterobacter mori, Enterobacter roggen kampii, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter tabaci and Klebsiella pneumoniae were identified from all samples via DNA sequencing. --- ## Evaluation of anti-bacterial activity of Dashapushpam in the form of Ghritham **Authors:** Sreedevy K, Praseetha P. K. **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3982 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dasapushpa Ghritham, anti-bacterial property, Dashapushpam, Agargel diffusion technique The state Kerala in India is famous for its plant resource both culturally and medicinally. There is a cluster of ten sacred medicinal plants commonly known as Dashapushpam. These herbs are of great importance in the cold rainy season. Each plant of this group possesses many medicinal values. There are many formulations using these herbs. Ancient people knew the value of using these herbs in a cluster, so they included them in their diet to improve immunity in the monsoon season. There are many Ayurvedic texts which mention the uses of these sacred herbs. Formulations that use all the members of Dashapushpam are rare. The Dasapushpagritham is one such formulation taken from the text vishavaidhya jyostnika. The present work intends to evaluate the anti-bacterial property of Dashapushpam when used in an Ayurvedic formulation known as Dasapushpa Ghritham. The bacterial strains used as the test micro-organisms for the study was Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. The method of the anti-bacterial evaluation was done through agar-gel diffusion technique. The samples including the plant extracts possessed a varying level of anti-bacterial activity against these two bacteria, and their values obtained were compared with standard antibiotic amoxicillin. Based on these results, it was concluded that the anti-bacterial property of the Ayurvedic drug Dasapushpa Ghritham has significant value when compared to the drug base and other individual plant extracts. Hence the present study proves the significant usage of the Dashapushpam plants in various therapeutics used as an anti-microbial agent. --- ## A Rare Medicinal Herb Remusatia Vivipara **Authors:** Mayur Bhurat, Mrinal Sharma, Ashish Budhrani, Sanjay Nagdev, Rupal Bhurat, Manish Deshmukh **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3979 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Remusatia Vivipara, Medicinal Herb, Phytochemical Constituents, Herbal Plants, Flavonoids, Terpenoids In this current era, the demand for herbal medicines and products is increasing globally, and herbal medicines are being used traditionally as well as for the modern systems for treatment of various diseases and ailments. There are so many plants that are under research for their potential therapeutic and pharmaceutical applications, and Remusatia Vivipara is one of that rare plants belonging to the family Araceae. There are 105 Genera; more than 3300 species persist locally in tropical and sub-tropical areas and world widely. Remusatia Vivipara is commonly known as “Hitchhiker Elephant ear”. Tribal people also named it as Lalkand. The root juice of Remusatia Vivipara used on the wound to dispel any germ and worms. Remusatia Vivipara has many folkloric applications like for Inflammation and arthritis treatment, analgesic, for disinfecting the Genitourinary tract, and treatment of reddish boils. Upon hydrolysis arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose, and various uronic acids are the most commonly observed components. This review is an attempt to compile all the aspects and details of plant Remusatia vivipara. --- ## Effect of bacterial serine proteinase on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers **Authors:** Anastasia O Koryagina, Natalia L Rudakova, Sergey Yu Smolentsev, Guzel F Khadieva, Marat T Lutfullin, Ayslu M Mardanova, Margarita R Sharipova **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3988 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Broiler, Subtilisin-Like Serine Proteinase, Bacillus Pumilus, Food Supplement, Nutrient Digestibility, Productivity We evaluated the effect of adding subtilisin-like Bacillus pumilus proteinase to the diet of Hubboard broiler chickens on growth, digestibility of feed nutrients, blood characteristics, meat quality and histological parameters. One hundred and eighty broiler chickens were divided into 6 groups and received 2 feed rations from 0 to 35 days. The diet was either a basic diet without additives (BD) or a basic diet supplemented with B. pumilus proteinase at a concentration of 10 units/kg feed. We found that the addition of proteinase did not adversely (P < 0.05) affect the blood counts of broilers throughout the experiment. In the balanced experiment, we showed that with the addition of the microbial enzyme, the digestibility of the organic matter of the broilers diet increases considerably (P < 0.05). Veterinary sanitary examination and histological studies led to the conclusion that the broiler meat of the experimental group complies with Russian state standards (GOST) for fresh meat of good quality. It was established that the addition of proteinase to the main diet for broilers enhances the digestibility of the organic and mineral components of the broiler feed ration and reduces the amount of feed consumed. --- ## Management of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fractures with Proximal Femoral Locking Plate- A Prospective Study of 30 Patients **Authors:** Yeshwanth subash, Vishnu S, Damo dharan **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3989 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Harris hip score, Intertrochanteric fractures, ORIF, PFLP Intertrochanteric fractures are quite common in the elderly age group due to the osteoporotic nature of the bone. Unstable fracture patterns are challenging to treat and would require an implant which would address the requirements. This study was performed to evaluate the functional outcome following management of these fractures with PFLP (Proximal femoral locking plate). Thirty patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures who presented between January 2012 to January 2015 were managed by ORIF (Open reduction and internal fixation) with PFLP and were followed up for three years. Functional assessment was performed using the Harris hip score. There was a female preponderance seen in our study with the left side being more commonly affected. The most common mode of injury was slip and fall, and Boyd and Griffin type 3 was the most common fracture type seen. The mean Harris hip score was 83.6(82-95). We were able to achieve a 100% union rate in our series with minimal complications. ORIF with PFLP is a good treatment option in the management of unstable intertrochanteric fractures and gives good rates of union and functional outcomes. --- ## Development and evaluation of polyherbal based medicated candy from Ayurveda herbs reported for cough and cold and Evaluation of their anti-viral and anti-bacterial properties **Authors:** Manas Ranjan Sahoo, Marakanam Srinivasan Umashankar, Ramesh Raghava varrier, Manickam Paulpandi **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3990 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Herbal-Drugs, Hard-Boiled Candy, Formulation, Antibacterial, Antiviral Emergence and spread of new viral and bacterial originated infectious diseases along with mutated new strains posing enormous global challenges. Respiratory infection is one of the major concerns in the current and past situation. With the lack of a safe and effective vaccine and small molecules drugs for effective treatments there is a need of efficacious herbal medicine to tackle infectious diseases. The herbal treatments mentioned in the Ayurveda can be excellent source for an effective treatment. In the present study a hard- boiled candy formulation was from promising herbs recommended herbs from Ayurveda for respiratory health and immunmodulatory actions. The herbs selected were Ocimum sanctum-OS (leafs), Terminalia chebula-TC (fruit), Glycyrrhiza glabra-GG (roots), Curcuma longa-CL (rhizomes), Z ingiber officinale-ZO (rhizomes), Piper longum-PL (fruits). The herbs were evaluated for antiviral and antibacterial activity. The results indicated that most of the extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against pathogens B. subtilis, S.aureus, S.pyogens and S.pneumoniae and showed significant antiviral activity against DENV virus in vitro. The formulated hard-boiled candy was found to be having satisfactory quality parameters of hardness, friability, and dissolving time. The HPTLC profile was developed for the candy formulation as an effective quality control tool. This study indicates that the hard-boiled candy (HBC) could be an ideal solid oral dosage form for herbal drug delivery at local region of oropharyngeal region. --- ## General Health and Pharmacological Benefits of Curcumin – A Natural Healing Agent **Authors:** Dhanasekhar Kesavelu, Sheela K **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3996 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antioxidant, Anticaries Agent, Hepatoprotective, Root canal irrigant The use of therapeutic agents in medicine has lead to the development of resistant strains of many pathogens. As an alternative medicine, many herbal formulations were introduced. From ancient times, various medicinal plants have been used as a treatment agent for various diseases due to their alarming herbal properties. Turmeric, a rhizome of curcumin long a is one among them which has anti-infective and anti-inflammatory properties. Due to its novel properties, it is used in various treatments options for oral health and systemic health. Curcumin, due to its complex interaction between inflammation, immunity and oxidative stress, it was used in various oral and neck pathologies also apart from general health benefits. Curcumin suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines in head and neck pathologies showing various changes in salivary Ph and salivary stress biomarkers. In dentistry, curcumin has been proved to have antiplaque efficiency in various studies, but long term study is required to substantiate its properties. Recently nanostructured lipid carrier containing curcumin was used in dentistry to bring about bone regeneration. This article depicts various properties, applications of curcumin in healthcare and its pharmacological action for systemic and oral health. --- ## Steroid Antibiotic Pack Versus 10% Ichthammol Glycerol Pack in Management of Acute Otitis Externa: A Comparative Study **Authors:** Akshaya Thrinetrapriya N, Nandhini R, Shoba K **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3977 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acute otitis externa, 10% ichthammol glycerol pack, steroid antibiotic pack, tragal tenderness Acute otitis externa is a common clinical condition that presents with rapid onset of otalgia, fullness, otorrhea and canal oedema. Moisture in-ear canal appears to be an important predisposing factor. The most common etiological agents include Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Management includes control of otalgia and elimination of infection from the ear. Precipitating factors should be avoided. The main objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of 10% ichthammol glycerol ear pack with steroid antibiotic ear pack in the treatment of acute otitis externa. Institutional Review Board (IRB) clearance was obtained, and a prospective randomised clinical trial was conducted in the ENT outpatient department of Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Thandalam, from January 2020 to March 2020. Patients were explained about the study in detail, and consent was obtained. The patients were randomised, and 10% ichthammol glycerol pack and steroid antibiotic pack were used in alternate turns for aural packing. Pain rating was done using Numerical rating scale (NRS) before and 48 hours post-treatment and also in each subsequent hospital visit till complete subsidence of symptoms. Among the 85 patients included in the study, 42 (49.4%) were males, and 43 (50.6%) were females. Most of them belonged to the age group 31-40 years (41.2%). In the patients treated with steroid antibiotic pack, only 2.3% of the patients had severe pain, whereas 14% had moderate pain and 83.7% had only mild pain. Whereas among those treated with 10% ichthammol glycerol pack, 9.5% of the patients had severe pain, whereas 35.7% had moderate pain and 54.8% had mild pain. On analysis, the results were statistically significant, and there was considerable pain relief with steroid antibiotic pack. Therefore, our study showed that steroid antibiotic pack is more effective in relieving the symptoms, thereby reducing the number of hospital visits when compared to 10% ichthammol glycerol pack. --- ## Awareness of Lifestyle Modification In Female Diagnosed With Polycystic Overian Disease **Authors:** Karthi M, Lucetta Dias **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3978 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD), Lifestyle modification, Reproductive age group Most of the women in the reproductive age group are affected by PCOD. Emphasis on prevention of PCOD, as the incidents of PCOD, are increasing. The current incident of PCOD is (5%to 15%) is increasing fastly due to lifestyle and stress. It is also becoming a common problem amongst adolescent, developing soon after puberty. Amongst infertile women, about 15% to 20% of infertility cases are due to anovulation caused by PCOD. This study was done to assess the knowledge of PCOD among women and to make them aware of lifestyle modification is an important part of treatment. Some of the women who developed cardiovascular disease, hypertension, endometrial cancer and type 2 diabetes later in life appear to have suffered from PCOD in earlier years. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Chennai with 100 women of reproductive age (18~45 yrs) from January to June 2020 using standardized questionnaire. According to the study, 28% of the subjects are very well aware of the PCOD. 58% had expressed somewhat aware, 64% aware that Exercise help in the management of PCOD, in that 27% are maintaining diet and exercise every day. 14% of the respondents are not aware of the PCOD. This study indicated that more awareness should be made in the general public about PCOD as the majority of the participants are ignorant about lifestyle modification. --- ## Review on biological activities in medicinal plants of acanthaceae family **Authors:** Manjula M, Sankar D S **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4296 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Andrographis paniculate, Biological activities, Clinacanthus nutans, Graptophyllum Pictum, Hemigraphis alternate, Justicia gendarussa, Strobilanthes Crispus Acanthaceae is popularly known as acanthus family which belong to mint order – lamiales. They are distributed from tropics to a temperate region such as India, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Brazil, Central America and Africa. Most members of this family are therapeutically important since they are in the up to date usage by ethnic communities. Andrographis paniculata, Clinacanthus nutans, Graptophyllum pictum, Hemigraphis alternata, Justicia gendarussa and Strobilanthes Crispus are some of the medicinal plants of Acanthaceae family. These plants are recognized for their biopharmaceutical potential usage in traditional medicine. These plants have a plethora of phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, terpenoids, benzenoids, quinine, triterpenoids and naphthoquinone present in various parts of the plant that plays a vital role in drug industries. The pharmacological properties of these plants such as anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, anti- cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis, hepatoprotective, anti- viral and anti-hypertensive are in general practice as an alternative and complementary medicine in both ethnobotanical and pharmacological fields. This article encompasses not only the comprehensive survey based on the electronic resources, scientific journals but also the books that summarize the botanical, phytochemical properties of these plants and also accentuate their significant role in both ethnobotanical and pharmacological fields. It is felt that this article would provide more insight into the health benefits of some plants of the Acanthaceae family. --- ## Correlation of Hand Grip, Gait Speed, Physical Activity with Frailty Index in Geriatric Population **Authors:** Malarvizhi D, Hariharan S **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3980 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Geriatric population, Frailty, Handgrip, Gait speed, Physical Activity Scale, Hand Held Dynamometer The Geriatric syndrome includes a series of representation which may be related to ageing such as delirium, falls, incontinence and frailty. Frailty is a common clinical syndrome in geriatric population that supports the weight of enhancing the risk of poor health outcomes, including the falls incident, disability, hospitalization and mortality. This study aims to find out the Correlation of Hand Grip, Gait Speed and Physical Activity with Frailty Index in Geriatric Population. It is an observational study done with convenient sampling with 40 participants of both the sexes were selected based on the selection criteria. The frailty of participants was assessed by a questionnaire which contains 41 components known as “Frailty Index”. An administered interviewer reported that. Hand-Held Dynamometer measured hand Grip. A 10-meter walk test assessed gait speed. The Physical Activity Scale assessed physical activity for The Elderly (PASE). The results showed that PASE Score, for the age group between 60-69 years people have high PASE score 100.9 than the age group of peoples 70-79 years, 80-89 years and 90-97 years with a score of 71.49, 36.17, 6.5 respectively. There is a negative correlation of frailty index with hand grip (r = -0.314), gait speed (r = -0.313) and Physical activity. The study concluded that there was a negative correlation of handgrip, gait speed and physical activity with frailty index in the geriatric population. --- ## Evaluation of functional outcome following ORIF with Distal femoral locking plate in Intraarticular fractures of the distal femur **Authors:** Yeshwanth subash, Damo dharan, Vishnu A **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3983 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** AO, Distal femur, Locking plate, ORIF Fractures of the distal femur are high-velocity injuries and are associated with factors such as fracture comminution and osteoporosis, especially in elderly individuals which are quite challenging to manage. Various implants and techniques are available for the surgical management of these fractures. This study was performed to evaluate the functional outcome of these fractures following ORIF (Open reduction and internal fixation) with the DFLP (Distal femoral locking plate). Thirty patients with distal femoral intraarticular fractures who presented between February 2013 to February 2016 were managed by ORIF with DFLP and were followed up for three years. Functional evaluation was performed using the Neers scoring system. The average age of the patients was 38.06 years ranging from 22 to 64 years. There were twenty-one males, and nine females seen in our study with the right side being more commonly affected. We achieved a 100% union rate in our series with the meantime to fracture union being 12.86 weeks. We had excellent results in 65% of patients and satisfactory results in 35% of patients with minimal complications. ORIF with the DFLP is a unique biological fixation option in intraarticular fractures of the distal femur, and it provides for reasonable rates of fracture union and an excellent functional outcome with minimal complications. --- ## Emerging Risk Markers; Nitric Oxide and Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in Predicting Coronary Heart Disease in Young subjects **Authors:** Thirunavukkarasu Jaishankar, Meera Shivasekar, Vinodhini V M **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3992 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronary Heart Disease, High Density Lipoprotein, Low Density Lipoprotein, Nitric Oxide, Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein NO is a free radical gas, identified as Endothelial Derived Releasing Factor (EDRF) and synthesized from L-arginine which plays a dynamic role in defence against onset and development of coronary heart disease. Decreased availability of nitric oxide is one of the important cause for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. An accumulation of Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) in the intimal wall is the early step in atherosclerosis. Reduced NO level in the endothelium makes it vulnerable and increase the passage of leukocyte and undergo LDL oxidation in the sub endothelial space which ultimately lead to coronary heart disease. The aim of the study is to assess role of Nitric Oxide and oxidized LDL in CHD subjects. This cross-sectional study was conducted in SRM Medical college Hospital and Research centre on subjects attending the Department of Cardiology and Medicine OP. The study was conducted on 194 subjects in age group <40 years and were age and sex matched. After overnight fasting blood samples were collected for analysis for Lipid Profile and Nitric oxide and ox-LDL. Nitric Oxide and ox-LDL measured by ELISA method. Statistical analysis was done using Student ‘t’ test and Pearson correlation analysis for the comparison between two groups. The mean level of Nitric Oxide were decreased (12.97 ± 1.20) significantly in CHD group compared to controls (19.08 ± 4.74) (p <0.001). And Oxidized LDL showed significant increase (41.53 ± 8.72) in CHD group when compared to controls (16.73 ± 3.55) (p<0.001). Reduction in the levels of NO in the arterial wall impairs endothelial function. The study concludes that there is a strong association between NO and ox-LDL in progression of CHD. Interestingly, these analyses can help as diagnostic and monitoring markers in young CHD patients. --- ## Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug-Drug interactions in various regions of Andhra Pradesh **Authors:** Bothiraj M, Alagusundaram M, Chandra Sekhar K.B. **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3986 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drug-Drug Interaction, Pharmacoepidemiology, Medical Departments, Prescriptions, Demographics, Interaction checker Pharmacoepidemiology deals with the use and effects of medications in a large number of population—the combination of epidemiology principles to the effects of drug and its usage. Pharmacoepidemiology helps in optimal utilization of medicines and assist health care providers in making better decisions on drug therapy that will tend to curtail the Drug-Drug interactions, thereby prevents alteration in the pharmacological activity of one drug by another. Among all types of interaction, Drug-Drug interaction causes a higher rate of mortality. A prospective study conducted with 653 prescriptions that were collected from the various regions of Andhra Pradesh like Kadapa, Proddatur, Pulivendula, Kurnool are checked in interaction checker, results are projected in 4 categories a) Age and Sex preponderance(Demographics) rate of drugs interaction b) Interaction rate of major/minor type c) Department wise - General medicine (72.37%), Gynaec (69.02%), Pediatric (29.33%), Ophthalmology (75%) d) Most common interacting pairs of various department Ex: Ceftriaxone & Furosemide, Diclofenac & Furosemide, Albuterol & Losartan are observed in General Medicine. Statistical significance (P-value 0.00002) is obtained based on One Way ANOVA. This study elucidates the significance of pharmacoepidemiology; however, this requires much efforts to prevent causation effects of drugs. It is helpful to locate them by the establishment of “Drug interaction monitoring program” or by establishing “Pharmacoepidemiological centres” in every hospital for the screening of prescriptions by “Pharmacist” and thereby edify doctors and public for better medication use. --- ## Anxiety, Depression and Sleep Disturbances among Renal Disorders in Tertiary Care Center **Authors:** Saritha CH. V. N., Gowtham Reddy C. **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3994 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ICD-10, Depression, HAD-17, CKD, PHQ-9, hemodialysis Depression is the most general psychiatric disease in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Depression exposed to affect mortality in end-stage renal disease patient. The main focus of this study was to measure the occurrence of painful symptoms among CKD patients. Co-morbid depression influences harmfully on the excellence of life in Chronic Kidney Disease patients. This study was done to calculate predominance of depression inpatient on hemodialysis (HD) using Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-17 and International Classification of Disease-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. It was a cross-sectional study conducted from December 2019 till July 2020, in Nandhyala, Kurnool district region. Informed and written consent was taken. Patients undergoing hemodialysis at the Nandhyala, Kurnool district region for more than three months duration were involved in the study. Psychiatrists monitored Hamilton Rating scale for diagnosis and categorization of depression. Psychiatrists confirmed depression based on International Classification of Disease 10 scale. SPSS version.20 was used for statistical analysis. The study was done among 300 patients. Prevalence of depression was 234 using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)and 195 using Hamilton Rating scale (HAD- 17)and 153 using International Classification of Disease -10 (ICD-10). Mean depression in females using PHQ-9 was 7 ± 4.33 and in males was 11.04 ± 5.90, and the Median age was 47.6 years. The most common symptom was fatigue among 246. There is a high occurrence of depression in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) stage 5 on hemodialysis compared to the general population. --- ## Evaluation of phytochemical, anthelmintic activity and antidiabetic activity-melochia corchorifolia ethanol extract **Authors:** Vinoth M, Natarajan B **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3984 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Melochia corchorifolia, Eisenia fetida, phytochemical analysis, Anthelmintic activity, Antidiabetic activity Melochia corchorifolia belongs to the Sterculiaceae family and is a common weed distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions in many countries. Melochia corchorifolia is a medicinal plant which is used as a traditional folk medicine for the treatment of the various diseases. Several studies have reported antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxicity effects and anti-cancer activity of water and methanol extracts of the leaf. The dried leaves were powdered and extracted with ethanol solvent through the Soxhlet apparatus. The phytochemical analysis was done using standard techniques on the ethanolic extract. The analysis showed the presence of various phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, saponins and anthraquinones. Besides, the research was aimed at assessing the Anthelmintic behaviour of ethanol extract of Melochia corchorifolia leaves against Eisenia fetida ( Indian earthworms) the result shown that 300 mg/ml proved to be very active by paralyzing and killing the earthworms in a shorter time and followed by Antidiabetic activity in inhibition assay for α-amylase activity was evaluated using Melochia corchorifolia leaves showed maximum inhibition of the enzyme with the highest value of 85.0% seen at 100mg/ml. Our results reveal that ethanol extract of the leaf of Melochia corchorifolia acquires potent bioactive phytocompounds that might be developed into novel Anthelmintic and Antidiabetic activities. --- ## Isolation and Characterization of Anti Psychotic Compound From Cassia Occidentalis Leaf **Authors:** Suchitra D, Kilimozhi D, Vishwanath B A, Venkatesan Natarajan **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4088 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cassia occidentalis, Spectrum analysis, Phenolic compound, Neuroleptic activity The aim of the current work was mainly to find the neuroleptic effects of responsible compounds isolated from Cassia occidentalis leaves, on condiontioning avoidance and catalepsy induced psychotic wistar rats. Psychosis was induced by condiontioning avoidance and catalepsy induced in albino wistar rats. An isolated fraction of the ethanolic extract of Cassia occidentalis was ingested orally at 100 mg/kg, p.o dose. Haloperidol was considered as standard neuroleptic drug (10 mg/kg, p.o.). The isolated fractions from the column chromatography showing for the higher neuroleptic activity that facilitated for isolating the pure constituent, that was named trivially as name CO- 1.Precise analysis of the previous investigations with Ethanolic extract of Cassia occidentalis (ETCO) have encouraged us to isolate anti-psychotic responsible consituents from the leaves of Cassia occidentalis for managing the anti-psychotic activity. Collected pooled fractions were subjected to anti-psychotic activity in conditioning avoidance and catalepsy induced wistar rats. The fraction F from ETCO showed strong neuroleptic activity when compared with the commercial standard drug Haloperidol. To propose the constituents that possess anti psychotic activity related to F respectively. Besides, column chromatography analysis was performed with ‘F’ using different solvents and the isolated compound which is named as CO-1. This amorphous powder was extracted from the column with decomposition point. CO-1 is a phenolic compound that was confirmed by IR, Mass Spectrum and NMR analysis. --- ## Endocrinopathies and its relationship with Thalassemia **Authors:** Ranjit S Ambad, Roshan Kumar Jha, Saurabh Hadke, Sonal Muley **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3993 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Thalassemia, Genetic disorder, Hemoglobinopathies, Vitamin D, Ferritin Thalassemia is a common genetic blood disorder that places a burden on patients and the healthcare system, particularly in developing countries. Thalassemia is an inherited hemoglobinopathy that is transmitted to an individual as a result of a gene mutation that creates the alpha or beta-globin chains. Unless the genes are defective for beta chains, it may result in betathalassemia. If both beta genes are defective, the person has significant thalassemia and extreme anemia. Thalassemia is associated with several disorders of the endocrine that include pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, gonads, parathyroid and bone. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 Thalassemia patients, and 100 healthy controls and the levels of Minerals, Hormones, Diabetic Profile and Vitamin D was assessed in both the groups. Vitamin D deficiency was the commonest endocrine complications, followed by LH/FSH deficiency, hypothyroidism (32%), diabetes mellitus (6.7%) hyperparathyroidism and adrenal insufficiency. Seven out of thirty-two patients with hypothyroidism presented with subclinical hypothyroidism. In our study total, 41% of patients had Vitamin D deficiency, 13 % had vitamin D insufficiency, and 46% had sufficient levels. Diabetes Mellitus with high fasting levels was seen in 16% of patients. In our study, 10% of patients had no Endocrine Disorder. The present study suggests that early screening programs for iron overload should be implemented to prevent endocrinopathies in children and adults and supplemented with prophylactic vitamin D. --- ## A cross-sectional study to assess the knowledge, attitude and risk- behaviour towards Road Safety among Undergraduate Medical Students, Kanchipuram, Chennai **Authors:** Taarika Balaji, Manju A, Timsi Jain **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3981 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Practice, Awareness, Road traffic accidents, Road injuries, Road signs, Medical students Road traffic accidents/injuries in recent times have become a major global epidemic and the most important cause of death among younger population of age group 15-29 years. Countries that have undergone extensive and rapid development face an increase in the number of road accidents. This is due to the motorisation associated with urbanisation and development. A cross- sectional study was conducted among the Undergraduate Medical students of a private medical college in Chennai. Two hundred and three participants were studied by convenient sampling method. Participants were from 1st year to 4th year, and the duration of the study was for three months. A pre-tested, semi-structured and self-administered questionnaire was given, and the desired information was elicited. Data was then analysed with the help of statistical package for the social sciences software (SPSS). Chi-square test was done to test the significance (p <0.05). Among 203 study participants, 121 (59.6%) of them had a driving license. The mean age of participants was found to be 19.99, and the standard deviation equals + 1.3 years. Significantly more number of participants having driving license stopped the vehicle for pedestrians to cross the road and stopped their vehicle at a zebra crossing. The highest positive response was seen in giving way to an ambulance in those with and without a license. The number of participants wearing helmet and seatbelt was less, and the knowledge about the speed limit on national highways was also low. Significant increase in the number of female participants wearing a seat-belt, helmet, following traffic rules, avoiding drunken driving and following speed limit was observed when compared to male participants. A multi-disciplinary approach towards creating more awareness and enforcing stringent laws is the urgent need of the hour to prevent mortality and morbidity due to Road Traffic Incident. --- ## Mechanism involved in the Circulation of oxidized LDL and its Ratio; An Early Risk Marker in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Subjects with Coronary Heart Disease **Authors:** Thirunavukkarasu Jaishankar, Jai shankar, Meera Shivasekar, Vinodhini V M **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3985 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronary Heart Disease, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein, Low-Density Lipoprotein, Diabetes, non-diabetes Under oxidative stress hardening of arteries is linked to oxidative variations in low density lipoproteins and imaginably more than one mechanism is involved in the atherosclerosis, where LDL is oxidized in all the cells of intimal wall during the progression of CHD. Ox-LDL act as a prognosticator of dysfunction in endothelium along with pro-thrombotic, pro-apoptotic, pro-inflammatory properties in subjects suffering from oxidative stress. Circulating ox-LDL is associated with the development of atherosclerosis but also numerous degenerative and age related disease. The objective of our study is to assess the levels of circulating oxidized LDL and its ratio in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Subjects with CHD. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of General Medicine and Master Health check-up OP of SRM Medical College and Research Centre, Tamil Nadu, India. Totally 273 subjects in that 91 CHD patient without Diabetes, 91 CHD patient with diabetes and 91 healthy control in age group of 30 to 55 years and were age and sex matched. After overnight fasting blood samples were collected for analysis. ox-LDL were measured by ELISA method and Lipid Profile is measured using Auto Analyser AU480. Statistical analysis was done using student ‘t’ test and Pearson correlation analysis for the comparison between two groups. When compared to controls the mean level Low Density Lipoprotein and Plasma Oxidized LDL was significantly elevated in CHD group. Significantly positive correlation was observed between plasma oxidized LDL an LDL. The study concludes that increased circulating ox-LDL and its ratio are early risk marker and useful predictor of mortality in patients with CHD.For the diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease an appropriate method that reveal the mechanisms which increase circulating LDL and ox-LDL is needed. --- ## HPTLC study to determine the antioxidant activity of dried leaves of Portulaca oleracea L. **Authors:** Kesri Nandan Sharma, Nitu Bhatnagar **Published:** 2021-01-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4174 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Densitogram, Derivatization, DPPH, Nutrients, Purslane, visionCATS This present study involves the assessment of the anti-oxidant activity study of the sample which was obtained from the methanolic extracts of dried leaves of Portulaca Oleracea L.(common name Purslane). Purslane is a rich source of Vitamin A, Vitamin-C and some other B-complex vitamins like riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine and carotenoids which are known powerful natural antioxidants. Anti-oxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation. This methanolic extract of leaves was evaluated for the determination of its anti-oxidant efficiency by using 1,1–diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) by using Silica TLC plates on Camag High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) system using visionCATS software. Densitograms and chromatographs obtained show the presence of anti-oxidant activity. It is a rapid, inexpensive and straightforward method to measure anti-oxidant properties of substances after separation by HPTLC. It involves the use of the free radical, 2, 2-Diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) which is widely used to test the ability of compounds to act as free radical scavengers or hydrogen donors and to evaluate antioxidant activity. When Anti-oxidants substances react with DPPH, which is a stable free radical becomes paired off in the presence of a hydrogen donor (e.g., a free radical scavenging anti-oxidant) and is reduced to the DPPHH. As a consequence, the absorbance’s decreased from the DPPH. --- ## Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate: An eco-friendly chemical alternative for media autoclaving and explant sterilisation in plant tissue culture **Authors:** Simran Chandrahas Shetty, Narasimhan S **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3943 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Autoclaving, Explant sterilization, Media sterilization, Plant tissue culture, Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate Autoclaving nutrient media is still considered as the optimum mode of sterilisation in plant cell and tissue culture. During the process steam under high pressure is maintained at 120 degrees Celsius, 15 psi for 15-20 minutes in a chamber, optimised to kill all possible microbial life forms. But the disadvantages related to the process of autoclaving are plentiful. They are, decrease in the media pH, salt precipitation, agar depolymerisation, carbohydrate hydrolysis, volatile obliteration and necessity of the infrastructure investment. Requirements of additional resources (time, human resources, electrical energy) have forced the lookout for a more viable alternative, that is, chemical sterilisation. The use of Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) is a useful alternative for media and explant sterilisation. NaDCC is stable, watersoluble, non-toxic and easy to use at room temperature, does not have any environmental hazards and is not phytotoxic. The use of NaDCC as a disinfectant has been documented well concerning water sterilisation, surface sterilisation and also as a broad spectrum disinfecting agent. Disinfecting property of NaDCC is due to the hydrolytic release of chlorine, and this can be utilised for sterilisation of media and explants in plant tissue culture. NaDCC is a useful alternative for autoclaving at a concentration range of 0.05 to 1.0 g/l. However, only a few reports are available for its use as a sterilising agent for media and explants for in vitro cultures of plants. This paper discusses and reviews the possibility of establishing NaDCC as an active agent for explant sterilisation and as a viable alternative to medium sterilisation through autoclaving. --- ## A Novel and Rapid RP-HPLC Quantitative Method for the estimation of Canagliflozin in Human Plasma **Authors:** Ajitha A, Sujatha K, Abbulu K **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3940 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Canagliflozin, Human Plasma, Validation, ICH Guidelines A simple, precise and accurate method was developed for the quantitative estimation of Canagliflozin in human plasma using Dapagliflozin as internal standard by Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatographic technique. Chromatographic conditions were of stationary phase Phenomenex Luna C18 (2) (150 x 4.6 mm, 5m), Mobile phase 0.01 N Potassium dihydrogen Phosphate buffer pH (3.5 ± 0.05) : acetonitrile in the ratio of 45:55 and flow rate at 1.0 ml/min, detection wave length was UV 222 nm, column oven temperature was maintained at 30oC, and sample injection volume of 10 µL. Retention time of Canagliflozin was found to be about 8.7 min. Coefficient of Variation for Canagliflozin peak was 3.15 %, % recovery was 94.58 %. The linearity of method was studied from 0.06 µg/ml to 2.4 µg/ml (R2 = 0.999). The Signal to Noise ratio of lower limit of quantification (0.06 µg/ml) was found to be 50. The proposed bio-analytical method was validated by following ICH guidelines. --- ## Anticancer Potential of L-Asparaginase: An Overview **Authors:** Kamesh Kumar Keshri, Mrunali Nandanwar, Eesha Shukla, Aswatha Ram H N, Aravinda Pai, Bhavana Bhat B, Venkatesh Kamath B **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3947 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Asparaginase, Lymphoblastic leukaemia, anticancer activity, Biotechnology Asparaginase, derived from microbial origin hydrolyses L-asparagine to L- aspartic acid. The enzyme finds principal use in the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia during childhood that primarily occurs between two to ten years of age. L-Asparaginase finds its use in management of haemopoietic disorders especially in pediatrics that is caused due to proliferation and enlargement of lymphoblast in bone marrow and in blood as well as other part of the body. L- Asparaginase from bacterial sources exhibit quaternary and tertiary structural forms. However for using it in therapeutic and clinical application it should not generate any fatal allergic reaction to the patient. Such effects can occur due to the enzyme associated L-Glutaminase activity and also due to the endotoxins from bacteria in enzyme preparations. Therefore, with the recent development in biotechnology with respect to production and purification techniques it is possible to get pure L- asparaginase from microbial origin. The present article provides an insight into the mechanism of action of L-Asparaginase as an anticancer agent and its industrial applications. --- ## Pregelatinized Starch: Variability in Gelatinization and its Influence on Product Performance **Authors:** Saravanan D, Prakash Muthudoss, Praveen Khullar, Rose Venis A **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3969 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Functional Characteristics, Starch Retrogradation, Crystallinity, Particle Size, Birefringence, Gelatinization, Disintegrant-Binder properties, Viscosity, Disintegration test Starch and its derivatives are one of the significant excipients used in the pharmaceutical formulations due to their multi-purpose functionalities. The purpose of this study is two-fold: (1) Firstly, to propose a systematic approach in understanding the material properties of a starch derivative (pregelatinised starch/PGS) using analytical ‘toolbox’ as part of ‘alternative supplier sourcing’, and secondly (2) To demonstrate the effect of PGS from different vendors on the tablet disintegration using model formulations. Contextually, a two-tier characterisation procedure is generally considered as a prerequisite for establishing the sameness of the material obtained either from different batches or from various vendors. Primarily, the sameness between typical quality-control tests and compendial requirements are to be established. If similar, then sameness between the functional characteristics is to be established. In this context, the PGS from two vendors met the specifications, and there were no differences for the test results in the certificates of analysis. However, when subjected to functionality assessment, the two lots were found to be distinctly different. The influence of the functional property variations was further exemplified from viscosity results of raw material. Furthermore, this difference was even more evident when the model formulations were subjected to disintegration testing. The similarity in compendial tests but significant differences in functionality characteristics for the PGS of two vendors can be unravelled by considering variations in particle size, crystallinity, starch retrogradation and these changes are potentially attributed to the differences in the gelatinisation procedures adopted by the vendors. --- ## Impact of different blood groups on body mass index and blood pressure **Authors:** Rawaa Hadi Shareef, Basim A. Abd, Zahraa Fathi Sharba **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3967 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Obesity, body mass index, blood groups, blood pressure Obesity is considered as a public health problem that affects all age groups in the population. Genetic factors are considered as one of the non-modifiable risk factors, causing obesity. Hypertension is a chronic medical condition that is associated with vague symptoms. The ABO blood type is one of the fundamental genetic factors that can give important information for early detection of risky population. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different blood groups on body mass index and blood pressure. The design of this study is a cross-sectional study, included 250 participants (144 males and 106 females), aged between 18-70 years were selected from the population of Al- Najaf Governorate, Iraq, through a period which extends from October 2019 to February 2020. The blood groups were determined for each participant; blood pressure and body mass index were also measured. The results of a current study revealed that from this 250 participants there was 115 were obese person, 82 were overweight person, 51 were normal weight, and 2 were underweight persons. In the obese group, the blood group B has the highest percentage (45.2% ) followed by blood group A and O that were found to have the same percentage (22.6%), while the blood group AB has the lower percentage (9.6%). On the other hand, there was no significant relationship between hypertension and ABO blood groups. --- ## Evaluation of Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn. for Anthelmintic Activity **Authors:** Astalakshmi Narayanan, Senthilkumar Palaniappan **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3937 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mussaenda erythrophylla, Phertima Posthuma, piperazine citrate, anthelmintic Medicinal plants are an essential source of treatment for various ailments. The Rubiaceae family is a rich source of medicinally important herbs. Mussaenda is an active member of the family Rubiaceae. It is largely seen in parks and gardens as an ornamental plant of India. It is a native of Western tropical Africa. Helminths are a wide choice of organisms which include worms such as parasitic intestinal worms, whipworms (Trichuris trichiura), (Ascaris lumbricoides) or hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale) etc. Helminthiasis is a condition of infection by worms. It is commonly known as worm infection As per WHO statistics near about 2 billion peoples are infected by soil-transmitted helminths worldwide. The infected class of peoples were found to be nutritionally and physically impaired. The current study aims at exploring the anthelmintic property of the leaves of Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn. Anthelmintic properties of Mussaenda erythrophylla leaves extracts using petroleum ether(60-80◦C), chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol were evaluated against Phertima posthuma(Indian earth worms) at five concentrations viz.,10mg/ml,20mg/ml, 30mg/ml, 40mg/ml and 50mg/ml. Piperazine citrate is used as the reference standard. The duration taken for paralysis and death of the Phertima posthuma were assessed for all the groups. Methanolic extract of Mussaenda erythrophylla shows moderately significant anthelmintic property as compared to the non-treated group. --- ## Artava Kshaya with Hypothyroidism: A case study **Authors:** Bhagyashri Vijay Chaudhari **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3946 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Artava Kshaya, Hypothyroidism Artava Kshaya is the condition in which the menstruation does not occur in its appropriate time, which can be correlated with oligomenorrhoea with Scanty Menstrual flow. Hypothyroidism is one of the causative factors of oligomenorrhoea, i.e. Artava Kshaya. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in the reproductive age group ranges from 2% to 4%. It affects female fertility in the form of menstrual irregularities, infertility and spontaneous first trimester miscarriages. In modern science, thyroxine is used for the management of hypothyroidism which is useful but with specific side effects. A 27 years old married female with the complaints of delayed and scanty menstrual flow for four years with an obstetric history of G1P1L1 & on 12.5 thyroxine tablet, visited the OPD. A urine pregnancy test was negative. Thyroid profile showed high TSH level, i.e. 9.23 uIU/ml and USG report showed small-sized Uterus with thin endometrium and very small-sized both ovaries without detectable follicles. Based on the symptoms and investigations, the patient was diagnosed as a case of Artava Kshaya with hypothyroidism. The principle of treatment was focused on Agnideepana, Strotoshodhana, Artava Pravartana and Vata Kapha Shamana. A treatment scenario was selected for the management, and follow up was done after every month. --- ## Study on prescription writing practices in a tertiary care teaching hospital, Mysore **Authors:** Harshith N, Laksmi Nagesh, Kanakavalli K. Kundury, Sujay Mugaloremutt Jayadeva **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3911 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** MCI (Medical Council of India), Prescription, MRC (Medical Reimbursement Claims), Clinical diagnosis, Prescribers, Medical Practitioners Accurate Use of Prescription betters the well being of patients. It becomes very essential to study Prescription Writing practices. The main goal of the study was to study the Prescription writing Practices and to assess the gaps in Prescription Writing so that it would be beneficial to the Patients. The study was conducted attertiary care teaching hospital in Mysore for Period of 6 months. Data was collected by both Retrospective and Prospective ways, A total of 2825 prescriptions were randomly collected from out patients visiting the study site, and analyzed. Sixteen Criteria were analyzed pertaining to the Prescription writing Practices the most significant criteria for Clinical diagnosis, which is crucial for avoiding misdistribution of drug to patients was missing in majority of the prescriptions. Prescribers initials, Seal with MRC of the prescriber in 6 months data it was seen that most of criteria which is mandated by MCI (medical council of India) not being followed by physicians. The study recommends for Medical Practitioners to follow the MCI Protocol in order to avoid errors in Prescription. --- ## Association of Physical Activity with Flexibility in Overweight and Obese Children **Authors:** Malarvizhi D, Devika R **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3910 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Physical activity questionnaire (PAQ-C), Sit and reach test, Flexibility, Body Mass Index, Overweight, Obese children Physical activity is also defined as a bodily movement which is produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure. The Daily physical activity can reduce the risk factors such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, and juvenile diabetes mellitus, improves functional health and weight control. Due to lack of physical activity, the children can become overweight or obese. To find the association of physical activity with flexibility in healthy, overweight and obese children. Non-experimental, observational study and 100 samples were taken based on inclusion criteria to find the association of physical activity on flexibility in normal, overweight, obese children, between the age group of 11 - 13 years by using physical activity questionnaire (PAQ-C), Body Mass Index in percentile and, sit and reach test as outcome measures. The study setting was Sree Sankara Bala Vidhyalaya School. The physical activity ques- tionnaire was given to them and asked to fill the (PAQ-C) questionnaire, and the flexibility of each child was checked by sit and reach test. The score of the questionnaire and sit and reach test value was recorded. The results showed that there was no significant association in physical activity and flexibility in overweight and obese children. Whereas the physical activity was low among obese children than healthy weight and overweight children, and the flexibility was low among healthy children. --- ## An in-vitro study to compare and evaluate the anti-diabetic effect of mixed fruit juice nanoemulsion with acarbose **Authors:** Gayathri K, Karpagavel L, Murugavel K, Manikandan N **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3936 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alpha glucosidase, Anti-diabetic, Fruit juice extract, Nanoemulsion Diabetes has become a global health concern, its management lies hugely on expensive medical care and monitoring; thus the need to investigate possible alternatives to reduce treatment cost and also to reduce the side effects of commonly used anti diabetic drugs. This study aims to assess the antidiabetic effect of mixed fruit juice nanoemulsion of Coccinia grandis, Punica granatum and Phyllanthus emblica. Mixed fruit juice nanoemulsion were prepared in the ratio of VCO oil:water:surfactant- 32:36:32 (%w/w). characterization parameters of mixed fruit juice nanoemulsion including PH , zeta poten- tial, size, morphology were within the standard limits and was used for the study. The anti diabetic effect of nano emulsified mixed fruit juice was compared with that of acarbose by measuring their inhibitory effect on the enzyme alpha glucosidase. Maximum Inhibitory effect of formulated Nano emulsion on enzyme alpha glucosidase was 83% at concentration 81µg/ml whereas that for the standard anti-diabetic drug Acarbose was 93% at concentration 540µg/ml. For acarbose, the maximum Inhibition was 92% at the concentration of 540µg/ml. The relative inhibition Percentage of Nano emulsion versus Control has been analyzed and the results found to be statistically significant (P<0.003). --- ## Thyroid Disorders Among People with Type 2 Diabetes in Misan Province: Prevalence Study **Authors:** Rasha K Khudhur, Ishraq J. Hasan, Maysaa Ghazi, Malik M. Hasan **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3939 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) with thyroid disorders are common endocrine disorders, and both of them mostly come close in any clinical practice. Hormones of the thyroid gland can influence carbohydrate metabolism. On the other side, there is a degree of insulin resistance in DMT2. The study aimed is to determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions in DMT2. A cross-sectional study was done enrolling 100 participants included, (n= 40) men, and (n= 60) women, their age ranged between 20-90 years old. Evaluation for thyroid status and assessment of T3, T4, and TSH levels were done. The results were 60% euthyroid, 33% hypothyroid, and 7% hyperthyroid cases from 100 patients with diabetes mellitus; among them, 17% in young adults, 49% in middle age, and 34% in the old age patients, the diabetic patients’ results comprised between both sexes were 40% male and 60% females. In a comparison between rural and urban patients, the results were 44% rural and 56% urban. The study found there’s 22% of thyroid dysfunction patients were with family history, and 42% of DM patients with family history, besides, there is 28% of patients suffered from hypertension and 33% of patients were smokers. So, the study showed a high prevalence of dysfunction among those with DMT2, especially hypothyroidism. Family history and DM might be pre-existing factors to the development of thyroid dysfunction. Hypertension and tobacco smoking might be a risk factor for thyroid dysfunction. --- ## Yellow Medicine of Nature- The future Chartbuster Protoberberine Antivirals **Authors:** Narasimhan S **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3974 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme, Antiviral, Berberine, Isoquinoline, Medicinal plants, Protoberberine Emerging viral diseases are one of the principal threat towards the plants, animals and humans. Viruses are fast evolving, resulting in reduced effectiveness of existing drugs and vaccines. At this juncture, the importance of traditional medicine, as well as medicinal plant active principles, occupies central attention of researchers across the world. Protoberberine alkaloids, an essential group of isoquinoline family of alkaloids, exhibit properties were affecting the life cycle of DNA and RNA viruses. However, from this protoberberine group, only berberine alkaloid has been studied in detail for its mechanism of action. Berberine is useful both in the case of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Berberine inhibits viral life cycle by modulating NF-kB signalling, targeting viral glycoproteins and downregulation of MEK-ERK signalling. Apart from this, berberine also inhibits ACE. All protoberberine alkaloids share a characteristic protoberberine skeleton. The protoberberine containing botanicals also exhibited antiviral properties. Therefore protoberberine alkaloids and protoberberine containing botanicals are interesting to experiment in detail for their antiviral properties and mechanism of action in emerging viral diseases of plants, animals and humans. --- ## An Online Module Series to Prepare Pharmacists to Facilitate Cognitive Pharmaceutical Services **Authors:** Deepalakshmi M, Vijay V, Navaneethakrishnan S, Manikandan P, Arun K P, Ponnusankar S **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3913 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Community pharmacy, E. Module, continuing pharmacy education, Patient counselling An online module series offered to prepare pharmacists to facilitate cognitive pharmaceutical services. Four e-courses were uploaded in the e-based continuing pharmacy education (CPE) for community pharmacists. The four courses offered were the patient counselling aspects of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, peptic ulcer and asthma. Each course covered the necessary information about the disease, brief pathophysiology, treatment options, lifestyle modifications, expected side effects, ADR of treatment, Dos and Don’ts by the patients. The contents of these courses were presented online in the form of slides in reading format. The presentation included text, pictures and graphs. Out of 70 respondents, about 65.71% of (n=46) were male. Majority of the pharmacists (68.57%), (n=48) found to be D.Pharm. Holders Among 70 pharmacists about 55 pharmacists completed the patient counselling modules Majority of the respondents (n=38; 54%) believed that increasing the knowledge of the pharmacists would help to enhance the present status of pharmacy practice. More than three fourth (n=53; 76%) of the community pharmacists responded that continuing pharmacy education programs to be attended to develop their professional expertise. The feedback on the e-learn modules undergone by the participants was very encouraging and promising. All the participants agreed that the faculty of the module had got sound knowledge, and the modules were practical. This study’s results suggest that a series of self-paced online modules with appropriate content can improve pharmacists confidence to provide cognitive pharmaceutical service. --- ## Study of Clinico-Etiological profile of seizures in Kolar District of Karnataka, India **Authors:** Suvarna Rekha P, Krishnappa J **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3908 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Epilepsy, Seizure, Convulsion, clinical profile, Neurocysticercosis All children between 1 month to 18 years, admitted with new on set undiagnosed febrile or a febrile convulsive seizure disorder to R.L. Jalappa Hospital and Research Centre, Kolar are included in this study. The study was conducted over a period of one year from Dec 2013 to Jan 2015 with sample size of 150. The mean age of onset of seizure in study group was 5.19 ± 4.37 years.The age group at which maximum onset of seizures found was between 1-5 years of life. Febrile seizure (65.9%) was the most common cause of seizure below 5 years of age and Neurocysticercosis (50%) in the age group 6-18 years. Females were more susceptible to seizure disorders than males. The most common clinical presentation of seizures was generalized tonic-clonic type (56.6%). The most common etiology was infectious (66.1%), Idiopathic generalized epilepsies (45%) were most common type of epilepsy. Mean temperature on admission to hospital in febrile seizure patients was 101.430F. Mean age for febrile seizure was 24.05 months. Further, studies on large scale over longer duration should be carried out, to put forth the diagnostic guidelines and management plans based on clinical presentation and etiological causes in a specific age group. --- ## Mechanism of Drug Resistance in Enterococci and Therapeutic Options -A Review **Authors:** Reena Rajan **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3942 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Mechanism of antibiotic resistance, Multidrug-resistant Enterococci, Therapeutic options Enterococci exhibit an array of ways for constitutional and extrinsic resistance to primary antimicrobial agents available for clinical use. Susceptibility of these agents to β lactams, aminoglycosides or glycopeptides antibiotics or low susceptibility to combination of these agents, monomicrobial or polymicrobial nature of the infection, the involvement of heart valves or other endovascular structures affects therapy of Enterococcal infection. Vancomycin-resistant phenotypes A and B are most prevalent among medically important Enterococci isolates. Due to poor uptake of aminoglycosides, moderate level inherent resistance was reported in Enterococci. Gentamicin and Streptomycin are among the aminoglycoside antibiotics recommended for synergistic combination therapy with a cell wall acting agent. Enterococci isolates display inherent resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics due to less affinity penicillinbinding proteins, class B. Resistance to macrolides, due to erm B genotype and efflux proteins are common in Enterococci. Fluoroquinolone resistance due to genetic changes in chromosomal resistance determining regions has been observed in Enterococci isolates. Despite studies on good invitro action of Daptomycin, Linezolid and Tigecycline on Enterococci, their use may be limited due to shortage of clinical data and emergence of drug resistance. Thus opti- mal therapeutic option for Multidrug-resistant Enterococci infection is based on empirical observation, higher doses and combination therapies. This article reviews the antimicrobial resistance mechanism in Enterococci and available therapeutic options. --- ## Assessment of prevalence of vasomotor menopausal symptoms using a modified menopause rating scale (MRS) in Peri and postmenopausal women **Authors:** Aariya Srinivasan, Archana Kumari **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3968 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Menopause, Vasomotor symptoms, Middle-aged women, Prevalence Menopausal symptoms can often be distressing and affect the normal activities of women in their middle age. This can significantly reduce their quality of life. This study was done to assess the prevalence of vasomotor menopausal symptoms using a modified menopause rating scale (MRS) in Peri and postmenopausal women. A cross-sectional observational study was done on 100 middle-aged women (40-65 yrs) during the period January-June 2020 using the modified menopause rating scale (MRS). The mean age of the respondents in the study was 52.71 yrs. The mean age at menopause is 56 yrs. The commonly found symptoms were joint and muscular discomfort (80%), physical and mental exhaustion (65%) and sleeping problems (50%) appears to be the most commonly experienced symptoms by these women. The other symptoms are hot flushes and night sweats (46%), irritability (40%), dryness of vagina (38%), anxiety (36%), depressive mood (34%), sexual problems(30%), heart discomfort (16%) bladder problems (14%). This study showed that the typical vasomotor symptoms of menopause like sweating and hot flushes were comparatively lower than that of somatic symptoms like joint and muscular discomfort, mental and physical exhaustion in general. At the same time, postmenopausal women experienced more of urogenital symptoms, while Peri and premenopausal women experienced somatic and psychological symptoms. --- ## Method Development and Validation for Quantification of Sulfamethoxazole in Human plasma by UPLC-MS/MS **Authors:** Vijey Aanandhi M, Yamini R, Elancheziyan K, Prakash Chand T, Aysha Jadeera K A, Binoy Varghese Cheriyan **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3907 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sulfamethoxazole, Method Development, Chromatographic Conditions, Method Validating Parameters The main objective of the study aimed at developing and validating the advanced effective Liquid-Liquid Extraction method for evaluating Sulfamethoxazole in Human plasma, by following the FDA guidelines using UPLC-MS/MS and Sulfamethoxazole D4 as Internal Standard. The analyte was eluted using Acetonitrile: 10mM Ammonium Formate pH 4.5 (60:40 v/v) flows through the column and flow-rate of 0.400mL/min. The injected volume set was 5µl. Chromatogram obtained with isocratic elution with efficient separation. Spiking concentrations were fixed for the Calibration Curve and Quality Control samples that produced the linearity over the range of 320.635ng/ml to 22009.900ng/ml for the standard curve. The slope 0.0000535324 and corresponding intercept was plotted using the developed method. The method has been validated according to all established parameters of inter and intra precision and accuracy and showing recovery of 71.39% and 71.14% for SM and SMD4 respectively. Reinjection and Reproducibility and Auto Sampler Carry Over Test were met with the specifications. The validated method drew accuracy and meets specifications for the Big Batch, Hemolyzed and Dilution Integrity samples. This assay method was developed that proves all the stability parameters for the matrices as well as solutions used for the study and suitable for the bioequivalence study. The proposed method may also be applicable for the study of combined formulations. --- ## ORIF with Tension band wiring in transverse fractures of the patella-A prospective study **Authors:** Yeshwanth subash, Damo dharan, Vishnu S **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3973 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lysholm score, ORIF, Patella, TBW Fractures of the patella account for 1% of all fractures and can be managed by both conservative and surgical means. By this study, we aimed to evaluate the functional outcome following ORIF (Open reduction and internal fixation) of transverse patellar fractures with TBW (Tension band wiring). Thirty patients with patellar fractures who presented between June 2011 to June 2014 were managed surgically and were followed up for three years. Functional analysis was performed using the Lysholm scoring system. The patients in our study had a mean age of 42.86 years ranging from 19 to 71 years. There were 18 males and 12 females in our study with the right knee being more commonly affected. The mean surgical time was 57.66 minutes ranging from 45 to 70 minutes, and the average blood loss was 180.5 ml ranging from 160 to 210 ml We were able to achieve a 100% union rate in our series with the average time to fracture union being 11.83 weeks. The mean Lysholm score was 87.80 11.20. All patients were satisfied with the functional outcome and were able to return to activities of work and daily living to the best possible extent. ORIF with TBW is an effective treatment option in the management of transverse fractures of the patella, and it gives good radiological and functional outcomes to the patients. --- ## Lasers in Endodontic: A review **Authors:** Akshay Jaiswal, Anuja Ikhar, Pradnya Nikhade, Manoj Chandak, Rushikesh Bhonde, Samrudhi Kathod, Saurabh Rathi, Kajol Relan **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3970 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Laser diagnosis, Nd: YAG, Root canal treatment, laser therapy use Since the development of ruby laser by Maiman in 1960 & application of laser for endodontics by Weichman in 1971, a variety of papers on potential applications for lasers in endodontics have been published. Lasers have been a significant advancement in the field of endodontics. Be it effective cleaning, root canal treatment, surgery etc. The lateral accessory canals and anatomical complexities have been a restraint in root canal procedure, for such cases lasers have been introduced to simplify the process & have good clinical results. As there has been a boon in the improvement of laser techniques, many latest lasers having a broad array of characteristics is accessible and can also be helpful in several areas related to dentistry. When compared with conventional techniques, laser treatments has been proven to be more advantageous. The purpose of this article is to summarize laser applications in endodontics, including their use in pulp diagnosis, dentinal hypersensitivity, pulp capping and pulpotomy, sterilization of root canals, root canal shaping & obturation & apicectomy. This article reviews the role of lasers in endodontics since the early 1970s & summarizes what future may hold for endodontics. With the potential availability of many new laser wavelengths and modes, much interest is developing in this promising field. --- ## Bacterial Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern among Diabetic Foot Ulcer Patients **Authors:** Steffy Ligi Binu, Abhishek Chandran, Chaitra shree, Abhijith Shetty, Sharad Chand, Juno J. Joel, Bharath Raj K C, Nandakumar U P **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3972 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes, diabetic complication, antibiotics, bacterial resistance, ulcer, antibiotic susceptibility The current study was undertaken to analyze the bacteriological profile among diabetic foot ulcer patients and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility and resistance pattern of the organisms isolated. This was a prospective observational study conducted among 102 patients for six months. All patients, aged above 18 years diagnosed with diabetic foot ulcers and performed with culture and sensitivity tests in the department of general surgery, were enrolled in the study. All the relevant details of the study were collected and analyzed. Out of 102 patients enrolled, 72 were males and 30 were females. The majority of the bacteria that were isolated from the culture samples were found to be gram-negative, 119 (79.33%) and 31 (20.97%) were found to be gram-positive. Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most frequently isolated gram-positive micro-organism. It was found to have more sensitivity to both vancomycin and teicoplanin (100%) whereas it showed high resistance to benzylpenicillin (84.6%). Among various gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most commonly isolated. It showed high sensitivity to doripenem (70.9%) and was found to be more resistant to levofloxacin (51.6%). Our study concluded on the predominance of gram-negative bacteria among the enrolled patients. Among the 22 different types of bacteria identified, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequently isolated species. --- ## Effectiveness of Practicing Self-Care Module on Activities of Daily Living (ADL) among Patients with Schizophrenia in a Selected Hospital **Authors:** Kala valli, Kanni ammal, Malar vizhi **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3909 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Self-care needs, ADL, Schizophrenia, Brain disease, Nursing care, Psychiatric Nurses, Independent activities, re-training Schizophrenia is a clinical syndrome of very serious and persistent neurobiological brain disease with profoundly disruptive psychopathology that results in severe, impairment in the lives of an individual, family and community. Patients need to depend on the family members or health care team members to meet their self-care needs. The present study determined the effectiveness of practicing self-care module on Activities of daily living (ADL) among patients with schizophrenia in selected hospital. During the study period, totally 30 patients with schizophrenia between the age group of 21-40yrs participated in this study. Convenient sampling technique was used to select the participants. After obtaining consent, data has been collected from subjects with observational checklist. Subjects were given training for seven hours per day. Post test was conducted after 7days. Descriptive, paired t test and chi-square test were used to analyze the data. The finding of the study depicts evidence of significant difference between pre and post test at the level of P<0.01, so the self-care module helped them in their Activities of daily living to the maximum extent. There was a statistically significant difference in pre and post-test on level of performance in relation to Personal hygiene, personal grooming, communication, responsibilities and over all the level of P<0. 001.The study highlighted that, the need of retraining ADL for patients with schizophrenia is mandatory by the psychiatric nurses in hospital setting. --- ## Miswak starch-based gel as topical preparation for potential management of infective ulceration **Authors:** Nadia Halib, John Chong Keat Hon, Rohazila Mohamad Hanafiah, Izzah Syahirah Ahmad Azam, Mohd Ikram Mohd Shamshuddin **Published:** 2021-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3938 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Miswak, starch, Staphylococcus aureus, topical gel, antibacterial activity Salvadora persica or Miswak is known for its antibacterial activities towards various bacteria species, including several oral pathogens. Although Miswak has many therapeutic potentials, the delivery medium is vital to ensure that the desired effects can be delivered to the target site. Ideally, starch is a biopolymer that exhibits muco-adhesive property, suitable as topical delivery material. Hence, this study was done to develop starch-based gel for Miswak antibacterial compound delivery system. In this study, Miswak hexane extract was incorporated into starch-based gels and stored at 4◦C and room temperature. Miswak gel was tested for its antibacterial activity, and its stability was monitored by visual observation. As a result, the mean inhibitory zones of Miswak gels were found to be 22.67 ± 3.79 mm (4◦C) and 20.67 ± 2.08 mm (room temperature) at day-1. The inhibitory zone decreased after 30 days with 13.00 ± 2.52 mm (4◦C), and 12.00 ± 1.00 mm (room temperature). It was observed that the gels were stable where there were no colour changes, no phase separation and degradation, visualised up to day-60. In conclusion, the starch-based gel is a suitable delivery system for Miswak extract, thus as potential management for infective ulceration. --- ## A comparative study on the effectiveness of Mulligan mobilization versus Positional release therapy technique in patients with Adhesive capsulitis **Authors:** Chandrasekaran K, Sundaram M S, Senthil Selvam P, Viswanath Reddy A, Senthilkumar S, Rathnapandi V **Published:** 2021-01-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3904 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adhesive capsulitis, Codman pendular exercises, Mulligan mobilization with movement, Positional release therapy, SPADI questionnaire Adhesive capsulitis is a painful condition in which the movement of the shoulder becomes limited and functional activity is affected. Adhesive capsulitis occurs when the shoulder joint capsule become thick, stiff and inflamed. The aim of the study is to compare the effectiveness of Mulligan movement with mobilization versus Positional release technique on shoulder range of motion and functional activity in patients with adhesive capsulitis. 30 patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (N = 15) received Mulligan mobilization technique and Group B (N = 15) received positional release therapy. The shoulder range of motion (Abduction, External rotation, Internal rotation) was measured by goniometer, the functional activity by SPADI questionnaire. The results showed that significant differences in shoulder ROM Abduction (t = 14.18, p = 0.000), Internal rotation (t = 13.80, p = 0.000), External rotation (t = 15.87, p = 0.000) and SPADI questionnaire (t = 13.94, p = 0.000) were observed in group A patients when compared to group B. In conclusion the Mulligan mobilization technique was effective to improve the shoulder ROM and reduce functional disability in patients with adhesive capsulitis compared to Positional release technique. --- ## Antimicrobial Efficacy of Vaccinium macrocarpon mouthwash against Steptococcus mutans in dental plaque of caries active children – A randomized controlled trial **Authors:** Neethu Ann Preethy, Sujatha Somasundaram **Published:** 2021-01-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3906 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** children, chlorhexidine, cranberry, mouthwash, streptococcus mutans Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) extracts have been found to be rich in polyphenols specifically, including flavonoids, that have been found to exhibit beneficial properties to human health. Considering the recent inclination in the preference of people towards herbal based products and remedies, and taking into account the possible side-effects of chlorhexidine, the current study was undertaken to comparatively evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Vaccinium macrocarpon and chlorhexidine mouthwash on the Streptococcus mutans count in the dental plaque of caries, active children. The study follows a parallel design involving 50 children divided into two groups of 25 each - Group 1: chlorhexidine mouthwash; Group 2: cranberry mouthwash. The initial plaque samples and the samples were taken after 14 days were evaluated using a digital colony counter for determining the streptococcal colony count/ml. A statistically significant difference was found in both the groups with respect to the Streptococcal colony count when the intra-group comparison was made comparing the baseline values to the values after 14 days. However, no significant difference was seen in the percentage of reduction in the microbial CFU/ml between the two groups. Cranberry mouthwash can be considered to be an effective alternative to Chlorhexidine mouthwash, given its additional systemic effects apart from local beneficial effects in the oral region. Future scope in research should be aimed at evaluating its long term health benefits and any possible adverse effects. --- ## Enhanced Antibacterial activity of Capparis decidua fruit mediated Selenium Nanoparticle against Enterococcus faecalis **Authors:** Anushya P, Preetha S, Lavanya Prathap, Jeevitha M **Published:** 2021-01-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3905 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Capparis decidua, Selenium nanoparticle, Antibacterial activity, Enterococcus faecalis Nanotechnology has become one among the promising approaches for innovations which fulfil the human needs. Nanoparticles even have many applications in several fields like nanocomposites, medical imaging, nanobiocomposite filters, targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia of tumours. In which Selenium is an important micronutrient for living organisms. These nanoparticles are safe, eco friendly, inexpensive and nontoxic. Enterococcus faecalis is an emergent gram - positive opportunistic pathogen that is the causative agent of several nosocomial infections and surgical wound infections. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly necessary to find other alternative treatments than commonly utilized drugs. The purpose of this study is to assess the antibacterial activity of Capparis decidua fruit mediated selenium nanoparticles (cds-se Nps) against Enterococcus faecalis. In this experimental study Se Nps were prepared by the reaction of 30mM sodium selenite solution and extracts of Capparis decidua. Antibacterial activity of SeNPs was assessed by using a disc diffusion method against Enterococcus faecalis. The SeNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometers. In the present study, the zone of inhibition shows 32mm, 35 mm, 37mm and 30 mm at concentration of 50 microliter, 100 microliter, 150 microliter and antibody respectively. The Capparis decidua fruit mediated SeNp showed a good antibacterial activity against the pathogen Enterococcus faecalis. --- ## Prevalence and treatment for cheilitis - A retrospective study **Authors:** Hemashree J, Manjari Chaudhary **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3877 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cheilitis, Prevalence, Treatment, Antifungals, Iron Supplements, Age, Gender Cheilitis also known as cracked lips is nothing but the inflammation of the lip causing dryness or peeling away of the skin. Aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and treatment for cheilitis among patients visiting Saveetha Dental College. Online database was used for retrieval of data. Case sheets of 86, 000 patients were reviewed among which 50 patients were recruited for the study who had cheilitis. Data such as age, gender and appropriate treatment given for the patient was noted. All the data collected was entered in Microsoft Excel Sheet. Statistical analysis was done. Rate of prevalence of cheilitis according to this study is 0.05%. Prevalence of cheilitis was most common among the age group of 36 - 45 years of age (24%). Females were mostly affected (26%). Clotrimazole mouth point (50%) was the most common treatment given for cheilitis. No statistical significance (p > 0.05) for the age and treatment options. Within the limits of this study females of the age group 36 - 45 years of age had the highest prevalence of cheilitis. Clotrimazole topical application was the most common followed by vitamin V12 complex for treatment of cheilitis. --- ## Chemotherapy induced cardio toxicity with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide in breast cancer patient - a case report **Authors:** Jis Ann Maria, Jina Raj, Mukundan G, Vysakh Visweswaran, Aiswarya Mohan, Ayana S Kumar, Rajesh Thachathodiyl, Remya Reghu **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4494 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** chemotherapy, cardiotoxicity, anthracyclines, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, dexrazoxane Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring neoplasm in women, which can be curable as well as can reduce the recurrence of cancer, with the help of various multidisciplinary approaches and thereby decrease the morbidity as well as mortality. Chemotherapy is a well-defined therapeutic approach for breast cancer, but cardiotoxicity is the most potential side-effect associated with chemotherapeutic drugs. Doxorubicin, along with cyclophosphamide, produces serious cardiotoxicity due to potential drug interaction. It is a case of a 63-year-old female patient post-menopausal with k/c/o type 2 diabetic Mellitus on medication. Clinically and radiologically, she was diagnosed with carcinoma left breast (IMC grade III, TNBC, CT2N0Mx). She underwent breast conserving surgery (BCS) or lumpectomy without reconstruction. The HPE report suggestive of infiltrating mammary carcinoma NST grade 3. She was currently on adjuvant chemotherapy IInd cycle. Post chemotherapy, she was admitted with complaints of chest discomfort and chest pain. Screening ECHO showed grade I diastolic dysfunction and also the cardiac enzymes and cardiac marker troponins I was found to be elevated. She had undergone CAG for risk stratification. She was thought to have chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity associated with atypical chest pain and was advised medical follow up. Doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide-induced cardiac dysfunction and associated adverse events can be prevented or minimized with dose modification, use of cardioprotective drugs, identifying patient-related risk factors and regular cardiac monitoring of the patient receiving chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide in breast cancer treatment. --- ## A study to assess the effectiveness of breathing exercises on selected pulmonary parameters on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at selected hospitals Chennai **Authors:** Ambiga K **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4401 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Effectiveness, COPD, Breathing Exercise, Pulmonary Parameters The most frequent chronic lung disease characterized by increased resistivity to airflow as a result of airway obstruction. A study to assess the effectiveness of breathing exercises on selected pulmonary parameters on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. To assess the pulmonary function before administering breathing exercises, to assess the pulmonary function after administering breathing exercises. The research design used in this study was quasi-experimental, two groups before and after design. Non-probability convenient sampling technique was followed to allow the samples to an experimental and control group. The tool contains 3 parts part A- demographic variables, part B-measurement of pulmonary parameters and part C-self-instructional module on breathing exercises. The practicing of breathing exercise was found to be effective in improving the pulmonary parameters. Younger age patients gained more breathing hold time after practicing breathing exercise. Non-smokers gained more chest expansion and PEFR after practicing breathing exercise. The results of the study were concluded that selected breathing exercises (Pursed lip and Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise) given to the COPD patients was effective to improve in their pulmonary parameters. --- ## Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among children attending a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Rajendra Kumar Karadiya, Saroj Hooja, Nita Pal, Rajeev Yadav, Nitya Vyas **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4543 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Children, Helminth, IPIs, Prevalence, Protozoa, Risk factors Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are one of the major causes of morbidity in the developing world. This hospital-based prospective study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence rates of IPIs and to assess the risk factors associated with these infections in children attending a paediatric hospital. Seven hundred and five patients were analysed for IPIs and associated risk factors from April 2018 to March 2019. Information on the associated risk factors was obtained from a structured questionnaire protocol. Microscopic examination of stool samples was done by direct slide smear and after the formolether concentration technique. The overall prevalence of IPIs was 20.9%. In the age group, 5-9 years, the prevalence of parasitic infection (27.4%) was high. Among the intestinal parasites detected helminths and protozoans were 60.8% and 39.1% respectively. Among the helminths, Ascaris lumbricoides (20.5%) was most prevalent followed by Trichuris trichiura (18.1%) while among the protozoa Giardia intestinalis (18.7%) was most prevalent, followed by Entamoeba spp. (8.4%). Among the positive samples, the single parasite was detected in 87.8% while dual parasites were detected in 12.2% stool samples. Univariate analysis showed age, drinking water from an open well, a habit of open defecation, illiteracy and living in a rural area to be associated with a high risk of IPIs (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression revealed a significant association of intestinal parasitic infections with age (0-5years) and (10-14 years) and drinking water from an open well. Identifying and rectifying risk factors by creating awareness are needed to prevent community spread. Periodic deworming programmes should be implemented successfully in the community. --- ## An analytical assessment on Mucoadhesive Buccal Drug Delivery System for improving patient convenience and compliance **Authors:** Suresh Babu P, Marina Amarendra, Subha V J, Senthamarai S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3780 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mucoadhesion, Buccal film/patch, components, penetration enhancer, characterization In recent years, the novel mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery system has been developed over the conventional and systemic dosage forms. To bypass drugs from the hepatic first-pass metabolism and it enhances the bioavailability of drug at the site of administration. Absorption of a drug through the buccal mucosa reduces the degradation. Some of the enzyme activity and pH variation in the gastrointestinal tract reduces the absorption and active drug loss. To overcome this problem, the buccal route is preferred. Polymers are used in this formulation to improve the drug release rate over an extended period, and also, the therapeutic plasma level of the drug can be rapidly achieved. Overall this narrative review explains mechanism and theories, method of preparation, factors affecting mucoadhesion, advantages and limitations, applications, components used in the formulation, characterization and evaluation methods. Since the cytoplasm and intercellular spaces are hydrophilic. Lipophilic drugs have a low solubility in this environment. However, the cell membrane is rather lipophilic; it tends to difficulty permeating the hydrophilic solute through the cell membrane because of a low partition coefficient. Therefore, the cytoplasm and intercellular spaces act as a major barrier to penetration of lipophilic compounds and the cell membrane poses as an extensive transport barrier for hydrophilic compounds. Since the oral epithelial is stratified, the permeation of solute may involve these combination routes so that the route is more predictable. --- ## Anti-diabetic activity of rhizome extracts of Imperata cylindrical against alloxan-induced Diabetes Mellitus in rats **Authors:** Ranjana Kohli, Madan L Kaushik, Jai Parkash Kadian, Bhupendra Chauhan **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4544 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antidiabetic, Alloxan, Imperata cylindrical, Glibenclamide, Diabetes mellitus The anti-diabetic effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Imperata cylindrical rhizomes was investigated in alloxan-induced diabeties in rats. Diabetes was induced by a single 150 mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of alloxan. Rats were divided into five groups with six rats in each group i.e. the normal control group, diabetic control group, standard group (glibenclamide, 10mg/kg, p.o.), Test-I group (200 mg/kg ethanolic extract) and Test-II group (200 mg/kg aqueous extract). The above concerned groups were inoculated on 21st day. On the last day of the experiment, fasted rats were killed by cervical dislocation. The body weight was measured at the initial day and final day. The blood samples were collected for estimation of glucose. The loss of body weight in control group, but recovery was observed in drug treated group. The serum glucose level was significant increased in diabetic rats. However, significant improvement was observed in treated group. The biochemical parameters such as HDL and proteins level were decreased in the control group but maintained in drug treated group. LDL, cholesterol, triglyceride creatinine and urea were significant increase in control group however, reduced level in drug treated group. The present study concluded that ethanolic and aqueous extracts of I. cylindrical rhizome showed an appreciable effect in reducing the hyperglycemia and the complications associated with diabetes. However, aqueous extract is found more significant in decreasing blood glucose level in comparison to the ethanolic extract. The study results justify the traditional use of the plant as anti-diabetic. --- ## An appraisal of bacterial Endophytes **Authors:** Shantini Vijayabalan, Sridevi Chigurupati **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4299 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Endophytic bacteria, microbes, secondary metabolites, plant growth promotion, plant-bacterium symbiosis In ongoing decades has been the apprehension of vastly diverse microbes that are not the only symbiont in conjunction with the host plants, nonetheless, it has a significant part in the host plant development, resistance, and growth to both abiotic and biotic stresses. The host plant roots serve as a barrier to screening soil microbes from the rhizoplane as well as the rhizosphere. Most data imply that motility, host plant cell wall degradation capacity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging are essential attributes for effective endophytic colonization and the foundation of bacteria. Endophytic bacteria have aid host functions, for instance enhancing plant nutrients through the procurement of nitrogen fixation in leaves in addition to nutrients from the soil. Specific endophytes were able to aid in plant defence once pathogen attacks. Owing to the host plant development influences, endophytes are broadly investigated for their function in the enhancement of crop growth. An appraisal into the endophytic interactions and colonization with the host plant. An essential measure inconceivably handling endophytes for practical approaches to expand agricultural production. --- ## A Cross-Sectional Study on the Preference of Root Canal Sealers Among Pediatric Dentists For Obturating Permanent Teeth **Authors:** Lakshmi Lakshmanan, Subramanian EMG, Ganesh Jeevanandan, Mebin George Mathew **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3775 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pediatric dentists, Permanent teeth, Root canal sealers, Root canal treatment Utilisation of root canal sealers to perform obturation procedures is an endorsed method in endodontics and has an indispensable role in the success of treatment. The objective of this study was to explore the pediatric dentists’ preference for root canal sealers for obturating permanent teeth. 360 permanent teeth with gutta-percha obturation done by pediatric dentists were analyzed for the study. The variety of root canal sealers that are utilised for obturating the permanent teeth by pediatric dentists were assessed. The data were obtained from a patient management software. Chi-square test was performed. Out of the 360 permanent teeth, 186 teeth were obturated using resin-based sealers, 101 teeth using zinc oxide eugenol-based sealers and 73 teeth were obturated using calcium hydroxide-based sealers, with statistically significant difference between the three materials (P<0.05). Based on the findings of the present study, resin sealers followed by zinc oxide eugenol sealers and calcium hydroxide sealers were more preferred by pediatric dentists for root canal therapy in permanent teeth. --- ## A systematic review of association between vitamin D levels and pre-eclampsia in pregnant womens - An old problem revisited **Authors:** Lata Kanyal Butola, Anjali Vagga, Ranjit Ambad, Deepika Kanyal, Jayshri Jankar **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4580 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Vitamin D, Pre-Eclampsia, Systematic review The beneficial effects of sunlight in preventing bone-related disorders have been well-known for centuries. Vitamin D is a modified steroid, synthesised under the influence of sunlight in the skin. Low Vitamin D status has associated with a higher risk of pre-eclampsia in pregnant womens. The aim of this study was to undertake a systematic review of different studies investigating the association between Vitamin D levels and pre-eclampsia in pregnant womens. A systematic review was undertaken. MEDLINE, PUBMED, EMBASE, Google Scholar were searched. The review protocol was designed to answer the question. Search terms (Preeclampsia and Vitamin D or 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D). The search was confined to peer-reviewed articles that were published in English and contained an abstract. Reference list of journal articles were also screened for additional citations fitting our search criteria. Twenty Seven studies were included in the systematic review that investigates the association between Vitamin D and pre-eclampsia. The present systematic review concludes that maternal vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy is significantly associated with an elevated risk of preeclampsia. Pregnant womens should take vitamin D supplementation, expose themselves into the sunlight, and they should be physically active. Further taking Vitamin D supplementation in early pregnancy may be a simple way to reduce the risk of these adverse pregnancy outcomes. --- ## Topical Dosage Form & Delivery System for Pigmentation Control: A Review **Authors:** Yap Vi Lien, Mogana R, Sasikala Chinnappan, Ashok Kumar Janakiraman, Tan Lee Fang **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4303 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Dosage forms, Drug delivery system, hyperpigmentation, anti-tyrosinase, skin-whitening, skin-lightening Hyperpigmentation is one of the most commonly seen skin disorders which is not a concerning health issues but it may affect the psychological aspect of a person. Hyperpigmentation is caused by the presence of excess melanin, which is the brown pigment of the skin. Products that aimed to reduce the pigmentations act by inhibiting the tyrosinase enzyme, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of melanin. There are many products that are currently available in the market that aims to reduce pigmentation of the skin. These products are conventionally formulated into different dosage forms such as cream, lotion and emulgel, which gains popularity due to its convenience on application. However, due to the drawbacks that these dosage forms possess such as poor stability and absorption, new formulations are presented which incorporate novel drug delivery system into the conventional dosage forms. These novel drug delivery systems are, inter alia, liposome, niosomes and microsphere. They carry benefits of controlled drug delivery, enhanced skin penetration and reduce drug toxicity as compared to the conventional dosage form, which resulted in the increase in marketed product diving into this pathway. This present article will discuss the various dosage forms, drug delivery system, its advantages, disadvantages and marketed product for pigmentation control. --- ## Potential Roles of Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Stress Response Regulation **Authors:** Shiv Swaroop, Thangminlal Vaiphei S. **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4482 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Biomarkers, Biodosimetry, LncRNA, Radiation, Stress Response The non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are functional RNA transcripts involved in gene regulation at the level of transcription and post-transcription. There have been vital pieces of evidence to support the role of regulatory non-coding RNAs in the eukaryotic genome in recent years. The ncRNAs are also associated with post-translational modifications such as histone modification, heterochromatin formation, DNA methylation and other key molecules which are involved in regulating chromatin structures for gene expression. LncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) are the most diverse, biologically active transcripts without significant open reading frames (ORFs) and represent the majority of ncRNAs populations in the human genome. Emerging pieces of evidence suggest the role of ncRNAs in a wide range of human diseases, including cardiovascular, Alzheimer, and cancer. Several reports in the recent past also supported their involvement in the modulation of various cellular responses, although the mechanisms of ncRNAs mediated gene regulations are still not fully understood. This review paper highlights the importance of lncRNAs in cellular stress response such as DNA damaging ionizing radiation that will encourage research in thrust areas of therapeutics and diagnostics. The involvement of important lncRNAs in regulating biological processes, responses to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, as well as methods for the analysis of their cellular expression has been discussed. --- ## Antibacterial activity of Calotropis procera against some common human pathogens **Authors:** Ashraf Elsayed, Ahmed Gebreil, Amal Alyamani, Auf A. Ahmad, Yasser A. El-Amier **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4598 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Calotropis, Phytochemical, Xerophytes Calotropis procera (Oshaar, family Asclepiadaceae) is a species of flowering plant used as a folk medicine for the treatment of various ailments. This study aimed to evaluate antibacterial and antioxidant activities of C. procera aerial parts collected from Eastern Desert of Egypt (Wadi Hagul). The different extracts of C. procera aerial parts showed a significant antimicrobial inhibitory effect (P < 0.05) on growth of nine pathogenic bacterial using filter paper disc assay. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening was carried out on water and different extracts. The present study indicated that this plant has a good inhibitory activity against Klebsiella pneumonia (21.3 mm), Escherichia coli (22.5 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (21.6 mm). Moreover, methanol extract of C. procera exhibited wide broad spectrum (100%) followed by petroleum ether and water extracts (60%, each). Activity index (AI) illustrated variable antibacterial activities, that support the folkloric usage of medicinal plants for treatment of infectious pathogenic microorganism. The crude extract of C. procera showed adequate antioxidant activity, wherein methanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts have an IC50 value of 0.81, 0.88 and 1.09 mg mL−1, respectively. Therefore, phytochemicals from C. procera could be used as a raw material for producing cheaper pharmaceuticals, pesticides in addition to many more important commercialized products of public use. --- ## Chrono Modulated Therapy-A Review **Authors:** Mallamma T, Prakash Goudanavar, Nagaraja Sreeharsha, Santosh Fattepur **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4575 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Circadian Rhythm, Chronotherapy, Chronobiology, Chronopharmaceutical Chrono therapeutic drug delivery systems stay attaining prominence in the area of pharmaceuticals. It decreases dosing incidence, toxicity, and distributes a drug that matches the circadian rhythm of that definite disease when the signs are exciting to sorrier. ChrDDS is the essentially time controlled drug delivery system. It offers a patient with a staggered profile of the therapeutic agent. This mechanism is lag time independent of environmental variables including pH, enzymes, gastrointestinal motility. The circadian rhythm regulates many body functions in humans, such as metabolism, behaviour, sleep patterns, and hormone production. Chronotherapy has gained attention as a novel and rational approach to exploit the best. Presently, drugs are delivered in a controlled release like an IR, ER, & PR. Certain conditions that follow circadian rhythms include hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular, asthma, neurological disorders, ulcer conditions, etc. Various technologies such as time-controlled, pulsed, triggered and programmed drug delivery devices have been developed and extensively studied in recent years for chronopharmaceutical drug delivery are Diffucaps, OROS, Codas, 3D printing, Egalet, Port, etc. this system is designed according to body-clock. Special drug delivery technology must be relied upon to synchronize drug concentrations to rhythms in disease activity with the body’s 24-hour rhythms to extend therapeutic effectiveness and reduce/avoid side effects. In this article, the various concepts like a mechanism of circadian rhythms, current obstacles to the production of chronopharmaceutical drug, circadian chronotherapy in various diseases, a profile of launched Chronopharmaceutical dosage forms, various technologies for systemic delivery, chronopathalogy have been reviewed. --- ## Incidence of Polycythaemia in Pancreatitis Patients **Authors:** Ghayathiri Kannan, Shruthi Kamal V, Agil Selvam **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4493 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Polycythaemia, Pancreatitis, Intravascular Volume Depletion, Thromboembolism Acute pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas due to reversible parenchymal injury. It is clinically diagnosed by a characteristic abdominal pain and laboratory findings of elevated levels of serum amylase and serum lipase. In addition to this, due to the movement of the intravascular fluid into the abdominal cavity, polycythaemia has been observed in a few such patients, which can potentially predispose to thromboembolic complications such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), thereby posing a life-threatening risk to the patient. A study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital to assess the incidence of polycythaemia in patients clinically diagnosed with acute pancreatitis by retrospectively analysing the haematology reports of 50 patients. It was found that 5 out of 50 patients (10%) had a finding of polycythaemia in their haematology reports. The identification of polycythaemia in pancreatitis patients will help the clinician with the management protocol to prevent the occurrence of thromboembolic events. --- ## Regulatory aspects of GMP in accordance with pharmaceutical inspection co-operation scheme **Authors:** Ramireddy Navya Sri, Kamaraj R, Sonia K **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4302 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** EMA, EU, Harmonized GMP, PIC/s, PIC/s GMP, WHO GMP The PIC/S strives to harmonize inspection procedures all over the world by establishing specific GMP guidelines and supplying inspectors with training opportunities. This is additionally proposed to advance co-operation and systems administration between capable specialists, local and foreign associations, in this manner becoming common confidence. At present, harmonization efforts need to be improved in setting regulatory standards, monitoring and assessing GMP compliance, licensing production sites, retrieving faulty lots, and increasing the sharing of information due to expanded regulatory authorities for globalization. PIC/S provides an appealing and sustainable platform to give a response to globalization’s challenges. PIC/S actively facilitates networking by organizing a PIC/S GMP Forum,” which enables non- member, technical and other organizations to meet informally with the PIC/S committee. Co-Operation Scheme for the Pharmaceutical Inspection is available to any systems administration having a practically identical GMP investigation framework. Co-Operation Scheme for the Pharmaceutical Inspection has built an integrated manual on GMP necessities for inspectorates and also for the industries. The primary harmonization device has been the Co- Operation Scheme for the Pharmaceutical Inspection GMP Guide. The last was initially gotten from the WHO Guide to GMP and further created so as to consent to exacting assembling and wellbeing pre-requisites in the Co-Operation Scheme for the Pharmaceutical Inspection nations, to cover new zones (for example, biological and radio-pharmaceuticals) and to adjust to logical and mechanical innovation. --- ## Anti-Proliferative Activity of Cucurbita maxima by using Dictyostelium discoideum as A Eukaryotic Model Organism **Authors:** Uma Poorani T., Periyanayagam K., Bala Subramaniam K.G., Mohan S. **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4585 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antiproliferative activity, CECM, Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbitaceae, Dictyostelium discoideum To preliminary screen in vivo anti-proliferative effect of chloroform extract of Cucurbita maxima leaves which belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae, common name as Pumpkin using Dictyostelium discoideum. In this study, to scrutinize the effect of chloroform extract on the leaves of C.maxima (CECM) was selected for phytochemical studies and anti-proliferative activity. An anti-proliferative study was determined by using the eukaryotic model organism D. discoideum by the inhibition of cell growth. The Preliminary phytochemical study of the leaves showed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, amino acid, steroids, proteins, tannins, saponin, carbohydrates and the absence of cyanogenetic glycoside, cardiac glycoside, anthro quinone glycoside, fixed oils, volatile oils and mucilage. The total phenolic content of gallic acid was found to be 18.2µg/g, Flavonoid content of quercetin by the aluminium chloride method was found to be 21.6µg/g. The anti-proliferative assay by using D. discoideum showed that CECM is an excellent inhibitor of cell growth. Inhibition of the cell growth by CECM of 4,5,6 µg/ml were found to be 20,17,15 X 104 cells/ml on 4th day. Cucurbita maxima have been recognized as long and economically chief as a source of edible fruit. The present study specified that the chloroform extract of C. maxima leaves have effective antimitotic activity and anti-proliferative activity. The existence of the chloroform extract of C. Maxima and the attributed reported anti-oxidant activity seems to contribute to its activity. Further investigation is necessary to confirm this activity. --- ## A study to compare the analgesic efficacy of intra-articular Levobupivacaine, Fentanyl and Clonidine following arthroscopic knee surgery **Authors:** Abhilash Dash, Rabi Narayan Dhar, Sidharth Sraban Routray, Syed Sabir Ali **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4504 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Intra-Articular, Fentanyl, Clonidine, Levobupivacaine, Knee Arthroscopy Arthroscopic knee surgery can produce pain postoperatively which can be very distressing. Many drugs, in various ways, have been tried to overcome this pain. But none found to be most effective. So we have done a study for correlating with the analgesic levobupivacaine efficiency, fentanyl, & clonidine into intra-articular therapy associated with arthroscopic surgeries. This study was conducted from Nov 2019 to April 2020, in which 90 patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery of knee split in 3 classes of 30 each. (L,F,C). Class L was injected 10 millilitre in levobupivacaine of 0.26% e, where Class F was injected 50 mcg fentanyl, and Class C was injected 50 mcg of clonidine in intra-articular therapy after surgery. Time of first analgesia request, no of the analgesic dose required and total rescue analgesic required in postoperative 24 hours were assessed. The pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale. Demographic characteristics were similar among all the three Class. Time for the need of 1st analgesic request in Class L was 381.57 ± 24.63 min, in Class F was 328.67 ± 20.42 min and in Class C was 238.47 ± 21.93 minutes. (p<0.06) The overall amount of doses of analgesic needed was fewer in Class L (1.21 ± 0.57) in comparison to Class F (1.95 ± 0.42) and Class C (2.12 ± 0.34). (p<0.05) A total dose of paracetamol used was reduced in Class L correlated with Class F and C in 1st 24 hrs postoperatively. (p<0.05) Class F & C has a highest average score of VAS at various time points in 1st 24 hrs correlated with Class L. (p<0.05) Intra-articular levobupivacaine obtained better control of pain in the postoperative period with a delayed time of need of 1st analgesic dose and reduced the need of a total dose of rescue analgesic in comparison to intra-articular clonidine and fentanyl. --- ## Correlation of Skin Colour and Gingival Pigmentation Among Middle-Aged Women in Chennai A Hospital-Based Analysis **Authors:** Niveda Rajeshwaran, Gurumoorthy Kaarthikeyan **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4099 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Skin Colour, Gingival Pigmentation, Mild-Moderate and Severe The aim of the study was to correlate gingival pigmentation skin colour among middle-aged women since middle-aged women tend to undergo drastic hormonal changes which can result in gingival hyperpigmentation. Female patients with a mean age of 40 years were categorised as fair, medium-dark on the basis of skin colour and they were correlated with the level or amount of gingival pigmentation. The level of gingival pigmentation increases along with the level of skin pigmentation from fair to dark which is proved as statistically significant with a P-value of 0.017. Gingival pigmentation is one of the major aesthetic concerns, especially in women with the limitation of the study it is found that the level of gingival pigmentation increased along with an increase in the intensity of skin pigmentation. --- ## Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats analysis on choice of multi chamber bag or compounded parenteral nutrition **Authors:** Sahar Elnajjar, Dixon Thomas, Osama Tabbara, Danial Baker **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4457 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Parenteral Nutrition, Multi-Chamber Bag PN, Standardized PN, Compounded PN, Individualized PN, SWOT Analysis Reasons for choosing parenteral nutrition (PN) products depend on healthcare institutions internal and external factors. A decision to start, continue, scale-up, scale down, or stop compounding of PN involves multiple stakeholders. This study is an effort to analyze such factors and recommendations on decision-making. A strength, weakness, opportunities, threats (SWOT) analysis was prepared in consultation with major PN providers in the UAE and comparing to international best practices. Based on the SWOT analysis, a set of recommendations was prepared using the GRADE system (classification of quality of evidence and strength of recommendation). Feedback on the SWOT analysis and recommendations were collected from the PN providers. The SWOT analysis and recommendations address aspects of the choice of MCB- PN or compounded PN. It includes considerations on PN indication, availability of ingredients, types of patients, safety, and cost management with labor, automation, and outsourcing. It was received well. The SWOT analysis and recommendations are useful in decision-making in complex therapy like PN. It helps in institutional decisions on choices of MCB-PN or compounded PN. The impact of the recommendations is to be measured in the future. --- ## Study of Nasal Polyps in a Tertiary Care Hospital **Authors:** Lekshmi Rajeev, Lulu Ibrahim, Muhsina AM, Madhumita Kumar, Merin Babu, Uma Devi P **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4581 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Allergy, Corticosteroids, Inflammation, Nasal Polyps, Surgery Nasal polyps are macroscopic oedematous lesions in the nose openings are the most common problem of the patients. Main causes of the polyps are due to inflammatory conditions and allergy. An association with asthma, aspirin sensitivity and cystic fibrosis was seen in the population. The main objectives of medical treatment of nasal polyps are to eliminate or reduce the size of the polyps thereby improving the symptoms of rhinitis and breathing. The clinical characteristics and treatment pattern among the 125 patients having nasal polyps was analyzed by a retrospective, observational study using patient’s medical records and hospital data management system. Males predominated in the present study (64.8%) and majority of the patients were in the age group of 41-60 years (44%). Most of the patients suffered from sinonasal polyposis (76.8%) with the main symptom being nasal block (88.8%). Most of the polyps were of the inflammatory origin (53.6%). Asthma and rhinitis were observed in 11% patients. Majority of the patients were treated with corticosteroids and antihistamines. Many patients required surgery for the management of nasal polyps. Nasal polyps appear to be associated with inflammatory and may be an allergic response. Most of the patients require surgery while few can be managed with anti-inflammatory and/or anti-allergic drugs. --- ## Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn in Dithizone induced diabetes in Wistar rats **Authors:** Divya Yada, Sivakkumar T, Sudhakar M **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4518 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Trianthema portulacastrum, Dithizone-induced diabetes, oral hypoglycemic agent, anti-diabetic activity Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. Whole plant is an extensively used plant for medication in India for the treatment of various health issues. This study was focused to prefigure the antidiabetic potency of Chloroform extract of the Trianthema portulacastrum (CETP) whole plant administered at two doses (100mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) for the duration of 21days in Dithizone induced diabetic rats. The rats were separated into five groups, each group containing six animals. All Groups except Group I were made diabetic by intraperitonial administration of Dithizone(50mg/kg). Group I served as control group, Group II served as diabetic control received Dithizone(50mg/kg), Group III rats were administered with glibenclamide (10mg/kg), a standard oral hypoglycemic agent while Group IV and Group V diabetic rats were served with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of CETP whole plant respectively. Potency of the plant extract as an antidiabetic was assessed in dithizone induced diabetic models by comparing biochemical parameters like blood glucose level, Glucose tolerance, lipid profiles along with the liver antioxidant enzymes, glycogen content and Glycogenic enzymes which were quantified using standard experimental procedures. There exists a significant reduction in levels of blood glucose, raise in glucose tolerance, and improved imbalance in lipid metabolism in diabetic rats after administration of the extract at 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg. T.portulacastrum with 200mg/kg of the extract showed the best hypoglycemic action by comparing favorably well with Glibenclamide. This investigation clearly showed that, the extract is endowed with hypoglycemic activity, T.portulacastrum may also defend the deterioration of liver due to diabetes. --- ## Intravenous neurotropic vitamin b injection in chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis: patient’s perspective **Authors:** Rizaldy Taslim Pinzon, Radian Adhiputra Antonius **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4408 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Perspective, Chronic Kidney Disease, Vitamin B combination Chronic kidney disease is characterized by a decrease in glomerular filtration rate and lasts over 3 months. Meanwhile, patient perspectives include patient compliance in treatment and care programs. Vitamin B combination plays a role in reducing the risk of mortality for cardiovascular disease. This study aims in measuring perspective on patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis to intravenous vitamin B injection. This is a cohort retrospective study of patients on dialysis that were injected with intravenous vitamin B two times a week after dialysis. The subjects studied were chronic kidney disease patients who underwent hemodialysis at Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta and Panti Rapih Hospital Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This study involved 58 patients, comprising 38 male (65.5%) and 20 females (34.5%). Total 41 patients (70.7%) with age under 60 years. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (86.2%), diabetes mellitus (25.9%), and cardiovascular disease (20.7%). Patients’ perspectives on improvement of fatigue symptoms are higher in patients with hypertension comorbidity (88.9%), sleep quality higher in diabetes mellitus comorbidity (80%), daily activity higher in patients with other comorbidity (84.6%) and mood higher in other comorbidity (88.9%). Overall, most of the patients were satisfied with the treatment (98.3%), satisfied that it reduced fatigue (96.6%), said no side effects appeared (91.4%), were confident in the treatment (94.8%), considered it resulted in greater benefit than costs (84.5%). Patients’ perspectives in the treatment of intravenous vitamin B combination injections for chronic dialysis patients have satisfactory treatment quality. --- ## Accessing the Pattern Prescribed for Pregnant Women for Both in and outpatient in Obstetrics and Gynecology Department **Authors:** Syam Mohan Rao M, Ramana rao, Om Prakash Yadav, Narayana Reddy **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3813 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pregnant women, Prescribing pattern, US FDA, Drug treatment, Generic names, Confusion A Prospective cross-sectional examination was completed so as to survey the solution design in pregnant ladies. Going to Antenatal in and Outpatient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital. A cross-sectional investigation was led by looking into the antenatal consideration In & outpatient office case papers of 230 irregular pregnant ladies. The remedy design was surveyed and the medications were arranged dependent on the US FDA Risk Classification. Out of 230 solutions, just 177 remedies had medicates other than iron, folic corrosive and calcium lactate. In this examination the majority of the medications endorsed falls under class B (26.6%), a reasonable number of medications falls under classification A (16.60%) and C (16.60%) and a couple of medications fall under classification D (6.66%). No medications having a place with class X were recommended. The current examination uncovers that the medication use during pregnancy in and around Bapatla area was insignificant and the majority of the medications were recommended by their conventional names. Recommending by nonexclusive name is known to decrease the expense of medication treatment, defended drug treatment and maintains a strategic distance from disarray. --- ## Prevalence of trigeminal neuralgia among dental patients — An institutional study **Authors:** Prashaanthi N, Santhosh Kumar M P, Shantha Sundari K K **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4006 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Trigeminal Neuralgia, Age, Gender, Side Affected, Quadrant Involved Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic condition which produces severe pain involving a part of the face. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of trigeminal neuralgia among dental patients visiting a dental institution. This retrospective study included patients who were diagnosed with trigeminal neuralgia from July 2019 to March 2020 in a dental hospital. The digital case records of all patients were retrieved and details were recorded, which included the clinical, radiographic examination and treatment undergone by the patients. Variables such as age, gender, site of involvement were also retrieved from the case records. Data were tabulated and statistically analysed using IBM SPSS version 23.0 and results obtained. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In the present study, out of 28 patients, males (53.6%) were more affected by trigeminal neuralgia than females (46.4%) with a higher prevalence on the right side (57.1%). Quadrant I (25%) and combination of quadrant II and quadrant III (25%) were most commonly involved by this condition. No statistically significant association was found between age and quadrant affected; gender and quadrant affected. (p>0.05). It can be concluded from our study that males were more affected with trigeminal neuralgia, the majority involving the right side of the face and seen commonly among the elderly age group. Dentists must be aware of the clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia for accurate diagnosis and early initiation of prompt treatment to avoid untoward complications. --- ## Assessing osteoporosis knowledge levels among students and the public using the OKAT questionnaire - A prospective study **Authors:** Vijayakumar S, Parimala Krishnan S, Prem Anand DC, Poornima S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.2669 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Osteoporosis, Colleges, Calcium, Therapy and Education Osteoporosis is a prevalent condition among the elderly in both developed and developing nations, with osteoporotic fractures leading to decreased daily activity, diminished quality of life, and increased mortality rates. Therefore, our aim is to assess the level of knowledge about osteoporosis among students and the public using the OKAT questionnaire and provide proper evidence to educate healthcare providers about osteoporosis knowledge. This prospective study was conducted in two paramedical private colleges located in Dharmapuri district from December 2019- October 2020. Our results reveal a significant lack of knowledge regarding osteoporosis, as evidenced by low knowledge scores among participants. This deficiency in understanding is associated with factors such as alcohol consumption, increased salt intake, smoking, hormonal therapy, menopausal status, and physical exercise. Our study underscores the necessity for targeted efforts to enhance awareness and provide comprehensive education on osteoporosis within the surveyed population. Moving forward, there is an opportunity to address this knowledge gap through tailored educational initiatives at various centers. In the future, the level of knowledge above findings can be improved by conducting educational programs at the studied center. --- ## Evaluation of YashtimadhuKalpa formulation as Neuro-nutrient for Learning and Memory improvement in experimental animals **Authors:** Mrudul Y Chitrakar, Manish P Deshmukh, Ashish B Budhrani, Shilpa S Ingle **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4513 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** YashtimadhuKalpa, Elevated plus maze, Morris water maze, memory The unique functions of the brain are learning, memory, and ability to find objects, recollecting them, and cognition. The foremost intention of the study is to appraise the memory-enhancing potential of “YashtimadhuKalpa” using Wistar rats. The formulation YashtimadhuKalpawas prepared using various ingredients and was evaluated for memory-enhancing activity by using Morris water test and elevated plus maze apparatus for the parameter like transfer latency. The formulation - YashtimadhuKalpa (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) used for consecutive four weeks significantly reduced TL at the 29th day as correlated to the respective control sets, show enhancement in memory. All doses of formulation notably decreased EL of rats when checked for Day 1, day 15 and on day 30th as related to the control and showed noteworthy enhancement of learning and memory. Among all the doses, the higher dose at 300 mg/kg, p.o. Presents a highly important effect on TL as related to the vehicle treated control set. The decline of transfer latency dose-dependently proved its potency against Neurodegeneration and confirmed its nootropic activity. --- ## Effectiveness of position change among infants during phototherapy in management of hyperbilirubinemia in late preterm and term neonate **Authors:** Meena P, Udhaya Surya T **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3770 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Phototherapy, Hyperbilirubinemia, Position Change, Infants, Term and Preterm Neonatal jaundice is the yellowish staining of the white part of the eyes and skin in an infant because of high bilirubin levels. Untimely children have a lot higher occurrence of neonatal jaundice requiring remedial mediation than term infant. The present study aims to assess the effectiveness of position change among infants during phototherapy in the management of hyperbilirubinemia in late preterm and term neonate. A quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design with non-randomized control research design was used to conduct the study in Thiruvallur District Head Quarter Government Hospital. Thirty samples were selected by using a convenience sampling technique and were grouped into an experimental and control group; each consist of 15 samples. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information regarding demographic variables and variables related to clinical proforma. Bilirubin level was monitored and recorded in the hyperbilirubinemia chart for both the groups. The neonates in the experimental group were subjected to a position change for every 2 hrs and the neonates in the control group were given regular care. The study results show that position change among infants during phototherapy was found to be effective in the reduction of serum bilirubin level considerably among infants in the experimental group than the infants in the control group. At the level of p<0.001. This indicates that position change is effective in reducing the bilirubin level and have an impact on the early recovery of the neonates. --- ## Microflora in denture stomatitis - A review **Authors:** Harini M, Keerthi Sasanka L, Gayathri R, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4005 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Denture stomatitis, microflora, Candida albicans, Candida Denture stomatitis is an inflammation that typically occurs in individuals that have a complete or partial denture. Denture stomatitis is commonly defined as persistent inflammatory changes in the mucosa-bearing denture surface, often characterized by palatal erythema and alveolar ridges on which the denture is mounted. All relevant search engines were searched for the literature pertaining to denture stomatitis, various microflora associated, prevention and treatment were searched. The required data was collected and quality analysis of the thus collected data was done. The knowledge in the current point of time-analyzed and thus the consensus was established. Denture stomatitis is induced by a variety of internal and external causes. The most pervasive causative factor for denture stomatitis is the concentration of microbial plaque on palate-covered removable dentures that cause denture stomatitis in close to 69% of denture wearers. The various microflora includes Candida, Streptococci, Staphylococci, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces, etc. Denture stomatitis has been shown to be a major oral disease seen on the denture wearers and is still prevalent in the majority of cases. Candida-associated denture stomatitis must be treated as it may serve as a repository for other infections and facilitate atrophy of the alveolar bone resulting in serious infections. --- ## Impact of Aloe Vera gel on Pressure Ulcers: An interventional study **Authors:** Dayana A, Suvetha J **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3823 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pressure Ulcers, Aloe Vera Gel, Unconscious and Critical Ill Patients Pressure ulcers are agonizing and hard to treat. Forestalling pressure ulcers is essential in keeping up solace and treating them is rapidly fundamental. Aloe vera is a trademark source which can be of huge points of interest it isn’t simply functional and besides viably open, yet the examination is done to notice the abatement in the recuperating time with the usage of aloe vera gel. The present study aims to assess the impact of aloe vera gel on pressure ulcers. A quantitative approach with one group pre-test-posttest research design was used to conduct the study in Thiruvallur District Head Quarter Government Hospital. 60 samples were chosen by using a convenient sampling technique. Semi-structured questionnaire was used to assemble the in sequence regarding demographic variables. The pre-assessment of the pressure ulcer was measured using PUSH Scale using the ruler and the trace paper. The wound assessment consists of wound size, exudates amount and tissue type. Routine wound dressing procedure was done using aloe vera gel and the post assessment was done on 1st, 5th and 10th day. The study results show significant improvement in the level of wound healing after the intervention at the level of p<0.001. This demonstrates that utilization of aloe vera gel is the savvy and simple technique to improve twisted recuperating of pressure ulcers. --- ## Effect of oral health initiatives on reduction in oral morbidities in Ashram schools of Wardha district– A cluster randomized trial **Authors:** Anuja Ikhar, Manoj Chandak, Nidhi Motwani, Samrudhi Khatod **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4386 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ashram Schools, Oral Health, Oral Morbidities Ashram schools are residential schools developed for underprivileged groups of society who are weak in organizations and economically poor. In general, in all the states, the major obstacle is lack of provision of capacity building and teachers training in serving of the Ashram schools. 8 ashram schools were then randomly divided into control group and intervention group. In the control group, end line oral health assessment using the WHO assessment form 2013 was carried out without any health promotion program. In the intervention group, the oral health care module specifically designed for ashram schools, were implemented. In this group, end line oral health assessments were carried out. Treatments of the minor ailment, oral health program, behaviour change communication model for the schools were implemented. The need-based oral health module was developed for tribal students. The effect size for the intervention was 17.3% indicating 17.3% reduction in dental caries due to intervention (95%CI: -12.3% to-21.62%). The effect was statistically significant. The effect size for the intervention was -43.2 %. Indicating 43.2 % reduction in periodontal diseases due to intervention(95%CI: (-50.7% to -34.1%). The effect was statistically significant. The magnitude of fluorosis in the control group increased by 4.8 % from 28.85% to 33.64 %. During the same time, the magnitude in intervention arm decreases by 3.5% from 47.71 % to 44.20 %. The success of the school-based oral health program depends on the repetition and reinforcement of the program, independent of the dentists, peer leaders and the teachers. It was concluded from this study that the presence of teachers and peers, can influence the study majorly. --- ## Effectiveness of Daily intake of lemon juice along with walking decrease the level of Blood Pressure among Hypertensive Clients **Authors:** Tamilselvi S, Meena S, Thilaga R **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3752 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hypertension, Lemon Juice and Walking Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans, it is the ability of individuals or communities to adopt and self-managed, when facing physical mental or social changes. Hypertension is called as the ”Silent Killer” because it is a disease that usually occurs without any symptoms. Lemon juice is also an excellent source of Arginine, the essential Amino acids that help lowering blood pressure. The present study aims to assess the effectiveness of Daily intake of lemon juice along with walking decrease the level of blood pressure among hypertensive clients between 40- 70years. A quantitative quasi-experimental research design was conducted among 30 hypertensive clients who were selected by using non-probability convenience sampling technique. A structured interview was used to collect demographic data and hypertension was assessed by observational checklist. Pre-test was conducted before administering the lemon juice by observing the blood pressure level using Observed Checklist method among the hypertensive clients. The time for assessment varied from 15 - 20 minutes. The Lemon juice of 250ml was administered along with walking to the samples and immediately after 1 hour, post-test was conducted by observation checklist. The study finding clearly infers that there was a significant reduction in the level of hypertension in the post-test which clearly infers that intake of lemon juice along with walking proves to be effective in reducing the level of hypertension and improves the quality of life of the hypertensive clients. --- ## Anticancer Activity of the Host-Guest Complex of Camptothecin with β-Cyclodextrin-Folate Conjugate. Encapsulation and Efficacy **Authors:** Archana Sumohan Pillai, Sivaraj Ramasamy, Varnitha Manikandan, Aleyamma Alexander, Israel V.M.V. Enoch **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4294 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cyclodextrin–Folate, Camptothecin, Anticancer Activity, Host: Guest Complex Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosachcharides that act as molecular hosts and accommodate drug molecules forming host: guest complexes. They aid in the sustained release of the encapsulated drugs through diffusion in solution and protect their unstable forms. In this paper, we report the synthesis of a β-cyclodextrin-folate by a simple coupling reaction. The compound is characterized using IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopic techniques. The amide carbonyl band is observed at 1680 cm−1. The mass spectrum shows the molecular ion peak of the β-cycloxetrin-folate conjugate at an m/z value of 1615.35. An inclusion complex of the anticancer drug, camptothecin, with the β-cycloxetrin-folate is formed on the stepwise addition of the β-cycloxetrinfolate to the guest molecule. The complex formation is studied using UV- visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. The formation of host: guest complexes is known to enable the sustained release of the encapsulated drug molecule. Herein, we examined the in vitro anticancer activity of the host: guest complex against cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. The host: guest complex formation results in enhanced efficacy of the drug. Dose-dependent cytotoxicity is observed for the β-cyclodextrin-folate: camptothecin complex. The cytotoxicity is more for the complex than for the free drug in solution. --- ## Application of artificial intelligence in the management of diabetes mellitus - An overview **Authors:** Pragya Smriti, Venkatesh Kamath, Muddukrishna B S, Aravinda Pai **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4422 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Diabetes, Artificial Intelligence, Neural network Diabetes, a metabolic disorder responsible for worldwide pandemic wherein, epidemiological studies suggests around 425 million people around the globe have been diagnosed for diabetes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) indicates a complete insulin deficiency which threatens lifestyle whereas, Type2 diabetes accounts to the obesity and lack of exercise that devastates the internal regulation of the body’s glucose that needs exogenous insulin. Research data summarized for the last ten years have shown that, rigorous treatment effectively prevents the development and reduces the progression of complications associated with diabetes. The lack of in hand clinical information required making informed decisions concomitant with intensive therapy and strict management of diabetes frequently impede adequate treatment for people with it. In recent years, several artificial intelligence techniques are being utilized for the management of diseases including diabetes mellitus. This review will focus on various artificial intelligence protocols utilized for effective control of Diabetes mellitus. Technology has found an important place in medicine as well as diabetology. In the meantime there are quite a number of DT applications ranging from direct therapeutic use to use in patients with foot ulcer diabetes. Artificial Intelligence has tremendous potential to enhance diabetes patient monitoring, diagnosis and management. Rapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI) intend to make structured and unstructured health data accessible in real time for treatment. --- ## A novel stability indicating RP-HPLC Method for the estimation of ulipristal - A Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulator **Authors:** Sundeep Kumar HK, Bhabani Sankar Sahoo, Biswanath Mishra **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4621 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ulipristal, HPLC, Method Development, Method Validation, ICH Guidelines The present research article described the novel HPLC technique that was developed for the estimation of ulipristal in an API and tablet formulation. Symmetry, C18, 250mm x 4.6mm .i.d., 5 µm Particle size, column with 0.4 ml/min flow rate, was used for the chromatographic separation. Phosphate buffer, pH 4.6 and methanol as a mobile phase (20:80) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min and eluent at 304 nm was monitored for the mobile phase. In compliance with ICH guidelines, the method was validated. Ulipristal was eluted in this technique with a retention time of 1.516 minutes. The limit of detection was 0.075µg/ml and the limit of quantification was found 0.25 µg/mL. The calibration curve plot was found linear over the concentration ranges 5-150 µg/mL, with the regression coefficient (R2) of 0.990. The % assay of the marketed dosage form was found at 97.40 %, which is within the acceptance level. The present method of ulipristal force degradation study was performed as per the guidelines. The results of the force degradation study show the highest 11.39% degradation in an acidic stressed condition, in comparison to alkaline, peroxide, thermal and photolytic stressed conditions. The experiential evidence of all the study results revealed the suitability of the quantification of ulipristal in API and tablet formulation routinely. --- ## Prevalence of Gingival Black Triangles in Young Adults in Chennai Population - A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Gaurav Nitin Ketkar, Karthickraj S M **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4015 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gingival black triangle, Chennai population, black triangle, gingival recession, papilla reconstruction Aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of gingival black triangles (GBT’s) and its correlations with the morphology of tooth, labial frenum and probing depth in young adults in the Chennai population. The study was carried out in a university based study setting in Saveetha dental college and hospital among the Chennai population. We have reviewed patient records and analysed the data from 86000 patient records between June 2019 and March 2020. 149 samples were randomly selected for the study (18 – 30 yrs) and photographic analysis from the patient record was carried out to determine the presence of GBT. Prevalence of GBT was found to be 20.8% in the selected population. Within the limits of the study prevalence of GBT was found to be 20.8% there should be more emphasis given on creating awareness about the condition and its possible treatment modalities. --- ## Utilization and analyzation of pregabalin tablets for easy dissolving for diabatic neuropathy treatment using simple γ-amino butyric corrosive **Authors:** Donthu Raj Kiran, Sai Sravanthi T, Ramakrishnan V, Naveen P **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3881 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** LBD (Loose Bulk Density), TBD (Tapped Bulk Density) Pregabalin (PRE) has been considered as a basic simple of γ-aminobutyric corrosive, which is utilized to treat unmanageable incomplete seizures, diabetic neuropathy, post-remedial neuralgia, and social tension problems. Its fundamental site of activity has all the earmarks of being the α2-δ subunit of the voltage-subordinate calcium channels that are broadly dispersed all through the fringe and focal sensory system. The idea of detailing quick tablets dissolving comprising of PRE delivers a reasonable & commonsense methodology in the wanted goal of quicker crumbling & disintegration attributes with expanded bioavailability. Quick tablets of PRE have been placed through direct pressure techniques & mix has been assessed for pre-pressure boundaries, for example, mass thickness, compressibility, point of rest and so on the tablets were set up by utilizing Croscarmellose sodium, Crospovidone and sodium starch glycolate, as super disintegrants in various focus alongside phosphate cushion pH 6.8 at 75 rpm by paddle technique. Generally, the definition F4 containing of Croscarmellose sodium was discovered to be fascinating & has demonstrated a crumbling 45 sec. Moreover, solidness reads have been performed at a very long time (quickened considers) according to ICH rules. The improved plan (F4) indicated no critical varieties aimed at the tablets boundaries and it was steady for the predefined time-frame. Consequently, outcomes indisputably exhibited fruitful covering of taste & quickest deterioration of figured tablets. --- ## Frequency of orthognathic surgery treatment in a university hospital setting - A retrospective study **Authors:** Ramya G, Remmiya Mary Varghese, Jeevitha M **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3896 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Orthognathic Surgery, Prevalence, Dentofacial Deformities, Occlusal Function, Facial Appearance Orthognathic surgery is a unique endeavour in facial surgery, a patient’s appearance and occlusal function can be improved significantly, which has a great impact on the patient’s sense of self and well-being. Successful outcomes in modern orthognathic surgery rely on a close collaboration between the surgeon and the orthodontist across all stages of treatment. To assess the frequency of orthognathic surgery in a university hospital setting. Data required for the study was procured by reviewing patient records and analyzed data of 86000 patients between June 2019 to March 2020. The data was sorted in excel and statistically analyzed using the IBM SPSS software analysis and the results tabulated. The frequency of orthognathic surgery in this study was found to be 22.4%. Orthognathic surgery improves the quality of life for all age groups of dentofacial deformities and hence it is imperative to educate people regarding the same. --- ## Effectiveness of Mint and Fenugreek Paste for Reduction of Dysmenorrhea among the Adolescent Girls in Selected Areas **Authors:** Dayana B A A, Sabeetha S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3753 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adolescent Girls, Mint and Fenugreek Paste, Menstruation and Dysmenorrhea Menstruation is an ordinary physiological marvel for ladies showing her capacity for reproduction. Monthly cycle is an intricate cycle, including the conceptive and endocrine framework. It has to be a regular cycle. Anyway, this ordinary wonder isn’t a simple one; it is regularly connected with some level of sufferings and shame. The pain during the menstrual cycle is known as Dysmenorrhea. The present study aims to determine the effectiveness of dietary mint and fenugreek paste for the reduction of dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls. A quantitative experimental research was conducted among 60 adolescent girls. A convenient sampling technique was used to select the samples. Self-administered structured questionnaires were used to collect demographic data, and pain scale was assessed. After the Pretest, an intervention was given to the study participants, i.e. administration of 6 grams of mint fenugreek paste prepared from 2 grams of mint powder, 2 grams of fenugreek powder mix with 2 grams of honey. It was given orally twice a day (i.e. 2 days before and 3 days during the cycle). On 5th day after intervention, post-test was conducted by a numeric pain rating scale. The study results shows mint and fenugreek paste had a significant reduction in the dysmenorrhea, p<0.001. Thereby, this indicates that the mint and fenugreek paste is effective in reducing the pain during menstruation. --- ## Sherlockian Tale of usage of Antibiotics in Endodontics **Authors:** Manoj Chandak, Payal Chaudhari, Pooja Chandak, Kajol Relan, Madhulika Chandak, Chanchal Rathi, Akshay Jaiswal, Rakhi Chandak **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4567 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Resistance, Myths about Antibiotics, Prevention strategies Antibiotic resistance is considered a grievous danger to the well-being of common people owing to the growing trend of prescribing antibiotics. In reality, this threat is suitably referred to as a “ticking time bomb” necessitating quick interventions. Antibiotic resistance is not entirely recognized worldwide but is seen to affect poorer countries with inadequate and weaker healthcare systems. Regrettably, dentists still continue prescribing antibiotics to patients with an endodontic cause such as periapical abscesses & irreversible pulpitis, which requires only operative procedures. When we talk about the endodontic cause, antibiotics are prescribed widely systemically and locally as well. Intracanal medicaments, irrigant containing antibiotics, medicated sealer & medicated gutta percha comprises of the local mode of taking antibiotics, which enables dentist in aiming microorganisms in every single crook & bend of a root canal, which remains unreachable if done by usual RCT protocols. Instead of using Triple antibiotic paste in patients, to avoid antimicrobial resistance, calcium hydroxide can also be added. The fundamental base for substantial endodontic treatment comprises of complete debridement of the root canals which are infected along with drainage of hard and soft tissues. Even after achieving adequate debridement & drainage, the literature showed that prescribing antibiotics collaterally did not show any added therapeutic effect in preventing or resolving the signs & symptoms occurring during an endodontic infection. The objective of this current article is to comment about the over usage of antibiotics before and during endodontic management, its impact on antibiotic resistance, and crucial methods needed to prevent and manage the antibiotic abuse during endodontic treatment. --- ## Preparation and characterization of flurbiprofen capsules prepared by using liquisolid technique **Authors:** Madhavi K, Neelesh M **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4589 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Flurbiprofen, Liquisolid Capsule, Solubility Enhancement, Carrier Material, Coating Material The current project is mainly focussed on the application of liquisolid (LS) technique in the enhancement of dissolution profile of flurbiprofen. Flurbiprofen is a NSAID indicated for acute and chronic osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and spondylitis. It is selected as model drug as it is a BCS Class II drug and has very poor aqueous solubility of 10.45 ± 3.2µg/ml. Hence, this study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of flurbiprofen using LS technique. Initially, saturation solubility studies were performed to select liquid vehicle showing higher solubility of drug to obtain liquid medication. PEG 600 was selected as non-volatile solvent, used at three different drug concentrations of 33.33, 40 and 50 % w/w to form LS formulations. Further, they were converted to powder by means of Avicel PH 102 and Aerosil 200 as carrier and coating materials to prepare LS formulations. Rheological tests were performed for the LS powder systems to study the flow properties. Later, several LS formulations were prepared, encapsulated in hard gelatin capsules. These capsules containing LS systems were subjected to evaluation tests and in vitro drug release studies. The results of dissolution profile of formulation CF3 showed maximum release of 98% within 30 minutes which was two folds higher than that of conventional capsule. FTIR studies revealed no drug excipient interaction. DSC, SEM and PXRD studies revealed that drug in the system was completely soluble and available in molecularly dispersed state. Finally, it can be concluded that LS technique proved to enhance the dissolution profile of Flurbiprofen. --- ## An Innovative Physiotherapeutic Approach Towards the Rehabilitation of a Post-operative Case of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - A Case Report **Authors:** Bhavna Gandhi, Lynn Fernandes, Akhila Puranik, Vaishnavi Siroya, Tamanna Nurai, Waqar M. Naqvi **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4562 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Rehabilitation, Reconstruction, Endurance, Strengthening, Gait training Anterior Cruciate Ligament injuries are one of the commonest injuries related to the knee joint. They can either be a ligament tear or a ligament sprain. They usually occur due to landing from a jump incorrectly, rapidly changing the direction of motion, sports injuries (direct collisions), and stopping suddenly. This type of injury requires conservative treatment and/or Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR) surgery. In both cases, physiotherapy has been proven to be useful in the treatment and rehabilitation of the condition. Physiotherapy treatment aids in relieving the symptoms, strengthening, endurance and gait training. The patient came to the hospital with the complaints of there being a difficulty in walking without support. The pain was present as the patient tried to bend his right knee, the swelling was also present on the right knee and there was a restricted range of motion. All these complaints were present for 15 days. The patient was a post-operative case of ACLR. An X-ray and MRI scan showed these results. Physiotherapy interventions included educating the patient, reducing the swelling, reducing the pain using electrotherapy modalities, Range of Motion exercises for the right knee, strengthening and endurance exercises, and teaching normal gait pattern. The patient eventually gained an improved range of right knee movement, decreased pain, swelling and tenderness, and learned to walk with a normal gait pattern. The questionnaires and tests carried out pre and post-treatment showed a positive result. --- ## Post-operative mortality and factors related to mortality after bipolar hemiarthroplasty in patients with femoral neck fractures **Authors:** Prabhakaran A, Selvakumar P, Krishnagopal R, Anisha Rao **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4520 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hip fractures in elderly, Hemiarthroplasty, Factors resulting in mortality, Hazard ratio Hip fractures are a common entity in the elderly. Hemiarthroplasty is a common treatment option for displaced neck of femur fractures and have been found to be successful in restoring mobility, reducing pain and improving quality of life following hip fractures in elderly. Many studies have reported that advanced age, male gender, long term stay in the intensive care unit, poor postoperative mobilization ability, a poor or dependent ADL score preoperatively, multiple comorbidities which result in a high ASA score have been associated with higher mortality. A retrospective study was done at the Department of Orthopaedics at Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry which included all patients who underwent hemiarthroplasty (both cemented and uncemented) from 2017-2020. The details of patients satisfying the inclusion criteria were obtained from the medical records department and were analysed by a single investigator. In case the subjects had not reviewed following surgeries, details were obtained by telephonic communication. In our study of 40 patients, mortality was observed in 4 patients which included 3 females and 1 male. It was also observed that mortality was high between the ages of 61-80 years, patients with multiple comorbidities and patients with high ASA scores. The hazard ratio was calculated for 3 parameters namely age, time to surgery and surgical duration and is 1.014, 0.842 and 0.984 respectively but this was not found to be statistically significant. This may due to the small sample size and retrospective nature of our study. --- ## Prevalence of diabetes mellitus among patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral potentially malignant disorders - A retrospective study **Authors:** Suvarna K, Hannah R, Gheena S, Pratibha Ramani, Abilasha R **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4009 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** OSCC, OPMD, Leukoplakia, Lichen planus, diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the 12th most common cancer in the world. 90-95% of oral cancer is OSCC and it can be preceded by oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD). Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major global health issue and various epidemiological studies have implicated diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma and other oral potentially malignant disorders. The study aimed to evaluate the correlation of diabetes mellitus in OSCC, leukoplakia and oral lichen planus patients and also evaluate age and gender predilection in OSCC and OPMD cases with diabetes mellitus. This retrospective study included a sample size of n=226 [156-OPMD, 70-OSCC]. Data regarding the sample cases were selected after the review and analysis of records of about 86000 patients who visited our institution between June 2019 and March 2020. From n=226, 30% of OSCC cases showed the positive diabetic history and 15% of OLP and 8.3% of leukoplakia were associated with DM. A statistically significant association found between diabetes in OSCC, Leukoplakia, OLP cases with p-value (0.001). 90.48% of OSCC and 75% of leukoplakia cases with a positive diabetic history were males. Among OLP, 77.8% of cases with diabetes mellitus were females. The association of prevalence of diabetes mellitus with gender in Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC), Leukoplakia and Oral lichen planus(OLP) was found to be statistically significant (p=0.001). The most prevalent age range for both OSCC and OPMD patients with a history of diabetes mellitus was found to be 50-60 years, followed by above 60 years. In conclusion, there found to be a significant prevalence of DM in OSCC and OPMD cases. The DM status of oral cancer and OPMD patients may have a significant impact on their disease progression and treatment. DM could be considered as a prognostic factor for OSCC and OPMD. --- ## Effect of Beans Therapy on Ureteric Calculi Pain: An Interventional Study **Authors:** Kala Barathi S, Anita Jaslin I **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3884 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Beans Therapy, Ureteric Calculi, Renal Stone, Urolithiasis Kidney stones are affidavit of minerals as a gem solidification of natural components, mostly found in the kidney calyces and pelvis. The quantitative research approach with one group pretest and post test design was used in this study with 60 patients with ureteric calculi. The demographic data was collected by structured questionnaire and the intensity of the pain due to ureteric calculi was assessed by Numeric pain rating scale. Beans therapy was given, i.e., the patients were advised to take boiled beans water 5 times a day. The results revealed that in the pretest, 40(66.67%) had moderate pain, 15(25%) had severe pain and 5(8.33%) had mild pain whereas after the administration of beans therapy, 40(66.66%) had mild pain, 19(31.67%) had moderate pain and only one (1.67%) had no pain. The findings show that the mean score of pain intensity among patients with ureteric calculi was 5.38 ± 1.53 and the post-test mean score was 2.85 ± 1.34. The calculated paired ‘t’ test value of t = 26.265 was found to be statistically significant at p<0.001. The study findings revealed that most of the samples were relieved of pain due to ureteric calculi which infers that beans therapy administered to the patients enhanced the removal of small kidney stones which ultimately resulted in the reduction of pain among patients with ureteric calculi. --- ## Study and Analysis of Complications Connected with Implant Placement **Authors:** Venkateswara Rao J, Aditya Krishna M, Allen Tilak J T, Parthasarathy M P **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3767 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Implant dentistry, facial discoloration, post-operative infection, hypersensitivity, paraesthesia Implant dentistry has grown to be one of the topmost earning disciplines of dentistry, and hence there is a migration of practitioners towards it. Since the last few years, here is a sudden growth in the number of dental inserts placed per year. And hence many complications that are associated with implant dentistry are on the rise. This article concentrates on some of the complications that are associated with implant placement during the operative procedure and immediate postoperative time period. Delayed complications as failure to osseointegrate and Peri Implantitis is are not discussed in this article. A proper informed consent needs to be documented. It is absolutely necessary to include complications like bleeding, swelling, post-operative infection, facial discoloration, paraesthesia, hypersensitivity, loose teeth, trismus and pain. And major complications can be defined as a complication that may need additional treatments and can cause irreversible damages. Treatment of sinusitis incorporates foundational treatment with anti-toxins, chlorhexidine mouthwashes, water systems with saline through the nasal opening, and the utilization of nasal decongestants. In the event that the disease exacerbates or an ousted embed is in the sinus, revolutionary correction medical procedure of the maxillary sinus will be required and the antral mucosa totally eliminated. --- ## Comparison between Monoamine Oxidase A and B: role and effect in human diseases: A review **Authors:** Reem aljanabi, Mahmood salih, Dawood aljanabi **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4573 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** MAO-A, MAO-B, Cancer, Cardiac Myopathy, Diabetes, MAO inhibitor MAOs are isoenzymes that occur in two isoforms Monoamine oxidases A and B. They are flavoproteins found in mitochondria and their role is to catalyze the oxidative deamination of monoamine neurotransmitters to their corresponding aldehydes. Both MAOs play a major role in the human body as they contribute to many illnesses. MAO plays an essential role in both peripheral; and central nervous system through affecting the levels of MAO neurotransmitters. MAO-A is generally concentrated in dopaminergic and norepinephrinergic neurons. Contrary to MAO-B, which is predominantly concentrated in serotoninergic neurons. By-product of MAOs which are aldehyde, ammonia, and H2O2 (which is considered reactive oxygen species) that is toxic at high concentration or it may lead to the generation of free Radicals. Free radicals considered as a starting signal in the generation of cancers. Also, MAO inhibition showed to decrease pressure overload and heart failure. This action is mainly related to the prevention of oxidative stress mainly (H2O2) apoptosis in cardiac muscle and improved bioavailability of Norepinephrine. MAO-A plays a totally different role from MAO—B in renal carcinoma. Ranging from Alzheimer disease, depression to cardiac myopathy, diabetes, kidney diseases, and cancers, MAO-A participates differently from MAO-B in these diseases. Therefore it is necessary to study their separate effect in human diseases and the consequences of their inhibition. In this review, we compare between MAO-A and MAO-B effect from many aspects that includes heart failure, renal carcinoma, breast cancer, esophageal cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, glioma and diabetes. And finally, the role of MAO inhibitors and their effects also have been discussed. --- ## A specified and accurate RP-HPLC method stimulation and estimation in bulk pharmaceutical dosage forms **Authors:** Venkateswara Rao A, Sireesha A, Malini Evangeline Rose, Sivasankari S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4002 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** RP-HPLC, Losartan Potassium (LOS), Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) A specified, accurate and exact RP-HPLC technique is established for the approximation of Hydrochlorothiazide and Losartan Potassium in pharmaceutical dosage form. The novel method was developed by make use of waters HPLC System on a Zodiac C18 column. The Mixture of 0.01% Ortho Phosporic Acid: Acetonitrile 70:30 v/v portable segment is used at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. The vaccination capacity selected about 20 µl. The wavelength recognition is approved out at 220 nm. The preservation period of Hydro chlorthiazide and Losartan were originated to be 3.1 min and 7.2 min correspondingly. The established RP- HPLCtechniqueis authenticated as each ICH strategies for the estimation of together the drugs in bulk in addition to in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The established technique is authenticated with regard to Accuracy, Precision, Linearity, Robustness and Ruggedness. Hence, the projected technique is effectively used by simultaneous determination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Losartan Potassium. It is habitually utilized for the medication for Hypertension, congestive heart failure, symptomatic Edema, diabetes Insipidus, renal tubular acidosis. The Thiazide-Type Diuretics (counting Hydrochlorothiazide) would lesquerella powerful over the Thiazide-Like Diuretics (Chlortalidone and Indapamide) for decreasing those danger for heart Attack, Stroke, and heart disappointment in Persons with high bar. HCTZ will be likewise here and there used to prevent Osteopenia Also to medicine of Hypoparathyroidism, hypercalciuria. Thiazides need aid likewise utilized in the medicine about osteoporosis. --- ## Comparative evaluation of anti-diabetic action and pancreatic histopathology of rats treated with two alkaloidal plant extracts **Authors:** Bonagiri Sreedevi, Vijaya Kuchana, Shobharani S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4387 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Strychnos nux vomica, Holarrhena pubescens, M3 Receptor action, Controlling glucose action This study aimed to understand Strychnosnuxvomica and Holarrhena pubescens Stem bark extract action towards M3 receptor in controlling blood glucose levels. Strychnos nux vomica and Holarrhena pubescens are both alkaloidal drugs can help in controlling Hyperglycemic level. This will be useful in the formulation of a new herbal drug molecule for treating diabetes. Chloroform and ethanolic extracts of selected alkaloidal plants were extracted using the soxhlet apparatus and obtained quotes were tested for acute toxicity studies and carried out anti-diabetic action on Wister albino rats for 21 days. Results obtained from Blood glucose levels and histopathological study of test groups are compared with blood glucose levels of standard group, and highly significant action was identified by the chloroform extract of Strychnos nux vomica and Holarrhena pubescens group. Moderate anti-diabetic action was observed remaining two groups of ethanolic extracts. Strychnos nux vomica and Holarrhena pubescens ethanolic extract groups are acting on M3 receptors and controlling Hyperglycemic levels. --- ## A cross-sectional study to assess the level of stress and its sources among teaching medical faculties working in a medical college, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Tanushree B, Manju A, Timsi Jain **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4428 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** stress scores, sources of stress, teaching medical faculties, work-related stress Stress at work has touched most the professions. The lives of teaching medical faculties are often stressful. Increased exposure to stressful events may cause psycho-social disorders like depression, anxiety, self-doubt, insomnia and psychosomatic disorders like impaired immune function, increased cardiovascular risk factors, migraine, ulcers etc. This may also affect the teaching qualities of the medical faculties to the students. Several studies on work related stress have demonstrated that burnout has a strong impact on certain professions, teaching faculties in particular. This study was done to assess the level of stress and its sources among teaching medical faculties. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-reported questionnaire which covered three categories, including socio-demographic details, Perceived Stress Scale and information regarding 16 selected stressors which were related to stress was collected. Data were recorded, tabulated and analysed. The study showed that out of the 122 study subjects, majority of teaching medical faculties had a moderate level of stress (60.6%) whereas 35.2% had a low level of stress and only very few (4.2%) had a high level of stress. The mean PSS score in this study was 16.04 (±5.59 SD). The present study identified that majority of the teaching medical faculties have a moderate level of stress. Most of them find traffic while travelling to work, climatic conditions and high level of expectations from patients as stressors. Necessary workplace interventions should be made to help them cope with work. Every effort should be made to help them deal with stress effectively and safely. --- ## Effectiveness of Strelinikova Breathing Exercise on Respiratory Signs and Parameters among School Children with Lower Respiratory Tract Infection **Authors:** Muthulakshmi C, Kalpana Devi V **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3760 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** School age children, Lower respiratory tract infection, Respiratory parameters, Strelinikova breathing exercise, Pulse rate, Peak expiratory flow rate, Oxygen saturation and Respiratory rate Respiratory problems are significant gathering of ailment influencing kids particularly in India and are the significant reasons for youth horribleness and mortality. Specifically, obstructive aviation route illnesses ascend in youngsters because of natural contamination and different causes. In this way, evaluation of aspiratory work test in such kids is significant. Henceforth the current investigation focused on to evaluate the adequacy of strelinikova breathing activity on respiratory signs and boundaries among younger students with respiratory parcel infection. The research configuration utilized was semi exploratory pre-test post-test plan. Purposive examining strategy was utilized to choose the 60 sample. The demographic data was collected by using the structured questionnaire and the oxygen level was measured by using the Pulse Oximeter. The peak flow rate was measured by using the Peak Flow Meter. The findings of the study revealed that there was significant difference in the measurement of oxygen saturation and respiratory rate between the experimental and control group which infers that Strelinikova Breathing Exercise on respiratory signs and parameters administered to the school age children with lower respiratory tract infection in the experimental group was found to be effective in maintaining the respiratory parameters among school age children and the current findings suggests that more extensive studies can be done at different settings and also as comparative studies. --- ## Assessment of Different Areas of Perforation While Performing RCT **Authors:** Keerthiga Nagarajan, Iffat Nasim, Arthi B **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3776 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Endodontic complications, Iatrogenic perforations, Perforation sites, Procedural errors, Root canal therapy Root perforation is defined as an iatrogenic or pathological communication between the root canal system and the external tooth/root surface. They may be pathologic or iatrogenic in etiology. Iatrogenic perforations during root canal therapy account for a large portion of endodontic failures and may necessitate the need for extraction. Assessing the sites commonly perforated helps anticipate such complications and thereby formulate means to improve the quality of treatment offered. This study aims to assess the different areas of perforation while performing root canal treatment. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the patient records from the OPD of Saveetha Dental College, Chennai from June 2019 to April 2020, and patients above the age of 18 years who underwent perforation management were selected by non-probability sampling. Data was collected and then subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package for Social Science for Windows (version 20.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago Ill., USA). Chi-square test was employed with a level of significance set at p<0.05. It was found that the most common site of perforation was the furcation area (50%), followed by crown perforations (44.1%). There were more males (52.9%) who experienced perforations than females and the most common age group was 35-55 years (50%). There was a significant difference between the site of perforation and tooth involved (p=0.032). There also was a significant difference between the perforation site and the arch involved (p=0.044). The most commonly perforated tooth was found to be mandibular molars. --- ## Torsemide Analysis Using Derivative Spectrophotometric Methods **Authors:** Noon AA Kamil, Shaza W Shantier, Elrasheed A Gadkariem **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4388 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Torsemide, Spectrophotometry, Derivative, Stability An accurate stability-indicating method has been developed for the analysis of Torsemide (TOR) in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The methods used the zero-order spectrum (0D) of TOR aqueous solution (measured at 285 nm) and the instrumentally differentiated first (1D) and second (2D) derivative spectra (measured at 311 nm and 282 nm, respectively). The effect of light, acid (HCL) and alkali (NaOH) on the stability of TOR were studied using the new methods. ICH guidelines were used to validate the new methods. Regression analysis of Beer’s plots showed a good correlation coefficient not less than 0.998. These methods reported great inter-day and intra-day precision. Excipients interference was not detected due to the achievement of good recovery percentages (97.60 - 101.45 ± 2.7 %, n=3). Good assay results ranged from 99.0 ± 1.7% to 100.0 ± 2.5%; the developed methods obtained n=3. The 2D model proved its ability to be used as a stability indication method of TOR analysis. TOR was unstable in acids and bases with or without heating. Its degradation follows the first-order kinetics. However, its aqueous solution was proved to be stable under sunlight. The established methods demonstrated good precision, sensitivity and accuracy at 95% confidence level. --- ## Stability Indicating and Evaluation of Preservers in Cocos Nucifera Water by means of HPTLC Techniques **Authors:** Aditya Raghava Golakoti, Raju PSN, Jaiganesh S, Amrin S A **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3821 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Propylparaben, Benzoic Acid, Turbidimetry, Titrimetry, Flame Photometry, HPTLC This examination manages the steadiness and successful utilization of additives in the coconut water. The new coconut water was separated in Aseptic zone through whatman channel paper and equivalent amounts of new coconut water are pressed in self sealable spreads. Propylparaben and Benzoic corrosive are utilized as additives of various qualities. These examples are put away for around 1 to 12 weeks at room temperature and refrigerated condition at 25◦C. Tests are tried by various diagnostic techniques like pH, Turbidimetry, Titrimetry, Flame photometry, and HPTLC the shading change of tests are likewise watched. The adjustment in the new coconut water and tests with the additives are estimated for pH at customary time stretches to such an extent that the pH is kept up in the middle of 5.5-6 and to decide the microbial development by utilizing Turbidimetry, % of magnesium and % of ascorbic corrosive by Titrimetry. Sodium Potassium particles are controlled by utilizing fire photometry and to decide the sugars by utilizing HPTLC. The expansion of the additives improved the straightforwardness of the examples and the impact of additives on the Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Ascorbic corrosive, sugars are less with the end goal that the put-away coconut water samples can be stuffed in a self-sealable spread. --- ## Efficacy of Hypericum perforatum extract on ultrastructural changes in brain and oxidative damage in Parkinson’s disease **Authors:** Chandran Satheesh Kumar, Srinivasagam Raja Sankar, Kaliyaperumal Prabu **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4556 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidants, Hypericum perforatum, Parkinson’s disease, Ultrastructural changes Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a serious chronic and progressive neurological disorder. Hypericum perforatum (H. perforatum) is a plant generally used as an antidepressant and therapy for many neurodegenerative disorders. The present study evaluates the action of Hypericum perforatum extract on MPTP induced oxidative stress and ultrastructural changes in the Parkinson disease model. For this research study, Parkinson disease in mice were induced using MPTP and Hypericum perforatum methanolic extract were given in the pre- treatment and post-treatment condition. After the treatment, the oxidative stress was measured using TBARS levels and the activities of GSH, GPx, CAT and SOD in brain tissues. The ultrastructural changes in brain mitochondria caused by MPTP toxicity was studied after Hypericum perforatum extract therapy using TEM images. The present study showed that HPE extract is able to balance the oxidative stress and antioxidants in the brain tissue of MPTP administered rats. The damaged nuclei in the brain recovered to the normal condition due to this extract therapy. Finally, to conclude, Hypericum perforatum extract post-treatment offers potential brain protection against MPTP induced Parkinson’s disease than pre-treatment. --- ## Wearable EMG Sensor for Gait Rehabilitation using IoT **Authors:** Bethanney Janney J, Sindu Divakaran, Kezia George, Chandana H, Caroline Chriselda L **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4539 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gait, Electromyography (EMG), Internet of Things (IoT), Rehabilitation, wearable technology, Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), MATLAB, Node MCU Interventions for movement dysfunction, including radiography and rhythmic planning, have demonstrated a significant increase in gait mechanics. While the optimum criteria for gait training are still to be determined, previous research shown that the training duration facilitates neural restructuring, thereby promoting the design of wearable technology for gait recovery. This work provides evidence of the advanced tool used to acquire muscle activity. Muscle activity is recorded and analyzed on Node micro controller unit, then sent to remote service using internet of things concepts, where message queuing telemetry transport protocol is used in the cloud based telemetry of the received signals and is given to the thing speak. The live recordings, along with the frequency variation of the gait in moving and stable condition, are also obtained on the central monitor using the MATLAB. By creating a device that can be used at home, patients would be able to practice and sustain longer recovery services on a regular basis, thus encouraging neural reorganization. This can also help us to monitor patient treatment progress even if the physiotherapist is not able to come and recorded data can be sent directly to them. --- ## Assessment of children requiring stainless steel crowns in permanent mandibular first molars - A retrospective study **Authors:** Sruthi S, Ganesh Jeevanandan, Subramanian EMG **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4098 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Permanent teeth, Restoration, Performed metal, RCT This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of children requiring a stainless steel crown (SSC) in mandibular permanent first molars. A retrospective study was carried out using digital records of 1,768 children who reported to the Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry from June 2019 to March 2020. A total of 117 records of children were finally included in the study evaluation. Children requiring SSC in mandibular permanent first molars were observed from the digital records and were tabulated on a spreadsheet. The collected data were analysed by using computer software SPSS version 21.0. Out of 1,768 children, 117 children required SSC in mandibular permanent first molars. Out of 117 children screened, 67 were males and 50 were females. The prevalence of children requiring SSC in mandibular permanent first molars is higher in tooth 46 (57.2%) compared to tooth 36 (42.7 %). The use of PMCs in the paediatric population should not simply be limited to primary teeth. PMC placement in permanent molars for a pediatric population should be a part of the skillest in order to best manage clinical scenarios without the need for referral to a specialist. --- ## Estimation of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone levels in pregnancy in a South Indian town- Kumbakonam Urban Rural Epidemiological Study – KURES 4 **Authors:** Suchitra M. R., Shanthi T.S., Parthasarathy S. **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4619 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** pregnancy, thyroid, hypothyroidism, incidence, religion, diet Thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy, especially hidden, may lead on to increased morbidities both in mothers and the foetuses. With this in mind, we conducted a study of estimating Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels in the first trimester of asymptomatic antenatal mothers. In this 680-sample sized study, we measured TSH values after noting down, age, weight, religion, occupation and type of diet. The mean TSH value is 2.36 (0.02 to 31.67) mIU/ml. the incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 9.1 % whereas it was 2.9% in hyperthyroidism. All parturients with subclinical thyroid dysfunction were given appropriate treatment. The Hindus and Muslims constituted the majority. There was no difference between TSH values among both religions. Around 95 % were vegetarians, and the value of TSH was similar in parturients with either type of eating habits. A significantly higher level of thyroid dysfunction is noted in working women even though the sample is less. These values correspond to an affording community above the poverty line. We suggest more vigilant screening at the village antenatal care level to decrease thyroid associated fetal and maternal morbidities. We also suggest that routine TSH screening rather than targeted testing of thyroid disorders should be made mandatory even in Government institutions. --- ## Effectiveness of breast milk application on sore nipples among postnatal mothers **Authors:** Varalakshmi E, Jayabharathi K **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3777 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast Milk, Nipple Soreness, Cracked nipples, Postnatal Mothers Breast feeding is very important for the health and well-being of infants and mothers. It has been traditional way of feeding newborn in our country and is one of the most natural and beneficial acts a mother can do for her child. Areola irritation is regular in breastfeeding ladies during the initial not many days after conveyance. Most of the sore and broke areolas are the aftereffect of wrong situating and connection of the infant at the breast. The present study aims to assess the effectiveness of breast milk application on sore nipples among postnatal mothers in a Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai. A quantitative pre-experimental one group pretest and post-test research configuration was embraced and the examination was directed with 30 postnatal moms who were chosen by utilizing non-likelihood purposive inspecting method. The organized meeting was utilized to gather segment information and Nipple Trauma Checklist was utilized to survey the sensitive areola. Pretest was directed prior to overseeing the bosom milk by surveying the areola utilizing Nipple Trauma Checklist. Investigator expressed the mother’s breast milk into a sterile gauze piece and gently rubbed over the nipples, allowing it to air dry for 10-15 minutes. Intervention was given for thrice a day for two days and posttest was done on the third day. The study finding shows that critical improvement was seen which unmistakably derives that use of expressed breast milk over areola was discovered to be compelling in the administration of areola irritation among postnatal moms. --- ## Assessment of level of stress among Primigravida mother in a selected Hospital **Authors:** Linda Xavier, Swathi D, Udhaya surya T **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3750 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Assess, Primigravida, Psychological issues, stress Stress is a complex hereditarily decided example of the reaction of the human physiology to a requesting circumstance. The component of observation shows that human pressure reactions reflect contrasts in character, just as contrasts in physical quality or general wellbeing. Pregnancy is a period of incredible changes, and numerous mothers do feel worried eventually. This is common and not in any way surprising as observing a mother need to adapt to the obligations that filled her life before she fell pregnant just as set herself up, mentally and physically for another appearance. The present study aims to assess the stress level among third trimester Primigravida mother. A quantitative descriptive research design was conducted among 60 Primigravida mothers. Convenient sampling technique was used to select samples. A semi-structured interview was used to collect demographic data, and the stress level was assessed using a stress scale. Mothers were explained about the purpose of the study and the psychological changes during pregnancy. The data were collected and analyzed. The study results show that there is a moderate to severe level of stress among the third trimester Primigravida mother. This reveals there is a need for the stress assessment among the Primigravida mother and non-pharmacological practices to reduce stress to improve fetal development and pregnancy outcome. --- ## A Defective Sensor Persistent for Optimized Hearing Disabled Person using Hearing Aids **Authors:** Jyothi Singamsetty, Ravikumar Raju, Sankaralingam P, Manoj Reddy P **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3766 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hearing aids, Outcome measures, Government-funded Hearing loss is one among the persistent sensory deficiency in human populaces, involving added 250 million public in the world. Hearing aids are electrical equipments that aid in optimizing acuity of speech or other sounds. Outcome measures have a rising concern to audiologists, customers and hearing aid producers. To assess the user gratification of government-funded hearing aids. To assess the digital quality of free hearing aids provided by the government. Method: The study was done on patients who are providing by overdue the ear hearing aids in a free hearing aid distribution camp under Support to Disabled persons for obtaining / fitting of aids/appliances (ADIP) scheme. A survey was done for 100 subjects by administering the SADL. The SADL gratification scores showed high gratification ratings for almost all aspects of the questionnaire. Approximately 80 % of the individuals using the hearing aids provided positive feedback and were tremendously satisfied with the performance of the hearing aid. Hence to conclude, ADIP scheme hearing aids do satisfy the users in most of the features such as speech understanding, speaking over the phone and enhanced hearing. --- ## Two Levels of Negative Pressure in Open Endotracheal Tube Suctioning on Physiological Indices **Authors:** Sheeba Rajakumari S, Thenmozhi P, Kala Barathi S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3741 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Endotracheal suctioning, Heart rate, Mechanical ventilation, Negative pressure, Oxygen saturation, Physiological indices, Respiratory rate Endotracheal tube suctioning is a vital component of bronchial hygiene therapy by applying negative pressure to facilitate the removal of pulmonary secretions resulting in promotion of gas exchange. Hence, the study was conducted to compare the effect of two different levels of 120mmHg and 200mmHg of negative pressure in open endotracheal tube suctioning on physiological indices. Pre-experimental research design was adopted to conduct the study with 60 samples and were allocated into experimental group I (n=30) and experimental group II (n=30). Pre-test assessment was done by assessing Oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, heart rate and mean arterial pressure for both the groups. Open endotracheal tube suctioning was done by applying negative pressure of 120 mmHg to experimental group I and 200 mmHg to experimental group II. Post-test was done immediately, 5 minutes, and 20 minutes after suctioning for both experimental groups. The results of the study reveal the significant changes in both the group however highly significant changes observed in oxygen saturation (p<0.001), respiratory rate (p<0.001), and heart rate (p<0.001) in high level negative pressure. The findings of the study concluded that 200 mmHg negative pressure is safe and can be recommended for open endotracheal tube suctioning for effective oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and heart rate. --- ## Effectiveness of Video Teaching Programme in prevention of Gestational Diabetic Mellitus among Antenatal Mothers **Authors:** Angelin Lavanya, Krishnaveni M **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3751 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gestational Diabetic Mellitus, Antenatal Mothers, Video Teaching Programme Gestational Diabetic Mellitus is the type of diabetes in pregnancy. It normally shows up in the second 1/2 of pregnancy and numerous impacts fetal development rate and causes moderate foundational improvement. The goal of prevention in pregnancy to change dietary patterns, maintain balanced glucose level and to replace them with a healthy lifestyle for mother. The main purpose of this study to assess the effectiveness of video teaching programme in prevention of gestational diabetic Mellitus among antenatal mothers. Quantitative experimental approach and pre-experimental one group pre-test and post-test design used in this study. The sample size was 60 antenatal mothers. A pre-test was conducted to assess the knowledge on antenatal mothers followed by administration of video teaching programme. After one hour conducted post-test using the same questionnaire. The study finding revealed that after the administration of video teaching programme among antenatal mothers post-test mean score of knowledge was 27.10 with Standard Deviation 2.60 was higher than the pre-test mean score of knowledge was 9.02 with Standard Deviation 2.69. Hence there was a statistically significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores and the hypothesis was accepted. The calculated paired ’t’ test value of t=33.64 was found to be statistically highly significant at (P<0.001) association between post-test knowledge scores and socio-demographic variables. This clearly infers there is a significant improvement in the post-test level of knowledge regarding gestational diabetic Mellitus among antenatal mothers. --- ## Umbilical Coiling Index, A Predictor of Perinatal Outcome **Authors:** Saunitra Inamdar, Himanshi Agarwal, Amardeep Tembhare, Shikha Toshniwal, Tanvi Chaurasia **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4555 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Abnormal coiling of cord, Umbilical cord, Umbilical Coiling Index (UCI) Umbilical cord (UC) represents the “life source”, or the “entry and exit” point of humans which is the only source of energy. It is essential for the development, well-being, and survival of the nourishing baby. The characteristic of the coiling of the umbilical cord makes the cord a structure that is both flexible and strong and provides resistance to external forces which could compromise the blood flow to the foetus. UC is vulnerable to kinking, compressions, traction, and torsion, which may affect the intrauterine life and perinatal outcome due to coiling. One complete spiral of 360º of the umbilical vessels around each other is defined as Umbilical Coil. Abnormal coiling is defined as UCI less than the 10th percentile (i.e., Hypocoiled cord), UCI more than the 90th percentile (i.e., Hypercoiled cord), and the UCI between 10th and 90th percentile is Normocoiled cord. According to the literature studies, hypercoiled cords are usually associated with intrapartum foetal acidosis and asphyxia, foetal growth restriction, vascular thrombosis, and cord stenosis while the increased incidence of foetal demise, intrapartum FHR deceleration, low APGAR scores, preterm delivery, chorioamnionitis, structural and chromosomal abnormalities, and operative delivery have been associated more with hypocoiled cords. Hence, if the umbilical coiling index can be measured reliably in utero by ultrasound antenatally, then in future, it might become a promising prognostic marker for a better pregnancy and adverse foetal outcome. --- ## Knowledge effect on postnatal mothers regarding Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative **Authors:** Kalabarathi S, Aarthi A **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3789 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative, Information booklet, postnatal mothers Breastfeeding is the “Gold standard” for infant feeding. There are several areas of biological superiority of breastfeeding and breast milk over artificial (formula) milk. Exclusive breast milk feeding is the suggested diet for term and untimely children to give ideal baby nourishment, basic immunological and mitigating advantages, and prevention from ailment and illnesses. The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative dispatched in1991, is an exertion by UNICEF and WHO to guarantee that all maternities, whether detached or in a medical clinic, become focuses of breastfeeding support. The present study aims to assess knowledge effect on postnatal mothers regarding baby friendly hospital initiative. A one group pretest posttest research design was conducted among 60 postnatal mothers. Convenient sampling technique was used to select samples. Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the effectiveness of information booklet regarding Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative among postnatal mothers. The present study attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of information booklet on Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative among postnatal mothers of SMCH and found that 6(10%) had adequate, 9(15%) had moderate adequate knowledge and also 45(75%) had inadequate knowledge in pretest and 42(70%) had adequate, 12(20%) had moderate adequate knowledge and 6(10%) had inadequate knowledge in posttest and concluded that there was a significant improvement after administration of information booklet. Thus, information booklet was effective in improving the knowledge on Baby Friendly Hospital initiative among postnatal mothers. --- ## Evaluation Of Connective Tissue Grafts Versus Free Gingival Grafts **Authors:** Keerthana Baskar, Nashra Kareem, Sreedevi Dharman **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3885 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** periodontitis, gingival recession, root coverage, grafts Root coverage is one of the important aims of periodontal therapy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the connective-tissue grafts (CTG) and free gingival grafts (FGG) in root coverage procedures. A retrospective study of sample size 32 was conducted. These patients underwent a root coverage procedure done using grafts. The details on which graft was obtained from patient records were reviewed and analysed between June 2019 to March 2020. Excel tabulation was done, analysed and transferred to SPSS for statistical analysis. The p value was set at 0.05. In the study, it was found that CTG was used in 56.25% of the patients and FGG was used in 43.75% of the patients undergoing root coverage procedure. It was found that Free gingival grafts (25%) were placed more commonly in females when compared to connective tissue grafts (18.75%). However, in males, connective tissue grafts (37.5%) were placed more commonly than free gingival grafts. (18.75%) The prevalence of connective tissue graft was more when compared to free gingival graft at 36-55 years of age. Connective tissue graft was done more commonly in the age group of 15-35 years. Prevalence of connective tissue grafts was more in males than in females. Within the limits of the study, it was found that connective tissue graft (CTG) procedures performed more than free gingival graft (FGG) procedures following the gold standard for root coverage in gingival recession treatment. --- ## Effectiveness of Figure of Eight walking on reduction of blood pressure among hypertensive clients **Authors:** Priyadarsini A, Sumani mazumdar **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3763 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Figure of eight walkings, Hypertension, Hypertensive clients Hypertension is a crucial problem in developing countries where there is without treatment; it leads to serious and life-threatening causes. Hypertension is an ”iceberg” disease. The current investigation intends to decide the adequacy of the figure of eight on the reduction of blood pressure among hypertensive clients. A Pre experimental one group pretest post-test design was used with (60) hypertensive client who falls into the inclusion criteria was selected by using purposive sampling technique which 30 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. The demographic data and the structured questionnaires were collected in both the groups followed by that the pretest was conducted on 1st two days and after that, the intensity level of blood pressure in both the groups was assessed by using a sphygmomanometer (systole/diastole) Only in the experimental group the post-test (Level of Blood pressure) was evaluated on the 5th day. The investigation shows that in the pretest of the experimental group, 15(50%) had stage I hypertension, 14(46.67%) had stage II hypertension and 1(3.33%) had prehypertension. Whereas in the post-test, 21(70%) had prehypertension, 8(26.67%) had stage I hypertension and only 1(3.33%) had stage II hypertension. Thus, the study proves that figure of eight walking can be used as an effective nursing intervention for reducing the blood pressure among the hypertensive clients and it is an easily applicable technique and also causes effective method with no side effects. --- ## Studies on the Spectral, Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Fungal Activities of 1-((Dicyclohexylamino) (Phenyl) Methyl) Pyrrolidine-2, 5-Dione and Few of its Metal Complexes **Authors:** Rajeswari S, Harindran Suhana, Kalaivizhi R **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4653 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 1-((dicyclohexylamino) (phenyl)methyl) pyrrolidine-2, 5-dione, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, metal complexes 1-((dicyclohexylamino)(phenyl)methyl) pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (SDB) has been synthesized as a result of succinimide, benzaldehyde and dicyclohexylamine Mannich base condensation and its CoII , NiII and CuII complexes were prepared. The structure of the Mannich Base ligand (SDB) was elucidated on the basis of FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Mass spectral studies. The monomeric and non-electrolytic nature of the metal complexes is evidenced by their magnetic susceptibility and low conductance data studies. Spectral tests, mainly FT-IR studies as well as elemental analysis, were carried out to verify the structures of the newly synthesized compounds. All the metal complexes possess a six-coordinate geometry. The synthesized ligand and its metal complexes have been tested against Gram-positive strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus), Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungal strains (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigates) for their in vitro anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities. Preliminary antimicrobial studies of the ligand and their metal complexes have also been carried out in order to understand the toxic effect of ligands and metal complexes against the selective microbes. The results showed that the metal chelates of the ligands showed higher antimicrobial activities than the free ligand SDB and CoII complexes possess higher activity than the other metal complexes. --- ## Knowledge, Attitude and Practice regarding hand hygiene among Medical Students and Nurses - A questionnaire based survey in tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Deepika Kanyal, Lata Kanyal Butola **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4546 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hand Hygiene, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice, Nurses and Medical Students Hand hygiene is a milestone to control infectious diseases and prevent cross transmission of microorganism and reduces the incidence of healthcare associated infections, improved hand hygiene practice has been recognized as an important public health measure. The study was carried out in a Tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of three months. A total two seventy six (276) students were included in this study. A descriptive approach was adopted, including collection of information through questionnaire based survey. Structured knowledge questionnaires were prepared according to W.H.O. criteria. The present study concluded that the knowledge regarding hand hygiene was found to be average, 186 (67.4%) of the medical students and nurses attending tertiary care hospital, whereas 190 (68.8%) had average score for attitude of hand hygiene and 173 (62.7%) had average score for practice of hand hygiene. So frequent orientation, regular training, workshops, seminars and hand hygiene education should be given mandatory for all the students and staffs for understanding the importance of hand hygiene were improved hand hygiene practice should reduce the healthcare cost which help in preventing hospital acquired infections. --- ## A Conceptual Study on Prevention & Management of Behavioral Disorders in Children through Complimentary & Alternative Medicine **Authors:** Rakesh Khatana, Renu Rathi, Anamika Khatana **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4402 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Medhaya, Manshikrog, Satva, Psychotherapy, Sadvritta In India, behavioral problems are prevalent and estimated to the tune of 33.4%. Such a problem if untreated increases the risk of suffering children from various psychiatric illnesses. Around 6 million children are affected by Behavioral problems worldwide. The present review is aimed at providing Ayurvedic guidelines in the form of Sadvritta (Code of conduct), Acharrasayan-AR (ethical principles) and few Ayurveda interventions correlating with recently developed interventions of Psychology which may prove helpful in prevention and management of behavioral problems in children. This review is based on data collected from classical Ayurvedic literature, published research works in various journals and counseling experiences. Behavioral problems are generally multi-factorial in origin and arise as a result of conflict between the children’s personality, attitudes of parents, teacher or peers. Counseling with family and adoption of Ayurveda principles can manage and prevent further progress of behavioral problems in children. Satvavjay Chikitsa-SC (non-drug psychotherapy), Achar-Rasayana and Sadvritta, Yoga are Ayurvedic ways to balance Satva (good qualities of mind), (Passionate, agitated), Tama (Laziness, lack of concentration) applicable in the prevention of behavioral problems. Knowledge education and proper expressions of code, conduct or etiquettes along with Ayurveda interventions such as the use of Medhya (nervine tonic/nootropic) drugs, Panchkarma pre procedures can prove to be a significant therapeutic way to combat behavioral disorders. Ayurvedic principles such as AR, Sadvritta and SC are best non-pharmacological modalities required for early detection and prevention of behavioral problems. --- ## Prevalence of spacing and crowding in permanent dentition among patients visiting a private dental hospital **Authors:** Shamaa Anjum A., Srirenga lakshmi, Delphine Priscilla Antony S. **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4017 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Malocclusion, crowding, spacing, maxilla and mandible Malocclusion can be defined as an occlusion in which there is a mal relationship between the arches in any of the planes or one in which there are anomalies in tooth position beyond the normal limits. The literal meaning of malocclusion is a bad bite. People equate good dental appearance with success in many aspects. With the increasing demand for orthodontic treatment, the epidemiological data of malocclusion is essential in assessing the resources for orthodontic services. To assess the prevalence of spacing and crowding in the permanent dentition of patients visiting a private dental hospital. This study was based on data of patients who reported to the Department of Orthodontics, in a private teaching hospital in Chennai, India which was collected by reviewing patients records and analysing the data of 86000 patients. The data consisted of treatment done for spacing and crowding of permanent teeth in both arches in patients of age 12 to 25 years. Prevalence of crowding (64%) was more common than spacing (36%) indicating that crowding is the most common anomaly in both maxilla and mandible. Both maxilla and mandible showed statistical significance for age and gender. This study reveals that crowding is the most common anomaly in both arches. --- ## A study on the minimum transmission dose for image formation in X-ray imaging of forearm, femur and ankle joint **Authors:** Sinyoung Yu **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3897 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Exposure dose, Absorbed dose, Surface dose, Interactive 3D surface plot, Plot profile Excellent performance of the digital detector can generate medical images at a lower dose. However, if a certain level of dose exposure of the sensor detector can generate an image to recognize it. In this study, the exposure conditions of the forearm, femur, and ankle joint tests currently used in clinical trials were tested with lower doses. The resolution pattern was analyzed using the Image J program, and the results were obtained by analyzing the Interactive 3D Surface Plot. In addition, by measuring the surface dose and absorbed dose, the digital detector finds the minimum conditions to make an image and also checks the effect of dose reduction. The image of the obtained resolution pattern was analyzed by Plot profile using Image J program. It was confirmed that the gray value width decreased at the same pixel distance as the exposure conditions decreased. Even if the exposure conditions were lowered from step 1 to step 4, which is the standard condition of the forearm test, the resolution showed no difference at 1.4 Lp/mm. In the Interactive 3D Surface Plot, as the range of the grayscale lowered the exposure condition, the shape of the surface contours gradually became blurred, and the contrast of black and white shades decreased. The resolution from step 1 to step 3, which is the standard condition of the femur bone test, was 1.2 Lp/mm, indicating no difference. Even if the exposure conditions were lowered from step 1 to step 4, which is the standard condition for ankle examination, the resolution showed no difference at 1.4 Lp/mm. It is thought that it is necessary to accumulate a lot of data by further subdividing the stage of exposure conditions according to the thickness in more areas. --- ## A case study on escitalopram induced QTc prolongation and adverse drug reaction **Authors:** Mohammed Abdul Salaam, Kameswari K, Magesh A, Arunachalam P **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3815 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Escitalopram, SSRIs, QTc prolongation Antagonistic medication response (ADR) can be characterized as any toxic change which is suspected to be because of a medication, happens at dosages ordinarily utilized in man, requires treatment or decline in portion or shows alert later on the utilization of similar medication. Escitalopram is a medication which goes under the classification of particular serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (antidepressants). It is the S-enantiomer of the racemic subsidiary of citalopram, which specifically restrains the reuptake of serotonin with practically no impact on norepinephrine or dopamine reuptake. Practically all the antidepressants and antipsychotics have been connected to QT prolongation. In a patient with previously diagnosed congenital QTS, we present a drug-induced QT extension owing to the escitalopram overdose. A 15-year-old Caucasian woman was presented with an escalopram overdose after a suicide attempt. The patient has a lengthy QT period of torsade de point incidents. The patient was received and monitored in the telemetry facility. She proceeded to exhibit the persistently extended QT period after the resolution of torsades de punes. She was diagnosed with a congenital QT condition by the cardiology clinic. In this situation, an escitalopram overdose is seen to trigger an immediate QT extension for a patient who has congenital LQTS and the value of an electrocardiogram before SSRIs are started, particularly for those at high risk of QT prolongation. --- ## Prospective randomized double blind study for determining the efficacy of Sellick’s maneuver for preventing gastric distension during mask ventilation **Authors:** Arun Prasad T, Yachendra V S G **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4547 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gastric distension, Gastric volume, Intubation, Mask ventilation, Sellick’s Maneuver, Ultrasound Sellick’s maneuver is a technique in which pressure is applied over the cricoid cartilage to occlude the upper part of esophagus which passes behind it. It is used to prevent regurgitation of gastric and esophageal contents and gastric distension during intubation and mask ventilation. This research is conducted to determine the efficacy of Sellick’s maneuver in preventing gastric distension during mask ventilation using ultrasound. Sixty patients posted for elective surgery were selected and randomly allocated to a group receiving Sellick’s Maneuver (SM) or No Sellick’s Maneuver (NSM). Patients of both groups had their gastric antral cross sectional area (CSA) measured using ultrasound before induction of anesthesia and after intubation and mask ventilation. The SM group was intubated after application of Sellick’s maneuver. Gastric volume was then calculated from the gastric antral CSA. Changes in gastric volume among SM and NSM group were assessed to determine whether Sellick’s maneuver is effective in preventing gastric distension. Changes in gastric antral CSA and gastric volume before anesthesia induction and post-intubation is lower in the SM group as compared to the NSM group. Sellick’s Maneuver is effective in preventing gastric distension. --- ## A simple Simultaneous UV Spectrophotometric Method to Determine Isoniazid and Rifampicin Contents in One Combined Tablet **Authors:** Zilhadia Zilhadia, Supandi Supandi, Adha Dastu Ilahi **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4407 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pramuka market, Simultaneous analysis, UV spectrophotometry Isoniazid and rifampicin are the first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs in the advanced phase. This study aimed at validating the method to determine the levels of isoniazid and rifampicin contents in one serve of combined tablet circulating at Pramuka market using simultaneous analysis of Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry with methanol as a solvent. The maximum wavelength of isoniazid and rifampicin obtained was 261 nm and 337 nm, respectively. The method used to confirm the validity here includes linearity, the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy, and precision under the ICH guidelines. The results of the method validation for isoniazid and rifampicin were as follow: linearity (R2) in the range 5-25 µg / mL showed about 0.9998 and 0.9997, the limit of detection (LOD) 0.4026 µg/mL and 0.4952 µg / mL, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) 1.3421 µg / mL and 1.6508 µg / mL respectively. Besides, the accuracy-test (% recovery) was in the range of 100.44% ± 0.41% to 107.26% ± 0.28%, while the precision test (% RSD) was less than 2%. The determination of the contents was carried out on samples purchased at Pramuka Market with predetermined criteria and obtained levels of active ingredients ranging from 92.774% ± 0.39% to 103.51% ± 0.41%. The method validation to determine the levels of isoniazid and rifampicin contents in one serve of combined tablet using simultaneous analysis of Ultraviolet (UV) Spectrophotometry with methanol as a solvent is recommended for preparation analysis at the market. --- ## Regulatory Comparative Quality Systems of India and USA and its Significance in Pharmaceutical Industry Facilities **Authors:** Prabhakar V S, Beula Evangeline C, Aravindhanathan V, Sruthi N, Gowthamarajan K **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4498 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Schedule M of D and C Act, United States FDA, Good Manufacturing Practice, Site Master file, Inspection & Compliance The intentions of the current study are to compare the regulatory requirements of USFDA and CDSCO-Schedule M in GMP with significance to the pharmaceutical industry to speed up the criteria for enforcement to facilitate the regulatory approval of specified pharmaceutical products in the United States and India. The literature search is done using different resources, such as regulatory authority websites, pharmaceutical review articles, journals and public domains. To discuss the numerous dilemmas, root causes and challenges confront by pharmaceutical companies and to suggest remedial and pro-active measures to GMP issues and all pharmaceutical manufacturers are required to develop and enforce effective quality control systems in order to ensure quality. Whereas the regulated markets like the United States have well-established guidance compared to emerging markets like India on good manufacturing practice compliance, to assess the effectiveness of this quality management systems, inspections are carried out on manufacturing units. The primary objective of the analysis is to differentiate between the type of application or license that causes the inspection and the outcome of the inspection and to also provide enough details identified by the authority during the evaluation. --- ## Association of age and gender distribution in patients having class II caries resulting in root canal treatment in lower premolars and molars **Authors:** Lasya Genji, Subash Sharma, Raghu Sandhya **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4020 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** class II caries, gender, lower premolar, lower molar, root canal treatment Caries or cavities is a breakdown of teeth due to acids made by bacteria. Individual tooth surfaces have different susceptibilities to caries which vary over time. Progress of caries towards the pulp leads to damage to the pulp. Caries 2 caries involve proximal surfaces of posterior teeth. The aim of the present study was to identify the association of age and gender distribution in patients having class II caries resulting in root canal treatment in lower premolars and molars. The data was collected from the DIAS - dental information archiving software. All case sheets were reviewed and findings are recorded. The data were tabulated using excel and analysed with the help of SPSS software. In this study, class II caries were common in the age group 60 to 70 years (73.9%). Males (63.8%) were more affected than females (36%). Lower molars (51%) showed a slightly higher incidence of class II caries when compared to premolars (49.4%). Within the limitations of the study, male patients showed a higher incidence of class II caries resulting in root canal treatment compared with female patients. 60 to 70 years was the commonly affected age group. --- ## Knowledge Impact of Anorexia Nervosa on Adolescent Girls: An exploratory survey **Authors:** Alfred Solomon D, Nishanthi E **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3788 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Assess, Knowledge, Anorexia nervosa, Adolescent girls, Urban, Rural Every individual has various preferences for food and distinctive dietary patterns and wanting for some food tastes. These are on the whole ordinary inclinations with regards to considering about food, a portion of the people become fixated on food, weight and self-perception issues which lead to change in their dietary patterns; they may start to eat minuscule or very huge bits of food, or they may even quit eating for a critical time frame which may leads to Eating disorders which affects the mental health of an individual. However, they are completely treatable and have high chance of recovery. The Study Aims to compare the knowledge regarding anorexia nervosa between urban and rural areas. The Research approach used for the study was evaluative approach. The research design was exploratory survey method. Convenient sampling technique was adopted, the study was conducted in Porur for urban and Kondancheri for rural. At the end overall knowledge score, the mean level of knowledge in anorexia nervosa among adolescent girls in rural area are 19.5. The mean of level of knowledge of anorexia nervosa among adolescent girls in urban area is 23.6. The mean difference score is 4.1. The ”t” value is 7.49. The degree of freedom is 29. The mean of urban area is higher than the rural area. The “t” value is scientifically significant. The study indicates that there is a great need for knowledge regarding anorexia nervosa to adolescent girls and their family members in rural areas. --- ## Study on Role of Nitric Oxide and High Sensitive C - reactive protein in subjects with Coronary Heart Disease **Authors:** Thirunavukkarasu Jaishankar, Meera Shivasekar, Vinodhini V.M. **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4607 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronary Heart Disease, High Density Lipoprotein, Low Density Lipoprotein, Nitric Oxide, High Sensitive C-reactive protein Nitric Oxide (NO) where produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) enzyme which are inhibited by C-reactive protein (CRP) which causes endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular events. In the current study, we evaluated the association of NO with hs-CRP in subjects with coronary heart disease. This Case-Control study was conducted 60 CHD patients and 60 healthy controls in age group of 30 to 55 years at SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre on subjects attending the Cardiology and medicine OP. Blood samples were collected after overnight fasting for analysis of Lipid Profile, High sensitive C-reactive protein. Nitric Oxide and High sensitive C- reactive protein is measured by ELISA method and Lipid Profile is measured using Auto Analyzer AU480. Statistical analysis was done using Student ‘t’ test and Pearson correlation analysis used to the variable between two groups. The mean level of LDL-C (161.9 ± 27.46) and hs-CRP (6.80 ± 1.35) were significantly elevated in CHD subjects when compared to the normal healthy controls. And the mean level of Nitric Oxide (12.97 ± 1.20) were decreased significantly in CHD group when compared to controls. Increased oxidative stress associated with low grade inflammation lead to diminished bioavailability of nitric oxide. --- ## Characterization of Methotrexate Loaded Fucoidan/Chitosan Nanoparticles **Authors:** Venkatesan Kotteeswaran, Vidhyutha Srivathsan, Mahima Bhandari, Juanit Thomas E, Trishita Bhattacharya **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4534 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fucoidan, sulfated polysaccharides, chitosan, methotrexate, anti-cancer Methotrexate is one of the most popular and safe anti-inflammatory drugs which is an antifolate-type antimetabolite and is used as an anticancer drug. In this study, oppositely charged chitosan and fucoidan have been non-covalently bonded using their electrostatic interactions with the methotrexate drug loaded into these nanoparticles. Fucoidan is obtained from marine algae which are composed of l-fucose and sulfate groups in various types of brown seaweeds; whereas chitosan is a naturally occurring biopolymer obtained through the N-deacetylation of chitin. Depending on the fucoidan / chitosan (F / C) weight ratio, three distinct nanoparticles (1F / 1C; 3F / 1C; 5F / 1C) are synthesized and characterized. Nanoparticles were prepared using cross linkers EDC and NHS at a constant pH to reduce the conjugate size. The prepared conjugates were characterized for their size and zeta potential using DLS analysis and the functional groups were analysed using FTIR. DLS results proclaimed that there was size reduction in particle size with cross linker and without the drug methotrexate. The 5:1 F/C nanoparticles was seen to be 441.5 nm, the difference being considerable larger in the 5:1 formulation. Hence for further analysis 5:1 F/C nanoparticles were preferred. Maximum entrapment efficiency was observed in 5:1 F/C nanoparticle with and without cross linkers. To understand the structural morphology of nanoparticles electromagnetic magnification like SEM and TEM were taken in account. --- ## Effectiveness of Strengthening and Aerobic Exercises among Geriatrics with Arthritis **Authors:** Tamilselvi S., Anshu Gloria Ekka, Arul Jothi L. **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4000 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Arthritis, Strengthening exercise, Aerobic exercise, Joint pain Joint inflammation might be a term regularly acclimated mean any confusion that influences joints. Manifestations for the most part, incorporate joint torment and firmness. Different manifestations may incorporate redness, warmth, growing, the diminished scope of movement of the influenced joints. The aim of the study is to determine the effectiveness of strengthening and aerobic exercise among geriatrics with arthritis. A quantitative research approach with a quasi-experimental research design was used for the present study. A total of 60 arthritis clients who fall in the inclusion criteria were selected by purposive sampling technique, among which 30 samples were in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. The data were collected for both the groups, followed by the pre-test was conducted on the 1st day, the intensity level of pain was assessed by the numerical pain rating scale followed by the exercises which are effective in arthritis are a range of motion exercise, strengthening exercises (hand towel knee exercises, knee flexion, long arc quads), aerobic exercise (brisk walking) was initiated only in the experimental group. The post-test was conducted on 7th day and the level of pain was assessed by a numerical pain rating scale in both the groups. The results revealed that there was a significant reduction in the level of pain at p<0.0001 after the intervention among the experimental group. Thus, the study proves that strengthening and aerobic exercises can be used as an effective nursing intervention for reducing the arthritis pain among the geriatrics and it is easily applicable exercises, and also considered as a less cost-effective. These exercises can be practiced at home without any stress or harm and it has less side effect as compared to that of pharmacological interventions. --- ## Amino Acids Profiling in Fruit Juices by High Performance Liquid Chromatography: A Review **Authors:** Vijaya Vemani, Mounika P, Poulami Das, Anand Kumar Tengli **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4552 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Amino acids, HPLC, Adulteration, pre-column derivatization, phytoconstituents In the preservation of normal physiological functions, the building blocks of the body called amino acids play a crucial role. A number of valuable and nutritional phytoconstituents are contained in fruit juices, such as vitamins, minerals, microelements, organic acids, antioxidants, flavonoids, amino acids and other components. Due to the growing population and demand, the quality of fruit juices is decreasing. One of the unethical and harmful practices called adulteration or food fraudulence has been adopted by most food and beverage industries. The amino acids which is one of the most important phytochemicals of fruit and fruit juices which affects the organoleptic properties like color, odor, and taste of juices and also helps in authenticity process from governing bodies by providing total amino acid content. Consequently, the main aim of the present review work is to provide information regarding the importance of amino acids, how they are adulterated, the potential analytical approach to detected amino acids and which methods are generally accepted method by the food industries. According to the literature review, we presume that reverse phased high-performance liquid chromatography with pre-column derivatization was the most adopted method for quality checking due to its advantages over other old and recent analytical approaches like simple, rapid, cost-effective nature, less / no sample matrix effect with high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. --- ## Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on knowledge regarding diabetic complications among diabetes patients **Authors:** Muthulakshmi C, Joel Manoj S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3757 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Knowledge, Structured Teaching Programme, Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Patients Uncontrolled diabetes over time leads to microvascular and macrovascular complications. Diabetes leads to a major impact on heart, eyes, kidneys, blood vessels and nerves. Diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular complications such as CAD, heart attack, stroke, chronic infections, skin problems, opportunistic systemic alterations cause lifetime disability as well as even death. Hence, the present study aimed at to assess the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on knowledge regarding diabetic complications among diabetes patients at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai. A quantitative quasi-experimental research design with one group pretest and post-test was obtained. Purposive sampling technique was followed among 60 diabetic patients and data were collected by using structured questionnaires. Pretest demographic data and knowledge were assessed, and then STP was implemented regarding diabetes complications. Post-test knowledge were assessed after 1 week and analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed that pretest mean score of knowledge was 11.62 ± 4.60 whereas in the post-test mean score was 26.88 ± 2.98. The mean difference is 15.27. The calculated paired ’t’ value of t = 30.0824 was found to statistically significant at p<0.0001 level. This clearly shows that the STP imparted to patients with diabetes mellitus had significant improvement in the post-test level of knowledge regarding diabetic complications. The studies concluded that there is a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test level of knowledge. Hence, the Structured Teaching Programme implemented in this study is effective to develop knowledge regarding diabetic complications among diabetic patients. --- ## Postoperative Infection and Its Management Strategies - Review **Authors:** Naveenaa N., Geetha R. V., Leslie Rani S. **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4012 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antibiotic prophylaxis, Infection, Resistance, Wound care Post-operative infection still remains as a challenging one which occurs during the postoperative course. This can cause mild to severe complications and can even lead to death. Due to which this leads to serious consequences like expanded expenses in hospitals because of increased hospital stay and treatment. The area is marked to have pain, tenderness, edema and even discharges like pus is seen. The commonly involved organisms include the Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas species and E.coli. The risk of acquiring the infection differs from one person to another. The paces of these infections differ from hospital to hospital and the site of contamination might be limited to a stitch line or might extend into the operative sight. The postoperative infections are combated by providing antibiotic prophylaxis before, during and after the surgery. The main challenge associated is the antibiotic resistance by the bacterial species, so it becomes difficult to evaluate the sound techniques for treating these infections. So this can be prevented by following pre-operative, intraoperative, post-operative surgical techniques. Proper strategies must be used to prevent and control these infections. The aim of this review is to analyze the postoperative infections and their management strategies. --- ## Management of Kitibha Kushta (Plaque Psoriasis) with Combination of Ayurvedic Modality-A Case Study **Authors:** Ashvini Dinesh Pardhekar, Sourabh Deshmukh, Vinod Ade **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4458 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Kitibha, Plaque Psoriasis, Shodhana, Shamana, Bahirparimarjana Chikitsa Skin diseases are commonly observed due to altered lifestyle, lack of physical exercise, poor hygiene, mental stress and improper food habits. Kushta (Skin diseases) is divided into Maha Kushta (Major skin diseases) and Kshudra Kushta (Minor skin disease). Kitibha Kushta (Plaque Psoriasis) is included in Kshudra Kushta commonly found today, having sign and symptoms similar to Plaque psoriasis. Due to relapsing nature of Plaque psoriasis it needs long duration treatment. Ayurveda provides long lasting results by treating the disease and preventing reoccurrence. In this case study, a 43 years old male came to OPD of Kayachikitsa with chief complaint of Kandu (Itching), dry silvery white patches over left leg treated with Shodhana Chikitsa (Body purification treatment) using Vaman Karma (Therapeutic Emesis) and Shaman Chikitsa (Alleviating treatment) using internally Gandhaka Rasayana, Panchatikta Ghrita and S-kin powder, Shabsoria Oil for external application for 1 month. The PASI score was 14.4. Before treatment, after 15 days it was 7.4 and after 30 days it was reduced to 0. Patient got relief in the symptoms. Better result achieved in this case using Shodhana Chikitsa and Shaman Chikitsa along with Bahirparimarjan Chikitsa (External application). --- ## Role of Triple Assessment of Breast Lump in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women -A Comparative and Descriptive Study **Authors:** Devi Priya S, Lakshmana R, Abhilash M, Sujeeth A, Govinda Raju C **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4311 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Core Needle, Estrogen Receptors, Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology, Lump, Menstrual Status, Ultrasound Breast Triple assessment of breast is based on clinical examination, histological and radiological study where in our study, the pattern of breast swelling in a premenopausal and postmenopausal woman was compared. A total of 150 female patients with palpable breast lump went through clinical examination, FNAC, USG breast while mammogram & core needle biopsy was done in selected patients. Histopathological examination of the specimen was done for all post-operative patients. Benign & malignant breast lesion accounted for 82(54.6%) & 68(45.3%) respectively. Based on the incidence of benign breast lump & malignant breast lump among pre menopausal women, it was 79% & 21% respectively while in post menopausal women it was 21.9% & 78.1%. The most common type of breast lump among the pre and post menopausal women was fibroadenoma 56.9% & Invasive ductal carcinoma 59.3% respectively. The most common benign breast lump & malignant breast lesion based on the histological pattern among the premenopausal women was fibroadenoma 72% & Invasive ductal carcinoma 50% while in postmenopausal women it was fibroadenosis 71.4% & Invasive Ductal Carcinoma 76%. Based on the hormonal status(ER/PR) of pre and postmenopausal women positivity was seen majorly in post menopausal women 82.3% compared to premenopausal women 17.7%. In our study, the malignant breast disease was more common in post menopausal, while benign breast disease was common in pre menopausal women. Triple assessment in evaluating a breast lump is per se a reliable & valid tool in the armamentarium of treating clinician with very high diagnostic accuracy. --- ## A Comprehensive Guide to select a Suitable Journal for Research Publication **Authors:** Rajasekaran A, Thiruvengadarajan V S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4397 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Comprehensive Guide, Pharmaceutical Sciences, research, Journal publication Selection of suitable Journal for publication of research findings in a peer reviewed Journal is very critical and challenging for researchers. Selection of Journal for publication involves many factors, where the main factor is Journal metrics. In light of the proliferation of journals, some journals have come under increased scrutiny recently with terms such as questionable, illegitimate, dishonest, used to describe these journals. Generally, the young researchers or the first-time authors, would like to publish their findings in a less reputed Journal with very less rejection rate, as they want to publish their articles quickly. Wrong choice of journal for publishing spells outright rejection. Even if the article is very encouraging with sound and rigorous scholarly work, it will not stand the test. Another option for authors is to consult with librarians affiliated with organization or local public library. Librarians are well-suited to provide guidance in helping authors with selecting quality journals to consider for publication. Transparency and objectives are essential elements for scientific research and peer review process. Bibliographic software such as EndNote or RefWorks assist the authors to format reference section and to perform corrections suggested by reviewers. Hence, this review was delineated to provide an insight for the researchers to prefer a Journal based on the impact factor, H-index, SNIP, SJR and timeline of publication. --- ## Bacterial Meningitis Following Spinal Anaesthesia for Caesarean Section: Rare but nearly catastrophic **Authors:** Arzoo Chadha, Neema S Acharya, Sourya Acharya, Pankaj Banode, Kirti Singh **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4489 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Bacterial Meningitis, Spinal Anaesthesia, Caesarean Section Bacterial meningitis is a disease with a potentially catastrophic outcome requiring immediate diagnosis and intervention. Bacteria can use several routes for migration into the intrathecal space. Lumbar puncture circumvents the normal central nervous system defence barrier and thus carries the potential for infection to be spread to the meninges. In sporadic cases, meningitis can occur, albeit very serious despite the meticulous aseptic techniques. Hence, meningitis finds an important place in the differential diagnosis of post-spinal headache in patients with complaints of intense headaches, fever, sensitivity to light, incoherent behaviour or muscular rigidity in the absence of any psychological disease in the postoperative or postpartum period. It is also mandated to rule out other vital conditions in the postpartum like preeclampsia, which can also have similar manifestations requiring urgent intervention. Adequate care given at the right time can halt disease progression, thereby limiting the damage caused, which often at times could be irreversible. The gravity of the disease should not be undermined in any scenario. Sharp and timely diagnosis is the key to prevent any adversity. Here we have documented a case of meningitis caused by the unpremeditated introduction of bacteria following spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section and its subsequent management. --- ## Awareness of Diabetic Eye Diseases in Diabetic Patients **Authors:** Mahalakshmi K, Anuradha Krishnan P **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4403 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cataract, Community Awareness, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma, Prevention of Treatable Blindness The study aims to assess the awareness of diabetic eye disease among diabetic patients. Diabetes mellitus is a rapidly growing global concern that may cause several complications. The ophthalmic complications that diabetic patients are prone to are diabetic retinopathy, cataract, and glaucoma. One of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes is diabetic retinopathy. The study is a community-based cross-sectional descriptive study involving 100 diabetic patients who visited a tertiary care hospital, Saveetha Medical College who gave consent for the study. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB). The 100 study participants filled up a structured questionnaire with 26 questions that were validated by two experts in the field. The age, gender, educational status, occupation, duration of diabetes, undergoing treatment, associated risk factors, awareness regarding diabetes caused ophthalmic complications, their knowledge on how important regular eye check-ups are for the diabetic patients, and whether they are aware that it could cause blindness. The questionnaire also assessed their practice patterns for regular eye check-ups. The results were presented in the form of text, pie charts, tables, and figures. 86% of the study participants knew that diabetes could cause eye diseases. 8% knew that diabetes could cause cataract. 65% knew that diabetes could cause glaucoma. 70% knew that diabetes could cause diabetic retinopathy. These results were compared to the results of similar research papers. Though there is awareness amongst the majority of the study participants, the practice pattern shows that 54% of the study participant do not go for regular eye check-ups. More community awareness is required for better efficiency to prevent treatable blindness in India. --- ## Crown Lengthening Procedure: Report of Two Cases **Authors:** Deepika Masurkar, Priyanka Jaiswal, Diksha Agrawal **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4582 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Crown Lengthening, Gingivectomy, Osseous reduction Crown lengthening is a surgical procedure designed to increase the extent of the supragingival tooth structure, so that the clinician can restore the tooth. Crown lengthening procedure is done to maintain normal biologic width and increase crown length for retention of prosthesis. Various techniques have been proposed to perform CLP, such as gingivectomy, undisplaced flap with or without osseous reduction, apically repositioned flap with or without bone reduction, and orthodontic forced eruption with or without fibrotomy. Selection of one of this CLP technique depends upon esthetics, clinical ratio of crown to root, structure of root, location of furcation, position of tooth and the capacity of the tooth to be restored. This case report illustrate two different methods of doing crown lengthening procedure the selection of case depends upon various soft tissue and hard tissue parameters. Owing to the various advantages, disadvantages and associated limitation with different methods, we opted for surgical CLP with scalpel method. Uneventful healing was observed in both our cases. No post-operative complications was observed in both cases. Thus to conclude success rate of CLP is high but appropriate selection of case is required. In our case report both the methods of CLP shows significant result in increasing the crown length and maintaining the biological width. --- ## Perception and knowledge on the medicinal use of traditional drugs among dental undergraduates - A survey **Authors:** Sushma P G, Lakshmi T, Kavitha S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3812 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Traditional drugs, Dental undergraduates, Chamomile, Clove, Fennel root The traditional drug, as characterized by the World Health Organization, is the aggregate of the information, aptitudes, and practices dependent on the hypotheses, convictions, and encounters indigenous to various societies, regardless of whether intelligible or not, utilized in the upkeep of well-being just as in the anticipation, analysis, improvement, or treatment of physical and psychological maladjustment. There is increasing usage of traditional drugs worldwide. To adequately manage safety issues associated with traditional drugs, the future dentists must possess good knowledge of them. Dental undergraduate students, totaling 100 students completed a questionnaire in a cross-sectional study that assessed their knowledge and attitude towards traditional drugs. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. The best known and used herb was chamomile and clove. Although with limited knowledge, the dental students showed a high level of personal use and good attitudes towards traditional drugs. Introduction of traditional drugs courses in their dental curriculum and also more awareness programs should increase their knowledge and attitude, so they could in the future adequately manage patients who used or intend to use traditional drugs. --- ## Transferosomes- Nano Vesicular Carrier for Skin Cancer **Authors:** Komathy J, Sangeetha S, Gayathri H, Damodharan N **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4557 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Transferosome, Mechanism of transferosomes, Skin cancer, Patches mechanism, Application, Transferosome works on skin cancer mechanism Transferosomes creating a new development in delivering a drug through skin. In oral, parenteral drug delivery system shows poor patient compliance are the major complication in clinical practice. Well, Transdermal route has obtained an appreciable interest in pharmaceutical research. Transferosomes consist of both hydrophobic, hydrophilic moieties together results, the drug molecule with wide range of solubility and possess flexible Nano-vesicles formulation comprise of lipid and surfactant. It offers a versatile delivery concept for improving stability, potential for active compound. Major advantages in transferosomes are: avoidance of first pass metabolism, improve patient compliance, improve bioavailability, painless, and reduce frequency of administration. They can pretence as a carrier towards low and additionally high molecular drugs. Skin cancer occurs due to abnormal growth of skin cells it is a common diseases found in white skin. They are possible to alter their membrane flexibility as transitions approach the skin pores and spontaneously migrate through the skin. This is the so-called deformability, self-optimizing. In general, transferosome are widely deformable consequently, even very small pores are easily crossed. Current study shows that transferosomes are drug mover system that can penetrate beyond undamaged with skin stratum corneum and epidermis expands osmotic gradient foremost to penetrate the transferosome beyond the skin. Over the past few years in research has proven that Transferosomes are the fast developing one in clinical studies. --- ## Analysis on Overweight and Inadequate Physical Activity by Nutritional Behaviors such as Obesity **Authors:** Venu Gopal Raju S, Satyanarayana P, Sriram V, Umapathi P **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3814 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cardiometabolic, Environmental, Neurohormonal We study all the review article related to Obesity. The Obesity is the disease in which imbalance between the calorie intake and its use. Obesity has touched widespread levels in established as well as in developing countries. It progressively existence experiential by altering the lifestyle of the family. The mechanism of Obesity is the unusual calorie convert into fat in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue consists of an adipose cell and unusual calorie accumulate into the adipose cell they swell increase their Weight and increase the body weight of the body. Universally in an investigation of 199 nations, 1.46 billion grown-ups are assessed to actuality overweight, and 502 million are assessed as existence stout. Individuals are commonly viewed as fat when their weight file (BMI) an estimation developed by segmentation an individual load by the rectangular of the separate tallness is more than 30 Kg/m2, by the reference range 25-30 kg/m2 considered as overweight. Weight Index (BMI) is commonplace uses to clarify the overweight and heftiness in the study of disease transmission contemplates. In any case, BMI has low affectability and there is bigger entomb singular changes in the percent muscle versus fat for some random BMI esteem, somewhat trait to age sex and nationality. Causes of Obesity, both genes and environmental factor participate in Obesity. However, by the large, genes are now thought to set only the stage and provide the background, against which the decisive effects and provide effects are eventually driven by the natural and conduct factors. --- ## Review on Effects of Conventional Physiotherapy in Muscle Strength using Meta-Analytic Critical Conventional Physiotherapy Method **Authors:** Jyotshna A, Sriman narayana, Thulasi Raman D, Sankaralingam P **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4065 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Muscle strength, CP training, OA, Meta-analysis This examination expected to efficiently survey distributed exploration written works to distinguish and assess the viability of Conventional Physiotherapy (CP) training on progress in muscle quality in moderately aged and old female people analyzed as having Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Different information bases having articles distributed somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2016, for example, PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest, CINAHL, &Ebscohost are deliberately looked for articles identified with knee OA. Just unmistakable, meta-systematic and interventional investigation articles are held. Generally, impact size with 95% “confidence intervals (CIs)” is utilized to survey the quality of connection among intercessions and development in muscle quality between old OA of knee patients, by utilizing an arbitrary impacts model. Heterogeneity was likewise assessed. Nine exploratory investigations were chosen and remembered for the audit, out of 4 are randomized controlled preliminaries & remaining are pseudo-randomized controlled preliminaries. The surveys deliberating drug co-mediations are prohibited. Normalized impact sizes with 95% CIs are determined from pre-mediation and post-intercession methods for CP preparing gathering and other mediation or no-mediation gathering. Accordingly, the valuable effect of CP preparing in developing muscle-quality in OA patients didn’t get affirmed. This discovery suggests that next investigations following thorough approach are needed to infer complete proof to affirm the gainful impacts of CP preparing on progress in muscle quality between old patients experiencing OA of the knee. --- ## Impact of Functional Food Mixes on Serum Calcium and Phosphorous Level – An Interventional Study **Authors:** Usharani R **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3822 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** handloom weavers, occupational health problems, functional foods and soya Agriculture is the main occupation of the people. Further cultivation, public occupied themselves in weaving, tanning and metallurgy. Among the various occupations weaving is one of the second major occupations in India next to agriculture. A long tradition of excellence in its craftsmanship, Indian Handloom is said to have dated back to the ancient ages. 15th August 1947, noticeable turnings face for the country’s handloom weavers. Weavers are the main population in India who suffer from major health problems such as respiratory problems, musculoskeletal disorders and chronic diseases like hypertension as well as disabilities such as everlasting ears hot failure due to revelation to sound. For the interventional study interview schedule was used and screened 90 subjects based on the health problems, subjects divided into 3 groups such as EM – 30, EMS-30 and CM-30. Functional food mixes prepared and formulated soya based health mixes and assessed the nutrient content of health mixes, and supplemented to the experimental groups. There is no supplementation for the control group. Then the impact was evaluated by using biochemical parameters. After the supplementation revealed, the soya based health mixes are reduced the risk of osteoporosis. --- ## Evaluation of Indoxyl Sulfate in Chronic Kidney Disease associated with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy **Authors:** Abdullah H Drewil, Mohammed A Al-Bayati, Arif S Malik **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4608 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Indoxyl Sulfate, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) Chronic kidney disease CKD is widely prevalent globally and Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is very common among CKD patients and contributes to CV mortality which can be monitored by measuring the levels of indoxyl sulfate (IS). Study the correlation of indoxyl sulphate and the degree of left Ventricular hypertrophy in CKD patients. A case control study was done on 90 patients with Chronic kidney disease CKD, 45 of them with who were recruited the Imamian Al-Khadhemian Medical City and Baghedad Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq between January, and September 2020. The levels of indoxyl sulfate and other parameters were measured in the serum of Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and compared with those with a no evidence of LVH) who considered as BMI and sex matched control group. Indoxyl sulfate (IS) levels in patients with chronic kidney disease and an evidence of lift ventricular hypertrophy (LVH-CKD) group were significantly (p=0.001) higher than those of patients with chronic kidney disease without an evidence of lift ventricular hypertrophy (NLVH-CKD) and IS levels were associated significantly with the severity of LVH. The possibility to use IS as a marker for early diagnosis of LVH in patients suffered from CKD and it can be used to determine the severity of LVH in those patients. --- ## Determination of obeticholic acid and its glycine conjugate in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry **Authors:** Muralikrishna Ramisetti, Lakshmana Rao Atmakuri, Rama Shekara Reddy Dachuru **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4540 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Obeticholic acid and its glycine conjugate, Analytes in plasma, LC-MS/MS, Full validation A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method was recommended by the authors for the determination orally bioavailable farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid along with its glycine conjugate glycoobeticholic acid human plasma. Obeticholic acid_d5 and glycoobeticholic acid_d5 were used as internal standards, respectively. After extraction with a mixture of tert-butyl methyl ether and dichloromethane, samples were separated on a phenyl column with a mobile phase of 2mM ammonium acetate with 0.01% formic acid and methanol (15:85, v/v). Analysis was performed on an AB Sciex 4500 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer and data acquisition was performed by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in the negative ionization mode. Obeticholic acid and its conjugate were quantified in the linearity range of 0.50-100.00 ng/mL and the correction coefficients were ≥0.99 during the validation. Precision and accuracy in different days (inter-day) and single day (intra-day) were meeting the acceptance criteria specified in the recent US FDA bioanalytical method validation guidelines. A variety of stability experiments in neat samples and plasma samples were conducted and the results are meeting the acceptance criteria. A run time of 2.5 min for each sample made it possible to analyze a greater number of samples in a short time, thus increasing productivity. This method could be useful to quantitate obeticholic acid and glycoobeticholic acid in real clinical samples. --- ## Effect of educational guidelines on reducing chemotherapy induced oral mucositis based on patients’ needs assessment **Authors:** Yasmin Mohamed Ali, Mohamed Sabry El–Kady, Hanan Said Ali, Dalia Abd-Allah Abdelatief, Shimaa Nabil Abdelslam **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4514 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chemotherapy, Educational guidelines, Oral mucositis, Patients’ needs Oral mucositis is a distressing complication of chemotherapy-induced toxicity in cancer patients, it effect on the well-being of patients, demonstrating its negative impact on patients’ quality of life, and may lead to dose reduction among patients. Hence, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of educational guidelines on reducing chemotherapy induced oral mucositis based on patients’ needs assessment. A quasi-experimental research design (pretest and posttest) has been conducted to achieve the aim of this study. This study was conducted in the inpatients’ department at Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Department, affiliated to Ain Shams University. A purposive sample of 70 adult patients was selected based on certain inclusion criteria. A structured interview questionnaire, Oral assessment guide, and Patients’ health condition assessment (Patient-related outcomes PROMs) are methods used to collect the data among the studied patients. There was statistically significant improvement in the post-test implementation of educational guidelines as regard patient’s mouth care practice with p-value <0.001 and 88.6% of the patients had healthy oral cavity and didn’t have any degree of oral mucositis. This study revealed the implementation of educational guidelines has a positive effect on the reducing chemotherapy induced oral mucositis for the patients undergoing chemotherapy. --- ## Trends and management of comorbid conditions in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients in a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Pushp Raj Gour, Kavita Dhar Bagati, Balakrishnan S., Chitti Babu G., Ramana Murty Kadali SLDV **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4584 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus, comorbid, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, telmisartan Across the globe, India has second prevalent diabetic people. The effect of diabetes mellitus associated with various long term comorbid conditions. Chances of increases in blood pressure or hypertension affect 70% of diabetic patients. Dyslipidemia is often concomitant with diabetes and is correlated to an increased risk of CVD. The study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of comorbidities among type 2 diabetes patients and its pharmacotherapy. It was a cross-sectional observational study carried out on patients who were 18 years and above with a diagnosis of diabetes type 2 with comorbidity. The data was recorded, medication status of all patients was reviewed, organized, and expressed as counts and percentages. Out of 142 subjects 55.63 % (n = 79) were males, 44.36 % (n = 63) were females and mean age of the sample was 56.84 (± 11.24) years. Out of 142 patients, 88.02 % (125) were concomitant with severe complications like ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia remaining 13.6% (17) were associated with other complications. The most commonly prescribed drugs for hypertension were telmisartan (46 %), followed by telmisartan and amlodipine (22 %). In ischemic heart disease, the most common combination of aspirin and atorvastatin (76.92 %) was prescribed. In hyperlipidemia, atorvastatin (50 %) was prescribed most commonly. The present study results suggest the significance of various combinations of comorbidity could shed light on a probable common etiology, and then on probably protective measures. --- ## Nanoparticles of beetroot plant extract (Beta vulgaris L.) as an alternative therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus : A review **Authors:** Faizal Achmad Hidayat, Herwienda Fatmayoni, Stefani Ayuningtyas, Anggi Muhtar Pratama **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4564 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Beetroot, Antioxidant, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Nanoparticle Type 1 diabetes mellitus is one of the most common degenerative diseases in the world. Out of 463 million diabetes mellitus patients in the world, 10% of them are type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. One of the complication causes and severity of type 1 diabetes mellitus is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs due to the build-up of excess free radicals obtained from the metabolism of glucose and lipids. Free radicals that cause oxidative stress can be minimized with antioxidants. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is a plant that is rich in antioxidants and can be used as an alternative therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Various flavonoid contents in beetroot extracts include quercetin, rutin, apigenin, kaempferol, and ferulic acid compounds that have antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. With the evolve of nanoparticle technology, it can be used to increase the solubility of drugs in water, to increase the duration of the drug in the systemic circulation, and to make drug release occurs gradually. The properties of this nanoparticle extract are indispensable for the efficacy and efficiency of treatment. The results of this study provide a lot of information and innovation for the development of the use of beetroot and the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. --- ## An analytical study of the prevalence and prescribed pattern vascular complication for type II diabetic patient in Indian tertiary care hospitals **Authors:** Satya Preethi, Beeraka Chandra Sekhar, Pandiyan K R, Rajkumar R **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3791 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus, microvascular complications, macro-vascular complications Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disorder. It is associated with complications which will affect the quality of life. Failure to control elevated blood sugar or inadequate treatment of diabetes could cause many complications. A prospective observational study is used to assess the prevalence of diabetic vascular complications in 105 types of II diabetic patients. A date was collected regarding patient’s demographic and clinical characteristics. Based on our study criteria, males were more when compared to females in getting vascular complications & also. Complications were more prominent in the age group of 50-65years. Of all microvascular complications, Nephropathy was major, whereas, in macro-vascular complications, CAD was prominent. Poor glycemic control and a long length of ailment appear to be the most significant danger factors for these complexities. Doctors assume a significant function to endorse hostile to diabetic meds and Pharmacist plays a sharp task to assess the medicine design so as to accomplish fruitful treatment. The currently anti-diabetic drugs are effective, but a lot of factors such as patient adherence, education related to diabetes, lifestyle modification, cost and type of medication have an association with glycemic control. Metformin was the most preferred drug both as monotherapy and combination therapy. Although polypharmacy was observed, drug utilization pattern can be rational owing to a higher prevalence of complications. Minimization of the occurrence of complications should be courage by early diagnosis, intensive blood glucose control and rational drug selections. --- ## Phytosomes: A Promising Strategy for Enhanced Therapeutic Benefits of Phytochemicals **Authors:** Kamal Saroha, Parul Waliyan, Rakesh Pahwa, Shweta Pal, Inderbir Singh, Manish Kumar **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4656 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Phytosomes, Phospholipids, Phytoconstituents, Better absorption, Enhanced bioavailability Phytosomes are phytochemical based novel drug delivery systems that lead to better absorption, greater bioavailability in addition to improved therapeutic efficacy of numerous phytoconstituents. It is a supremely advanced form of herbal formulations which contains the active phytoconstituent of herbal extract bound by phospholipid molecule. Additionally, these also act as vesicular systems for various fascinating and significant phytoactive. The phytosomes technique produces remarkable minute spheres or tiny cells, which is helpful in the protection of active phytochemical constituent from destruction by the gastric environment. Furthermore, phytosomes also reveal efficient pharmacokinetic as well as pharmacodynamic profile compared to conventional herbal extracts. The current manuscript is a cogent attempt to review the potential pharmacological benefits of herbal extracts by forming an impressive and successful phytophospholipid complex. Salient attributes, as well as promising and imperative applications of phytosomes, are illustrated in the manuscript. Recent advances in research endeavours, along with major inferences on effective phytosomal drug delivery systems, have also been highlighted. --- ## Validated stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of cilnidipine and chlorthalidone in tablet dosage form **Authors:** Ashok B. Patel, Amitkumar J. Vyas, Shital Faldu, Arvind N Lumbhani, Nikunj J. Patel, Nilesh K. Patel, Ajay I. Patel, Jayant R Chavda **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4495 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cilnidipine, Chlorthalidone, Stability indicating method, RP-HPLC, Gradient, ICH guideline A novel, simple, specific, accurate & precise stability-indicating Gradient reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed for simultaneous estimation of Cilnidipine & Chlorthalidone in tablet dosage form, validated as per ICH guideline. The separation was achieved on Inertsil ODS column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) in a gradient mode. The mobile phase consisted of Methanol, 0.025 M Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Buffer pH 5.5 adjusted by 10% v/v Ortho Phosphoric Acid (50:50 v/v) (Solution A) and Acetonitrile, 0.025 M Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Buffer pH 5.5 adjusted by 10%v/v Ortho Phosphoric Acid (75:25 v/v) (Solution B), gradient programming for 20 min at 1 ml/min rate of flow and response was detected at 225 nm. The retention time was found to be 3.580 min and 12.606 mins for Chlorthalidone and Cilnidipine, respectively. The method is validated according to ICH guideline, which includes linearity, specificity, accuracy, precision and robustness. Linearity was obtained over the concentration range of 10-60 µg/ml for Cilnidipine and 6.25-37.5 µg/ml for Chlorthalidone, had a regression coefficient (r2) almost 0.9966. The % Recovery was found to be 99.63-100.59 % and 100.24-100.51 % for Cilnidipine and Chlorthalidone, respectively. The method was found to be specific enough to separate all degradation products from the active compound. Drug samples were exposed to various stress conditions like photolysis, oxidation, heat conditions, and hydrolysis (acidic and alkaline), there was no interference of any degradants and excipient in the determination of drugs so that methods can be successfully applied for routine QC analysis. --- ## Effectiveness of Pranayama on Fatigue and Insomnia among Patients with Hemodialysis **Authors:** Bhuvaneswari G, Deepika S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3764 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pranayama, Fatigue, Insomnia, Patients with Hemodialysis Chronic renal failure or chronic kidney disease is a slowly progressive loss of kidney work over a time of quite a while. As kidney disappointment propels and the organ’s capacity is truly weakened, hazardous degrees of waste and liquid can quickly develop in the body. On the off chance that persistent kidney disappointment closes At end-stage kidney infection, the patient won’t get by without dialysis or a kidney transplant. Dialysis is adopted for cleaning the blood, is one of the most widely recognized treatment alternatives for patients with the end-stage renal illness. The study aims are to assess the effectiveness of Pranayama on fatigue and insomnia among patients with Hemodialysis. An evaluate approach was used for this study with one group pretest and post-test design. Nonprobability purposive sampling method was used to select the 60 samples of the study. The tool used for this study was fatigue and insomnia severity index was to assess the level of insomnia among patients with Hemodialysis. Pranayama was given to the patients for 15 mins twice a day, one hour after Hemodialysis for 15 days. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results depicts that mean post-test score of fatigue and insomnia were 19.09 (SD ± 8.44), 15.17 (SD ± 4.85) and the mean pretest score were 59.38(SD ± 8.18), 25.55 (SD ± 3.37) respectively. The mean difference was 40.29 and 10.38, respectively. The paired ’t’ value were 33.77 and 22.8 and (’t’ value= 0.0001) respectively, which was significant at P< 0.05. The above findings showed that Pranayama was an effective intervention in reducing fatigue and insomnia among patients with Hemodialysis. --- ## Quantification of phytochemical constituents in sixteen commonly consumed green leafy vegetables **Authors:** Anusha Anish, Sherena P A, Annamala P T, Mukkadan J K **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4592 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chlorophylls, Flavonoids, Green leafy vegetables, Polyphenols, Xanthophylls Sixteen green leafy vegetables - curry leaves (Murraya koenigii), fenugreek (methi) leaves (Trigonella foenum-graecum), coriander leaves (Coriandrum sativum), broccoli leaves (Brassica oleracea), bay leaves (Laurus nobilis), oregano leaves (Origanum vulgare), marjoram leaves (Origanum majorana), basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum), pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius), sage leaves (Salvia officinalis), thyme leaves (Thymus vulgaris), lemon grass leaves (Cymbopogon citratus), kaffirlime leaves (Citrus hystrix) and parsley leaves (Petroselinum crispum) were collected and analysed for the determination of major phytochemicals (polyphenols, flavonoids, chlorophills and xanthophylls). Basil leaves, sage leaves and oregano leaves were found to be rich in total polyphenols., basil leaves, mint leaves and thyme leaves were rich in flavonoids., coriander leaves, mint leaves and spinach leaves were rich in chlorophills., and coriander leaves, curry leaves and fenugreek leaves were found to be rich xanthophylls (carotenoids). This information will pave the way for selecting specific vegetables for the isolation and characterisation of individual phytochemical and its application in studying antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. --- ## Antidiabetic activity, alpha-amylase, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory effect of Tradescantia spathacea Swartz extract **Authors:** Nagaraju Jesetti, Rajasekhar Reddy Alavala, Subhakar Raju Rapaka, Umasankar Kulandaivelu, Koteswara Rao GSN **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4343 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alloxan-induced antidiabetic activity, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, Tradescantia spathacea Swartz Tradescantia spathacea Swartz belongs to the genus Commelinaceae, a tropical tree used in many countries as an herbal drug for the care of diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to examine anti-diabetic activity of the Tradescantia spathacea Swartz methanolic extract (METSW) and the in-vitro activity of α-amylase, and α-glucosidase was carried out. METSW compared with acarbose inhibition of the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme, METSW exhibited IC50 less than 100µg/mL would be considered as healthy. The METSW showed IC50 66.22 ± 0.52µg/mL α-amylase activity, acarbose revealed an IC50 of 83.25 ± 1.28µg/mL. METSW demonstrated IC50 levels of 85.37 ± 0.72 µg/mL (y= 0.095x+41.89) inhibition of the α-Glucosidase enzymes. METSW at 400 mg/kg greatly decreased the region under the blood glucose level curve in a typical rat test for oral glucose tolerance. The single dose of the extract decreased dramatically from 211 mg/dl to 89.22 mg/dl at 400 mg/kg METSW in the alloxan induced diabetic model. METSW possesses strong antidiabetic activity in vivo and in vitro. Besides, the extract has also been shown to have a significant inhibitory activity of α-amylase and α- glucosidase which may lead to its anti-hyperglycemic function when used in diabetic patients. --- ## Coronary Artery Dominance in Western Maharashtra Population by Angiographic Method **Authors:** Sheela D. Kadam, Abhijeet Shelke, Priya P Roy, Megha A Doshi, Shruti P Mohite **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4410 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronary Artery Dominancy, Coronary Artery, Coronary Artery Diseases Coronary artery disease (CAD) is going to become a significant cause of death in the world. The CAD is increasing day by day because of the changing lifestyle of people. The responsible factors for CAD are diabetes, hypertension, addiction and heredity also. So, the present work is undertaken to study the dominant pattern of coronary artery in the Maharashtra population. The present study was a hospital-based, prospective and observational study of 360 patients who have coronary artery disease undergoing coronary angiography. This study carried out from May 2018-November 2019 of both genders of 25 years of age and above [Male-215(59.72%) and female was 145(40.27 %)]. Out of that, the youngest patient below 40 years male was 30(73.17%), and the female was 11(26. 82%). While above 40 years males were 185(57.99%) and females was 134(42%). The patients with a history of by-pass surgery and angioplasty were excluded. Invasive angiography was performed by either femoral or radial artery using radio-opaque dye (OMNIPCK-50ml) that is visible by an x-ray machine (GE. INNOVA). The socio-demographic Proforma of patients, the pattern of coronary arterial dominance were recorded. Right coronary artery was dominant in 273(75.83%) patients observed in this study. While LCx was dominant in 49(13.6%) and co-dominant in 38 (10.55%) patients. Knowledge of study can be helpful to cardiologists for anatomical assessment of coronary arteries for diagnostic purposes and invasive studies. --- ## Research of low molecular fraction of C. albicans fungus cells by the ELISA in subcutaneous administration **Authors:** Rybalkin M, Diadiun T, Khokhlenkova N, Kalyuzhnaya O, Kovalenko SV **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4515 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antigen, Antibody titer, Candidiasis, Vaccine The purpose of this work is a study of low molecular weight fraction with C. albicans protein concentrations of 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/ml by antibody titers in subcutaneous administration. A low molecular fraction of C. albicans proteins in concentration 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mg/ml has been studied in white mice. Mice have subcutaneously injected 0.2 ml of the test fraction into the upper part of the right hind paw. After 14 days, 0.2 ml of test fractions were injected repeatedly into the upper part of the left hind paw. 1 month for one group and 3 months for the second group of experimental animals after the second injection intraperitoneal infection of the animals was carried out. After 14 days, determination of the protective functions of the animal body by titer of C. albicans specific antibodies has been performed by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Studies have shown that the low molecular weight fraction of C. albicans fungi cells antigens at the double subcutaneous injection of 0.2 ml does not provide the activation of immune mechanisms. The low molecular weight fraction of C. albicans proteins at subcutaneous administration does not activate the body’s defense mechanisms in preventing candidiasis. --- ## Prevalence of orofacial Pain among working adults - A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Kalyani P., Manjari Chaudhary, Santhosh Kumar M. P. **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3889 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Orofacial pain, prevalence, working status, gender, ratio Orofacial pain can be defined as a discipline of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis and management of different types of pain pertaining to the orofacial region such as the trigeminal neuralgia, atypical facial pain, postherpetic neuralgia, etc. The aim of the current study is to determine the prevalence of Orofacial Pain among working adults. The retrospective study involved the analysis of the case sheets of the patients with orofacial pain in the stipulated time frame and assessment based on the following parameters: age, gender, the type of orofacial pain, working status—statistical analysis calculated by chi-square test. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. The prevalence of orofacial pain was 0.08% with a female - to - the male ratio of 1.06: 1 and working adults to non-working adults ratio of 1.36: 1. Trigeminal neuralgia shows a male-female ratio of 1.18: 1 and higher prevalence of Atypical facial pain in females (15.15%). According to our study, it can be concluded that orofacial pain was more prevalent in females. The prevalence of Trigeminal Neuralgia was higher in males and Atypical facial pain was the most prevalent type in females. --- ## Knowledge and awareness of precision medicine among dental students **Authors:** Bipin M, Jeevitha M, Kavitha S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4010 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Precision medicine, Personalised medicine, Awareness, positive attitude, Treatment Precision medicine is an emerging approach for the treatment of diseases and prevention that takes into account individual variability in genes, environment and lifestyle of a person. Although the term precision medicine is relatively new, the concept has been a part of healthcare for many years. This study focuses especially to evaluate the knowledge on characteristics of precision medicine among dental students. The aim of this study is to analyse the knowledge and awareness of Precision medicine among dental students. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among dental students through a self-administrated questionnaire. The responses had been collected and statistically analysed. 61% of the study population were aware of Precision medicine and surprisingly, 82% of the respondents came across this term precision medicine. This study concludes that the dental students were aware of the term precision medicine, but they were not well aware of the role of precision medicine in the medical field. --- ## Antibacterial effects of soft denture reline resin containing natural extract **Authors:** Yu-Ri Choi, Min-Kyung Kang **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3880 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial Effects, Candida Albicans, Natural Extract, Peony Extract, Soft Denture Reline Resin Candida albicans (C. Albicans) is one of the bacteria that reside in the oral cavity, and the ones living in medical and commercial denture resins, commonly cause diseases. Therefore, this study was conducted to confirm the antibacterial activity of C. Albicans using a denture base resin containing peony extract with antibacterial properties. Contact angle measurements and color change measurements were performed to confirm the physical change of the material added with the antibacterial agent to the denture reline resin. As a result of the antibacterial test, the experimental group exhibited antibacterial activity against C. Albicans. Compared to the optical density results, the results of the experimental group showed a significant difference. As a result of Fluorescent images showing (confocal laser microscope), the control group showed a lot of live bacteria, and no bacteria appeared in the experimental group. All group did not show any physical changes. As a result of the contact angle measurement, the surface of the experimental group was changed to hydrophilic. In addition, there was no change in the color of the denture reline resin containing peony extract. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the peony extract contained antibacterial activity of the denture resin, and further studies should be conducted on various bacteria for denture base resin disinfection. --- ## A comparative study to assess the effectiveness of Topical Insulin Dressing vs Normal Saline Dressing on wound healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcer **Authors:** Ruban David, Nandhini Rajkumar **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3755 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetic Foot Ulcer, Wagner Scale, Insulin Dressing, Normal Saline Dressing, Wound Healing Diabetic foot ulcer (diabetic foot ulcer) is an injury entering through the profound vascular and collagenous (dermis) layers of the skin in diabetic patients. Helpless information by walking care and helpless foot care rehearses were distinguish as significant danger factors for foot issues in diabetes. The principle target of the investigation was to survey the effectiveness of topical insulin dressing versus saline dressing and analyze the degree of diabetic injury healing. Quasi-experimental with comparative research design was embraced for the investigation. Convenience sampling technique was utilized to choose 60 examples. Structured interview was used to collect background variable and Wagner diabetic wound assessment scale for assessing diabetic wound. The diabetic wound was dressed with topical insulin dressing and normal saline dressing for 6 days. The calculated paired ’t’ test value of t = 15.703 was found to be statistically highly significant at p<0.001 level whereas the calculated paired ’t’ test value of t = 3.247 was found to be statistically highly significant at p<0.01 level. There was significant that the topical insulin dressing is the more effective and improving the level of wound healing than normal saline dressing. --- ## Relationship between class 1 dental caries and sextant involving caries among patients visiting the outpatient department of Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, India **Authors:** Ankita Komal Labh, Anjaneyulu K, Geo Mani **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3997 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Class 1, dental caries, G.V. Black, mandibular posteriors, molars etc. Depending upon the site of the tooth, accessibility of oral hygiene products like toothbrush, tooth floss etc. different teeth have varying susceptibility to getting infected by cariogenic bacteria. Plaque accumulation, occlusal morphology, oral hygiene practices etc. play an important role in determining the susceptibility of teeth towards caries. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using patient records from the Dental College, Chennai after reviewing and analysing the data of 86000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020. The variables involved were age, gender and site of carious teeth. Data were then exported to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows (Version 19, 2010) for further analysis. The total sample size was 19014. The sample had a gender distribution of 55.56% males and 44.44% females. Class 1 dental caries was found to be most prevalent in sextant 6 that is the lower right posterior teeth region. Least incidence of class 1 DC was noted in sextant 5, which is the lower anterior teeth. Young adults (18- 35 years) had the highest incidence of class 1 dental caries (p<0.05). Among males and females, respectively, class 1 caries was most prevalent in sextant 6 (p<0.05). Within the limits of the study, it can be concluded that caries experience is highest in mandibular posteriors. There was a slight male predilection in the prevalence of class 1 dental caries. Young adults in the age group, 18-35 years, have the highest incidence of class 1 DC. --- ## Formulation Development and evaluation of mucoadhesive tablets for vaginal delivery of metronidazole **Authors:** Sanjeevani Deshkar, Harshad Kapare, Shramika Chore, Anjali Thakre, Jayashri Mahore **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4535 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial, Metronidazole, Matrix tablet, Mucoadhesion, Polyelectrolyte complex, Vaginal drug delivery Vaginitis is a very common gynecological problem in women of all age groups. Metronidazole is a synthetic antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent of the nitroimidazole class and used against protozoa such as Trichomonas vaginalis, amebiasis, and giardiasis. The present study was aimed with the application of chitosan in combination with anionic polymers for the design and development of mucoadhesive tablets for vaginal delivery of Metronidazole. Matrix tablets of metronidazole were prepared in combination with polyelectrolyte complex by wet granulation method and further characterized for various formulation parameters, in-vitro muco adhesion and antimicrobial activity. The developed formulation showed significant mucoadhesion due to presence of chitosan or carrageenan and ionisation of amino groups of chitosan at pH 5.2. The developed formulation showed desirable characteristics in terms of FTIR, DSC, SEM, in vitro drug release, swelling behaviour as well for mucoadhesion and antimicrobial potential compared with the marketed formulation. In overall developed dosage form imparts desirable characteristics in formulation for vaginal delivery of metronidazole with enhanced therapeutic effects. Thus, this dosage form can be further investigated for therapeutic applications of metronidazole in vaginal drug delivery. --- ## Comparative Studies on Antibacterial Efficacy of Natural & Artificial Honey on Isolated Pathogens from Burnt Wound Sample **Authors:** Vijaya Benerji G, Anantha Lakshmi Y, Shankar K, Punitha V C **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3783 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial activity, Antibiotics, Honey, Burnt wound, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa The present study dealt with the Isolation and Characterization of a bacterial pathogen from a burnt wound sample. The burnt Wound contamination may be a major muddling previously, patients. Blazed wounds indicated essentially higher bacterial tallies compared for the normal wound. The burnt wound sample was inoculated using nutrient agar medium and medium and incubated at 37oC for 24 hrs. After incubation pure cultures of organisms were made in respective agar mediums. The pure culture of bacteria was identified and characterized as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These organisms are dangerous pathogens penetrating the wound, producing a lot of pain and exudates. The improvement of blazed wound contamination is not another wonder and is a progressing issue for numerous individuals. Open wounds serve by a passage course to sullying 28 with attacking microorganisms. Furthermore Postponed wound recuperating about contaminated smolder wounds; it will be connected with expanded discomfort, healing center sit tight and human services expenses. The introduce fill in on the honey demonstrated antibacterial movement against the blazed wound pathogenic microscopic organisms for example, such that escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus Furthermore Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It will meet the requirements of essential products required in humans, animals as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. The natural honey is more effective and safer than artificial honey and the antibiotics against the burnt wound pathogens. --- ## Estimation of Heterosis from by Tird of the First Generation for Vicia Faba **Authors:** Israa M. M. A. Agwan **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4606 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Heterosis, F1, FABA, Plant This study included six parent (1) FLIP11-092FB, (2) FLIP11-088FB, (3) FLIPO6-016FB, (4) FLIPO6-005FB, (5) France, (6) Line 46-01 in the station of field crops department –faculty of agriculture and forests-university of Mosul during the growth season 2012-2013 method _1_in program. executed the study lead to evaluation the average of parents performs and choice the different single hybrid from the field and productive performance and the genetic differences between the studied traits as well as estimate the heterosis by the deviation the hybrid of F1about the best parent for the fifteen characters. Parent and the hybrid showed the significant different from some quantitative characters and the heritability from the different characters and specifically the coefficient of genotypic and phenotypic variation and the expected genetic improvement by the percentage the parent (1) dusting unshed by highest value in the number of knead and flower and harvest index and weight of 100 seeds and the parent (2) for the number of flowering days and the high plant and the total number of branches in the plant and total number of pods. The parent (4) for the weight and the rate and the number of pods in plant and the biological yield. The comparison among some of hybrids such as hybrid (3*5)have a high value of high plant and pod and number seed in pod and green yield per plant comparison by another hybrid. --- ## A significant progress of computer aided diagnosis system using automated glaucoma screening **Authors:** Yerramsetti V Rao, Murthy V S S N, Eswari V, Aruthra A **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3778 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Glaucoma, Optic disc, Thresholding, Optic Cup Segmentation (OCS), CMY (Cyan, Magenta, yellow), HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value), RGB (Red, Green, Blue), Retinal Images (RI) The automatic retinal image examination will be developing and significant screening device for initial recognition of eye diseases. This research proposes a computer aided diagnosis framework for initial recognition of glaucoma through Cup to Disc Ratio (CDR) measurement utilizing 2D fundus images. The system uses computer based analytical methods to procedure the patient data. The Glaucoma is chronic & progressive eye disease which damages optic nerve (ON) caused by improved intraocular pressure (IOP) of eye. The Glaucoma mostly affects on optic disc (OD) by enhancing cup size. It might lead to blindness whether not recognized initially. The glaucoma detection through “Heidelberg Retinal Tomography (HRT) optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)” have been more costly. This system proposes an efficient technique to recognize glaucoma utilizing 2D fundus image. The physical analysis of OD is a normal process utilized for identifying glaucoma. In this manuscript, we suggest automatic OD parameterization method is based on segmented OD and optic cup (OC) region attained from fundus retinal images. To automatically extract OD and optic cup, we used K-means clustering technique, SLIC (Simple linear iterative clustering) method, Gabor filter and thresholding. To reshape the attained disc and cup boundary ellipse fitting (EF) is applied to obtained image. We also propose a novel method which automatically calculates CDR from non-stereographic fundus camera images. The CDR is initial clinical indicator for glaucoma assessment. Also, we have calculated OD and cup area. These features are validated by classifying image either normal or glaucomatous for given patient. --- ## Optimization of phenolic extraction from Amomum compactum fruits using simplex centroid design **Authors:** Khusnul Ma’rifah, I Made Artika, Janson Calvindi, Waras Nurcholis **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4603 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amomum compactum Sol. Ex Maton, extract yield, phenolic extraction, simplex centroid design, extraction efficiency Cardamom (Amomum compactum Sol. Ex Maton) is a medicinal plant that belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. Phenolic compound detected in Cardamom fruit that responsible for several pharmacological activities. Optimization used the simplex centroid design for the yield and phenolic extractions of Cardamom fruit through maceration to optimize the mixing of water, acetone, methanol, and ethanol. The extraction yield is determined by weighing the extracted material compared to the whole sample. Total phenolic content was measured by a spectrophotometric method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The results show that the best for relating extract yield is the linear model, while the quadratic model is the best to connect total phenolic content response. Water (100%) solvent extraction on Cardamom fruits obtained the highest extract yield (10.52%) and the lowest extract yield from 100% ethanol. The extraction of phenolic compounds with a mixture of water (50%)/ethanol (50%) resulted in maximum total phenolic content (168.98 mg GAE/g). However, the 100% ethanol of solvent extraction noted the minimum phenolic content (93.15 mg GAE/g). The results show that we should carefully choose the solvent mixture extraction to achieve the extract yield and phenolic extraction goals. This study first reported an optimization study on phenolic compounds extracted from Cardamom fruit. --- ## Carvacrol inhibits osteoclast differentiation induced by RANKL in RAW264.7 cells **Authors:** Fathima Bushra Sheriff M, Amuthavalli Kottaiswamy, Deepa Suruli, Shila Samuel, Vijayaraghavan Radhakrishnan **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4371 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** RAW264.7 cells, RANKL, Osteoclast, TRAP, Cathepsin K RAW264.7, a murine macrophage cell line, an osteoclast model used for the differentiation of Osteoclast by inducing RANKL. Carvacrol, a monoterpenoid phenol that possess various medicinal property, was used for the treatment of osteoclast cells in this study. We investigate the effect of carvacrol in osteoclast cells induced by RANKL in RAW264.7 cells. RAW264.7 cells, cultured along with 40ng/ml of RANKL, on day 5, the cells were treated with TRAP staining to assess the formation of osteoclast cells, the presence of multinucleated TRAP positive cells were visualised using an inverted light microscope. The osteoclast cells were treated with varying concentrations of carvacrol (0- 200µm) respectively for 48 hours. By MTT assay, it was found that there was no cytotoxic effect induced by carvacrol in RAW264.7 cells, whereas in RANKL induced osteoclast cells, there was a significant change in a dose dependent manner for 48 hours. By western blot and agarose gel electrophoresis, the levels of osteoclastogenic marker genes such as TRAP and cathepsin k were assessed and the developed osteoclast cells were treated with 150µm of carvacrol and found a significant change on treatment with carvacrol when compared with control. The present study reveals the anti-osteoclastogenic effect of carvacrol on osteoclast cells induced by RANKL in RAW264.7 cells. --- ## Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethanolic extract Tanacetum parthenium L in Sodium arsenite-induced Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Albino Rats **Authors:** Deepthi Yada, Sivakkumar T, Nimmagadda Srinivas **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4519 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ethanolic extract of Tanacetum parthenium (EETP), Hepatoprotective activity, Sodium Arsenite(NaAsO2) This study assessed the probable effects of Ethanolic extract of Tanacetum parthenium (EETP) whole plant as hepatoprotective compound that acts on damaged liver due to administration of Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2 — 3mg/kg) in Wistar albino rats for a period of 28 days which results in alteration in Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, biochemical factors, and liver enzyme. 30 animals were utilized for the study and are divided into five groups containing 6 rats each. Group –I treated as control received water, Group II-V were treated with sodium arsenite. Group-III received Vitamin-E (reference drug), Group IV treated with EETP 200 mg/kg dose and Group V treated with 400 mg/kg dose after hepatotoxicity induced by Sodium arsenite. Safeguarding effects of Ethanolic extract of Tanacetum parthenium whole plant were screened by analysis of the parameters like alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin, malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzymes. It was explored that administration of EETP at different doses could significantly decrease the enzymatic measures of AST, ALP, ALT, and TB concentration and increase catalase, GSH, GR and GPx levels in comparison with Sodium arsenite-induced control group. The data obtained from this experimental study prefigured the antioxidant potential of EETP and its potential hepatoprotective effects, and its beneficiary therapeutic effects on vandalization or disfigurement of liver due to Sodium arsenite induction in experimental animals. --- ## A Retrospective Study Assessing the Frequency of Patient’s Requiring TPA/LSA During Orthodontic Therapy- An Institutional Study **Authors:** Neha Sharma M, Remmiya Mary Varghese, Leelavathi L **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3811 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Transpalatal arch, Lingual stabilising arch, Anchorage, Orthodontic therapy TPA, also known as Transpalatal Arch is used as an adjunctive equipment during orthodontic therapy to regulate anchorage in the vertical, transverse and sagittal (antero-posterior) dimensions. TPA have many uses such as space maintenance, retention and molar anchorage after rapid maxillary expansion. TPAs have eminent versatility, appearing as a stand-alone appliance or as an accessory appliance to fixed appliances. Hence the aim of this study is to assess the number of patients who required TPA/LSA during an orthodontic therapy. Retrospective cross sectional study was carried out and the case records of patients requiring TPA/LSA was collected by reviewing patient records and analyzing the data of patients between June 2019- April 2020. The collected data was subjected to Chi-square test for statistical analysis and correlation using the SPSS software. The findings of this study showed female predilection with a percentage of 53% and males with a percentage of 47%. It also revealed that the prevalence of patients requiring TPA during an orthodontic therapy was 32% and LSA was 26%. This study shows that 32.24% of the patients required TPA and 25.75% of the patients also required LSA during an orthodontic treatment and this was found to be statistically significant. --- ## Clinical Studies and Critical Review on the effect of Lifestyle and Diet in the administration of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) **Authors:** Ayushi Mishra, Monika Agrawal, Meena Kumari, Chandrashekhar Prajapati, Priyadarshini Tewari, Parameswarappa S Byadgi, Rakesh Kumar Singh **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4574 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, Blood Sugar, Intensive lifestyle intervention, Medical Nutrition Therapy Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a heterogeneous condition and it is a metabolic illness brought about by high glucose, insulin opposition, or insulin lack. Diabetes can cause numerous genuine sicknesses, for example, visual impairment, kidney disappointment, coronary illness, disease and different genuine conditions. It is assessed that roughly 70% of individuals with prediabetes have a danger of creating type 2 diabetes. Since the hereditary foundation is probably not going to change, the event of type 2 diabetes can be decreased by altering way of life hazard factors, for example, heftiness, actual inertia, smoking, and liquor through essential avoidance. The points and destinations of the article are to discover the significance of essential avoidance of T2DM. Data was gathered from epidemiological examinations, clinical and drug preliminaries, and to advance mindfulness and interest in diabetes inside essential counteraction, and the plausibility of applying these mediations in asset limit nations from different distributed articles and books. The commonness of T2DM has expanded quickly during the most recent couple of many years around the world. All examinations upheld the significance of dietary alterations and way of life intercessions in the successful administration just as to forestall intricacies. --- ## Relationship between atherogenic index and oxidative stress among patients presented with coronary artery disease in a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Resmi C R, Kedari G S R, Deepa P K **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4560 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronary Artery Disease, Atherogenic Index, Malondialdehyde, F2- Isoprostanes, Antioxidants, Oxidative Markers CAD is recognized as a multifactorial disease that is influenced by environmental and genetic factors. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of lipid parameters, oxidative stress and antioxidant markers in subjects with CAD compared to their age & sex matched controls and to analyze the relationship between atherogenic Index and oxidative stress among them 62 clinically proved CAD patients and 62 healthy age and sex matched subjects without CAD were selected for this study. 5 ml of fasting venous blood was collected from all the subjects and investigations such as FPG, lipid profile, oxidative markers Malondialdehyde (MDA), F2 isoprostanes (F2iso) and antioxidants glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), vitamin- C, vitamin-E were performed. This study showed that levels of lipid parameters total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and AI were significantly higher whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) were significantly low in CAD patients compared to normal controls. Oxidative stress markers MDA and F2 Isoprostanes level were significantly high, whereas enzymatic antioxidants GST and SOD and non-enzymatic antioxidants Vitamin-C and Vitamin-E levels were significantly low in CAD patients. Oxidative stress markers were found to significantly influence the AI. Results of this study showed that oxidative stress markers F2iso and MDA and antioxidants GST, VIT-C and VIT-E are found to influence the atherogenic index significantly. --- ## Promising herbs for the management of inflammation associated with various pathological conditions - A Review **Authors:** Adeep Kujur, Rakesh Tirkey, Vaibhav Tripathi, Pushpendra Kumar Sahu **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4620 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Action path, Chemical agents, Ignescent, Innovative work, Natural plants Ailments with ignescent etiopathology have expanded in rate lately. Medications utilized for restorative administration of such provocative ailments are alleviating the disease and yet additionally countering genuine perilous outcome. Allopathic medications really pejorate the disease condition in patients, particularly with rheumatoid joint pain and osteoarthritis. Add to this the huge number of individuals detriment by these medications, as well as their huge expenses and the need of using reciprocal means become obvious. On the other hand, natural medicines offer one engaging approach to decrease the use of allopathic non-narcotic anti-phlogistic agents. The reason for administering herbs incorporate long accounts of utilization, a broad examination on various natural constituents, the relative simplicity of administration profile, economical and magnificent security records. So far, Many Phyto-constituents are investigated for numerous therapeutic applications, albeit a large fraction of these reports are of scholarly interest, only some of them get a pass for clinical preliminaries. Future exploration should look into the molecular mechanisms of various therapeutic applications of the natural plants in different ailments associated with inflammation. This review is a compilation of anti- inflammatory natural agents along with reported action path. We have summarized all necessary information regarding the title with the aid of best possible sources. --- ## Distinct Imaging Modalities in Head and Neck Cancer: Benefits and Drawbacks **Authors:** Dana Merin, Roshni P R **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4554 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Head and neck cancer, MRI, CT, PET, HNSCC This review mainly focuses on the distinct imaging techniques in for head and neck cancer (HNC), its altered techniques used in diagnosis and its applications. It also depicts the upcoming imaging methods present in the field of HNC causing areas. It explains precise determination regarding the degree and extends of neoplasm. We mainly look on to the MRI(Magnetic resonance imaging), PET(Positron emission tomography), CT (computed tomography)imaging biomarkers for the management of HNC. It plays an important role in the therapy selection strategies and also enhances the therapeutic ratio in the management of HNC. The role of imaging techniques become increasingly more crucial in the management process in locally progressed head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC). In this structure, PET allows non-invasive assessment of a range of tumour biomarkers such as metabolism, hypoxia and proliferation. MRI techniques such as can characterize different tissues by probing into their microstructure, providing a novel methodology in oncological imaging. CT, MRI, and PET/CT are widely used to determine the presence and extent of the tumours before and after treatment. This review depicts a synopsis of the most recent imaging strategies and imaging recommendations for every one of the different strides along the clinical way of patients with head and neck malignant growth. --- ## A rare case of pancreaticopleural fistula patient presented in surgery OPD **Authors:** Sajika Dighe, Raju Shinde, Sangita Shinde, Mohit Gupte **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4301 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Pancreatico-pleural fistula, chronic pancreatitis, elevated pleural fluid amylase Pancreatico-pleural fistula is rare and infrequent complication of commonly occurring chronic pancreatitis leading to an extra-peritoneal abnormal connection between the pancreatic system and pleural cavity. Diagnosis needs high-level clinical suspicion to avoid delay in the diagnosis as the patient presents with respiratory distress rather than any abdominal symptom and produces large quantities of pleural fluid intractable of pleural tapping or chest drain. Diagnosis of the fistula is clicked by elevated pleural fluid amylase. Various imaging options are available with their unique importance like CECT, ERCP and MRCP. In a low resource, setup CECT becomes a useful modality to delineate the pancreatic parenchymal changes, pancreatic duct anatomy and fluid collection, thus aid in the diagnosis. Treatment modalities depending on structural anatomy of the duct and parenchymal destruction are either Medical, Conservative and Surgical. Here our patient presented with massive left sided pleural effusion resistant to surgical intervention secondary to chronic pancreatitis in a 28-year man later diagnosed as Pancreatico-pleural fistula on CECT. The patient underwent distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy with decortication of the lung with excision of PPF. The patient now is continuous follow-up for chronic pancreatitis and is symptom-free from last 2 years. --- ## Analysis Of Morphology Of Renal Calyceal Pattern In Renal Donors Using Ct Angiography **Authors:** Kumaresan M, Dinesh M, Sangeetha A, Sudha K **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4497 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Calyceal pattern, Angiography, Laproscopy, Transplantation, Kidney, CT Transplants are one of the biggest achievements of modern medicine and can save or greatly enhance the lives of other people. The recovery period after laparoscopic surgery is quicker than open surgery. It is important to know the variations of the renal calyceal pattern prior to the laparoscopic surgery during renal surgeries. The aim is to analyze the calyceal system in kidney donors using 64-Slice Computed Tomography Angiography. The study was conducted in a specialized scan centre located in Chennai after getting appropriate permission and ethical clearance. The study group was drawn from kidney donors who approached the scan centre and had no diseases related to kidney. In this study, a total of 99 healthy kidney donors were included to study the pattern of pelvicalyceal pattern and to classify further into bi-calyceal, tri-calyceal and multi-calyceal. This study found that bi-calyceal pattern is the most common pattern (%) and further this pattern was more in the right side in males and left side in females. The numbers of minor calyces were significantly more in the right multi-calyceal pattern than left multi-calyceal, tri-calyceal and bi-calyceal patterns. The association of occurrence in these pattern was significant in males with a strong association and insignificant in females. A detailed description of intrarenal arterial pattern and its relationship with calyceal pattern will be great significance in renal transplantation and also for other urological procedures. --- ## Unmet needs in Chronic Pain Management: The potential use of Curcumin **Authors:** Rizaldy Taslim Pinzon, Angela A, Andryawan Wahyu Pradana, Vanessa Veronica **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4576 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Curcuma Longa, Curcumin, Boswellia Serrata, Nsaids, Osteoarthritis, Pain The ultimate goal of treatment for osteoarthritis can be achieved by modifying disease progression and also symptom reduction. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors are inflammation and pain management medications that are widely used in osteoarthritis. However, this agent has been linked to have several side effects such as cardio- vascular, gastrointestinal, and kidney. These side effects represent the unmet needs in the safety of existing treatment of osteoarthritis. Such results can be caused by the overlapping functions of COX-1 and COX-2 in physiological and pathophysiological systems. The overlapping functions of COX-1 and COX-2 can be the source of these side effects. The extensive history of the use of curcuminoids and boswellia in pain relief coupled with recent findings shows that this phytochemical can play a direct role in several inflammatory processes and offers strong evidence that this product can slow down cartilage degradation and reduce pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Our study indicated that by reducing pain and improving function, while lowering the risk of side effects, curcuminoid formulations might become a useful addition to osteoarthritis patients for pharmacological therapeutic interventions. However, further research is needed with high-quality and large-scale RCT research probably to investigates the synergistic effects of these products with other osteoarthritis treatments. --- ## Prevalence of Lip Lesions in Patients Visiting a Dental Hospital **Authors:** Haripriya R, Herald J Sherlin, Nivethigaa B **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4102 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lip Lesion, Infection, Herpes Labialis, Mucocele, Injury, Habits Lips are highly exposed to various factors such as ultraviolet radiation (UV), food, tobacco. That may result in substantial morbidity. The lesions range from simple infections, reactive lesions to malignancies. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of different lip lesions among patients visiting a dental hospital. The study was done in a hospital setting. The study was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Data from 86000 patients visiting Saveetha Dental College from June 2019 to March 2020 were reviewed and the samples included patients presented with lip lesion. The data was collected, tabulated and analyzed using SPSS software. From the study, we observed that a total of 69 patients had lip lesions. Herpes labialis was the most prevalent lip lesion (76.8%). The prevalence of other lip lesions like mucocele (7.2%), angular cheilitis (5.8%), squamous cell carcinoma (2.9%), scar tissue granulomatous lesion (1.4%), hemangioendothelioma (1.4%) was very less. The lip lesions were more prevalent in males (55%). From this study, we can conclude that herpes labialis was the most prevalent lip lesion and it is more prevalent in males especially in older age(>50 years). The lip lesions range from developmental to malignancies. This study was done to gain adequate knowledge about the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and prevalence of lip lesions. --- ## An analytical study on effect of constitutional homeopathic medicines for single arm disability patients in age group of 6-15 years **Authors:** Satyanarayana P, Rajesh P, Ravi P, Rajamuthiah N **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3773 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Constitutional Medicine, Homoeopathy, Learning Disability Learning disability is a disorder of the basic physiological processes involved in using or understanding language written or spoken which manifest itself in imperfect ability to listen, speak, read, write, spell or do mathematical calculations. In this study, homeopathic medicine was prescribed to the 30 children having learning disability of age group 6 to 15. Synthesis repertory was used for repertorisation of cases and to find out constitutional medicine. Single dose of medicine was prescribed to every child at the interval of 10 to 15 days in required potency. Pre-assessment of each child was done with ”Is It Dyslexia” free online evaluation by Davis Dyslexia Association. Visual Analogue Scale was used for before and after treatment analysis. Study showed significant result with mild to moderate improvement in 30 patients. Dyslexia and Dysgraphia come under category of specific developmental disorder. Dyslexia is characterized by failure to develop adequate reading skills and delay in learning to read which become apparent between the ages of 6 to 9 years. The clinical feature includes omission, distortions or substitutions of words, long hesitations, reversal of words or simply slow reading, writing difficulties are often coexisted with dyslexia. Clinical features include difficulties with spelling, syntax grammar and composition. --- ## Evaluation of single crowns using USPHS criteria during cementation - A retrospective study **Authors:** Nauma Hafeez, Nivedhitha MS, Uma Maheswari TN **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3790 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cementation, Single crowns, USPHS criteria The modern era is seeing an incline in dental health issues namely dental caries, missing teeth, etc. causing an increased use of prosthetics to replace the function of such teeth or provide esthetics. This has led to various studies in this field to improve the quality and lifespan of the crowns. An important aspect of this is to consider the cementation process and luting material used, which are crucial in determining the result. A retrospective study was done on patients reporting to Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. A sample size of 1055 was obtained and data tabulated using the Excel sheet. SPSS software was used to analyze the data statistically. Chi-square test was done to evaluate the association between tooth type and cement used, USPHS scores for adaptation, colour match, marginal discoloration and surface roughness. The study revealed that GIC was the most common luting material used which was statistically significant and lower molars were the most involved sites for cementation. The most common USPHS score for adaptation, marginal discoloration and surface roughness for all types of tooth was Score 0. For color match, the most common USPHS score was Score 1. --- ## A study on knowledge, attitude and practice of antibiotic usage and resistance among medical students in a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Kaavya S, Yamuna Devi M S, Srinivasan V **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4662 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibiotics, Antimicrobials, Prescription, Resistance, Questionnaire Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide public health concern due to improper usage, increases morbidity, prolongs hospital stay duration and risk of mortality. Antibiotics are magic bullets against many microbial and bacterial infections. Doctors are using antibiotics in almost all treatments starting from the common cold to serious open-heart surgery. This study was done to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice on antibiotic usage and its resistance against microbial infections. About 169 medical undergraduates were briefed about the KAP questionnaire (detailed assessment of 4 parameters for knowledge, 5 parameters for attitude and 4 parameters for practice) and distributed to third year and final year medical students. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the various parameters. About 83.72% of the participants were aware that excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics causes ineffective therapy. About 53.84% were aware about the adverse effect profile of the antibiotic. 65.22% of the participants felt the emerging issue of antibiotic resistance due to inappropriate drug usage. They were conscious that antibiotics are advantageous for bacterial infection. The students had a good attitude, a majority had moderate knowledge and practice towards antibiotics use. The medical professionals are to be well trained about the rational prescribing pattern of antibiotics, adverse effects of drugs and antibiotic resistance. --- ## Lipid profile outcome gaps of Arabs and South Asians receiving chronic Statin therapy **Authors:** Zahra Alagheband, Seeba Zachariah, Dixon Thomas, Dave L Dixon **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4442 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lipid profile, Statin, Arab, South Asian Ethnicity is a variable in statin response, but the influence of it in Arabs and South Asians is not known. There is a possibility of under-treatment in the long-term management of dyslipidemia in the Arab population, ignoring post-initiation medication nonadherence and lifestyle. There could be potential genetic reasons also for the need for higher lipid-lowering therapy in Arabs. This study is to identify lipid profile outcome gaps of Arabs and South Asians who were receiving chronic statin therapy. A hypothesis generating retrospective cohort study was conducted to compare lipid profiles among patients treated with a statin for more than three months. The study compared two lipid profiles of Arab and South Asian patients on chronic management of dyslipidemia. T-test and Z-test were performed to compare the lipid profiles. The study participants included 42 Arabs and 28 South Asians. Arabs had a higher body mass index (P-value 0.05), and more of them were smokers compared to South Asians (P-value 0.04). Total cholesterol (P-value 0.03, 95%CI 1.08 to -21.29) and LDL cholesterol (P-value 0.03, 95% CI 0.51 to -17.51) reductions in 3 – 6 months were significant in South Asians, but not in Arabs. The lipid profiles in Arabs receiving chronic statin therapy might be poor compared to South Asians. Both populations need improvements in lipid-lowering therapy outcomes. This hypothesis should be studied further to prove inherent differences and poor therapy outcomes among Arab and South Asian population that might result in modifications in current healthcare management policies. --- ## Assessment of Medication Adherence Among Diabetic Mellitus Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital **Authors:** Kaavya S, Srinivasan V **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4430 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Medication Adherence, Patient Counseling, Diabetics, OHA Diabetic Mellitus is a commonly known disease referred to as diabetics, needs to follow medication consistently without a break to keep the blood sugar level in control. Consistent medication deals with a measure of how patients adhere to their medications and is done by health care providers. This is very important because it ensures that the patient follows the doctors order correctly and also ensure that the treatment is not just based on a therapeutic contract between doctor and patient. This monitoring is very high, with patients having serious problems with diabetics and is reported low for chronic patients. The aim of this study is to assess medication adherence in type 2 diabetes patients. The study was carried out at Saveetha Medical College. Data was collected using a standardized questionnaire. Data entered in MS Excel and analyzed using Weka 3.8.3 and results interpreted. The best way health professionals can tackle the adherence problem is through quality patient counselling, as done in this study. --- ## A comparative study to assess the knowledge about Vasectomy Among male spouses who are accompanying Postnatal Mothers in Urban and Rural PHC **Authors:** Thamu Priyadharshini N T, Shivaranjani S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3742 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Knowledge, Vasectomy, Postnatal Mothers, Urban, Rural Area Vasectomy is a lasting technique for contraception for men. It incorporates blocking the two vas-deferens forestalling section of sperm to male urethra. It is likewise called male sterilization and male surgical contraception. This study was to assess the knowledge on male spouse regarding vasectomy because mostly female spouse are much familiar in the family planning process. The present study objective is to survey the information of males about vasectomy and to study the knowledge comparatively between urban and rural male spouse regarding vasectomy. The descriptive cross-sectional research design was used for this study. The study was directed at the urban and rural PHC among male spouse who attending postnatal mothers at Thiruvathipuram Urban primary health centre, Cheyyar block, Thiruvannamalai district and also at Thozhupedu primary health centre, Cheyyar taluk, Thiruvannamalai district. The sample size is comprised of 100 samples. Out of which 50 samples in rural and 50 samples in urban. Comparison of knowledge between married men in an urban and rural area; the mean score of knowledge among married men in the urban area was 74.94 ± 7.09 and the mean score in the rural area was 51.22 ± 12.91.The calculated student independent ’t’ test value of t = 1.389 was found to be statistically significant at p<0.001 level. This indicates that there was critical contrast in the degree of information about vasectomy among married women in the urban and rural area. This clearly infers that married men in the urban area had more knowledge about vasectomy than the married men in the rural area. This showed that there is a slight difference in knowledge on vasectomy among males at both rural and urban populations. In comparison, the urban population had a high level of knowledge on vasectomy than compared with the rural population. --- ## Novel Cycloartan derivative with genetic and metabolic profiling of two Crassulaceae species **Authors:** Omneya Eid, Shahira Ezzat, Mariam Gonaid, Mouchira A. Choucry **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4594 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Crassula, Crassulaceae, Cycloartan derivatives, DNA fingerprinting, triterpenes Crassula tetragona L. and Crassula ovata (Mill) are ornamental species of family Crassulaceae. Although this family is known for its high medicinal values, however, there is no much work considering the two species. Hence, this study represents the first comparative investigation of the genetic and metabolic profiling of the aerial part of both species. In this study, an examination of the genetic properties of both plants were accomplished, quantitative estimation of the main chemical classes of both species were also performed, investigation of the lipoidal matter of the plants and the major compounds of the methylene chloride (MeCl) fractions were isolated and identified using 1D and 2D NMR. Our results proved the genetic difference using RAPD and ISSR techniques of both plants. Estimation of triterpene was 63.18 µg/100µg and 87.06 µg/100µg, ursolic acid equivalent, in C. tetragona and C. ovata respectively. The unsaponifiable matter (USM) of n-hexane extract of C. tetragona and C. ovata revealed the presence of 32 hydrocarbons with the presence of n-tricontane as the major hydrocarbon in both species, in addition to seven steroidal components in both species. The investigation of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) revealed the presence of 12 components in C. tetragona and 9 components in C. ovata, and a novel triterpene, namely, 28 Methyl-5α-cycloart12, 20, 24-trien-15β-Ol was isolated and identified from MeCl together with 5 known compounds. --- ## A comparative study on dietary pattern and meal skipping habits of diabetic works **Authors:** Appaji CH SK, Ram tulasi, Selvaraj V, Gayathri C **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3779 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Meal Skipping, Brain Food, Packed Lunch, Insulin Resistance, Mixed Diet, Home Cooked Food Workers are the pillars of the nation. Hence, the health of the workers must be maintained in terms of Nutrition. But our workers do not concentrate in dietary aspects and skips meal regularly. Improper dietary habits affect the health and the well-being of the workers. To study the dietary pattern and meal skipping habits of dietary work force. Adopting random stratified sampling technique, 100 diabetic general shift workers and 100 diabetic rotation shift workers were selected. Interview schedule was used to obtain the dietary pattern and meal skipping pattern of the subjects. After obtaining the details, raw data was coded and subjected to statistical analysis. About 84.5% and 15.5 were mixed vegetarian and vegetarian respectively. About 86% consumed all three meals a day. 79% brings food from home to workplace. About 37% of diabetic workers skip meal, among them, majority of workers skips breakfast (52.7%). Considering the dietary habits of the diabetic workers, it is essential to educate the workers regarding the good nutritional habits to maintain the blood glucose levels and to prevent micro and macrovascular complication. Employees must provide ”health friendly” foods at canteen for the subsidized rates to maintain the wellness of diabetic workers. --- ## An Analytical Study on Associated Type-II Diabetic Mellitus with ABO Rhesus Blood Groups **Authors:** Ravi Kumar, Ravi Varma BH, Vijayabhasker V, Avinash Kulkarni **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3782 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ABO and Rh blood groups, Type-2 diabetes mellitus, cases and control groups Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder categorized by hyperglycemia subsequent that faults of insulin emission and/or insulin cellular resistance and is the fore most reason for disease and mortality. The ABO blood collections frequently related by numerous illnesses through one blood group added repeatedly grown by the patients of a specific disease. The aim of this learning is to regulate the association among ABO & Rhesus blood groups and Type-2 diabetes mellitus in the local populace of Visakhapatnam. The present study is a hospital depended on the cross-sectional, case-control study, directed over a phase of six months in out-patient units of endocrinology department of a tertiary care hospital. An entire of 332 patients by Type- II DM and 200 age and sex harmonized healthy controls were included. In cases group, out of 332 patients 174(52.4%) were males (vs 113(56.5%) controls) and 158(47.5%) were females (vs 87(43.5%) controls) and about 289(87.04%) patients were found to be Rh+ve type (vs 178(89%) controls). About 91(27.4%) were found to be B-positive (vs 28(14%) controls), 87(26.2%) were O-positive (vs 69( 34.5%) controls ), and 73(22%) are A-positive (vs 62(31%) controls), 38(11.45%) are AB-positive (vs 19(9.5%) controls), 14(4.2%) are O-negative(vs 3(1.5%) controls), 11(3.3%) are A- negative(vs 10(5%) controls), 10(3.0%) are AB-negative(vs 3(1.5%) controls), 8(2.4%) are B-negative(vs 6(3%) controls). There is a suggestion among ABO antigens and Rhesus blood groups by Type-II DM. DM is more common in patients with B blood group and Rh-Positive. --- ## Modified dosage evaluation of continued release of DiDomenico sodium tablets by means of hydrophilic polymer blends **Authors:** Sunil Kumar P, Dhanwantari Naidu, Padmanabhan P, Paul T Joyes **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3797 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Xanthan Gum, Polysaccharide, Crude Cashew Gum, Diclofenac Sodium Powder, Wet Granulation Method That term altered - discharge measurement manifestation is used to portray results that change the timing and rate for the arrival of the drug substance. A modified release measurement type will be characterized ”as a particular case to which the pill arrival aspects for a period course or area need aid picked on finish restorative alternately comfort destinations not advertised by routine measurement structures, for example, solutions, ointments, alternately immediately dissolving dosages manifestations. xanthan gum, a polysaccharide, crude cashew gum, Diclofenac sodium powder, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, talc and magnesium stearate. Wet granulation, procedure of wet granulation in 6-Step. Every last one of batches of tablets passed that consistency and weight test and pill substance test the batches of tablets be that as clump 3 passed those pulverizing quality test every last one of batches and tablets yet batches 4 furthermore 10 passed the friability test. Tablets holding main xanthan gum similarly as arrival modifier attained the most astounding pulverizing quality friability proportion (CSFR) for the individuals clinched alongside clump 10 hosting those most reduced. Furthermore, the individuals for clump 3 required the most reduced swelling list. Those investigations need demonstrated that cashew furthermore xanthan gums utilized alone can’t proficiently control medication regardless of discharge. Batches 7 and 8 holding xanthan gum also HPMC were capable on the result in supported medication regardless of discharge comparable to Voltaren retard. --- ## Biochemical study of Cancer Antigen CEA and CA 19-9 as prognostic markers in colorectal cancer (CRC) **Authors:** Ananthi N, Padmini Habbu **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4548 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** CRC, CEA, CA19-9, Prognosis Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in the world. Several factors have been shown to put individuals at risk to CRC and these include age, the presence of polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, lifestyle, genetic background and family medical history. In the present study, we were related to the cancer antigen CEA and CA19-9 as prognostic markers in colorectal cancer. This may be helping us to detect colorectal cancer in an early stage. In this study, we have included 60 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. These patients were categorized as 10 patients between stage I-IV with disease dissemination and recurrence; 50 patients in between stage I- IV without dissemination and recurrence; 60 healthy controls. The cancer antigen CEA and Ca 19-9 were analyzed as prognostic markers in colorectal cancer. The statistical analysis was done by using SPSS software and expressed in terms of mean ± standard deviation. The p values (p< 0.005) were considered as statistically significant value. Person correlation between the cancer antigen CEA and CA-19-9 were analyzed. The cancer antigen CEA and Ca19-9 level were significantly increased in colorectal cancer patients as compared to the healthy controls group (p< 0.005). The significant Person correlation was observed in between CEA and CA19-9. The level of CEA and CA19-9 were significantly prognostic indicator in colorectal cancer. CEA and CA19-9 can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for the screening of both colon and rectum cancer. --- ## A comparative study between vacuum assisted wound closure vs conventional dressing in non-healing ulcers **Authors:** Ajay Rex R, Balaji D, Lakshmana R, Gopi Ramu, Reka A **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4444 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vacuum Dressing, Conventional Dressing, Ulcer, Doppler, Amputation In a surgical ward, acute and continual wounds have an effect on a minimal of 1% of the population. Vacuum-assisted wound closure (VAC) is a technique of Negative pressure in the wound to improve the healing process. To study the advantage of a vacuum assisted closure over conventional dressing in the management of chronic non-healing diabetic ulcers. To study the difference in the rate of amputation, hospital stays in case and control groups. Group1-case group – vacuum associated closure therapy. Group 2-Control group -conventional dressings. Most of the patients in the study population was in the age group of 41 -60 years. 82% of the study population was within the age group of 41-60 years. The two groups are comparable with their baseline characteristic of age, and the P-value is less than 0.05. Wounds were more common in males than females. Out of the 44 patients, 26 were male, i.e. 57% of the study population were males. About 68% of wounds occurred in the foot. About 50% of the culture showed staphylococcus. Nearly 27% of study participants had no growth. The hospital stay is less in VAC dressing when compared to the conventional dressings, who have an average hospital stay of 28 days and the relation is statistically significant (p-value<0.05). Mean hospital stay in Vacuum is 21 compared to stay of 28 in conventional dressings group. Patients in Vacuum had 12 SSG,9 discharge and 1 amputation. There is no statistically significant association in terms of grade of ulcer between the two groups(P =0.23). There is a statistically significant association between VAC and conventional in terms of the results of the Doppler study. (P<0.01). From the study results, it is obvious that VAC dressing has many advantages in terms of Low no of amputation, Earlier discharge, Minimal infection, Lesser complications, Healing in a better way. --- ## Assessment of the Effective Piracetam Oral Iron for Children with Breath Holding Spell in Tertiary Care Hospitals **Authors:** Anja Naik, Syam Mohan Rao M, Karthigai Priya M, Ramarao Mannam **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3816 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Piracetam, BHS (Breath-Holding Spell), Pharmacologic BHS (breath holding spell) are very successive & significant demonstrative difficulties in pediatric medicine. The obviously terrifying functions are generally basic in youngsters. Yet, at times BHS (breath holding spell) can be extremely upsetting by the guardians & the strategies on your own may not be adequate. Strong enhancements and piracetam are the two distinctive pharmacologic techniques those were utilized for giving BHS in kids. That go through such kind of study is driven in our assessment site and it is speculated to give a couple of results to investigate two healing schedules that are typically suggested for BHS in kids. An aggregate of 70 BHS (breath holding spell) cases are chosen into the examination of the 35 patients (A) stayed specified iron alone and 35 patients (B) that gives piracetam and oral iron. The examination gives the data to differentiate the ampleness of using piracetam and oral iron versus iron alone in kids with BHS (breath holding spell) in the outpatient division of PVS Hospital (P) Ltd, Calicut. The assessment contemplated that piracetam has all the reserves of being ensured and reasonable medicine for BHS. Piracetam despite oral iron in adolescents with BHS can reduce the repeat and earnestness of attacks than using iron alone, henceforth diminishing the difficulty of the agitated watchmen and misery by children. --- ## Macroscopic And Microscopic Diagnostic Features Of Erythrina Subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. **Authors:** Ganesh S, Vijey Aanandhi M **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4509 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk) Merr, Phytomorphology, Macroscopy, microscopy, Quantitive, powder microscopy This study provides a deep insite on thePhytomorphology and Plant anatomy of Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr family- Fabaceae. Phytomorphology deals with external shape, structure and physical form, while plant anatomy deals with internal structure mostly at microscopic/cell level. Both Anatomy and morphology play a vital role in that physical characteristic of an internal and external plant during different ages of plants. The purpose of this study is to understand the techniques and basic principal of histochemical and anatomical localization of metabolites in Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr- a widely distributed plant in Western Ghats of India. Using a simple microscope, the initial phase of Phytomorphologyand shape of the vegetative part of leaf were determined which are collected during phenological phase of the flowering period. The current study investigated the anatomical characterization of the lower and upper epidermis and characterized the lamina and petiole of the vegetative part of a leaf. Primary and secondary metabolites of a leaf of Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr was carried out with the aim in improving the Quality, Safety and Efficacy of the herbal medicine. Established macroscopical and microscopical diagnostic features, which will prevent misuse and to avoid process adulteration. The information about this species and this manuscript brings additional data which are studies for the first time according to the author’s knowledge. Considerable macroscopical and microscopical, Quantitive and powder microscopic features of the vegetative part of Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr were described in detail. --- ## Prevalence of Traumatic Dental Injuries among Children less than 12 Years Old **Authors:** Anirudh B. V. M., Archana Santhanam, Nivethigaa B. **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4018 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Children, trauma, anterior teeth, incisors Dental trauma or traumatic dental injuries is an emerging dental problem. Several studies showed that the prevalence of dental trauma has increased in the past few decades. Dental trauma can result in fracture, displacement or loss of a tooth. Dental trauma has been seen more in children who are involved in sports. The aim of the current study was to assess the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries among children less than 12 years old. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted where case records were collected and analysed the data of 86000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020 from a private dental institution. The data collected included children below 12 years of age with a history of dental trauma to anterior teeth. The data was tabulated with parameters such as age, gender, fractured tooth, classification of fractured tooth based on ellis classification. Data was imported to SPSS for statistical analysis. Descriptive analysis and chi-square test were used to compare the results. All values were considered statistically significant at P value<0.005. In this study, boys were more affected (61.5%) with dental trauma compared to girl children. The most common age group involved was 10 to 12 years (66.7%) where the common tooth involved was maxillary central incisors (71.8%), with class 3 being the most common fracture (43.6%). We suggest that educational programs should be organized for the school teachers, children, and parents to improve their knowledge and timely management of dental trauma. --- ## Health Issues of Out-Migrants: A Study of Migrated Workforce from Banpur Block of Odisha, India **Authors:** Sanjaya Kumar Sahoo, Sukanta Chandra Swain **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4405 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Migration, migrated place, health issues, health care facilities, availability, affordability, accessibility Mismatch of regional supply and demand of workforce warrants migration. Workforce gets migrated from abundantly available regions to scarcely endowed regions. Migration reduces the pressure of unemployment in the regions of abundance and facilitates capital formation. At the same time, migrated workforce comes across multiple adversities at their migrated places leading to complication in many fronts like adaptability to climate, culture, practice, language, food, etc. All these issues have direct bearings with the health of the migrants. As hypothesised before this research, based on observation of a few cases, migration put a toll on the health of the migration owing to failure in adaptability. However, a hypothesis based on judgment needs to be tested, and hence the foundation of this research is laid. This paper is based on qualitative research wherein Case study method is adopted, and seven cases (i.e., migrants) have been highlighted through in-depth interviews with those migrants, their family members and health-care consultants of those migrants for ascertaining whether migration has gifted them some diseases. In the process, this study also unfolds the availability, affordability and accessibility of the health care facilities in the migrated places by the migrant workforce. --- ## Zosteriform Nevus Comedonicus **Authors:** Babbita S, Thillaikkarasi A, Sathyanarayanana R, Narasimhalu CRV, Sulochana Sonti **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4565 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Hamartoma, Nevus Comedonicus Syndrome, Munro’s Acne Nevus Nevus comedonicus is an uncommon cutaneous developmental defect of follicular apparatus characterized by unilateral and linear distribution of bundles of dilated hair follicles filled with keratin plugs. It is usually seen on the head and neck region, trunk and upper arm. This condition may be present at birth or can occur later in life. The term nevus comedonicus is a misnomer as there are no true comedones and is better termed as follicular keratotic nevus. It is also known as nevus zoniforme or nevus acneiformis unilateralis. There are two types of nevus comedonicus, namely inflammatory and non-inflammatory (non-pyogenic). When nevus comedonicus is manifested with other extracutaneous symptoms, it is termed as nevus comedonicus syndrome. Diagnosis is mainly clinical, based on history and typical morphology. As the disease runs a benign course, no aggressive treatment is required. Patients seek treatment, especially for cosmetic purposes and inflammatory type of lesions. Various treatment modalities like topical therapy, surgical excision, lasers are available and treatment options are individualized based on the size and extent of the lesion. We herein present a case of unilateral nevus comedonicus with no systemic associations in a 30-year-old female on her lower limb which is not a common site of occurrence. --- ## Trichodesma zeylanicum: A reservoir plant with their pharmacological effects **Authors:** Swetha Polagani, Narendra Kumar Reddy Kolli, Gangarao Battu **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v14i1.4272 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antioxidant, Antipyretic, Arthritis, Anti-Inflammatory, Antimicrobial Trichodesma zeylanicum (Burm. f.) R. Br. was first published as Borago zeylanica Burm. f. by Burman (1768) from Australia, then transferred into genus Trichodesma to became Trichodesma zeylanicum (Burm. f.) R. Br. by Brown (1810). The purpose of this study was to assess the current state of research on the valuable medicinal plant Trichodesma Zeylanicum and to update existing knowledge. Trichodesma Zeylanicum, often known as Adhapushpi, is a member of the Boraginaceae family. It was traditionally used to treat a variety of diseases, including arthritis, fever, skin disease, arthralgia, and dysentery. Antioxidant, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antibacterial, and antidiabetic action has been documented for each portion of the plant. The pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, ethanopharmacology, and pharmacological properties of Trichodesma Zeylanicum are highlighted in this paper. --- ## Evaluation of the Hepatoprotective And Nephroprotective Activities of Vitamin C and E in Paracetamol induced toxicity in Wistar Albino Rats **Authors:** Omodamiro O.D., Ewa-ibe C, Jimoh M.A., Ajah O **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4313 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hepatoprotective, Nephroprotective, Paracetamol, vitamin C and E Free radical-mediated cell damage can be prevented by well-known antioxidant vitamins such as Vitamins E and C, and it has been reported that Paracetamol can cause hepatotoxicity at high doses. This study evaluated the efficacy of the combination of Vitamin C and Vitamin E in the prevention of renal and hepatic cell damage caused by paracetamol toxicity. Twenty-eight male albino rats were grouped into seven of four rats per group. Vitamin C at prophylactic dosage; (200mg, 150mg, 100mg, 50mg, 25mg) and Vitamin E at prophylactic dosage; (500iu, 400iu, 300iu, 200iu, 100iu) were administered orally to the rats in groups 1 through 5, respectively with concomitant administration 1000mg/kg bw of paracetamol twice daily for seven days. Group 6 was administered 1000mg/kg of paracetamol only (untreated), and Group 7 served as the normal control. The results revealed a significantly (P < 0.05) increase in serum ALT, AST, ALP, Urea and Creatinine of the group administered 1000mg/kg of paracetamol only. The prophylactic doses of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol significantly (P < 0.05) decrease serum ALT, AST, ALP, Urea and Creatinine level compared to the untreated rats. This study validates that co-administration of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol at the proposed prophylactic dosages could be used in the prevention of renal and hepatic cell damage caused by paracetamol toxicity. --- ## Standardisation of Holarrhena floribunda (G. Don) Durand & Schinz: pharmacognostic evaluation and HPLC profiling of some of its steroidal alkaloids as chemical markers **Authors:** Amponsah Kingsley I, Ampofo Kwesi E, Oppong Bekoe S, Harley Kingsley B, Armah Ackah F, Adjei S, Baah Kwesi M **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4545 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chromatography, Herbal medicine, HPLC, Method validation, Morphology, Monograph, Quality control The World Health Organization has encouraged the development of medicinal plant monographs in various countries. The present study therefore aimed at developing pharmacognostic standards for the quality evaluation of Holarrhena floribunda (G. Don) Durand & Schinz, used as anti-infective in folklore medicine. The macromorphological and micromorphological features, physicochemical, phytochemical and thin layer chromatograms of the leaves and stem bark were evaluated using standard methods. An HPLC method was also developed and validated to profile some steroidal alkaloids of the stem bark. The plant has simple, glaborous leaves, broadly lanceolate to ovate in shape and opposite in arrangement. The leaves were hypostomatic with paracytic and anomocytic stomata on the abaxial surface. The flat stem bark is light brown on the inner surface. Three alkaloids were profiled as chemical markers for the quality control of the stem bark of H. floribunda, to aid its correct identification for research and industry. --- ## Effectiveness of Allen Exercise in reduction of Muscle cramps among Hemodialysis Patients in Dialysis Unit **Authors:** Tejpal Singh, Ruban David P, Kala Barathi S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3748 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Muscle Cramp, Hemodialysis patients, Effectiveness of Allen Exercise A muscle spasm can be clarified as an automatically and persuasively contracted muscle that doesn’t relax. Muscle squeezing of the feet, and legs is genuinely basic on hemodialysis. The reason for muscle squeezing is not known. Nonetheless, three conditions that appear to increment squeezing are hypotension, the patient being underneath dry weight and utilization of low sodium dialysate arrangement. Allen practices for the confined muscle is the best treatment, May help in on the other hand crushing and delivering the confined muscle. This mechanical plying reestablishes blood stream and for the most part assists with loosening up the fit and snugness. Hence the study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Allen exercise in reduction of muscle cramps among hemodialysis patients. Quasi Experimental research design was employed with 80 samples which matched the inclusion criteria were selected by convenience sampling technique. Demographic variables data were collected by using a structured interview questionnaire followed by assessing the muscle cramps by using the Ashworth muscle cramps scale. The findings of the study clearly infers that the Allen Exercise administered to hemodialysis patients was found to be effective in reducing the level of muscle cramps among hemodialysis patients in the post test of experimental group than the hemodialysis patients in the control group. --- ## Anti-diabetic activity of Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. **Authors:** Ganesh S, Vijey Aanandhi M **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4385 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.), Type-2 Diabetes, α-amylase inhibitors and Acarbose α-amylase inhibitors present in pancreatic region has an operative strategy by controlling the breakdown of starch and helps to minimize the post-prandial hyperglycemia levels. In this study, vegetative (leaf) part of herbal plant Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) was assessed for anti-diabetic activity. Aqueous ethanol (80 %) extract was prepared in the different concentration (10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 µg/ml). Acarbose was used as a standard and treated in similar way as that of sample. Control samples were also prepared without standard and sample solutions. A known volume of α-amylase solution was added (0.1mg/mL) was added to standard, sample, control solutions which were preincubated at 37 ◦C for 15 minutes. Further, known volume of starch solution was added and incubated for 60 min to initiate the reaction. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and iodine reagent was added to the test tubes and absorbance was measured at 580 nm in UV-Vis spectrophotometer. A strong pancreatic amylase inhibitory activity (>50 %) was obtained from aqueous ethanolic extract with IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) value of 23 µg/ml against standard acarbose with IC50 value of 27 µg/ml. The values endorse Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) for further experiments on their potential for managing Diabetes. --- ## Assessment of Prevalence, Knowledge and Practice of Over-the-Counter Medications Use among General Population **Authors:** Cecyli C, Kavitha K, Manjula A **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3771 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Over-the-counter medication, prevalence, knowledge, practice, general population The rate of use of over the counter (OTC) drugs is radically expanding step by step. Over the counter medications are drugs sold easily to consumer without a physician’s instruction. A cross sectional descriptive design was adopted for this study to assess the prevalence, knowledge and practice of over-the-counter medications use among general population. A sum of 440 people was selected utilizing probability cluster sampling by evaluating individuals who met the inclusion criteria. The participants were collected data on knowledge and practice of over-the-counter medications use with a self-structured questionnaire through structured interview method. An aggregate of 500 people were met with respect to their utilization of OTC medications, among which 440 were selected. The commonness of self-medicine with OTC medications in our examination was seen as 88%. Among which 97% of them had adequate knowledge on OTC meds and just 3% had inadequate knowledge. With respect to level of Practice, it was discovered that 67.7% of them had low practice, 31.1% had moderate practice and 1.13% had high practice. There was a feeble negative connection existed among knowledge and practice (r=-0.244) which was significant at p<.001. There was likewise a measurably statistically significant affiliation noted between the degree of knowledge with medicinal professionals in their family at p<0.01 and source of awareness at p<0. 001. Correspondingly, an affiliation was found between the degree of practice with educational qualification at p < 0.01, OTC medicine utilization in years at p < 0.01and source of awareness at p <05. --- ## Awareness on Smoking and Alcohol Use and Its Association With Increased Levels of Dental Fear and Anxiety - A Survey Among Dental College Students **Authors:** Harini P, Keerthi Sasanka L, Jothi Priya A **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4004 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** dental anxiety, dental fear, poor oral health, smoking and alcohol use Lifestyle modifications, work pressure, stress may lead to adverse habits like smoking, drinking and tobacco chewing. These habits may lead to poor oral health. Not only poor oral health may also lead to dental fear and dental anxiety. Self-administered questionnaires were designed based on knowledge, attitude and practice. The questionnaire was distributed through an online platform. The study population included people belonging to the age group of 18-24 age groups. The participants were explained about the purpose of the study in detail. The questions were carefully studied and the participants marked the corresponding answers. The data were collected and statistically analysed using SPSS software. Results were collected as an ordinal data and reported that smoking and alcohol causes increased dental fear which leads to poor oral health and some anxiety management techniques should be employed by dental practitioners to make the procedures in a simple way. For a satisfactory dental treatment and good oral health status, the state of mind of the patient is very important and it is influenced by many factors, including smoking and alcohol use. The aim of the study is to evaluate whether students are aware that the increased level of dental fear and anxiety is associated with smoking and alcohol use. --- ## Developing literacy and providing health information to reduce inequality of health in adults in the southern part of India **Authors:** Ismail Y, Haja Nazeer Ahamed, Vijaya Vara Prasad M **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4532 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Health literacy, Inequality, Cognitive, Older population The poor health literacy choice is associated with poor health, riskier behavior, more hospitalization and lack of self-management. Developing literacy and providing health information to reduce inequality of health in adults in the southern part of India. To study a case pattern of adults concerning the conditions of health information and to assess the impact in the condition of health literacy score with understanding a short educational presentation. The current study was carried out at one of the Multi speciality Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh from January 2017 to March 2017. Assessment tool of health literacy validated and utilized in this study with the inspection of health information questionnaire elicited both data on the participants and demographic data related to health information. Association of inspection between patterns and variables of the sample population used related health information. Potential sources regarding health information, general practitioner rank was highest, and their first preference would be 70%. Their second and third preference 50% ranking followed by the clinical pharmacist. All 100 % of participants’ health information themselves sought ongoing medical conditions and also seeking about themselves to 85% new medical conditions. The mean newest vital sign baseline scores for the sample of 4.4 (Std. deviation = 2.912) with inline the health literacy survey results for India which means 2.526 for all ages and 2.643 over 56 years. The study confirmed that considerable methods of the cohort study of older Indian people have substantial problems with health literacy and also warrants additional attention --- ## Analysis on Bulk Pharmaceutical Formulation, Validation and Estimation Using Levetiracetam Methods **Authors:** Smitha M, Kal Satyavathi Devi, Virendra Kumar, Jaffar Hussain **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3787 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Levetiracetam, RP- HPLC, Authentication, Pharmaceutical Formulations A new sensitive, specific, direct, exact and correct RP-HPLC technique is established and authenticated to estimate Levetiracetam in Majority and Pharmaceutical Tablet Formulations. An isocratic, turned around period HPLC system might have been created should differentiate the pill starting with the corruption products, Phenomenex Gemini 5µ C18 (2) 100A (250 x 4.60mm, 5 µ) section. Hamilton syringe (705 NR, 50 µL) might have been utilized to injecting example Furthermore standard result. The versatile stage comprises about mixture of Methanol: Acetonitrile in the proportion (90:10 v/v) toward A stream rate about 1.0 ml /min. UV identification might have been performed toward 210 nm. The linearity might have been made for Levetiracetam in the extent from claiming 5- 30µg/ml for relationship coefficient about 0.9997. LOD Also LOQ were found will make 0.076µg/ml Furthermore 0.23µg/ml individually. Maintenance duration of the time of Levetiracetam were found with make 2.281min and 2.274min. % recuperation might have been discovered on be 99.78-100.45 What’s more %RSD might have been found for over ±2. Those system needs been approved as stated by ICH rules to linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, ruggedness, LOD furthermore LOQ. Those produced approved system might have been effectively connected to dependable quantification about Levetiracetam to mass and pharmaceutical measurement type. --- ## Impact of Resistance Exercise On Hand Grip: An Experimental study **Authors:** Bhuvaneshwari G, Nithya Manogaran **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3818 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sarcopenia, Resistance training, Ageing, Elderly population Sarcopenia is a significant medical issue related with aging, characterized as loss of bulk and capacity. It is a condition portrayed by loss of skeletal bulk and quality, with a danger of antagonistic results, for example, handicap, improvement of delicacy, low quality of life and death. Its etiology is still inadequately comprehended. Opposition preparing intercession is sheltered and compelling for checking sarcopenia. Resistance exercise (RE) programs improve muscle anabolism, bulk and muscle quality. The present study aims to assess the impact of resistance exercise on hand grip among the elderly population with sarcopenia. A quasi experimental research design with non- randomized control research design was conducted among 30 elderly population in Arrakonam among which 15 were chosen for the experimental group and 15 were chosen as the control group. A purposive sampling technique was used to select samples. Structured questionnaires were used to collect demographic data and BMI and hand grip was assessed. The resistance exercises were taught to the elderly population and they were asked to perform the exercise every day for one week. After a week, the BMI and hand grip was reassessed. The studies thus indicates that the experimental group had a reduction in the hand grip and increase in the BMI value after resistance exercise and is also an effective method to prevent further complications that can be caused due to sarcopenia. --- ## A Study on Antibiotic Usage Pattern in Pediatric Population for Urinary Tract Infection **Authors:** Divya V Nair, Gopika S Kumar, Remya Raghu **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4500 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobials, Eschericia coli, Pediatric population, Urinary tract infection, Uropathogens A prospective observational cohort study was conducted on 144 patients admitted with UTI for a period of 1 year and observed for the recurrence for next 1year. The objective was to study the antibiotic resistance pattern of uropathogens in UTI and to assess the antimicrobial utilization pattern in the pediatric ward of a tertiary care hospital. The confirmatory test used for UTI was urine culture. The most common causative agent for UTI was found to be Escherichia coli followed by Klebsiella. Antibiotic testing of E.coli and other isolates was done which showed greater sensitivity to meropenem and amikacin compared to other antibiotics tested. This isolates showed increasing resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Most of the children (74.31%) were treated with a single antimicrobial agent. Cephalosporins (n = 87; 60.41%) were prescribed to majority of the children, followed by Penicillin derivatives (n = 42; 29.17%) and Carbapenems (n = 16; 11.11%). The percentage of antimicrobials administered by parenteral route was found to be 79.17%. The major problems encountered in the management are relapse of UTI and treatment failure. Out of 144 children, 40 children had recurrent UTI. Among them for 25 children, antibiotics were not given according to the culture sensitivity pattern during their first UTI. Recurrent UTI can occur if adequate antimicrobial therapy based on antimicrobial susceptibility test is not given during initial UTI. This demonstrates the need for rational use of antimicrobials and judicious prescribing. The implementation of antibiotic policy and treatment guidelines based on regional data on antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens with periodic assessment of the clinical pharmacist in the study area is recommended. --- ## Assessment and Identification of Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients **Authors:** Kalpana A, Manju nath, Neelima Ganzi **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4486 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, Prevalence, Fasting Blood Sugar, Antibiotics Nosocomial infections are the causes of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Diabetes mellitus constitute one of the most common endocrine disorders seen mostly in above 25 years age in both genders. In DM patients uncontrollable glucose levels are seen. Due to the high glucose levels the body is more prone to infections and the antibiotics are necessary to treat the infections if the antibiotics are not used in a proper way the microorganism get easily resistance to the drug. The study aims to assess the infection & sensitivity of antibiotics in Type-2 DM. The objective of the study is to delineate the infections associated with diabetes mellitus and antibiotics sensitivity in diabetes patients. It is a retrospective observational study conducted in 160 patients for a period of 6 months at RDT hospital, Bathalapalli. The demographic data & study related data was collected by using data collection forms. The results revealed that Diabetes is risk factor for the infections. Infectious diseases are more frequent and/or serious in patients with diabetes mellitus, which potentially increases their morbidity and mortality. In the Current study diabetes was more among the male gender compared to female. The hyperglycemic environment favors the immune dysfunction which is reason for increased frequency of infections in diabetic patients. The study conducted showed that people diagnosed with diabetes mellitus increases susceptibility to various types of infections. --- ## Effectiveness of Topical Insulin Dressing in Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcer among Diabetic Patients **Authors:** Meena P, Monisha V **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3761 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Assess, Effectiveness, Insulin Dressing, Healing, Diabetic Foot Ulcer, Diabetic Patients Diabetes is previously known as the disease of the rich people, but now there is no partiality between the rich and poor and it has become the third leading cause of death. Diabetic Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic issue that is characteristics by chronic hyperglycemia; it is a typical and conceivably persistent disease. The aims of the present study to assess the effectiveness of insulin dressing of the diabetic foot ulcer among diabetic patients. A quasi-experimental research design with purposive sampling technique was adopted to conduct a study among 30 diabetic foot ulcer patients. Demography data was collected and wound was measured and insulin dressing was done. After one week the wound was measured. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the procedure. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Among 30 samples pretest mean score of wound healing among patients with diabetic foot ulcer in the topical insulin dressing was 2.67 ± 0.66 and the post test mean score was 1.43 ± 0.57. The calculated paired ‘t’ test value of t = 15.703 was found to be statistically highly significant at p<0.001 level. The above finding clearly infers that topical insulin dressing to patients with diabetic foot ulcer had significant effect which resulted in the improvement in the level of wound healing among patients with diabetic foot ulcer. --- ## Mini-Review: Antibacterial Products from Teak Leaf Extract (Tectona grandis L.) **Authors:** Latifah Azmi, Paramitha Retno Ramadhanti, Afreza Tamimi Hasibuan, Waras Nurcholis **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4502 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antibacterial Products, Disinfectant Products, Hygiene Products, Natural Antibacterial, Utilization of Agricultural Waste Teak (Tectona grandis L.) is a plant that has a high resistance to weather changes and termite attacks. The dominant use of teak in the furniture industry left behind its leaf as agricultural waste (agro-waste). Several pharmacological activities have been identified in the teak leaf part. In this review article, the authors gathered information from previous studies regarding the potential use of teak leaf antibacterial compounds to be made into various antibacterial products, namely hand sanitizers, floor disinfectants, fruit and vegetable disinfectants, and deodorant. Literature searches are carried out through search engines and online journal databases. The results of the literature review show that there are at least eight antibacterial compounds from teak leaf that have been isolated, identified, and tested for their activity, namely anthratectone, naphthotectone, juglone, gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, quercetin, and sitosterol. Furthermore, it is known that the solvent that can be used for teak leaf extraction by providing the best antibacterial activity is ethanol. This information is used as a recommendation for optimization of teak leaf extraction as part of the author’s suggestion in making antibacterial products. In addition, previous research related to the use of ethanol extract from the teak leaf as an antibacterial product for liquid soap was also included. The study shows that the teak leaf extract liquid soap has promising activity compared to its comparable commercial soap, thereby strengthening the author’s idea to utilize teak leaf extract as a component of the active ingredient of other antibacterial products, namely hand sanitizers, floor disinfectants, fruit and vegetable disinfectants, and deodorant. --- ## Investigation and examination of vitro anti-arthritis activity by means of Cambogia fruit denaturation albumin **Authors:** Raju PSN, Suhasini N., Narayana Reddy, Vignesh D **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4059 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** diclofenac, garcinia, xanthone, Cambogia With assessing those anti-arthritis actions in-vitro in chloroform extricate about garcinia Cambogia apples and oranges against egg whites denaturation. In regulated test condition egg whites might have been incubated for with different fixation for chloroform extricate Furthermore subjected will determination from claiming absorbance will assess the rate of protein restraint to Anti-arthritis movement utilizing diclofenac sodium as those standard medications regardless. Dosage reliant expand in the rate restraint might have been found. Likewise, an after effect. Restraint for egg whites denaturation might have been watched for every last one of centralization of the chloroform extricate from claiming garcinia Cambogia tree grown foods. Starting with that current study, it could be a chance to be closed that garcinia Cambogia tree grown foods possessed checked in vitro Anti-arthritis movement impact against denaturation for egg whites. Those impact might have been because of xanthone available Similarly as a standout amongst the phyto concoction segments On from claiming garcinia Cambogia tree grown foods. --- ## Aridity In Senior Citizens **Authors:** Harshada Ragunathan, Krithika C, Divya G, Nishanthi L, Priya Ramani, Gayathri P S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4481 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drugs, Dry mouth, older people, Hyposalivation, Saliva, Xerostomia Hyposalivation contributes to several health problems. It can produce serious adverse effects on one’s quality of life. The prevalence of dry mouth increases with age, and approximately 30% of those aged 60 years and old are being affected. Ageing and medication are the salient causes of hyposalivation / Xerostomia. The study aims to analyse the salivary flow rate of senior citizens by a questionnaire method & to confirm through clinical evaluation. The objective of the study is to show the importance of clinical evaluation of the oral cavity in estimating the salivary flow. The study was conducted among 40 senior citizens of age 60 & above. The assessment of dry mouth was done by questioner method and by collecting unstimulated saliva. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis, and chi-square test was performed. It showed that patients who believed that they were pretty fine also had hyposalivation clinically. 57.5% of total participants had less salivary flow rate. Also, 67.5% of participants showed oral manifestation of periodontitis with 7.5% mirror stick appearance. 32.5% of participants had dry-mouth out of which most of them were females and had no drug history. Even though there are many signs and symptoms for oral dryness, clinical evaluation always stands first in diagnosis. Patient under drug therapy and elderly patient’s routine dental checkup can help them to know about their dental and general health status. --- ## Effectiveness of Sensory Stimulation on Sensory Function Among Patients with Stroke **Authors:** Gopalakrishnan B, Karpagam K, Kala Barathi S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3746 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sensory Stimulation, Sensory Function, Stroke Stroke or brain attack is the effect of lack of blood circulation to the brain. Deficient blood delivery to brain results in lack of oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells are very sensitive to hypoxia. They stop working within 3-5 minutes if they are not getting oxygen and nutrients. This cell death results in stroke. Stroke is a medical emergency. Immediate treatment can reduce injury to the brain and possible complications. About half of stroke patients experience the ill effects of the problem of awareness with such antagonistic impacts as tangible hardship. The arrangement of a consideration program comprising of straightforward and safe incitements can forestall tangible hardship and improve the patient’s sensory capacity. Hence the study aimed to assess the effectiveness of sensory stimulation on the sensory function among patients with stroke. Pre experimental design-One group pre and post design was adopted for the study with 30 samples which matched the inclusion criteria were selected by non-probability convenience sampling technique. Demographic variables data were collected by using a multiple-choice questionnaire followed by assessing the sensory function by using the SMART scale. The findings of the study Out of 30 samples in the experimental group, 26 (86.7%) had moderate level of sensory dysfunction and 4 (13.3%) had mild level of sensory dysfunction. After giving the intervention of sensory stimulation post test shows 24 (80%) had mild level of sensory dysfunction and 6(20%) had normal sensory function. Sensory stimulation is effective and the patient with sensory function among stroke. This study indicates that sensory stimulation which containing certain stimulation was an effective, inexpensive, simple measure for improving sensory dysfunction among patients with stroke. --- ## Effectiveness of High-Tech Communication Board on Patients Response and Level of Satisfaction among Mechanical Ventilated Patients **Authors:** Vignesh S, Parimala L, Kalabarathi S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3743 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** High-Tech Communication Board, Patients Response, Level of Satisfaction, Mechanical Ventilated Patients Communication is a crucial component and fundamental segment of nursing in all zones that renders it exercise to practice every one of its intercessions, including prevention, treatment, recovery, instruction and wellbeing advancement. Communication is a basic part of successful consideration in clinic setting, particularly in ICU where patients can encounter adjusted Communication capacities because of their basic sickness. Patient’s results are impacted by the patient’s capacities to impart successfully and take an interest in their consideration. Hence the present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of high-tech communication board on patient response and level of satisfaction among mechanically ventilated patients in an intensive care unit. True experimental Post-test only design was employed with 60 patients in which 30 were allotted to the experimental and 30 to the control group. Demographic variables data were collected by using a structured questionnaire followed by assessing the response of the patients using patient response scale after using High-tech communication board. Patient’s satisfaction was assessed after usage of High-tech communication board using a satisfaction scale. The findings of the study revealed that most of the patients had a good response in the experimental group than the patients in the control group in which the comparison between the two groups showed a significant difference between the mean scores. Based on findings, comparative studies can be conducted with other High-Tech Communication Board in different settings with large samples. --- ## Effectiveness of information booklet regarding knowledge of menstrual hygiene among higher secondary school girls **Authors:** Kala Barathi S, Akshaya R **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3756 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Effectiveness, Information Booklet Teaching, Programme, Knowledge, Menstrual Hygiene The menstrual cycle is the physiological wonder which is remarkable to females that starts with a high school. Feminine cycle is likewise appropriately called menses (or) all the more regularly a time of the month to month stream. The periods of beginning are from 9 to 16 years and end happens roughly like clockwork and keeps going for around five days feminine stream consists of blood, bodily fluid, and tissue particles. This is a cycle of a lady releasing blood and other material from the coating of the uterus at time spans one lunar month from pubescence until the menopause, besides during pregnancy. A quasi experimental design conducted among 50 people regarding knowledge assessment about menstrual hygiene. Convenient sampling technique was used to select samples. A structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic data and knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene was assessed. Booklet was given to the samples. After an hour, the knowledge was reassessed using the same structured questionnaire. The present study result states that there is a significant increase in the knowledge of the higher secondary school girls regarding menstrual hygiene at p<.05 level. This indicates that booklet teaching is an effective and easy method to improve knowledge among higher secondary school girls regarding menstrual hygiene that helps to improve the practice of menstrual hygiene. --- ## Effect of oral care on bacterial colonization and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia **Authors:** Parimala L, Kavitha K, Sangeetha R, Mary Bhagyalatha R **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3762 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia, Pneumonia checklist, Oral care, Bacterial colonization Oral care is significant as it influences both health and clinical consequences of escalated care patients. Oropharyngeal intrusion by microorganisms is basic being developed of nosocomial pneumonia (ventilator-associated pneumonia/VAP) in intensive care units. The present study aims to assess the effectiveness of nesting on posture comfort among low birth weight babies. A quantitative quasi-experimental research design was conducted among 60 ventilator supported patients in which 30 were allotted to experimental and 30 to control group. Observational sampling- checklist technique was used to select samples. A semi-structured interview was used to collect demographic data, and pneumonia checklist was assessed. Selected samples on 1st day of intubation in the experimental group and were provided oral care with 0.2% chlorhexidine every 6th hourly till 3rd day (72hours) and maintained pneumonia checklist respiratory rate, PaO2, BUN value, WBC count, platelet count and temperature. For the selected samples of the control group, oral care procedure was not applied. The study finding clearly infers that there was a significant difference in the Day 13 scores of pneumonia checklist variables except for temperature between the experimental and control group which proves the effectiveness of oral care on bacterial colonization and ventilator associated pneumonia in the experimental group than the patients in the control group who had undergone normal hospital routine measures. --- ## A Prospective Evaluation of Asthma Management: Emergency and Continuing Care for Asthma **Authors:** Sai Sravanthi T, Donthu Raj Kiran, Sundaravadivel V P, Kayalvizhi E **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3785 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Asthma Practice, emergency department (ED), subsidiary, wheezing Previous assessments of asthma management have demonstrated huge consideration holes in the administration of intense asthma. As a major aspect of potential “Global Survey of Asthma Practice (GASP)” we tentatively assessed an associate of asthma patients who went to a University subsidiary hospital “emergency department (ED)”. Patients going to ED with intense asthma were tentatively assessed with normalized evaluation apparatus. Pattern attributes, pre affirmation asthma the executives, examinations done in the ED just as release drugs were completely recorded. In this investigation, we have indicated that patients going to the ED have an unnecessary utilization of salvage medicine with a background marked by continuous earlier ED visits and hospitalizations with intense asthma. This information recommends there keeps on being a huge consideration hole both in-network and Emergency Department regarding ideal administration of intense asthma. Asthma is a long term inflammatory sickness of lungs airways. It is portrayed by feature and repeating suggestions, reversible wind stream impediment, and simply triggered bronchospasms. The appearances include scenes of hacking, wheezing, windedness & chest snugness. These might occur rare times every day or every week. Rely on an individual, asthma indications might turn out to be more terrible around evening time or with practice. --- ## Molecular docking studies of pancreatic cancer expressed proteins with Psidium guajava (guava) derived bioactive compounds **Authors:** Tharrun Daniel Paul L, Roshan Kumar Sah, Thirunavukkarasu Palaniyandi **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4664 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Psidium guajava, auto dock vina, discovery studio, quercetin, pancreatic cancer The current study evaluates the binding affinities (kcal/mol) of different proteins expressed in pancreatic cancer with Psidium guajava derived bioactive compounds by performing molecular docking through auto dock vina. Auto dock vina was used to perform molecular docking between the proteins expressed in pancreatic cancer and P. guajava derived bioactive compounds. Nine proteins and nine ligands were chosen for molecular docking. Among the nine ligands, gemcitabine which is a commercial first-line drug used to treat pancreatic cancer, was selected. The docking output was visualized using the Biovia Discovery Studio visualizer. From the docking results, we found that, out of the nine ligands, quercetin had a better binding affinity than the other ligands and the commercial drug (gemcitabine). SNAI1 docked with quercetin had a binding affinity of -9.6 kcal/mol, which was found to be the highest. In conclusion, it can be said that the compound quercetin derived from the ethanolic extract of the P. guajava has the highest binding affinity, so it can be used for the treatment of pancreatic cancer after modification to its properties so that it has good efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties. Further studies will be based on the in-vitro testing of the extract and gene and protein expression analysis using RT-PCR and MALDI-TOF, respectively. --- ## Occurrence of most common shade for crown fabrication in anteriors and posteriors in south Indian population - A retrospective study **Authors:** Shree Ranjan Pandey, Subash Sharma, Sowmya K **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3847 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Shade selection, A2 shade, Crown fabrication, South Indian Population, shade guide, Munsell colour system Shade selection is a very important part of the treatment as it dictates the final outcomes of treatment and patient satisfaction. The most prevalent shade used in dentistry is A2/B2 shade for crown fabrication. This study was conducted on the south Indian population of the Saveetha dental college university where out of 617 patients were analysed so that the shade choices used in crown fabrication is assessed. This university based study involved the collection of data from the database from which cases of crown fabrication shade were selected and cross verified. All the data was compiled and tabulated in Microsoft Excel and exported to IBM SPSS 20. Data was represented through frequency distribution tables and Chi square tests. The highest frequency of shade used for crown fabrication amongst the South Indian population was A2 in males and females, the second most commonly used shade was A1 in females and A3 in males. Within the limitation of this study, it was found that the most common shade for crown fabrication used in the south Indian population was A2 shade, followed by A3 shade in males and A1 shade in females. The least commonly used shade was A4. The maximum cases which had a requirement of crown fabrication with esthetically pleasing shade were under the age group of 21-30 yrs. --- ## An evaluation on the association between sleep and dietary patterns with obesity - an online cross-sectional study **Authors:** Karthik V., Sridevi G., Leslie Rani S. **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4019 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Obesity, sleep, adverse effects, food, stress This survey was taken up to analyze the association between food habits and sleep with obesity. The survey involved 200 healthy participants of both genders. A cross sectional study was planned among the saveetha university students. Generalised questionnaires which assess the food habits of the participants was designed to find how it relates with obesity and PITTSBURGH sleep quality index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep habits of the subject during the past one month. The responses of the questions were tabulated and the correlation of food habits and sleep with the tendency of obesity and gender-related analysis was done using SPSS software version 22 and the statistical test used was chi-square test and the significance value was fixed at p < 0.05. The results revealed that about 49% of people have trouble sleeping. 51% of people less than once a week face trouble. 53 % of people use the bathroom in the middle of sleep. 56% of people drink soft drinks two times per day. There were also significant changes among genders in the intake of junk food intake, appetite and sleep rating. Thus the study concluded that food habits with the intake of junk food and sleep deprivation with gender correlation predispose to obesity. --- ## Prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders among adult population: A retrospective study **Authors:** Meenapriya M, Deepika Rajendran **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4016 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Precancerous lesion, Precancerous condition, Prevalence, lichen planus, Leukoplakia, adult population, Habits, clinical sites Oral potentially malignant disorders refer to both the precancerous lesions and precancerous conditions of the oral cavity. They possess the risk of cancer development in the oral cavity. Precancerous lesions and conditions are associated with various causative factors such as smoking, smokeless forms of tobacco etc. Early detection of oral, potentially malignant disorders can reduce the risk of development into oral cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find out the prevalence of oral, potentially malignant disorders among the adult population. The records were obtained through DIAS. This study included histopathological proven oral, potentially malignant disorder. The age, gender, smoking habits, systemic diseases, clinical sites of the oral potentially malignant disorders were noted. The mean age group of the patients who were involved in this study was 44.37. The prevalence of oral, potentially malignant disorders was higher in males [66.7%] compared to females [33.3%]. When assessed for the habits associated with the patients having oral potentially malignant disorders, the smokeless tobacco forms were higher in prevalence [31.1%]. 51.1% of the patients were found to be without any habits. The most common site involved was buccal mucosa [88.9%]. The systemic diseases were absent in most of the patients [82.2%]. The highest prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorder was found to be as Lichen planus of 33.3%. Within the limits of this study, the most common oral potentially malignant disorders were found to be Lichen planus according to this population studied. However, previous studies report that the prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders differs among different populations. --- ## Establishment of Recommended TB Suspected Cases from Hospital system to TB Dispensary **Authors:** Ganga Raju G., Subbarao K., Naveen P., Ramakrishnan V. **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4069 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) 2000 NPS appeared; just 12% of common Tuberculosis (TB) cases discovered were analyzed at TB dispensaries, whereas community health suppliers analyzed 88% of them. Unfortunately, just 13% of pervasive cases determined to have TB by community health care suppliers were named to TB dispensaries. To build a case recognition rate through fortified reference arrangement of TB cases and suspects from the medical clinic framework to TB dispensary. Through this venture, a component of the reference framework has been created; it is accessible and maintainable, particularly in poor and remote region. The TB is spread from one individual to next through the air while people who have dynamic TB in their spit, lungs hack, speak, or sneeze. The people with dormant TB don’t spread sickness. The dynamic contamination occurs regularly in individuals with HIV/AIDS and individuals who smoke. Analysis of dynamic TB relied on chest X-beams, microscopic assessment and body liquids culture. The latent TB analysis relied on “tuberculin skin test (TST)” or blood tests. The TB usually affects the lungs, and nevertheless might affect diverse parts of the body. The most contamination display no manifestations; where case it is recognized as inert tuberculosis. Those at high danger incorporate workplace, household, and social contacts of individuals with dynamic TB. The treatment needs the usage of numerous antimicrobial over an extensive stretch of time. --- ## A critical Study on Roga marga in Ayurveda with Special Reference to Madhyama Roga marga **Authors:** Shihabudheen Gurukkal, Prasanth R Krishnan, Hemanth Toshikhane **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4595 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Roga Marga, Koshta, Srotas, Khavaigunya, Shatkriyakala According to Ayurveda health is having an inseparable relation between tridoshas, sapta dhatus, trimalasmalas srotases and agnis. The normalcy of these components is essential for a healthy life and any alteration or change in the equilibrium of these components will give raise to vyaadi or disease. In our body we have got so many dosha gatis like vriddhikshaya bheda, ashayapakarsha bheda urdhvadhar, tiryak bheda koshta shakha, Marathi sandhi bheda avarna bheda. So because of this we need to study the roga marga in detail for understanding the rogas in a better way so a study have been put forth with the heading “A Study On Roga marga W.S.R. To Madhyama Roga marga” with its role in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment formed the objectives. In this study we have done the Collection, compilation sorting and analysis of various documentations right from Vedic scriptures to the latest dissertations, journals and websites on trividha roga marga were done. After screening through all the literatures collected on the matter we came to a conclusion that there exists lot of similarity between roga marga and srotas. But they seem to be different. Roga marga are the place where roga exists. Khavaigunya when takes place in srotas disease manifests. Different diseases have been included in different roga marga according to the samprapti and the udbhava sthana of the disease. Roga marga is the place where khavaigunya does occur and acts as the point of ignition and directs the samprapti to propagate in a definite manner. So we have concluded the study as the Roga marga plays an important role in the sub clinical and clinical stages of raj samprathi. --- ## Antibacterial activity of endophytes from Musa Paradisiaca **Authors:** Keerthy Reghunandanan, Aleena Jolly, Manjusha P V, Kavitha M **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4623 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Endophytes, Mutualism, Musa paradisiaca, Secondary metabolites, Antibacterial activity, Agar well diffusion This study was aimed to isolate the endophytic bacteria and fungi from the fruit and root of Musa Paradisiaca, commonly called as Nendran banana cultivar in the southern Indian state of Kerala. Endophytes are microbes living in plant tissue without harming the plants rather existing as potential beneficial organisms. Musa paradisiaca is a less explored variety of banana cultivar which possess anti-disease potential apart from nutritional quality. The total number of twelve root and fruit associated endophytes were isolated. The fruit associated endophytes were seven with four bacterial isolates and three fungal isolates. The number of root-associated endophytes were five with three bacterial isolates and two fungal isolates. The morphological characterisation of both root and fruit endophytes were performed by Gram staining for bacteria and lacto-phenol cotton blue staining for fungi. The bacterial colony examination of the fruit associated culture revealed a specific pink strain with an inhibitory zone proving antibacterial activity which was further investigated through agar well diffusion test. The strain exhibited potential antibacterial activity against five human clinical pathogens. A significant zone of inhibition was observed against Bacillus subtilis (22 mm), Escherichia coli (21 mm), Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18 mm) which confirmed the potential antibacterial property of the fruit endophytic strain. --- ## Effective diagnosis of schistosomiasis haematobium by Silver beads Sandwich ELISA **Authors:** Ibrahim R B Aly, Samir A M Zaahkouk, Alaa A M Samn, Ibrahim A E Zahran, Sawsan A M EL-Shamy **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4312 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Schistosomiasis, Schistosoma haematobium, Immunomagnetics, ELISA Schistosomiasis is a major public health problem. Diagnosis by simple and rapid immunoassays is a priority. The magnetic bead immunoassay using magnetic nanoparticles conjugated with anti-schistosomal antibody was evaluated for diagnosing human schistosomiasis infection. The present study was to evaluate the sandwich ELISA as a simple test for the detection of schistosomal antigen (CSA) in serum and urine samples of S. haematobium patients and compare it with ELISA. Investigation conducted on eighty six cases divided to three groups, 34 were positively for Schistosoma haematobium, 32 were positively for intestinal parasites ova and negative for S. haematobium ova in urine and 20 were negative urine and stool examination (Control). Immunomagnetical bead based Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using for detected for antigen in sera and urine infected by S. haematobium. Sandwich ELISA sensitivities was 79.4% (serum) and 73.5% (urine) and which increase by used nano-sandwich ELISA to 88.2% (serum) and 82.4% (urine), respectively. Sandwich ELISA specificities was 86.4% (serum) and 80.8% (urine) and which increase by used nano-sandwich ELISA to 93.3% (serum) and 88.5% (urine). We found that, nano-sandwich ELISA assay had highly sensitive and specifically and technical method was applicably, fast, cheaper, accurate and promising diagnostic method for schistosomiasis. --- ## Development and validation of stability indicating assay method for estimation of lumefantrine in bulk and tablet dosage form **Authors:** Vijay H Ikale, Hemant K. Jain, Ashish B. Budhrani, Manoj S. Patil, Tikesh Agrawal, Bhushan Hatwar **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4398 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lumefantrine, Estimation, RP-HPLC, Method validation, Stability indicating assay method Simple, precise, accurate, sensitive, economical, and rapid stability indicating method was developed for the estimation of Lumefantrine in bulk and tablets. Chromatographic analysis was performed on A Hibar C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5µm) column and mobile phase made up of acetonitrile: methanol (50:50 v/v); used for this study. The flow rate of the mobile phase was to 1.2 ml/min; the temperature of the column was adjusted to 40◦C and UV analysis was carried out at 234 nm. The degradation studies were performed and the analytical method was validated as per ICH Q2R1 guideline. The Retention time of Lumefantrine was found to be 8.8 min. The developed method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 10-60 µg/ml. The value of the correlation coefficient between peak area and concentration was found to be 0.995. The value of % RSD was found to be within prescribed limits for precision studies which indicate reproducibility of the method. The values of LOD and LOQ were obtained at 14.54 and 44.07 µg/ml, respectively. The results of degradation studies indicate that the drug was found to be stable in acidic, basic, neutral, photolytic, and neutral conditions while degraded in oxidation condition. --- ## Analysis on the clinical study of drug related problems in pulmonology department at tertiary care hospitals **Authors:** Kameswari K, Mohammed Abdul Salaam, Punita P, Muthulakshmi R **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3817 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pulmonology department, Adverse drug reactions, drug related problems, Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE), Pharmacovigilance The main aim of the study is to assess and evaluate the drug related problems in the pulmonology department. It was a Prospective Interventional study in PULMONOLOGY DEPARTMENT conducted at Manipal Super Speciality Hospitals, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh for a period of twelve (12) Months from February 2018 to February 2019. We have collected 115 cases from Pulmonology Department. During the study period, we have collected a total number of 115 cases under the pulmonology department. We found that Males are more effected than Females with percentage of 68% (n=78) and 32% (n=37). In the present study 27 DRP’s were found in which 10 Adverse Drug Reactions, 4 Untreated conditions, 4 Inappropriate drug according to guidelines, 4 inappropriate timing of administration, 2 Drug dose too high, 2 No Drug treatment inspite of existing indication, 1 prescribed drug not available. The result of the present Interventional study shows that Clinical pharmacy services helps in identify and resolve drug related harms in discussion with health care professional. In our study we found 27 DRP’s based on PCNE V8.02 classification in which 22 DRP’s were informed to the physician, and 5 DRP’s were identified by the physician. The study shows that there is a need for Clinical Pharmacist services in healthcare to reduce DRP’s by monitoring patient’s drug therapy by which Pharm. D (Doctor of Pharmacy) can be suggested as Clinical Pharmacist since they are well versed in the subject areas like Clinical pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacotherapeutics. --- ## Development and Validation of a Ultra Flow Liquid Chromatography Method for the Assay of Boceprevir Using a Quality-by-Design Approach **Authors:** Manish Majumder, Ramesh B, Minaketan Tripathy **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4599 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Boceprevir, Quality by Design, Method Development, Validation, Ultra Flow Liquid Chromatography Quality by design guided. The assay method of Boceprevir is developed in accordance with ICH Q8(R2) guideline with due validation. .In this process, the Target analytical profile (TAP) of the drug was set and critical method parameters (CMP) were investigated by systematic risk assessment experimentation to control critical Quality Attributes (CQA). In this, A Cause Effect Risk Assessment Matrix with Control-Noise-Experiment (CNX) is used for identifying the high-risk variables i.e Percentage of Organic Modifier (% methanol), pH of the Buffer and flow rate of the mobile phase. The surface response methodology was applied to optimize the critical method parameters (CMP) as well as Critical Quality Attributes (CQA) to find out the Design space of the method. The Optimum assay method condition was mobile phase Acetate Buffer (50mM) pH 5.4: Methanol (11:89), Flow rate: 0.9 ml/min, Lambda Max: 207. The separation was achieved in the Eclip Plus C-18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5µm) at ambient temperature. The retention time of Boceprevir was found to be 4.2 min. The method evaluation was performed according to the (Q2R1) ICH guideline. --- ## Evaluation of Facial Esthetics using Golden Proportion Values in Dravidian Population for Different Classes of Malocclusions **Authors:** Prasanna Arvind T R, Navaneethan Ramasamy, Sri Rengalakshmi **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3850 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Golden Proportion Values, Facial Symmetry, Anthropometry, Malocclusion Improvement in esthetic appearance and functional occlusion are the pillars of contemporary orthodontic procedures. The aim of this study was to assess variations in facial proportions between skeletal classes I, II, III populations in order to establish objective departures from Golden Proportion norms. The study sample was divided into three groups based on the skeletal malocclusion, namely skeletal class I, class II and class III groups. Various markers were identified in these photographs in order to define facial symmetry and balance with the ideal values. Golden Proportion values were compared with that of the obtained results, and these values were checked for skeletal class I, II, III malocclusions. Our study showed a significant difference between skeletal class II and III malocclusions when correlated with Golden Proportion values. Skeletal Class I malocclusions showed a greater correlation with golden proportion values. Golden proportion ratios are more valid in cases of skeletal class I malocclusions. Hence, the objective of treating class II and class III malocclusions should be more focused on attaining values closer to the desired ratio for optimal facial balance and symmetry. --- ## Review of Data Integrity in Pharmaceutical Industry **Authors:** Pralesha sahoo, Kamaraj R **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4300 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Alcoa, Alcoa, Good documentation practise, Integrity, Metadata, Raw data, Records, Regulatory bodies Data integrity has been in the world for a quite some time. In the pharmaceutical industry, it has been playing a major role in ensuring the correctness and truthfulness of the data. The industry has been upgrading the technologies for the production of drugs, storage and distribution. In the past, the man-made workforce has been upgraded to the machine that too Artificial Intelligence machine, computers etc. In such a case integrity of data is utmost priority for ensuring correctness. Machine and the computer are built to reduce the work- force and make the work convenient for workers. It is helpful in reducing the time load of work but to ensure the honesty of the work; data integrity came into effect. A company which runs with the full GMP regulations will get less warning letter during the audit trials, but a company with proper GMP as well as proper implementation of data integrity will percolate into the audit trials successfully. Ensuring data integrity will help the firm to acquire a smaller number of warning letters or form 483. Efficacy; quality and safety of the drug can be easily achieved by data integrity. Data integrity has revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry. Terms such as ALCOA ALCOA+ plays a major role in the integrity of data and been used by various regulatory agencies such as FDA MHRA etc. --- ## Assessment of the prevalence of osteoporosis among children with hemophilia and its relation to serum 25(oh) vitamin D and serum rankl **Authors:** Hamza Rami Mohamed, Amin Radwa Ezzat, Aboelmakkarem Hoda Ahmed **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4295 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hemophilia, Osteoporosis, RANKL, Vitamin D, DEXA scan Osteoporosis is one of the comorbidities that complicating hemophilia. Recurrent hemarthrosis, chronic arthropathy and immobilization all are factors that make patients with hemophilia prone to this complication. Till recently the major emphasis of the osteoporosis diagnosis is the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan, however, the definition of osteoporosis in pediatrics not only low bone mineral density measured by DEXA scan but also required the presence of clinically significant fracture history. Investigation target is evaluating the osteoporosis prevalence between cases with hemophilia, assessing the risk factors increasing its incidence including diet habits, the severity of hemophilia, duration between the first diagnosis of the disease and enrollment in the study and chronic hepatitis C infection. Also, considering the role of vitamin D deficiency, and another potential indirect mechanism mediated through Receptor activator of NF-Kappa-B, the Receptor activator of NF- Kappa-B ligand (RANK-RANKL) pathway has been suggested in the pathogenesis of bone disease and osteoclastic activity but remains controversial.Thirty-nine hemophilia pediatric patients were recruited from hematology clinic, Cairo university hospital, history taking, and examination were done focusing on the musculoskeletal system and dietetic data. Twenty normal age- matching children enrolled as a control group. DEXA scan results showed normal bone mineral density in 28 patients (71.8%) and osteoporosis in 11 patients (28.2%). The median Z score of patients was -1.40 (-2.2 – -0.6). There was a statistically significant decrease of bone mineral density in patients with hemophilia comparing with a control group with P-value <0.001, also we observed significantly higher serum RANKL in the group of patients with low bone mineral density ensuring the relation between RANKL and osteoclastic activity. --- ## Predictors of Length of Hospital Stay in Children Presenting to the Emergency Department of Saudi Arabia **Authors:** Nesreen Suliman Alwallan, Majid Alsalamah, Badr F Al-Khateeb, Saeed Mastour Alshahrani, Ahmad Mohammed Ishaque Al Ibrahim, Khadijah Angawi, Paivi Toivola, Ashraf El-Metwally **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4624 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Children, Emergency Department, Length of Stay, Predictors, Saudi Arabia Length-of-stay is an important quality measure for emergency departments. The study aimed to find predictors for prolonged LOS in children. A cross sectional study was conducted from Jan 2017 to Mar 2018. Data were extracted from medical records of 5609 pediatric patients admitted to the King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital-ED, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Median LOS of the children was 74 mins. Multivariable analysis showed the difference in the expected LOS between patients DAMA and their non-DAMA counterparts was 72 mins. Difference in the expected LOS between patients at emergent and non-urgent triage was 89 mins, between urgent and non-urgent triage was 51 mins and difference between less urgent and non-urgent triage was 16 mins. Future studies should explore the contributing managerial and clinical factors that can explain such associations and might be the focus for future policy changes to reduce LOS in ED pediatric settings in Saudi Arabia. --- ## Assess the level of fatigue and it’s contributing factors among mechanically Ventilated Patients in the Intensive Care Unit **Authors:** Dinesh Kumawat, Mary Minolin T, Kala Barathi S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3747 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fatigue, visual analogue fatigue scale, DASS, insomnia severity scale, RASS, APACHE II, Mechanical Ventilated Patients Fatigue is a typical complaint among hospitalized patients and is one of the most predominant and upsetting manifestations announced by critically sick patients in the emergency unit. Attendants are in an ideal situation to distinguish, analyze and assess patients who might be in danger of encountering fatigue and set up mediations as vital. Hence, the present study aimed to assess the level of fatigue and its contributing factors among mechanically ventilated patients in an Intensive care unit. A descriptive correlational design was employed with 60 patients. Demographic variables data were collected by using a structured interview questionnaire followed by assessing the response of the patients using patient response scale after using visual analogue scale fatigue (VAS-F). Assessed the contributing factors of fatigue such as depression anxiety and stress by using DASS-21, sleeping difficulty by using Insomnia Severity Index, pain by using Visual Analogue Pain Scale, and agitation by using Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS), the severity of illness by using the APACHE II scale. The findings of the study revealed that the level of fatigue, the most of the patients 36(60%) had moderate fatigue, 14(23.33%) had severe fatigue and 10(16.67%) had mild fatigue. Contribution factors of fatigue such as the sedation, depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia and severity of illness had shown positive correlation which was found to be statistically significant. The contributing factor pain had shown a positive correlation with fatigue which was found to be statistically significant. The present study findings described that patients in this examination with higher disease seriousness scores at ICU admission and more continuous sedation administration added to higher fatigue evaluations that expand after some time. --- ## A Study To Compare The Effects Of Aerobic Exercise Versus Core Strengthening Exercise Among College Girls With Primary Dysmenorrhea **Authors:** Sandhiya M, Senthil Selvam P, Manoj Abraham M, Tushar J Palekar, Sundaram M S, Priya Kumari, Christina J **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4542 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dysmenorrhea, Aerobic exercises, strengthening exercise of core muscles, Ministability ball, MOOS Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, Verbal Multidimensional Scoring System Dysmenorrhea means cramping pain accompanying menstruation. Prevalence and incidence of dysmenorrhea in Indian adolescent girls is about 70.2% and 33.5%. Primary dysmenorrhea is indicated by lower abdominal pain which may radiate to the thigh and lower back, causing nausea, vomiting, mood swings, headache, fatigue and diarrhoea. The objective of the study is to compare the effect of aerobic exercise versus strengthening of core muscles exercise among college going girls with primary dysmenorrhea. It is an experimental study conducted with 30 samples, ranging between the age group of 18-25 years, who were treated for a session of 40 min per day. The treatment was given for 3 days per week, which was continued for 8 weeks. The samples were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Samples were randomly divided into two groups, namely Group A and Group B, where Group A consists of 15 samples and B consists of 15 samples. Group A was trained with aerobic exercise and Group B was trained with core strengthening with a mini stability ball. Both groups were trained for 40 mins per day for 3 days per week for 8 weeks. The training was not given during the period of the menstrual cycle. The study showed that pain intensity was decreased significantly in both the groups with Group A at p=0.0001 and Group B at p<0.0001 with MMDQ and Group A at p=0.0006 and Group B at p=0.0025 with VMSS. Hence, this study concluded that core strengthening exercise is more effective in reducing pain intensity. Hence, it can be used as one of the alternate therapies for pain relief in primary dysmenorrhea. --- ## Awareness and knowledge of emergent ophthalmic diseases among non medical students **Authors:** Kirthika S, Sanjeev Kumar Puri **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4484 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Blindness, Ocular Emergencies, Prevention This study was done to assess the awareness and knowledge of 3 emergent ophthalmic diseases retinal detachment, central retinal arterial occlusion, acute angle closure glaucoma among non medical students. It is important to assess their spectrum and presentation to prevent irreversible blindness. A questionnaire based study was done among 201 non medical students to assess their knowledge about these emergent ophthalmic diseases. It includes one (yes/no) question for assessing the awareness. To test the knowledge, 3 questions were asked regarding symptoms treatment and complications separately for every emergent ophthalmic disease. Analysis was done using google forms in this study. Descriptive statistics were represented using bar graphs and tables for better understanding. A total of 201 non medical students were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 23.24 approximately. Only 42 of 201 were aware of acute angle closure glaucoma (20.9%) and 44 (29.1%) were aware of retinal detachment. There was not much difference in level of awareness between these two conditions but it was significantly lower in case of CRAO. Only 27(13.4%) of 201 were aware about CRAO. Almost 85.6% were not aware about the blindness caused by CRAO, 81.6% were not aware about the blindness caused by RD and 79.1% were not aware about the blindness caused by AACG. In this study we found that level of awareness and knowledge of emergent ophthalmic diseases were very low among non medical students. Hence, efforts should be made to promote health education regarding these ocular emergencies. This will not only help the young people to screen themselves promptly but also spread awareness about these conditions to their friends and relatives. --- ## Comparison of health related quality of life and health related outcomes among male patients with spinal cord injury with indwelling vs intermittent bladder catheterization - A pilot study **Authors:** Abidfaheem TK, Leena KC **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4150 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Spinal Cord Injury, Indwelling Catheterisation, Intermittent Catheterisation, Heath related QOL The majority of people with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) have abnormalities in bladder function. It is important for an individual with SCI to understand the merits and demerits of different methods of bladder management. The purpose of the study is to compare the health related quality of life (QOL) and health related outcomes among male patients with SCI on indwelling and intermittent bladder catheterisation. A descriptive comparative study was conducted from June to December 2019 among patients with SCI residing in Calicut District, India. Demographic and clinical data were collected using a structured interview schedule. Quality of life was assessed by Qualiveen -30. Urine culture and Numerical pain scale were used to assess Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and pain, respectively. The mean Qualiveen 30 score was higher among individuals with indwelling catheterisation 2.426 ± 0.52 than in individuals with intermittent catheterisation 1.746 ± 0.39, which is significant (p =0.0001) and patients with intermittent catheterisation showed better QOL. Mean pain after catheterisation was 5.07 ± 1.44 among persons with indwelling catheterisation while 4.70 ± 1.41 in intermittent catheterisation, which is not significant (p=0.13). The people with indwelling catheterisation are 5.5 times likely to develop UTI than people with intermittent catheterisation (OR 5.5, 95% CI 1.15-26.41). The better QOL and less UTI are demonstrated in patients using intermittent catheterisation over indwelling catheterisation. There is no remarkable difference of pain during catheterisation in both groups. Intermittent catheterisation can be preferred over indwelling catheterisation among persons with SCI. --- ## Factors influencing for the marketing of branded generic drugs - A study on possible strategies in the Indian pharmaceutical market **Authors:** Umesh Chandra, Shwetha G S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4510 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pharmaceutical Marketing, Generic Drugs, Prescription Generation, Pharmaceutical Positioning, Brand Recall The competition in the Indian pharmaceutical sector is high and the success of a company depends on the ability of Research and Development. A lot of scope exists for the smaller companies as well as larger companies to focus on branded generic drug market for the generation of prescription. The space for product differentiation is less in this segment as all the companies market the same medicine and performance is also the same. Hence, the companies emphasize on various other factors for brand differentiation. Data were collected from 107 doctors for 13 different factors which can influence the prescription generation of the branded generic drugs. It was then run through factor analysis to understand more influencing factors. It was found that two sets of factors, namely, company-related factors and environmental-related factors influence doctors to write the prescription. The company-related factors were found to have more influence compared to environmental-related factors for brand recall while writing the prescription. --- ## An incidental radiographic finding of an inverted mesiodens — A case report with a comprehensive review **Authors:** Rakhi Issrani, Hessah Alfrhan, Arunpriya Srinivasan, Namdeo Prabhu **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4553 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Hyperdontia, Impacted, Nasal floor, Radiograph Supernumerary teeth (ST) are uncommon developmental disorders that can be seen in either of the dental arches. Mesiodens is the most common type of ST. The experience of observing one such case is reported along with a literature review. This article describes a clinical case of a 46-year-old female patient with an impacted inverted mesiodens that was diagnosed accidentally during the routine radiographic examination. The mesiodens was very close to the nasal floor. Advanced radiographic investigations (CBCT) was advised for locating the exact position of mesiodens. The patient was counselled regarding the potential complications of ST and was advised for the surgical removal of the mesiodens, but the patient denied the treatment as ST was not causing any immediate problem. Therefore, the patient is under the continuous follow-up to avoid any complications with the mesiodens. The present case focuses on the importance of careful clinical and radiographic assessment in the diagnosis of ST, especially when they are asymptomatic. Patients should be educated regarding the same with proper explanations of all the treatment options. --- ## Characterization and anticancer efficacy of tamoxifen citrate nanosuspension against MCF-7 breast cancer cells **Authors:** Somasekhar Reddy, Senthilkumar Sivanesan, Chandrakumar Shanmugam, Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan, Mallika Jain **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4588 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nanotechnology, Tamoxifen Citrate L-SNEDDS, Breast Cancer, Cytotoxicity Nanotechnology is one of the important fields that developed strategies to solve the issue of Tamoxifen (TAM) toxicity, owing to the capacity of nano-enabled-formulations to deliver smaller concentrations of TAM to cancer cells, over a longer period of time. Many different TAM-containing-nano systems have been successfully fabricated to selectively deliver TAM to particular molecular targets on tumour membranes, decreasing unwanted toxic effects. The present study was carried out to synthesis the tamoxifen citrate nanosuspension and also to find its effectiveness against breast cancer cells. Nanoparticles were made using multiple emulsion solvent evaporation method and its characterizations were studied. The structure and morphological examination of tamoxifen citrate Liquid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems were observed with transmission electron microscopy. The cytotoxic effect of tamoxifen citrate L-SNEDDS against breast cancer MCF-7 cells was measured by cell viability assay. The cytotoxic effect of tamoxifen citrate L-SNEDDS enhanced significantly as the concentration of drug enhanced from 25 µM to 250 µM. The toxic action of tamoxifen citrate L-SNEDDS on cancer cells remarkably reduced cell viability from 100% to 20.3%, while nanosuspension devoid of the drug presented cell viability of 99.5%. A significant decrease in cell viability was found in tamoxifen citrate free drug from 100% to 30.9%. In conclusion, tamoxifen citrate Liquid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems showed cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. --- ## Development of Ion pair Chromatography Method for Assay of Telaprevir by Response Surface Methodology **Authors:** Manish Majumder, Nitin Charbe, Ramesh B **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4600 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Telaprevir, Quality by Design, Method Development, Validation, Ultra Flow Liquid Chromatography Response surface methodology approach has been utilized for the assay of Telaprevir in pure and formulation using ion-pair chromatography. In this, A risk assessment approach (Control-Noise-Experiment) has been used for identifying the risk factors, i.e. Percentage of Organic Modifier (% Acetonitrile), Buffer’s pH and flow rate of the method. The Central Composite design was applied to optimize the critical method parameters (CMPs) and to find out the Design space (DS) of the method. The coefficient of correlation (R2), %CV and Lack of fit are utilized for the evaluation of method responses (Retention time and Asymmetric factor Evaluation of model is justified by two diagnostic plots (normal probability plot of residuals and plot of residuals vs predicted values). The mobile phase is Acetate Buffer (20mM) pH 4.4: Acetonitrile (35:65) with 0.9 ml/min of Flow rate. The separation has taken placed in the Eclip Plus C-18 column (250 4.6 mm, 5µm) at 268 nm. The retention time of Boceprevir was found to be 4.6 min. The validation of the optimized method has performed according to ICH guideline. The method has been successfully used for routine analysis of the Telaprevir throughout the life cycle of the product. --- ## Highly accurate and New approach for quantification of Gramicidin in medication by RP-HPLC **Authors:** Naveen V M K, Veeraswami B **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4605 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gramicidin, RP-HPLC, Quantification, Beer Lamberts law, X-Bridge phenyl column A significant Reverse Phase-High performance Liquid Chromatography technique was developed for a more accurate, unique and quick economical method was developed for the analysis of Gramicidin in medication dosage forms. The separation of this drug Gramicidin was done by using the X-Bridge phenyl column as a stationary phase, and a mixture of acetonitrile + buffer in 50:50 v/v ratio was used as a movable phase. The buffer used in this method was Octane sulphonic acid of pH-2.5 adjusted with OPA. The maximum absorbance of eluents was observed at 235 nm. A specific flow rate (1 ml/minute) was maintained throughout the runtime of 8 min. The selected drug is eluted at 2.49 minutes. The selected drug obeys Beer Lambert’s law in the concentration range of 0.5-7.5 µg/ml of Gramicidin. The percentage of recovery was found to be within the acceptable limit. The selected approach was corroborated with ICH standard ground rules, and the results of parameters like method precision, accuracy, ruggedness, robustness, and degradation studies were found to be within the allowable limit. Thus, the present method was successfully applied for the simultaneous analysis of Gramicidin in routine industrial work. --- ## Hydroclave - A newer method of sterilisation - Review **Authors:** Karishma Desai, Geetha R. V., Leslie Rani S. **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3887 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Sterilisation, Hydroclave, Disposal of waste, Medical waste, Treatment of waste Hydroclave is a recently introduced technique in the methods of sterilisation. It is a simple method that is affordable by most. This system uses steam to indirectly heat the vessel and dehydrate the waste that is fed into it. It has a variety of features. It has a higher and better degree of sterilisation. The holding time of this vessel is 15 minutes for a cycle. The advantages of using this Hydroclave is that it reduces waste by volume and size. The waste is reduced easily and hence it facilitates easy disposal. A systematic search strategy was employed and articles were found using keywords. Literature was taken from databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles that discussed the newer techniques of sterilisation were included. Other articles which had data regarding Hydroclave, its benefits, structure and its applications were also included. A total of about 70 articles were collected initially. Multiple articles were added later from other sources. After eliminating articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, more than 30 studies were finally obtained to carry out the research. This review summarized the use of Hydroclave for sterilisation. Other techniques, uses of Hydroclave, Process of sterilisation were also discussed in detail in this review article. --- ## Knowledge Impact of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy on Diabetes wound **Authors:** Bhuvaneswari G, Devika S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3999 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Knowledge, Negative Pressure Wound Therapy, Diabetes Patient Wound assessment is obligatory to plan and complete administration regimens and to assess care. As indicated by diabetes imperative distributed by the international diabetes federation (IDF), there were an expected 40 million people with diabetes in India in 2007 and number is anticipated to ascend to just about 70 million individuals by 2025. Negative pressure wound treatment (NPWT) is an innovation that is as of now utilized broadly in wound consideration and is advanced for use on complex injuries (open injuries) NPWT includes the utilization of an injury dressing through which a contrary weight is applied, regularly with any twisted and tissue liquid drawn away from the territory being gathered into a canister. The present study aims to assess the knowledge impact of negative pressure wound therapy on diabetes wound among staff nurses. The one group pre and post-test design were conducted among 50 staff nurses. Purposive sampling techniques were used to select samples. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect demographic data and knowledge on negative pressure wound therapy was assessed. The video was shown to the staff nurses after pre-test. The present study also shows that the demographic variables sex, professional qualification and wound care experience shows significant association with the post-test level of knowledge among staff nurse at p<0.0001 level and the demographic variables has shown statistically significant association with the post-test level of knowledge among staff nurse. This study concludes that video-assisted teaching program was significantly effectiveness in increasing the knowledge regarding negative pressure wound therapy. --- ## The approach of speech proficiency in edentulous patients- “Solution to Elocution” **Authors:** Aditi Vinay Chandak, Surekha Dubey Godbole, Tanvi Balwani, Malika Sehgal **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4566 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Speech tests, Edentulous patients, Pronunciation, Palatogram Speech is considered as a basic fundamental means of communication, which makes the human being superior than other forms of life. Speech and language therapist judgement of speech is consider as the most perfect because the assessment is mainly subjective and it depends on the perception of individual. This will involve both assessment of the intelligibility and quality of the patient’s speech, and observation of the visible aspects of articulation. The best way is to use perpetual assessment, to highlight potential areas of difficulty, then objective, instrumental assessment of these areas, to confirm the nature and severity of their involvement. Correlation of the vocal signal changes with the characteristics of the prosthesis and the specific types of errors in the prosthetic act would be an essential achievement in the way of improving the outcome of the prosthetic action. It is the responsibility of the prosthodontist to construct dentures as accurately as possible, so as to improve speech sound production with dentures, minimize the period of adaptation and thereby, increase the self-confidence of the patient. For this its very important to have knowledge about assessment of speech. Since past many years clinicians have faced problems in assessing speech. In this article clinical application of speech test in relation to complete dentures have been highlighted. --- ## A Comparative Study to Assess The Effectiveness of Breast Crawl on Infant Delivery among mothers who underwent Cesarean Delivery Vs Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery **Authors:** Padmapriya D, Babu Devi, Dhova rani **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3998 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast crawl, Cesarean delivery, Intensity level of pain, Spontaneous vaginal delivery Breast crawl has been described as an instinctive postpartum behavior for fullterm children after vaginal birth. The present aim was to assess the effectiveness of breast crawl on infant delivery among postnatal mothers who underwent cesarean delivery vs spontaneous vaginal delivery at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. A quantitative approach with comparative research design was adopted for the present study. A total of 60samples among which in spontaneous vaginal delivery (n=30) and cesarean delivery (n=30) were selected by using a non-probability convenient sampling technique. A self- structured questionnaire method was used to collect the demographic data followed by that breast crawl was initiated between infant delivery by vaginal delivery and cesarean delivery among mothers. Among 60 samples, the mean score on the intensity level of pain among mothers delivery infant by vaginal delivery was 3.70 ± 1.29 and the mean score on the intensity level of pain among mothers delivered infant by cesarean delivery was 6.13 ± 1.25. The calculated student independent ’t’ test was 7.412, which was found to be effectively significant. This clearly infers that breast crawl was found to be effective in minimizing the intensity level of pain among the mother’s delivered infant by spontaneous vaginal delivery than the mother’s delivered infant by cesarean delivery. --- ## Effectiveness of Light Pressure Stroking Massage with Sesame Oil in Alleviating Acute Knee Joint Pain among Elderly Adults **Authors:** Bhuvaneshwari G, Anju P, Pavithra S, Thenmozhi S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3759 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Effectiveness, Light Pressure, Stroking Massage, Sesame Oil, Acute Knee Joint Pain Osteoarthritis (Acute knee joint pain) is a major health problem in the world. This investigation to assess the impact of lightweight stroking knead with effective sesame oil on torment seriousness of patients with knee joint agony. The main aim to determine the effectiveness of light pressure stroking massage with sesame oil on alleviating acute knee joint pain among elderly adults. (Age, Sex, Religion, Marital status, Educational status, Diet habit, Exercise, Body mass index). A pre-test was conducted to assess the WOMAC scale was managed to evaluate the level of pain. A back rub with sesame oil was applied 3weeks period. A post-test was led to evaluate the adequacy of the intercession. The knee pain level was surveyed by Western Ontario MAC Master Scale. The discoveries were most of the older grown-up individuals 46.7% had moderate pain, 10% had moderate pain, 31.7% had serious pain, 11.6% had extreme pain. After the back rub with sesame oil the knee pain level was diminished to 26.7% had mild pain, 40% had moderate pain, 25% had serious pain, 3% had extreme pain. The finding of the examination uncovered that knead with sesame oil for Knee joint pain was compelling in a huge decrease of the knee joint pain level at the degree of p<0.05 in the trial gathering. Thusly, because of ease, simple use and absence of unfriendly impact, it is proposed to utilize this oil on integral medication for relief from discomfort. --- ## Impact of promoting healthy lifestyle interventions among adolescents, young adults with polycystic ovarian disease in resource limited settings **Authors:** Sireesha M, Gnaneswari RV, Reddy Santhosh C, Mahesh PA, Lakshmi Narasimha G, Madhavi K **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4586 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hormonal Disturbances, Lifestyle Changes, Non-Pharmacological Therapy, Polycystic Ovarian Disease, Reproductive Health Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD) is a reproductive metabolic disorder caused by hormonal imbalances within women of fertile age. Mainstay for treating patients with PCOD includes pharmacological therapy and lifestyle modifications. Lifestyle modifications that play a key role in the management of PCOD are weight management, reduction in stress, physical activity, body mass index and dietary changes. There is sparse information regarding the impact of these interventional parameters among the PCOD women in the literature. This study aims to determine the impact of healthy lifestyle modifications in the management of PCOD among young adults and adolescents. It was a prospective interventional study conducted in the Gynaecology outpatient department in Government General Hospital, Kadapa over the time of 6 months from June 2019 to November 2019. Counseling on lifestyle changes and implementation of healthy lifestyle interventions were given to the study population by using the standard questionnaire forms and post counseling changes were collected after 90 days of visit to the clinic. The statistical significance was done by using the unpaired t-test and graph pad version 8.3.0. The total sample of 30 PCOD patients was compared to before patient counseling on lifestyle modifications and after follow-up. The total population was categorized into 2 groups as adolescents (10%) and young adults (27%). The current study showed that there is a significant association between dietary intervention (p <0.0113) and physical activity scores (p<0.029) among the PCOD patients. In PCOD patient’s healthy lifestyle modifications like dietary interventions and Physical activity serves as an effective treatment strategy adjunct to pharmacological therapy and improved the patient reproductive health. --- ## Improvement of Advanced Assisted gastro retentive floating tablet using TRZ and S **Authors:** Venu Gopal Raju S, Viswanathan S, Nithya P **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3768 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Korsmeyer-Peppas (KP), Trazodone- Hydrochloride (TRZ), serotonin repeated inhibitors (SARI), Quality through Design, Higuchi Definition advancement is a significant piece of medication plan and improvement. Bioavailability and bioequivalence are absolutely reliant on definition improvement. Presently a-days detailing advancement is finished by following Quality through Design. Floating drug conveyance frameworks are the gastro retentive structures that absolutely control the delivery pace of target medication to a particular site which encourage a tremendous effect on medical care. This can be accomplished by utilization of different polymeric substances. Trazodone-Hydrochloride (TRZ), is a notable substance aggravate that is utilized as an energizer that has a place with a particular serotonin repeated inhibitors (SARI). The delivery information was fitted to different numerical models, for example, higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas (KP), 1st request &0 request to assess the energy and system of the medication discharge. Arranged coasting tablets of TRZ may end up being a possible possibility for sheltered and successful controlled medication conveyance over an all-encompassing time frame for gastro retentive medication conveyance framework. The oral assisted medication architecture conveyance has been confounded through confined habitation time gastric. Also, rapid gastrointestinal transmission might predict overall discharge medication in zone of retention and diminish the handled portion adequacy, as many of medications have been invested on small digestive upper piece system. Also, it handles structure measurement at assimilation site & in this way updates bio- availability as stated in. --- ## Anthelmintic and Antioxidant activity of Aqueous Ethanolic Extract of Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. **Authors:** Ganesh S, Vijey Aanandhi M **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4511 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.), Piperazine citrate, DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) and Ascorbic acid Aqueous Ethanolic extract of vegetative (leaf) part of herbal plant Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) was assessed for Anthelmintic and Antioxidant activity. The obtained crude extract was prepared in different concentration, i.e., 50 and 100 mg/mL, against the standard Piperazine citrate, i.e., 10mg/mL for anthelmintic activity. Pheretima posthuma test worms were used during the study and the anthelmintic activity was evaluated based on Paralysis and Death time. The average paralysis and death time of standard is 1.4 & 39.59 min (10mg/mL) compared to sample 5.3 & 65.09 min (50mg/mL); 2.5 & 54.08 min (100mg/mL). From the data, aqueous ethanolic extract possesses promising anthelmintic activity compared to piperazine citrate standard. Similarly, antioxidant activity was evaluated for sample at different concentration ranging from 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 µg/ml premixed with 2.5mL of 0.0135mM DPPH solution. Ascorbic acid was used as a standard and treated in a similar way as that of a sample. Control samples were also prepared without standard and sample solutions. Prepared solutions were vortexed and kept at benchtop condition for 30 minutes and absorbance was measured at 517 nm in a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The absorbance pattern of the sample is not comparable with that of the standard solution at the same concentration. Aqueous ethanolic extract with IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) value is >320 µg/mL against standard Ascorbic acid with an IC50 value of 15.5µg/ml. Which witness the crude extract possess less antioxidant activity. --- ## Gender differences in patients who underwent root canal treatment in anterior teeth after trauma **Authors:** Reshmi B, Bhagyalakshmi T, Arvind S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4003 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fracture, Gender, Pulpectomy, Root canal treatment, Trauma Anterior tooth fractures are more commonly found in younger patients than in adults. Kids in school accidentally fall and break their anterior tooth. It not only has an impact on aesthetics but physiological disturbances due to their friends. The aim of this study is to assess the gender difference in patients who underwent root canal treatment in anterior teeth after trauma. The data was collected from the dental information archiving software of saveetha dental college, from June 2019 to March 2020. The parameters collected were age, gender, a tooth which had undergone trauma. The data was collected and tabulated in the excel sheet and was transferred to the SPSS software by IBM for statistical analysis like chi-square test between trauma teeth and age and gender and traumatized tooth. This study reveals that males had a higher incidence of fracture than females and they belonged to the age group of 2-4 years with a P-value of 0.213 >0.05 (statistically insignificant). This study concludes that male children are more prone for anterior tooth fracture than the female children, and they must be educated on the importance of teeth and safety during sporting or any other physical activities. --- ## Potential Health Benefit Of Isoflavones **Authors:** Vadivelan Ramachandran, Bhargav Bhongiri, Raju Bairi, Raman Suresh Kumar **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4499 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Isoflavones, Bioactive Compounds, Chronic disease, Health Benefits Isoflavones are bioactive compounds and structurally related to 17-β- estradiol having mild estrogenic character also known phytoestrogen. These are available in more quantities in vegetables like green beans, soybeans, mung beans. In grains, they are available for the most part as glycosides, which are absorbed very poorly. It can behave as estrogen agonists or antagonist, by depending on the estrogenic level of endocrine, yet the action of isoflavones are complex because of numerous factors, for example, compound structures and mode of action. Though foods rich in isoflavones have become a centre of interest because of their beneficial effect on many health issues. In view of the appraisal of these illnesses by the action of isoflavones, it was fulfilled that the ability of isoflavones in the anticipation and management of different ailments generally results from their phytoestrogen antioxidant action. Isoflavones were called to as mysterious biological compounds that characteristic to forestall many major health issues. Intake of soy product has been connected to a decrease in rate or seriousness of long term illness, for example, heart disorder, breast and prostate malignancies, menopausal symptoms, bone disorder, so forth. This review discussed an overview of its health benefit on different human diseases. --- ## An Eye-Catching and Comprehensive Review on Leucas zeylanica (Ceylon slitwort’) **Authors:** Subba Rao Chamakuri, Prasenjit Mondal, Ashish Suttee **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4583 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Leucas zeylanica, Ethnobotany, Anti-fungal, Anti-diabetic, Larvicidal, Pharmacological activities, Phytoconstituents The traditional system of medicine has many plants with medicinal and pharmacological importance. The primary sources of food and medicine are plants and their highly beneficial products for various animals and humans. This article mainly focuses on the complete Leucas zeylanica profile, which is also called Ceylon slitwort, a small, erect, annual, herbaceous, terrestrial or occasionally aromatic, hispid and tufted plant of the family Lamiaceae subfamily Lamioideae. It is widely available in several places in India and Nueva Viscaya’s low altitudes open grasslands and Luzon’s Bataan Provinces and Mindanao and Panay (Davao and Lanao). This article provides a comprehensive review of the complete profile of a vital plant, Leucas zeylanica. Traditional use of Leucas zeylanica in various diseases includes Antibacterial, Anti-fungal, Anti-inflammatory, nociceptive, analgesia, gout, antidiabetic a photoprotective agent in various skin diseases. The isolated components are Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Vitamins, Carbohydrates, Flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, fixed oils, and other miscellaneous compounds. Hence, this review can be a useful reference for researchers who are willing to undertake further investigation about Leucas zeylanica. --- ## Dentist’s Perception Regarding Treatment Criteria For Children Under General Anaesthesia: A Multi-Centred Survey **Authors:** Pragyna Priyadarshini, Deepa Gurunathan **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4443 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental caries, Developmental disability, Early Childhood Caries (ECC), General Anaesthesia, Speciality practitioners Treating children under general anaesthesia (GA) has become an essential phase of dentistry. However, it is of paramount importance for the general dentists (GDs) and specialist practitioners (SPs) to have adequate knowledge regarding the necessary treatment criteria and guidelines laid down for treating children under GA. The present study aims to assess the knowledge and practice regarding the treatment criteria used for treating children under GA among GDs and SPs. A convenient sample of 200 participants were enrolled, and the study was conducted among GDs and SPs in three different dental colleges and hospitals in India. A validated questionnaire was used to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice about the treatment criteria and guidelines followed for treating children under GA among the participants. A significant correlation was outlined between the different age group of practitioners and an increase in the number of GA cases performed by them in the last ten years (p= 0.011), where more number of participants in the age group of 20- 25 years reported an increase in the number of GA cases performed by them in the last ten years. Another significant correlation was observed between the years of experience of practitioners and the number of GA cases performed by them in the last ten years (p= 0.048). It was found that an increased number of participants in their initial years of practice (i.e., 0-5 years) preferred treating children under GA which eventually increased the number of GA cases performed by them in the last ten years. The clinical practitioners should strictly follow the necessary treatment criteria and guidelines laid down for treating children under GA in their routine practice. An increasing trend of performing GA in dentistry have encouraged more of clinical practitioners for treating children under GA. --- ## Impact of Liver Disease on Oral Health **Authors:** Thamarai Selvi V T, Ezhilarasan D, Brundha M P **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3886 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Liver Cirrhosis, Liver diseases, hepatocellular carcinoma, Oral health, Periodontitis, Oral dysbiosis, Dental management The liver is the second-largest organ in the human body, which has the ability to regenerate after an injury or any inflammation. The liver diseases can be classified as an acute or chronic and infectious or non-infectious origin. Almost all the liver diseases produce oral manifestations like petechiae, Excessive bleeding in the cause of any minor trauma, inflammation. Oral Manifestation like gingival bleeding, glossitis, sialadenitis, hyposalivation are most commonly associated and perioral rashes, more prone to dental caries, Candidiasis are associated rarely with liver cirrhosis. Dry mouth, Sjogren syndrome both are commonly associated with all liver disease, hyposalivation leads to changes in the oral mucosa like alteration in taste, burning sensation in the tongue, bad breath etc., There are changes seen in oral mucosa, Candidiasis, fissured tongue, aphthous ulcers, bald tongue and halitosis due to compounds like Aliphatic acid, hydrogen sulfide, produced as a result of liver damage and they have a characteristic mousy odour. The common oral manifestations that are associated with Hepatocellular carcinoma include increased incidence of dental caries, loss of the tooth, Gingival bleeding, increased bone loss, chronic periodontitis, oral thrush, Candidiasis and oral lichen planus. Liver diseases have many implications in a dental setting and should carefully take a brief medical history. This study will provide better knowledge in understanding the association between liver disease and oral hygiene, Effective treatment planning in a dental setting also for liver diseased patients. Dental practitioners should know the oral manifestations commonly associated with liver diseases so that treatment can be accordingly made. With this background, the present study aims to review the impact of liver disease on oral health and its management in a dental setting. --- ## Prevalence of full mouth extraction among patients visiting a dental college - A retrospective analysis **Authors:** Manya Suresh, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Nivethigaa B. **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4014 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** College, female, Full mouth extraction, male, population Extraction of teeth is one of the most common procedures carried out in dental clinics. This study was done to assess the prevalence of full mouth extraction among patients visiting a dental college. A review of the records of patients who had undergone tooth extraction in Saveetha Dental College between June 2019 to March 2020 was retrieved. Data was then analyzed for patients who had undergone full mouth extractions. Data was cross-tabulated based on gender. A total of 4539 patients had undergone extractions. Most of the patients were above the age of 40. There was a slightly higher predilection of males who had undergone extractions compared to females. 2.8% of the population had undergone full mouth extraction. Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that the prevalence of full mouth extraction cases in a dental college in Chennai was minimal, with a slightly higher predilection towards males. --- ## Prevalence of Hypertension and Lifestyle Practices of Adults **Authors:** Sathiyabama G, Anita Jaslin I, Anjali S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3900 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hypertension, Lifestyle practices, Adult detection cardiovascular disease obesity Hypertension is a controllable sickness. It has been accounted for that focused decreases in individuals with hypertension are relied upon to create huge decreases in the weight of cardiovascular illness. As indicated by the seventh report of the Joint National Committee (JNC-7) on counteraction, identification, assessment and treatment of hypertension, appropriation of solid ways of life by all people is basic for the avoidance of hypertension. The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge of hypertension clients regarding lifestyle modification. The research design adopted for the study is a descriptive cross- sectional design. The setting of the study is selected in a rural area in Mapped. The sample size was consists of both Men 25 and Women 25 with the risk of hypertension and practices of hypertension. Non-probability sampling techniques will be used to collect the samples. Those who were having hypertension and practices of hypertension, rural area in Mapped. The tool was a structured questionnaire used to assess the knowledge of the prevalence of hypertension and lifestyle practices of adult. It was observed that the prevalence of hypertension among the rural adult population at mapped in Tamilnadu and was associated with age, gender, education, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, and overweight and lifestyle practices. --- ## Drug-Drug-Dietary interactions in pharmacotherapy of GIT medication: A review **Authors:** Akula sowjanya, Abhisek Pal **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4579 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Drug-Food Interactions, Drug-Drug Interactions, Anti-Ulcer Drugs, Polypharmacy, Geriatrics Successful drug therapy depends on the interaction between drug-drug and drug-diet. Drug interactions are a vital reason for causing adverse drug reactions and modify one drug effect by another drug and these kinds of interactions can increase or decrease the effectiveness of the drug. Polypharmacy could be a major risk for Drug-Drug and Drug-food interactions. Food Consumption can alter the effect of drugs by interfering either with their pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics processes. Anti-ulcer drugs are used to treat different types of ulcer and that may interact with another drug showing undesirable effects. GIT medications interfere with another type of medication either with at the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic level. The main objective of this article is to review data regarding common Drug-drug & Drug-food interactions related to GIT medications. Data was collected from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases, and they were reviewed for publication on drug-drug & drug-food interactions related to GIT medications. This data is very helpful for pharmacists while reviewing and analysing prescribed medication, especially in geriatrics prescriptions. --- ## Stability indicating RP-UPLC method development and validation for the simultaneous determination of ertugliflozin and metformin in plasma **Authors:** Haritha G, Shanmugasundaram P **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4488 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ertugliflozin, Metformin: RP-UPLC, US-FDA guidelines, Accuracy, Human Plasma New stability-indicating RP-UPLC technique was developed for the quantification of ertugliflozin and metformin in human plasma and validated as per the regulatory guidelines. Both the drug components and internal standard were spiked to blank plasma and subjected to liquid-liquid extraction with the mobile phase. The resultant solution was infused into Acquity BEH-C18 (1.7 µ, × 100 2.1mm) non-polar column comprising NaH2PO4 buffer (pH-3.5), methanol and acetonitrile in the ratio of 50:10:40% v/v/v as mobile phase. The detector response and flow of the mobile phase were monitored at 240nm and 0.5ml/min, respectively. The linearity plot was made in the concentration range of 0.1-3.0 µg/ml for metformin and 0.05-1.5 µg/ml for ertugliflozin with correlation coefficient value of more than 0.999. The developed method was subjected for bench-top, freeze and thaw, long-term and short-term stability studies and the drug components were stable over the respective conditions. The Lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for ertugliflozin and metformin were 0.05 and 0.1 µg/ml, respectively. The findings of precision and accuracy were present in between 2.6 to 4.2 %RSD and -2 to 3.99 %RE, respectively. The findings of the stability data were presented below. The %stability of ertugliflozin and metformin were varying from 96% to 104% for ertugliflozin and 96% to 105% for metformin. --- ## The influencing factors of metabolic syndrome and the impact of oral health of aged 50 and older Koreans: from the 6th Knhanes **Authors:** Moon-Hee Kwon **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3879 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dietary Supplements, Education Level, Gender, Metabolic Syndrome, Periodontitis, Stress The study on relationship between metabolic syndrome and oral health, is rare. We investigated to find out the correlation of metabolic syndrome and oral health. We investigated to find out the correlation of metabolic syndrome and oral health with the data from the 6th Korea national health and nutrition examination survey. Metabolic syndrome was defined as National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel. To analyze influencing factors of metabolic syndrome, multivariable logistic regression was used. Our results showed that gender (male) (OR 1.86; 95%CI: 1.27-2.72; p<.05) and not taking dietary supplements (OR 1.74; 95%CI: 1.22-2.48; p<.05) factors were the most influencing factors of metabolic syndrome. And then, presence of stress (OR1.59; 95%CI: 1.28-1.98; p<.05), lowest education level (elementary) (OR1.48; 95%CI: 0.98-2.21; p=.05) and oral health (periodontitis) (OR1.39; 95%CI: 1.09-1.78; p<.05) factors were showed as the next strong factors of metabolic syndrome in order. We highlighted on the impact of oral health in metabolic syndrome including chewing difficulty as well as periodontitis. And to prevent metabolic syndrome cause of serious disability and lowering quality of life, we tried to find out the influencing factors of metabolic syndrome considering of this study with diverse view point such as adding the dietary supplements as dietary habit, stress as psychological value, and sedentary time as health-related factors. The government and public health associates should do urgently preparing the policies and strategies focusing on gender disparities, dietary supplements and oral health to prevent metabolic syndrome among ageing population. --- ## Assessment of ECC Affecting Anterior Teeth in Children Visiting University Dental Hospital in India **Authors:** Anupama Deepak, Subramaniam EMG, Ganesh Jeevanandan, Jeevitha M **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3851 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anterior teeth, Children, Dental caries, ECC Dental caries is one of the most infectious diseases of childhood resulting in chronic progression rate. They are of different types and patterns being rampant caries, nursing bottle caries. These are known to spread from the mother to the baby during infancy. Early childhood caries in the presence of one or more decayed or filled tooth surfaces in any primary teeth in a child 72 months age or younger. It is generally associated with unusual dietary patterns. Caries in children are mainly caused by the bacteria Streptococcus mutans. One of the reasons identified for ECC in children is the improper feeding patterns in children and prolonged use of baby bottles for milk feeding, especially at night. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of ECC anterior teeth in children. A retrospective study was carried out using digital records of 731 subjects. These data were collected from DIAS and coded in MS Excel sheets. The collected data was analysed by computer software SPSS version 21 using Chi-square test and graphical illustration was done. From the above study, it was found that ECC was more prevalent in 2-4 years and predominantly in male children (54.61%). Therefore, from this study, it can be concluded that ECC is highly prevalent in the maxillary anterior teeth in children. --- ## Analysis on the evaluation of aceclofenac bilayer tablets and its formulation using FT-IT method **Authors:** Umamaheswara Rao T, Smitha M, Maghiben M, Damodara Velayudham A **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3798 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aceclofenac, super disintegrants, sustaining layer, fickian diffusion The detached of the current research progress a bilayer tablet of aceclofenac utilizing sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and croscarmellose sodium (CCS) as super disintegrants for the formulation of immediate-release layer whereas polymers such as methocel K15M, Lubrizol 971P were utilized by the formulation of sustaining layer. The tablets were equipped by straight density technique. The organized tablets were estimated for pre-compressed parameters like micromeritic properties and post compressed parameters like bulk variation, aceclofenac satisfied and in-vitro dissolution studies. The in-vitro dissolution studies showed about 86.78 % of aceclofenac release from the bilayer tablet, indicating that a preliminary burst release of aceclofenac followed by sustaining action up to 12 h by the sustained layer of the tablets. In-Vitro kinetic data revealed that all the formulations surveyed the Higuchi prototype via fickian dispersal as announcement device subsequently the preliminary rupture announcement. FT-IR studies exposed here is no communication among the drug and polymers utilized in the study. In this context, the most commonly used pain-relieving agent is aceclofenac an NSAID. In the present investigation, aceclofenac bilayer tablets were prepared to provide sustain effect for better therapeutic effect. These points of interest, clarify the requirement for the planning of changed medication conveyance framework. --- ## Effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding the home care management of Bronchial Asthma among patients **Authors:** Kalabarathi S, Anjali S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3754 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Effectiveness Planned Teaching Programme, Knowledge, Home Care Management, Bronchial Asthma Asthma is an illness of the respiratory system wherein respiratory sections in which the lungs become over receptive and over-responsive. On account of this expanded affectability, lungs become aggravated when presented to certain aggravations, for example, cool air, smoke, and dust and so on Asthma causes irritation of the lungs and results in narrowing of the respiratory entries. The word asthma signifies ”to inhale hard”. As the name recommends, individuals with asthma experience issues in Breathing, Tightness of Chest and Wheezing. A quantitative pre-experimental one group research design was conducted among 60 patients with Bronchial Asthma. Convenient sampling technique was used to select samples. A structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic data and knowledge regarding home care management was assessed. The planned teaching program was given to the samples. After an hour, the knowledge was reassessed using the same structured questionnaire. The present study result states that there is a significant increase in the knowledge of the patients with bronchial asthma at p<0.001 level. This indicates that planned, structured teaching is the effective and easy method to improve knowledge among patient with bronchial asthma regarding homecare management that helps to relieve symptoms through non-pharmacological intervention which in turn has a good prognosis in bronchial asthma. --- ## A quantitative study of experienced young women by Early Stage Breast Cancer **Authors:** Jyothi Singamsetty, Tarak Krishna, Midhun Kumar G H, Kokila Selvaraj **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3769 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** breast cancer, psychological, physical discomfort, impaired socio-economic, socio-cultural The cells in the breast begin to grow out of control is called breast cancer. This is classified into stage zero to stage four according to the amount of severity and nature of spread. During the early stage, diagnosis of cancer and the beginning of treatments are directly affected to quality of life of the young women. Most of the women have unpleasant physical, psychological, and socio-cultural experience due to impairments and functional limitation secondary to breast cancer. A phenomenological design was carried out to explore the experience of young women with early-stage of breast cancer. Twenty participants were purposively selected diagnosed with breast cancer within 3 to 6 months, who are attending to the oncology unit at Provincial General Hospital Kurunegala. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Review Committee of the same hospital. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data and thematic analyze was used for the analysis. Three major themes were derived from the data. Major themes are severe physical discomfort due to disease condition, emotional disturbances and impaired socio-economic life. Severe physical discomfort is commonly due to pain, loss of appetite and nausea, body image changes and barriers to day to day activities. Emotional disturbances mostly have seen as a result of depression, anxiety, fear of recurrence and uncertainty about life. Lack of family support, social support and decline economic status were affected to impaired socio-economic life. --- ## Effectiveness of Prophylactic Sacral Care on Prevention of Pressure Ulcer among Pressure Ulcer High-Risk Patients in the Intensive Care Unit **Authors:** Celina Deboral C, Kalabarathi S, Parimala L **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3745 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Prophylactic Sacral Care, Pressure Ulcer, Pressure Ulcer High-Risk Patients Patients in intensive care units are usually at high risk of mortality, not only from their illness but also from a secondary complication such as pressure ulcer. Problems of the integumentary system are common can be severe. It can present itself as a life-threatening condition. A pressure ulcer is a restricted physical issue to the skin as well as fundamental tissue as a rule over a noticeable hard quality, because of pressure or pressure in blend with shear. The newer treatment modalities of cancer for the treatment of pressure ulcers incorporate the function of nourishment, pressure-discharge gadgets, for example, pads and sleeping cushions, cleaning the injury, debridement, streamlined dressings, part of anti-toxins and reconstructive medical procedure as an aspect of the therapy calculation for forestalling and fast recuperating cycle of these injuries. Hence the study aims to assess the effectiveness of prophylactic sacral care on prevention of pressure ulcer among pressure ulcer high-risk patients in the experimental and control group. A quasiexperimental design was employed with 60 samples which matched the inclusion criteria were selected by convenience sampling technique. Demographic variables data were collected by using a structured questionnaire followed by assessing the effectiveness of prophylactic sacral care on prevention of pressure ulcer among pressure ulcer high-risk patients by using the questionnaire. The findings of the study revealed prophylactic sacral care could significantly reduce the risk of pressure ulcer. Based on findings, further studies can be conducted to correlate the pre-test and post-test score of prevention of pressure ulcer among pressure ulcer high-risk patients between the experimental and control group. --- ## Validation of TLC-contact bioautography and TLC-densitometry methods for simultaneous limit test of streptomycin sulfate and kanamycin sulfate residues in fresh fish meat **Authors:** Susanti A, Isnaeni A, Darmawati Asri **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4590 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** TLC-Contact Bioautography, TLC-Densitometry, Streptomycin Sulfate, Kanamycin Sulfate, Antibiotic Residues A simple, sensitive, and accurate TLC method was combined and validated for a simultaneous limit test of streptomycin sulfate and kanamycin sulfate residues in fresh fish meat. The optimum mobile phase was 10% potassium dihydrogen phosphate. TLC-contact bioautography used Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29737 as a test organism. For TLC-densitometry, analyte spots were detected using 1% w/v ninhydrin in ethanol and maximum absorbance at 400 nm. TLC-contact bioautography and TLC-densitometry methods were validated according to USP guidelines for the limit test with respect to selectivity and limit of detection (LOD) added with the accuracy of a recovery test of streptomycin sulfate and kanamycin sulfate in fresh fish samples was developed and validated. The result of LOD from the TLC-contact bioautography method for streptomycin sulfate and kanamycin sulfate were obtained 0.7028 µg and 0.8032 µg, respectively. Meanwhile, LOD of the TLC-densitometry method for streptomycin sulfate and kanamycin sulfate were obtained 0.0631 µg and 0.0685 µg, respectively. In this study, TLC-contact bioautography method showed better results than TLC-densitometry. TLC-contact bioautography appears a good choice for the simultaneous limit test of streptomycin sulfate and kanamycin sulfate residues in fresh fish samples. --- ## Atuna racemosa Raf. Plants: A Novel Source of Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Agents **Authors:** Salsabilla Hasna Mutiara Rizki, Andika Dhamarjati, Aisyah A, Eti Nurwening Sholikhah **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4563 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, Antibiotic resistance, Atuna racemosa Raf Antibiotic resistance has become a global issue and has had a disastrous impact, increasing patients’ morbidity and mortality. Biofilm formation is one of the factors contributing to bacterial resistance against many antibiotics. As one of the world’s richest sources of plant biodiversity, Indonesia has the potential to develop its natural resources as raw material for medicine. Atuna racemosa Raf. is a native Indonesian plant, that belongs to the Chrysobalanaceae family and grows abundantly in the Maluku Islands. It is widely used in Ambon as cooking spice and massage oil, as well as to treat inflammation including fever, leg inflammation, and diarrhea. Many recent studies have conducted botanical investigations regarding the potential of Atuna racemosa Raf. as a potent antibacterial agent. Many active compounds are found in Atuna racemosa Raf., such as 4’-O-methyl-ent-gallocathechin and (+)-gallocatechin, which are known to be effective against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, namely Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Atun plants also contain several types of phytochemical components in which additional antibacterial activity was discovered. Accordingly, Atun has the potential to be developed as an alternative antibacterial and antibiofilm source. This narrative review aimed to identify the potential of the Atuna racemosa Raf. Plant as a source of antibacterial and antibiofilm agents, the phytochemical components, and its various extracts, as well as its active compounds. This review is expected to contribute to the discovery of a novel antibacterial and antibiofilm source which is safe and effective, in the context of utilizing Indonesia’s biodiversity. --- ## Synthesis, molecular docking studies, anticancer and antibacterial activities of some novel Dinuclear Nickel (II) Complexes 2, 4-Dihydroxy acetyl-4-Hydroxybenzoic Hydrazone **Authors:** Mohammed Fadhil Eesee, Subbarao M **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4487 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hydrazones, Nickle, Antibacterial, Anti-Cancer Activity, Molecular Docking Substituted 2, 4-Dihydroxyacetyl-4-Hydroxybenzoic Hydrazone, which is known for their versatile biological activities, have been reported to show significant anti lung cancer activities. In the present study, a novel series of some 2, 4-Dihydroxyacetyl-4-Hydroxybenzoic Hydrazone ligands were complexed with Nickle and synthesized to develop more potent anti-cancer activities. The Ni complexes were synthesized in good to excellent yields, and equimolar solutions of 2, 4-dihydroxyacetophenone in methanol and 4-hydroxy benzoic hydrazide in hot aqueous ethanol were refluxed for two hours on a water bath and cooled. I.R., NMR and HRMS spectral analysis characterized the structures of all newly synthesized compounds. The title compounds were tested against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria for in vitro antibacterial activity. The compounds were docked to BCL2 protein, an expressed protein of lung cancer for anti-cancer studies. All the title compounds were screened for anti-cancer activity using BCL2 lung protein based on insilico molecular docking studies, and the results showed IC50 value ranging between 40-45µg. --- ## Placental pathology in intrauterine fetal death **Authors:** Nanda J. Patil, Jyoti S. Tele, Rohit S. Kadam, Pawar S. J., Sujata M. Kumbar **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4480 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), Placenta, Pregnancy, Intervillous, Trauma Placenta is the most accessible and readily evaluable specimen which is mirror image of pregnancy. The objective here is to study the histomorphological changes in placenta in cases of intrauterine fetal deaths and to study correlation of placental findings with causes of fetal death which is significant to understand. The present cross sectional study was carried out in Department of Pathology of a tertiary care hospital from June 2015 to May 2017. Study of Placental Pathology in Intrauterine Fetal Death cases comprised of 99 placentas. The present study was undertaken to study the placental pathology in cases of intrauterine fetal death. IUFD was found to be more common in primigravida 50/99 (50.50%) mothers. Placental study gives useful morphological information regarding the abnormality of pregnancy. Gross and microscopic examination of the placenta plays an important role in identifying the underlying causes of fetal death and helps prevent further recurrence by making appropriate interventions during the next pregnancy. Study of placental pathology gives clues to events occurring throughout gestation and can potentially help to answer, questions concerning pregnancy management and risk assessment of future pregnancies. It will help the researchers who are doing the research in the field of placental pathology in the days to come. --- ## Evaluation of risk of periodontitis in Children- A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Vaishali S, Ganesh Jeevanandan, Revathi Duraisamy **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3888 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Periodontitis, Oral hygiene, Brushing frequency, Gingivitis, Systemic diseases Periodontitis is one of the most common recurring diseases in the oral cavity and is marked by the destruction of connective tissue and alveolar bone support which provokes an inflammatory host response following infection by periodontal microorganisms. Periodontal diseases have greater importance in public health globally due to increased prevalence rates and distinguishable social impact on oral health. The aim of this present study is to assess the risk of periodontitis in children. This is a university setting study. One hundred children were randomly selected who reported to Saveetha Dental College. The factors which were assessed are periodontal status, medical condition and oral hygiene status of the children and compared. Out of 100 children, 54% were males and 46% were females. Periodontal disease was present in 17% of the study population. There was a positive correlation between periodontal disease and oral hygiene index. Oral hygiene was compromised in children with periodontitis when compared with other children (p=0.001). No significant association was found between periodontal status and medical condition (p>0.05). Within the limits of the present study, it is observed that periodontal disease has a strong association with the oral hygiene of the children. --- ## Quality of Life in Ovarian Cancer: A Threat to Women Health in Pakistan **Authors:** Madeeha Malik, Emmama Jamil, Azhar Hussain **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4663 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ovarian cancer, quality of life, EORTC-QLQ-Ov-28, women, Pakistan Quality of life evaluation is a valuable measure in optimizing care of patients with ovarian cancer, but more research is required to make such evaluations suitably inexpensive and easy to perform so that they can be more fully incorporated into general oncologic practice. The present study was designed to assess the quality of life among ovarian cancer patients in Pakistan. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. A pre validated questionnaire, i.e. EORTC-QLQ-Ov-28 was self-administered to a sample of 383 women diagnosed with ovarian cancer selected using a convenience sampling technique. After data collection, data was cleaned, coded and entered in SPSS. Univariate analysis was performed to find out the differences among different variables. Univariate analysis was conducted comparing the symptom and functioning scales with clinical factors such as age, obesity, setting, hormonal issue, family history, and marital status. The results of the current study highlighted a significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) in the quality of life of women with respect to all of the indicators. The results of the present study concluded poor quality of life among women with ovarian cancer in Pakistan. The lowest quality of life score was observed in hormonal problems followed by peripheral neuropathy, whereas the attitude to disease or treatment was found positive. Cancer care should be extended beyond primary treatment to include long-term care that addresses physical, psychosocial, and emotional factors that influence survivor’s quality of life throughout their lifetime. --- ## A survey on improving validation in plasma samples by niraparib and LC-MS/MS methods **Authors:** Ravi shankar, Ramya A, Jaffar Hussain, Virendra Kumar **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3784 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Niraparib, Liquid Chromatography- Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Liquid Liquid Extractions, base excision repair (BER), mobile phase (MP), Limit of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) The objective of an exit survey is to improve and authorize a rapid and efficient “liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)” technique for examination of Niraparib in plasma samples. Niraparib was separated utilizing “X-Bridge C18, 50 x 4.6 mm”, 5 µm column with MP composed of 10 mM Methanol & Ammonium format in a proportion of (20:80 v/v). MRM positive mode is utilized to identify the Niraparib at 321.5®195.4. The approach illustrates sinter & intraday precision surrounded by0.7 to 2.0 and 0.7 to 2.7 % and accuracy within 101.4-102.4 & 99.5-104.8 %. Germline mutations in BRCA1 and 2, two genes associated with mechanisms of DNA reparation impairment, are appeared to be connected with breast incidence and malignant ovarian growth, both irregular & familiar. PARP is a group of enzymes engaged with BER system. The presentation of PARP inhibitors in patients with BRCA-transformed ovarian malignant growth is associated with the synthetic lethality concept. Niraparib (NR) is an inhibitor of ”poly (ADP- ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes”, PARP-1, and PARP-2 performs a character in DNA restoration. We observed such vast numbers of challenges with the revealed strategies regarding stability & reproducibility for long-run analysis. It is crucial to building up the tremendous bioanalytical method with appropriate Deuterated or analog-based internal standard in terms of reproducibility and matrix effect. --- ## Recent Analysis on new Nanoemulgel Transdermal Drug Delivery System use for Skin Disease Treatment **Authors:** Ramesh K., Venkateswara Rao J., Srinivasan M.K., Sravanathi P. **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4086 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nanoemulsion, emulgel, Nanoemulgel, drug delivery framework Nanoemulsions have the potential in medical industries due to transparency at high droplet volume division, higher bio availability rate and expanded shelf life of drugs. The “Nano emulsion-based gel” is a very interesting transdermal delivery framework as it has double delivery control framework, i.e., nano emulsion & hydrogel. The Nano emulgel having nanosized emulsion goes from 10-100µm may quickly enter and convey dynamic substance more profound and faster. The gelling limit of this compound permits the definition of stable emulsion and creams by diminishing surface and interfacial pressure simultaneously expanding the consistency of watery stage. Regardless of the many preferred position of gels, a significant restriction is in delivery of hydrophobic medication. So to defeat this constraint, an emulsion-based methodology is being utilized to that even a hydrophobic moiety might appreciate exceptional property of gel. They have clingy causing distress, less spreading coefficient, scouring is a requirement for application to the skin, and they show the issue of solidness for detailing. Due to all these disadvantages, gels are selected for both cosmetic as well as a pharmaceutical formulation. Despite several benefits of gels, the main drawback is with the delivery of hydrophobic therapeutic moiety. So, emulgel based approach is used to overcome this drawback; by this, even a hydrophobic drug might be included and delivered successfully. When emulsions and gels are mixed than that dosage form is mentioned as emulgel. In fact, the existence of a gelling agent changes conventional emulsion into an emulgel in the water phase. --- ## Medication errors and adverse drug reactions in psychiatry department: A prospective observational study **Authors:** Dona Thomas, Sharon Thomas, Venkateswaramurthy N, Sambathkumar R **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4538 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Administration Error, Error Classification, Drug Interaction, Omission Errors, Prescription Error, Psychiatric Population The study was aimed to analyse the pattern of medication errors and drug interaction induced adverse drug reactions in the psychiatry department of a tertiary care hospital. A Prospective observational study being conducted in the inpatient and outpatient department of psychiatry in a tertiary care hospital, Erode, Tamil Nadu for over six months. A total of 80 prescriptions with psychiatric illness and 174 medication errors were observed. Of the 174 medication errors observed, 132(75.8%) were incomplete prescriptions making the highest number of medication errors. The highest number of errors occurred due to Prescription error 156(89.0%), followed by administration error 8(4.5%). According to the NCCMERP classification, the majority of medication errors were coming under category B 120(68.9%) but there is no harm. The demographic reports of outpatients in the present study showed a higher incidence of medication errors in patients with the age group of 31- 40 years 25(36.7%). Considering the factors contributing to a medication error, refusal of the patient to take the drug 27(39.7%) followed by forgetting 13(19.1%) due to the vulnerable characteristics of the patient was more significant. Although there is a general lack of awareness, many patients and bystanders are unaware of their diagnosis and medications. It is, therefore, a crucial step to educate and make them aware of the correct use of medicine. --- ## A case study on various disorders and defects present in congenital myasthenia syndrome **Authors:** Sravani G, Ramana S V, Natarajan B, Iysverya G T **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4001 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Congenital Myasthenia Syndrome, Acetylcholine, Muscle Weakness The Congenital Myasthenia Syndromes (CMS) are a different gathering of problems that have a hidden deformity in the transmission of signs from nerve cells to muscles. These problems are described by muscle shortcoming, which is declined upon effort. The time of beginning, seriousness of introducing indications and dissemination of muscle shortcoming can shift starting with one patient then onto the next. The synapse, acetylcholine, or ACh for short that goes about as a compound ’courier’ with guidelines for the muscles to contract. A three years old child female patient was brought to our department with the complaints of drooping of the left eyelid after one week she developed drooping of right eye. With scientific and laboratory discoveries, she is identified by congenital myasthenia and treatment was started. Evidence from case notes, history, review and accept. Muscle fatigue habits included limb, trunk, bulbar, respiratory, nasal, extraocular muscles and patients reacted with anti-cholinesterase and 3,4-diaminopyridine. Quick channel syndrome compared with AChR in serious respiratory emergencies in infancy or early childhood. Two children’s fatalities, also in care and family history of sibling deaths, high-light the need for effective genetic diagnosis. --- ## An Analytical Study on Dietary Factor Influenced by Hemoglobin Levels for Sufficient Feeding Defective Marrow **Authors:** Venkateswara Rao J, Ramesh K, Radhakrishnan R, Gayathri C **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3772 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anemia, Biochemical, Drabkin, ova-vegetarians According to WHO, the prevalence of anemia is highest in South Asia, and India has the maximum prevalence of anemia among the South Asian countries. Anemia is major concern in developing countries like India. Thus, the present study explored the dietary factors influencing hemoglobin levels among college students. Adopting stratified and simple random sampling technique, this study is showed at 3 Arts and Science Colleges situated in North Chennai. This study is directed among 1000 students in the age group of 19 to 22 years. Interview schedule was used for collection of the details regarding the background information and eating habits of the participants. Biochemical tests are the most objective and sensitive measures of nutritional status. In the present study, hemoglobin is evaluated using Drabkin Method. The attained particulars are oblique and arrived into Microsoft excel. The oblique raw data are exposed to numerical study utilizing Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. Hemoglobin levels of the participants were correlated with dietary habits. The prevalence of anemia was more among 19 years (73.4%), followed by 65% in 20 years, 54.6% in 21 years and 46% in 22 years. Hostel dwellers were more prone to anemia than the students resided with the parents, friends and relatives. Students residing at hostel tend to have a poor eating habit leading to low hemoglobin levels. Vegetarians are more prone to anemia when compared to mixed diet consumers and ova- vegetarians. --- ## Applications of primary alkylamines in nanoparticles formation and stabilization **Authors:** Al-Khafaji Enas **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4384 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Capping agent, Intercelating agent, Micelles, Nanoparticles, Primary alkylamines, Stabilizing agent, Surfactant Fatty amines or primary alkyl-amines like hexylamine, Octylamine, Decylamine, Dodecylamine, Tetradecylamine, Hexadecylamine, and Octadecylamine have been used widely in nanoparticles formation, preparation and for stabilization issue; due to their low toxicity and easily utility. The most common use of fatty amines in many research work that has been reviewed is as capping and stabilizing agent for the nanoparticles, and that is related to their abilities to stabilize nanoparticles and reduce Ostwald ripening after nanoparticles formation. Moreover, Fatty amines surfactants have been reported in many research works to assist the formation of monodisperse size because they can be adsorbed on the surface of nanoparticles which limit variability in nanoparticles size and also they can form a coat around nanoparticles that prevent agglomeration or aggregation of nanoparticles. Also, other uses that have been addressed for fatty amines as they served as hydrophobic part due to hydrocarbon chain tail. These tails for fatty amines especially those with long hydrocarbon chain more than 12 carbons like; Dodecylamine C12, tetradecylamine C14, hexadecylamine C16 and octadecylamine C18 can be fabricated and conjugated with other molecules or polymers for many nanoparticles synthesis which can help in the self-assembly of nanoparticles. Moreover, due to their high boiling point; they used as solvents and reaction catalyst facilitate the formation of nanoparticles. Finally, fatty amines surfactant used as the ligating compound also assist the formation of nanoparticles. --- ## Prevalence of Canal Variations in Mandibular 1st Molar in South Indian Population and Association with Age and Gender **Authors:** Vaishnavi Devi B, Delphine Priscilla Antony S **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3819 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mandibular Molars, Canal Variation, C Shaped Canal, Anatomy, Endodontic Therapy, Morphology Mandibular first molars are amongst the most common teeth requiring endodontic treatment due to their early emergence in the oral cavity and subsequent caries. Proper knowledge and understanding of the root canal morphology and anatomy of mandibular first molars, will help the clinician in developing a proper and standard treatment protocol by predicting possible variations that potentially challenge the treatment outcome. The main objective of the present study was to know the prevalence of canal variations in mandibular 1st molar among the South Indian population and its association with age and gender. All the patients who reported during June 2019 to March 2020 for mandibular 1st molar endodontic therapy were chosen for the study. Information was collected from the dental hospital record system and the resulting data was tabulated in excel and imported to SPSS for correlation and association. Within the limits of the study, the results obtained are: prevalence of canal variations is 7.6% and 2.2% in single and multi visit root canal treatment respectively with a higher incidence among the male patients and it is primarily seen in the age group of 21 to 40 years. This knowledge about the canal variations in the South Indian population will be helpful to the clinician to look for any unusual anatomy while performing endodontic therapy which will prevent any unwanted procedural errors. It necessitates the careful negotiation and cleaning of all accessible canal spaces. --- ## Association Between Dry Eye Symptoms and Insomnia **Authors:** Nithish Raj K, Bindu Bhaskaran, Panimalar V, Veeramani A, Divya N **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4506 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dry eye symptoms, Insomnia, ocular pain The objective of our study was to determine the significant correlation between patients with dry eye symptoms and insomnia. The study was conducted among 150 persons at Saveetha medical college and hospital. An evaluation was performed using self-reported structured questionnaires regarding symptoms of insomnia and dry eye, including ocular pain and duration of time they spend on TV/mobile. Then dry eye patients were confirmed by Tear break up time (TBUT), Schirmer test 1, and 2. The Control group (no symptom of dry eye) was chosen randomly and evaluated using the same self-reporting questionnaires. The study was conducted on 150 persons with a mean age of 32 years in Tamil Nadu, India. On analyzing the data collected we have shown that there is a significant association between Dry eye and insomnia using chi-square (44.977), P-value (<0.00001), and ”r” value (0.6741). Also, we have shown a significant association between co-morbidity among dry eye patients and poor sleep quality. After analyzing the data collected, we show that there is a positive association between dry eye symptoms and insomnia. --- ## Phytochemical screening and GC MS analysis of methanolic extract of Abelmoschus moschatus **Authors:** Rani Sebastian, Jayakar B, Gomathi V **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4604 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Abelmoschus Moschatus, GC – MS Analysis, Gamma Sitosterol, Loliolide, Megastigmatrienone, Phytochemical Screening The study was designed to evaluate the phytoconstituents present in the methanolic extract of aerial parts of Abelmoschus moschatus. The qualitative phytochemical screening of different extracts of aerial parts revealed the presence of some bioactive compounds. GC – MS analysis was performed using Shimadzu Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (Model Number: QP2010S) instrument. GC-MS detection of phytoconstituents was done by computer evaluation of mass spectra of samples through National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST II) and WILEY 8 library. GC – MS analysis detected the presence of 14 compounds. GC – MS profile of the methanolic extract revealed the presence of megastigmatrienone, phytol, loliolide, farnesyl acetate, methyl linoleates, gamma-sitosterol, cis, cis, cis-7,10,13-Hexadecatrienal, thymine, pyranone, coumarin, 2 – methoxy 4 – vinyl phenol, guanosine, chinasaure and 3- cyclopentyl propionic acid 2 dimethyl aminoethyl ester. The current study suggests that methanolic extracts of aerial parts of Abelmoschus moschatus contain phytoconstituents with antioxidant and cytoprotective activity. The study results will pave a way for the production of therapeutic agents which can be used for the treatment of various diseases. --- ## Estimation of Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride and Tricholine Citrate Simultaneously in Syrup Dose by Applying Stability Indicating HPLC Methodology **Authors:** Kancharla Vijayalakshmi, Bethapudi Samuel Anand Andrews **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4383 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride, Tricholine Citrate, Syrup Dose, Stability Indicating, HPLC An stability indicating HPLC methodology for the concurrent estimation of Tricholine citrate (TRC) and Cyproheptadine hydrochloride (CYH) in syrup dose and bulk using Waters column reverse phase C18 (5 µm, 250 mm and 4.6 mm) as stationary phase and 0.1M Na2HPO4 of pH 4.5 and acetonitrile in proportion of 60:40 (v/v) at flow of 1.0 ml/min rate as mobile phase was reported. The linear scales were 275-825 µg/ml for TRC and 2-6 µg/ml for CYH with correlation coefficients of 0.9999 for TRC and 0.9997 for CYH. Followed ICH Q2(R1) strategies for validating the suggested method for precision, sensitivity, robustness, specificity, selectivity and accuracy. The measures of LOD and LOQ are 0.023 µg/ml and 0.079 µg/ml for CYH, while for TRC it was 0.565 µg/ml and 1.885 µg/ml, respectively. The precision measures for CYH and TRC were 0.073 and 0.212 relative measured deviation percentage, respectively. The accuracy measures for CYH and TRC were 99.40% and 99.09% mean assay percentiles, respectively. Recovery percentiles measures of CYH and TRC were ranged between 99.48% to 100.35% and 100.38% and 100.41%, respectively. While in degradation investigation, peaks of degraded products are very well differentiated from TRC and CYH peaks suggesting the specificity and stability of suggested methodology. The results permit the application of the proposed stability indicating HPLC methodology in syrup dose forms. --- ## Manoeuvring Bioactive Materials in Dentistry- A Review **Authors:** Pooja Chandak, Manoj Chandak, Kajol Relan, Madhulika Chandak, Chanchal Rathi, Payal Chaudhari **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4572 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Bioactivity, Bioactive materials, MTA, Biodentin Bioactivity refers to bio-inductive activity. The materials which induce such activity are bioactive materials. These materials induce a reaction from living tissue. Bioactive materials have a role in the promotion of the healing process, repair, maintaining the vitality of pulp, etc. The material should be sterile, bacteriostatic and bactericidal in nature. Bioactive materials are used in dentin remineralization, maintaining long-term restorations bonded with cement, and repairing intra-bony lesions. A biomaterial is a substance, external layer or assembly that interconnect with an organic system. Biognosis an analysis of, structure or uses of biologically generated materials, their mechanisms and processes for the formation of likely products by artificial mechanisms that mimics natural structures. A biomaterial is a substance, external layer or assembly that interconnect with an organic system. These materials differ in their form and function and composition. Bioactive substances function works due to the inauguration of growth initiators and multiple cells. It aids in “growth, immigration, and distinction of odontoblast-like cells producing tissue matrix. Bioactive matrix form an outer layer of an apatite-like substance in association with inorganic phosphate solution. Bioactive materials like calcium hydroxide, mineral trioxide aggregate, biodentin, etc., are commonly used in routine practice. As these materials have multiple purposes, this review focuses to highlight newer materials in the category of bioactivity and their implications in dentistry particularly. --- ## Effectiveness of Dual-Task Exercise Training on Gait, Balance and walking speed among Stroke patient **Authors:** Karpagam K, Sebastin Inigo A **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3749 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dual-Task Exercise, Gait, Balance, Walking speed, antenatal, Stroke patient Stroke is a significant medical condition and the significant inception of baffling longstanding inability everywhere in the world. Enduring over 24 hours or causing demise and the reason must be of a vascular starting point to affirm the stroke diagnosis. So the present study aims to the effectiveness of Dual-Task Exercise Training on Gait, Balance and walking speed among Stroke patient at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. A quantitative approach with Pre-Experimental research with one group pre-test post-test design adopted to conduct the study among 30 antenatal mothers who were selected by non–probability purposive sampling technique. The semi-structured interview method was used to collect the demographical variables among stroke patient, and the patient’s balance and gait pattern were assessed by using the Tinetti Assessment Scale. The results of the study show that in the pre-test, the mean value is 17.7%, and the standard deviation is 3.333. And in post- test, the mean value is 19.866, and the standard deviation is 2.75. The mean difference between pre and post-test is 15.27. This study proves Effectiveness of Dual-Task Exercise Training on Gait, Balance and Walking speed among Stroke patient is effective method to prevent and to improve the Gait, Balance and Walking speed among stroke patient and also it helps the stroke patient to improve to the knowledge and to provide the better quality of life to stroke patient. --- ## Analysis of Diabetic Retinopathy Utilizing Exudates Extraction from Image of Fundus Retinal **Authors:** Smitha M, Gunasagar Das, Parthasarathy MP, Saravanan V **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3781 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetic retinopathy, Fundus image, Exudates extraction, Image analysis Around 35 level of populace was influenced through Diabetic expert. Thus, it could be prominent vision-compromising infections. It is maximal level of sugar in blood of human causing DR. Moreover, the fundamental driver aimed at visual impairment is approximately 30-65 years individually. Since after DR impact, it hurt veins of retina. Intricate exudates have been the side effects the DR. Picture procedure strategies have been fundamental for defining exudates. Picture handling could be utilized by computation for maintaining a strategic distance from troubles, for example, commotion and sign change during picture measure. It is utilized with broad variety of difference upgrade, edge location and measure of force with various sort of numerical activity applied to enter pictures. Gigantic measure of data can be mined from the picture utilizing picture handling. It very well may be implemented on clinical & farming domain. In this article, handling of Image has been implemented on clinical domain for examining eye illness. Information extraction methods consider tremendous amount data over data set. Putting away and recovering of information is finished by information mining. It is additionally the best strategy for the order. It gives elite precision. In this manuscript, digging Data procedures have been utilized aimed at arrangement beneath factorization. It could be performed relied on seriousness DR level. --- ## Distal Radius Measurements in Indian Population-An comprehensive Morphometrical Analysis **Authors:** Gunalan A, Naveen Kumar **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4496 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Distal end radius, morphometrical parameters, distal radius plates, posteroanterior view, Radiograph, kinesiology, wrist joint, morphology The four basic morphometrical parameters regarding the anatomy of the distal end of radius bone are radial inclination, palmar tilt/volar tilt, radial height (length) and ulnar variance. The management of various conditions such as fracture of the distal radius bone, designing of the distal radius plates and kinesiology utilize the parameters in the morphometrical measurement of the distal end radius. The goal of our study is to bring about the normalized values of the morphometrical parameters of the DER among the general Indian population for helping in designing the distal radius plates. The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in India. It was a single hospital based study. The views considered for the study were the true posteroanterior (PA) and the lateral view (with neutral rotation). The posteroanterior view was used for the measurement of radial inclination, radial length (height) and the ulnar variance. The lateral view helped in the accomplishment of the measurement of the palmar/volar tilt. The statistical analysis was done by Microsoft Excel 2007 (Data add in function was installed for the analysis of the collected data). The means of the morphometrical parameters was compared with the help of T-test. Two hundred (n=200) radiographs were included for analysis under this study. The mean value of radial inclination was 20.7 8◦ ± (SD) 3.45◦ [Range: 14.9-29.1◦], palmar/volar tilt 10.99◦ ± (SD) 3.87◦ [Range: 1.8- 18.6◦], radial length/height 11.39 mm ± (SD) 1.97 mm [Range: 8.3-27.7 mm], and ulnar variance 0.90 mm ± (SD) 3.14 mm [Range: +0.70 to +3.70]. This study will lead for further researches in the analysis of the morphometrical parameters of the distal end of radius bone in the Indian population. For the clinical management of the injuries around the wrist joint the results of this study can be used as a reference standard to anatomically align the bones and the affected structures. --- ## Management of critical injuries by determination and resolution during outdoor sports **Authors:** Ramesh TV, Raghava A, Sravanathi P, Ravikanth P **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3899 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rehabilitation, Resuscitation, Sprain, Athlete Sports cooperation during youth, youthfulness and adulthood years is critical in physical perseverance and endurance. The enthusiastic, physical as well as mental enhancement associated to athletic undertakings might act as an incredible benefit in following days. Instead of whether it has to cluster the activity by requesting exertion consolidated of divergent properties and capabilities group or psychological robustness predicted for the individual competition, up gradation in the daily advantages of character. On other dimension, several undertakings of athletic are injury danger that might bring huge extensive results. As per, modifying the dangers and benefits is best course regularly for placing on sensible selections regarding the cooperation of athletic. The target of this survey is to recognize the accessible exploration with respect to the danger factors and ordinarily happening wounds in different games and their anticipation and the board. It absolutely is a magnificent apparatus to keep the body truly fit. Generally imperative, the advantages of Sports are numerous to such an extent that books can be composed. Sports have an enormous beneficial outcome on both the brain and body. A great many individuals everywhere on the world are attached to sports and games. Game keeps us fit, makes us solid, more composed, better focused. --- ## Detection of biofilm formation and correlation with antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii **Authors:** Anitha M, Jagatheeswary P A T, Sumathi G, Kamini B **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4501 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acinetobacter baumannii, Biofilm formation, Antibiotic resistance, Microtiter Plate Method, Tube Method Acinetobacter baumannii is a major cause of hospital acquired infections worldwide and is associated with resistance to routinely used antibiotics. Many clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii are found to be biofilm producers. Hence there is difficulty in treating patients with Multi Drug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB). This present study aimed to study antibiotic resistance of A. baumannii isolates and to evaluate the biofilm formation of Acinetobacter baumannii by Tube Method (TM) and Microtiter Plate Method(MTPM).In this study, 73 A. baumannii isolates of various clinical specimens were evaluated. Confirmation was done through conventional methods. Testing for antimicrobial susceptibility was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Biofilm formation was studied by TM and MTPM. Of the 73 isolates, 26(36%) were from urine, 19 (26%) from pus, 17 (23%) from sputum and 11 (15%) from other miscellaneous(body fluids excluding blood), out of which 81%(59/73) isolates were Multi Drug Resistant (MDR). 63% and 84% of isolates showed biofilm production in TM and MTPM, respectively. When comparing these two methods, MTPM assay was better than TM. Presence of a strong relationship between biofilm formation and MDRAB has been confirmed by the present study. Both methods used for detection of biofilm formation were found to be statistically significant. Sensitivity of MTPM was more than TM, which is supported by higher Positive Predictive Value of 87.5%. Therefore MTPM is a better method than TM and can be used as a screening method to detect biofilm production. --- ## Assessment of Nephroprotective Potential of Ethanolic Extract Premna Tomentosa (Ept) in Alcohol Toxicity in Male Albino Rats **Authors:** Gomathi Priyadharsini T, Kavimani M, Sathiya Narayana Murthy S, Prabhu K, Arudyuti Chowdhury **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4622 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Premna Tomentosa, Nephrotoxicity, Alcohol, Histopathology, Kidney The nephroprotective prospective of Premna tomentosa extract against Alcohol induced nephrotoxicity in rats was investigated in the present study. The characterization of ethanol extract of Premna tomentosa (EPT) was performed using standard phytochemical analysis. Male albino wistar rats 36 in numbers were divided into 6 groups including control, negative control, positive control and various doses of EPT Treated groups; Nephrotoxicity was induced by alcohol (1ml/100gm b.wt) in animals. Rats intoxicated with Alcohol were fed with 500, 750 mg/kg dose of EPT and Liv 52 (1ml/100gm b.wt) for 60 days. Results show that EPT (500mg/kg b.wt) had a significant effect against alcohol induced nephrotoxicity in rats than EPT (750mg/kg b.wt) in blood parameters and consonantly good histopathological changes in kidney. The deleterious histopathological alterations in kidney associated with glomerular and tubular changes in alcohol intoxicated rats was evident. This result shows Premna tomentosa may be used as supplementary drug for alcoholics. --- ## Comparison of Antioxidative Efficacy of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves and Acer Palmatum Leaves **Authors:** Jang Soon Park **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3878 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ginkgo Biloba Leaves, Acer Palmatum Leaves, Antioxidant, Aging, Oxygen Free Radical Modern people pay attention to the antioxidant effects that protect human aging and damage, but active ingredients used in cosmetics or pharmaceutical raw materials of synthetic ingredients are exposed to a number of problems. An alternative method for solving the problem was selected, and Ginkgo Biloba Leaves (GBL) and Acer Palmatum Leaves (APL) were selected to compare and analyze antioxidant efficacy evaluations such as total polyphenol, total flavonoid, DPPH ability, ABTS radical scavenging ability, and FRAP activity measurement. In the results of the study, GBL and APL showed DPPH activity at all concentrations (µg/ml). ABTS activity and FRAP Value also showed antioxidant activity in both GBL and APL and in particular, APL has been found to be potent and is considered a rich antioxidant. ABTS activity and FRAP Value also showed antioxidant activity in both GBL and APL, and in particular, APL has been found to be more potent. Therefore, these species can be evaluated as rich antioxidants. This study hopes to provide GBL and APL extracts as data for the development of natural antioxidants in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. --- ## Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among school children at selected schools, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh **Authors:** Swetha Prashanthi B.S., Ramya Rathi Devi M. **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4404 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ADHD, prevalence, school children, Conner’s Abbreviated Rating Scale Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a significant community health problem worrying a considerable quantity of children and grown persons. It is single utmost familiar neurobehavioural problems of juvenile and has the possibility for continuousness into youth and adult. 1) To determine the prevalence of ADHD among school children aged between 6–12 years in schools at Eluru District 2) To co-relate the prevalence of ADHD with parent report and teacher report. 3) To associate the prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder among school children with their demographic variables. Research approach was quantitative, and design was a cross-sectional research design. The study captivated on parents and teachers of school children in four schools at Eluru District recognized by the Board of Secondary Education, Government of Andhra Pradesh. The samples were chosen using convenient sampling technique and consisted of 509 school children studying in selected schools aged between 6 – 12 years after getting informed consent from their parents & teachers. The prevalence of ADHD was measured using Conner’s Abbreviated Rating Scale for parents & teachers. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Result shows that 19 (3.7%) school children were categorized as ADHD based on parents report and 10 (2.0%) school children were categorized as ADHD based on teachers report. The analysis depicts that there was a positive correlation between the parents report and teachers report where r = 0.589. This study concludes that ADHD is found to be prevalent in school children and may be continued in the adolescent period if left uncared. --- ## Analysis on Making of Finger Prosthesis using Amputation Surgery Method **Authors:** Sanjeeva Rao M, Venkateswara Rao J, Ramarao Mannam, Ardhanaari M **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3882 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Digital Amputation, Rehabilitate, Aesthetics, Prosthetic, Substantial Psychological Impact India is a vast country with a large number of individuals in the community with various disabilities. It had been estimated that there are roughly 0.62 amputees in India per thousand population. This translates to close to more than one million individuals with amputations. Digital amputation is a common injury. This very often results in extensive functional disability and a substantial psychological impact. More importantly, the outcome of digital dysfunction is detrimental to the patient’s daily activities, such as buttoning a shirt or unlocking a door. Therefore, the overall goal for these patients is to rebuild a finger with the restoration of normal function, stability, length, and sensation. Prosthetic rehabilitation of amputated fingers is an attempt to rehabilitate aesthetics and limitedly function. A prosthesis will be a counterfeit body part that replaces a few of the work and presence of the absent a major aspect. The kind of your prosthetic hand, finger alternately arm will rely on upon the area Furthermore period for your remaining finger or hand Also your practical Also lifestyle necessities. It is critical with impart those exercises that you feel need aid. The separable die allowed the silicone to flow into narrow spaces. Once the mould is filled with silicone, the flask is closed and pressure is applied slowly. --- ## Impact of 3 Dimensional (3D) Printing in Pharmaceutical Sciences **Authors:** Archana Dhyani, Jyotsana Bhatt, Nidhi Dobhal, Nardev Singh, Ashish Dhyani **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4551 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** 3D Printing, Tablet, Implants, Delivery, Locomotives In the past few years, 3D technology becomes an important component of the locomotive and automobile industry. But, in the field of pharmaceutical sciences, it is quiet new and innovative technology and now getting more attention of the pharmaceutical industries. The article is divided into two parts. The first part incorporates the 3D printing base technologies while the second part of the article focuses on the applications of 3D printing in the pharmaceutical field which includes polypills, gastro retentive dosage form, orodispersable tables, implants. In the past few years, even the USFDA approves and appreciates the use of 3D printing in the pharmaceutical field. The 3D printing in pharmaceutical sciences has the capability to cause a revolution in the health care system. The main purpose of incorporation of 3D printing in pharmaceutical sciences is the development of patient oriented dosage forms. 3D printing can be used to solve the problems related to poorly soluble drugs, peptides, potent drugs and release of drugs. Advancement in 3D printing can solve the problems related to the drug delivery system. From the industrial point of view, 3D printing can be cost effective, enhances productivity and manufacturing. Here, we provide the overview and applications of 3D printing in pharmaceutical sciences. --- ## Assess the prearrest risk factors among patients with in hospital cardiac arrest in a tertiary care teaching hospital **Authors:** Akila Devi A, Sundaresan S, Kanniammal C **Published:** 2020-12-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4485 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** In Hospital Cardiac Arrest, Prearrest factors, Pre-existing clinical conditions, Tertiary care This study focused on the prearrest risk factors among patients with in hospital cardiac arrest. This was a prospective study with 50 cardiac arrest patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria by using a purposive sampling technique. Data was collected on patient characteristics, pre-arrest factors with 18 years of age or above with an IHCA at the SRM General Hospital and Research Centre, Tamil Nadu from March 2019 to March 2020. Demographic variables categorized by frequencies with their percentages. Association was framed between demographic variables and Prearrest risk score was determined using pearson chisquare test. 72% patients were men and 28% patients were women. 28% were in the age group of 51-60 years and around 50% patients were Obese. Patients with Myocardial Infarction were 84%. Metabolic and electrolyte abnormality were 90%, Arrhythmias were 62%, Diabetes Mellitus were 62% had an increased risk score to develop cardiac arrest than other patients with Renal problems, Heart failure, Sepsis, Pneumonia, Metastasis/ Hematologic Malignancy, Depression, Hepatic Insufficiency. Early identification of prearrest factors should be encouraged to prevent cardiac arrest and to reduce the death rate in line with evidence-based studies. --- ## Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, Practice among Dental Practitioners during Covid-19 Crisis in South Indian Population - A Questionnaire Based Survey **Authors:** Jerry Jose, Deepak S, Surendar Sugumaran **Published:** 2020-12-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3714 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, Dental practitioners, Dental Practice, KAP Survey The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has thrown the world into a great deal of health care crisis, with over 2 million people affected globally and more than 1,50,000 deaths. Testing is crucial to gauge the extent of transmission with the currently having the lowest ratio of testing in the world. It is of crucial importance that healthcare workers specially dental practitioners should have adequate knowledge, attitude and practice protocol to prevent any transmission to take place. A Questionnaire-based survey was done among 200 dental practitioners in the South Indian region in which 133 dental practitioners responded. The survey was distributed through electronic media (Google forms). The survey data was collected, analyzed and interpreted. The results suggested that about 80% of Dental practitioners have adequate knowledge and attitude towards the different protocols to be followed during the COVID-19 crisis in their dental practice. Still, there was a lack of recommended practice protocol by these practitioners during the pandemic crisis in the South Indian population. The survey shows that dental practitioners have a sound knowledge, attitude, but the practical application during the pandemic crisis was seen to be varied among various dental practitioners. --- ## Evaluation Of District Mental Health Programme In The District Of Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu, India And Evolution Of Mental Health Care Delivery System For Our State **Authors:** Kannapiran R. Thiruvengadam, Indiran Meenakshi **Published:** 2020-12-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4517 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mental Health programme, Training of Medical Officers, Sattelite centers, District Psychiatrist, Primary mental health care District mental health programme was started in India with the idea of decentralizing mental health care. The plan was to train the general medical officers working in primary health centers so that they can identify and treat psychiatric disorders. After the district mental health programme was started, it is time to review its effects. In Dharmapuri, a district in Tamil Nadu, India, medical officers and paramedical personnel were trained and sensitized to identify psychiatric disorders and a district psychiatrist was posted in the district headquarters hospital, who would conduct psychiatric clinics in headquarters and taluk hospitals. We are evaluating the impact of these in terms of actual benefit to the community. A number of new case registrations, before and after the training of the paramedical personnel, a pattern of referral and the impact of starting the psychiatric clinics in taluk hospitals are all assessed. When the peripheral clinics were started, new case registrations increased by 142% in the taluk hospitals. After the training of the paramedical personnel, there was an increase of new cases in the peripheral clinics from 56 to 70. Based on this experience, a suitable pattern of community mental health care delivery system for our state is evolved, taking into consideration availability of qualified manpower, resources, an expectation of the public and WHO guidelines. --- ## A Review of Selected Phyto-derivative Compounds Evaluated by In silico studie as Potential Effective Options to Combat Life Threatening COVID-19 **Authors:** Tamara Al-Daghastani, Maisa Alnaqeeb, Shereen Arabiyat, Odate Tadros, Farah Al-Mamoori **Published:** 2020-12-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4199 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Medicinal Plants, Phytoderivatives, In silico, Spike protein, Viral protease SARS-COV-2 identified as COVID-19, has become the world's most contagious and dangerous pandemic disease today. It was firstly reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, then due to its strong infectious nature, it had spread to almost 214 countries. Precautionary steps remain the only mandatory technique before a successful form of treatment or vaccine is created to avoid person-to-person transmissions. In the absence of any unique or therapeutic vaccine against this virus, current attempts are being made to find a cure for this pandemic. Using derivatives from previously known antiviral drugs are a beneficial strategy until a specific treatment methodology for COVID-19 is available. Since ancient times, herbal medicines have been used as natural remedies for treating different infectious diseases. A good way to treat COVID-19 will be to look for new compounds from natural sources known for their high safety and applicability since the development of innovative drugs takes a long time and cost. Molecular docking analysis is routinely used in modern drug research to understand and predict the interaction between the molecule of the drug and the microbe's target protein. Drugs designed in this way can prevent access of pathogens into host cells and replication. The present study gives an insight about some plant phytoderivatives that were examined via in silico studies to have the potentiality in treating coronavirus disease through various potential mechanisms such as hindering genome replication, inhibition of spike proteins or preventing inflammatory storm that causes lung injury. --- ## The Emergence of Long Haul - continuing typical Covid-19 symptoms long after infection **Authors:** Sneha Patil, Rajanikanth K **Published:** 2020-12-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4201 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid-19, Long Haulers, Chronic, SARS-CoV-2, Coronavirus Since December 2019 COVID-19 pandemic have affected the whole world and due to this, there is a rapid increase in demand of health care system of global communities. Coronavirus, so called COVID-19, is causing a flu-like common cold and many people come back to normal healthy life without any side effects. While in other case, people who have survived mild covid-19 infections are facing health issues while carrying the symptoms such as headaches, chest pain, muscle pain, neurocognitive problems, metabolic disruption that are lasting for more than weeks or months which makes people’s recovery prolonged due to weak antibody response. It is not well-defined yet but is still in the infancy stage of research and the term "Long-haulers" is used to differentiate individuals with the symptoms which may develop or persist after the initial infection with pathogenesis and an indefinite duration as it manifests itself in different variant which makes it difficult for a single treatment approach. Side effects are as notably heterogeneous as found in acute COVID-19 and might be steady, change, or show up and be supplanted by symptoms identifying with different frequency. "Long hauler," is a person who tested negative experiences the same set of symptoms long after recovery from covid-19. Numerous people with long-COVID will be overseen in essential consideration, others will require more attention from recovery medication specialists. --- ## Role of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) as Immunomodulator in Coronavirus in a pandemic – A systemic review **Authors:** Shweta Dadarao Parwe, Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha, Dipak Tryambak Morey **Published:** 2020-12-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4078 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ashwagandha, Coronavirus, COVID -19, Immunomodulator, Rasayan The novel coronavirus has been transmitted all over the world. Many deaths were occurred due to Coronavirus. The main symptoms are pyrexia, fatigue, and dry cough. Some individual also develops a headache, running nose, congestion, sore throat, shortness of breath. At present, no vaccines or medicines available for the prevention and management of Coronavirus disease. Prevention is better than cure. This verse is famous and all known about it. So now the time has come to used or implement this. Prevention is the only measure to fight against Coronavirus. Ayurveda can offer the best option having preventive as well as curative measures. Many herbs have been mentioned in the Ayurvedic texts, which have immunomodulatory action or works as immunobusting drugs. Ashwagandha is well-known or a far old drug which said in Ayurvedic text as a Rasayan and Immunomodulatory activity. Ashwagandha can be used for the prevention of Coronavirus due to it has property like promoting betterment for health and longevity by an increase defence mechanism. Many kinds of research are conducted on Ashwagandha to prove its immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, Neuroprotective. Anti-stress properties. We concluded, in Systemic review to know the role of Ashwagandha in the prevention and curing symptoms of Coronavirus its efficacy and mechanism in Coronavirus. Some more research studies should be on COVID -19 for experimental and clinical validation to needed. --- ## A Review on Surgery and Antibiotic Susceptability **Authors:** Bhargavi M, Sarathchandiran I, Kumar B **Published:** 2020-12-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Surgery, Antibiotics, SSI, Antibacterial Resistance, Culture Sensitivity, Antibiogram Surgery is a branch of medicine which employs operations as a part in the treatment of disease or injury. Surgical procedures have been utilized for thousands of years, yet they have always been difficult to some degree for various reasons. Surgical operations are generally classified into one of five categories: time, procedure, body part, invasiveness, and equipment used. Antibiotics are the most common drugs used before, during and after surgery to prevent infections. Antibiotic prophylaxis, thus, is a preventative strategy based on strong surgical techniques, strict asepsis in the operating room, and infection control in the hospital/primary care medical practise. Antibiotics are used to prevent infection in individual patients based on their risk of surgical infection, the severity of the SSI effects, the efficiency of prophylaxis, and the consequences. Antibiotic resistance is more common on the overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics. Antibacterial resistance or drug resistance is when a bacteria does not respond to drugs which were meant to kill or weaken them. At present situation the resisitance is becoming major problem. It can be prevented by doing culture sensitivity test and by preparing antibiogram. An antibiogram is a tool that displays local microbiologic sensitivity information to help doctors make empiric judgments. --- ## A Review on Alcoholic Liver Disease **Authors:** Sujana D, Sarathchandiran I, Kumar B **Published:** 2020-12-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Alcohol, Alcohol liver disease, hepatic cirrhosis, Steatohepatitis, Steatosis, cirrhosis, liver fibrosis, corticosteroids, pentoxifylline, jaundice Alcoholic disorders affect millions of people worldwide. Alcohol consumption directly affects the liver, which causes morbidity and fatality and elucidates exalted social and economic worth. Alcohol liver disease (ALD) can cause acute liver disease (e.galcoholic hepatitis) or chronic/protracted liver disease (e.g. steatosis/ alcoholic hepatomegaly, steatohepatitis/alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic fibrosis/ cirrhosis). The morbidity/fatality of alcoholic liver disease build upon the amounts, concentration and extent of alcohol intake, along with other co-factors, include a history of hepatic disease, improper diet and genetic and physiological predispositions of personnel. Alcoholic hepatomegaly is a reversible disease after abstinence of alcohol, and alcoholic liver cirrhosis is associates with morbidity and fatality. The average survival rate of patients with severe cirrhosis is up to 2 years. The common signs and symptoms are jaundice, right upper abdominal pain, fatigue, anorexia and arthritis. It can be diagnosed with patient history, signs and symptoms and imaging studies. It has been treated with corticosteroids, pentoxifylline, antioxidants, anti-emetics, and enteral nutrition. Complete self-restraint is the main treatment for acute/chronic ALD. Patients with severe alcoholic hepatic cirrhosis who completely self-restraint can be referred for liver transplantations, which markedly lengthened life expected period. The important step in the prevention of ALD is abstinence of overconsumption of alcohol, quit smoking, normal weight, while the prevention of liver damage in active alcohol over consumers is not clinically applicable. --- ## Covid 19’s Effect on Mental Health **Authors:** Raj Laddha **Published:** 2020-12-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4529 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid, Health Care, Lockdown, Economy, Lifestyle, Studies At times when we are faced with uncertainty, fear of the unknown, anxiety about a new disease, and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions, not just in adults but in children as well. Necessary government guidelines, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. Though these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19, healthily coping with stress will make you, the people you care about, and your community stronger. This prospective study is aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and to investigate how the community can remain happy. The one thing which is spreading faster than the infectious disease during the pandemic is the negative energy, with total confirmed cases touching 1 crore, millions of people losing their jobs, and many losing their beloved ones. Awareness regarding mental health is a must. During this phase, there is extremely minimal knowledge about the impact of such epidemics on community mental health. This gap in knowledge means we are less prepared, critically ill-equipped to support communities as we face unprecedented times. In situations like these, all of us have to come forward. It is our responsibility how we handle this, our include both the government and each and every citizen of the country. --- ## Ekal dravya (Single Herbal Drug) exploit in Covid 19 – A Review **Authors:** Snehal P Khobrgade, Sneha Rajendra Vidhate, Abhijeet Futane **Published:** 2020-12-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4036 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Rasayana, Covid-19, Immunity, Life-Promoting, Ayurveda Ayurveda is the study of life through which a delayed, glad and sound life can be achieved. Rasayana is certainly one of the approaches to achieve it. Rasayana is clarified in every single traditional treatise in incredible subtleties. It is an unmistakable branch in Ashtanga Ayurveda and shows its significance in treatment. Makers of Bruhattrayi and Laghutrayi have devoted separate sections for clarifying Rasayanas. Pundits, for example, Acharya Chakrapanidatta, Gangadhara, Yogendranath Sen, Dalhana, Arundatta, have likewise advanced various parts of Rasayana and have presented various features. The reason for Ayurveda is the support of Swasthya (wellbeing) and treatment of the Aatura (infected individual). Down to earth utilization of Rasayana at both, the levels help in filling the need. Point: The point is to arrange the single Rasayana drugs helpful in Covid-19. --- ## Effect on Mental Health Due to COVID 19 **Authors:** Akshay Shrama, Sunil Kumar **Published:** 2020-12-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4193 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, Covid 19, Sars Cov2, Mental Health, Psychological Impact, Positivity Myths, Facts, Policy Corona has been a major cause of psychological, mental health all over affecting billions of people affecting mental abilities creating panic all over the world. China suffered first than this virus spread to more than 180countries. Although it’s a new virus but has caused tremendous mortality, morbidity also affecting the mental health of a person and people are getting more panic which has shown to delay recovery also delay testing due to fear of corona increases the disease severity involving lungs which are a major concern for death among many. Mental health is wealth staying positive in any situation is the key to fight any illness. Moral of a person should be high to defeat such diseases. It has already affected thousands of civilians. Dealing with mental health is a major issue in today’s date as recovery is getting delayed due to mental load taken all over. Happiness is key to tackle and fight any situation of life, be it infection or any other issues. Through this article aiming to tackle corona by creating positivity and spreading awareness that no need to panic but to stay happy taking precautions and keeping once own care .life is precious and depression in life should have no role in it. Together we will win. Ray of hope ray of positivity is all needed in this time. More than 91 lakhs cases in India still chances the second wave may come many have been jobless, many lost their beloved ones all over negative energy is spreading proper concealing, awareness regarding mental health is a must. --- ## Detection about fungal contamination in products milk in local and manufacturing yogurt and cheese in Al-Diwaniya city **Authors:** Walaa Yas Lahmood, Dhuha Mahdi Jabir **Published:** 2020-12-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4758 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fungal Contamination in Milk Products, Cheese, Yogurt, Mycotoxins This study included random examination of milk products such as yogurt and cheese in both types the local and manufacturing milk product, to detect the fungal contamination in these products. Yogurt was a well source of essential nutrients such as protein, essential minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Zn, K) and vitamins such as B1, B9, B2 B12, B3. Yogurt increase the body product of cytokine, activity of phagocytic cell, antibodies, T- cell and natural killer cell, also it induced immune system against other diseases such as cancer, gastrointestinal and allergic syndrome. Caseins are the main protein in cheese; which exist in the form of aggregates after combination with colloidal calcium phosphate common knowledge as micelles of casein. Caseins in cheese are nutritionally rich due to the high supply of essential amino acids, phosphate and calcium. Samples taken from market of al-Diwaniya city about ten samples for each type, these samples cultured on SDA by use dilution method and after incubated found several types of fungi were appeared, such as Candida albicans the general average for it cell in 1 ml about 2.7×10^2(cell/ml) in samples of local yogurt, 7.6×10 (cell/ml) in samples of manufacturing yogurt, in cheese; about 1.8×10(cell/ml) in samples of local cheese and 1.3×10 in manufacturing cheese. The fungi also appeared in samples such as Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporium, Trichoderma harzianum, the higher frequency rate was recorded in samples of local yogurt about 13.7%, 25.4%, 19.6%, 11.3% respectively. --- ## Formulation and Evaluation of 7, 8- Dihydroxy Flavone Loaded Topical Hydrogel Scaffold **Authors:** Varuna Naga Venkata Arjun Uppuluri, Shanmugarajan T S **Published:** 2020-12-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4060 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hydrogel scaffold, polyvinyl alcohol, Agar, 7-8-Dihydroxy flavone, Tissue regeneration Burnt skin tissue defects pose a significant challenge for physicians to manage owing to the limited skin regeneration potential. Various conventional approaches (i.e. autografts and allografts) have been endorsed for the restoration of tissue defects with inadequate results. However, skin tissue engineering techniques were appeared as an optimistic approach to improve the skin tissue regeneration. Hydrogels offering advantages over the current treatment modalities of the damaged skin tissue were proposed as an advanced and promising therapeutic approach for effective skin tissue regeneration. In general, an ideal hydrogel scaffold used for burnt skin tissue regeneration must show excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility and bioadhesive characteristics. Moreover, among the variety of several hydrogel scaffolds for skin tissue regeneration, topical hydrogels developed from both natural and synthetic polymers are likely to fulfil these above characteristics. In this study Novel 7, 8- Dihydroxy flavone loaded PVA/Agar hydrogel was developed using the facile physical cross-linking technique. Further, the characterization studies confirmed that this hydrogel scaffold possess an ideal porous cross linked structure along with excellent Hemocompatibility, cellular proliferation and controlled drug release. Histopathological staining’s provided further evidence for the reepithelization, and revascularization potential of the developed hydrogel scaffold. Moreover, our research findings revealed that the 7, 8- Dihydroxy flavone loaded PVA/Agar hydrogel is hemocomapatible and capable of burnt skin tissue repair and also possesses significant potential for skin tissue engineering. --- ## Global COVID-19 trends: gender and age impacts **Authors:** Tahmina A, Kevin F, Das S, Habib N, Rashid M **Published:** 2020-12-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4451 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Age, Comorbidities, COVID-19, Gender, Susceptibility, Morbidity, Mortality, Socio-Demographic Trends COVID -19 pandemic is creating an uncertainty about the demographic trends of morbidity and mortality rates across countries worldwide. Hence, this study is aimed to characterize the gender and age distribution of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 across populations. This cross-sectional study uses aggregate data on COVID-19 cases and deaths by gender and age. Considering gender-based morbidity, men diagnosed with COVID-19 substantially outnumber infected women with statistically significant findings (*p=<0.05, RR>2) in Asian, American, and African countries, whereas women diagnosed higher morbidity rate in European countries. However, gender-based fatality showed higher among men in most of the analyzed countries of all those continents except Australia where female fatality was higher. This study revealed 50 years old were mostly associated with the infection and death in all continents except Australia, showing more morbidity above 20 years of age, whereas, fatality rate was more in the above 80 years group. The study concludes that, across countries, COVID-19 morbidity and fatality rate is age specific rather than gender specific. Infection rates showed rising steeply with age; nevertheless, children do not stand on equal footing when COVID-19 crisis is transforming their day-to-day lives. --- ## Assessment of knowledge and concern of hypoglycemia among rural diabetes population **Authors:** Annamalai T T, Kannan Rajendran, Krishnan V **Published:** 2020-12-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4516 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, anti-diabetic medications Diabeties mellitus now a days is a very common disease in developing countries like India. It is considered as a public health problem globally. International Diabetes Federation states that around 382 million diabetic patients are present worldwide. And it states that most of them belong to low and middle income countries. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and disturbances in carbohydrates, fats, and protein metabolism and associated with metabolic complications that can subsequently lead to premature death. The term hypoglycemia means ”under-sweet blood.” It occurs when the blood glucose falls to <40–50 mg/dl, which may endanger the patient’s life as well as other person’s lives. It can be caused by too much insulin intake or oral hypoglycemic agents, too little food, or excessive physical activity. Diabetes medications, including insulin and sulfonylureas, are among the most common causes of hypoglycemia in diabetic subjects. We conducted this study to elucidate how much of our rural sector population was aware of hypoglycemia and medication adherence. It is a Prospective, observational study using a validated questionnaire. Our study depicted women and people belonging to low socio-economic status had to be taught individually about the chronicity of diabetes, significant adherence to medication, and especially counselling periodically. We must educate our population in their native language about imminent symptoms of hypoglycemia and way of prevention. Trained diabetes counsellors are also important in our country as thus hold millions of diabetes population, and it should be made available at primary health care itself. --- ## COVID-19 in patients suffering from Cancer: Review article **Authors:** Shahid Ahmad Siddiqui **Published:** 2020-12-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3706 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, Pandemic, SARS, SARS-CoV-2, ARDS, Pneumonia, Cancer, Immune response, ACE2 The episode of Covid19 (CORONA VIRUS) has become one of the greatest worldwide dangers around the world, which has now tainted over 1.7 million individuals with deaths of over 100,000 lives far and wide. Under these extraordinary conditions, there are no entrenched rules for cancer patients. The danger for genuine infection and passing in CORONA VIRUS cases increments with propelling age and existing co-morbid medical issue. After the rise of primary suspects in China during last month of 2019, enormous exploration endeavors have been in progress to comprehend the instruments of infectivity and contagiousness of coronavirus, a lethal infection liable for wretched endurance results. To limit the death rate, it gets judicious to distinguish indications quickly and utilize medicines suitably. Despite the fact that no fix has been set up, different clinical preliminaries are in progress to decide the most ideal system. Overseeing patients with cancer in these conditions is a fair task, considering their weak immune status and their ill health. Through this thorough audit, we talk about the effect of CORONA VIRUS on wellbeing and the immune system of who are infected, assessing the most recent care plan draws near and progressing clinical preliminaries. Also, we talk about difficulties confronted while treating cancer patients and propose possible ways to deal with these weak populace during pandemic. --- ## The effect of lockdown on the outcomes of COVID-19 **Authors:** Kuldip Yawale **Published:** 2020-12-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4197 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Health Care Services, ICU, COVID-19, Pandemic, Air Quality, Impact, Fact, Lockdown In the midst of the Coronavirus pandemic, a cross country lockdown is forced in India at first for three weeks from 24th Walk to fourteenth April 2020 and reached out up to third May 2020. Because of the constrained limitations, contamination level in urban areas the nation over radically hindered just inside a couple of days which polarize conversations with respect to lockdown to be the strong elective measures to be actualized for controlling air contamination. The current article, in the long run, chipped away at this heading to view the air quality situation in the midst of the lockdown time frame logically with uncommon reference to the megacity Delhi. With the guide of air quality information of seven toxin boundaries (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, O3 and NH3) for 34 checking stations spread over the megacity, we have utilized Public Air Quality File (NAQI) to show the spatial example of air quality in pre and during-lockdown stages. The outcomes showed that during lockdown air quality is fundamentally improved. Among the chose toxins, centralizations of PM10 and PM2.5 have seen the greatest decrease (>50%) in contrast with the pre-lockdown stage. In contrast with the most recent year (for example 2019) during the said time span, the decrease of PM10 and PM2.5 is as high as about 60% and 39% separately. Among different toxins, NO2 (−52.68%) and CO (−30.35%) level have likewise decreased during-lockdown stage. About 40% to half improvement in air quality is distinguished soon after four days of starting lockdown. About 54%, 49%, 43%, 37% and 31% decrease in NAQI have been seen in Focal, Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern pieces of the megacity. Generally, the investigation is believed to be a valuable enhancement to the administrative bodies since it indicated the contamination source control could constrict the air quality. Brief such source control in an appropriate time span may recuperate the climate. --- ## Positive Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Environment **Authors:** Rashi Parashar **Published:** 2020-12-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4214 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Pandemic, Impact on the ecosystem, Greenhouse Gases, Lockdown policies Under the agony of this recent pandemic going on, in the world due to Covid-19; there has been loss of millions of human lives along with huge economical shock and great recession through out the globe. Environmental degradation has been one of the biggest threats of this century. In spite of all the steps taken by environmentalists and government for the healing of environment in past few years, we couldn’t reach upto the mark. But during the lockdown, which was forced as a precautionary measure for Covid-19 pandemic, environment has successfully recovered to a large extent which was otherwise not possible. This has definitely brought a positive change in climate globally. This review article deals with various such positive impacts of lockdown on ecosystem. Covid-19 outbreak has restricted the social freedom of people globally. It has caused both positive and negative effects on environment. Reduction in greenhouse gas emission because of reduced transport facilities and industrial and other activities were some of positive effects of lockdown while negative effects on mental health of people and increased medical waste during the lockdown were some of the negative effects of lockdown. In this study, the relationship between Covid-19 outbreak and effects on environment was discussed in worldwide sense and a detailed review was conducted that could be used for further planning of researches on the same subject. --- ## Effect of Application Bundle Skin Care on Nurses' Performance and Orthopedic Patients’ Skin Outcome: Quasi-Experimental Study **Authors:** Gehan Abd Elfattah Atia Elasrag, Nahed ELnabawy Elsabagh, Shahenda A Salih, Marwa Mohamed Ahmed Ouda **Published:** 2020-12-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3958 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bundle Skincare, Orthopedic Patient Outcome Treating severe pressure ulcers may consume considerable manpower, time, and medical resources. Pressure ulcers can be avoided and effectively treated when nurses conduct proper skin assessment and care for wounds appropriately. Research hypothesis: There was positive impact of bundle skincare training on nurses' performance and orthopedic patients' skin outcome. quasi-experimental design was utilized at orthopedic units at Shebin El Koum teaching Hospital and Menofia University Hospital. Tools used for data collection were Pre-designed Questionnaire contained on nurses' characteristics, Attitude Rating Scale and Nurses' knowledge, also used Observational Checklist and BRADEN scale. The subject composed of 45 nurses and 90 orthopedic patients. Mean score of total knowledge pre-intervention was 6.83±3.1, while at the post was 9.95±2.1. Also, a mean score of total practice pre-intervention was 7.11±2.6, while at the post was 11.83±3.4, and, a mean score of total attitude pre-intervention was 5.02±2.8, while at the post was 7.82±1.9. Mean score of BRADEN scale at pre-intervention was 12.81±3.04, while at the post was 13.45±1.99. Application bundle skin care had a positive effect on nurses' knowledge, practice and attitude related skincare for orthopedic patients. So, there was an improvement at BRADEN score of patients post-application bundle skincare. Age, gender and previous hospitalization, BMI, and length had positive predictor effect on pressure sore risk. Skincare bundle for orthopedic patients is acceptable and has the potential to improve nursing care. --- ## Evaluation and authentication for metformin HCL, Glimepride, atorvastatine by using bulk HPLC pharmaceutical dosage form **Authors:** Vennkata Ramana Pindi B, Sravani G, Ardhanaari M, Karthigai Priya M **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4057 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rp- Hplc, Metformin (MET), Glimepiride (GLP), Atorvastatine, pioglitazone hydrochloride (PIO), mobile phase (MP), nylon membrane filter (NMF), volumetricflask (VF), standard deviation (SD) Reverse phase chromatographic techniques are used for analyzing drugs. It is advanced analytical instrumentation method used for analysis of drugs. A novel accurate, precise, simple, & selective RP- HPLC technique is established and authorized for stability representing RP – HPLC technique for simultaneous assessment of Metformin HCL, Glimepiride & Atorvastatin in bulk & pharmaceutical dosage form by RP– HPLC technique. The technique on Luna C 18, 250mm × 4.6 mm, 15 µm. Column with a mobile phase comprising of buffer and acetonitrile in ratio of (85:15 v/v) and 1.0ml/ minflow rate. The detection is 258 nm. The retention time for metformin HCL, Atorvastatin & Glimepiride are discovered to be 3.266, 5.237 and 8.457 correspondingly. The technique authorized accordingly to ICH rules for precision, specificity, LOQ, LOD, accuracy, robustness, & linearity. The technique demonstrates best recovery &reproducibility with % RSD lower than 2. The suggested technique is discovered to be precise, simple, accurate, specific, &linear. The results are within the acceptance limits of lower than 2% signified that suggested technique has best reproducibility. The toughness of developed technique is validated by altering mobile phase composition, flow rate, and changing wavelength. The % RSD was found within the limits i.e., should not be more than 2.0. --- ## Anti Pyretic and Analgesic activity of Herbal Formulation: Implications in Managing COVID-19 Fever **Authors:** Palep H S, Swati Patil, Snehal Funde **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4525 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Pyrexia, vasoconstriction, necrosis Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory tract infection caused by a newly emergent coronavirus, that was first recognized in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Genetic sequencing of the virus suggests that it is a beta coronavirus closely linked to the SARS virus. While most people with COVID-19 develop the only mild or uncomplicated illness, approximately 14% develop a severe disease that requires hospitalization and oxygen support, and 5% require admission to an intensive care unit. In severe cases, COVID-19 can be complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis and septic shock, multi organ failure, including acute kidney injury and cardiac injury. Reports of the pattern of Covid symptoms suggest that mild fever, cold and cough are the most common symptoms on an average by 5 days after exposure to the virus. Given the current SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, the availability of reliable information for clinicians and patients is paramount. There have been a number of reports stating that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids may exacerbate symptoms in COVID-19 patients. There is enough literature to prove that many molecules from plants have shown important therapeutic activity with lesser side effects as compared to conventional medicines. Therefore, the present study is aimed to evaluate Plant extracts of proven antiviral activity, which are described as antipyretics and analgesics in classical Ayurvedic texts for their analgesic & antipyretic effect in laboratory animals. Tab. Febcin formulation was selected. --- ## Guillainbarré Syndrome not responding to Remdesivir, Enoxaparin and High dose methylprednisolone in Patient with Covid 19 and eclampsia in Pregnancy: A case report **Authors:** Dibya Jyoti Sharma, Aveenash Pawar, Phulen Sarma, Gaurav Muktesh **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4291 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** COVID-19, Guillain-Barré syndrome, eclampsia, atypical manifestation COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has protean manifestations. Nervous system involvement though uncommon in COVID-19 can present with debilitating manifestations like necrotising encephalopathy, myopathy, seizure, peripheral neuropathy and Guillain Barré syndrome. In this case report, we report a case of 27 years old woman who presented to us with post partum eclampsia and developed acute flaccid quadriparesis 5 days after COVID-19 infection which was manifested as cough, anosmia and ageusia without fever. Patient developed dyspnoea followed by type 2 respiratory failure 8 days after hospitalization for which she was put into mechanical ventilation. She was treated with high dose Methylprednisolone and standard medical therapy. IVIG or plasmapheresis could not be given due to non-availability. Patient expired in ICU after 18 days of hospital admission. SARS-COV-2 mainly infects the respiratory system of the body but it may have the neurotropic capacity and its ability to produce immune dysregulation can produce a cascade of inflammatory reactions in the nervous system. Guillain Barré syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder triggered by many viral infections and its development following COVID-19 infection can be attributed to the virus or immune response of the host against it. Possibility of COVID-19 infection triggering Guillain Barré syndrome cannot be ruled out. More studies regarding association of COVID-19 with the neurological disease may help in unraveling the neuro-invasion ability of the virus and to develop measures to prevent it. --- ## Handling the Covid-19 dead body - Measures and Precautions **Authors:** Atul S. Keche, Harsha A. Keche **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4530 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Handling, MOHFW, Pandemic, WHO During 2019 December, in Wuhan city of China, a severe acute respiratory illness (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 was identified. Consequently, the virus reached different countries around the world. A pandemic was declared by WHO in March 2020. The incubation period for this virus is from 2 to 14 days and it is transmissible from human to human. Due to the increase in death toll because of COVID-19, the importance of dead body handling and management become a critical issue as the transmission of infection can occur during this. If standard precautions during handling of dead bodies are not complied with, it can exacerbate transmission. Risk is to be assessed and adequate explanation must be provided to the family members during the dead body handling, respecting the cultural and ritual practices in the community. Family members may be provided with personal protective equipment (PPE) with instructions on how to use it if the need arises. To contain the spread of infection during the handling of dead bodies, all the indicated measures and precautions should be followed. Guidelines on the management of covid 19 positive dead bodies have been issued by most health authorities around the globe. They are more or less similar except for minor variations. --- ## Extract of zingiber officinale roscoe rhizomes for pharmacological screening anxiolytic activity in rats **Authors:** Subbarao K., Ganga Raju G., Kayalvizhi E., Sundaravadivel V.P. **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4085 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anxiety, Zingiber officinale, raised plus maze, light dark arena prototype This project work study was carried out the pharmacological screening of anxiolytic activity of methanolic extract of Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizomes in the rat. Ginger is an antique therapeutic plant fitting to Zingiberoside family that is formally called as Zingiber officinale Rosc. The behavioral test was measuring by using the two anxiolytics represent actionlike raised plus maze (EPM) and light-dark arena model. The extraction of ginger is approved out by Soxhlet apparatus utilizing methanol as solvent. The ginger extract dose was administered in two groups as 200 mg/kg, p.o. which is compared with control (received vehicle) and standard groups (diazepam 1 mg/kg, i.p. ) for its anxiolytic action for 7 days. The dose at 200 mg /kg and 400 mg/kg administered verbally which increase the time spent and no of entry in raised plus maze and growth time consumed inbox and no of crossing between light dark compartment boxes. The consequences of the training work exposed by extracts exhibit anxiolytic activity. Those female-to-male proportion to At whatever lifetime tension issue may be 3:2. The majority uneasiness issue start over childhood, youthfulness What’s more initial adulthood. Frenzy issue exhibits a bimodal period about onset in the age gatherings for 15-24 a considerable length of time. Furthermore, 45- 54 a considerable length of time. --- ## A Study of Serum Uric acid levels with Acute Myocardial Infarction and its correlation with Killip's classification **Authors:** Gayathri B, Vinodhini V M, Meenakshi Sundari S N, Vasanthan M **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4541 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acute Myocardial Infarction, Cardiovascular Disease, Coronary Heart Disease, Hyperuricemia, Killip's Classification, Purines, Uric Acid The aim of this study is to estimate the levels of serum uric acid in patients with acute myocardial infarction and also to study the correlation with Killip’s Classification of Cardiac failure. This is a cross sectional study, we selected the patients from ICCU and emergency department. 30 patients with AMI and age matched controls taken for study. Uric acid levels measured in Autoanalyzer Beckman Coulter AU 480. The mean serum uric acid among the study group and the control group on the day of admission (Day 0) was 7.6 ± 1.6 and 5.4 ± 1.2 respectively. There was a gradual increase in the SUA levels on Day 0, 3 and 7 and was proportionate with the increasing Killip’s class. It is concluded that the serum uric acid (SUA) levels are increased significantly among patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) when compared with the controls. It is also evident that there is a significant correlation between SUA levels and the severity of the AMI based on the Killip’s classification. Higher the Killip’s class, higher the uric acid levels. Therefore, SUA shall be used as a marker in diagnosing and as a cofactor useful along with other clinical examinations and investigations to interpret the severity of AMI as well. However, additional work must be done to understand the full clinical potential of Uric acid and correlation with other cardiac failure parameters. --- ## Host pathogen interaction and pathogen detection methods **Authors:** Gargibala Satpathy, Manikandan E **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4326 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Pathogens, Nanomaterials, bacterial cell, detection methods Identification and detection of pathogens are the strategies towards the elucidation of infectious disease. There are growth and significance in the field of Nanomedicine. Present circumstance here is a need in research surrounding the topic of nanoparticle (NP) properties, mainly concerned with mechanisms of action with the bacterial cell. Metal NPs are now showing strong antibacterial activity. The bacterial cells have more resistance towards the antibiotics, which has met the research community to innovate novel antibiotic agents. The ability to detect micro-organisms has become an essential requirement in food-processing technology for clinical and environmental monitoring. In keeping with traditional methods of detection, those are time taking and develop the result solitary has to wait for long hours. Nowadays, there are many rapid and sensitive methods developed by the effort of researchers and inventors. Nanoparticles act as the alternative to pathogen detection. The size, shape and morphology of nanoparticles play a role for the pathogen nanoparticle communication. Here, in this review article, we discuss the nanoparticle and bacterial cell interaction. The different methods based on culture-based, optical sensing-based and nanoparticle-based methods all discussed in this chapter. --- ## Effectiveness of virtual reality therapy on anxiety and symptom distress with chemotherapy among children with cancer **Authors:** Jeayareka J, Raman K, Lokesh Kumar Singh, Tushar B Jagzape **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4640 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Virtual Reality Therapy, Children, Mental Health, Stress, Anxiety The present study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy on anxiety and symptom distress with chemotherapy among children with cancer. The present study was quasi experimental design with one group pretest and posttest design. A total of 12 participants were recruited in the study following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After recruiting the participants, they were assigned to experimental and control groups with six participants in each group. The participant was exposed to virtual reality therapy for at least 30 minutes during the chemotherapy administration. The control group was given the wait list measures at the end of the post test. The presents study results support virtual reality therapy as an effective tool in anxiety and symptom distress with chemotherapy among children with cancer. Further, detailed studies are recommended with higher sample size and multi centers to support the implementation of virtual reality therapy as a therapeutic tool in the management of mental health disorders. --- ## In-vitro Acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activity of Ficus dalhousie and Melissa parviflora Benth **Authors:** Himabindu K, Vijayalakshmi A **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4817 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acetylcholinesterase, DPPH, Hydrogen peroxide, Scavenging activity, Plant extracts Ficus dalhousieand Melissa parviflora Benth both plants have been used as Tranquiliser, Relaxants, Nervine tonic and Calming aids throughout the world. The present study was aimed to identify the antioxidant potential of the Ethyl acetate and Hydro alcoholic extract of these plants by in vitro methods. Anti Alzheimer activity of the plant extract were screened by Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and antioxidant by DPPH and Hydrogen oxide. The results of the assays were calculated by the percentage inhibition of these free radicals. In Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) assay inhibitory potentials of Ficus dalhousie exhibited 73.34 ± 1.12%, whereas in Melissa arviflorait was 86.88 ± 2.12%. In DPPH radical scavenging assay the percentage inhibition was 77.87 ± 2.02% in Ficus dalhousieand 76.92 ± 1.32% in Melissa arviflora. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay the percentage inhibition was 86.56 ± 1.05% in Ficus dalhousieand 80.75 ± 1.92% was in Melissa arviflora. In all the research assays, the extract showed a concentration dependent increase in free radical scavenging activity. The results revealed that the antioxidant effects of the plant extract might be due to the presence of phenol and flavonoid compounds. --- ## Tinospora Cordifolia-An immunomodulatory drug in Ayurveda for prevention and treatment of Covid-19 **Authors:** Mujahid B Khan, Bharat Rathi **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4194 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Tinospora cordifolia, Immunomodulator, Covid-19, Antioxidant, Ayurveda ‘COVID-19’ is a highly infectious disease caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 and it becomes a global pandemic in a very short period. Currently, there is a lack of precise management or vaccine available to counteract this disease which mainly attacks the immune system of a body. To manage COVID-19 existing disease-modifying and anti-virals agents and are being repurposed. Many research types are conducted in the development of particular immunomodulators, anti-virals agent or vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. In Ayurveda concept of epidemic condition (Janapadodhwanasa) is explained and various measures mentioned for prevention and treatment against such conditions including Rasayan dravyas (immunomodulator drugs). Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers is one of an immune-modulator drug in Ayurveda which known to possess properties like antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti- antiallergic, antiviral hyperglycaemic etc. This herb chiefly contains compounds like glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, diterpenoid lactones, sesquiterpenoid, aliphatic compound. Scientific researches on this drug may provide a new approach as well as insight for prevention, management and development of new therapeutic entity to treat COVID-19. The current review focus on researches conducted on properties of Tinospora cordifolia in the view of possible application in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. --- ## Psychological impact of COVID‐19 outbreak on nurses: A systematic review **Authors:** Aruna Jothishanmugam, Sithara Begum, Amani Abdelgader Mohammed Abdelgader, Hawa Ibrahim Abd AllaHamid, Nagla Abdelmonim Abdelrahim Abdalghani **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4602 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, COVID-19, Nurses, Depression, Anxiety, Stress The sudden exposure of COVID-19 has affected more than one hundred million people live and heath across the world. COVID-19 pandemic not only affected the lives of people, and it also affected the functions of Health care systems and also produced an overburden to the Health care systems. During the COVID-19 period, health care workers are affected by psychological problems, especially nurses working in the hospital and protecting the lives of everyone affected with COVID -19 infections. It is important to identify the issues that producing psychological problems among nurses, and it is necessary to support the nurses during their struggle. The researcher considering these issues, did a rapid systematic review to identify the percentage of nurses affected with psychological impact and causes for psychological impacts among nurses during COVID19 outbreaks. The researcher searched Google scholar and Science direct for selecting relevant research articles. The searched the studies based on the title, Study design, population, psychological problems of the nurses like anxiety, depression, fear, stress, sleeping problems, key words of nursing, psychological problems, and COVID-19. A PRISM protocol was used for selecting relevant research articles. According to the systematic review, the result shows that 26.4% of the nurses had depression, 40.8% had anxiety, and 42.7% had somatic symptoms, 50.5% had stress, and 91.2% had fear. The nurses are at risk of psychological problems and physical problems as being due to Covid-19. Effective intervention should be planned on nurses' issues, and it helps to strengthen the mental health of nurses. --- ## Review Article on Convalescent Plasma Therapy for COVID-19 **Authors:** Chahak Goyal **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4192 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Convalescent plasma therapy, SARS-COVID-2, Immunity, Vaccines and therapeutic agents, China In December 2019, China witnessed a novel coronavirus (COVID 19) in Wuhan which eventually became a pandemic on March 11, 2020. No specific drugs, vaccines have been approved yet for its treatment as it is a novel virus, though convalescent plasma is expected to increase the survival rates and also it is easily available. Studies have shown that in every epidemic, medical professionals often use plasma because it is the only available option at that time. This passive antibody therapy has been used since the 1890s to treat emerging infections and diseases like measles, Ebola, H1N1 flu, polio, etc. Researchers at John Hopkins University were specially the first ones to get approval from the FDA for the clinical trials as in some cases of emergency, they tried plasma therapy and got success. After China and the US and several other countries showed relative improvement rates with convalescent plasma therapy, INDIA has therefore also given the go-ahead for framing a protocol to conduct a clinical trial for the same. Plasma collected from recovered COVID patients has neutralizing antibodies which are expected to reduce the duration of infection. According to the scientific data, Convalescent Plasma Therapy in COVID 19 seems effective, safe and reduces death rates. Further development of improved plasma, vaccines and other therapeutic agents depends on the quick generation of data on pathogenesis and immune response of SARS- COV-2. --- ## Effects of Covid-19 on Mental Health **Authors:** Divit Goel **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4409 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** symptoms, psychological, mental health, positive The present global scenario of a pandemic has affected the human race as a whole and still continues to create unrest among all segments of the society, be it those from the economically weaker background or the affluent part of the society. When the entire human race is dealing with such a scenario, it is known that anxiety and fear among the masses grow due to lack of knowledge and lack of preparedness of healthcare infrastructure. Through this article, I want to highlight the effects of such an unexpected mass event and particularly throw light on its effects on the mental well-being of individuals. It also aims to showcase the gravity of the issues related to mental health and how the number of people affected is exponentially increasing. The article will also discuss various coping mechanisms and ways to deal with stress, anxiety etc., to keep us mentally healthy and also suggest methods to promote mental health, thus creating a positive environment during such times of crisis. Thus it is safe to say that mental health is as important if not more important than physical health. A person is said to be COVID-19 positive when the person tests positive in an RT-PCR test. A CT Chest has proved to be helpful in judging the risk of complications. Imaging reveals non-specific changes like that of pneumonia. As of now, there is no definitive therapy for Covid-19, although a few drugs like dexamethasone have proved to reduce the severity of the disease. --- ## Impact of adenotonsillectomy on acoustic parameters of voice using GRBAS scale in children **Authors:** Adhavan I, Indu Rajkumar, Raadhika Shree N **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4508 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adenoids and Tonsils, Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy, Adenotonsillectomy, GRBAS Scale, Voice Adenoids and tonsils are pharyngeal lymphoid tissue aggregation. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is usually seen in children. Enlarged adenoid and tonsillar tissue in children causes snoring, sleeping disorders, failure to thrive, frequent upper respiratory tract infections and abnormalities in maxillofacial development. Surgical treatment performed for their removal is termed as adenotonsillectomy. This is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in children. The present study was conducted to compare the voice change using the GRBAS scale before and after adenotonsillectomy. This is a prospective study conducted for three months at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology in our tertiary care center. Voice of 35 children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy is analyzed by GRBAS scale in three stages before the surgery, three weeks after surgery and six weeks after surgery. The resulting voice quality improvement is noted in these children after adenotonsillectomy. This study showed that surgical procedures of adenotonsillectomy do not induce drastic adjustments in sound quality and can be performed safely in children. Post- operative voice changes are a significant concern issue among the parents of the children. --- ## Evaluation of carotid artery intimo medial thickness and it’s correlation with severity of the disease in rheumatoid arthritis **Authors:** Sheju Jonathan Jh, Shah Akshat Sandeep, Babu Rajendran, Kanishka Patil, Sakthivel V, Muthukumaran S, Arun Kumar S **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4700 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** RA-Rheumatoid Arthritis, CIMT- Carotid Artery Intimo-Medial Thickness Rheumatoid joint pain is an on-going incendiary infection with articular and extra articular signs. In rheumatoid arthritis increased mortality is observed due to cardiovascular diseases due to accelerated atherosclerotic process. CIMT can be used as a biomarker to evaluate subclinical atherosclerosis. This systematic study aims at correlating the coronary artery intimo medial thickness in rheumatoid joint pain patients to evaluate the seriousness of atherosclerosis in same patients. A prospective single-center study was conducted with a study group of 12 patients with RA and 12 stable, age and sex-matched controls. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria and separating the patients into three gatherings dependent on term of the illness, the USG directed CIMT thickness was calculated and the findings were compared between different groups. There was a clear association between the duration of rheumatoid arthritis and intimo medial carotid artery thickness. There was no substantial association between disease occurrence and CIMT in cases of rheumatoid arthritis. An increase in CIMT should be promptly taken into consideration and appropriate preventive therapies on instituting can prevent and decrease the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebral events in rheumatoid arthritis. --- ## Recovery from corona virus 19 **Authors:** Ayoush Verma **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4207 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Recovery, Covid-19, Pandemic The extreme intense breathing disorder coronavirus 2 pandemic features phenomenal emergency care utilities. The gigantic number of coronavirus sickness (coronavirus) case in the US had brought about a huge populace of survivor with delayed after septic indications. The making of integrative present coronavirus facilities on location both diligent manifestations and potential long hau care requirement needed comprehension of the intense sickness and the awakening information with respect to coronavirus results. Involvement in serious, intense breathing disorder and mid breathing state, after-intense breathing trouble disorder intricacies, and after-escalated care state additionally adverses foreseen sequelae and clinical orientation plan. After-corona virus clinical projects should be set up to think about people recently hospital with coronavirus (counting the individuals who needed basic consideration to uphold), nonhospital people with determined breathing side effects following coronavirus, and people with previous lung infection confounded by a coronavirus. Viable integrative joint effort models influence caretaking picked up at the time of the beginning stages of the pandemic to beat the exceptional strategic emergency care requirement presented by pandemic states. A coordinated effort among doctors and analysts across orders will give understanding into outlastership that may shape the therapy of both intense sickness and ongoing emergency care requirement. In a survey, we examine the points, general standards, components of a plan, and emergency care requirement of a fruitful integrative model to address the needed menus of coronavirus outlasts. Coordinated efforts required by doctors and survivors to overcome the extreme intense situation. Recovery of outlasters depends upon coordinated efforts of doctors and survivors. Recovery from the coronavirus is a delayed course of action. Risk factors and comorbidities are equally prime. --- ## Analysis on Homoeopathic Preparation of Asterias Rubens for Evaluating Anti Breast Cancer Cell Line using Similia Principle **Authors:** Ravikumar Raju, Teja A, Sravanathi P, Muthu Babu K **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4075 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Asterias rubens, Anticancer activity, Breast cancer cell line, Similia Principle Breast cancer is the subsequent foremost reason of cancer death in a woman and ranks as the primary foremost reason of death in India. In its conduct, several measures and recommendation are considered. Homoeopathic medicines are one of the part of a corresponding, and another medicine is utilized for the treatment of cancer. The main purpose of the investigation is to evaluate the anticancer action of homoeopathic arrangements of Asterias rubens on the basis of the similia principle. We directed an in vitro study using MTT assay to control the result of ultra diluted homoeopathic preparation in contradiction of two human breast glandular cancer cell lines(MCF-7 and MDA-MD- 231), frequently used for the breast cancer treatment, by testing the feasibility of breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MD-231) cell line, with various attenuations of Asterias rubens at 24 hrs. Multiple comparisons between tested reagents at different concentrations confirmed the significance of the said results. At a dilution of 1:25 6CH and 30CH potency shown superior activity on MCF-7 and no such significant changes on MDA-MD-231 at any dilutions As it fails to offer estrogen receptor(ER) Also progesterone receptor (PR) expression, and also HER2 (human epidermal development variable receptor2) so continuously a triple-negative breast cancer it will be a hostility manifestation for breast cancer with restricted medicine choices. However, further potency needs to be tested. These preliminary significant results warrant further in vitro and in vivo studies to estimate the possible of Asterias rubens a medicine to treat breast cancer. --- ## Effectiveness of Information Education Communication Knowledge Regarding Dengu Fever Prevention Among Under Five Mothers **Authors:** Sindhu Priya, Pasupathi A A **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4084 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Effectiveness, Knowledge, Mothers of under-five children, Dengue fever Dengue fever is the most well-known mosquito-borne viral contamination globally. It is a significant medical condition, chiefly influencing the kids in the South East Asian area since 1950. In 2012 the World Health Organization (WHO) positioned dengue as the quickest spreading vector-borne viral disease, going through a 30-overlap increment in illness occurrence in the course of recent years. Up to 50-100 million diseases are presently assessed to happen every year in more than 100 endemic nations, putting practically 50% of the total populace in danger. Worldwide circulation of dengue fever is assessed as 100 million new instances of dengue fever and 22,000 deaths generally among youngsters happen worldwide every year including 500,000 instances of a possibly deadly type of malady, Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). The study aim is to assess the effectiveness of an information booklet regarding dengue fever and its prevention among under-five mothers. A descriptive research design with purposing sampling technique was adopted to conduct a study among mothers of under-five children. Data was gathered by using structured questionnaires. Among 100 samples out of 61 samples (61%) have inadequate knowledge, 39 samples (39%) have moderate knowledge and none of them had adequate knowledge in the pre-test. Among 100 samples out of 17 samples (17%) have moderate knowledge, 83 samples (83%) have adequate knowledge and none of them had inadequate knowledge in post-test. The study shows that it is an association between the demographic variables of mothers of under-five children regarding prevention of dengue fever. The studies concluded that there is an association between the demographic variables of mothers of under-five children regarding prevention of dengue fever. There was a statistically significant found in significant family income. --- ## Prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms and their association with quality of sleep and loneliness in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in India **Authors:** Lavanya L, Iniyan Selvamani, Venkatraman Natarajan, Raman K **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4377 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Insomnia, Loneliness, Covid 19, Indian Population The impact of mental health due to coronavirus infection caused by SARS -2 COVID -19 is severe. The spread of the virus has been reported not only in India but also in many countries worldwide. The lockdown amid the recent COVID-19 widespread has brought about a change in the way of life in most people. The self-isolation and social distancing measures may result in individuals becoming more anxious, angry, stressed, disturbed and depressed. The aim of our study is to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress and their association with quality of sleep and loneliness in the general population during the Covid 19 pandemic. The study design was a cross-sectional study, and information and data were collected through an online questionnaire using Google forms. A total of 726 participants had completed the online questionnaire from which socio-demographic details, Depression, Anxiety & Stress (DASS 21), Insomnia (ISI) and Loneliness (UCLA) were assessed. The overall prevalence rate of depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia and loneliness was 27%, 24.9%, 12.1, 16.9% and 8.8%, respectively. Age, education, occupation and living status had a strong association with depression. Concerning anxiety, age, marital status, living status and past history of medical illness were positively correlated. Stress had a strong association with education. Insomnia was significantly associated with depression, anxiety, stress and loneliness. Anxiety, stress and insomnia had a strong association with loneliness. This study shows that the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population is very high. Since loneliness and insomnia have been shown to be associated with psychological symptoms, screening for and addressing them can help in reducing the psychological impact of COVID-19. --- ## Comparative evaluation on the number of increments of composites used for restoring disto-occlusal cavities of maxillary and mandibular molars - A retrospective analysis **Authors:** Srujana Hemmanur, Pradeep S., Sowmya K. **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4056 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Class II Composite Restorations, Composite Restorations, Disto-occlusal Cavity, Incremental Build-up, Restoration Over time and with the advancement of dental materials, a shift in the paradigm of how lost tooth structure can be restored has occurred. It is not very surprising to notice that many of the traditional amalgam restorations have been replaced with dental composites in the name of aesthetics. The factors that usually contribute to the failure of the composite restorations are secondary caries, pulpal irritation, post-operative sensitivity and marginal discoloration, all indicating microleakage being the cause. Microleakage, in turn, is caused by polymerization shrinkage, which is inherent to the material because of its composition. Amongst a few strategies to minimise polymerization drinking shrinkage is the use of the incremental technique. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the number of increments of composites used for restoring disto-occlusal cavities of maxillary and mandibular molars in the South Indian population. It is a retrospective analysis. Data from 86,000 patient records were sieved and a total of 101 case sheets that presented with disto-occlusal composite restorations in maxillary and mandibular molars were included. The number of increments used to restore the cavity was assessed and tabulated in Microsoft Excel along with details like age, gender and tooth number. Frequency analyses and Chi-Square test was performed. Two increments of composite resin were reported to be used maximum in the restoration of the DO cavities in molars. The association of the number of increments to tooth number is found to be significant (p<0.05). Within the limitations of the study, the number of increments of composite used to restore a DO cavity was more in a mandibular first molar. Thus to conclude that all the teeth were restored in a conservative approach. --- ## Efficacy of long term administration of curcuma longa linn. on learning and retention memory in albino mice **Authors:** Nitin S Kunnoor, Basavambika Anandi, Komal Halkai, Priyanka K **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4587 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Curcuma Longa linn, Learning, Mice, Piracetam, Retention Memory There is an increase in non-degenerative memory-related disorders in elderly people. Curcuma Longa linn. can induce cognitive improvement by reducing oxidative stress and antioxidant property. This study evaluated the effect of chronic administration of Curcuma Longa linn. on learning and memory in mice. Twenty four male swiss albino mice aged 6 to 8 weeks, weighing 25-30 g were randomized into control, standard, and test groups. Control group received 0.5% Carboxymethylcellulose; the standard group received piracetam and test group received Curcuma Longa linn. orally for 42 days (6 weeks). Water maze test and step-through passive avoidance test were used to evaluate the effect of Curcuma Longa linn. on learning and memory. 1 week of water maze training done (day 40 to 46). On day 47, spatial memory assessment was done. On day 49 retention memory assessment was done. In control, tandard, and test groups, the mean escape latency (EL) was observed to be 42.7, 30.7, and 31.3 seconds on day 43 which decreased to 11.3, 11.6, and 9.8 seconds on 46th day, respectively. The EL in all the three groups decreased from day 43 to Day 46 (p<0.01). The time spent in the northeast target quadrant was more in the test group (21.6 seconds) compared to control (19.9 seconds) and standard group (19.6 seconds) (p=0.768). Test group showed a trend towards improvement in retention memory (p=0.293) in passive avoidance test. In conclusion, Curcuma Longa linn. demonstrated that long term administration may be useful in enhancing the learning in albino mice but there was no improvement in retention of memory in test group mice as compared to the standard and controlled animals. --- ## Quality of life of mild cognitive impairment patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension **Authors:** Sreejith K, Malarkodi Velraj **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4591 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ACE-III, Cognitive impairment, MCQ, MoCA, Quality of life Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease on which diabetes mellitus and hypertension play an important role as major risk factors. This study aims to assess the quality of life of MCI patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. A cross sectional study was carried out in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Cognitive status of patients were assessed by Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III (ACE-III) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Mild Cognitive Impairment Questionnaire (MCQ) was used to score the quality of life. SPSS 21.0 was used to perform statistical analysis. Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann Whitney U test were used to analyze the relationship between quality of life and demographic parameters. Totally 1887 patients with type 2 DM and hypertension were screened to detect MCI patients. The prevalence of MCI in the population was found to 24.64%. Mean age of the population was 45.12 ± 10.54. Quality of life of patients was affected due to MCI with diabetes and hypertension in early ages. Patients employed in Govt or private sector (p=0.021) and disease duration less than 10 years (p=0.025) had significantly better quality of life. Two domains of MCQ, such as emotional concern and practical concern were assessed separately found that MCI patient’s practical concern scores did not differ significantly from emotional concern scores (p= 0.874). Quality of life was affected in MCI patients with diabetes and hypertension in early ages. Routine clinical examination should consider the quality of life as an important parameter during the patient visit and necessary modifications should be given to enhance the quality of life as well as patient satisfaction. --- ## Modes of Transmission of Covid-19 **Authors:** Bhushan Tekam **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4046 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Modes of Transmission, Aerosol, Droplet Nuceli The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was declared as a pandemic as by the world health organization (WHO) in the mid-March of 2020. It is stated to be first recognized in china and has affected millions of people and many thousands are dead across several countries, affecting a majority of earth’s population. Exhaling activities like talking, (also coughing, and sneezing) of an infected patient is thought to be the cause of the spread of this disease transmitted commonly via respiratory droplets formed from these activities. As many cases affecting major areas have been identified with or without genuine travel history, a root for community transmission might have been conceivable. Broadly speaking transmission of COVID-19 exist by two modes—Direct and indirect. The direct mode incorporates transmission through aerosols formed by surgical and dental procedures or in the form of respiratory droplet nuclei, other body fluids and discharges, for instance, excreta, saliva, urine, semen, and tears; and from maternal-to-fetal. The indirect form of transmission includes: surfaces (e.g., furniture) also termed as fomites present within the prompt environment of an infected patient and, objects utilized on the infected individual (e.g. thermometer). A considerable lot of these modes discovered or undiscovered with evidence are overlooked, henceforth is requires to specify and delineate them. Although the literature may or may not mention these routes, it is important to emphasize them as it may help in prevention and treatment. --- ## Analysis on the observational evaluation on impact of patient counseling for enhancing the attitude and knowledge on diabetic patients **Authors:** Venkaramana P, Jyotshna A, Arunachalam P, Magesh A **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4023 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus (DM), Knowledge, Attitude & Practice (KAP), Quality of Life (QoL) Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a assorted collection of Metabolic issue described by hyperglycemia. It may be connected with abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, also protein digestion system and might bring about Ceaseless difficulties including microvascular, microvascular and neuropathic issue. Patient Counseling is a key component of Patient Care. Objective: The detached investigation on the patient demographic particulars and evaluate the patient’s Knowledge, Attitude & Practice and Quality of Life amid select Diabetic Patients and to improve them by providing Patient Counseling. Materials & Methods: An Observational study was carried out at a tertiary care hospital in Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu by phase of 6 months. 52 patients were included in the investigation created on presence and segregation criteria. Knowledge, Attitude & Practice and Quality of Life is evaluated using validated Questionnaires and the score thus obtained before counseling was compared with the corresponding score obtained after counseling. Consequences: by conclusion of the learning, there was a important improvement in the Knowledge, Attitude & Practice (KAP) and Quality of Life (QoL) between the patients (p<0.05). We conclude that Patient counseling is a key part of Diabetic care. Patient Counseling stressing the importance of lifestyle Management, Drug therapy and knowledge of the disease can improve Quality of Life and prevent further Complications. --- ## Investigation and Motivation of Impact of Motor Dual Task Training on Post Stroke Patients **Authors:** Anil Kumar I, Sudhakar M, Aqib M, Lalitha R **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4068 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** BBS, Unilateral, Secondary task, Territory, Ischemic stroke The motivation of investigation was to discover the impact of motor dual task training (MDTT) vs single task training (STT) on useful parity in post stroke patients. Thirty first beginning of one-sided ischemic “Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)” domain stroke patients are haphazardly designated into 2 gatherings the STT gathering (n=15) got single task strengthening and balance practices and MDTT (n=11) got strengthening & balance practice alongside an optional engine task. Intercession is provided 45 minutes for every session, once in a day, 5 days of week for about fourteen days. The parity was dissected utilizing Berg Balance Scale (BBS). In 2 groups, balance expressively enhanced in BBS. Compared with STT group; MDTT group reached much statistically important development. The MDTT exercises efficiently promote balance initial in stroke patients. How parity is influenced relies upon a few variables, comprising the degree of sensory system harm, the number and degree of tactile misfortunes, and the accessibility of different faculties for pay. In numerous occurrences, greater than one tactile framework is hindered. --- ## Airway Management of COVID 19 and Low Cost Ventilators - A boon or bane **Authors:** Shristi Verma **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4135 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Airway management, symptomatic treatment, COVID-19, mechanical ventilation, low-cost ventilator Corona viruses are a large group of infectants that caused illness in humans and animals. In human it spreads through contact between people which is observed with MERS and SARS. Close contact leads to the spread of this deadly virus through the droplets from cough, sneezes or talks. The incubation period ranges between 2-14 days which is still uncertain in many a lot of cases. Depending on the symptoms disease has been categorized for the management, thus mild symptoms with sore throat, fever, cough and malaise are treated with antipyretic and antitussives with nutritive care. For moderate symptoms oxygen therapy, Anticoagulation, corticosteroids is given with antiviral drugs, demand for the supply must be maintained. WRT the severe cases drug therapy should be continued and oxygenation maintained early in the disease, with the progression of disease to ARDS ventilation protocol is taken into action firstly with non-invasive procedure supplying oxygen by the mask or the nasal cannula and maintaining the SpO2 and FiO2. If the condition worsens the Lung no longer acts compliant endotracheal intubation is performed for implementation of mechanical ventilation in the setting with access to expertise. For the patients who undergoes septic shock, patient is started on antimicrobial therapy, fluid loadings maintained and vasopressors given. Glucocorticoids can be used for short duration for the worsening condition of the patient. Their raised a situation of scarcity of ventilators, suddenly with the pandemic in the country alarming the under preparation of the demand for the present and future. Thus, by going local the ideology of low-cost ventilators happened. --- ## The periodontal status of mandibular incisors in patients with angle’s class ii malocclusion treated with orthodontic therapy or orthognathic surgery with orthodontic therapy: A single centered retrospective study **Authors:** Siddharth Narayan, Nashra Kareem, Arvina Rajasekar **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4072 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Malocclusion, Orthodontic therapy, periodontium, extraction, gingivitis Malocclusion is any deviation from physiologically acceptable contact between opposing dental arches. Occlusal trauma is a term used to describe injury resulting in tissue change within the attachment apparatus which may occur in a healthy or reduced periodontium. Clinically one of the tests to assess trauma from occlusion is the fremitus test with confirmatory test for trauma from occlusions such as histological evaluation of a block section biopsy or modern aids like T-scan. Considering these findings Angles Class II molar relation with or without skeletal Class II relation has great influence in underlying peridium. The present study was aimed at correlating the relation between angles class II malocclusion treated with orthodontic therapy alone or combined with orthognathic surgery and the periodontal status of mandibular incisors. The study was a single centered retrospective university design, using patient records for the comparison of the entire patient outflow of a dental college in Chennai from 1st June 2019 till 1st March 2020. The included patients were individuals with angles class II malocclusion treated by orthodontic therapy alone or combined with orthognathic surgery. In this study, we observed that the periodontal status of mandibular incisors was mostly healthy with the incidence of gingivitis associated at a higher tendency in patients treated by fixed orthodontic appliance therapy along with orthognathic surgery. There was also a negative correlation of non-extraction cases and periodontal status suggesting orthodontic extraction cases have a relatively healthy periodontium which was both clinically and statistically significant. --- ## Evaluation and Assessment of Efficient Psidium Guajava and Mentha Piperita Fresh Leaves Juice for Perio Pathogens **Authors:** Ramesh G., Pratyusha A, Sivasankari S., Malini Evangeline Rose **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4081 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Psidium guajava, Mentha piperita, Oral Pathogens, Antimicrobial activity The research was assessed to evaluate the efficacy of fresh juice of Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita against selected aerobic and anaerobic bacterial strain. The fresh juice was extracted and evaluated for its antimicrobial activity on anaerobic pathogens like Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Prevotella intermedia (Pi). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration. Long before since from the ancient time, humankind depended on the trees and herbs for medicines to alleviate ailments, search for better health, fragrance, flavours and food. In ancient time human beings depended on animals and plants for his food, shelter demand etc. Over 5000 years, peoples of India and China kept on the use of plants for food as well as to protect from disease. Most of the dental problems are due to microorganism (Oral Pathogens) like Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Eubacterium, Bacteroids, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus etc. Microbial debridement might uproot pathogenic living being due to their area. Previously, subepithelial gingival tissues, crevicular epithelial cells, other anatolian dialect features entangling sufficient defiant. The results indicate that Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita leaves shows significant Antimicrobial activity due to the presence of flavonoids. This work is more useful in health Mentha Piperita Fresh Leaves Juice for Perio Pathogens. --- ## Financial strategic impact on clinical laboratory managers - A review **Authors:** Sai Sudha Mahajan, Pratibha Ramani **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4103 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Clinical laboratory, Lab tests, Workload-based costing The cost of operating a clinical lab where cost containment remains a major challenge is to be maintained in conjunction with smooth running of laboratory operations. This study aimed to account the results of service cost using workload-based costing in clinical laboratories. The review aimed at establishing cost containment strategies of all lab test services based on workload of the technical team in a clinical lab. Articles were searched in online databases, such as PUBMED, MEDLINE and Google scholar using keywords “financial, strategic, impact, clinical laboratory, managers.” Manual Search of Journals were also done. Articles were reviewed and analysed. The relevant articles were reviewed which showed the value analysis of lab services and its costs along with technical staff workload provides insights on the relationship between variables and the uncertainty of financial strategic effects. --- ## Preference of Gingival Retraction Methods - Mechanical Over Chemico Mechanical Method in University Based Setting - A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Ashwin Shravan Kumar M, Revathi Duraisamy **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4054 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** gingival, retraction, mechanical, chemical, efficiency Tooth preparation is done in the treatment of fixed partial dentures. It is necessary to obtain a good amount of gingival retraction for accuracy in marginal positioning of prosthesis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of gingival retraction by mechanical and chemico mechanical methods. A retrospective data collection was done by reviewing 86000 case sheets from Saveetha dental college. Study period was about 10 months. Inclusion criteria & exclusion criteria were available. Parameters were tabulated and analysed using SPSS software. There were 899 patients treated for fixed partial dentures in the study period. Among these, 398 were males and 501 were females. Chi square t test was performed and p value was found to be 0.02 and the results are significant as p value is <0.05. Also, 95% of both the population irrespective of age and gender underwent mechanical method of gingival retraction. This study is in consensus with existing literature that gingival retraction can be efficiently obtained through the mechanical method. Whether systemic health issues or socioeconomic reasons played a role in the acceptance of choice of treatment needs to be further evaluated with larger sample size and multicentre studies among our population. --- ## Extraction of polyphenols using afroyal gala and granny smith for antimicrobial activity **Authors:** Narayana Rao K, Pruthviraj P V, Senthamarai S, Subha V J **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4061 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial, Royal Gala and Granny Smith, Polyphenol Apples contain many useful human health-related contents. Polyphenols exhibit antimicrobial effects against human pathogens. In this study, the polyphenolic contents are removed by the skin of Royal Gala and Granny Smith, which are the two varieties of apples. The phenolic compounds were removed from fresh fruit peels of Royal Gala and Granny Smith with the solvents: A-(water), B- (ethanol: water). The antimicrobial happenings of the excerpts are verified in contradiction of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by jelly healthy dispersion technique. The extracts from both apples by solvent A presented advanced anti micro bisection as associated with excerpts by solvent B. Among the 2 varieties of apples, the Granny Smith extracts presented a superior antimicrobial result as compared to Royal Gala extracts against the selected microorganisms E-coli and S -aureus. The zone of inhibition by the apple peel extracts is more in case of S -aureus compared with E-coli; this reveals that the organism S-aureus is more sensitive to polyphenolic compounds than Escherichia coli. With this study, it was concluded that the water extract of Granny Smith peels showed superior antimicrobial movement because of advanced amounts of polyphenolic mixtures as associated to Royal Gala and the best solvent to extract polyphenolic compounds from apple peels is water. --- ## Analysis on Clinical pharmacy services provided by pharmacists for promoting elderly patients care **Authors:** Bushan Kumar GG, Jyothi Singamsetty, Rajasekhar K V, Sahitya Meda **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4058 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clinical Pharmacy Services, Drug Related Problems, Fixed Drug Combinations, Drug Interactions, Untreated Indications Clinical pharmacy services are the services provided by the pharmacists to promote patient care, optimizes medication therapy, promote health and disease prevention. This prospective cross sectional study was conducted in tertiary care hospital over a period of 6 months. This collected data is checked for their appropriateness of any prescription related errors and DRPs were identified. Results obtained were assessed to determine the influence of Clinical pharmacist services. Majority of the prescriptions were with 5-9(62.5%) drugs. The majority of co-morbidities among 125 enrolled patients in age group of 60-70, 55 patients were with 3-4 co-morbidities. Among 125 prescriptions around 12 prescriptions were identified with 622 drug interactions. Among 125 patients 2 (0.277) adverse drug reactions were observed and according to Naranjo’s probability assessment scale these adverse drug reactions were mild and 15(2.08%) dispensing errors, 10(1.386%) prescription errors where majority of prescription errors are due to missed written frequencies in the prescriptions. 5(0.693%) administration errors, 5 (0.693%)untreated indications were observed. Presnce of clinical pharmacist in hospital settings can reduce drug related problems and they can assist other staff in improving patient care. --- ## A Survey To Evaluate Patients’ Acceptance To Various Fixed Functional Appliance **Authors:** Akriti Tiwari, Ravindra Kumar Jain, Remmiya Mary Varghese **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4100 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fixed Functional Appliance, Attitude, Compliance, Discomfort, Difficulty in Brushing Fixed functional appliances correct class II malocclusion by bringing the mandible forward into a new position. Patients using Fixed Functional Appliances complain of difficulty in oral hygiene, soft-tissue irritation, appliance breakage, and difficulty in mastication. Hence, the aim of this study was to conduct a survey evaluating patients’ acceptance of various fixed functional appliances in a university set up. This questionnaire-based study was a university- based setting which consisted of 10 closed-ended and open-ended questions out of which 2 were open-ended questions and 8 were close-ended. It covered discomfort, difficulty in speech, brushing, mastication, oral hygiene and fracture of the appliance. Descriptive statistics were performed. Chi-square test was used to determine the discomfort experienced due to the duration of wear. The significance level for the p-value was set at 0.05. Chi-square test reported that statistically, the insignificant association observed between duration of wear and level of discomfort (p>0.31). All functional appliances have their own disadvantages and discomfort, which is dependent on the intricate fabrication as well as their implementation. Within the limits of the study, it was observed that discomfort was more in the initial few days but reduced over a period of time as the patients got adapted to the appliance. --- ## Use of plasma albumin, hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase enzyme as predictive markers of treatment failure in HIV-1 infected individuals in federal medical center, Lokoja, Nigeria **Authors:** Paul I Emeje, Chinedum C Onyenekwe, Nkiruka R. Ukibe, Joseph E. Ahaneku, Ofia A. Kalu, Nosakhare O. Osakue, Uchenna M. Ezugwu, Ezinne G. Ukibe **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4654 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HIV, Albumin, Hepatic Lipase, Lipoprotein Lipase, HAART, Treatment This was a cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the use of albumin, hepatic lipase (HL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzyme as predictive markers of treatment failure in HIV-1 infected individuals. 154 participants {40 (group A), 35 (group B) on antiretroviral drugs (Test group) and 79 (group C) HIV naive participants (Control group)} aged 18 and 65 years were randomly recruited. Blood sample was collected from each test participant 6 months apart and once from control for determination of Albumin, HL, LPL, viral load (VL), CD4+ cells count. VL was significantly decreased while, Albumin, HL and LPL activities were significantly higher in test participants when compared with control P ≤ 0.05 respectively). Biochemical markers in test participants at 6 months of therapy were significantly lower compared with 12 months of therapy (P ≤ 0.05). Albumin and VL correlated positively with CD4 count while, lamivudine, nevirapine, tenofovir, HL, LPL correlated strongly and negatively with VL (P < 0.05 respectively). The high sensitivities and positive predictive value of albumin showed their predictive superiority over CD4+ count, HL, LPL and antiretroviral drug concentrations.The study thus, concludes that hypoalbuminemia with decreased HL and LPL activities were associated with unsuppressed viral load above 1000 copies/ml. This suggests that albumin; HL and LPL are good biochemical markers for prediction of treatment failure or success in participants on antiretroviral drugs. --- ## Prevalence and risk factors of internet addiction among health science college students in South India **Authors:** Christopher Amalraj Vallaba Doss, Syed Mohamed Sadath, Amro Hashash, Abdulrahman Alzandi, Palanivel R M, Mohsina Bano **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4512 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Health science college, Internet addiction, Non-internet addiction, Online gaming, Prevalence, Risk-factors, Well-being The commonness of Internet Addiction (IA) among well-being science undergrads has not been accounted for utilizing a huge example. To explain the genuine status of addictive Internet use among well-being science undergrads, this examination meant to assess the commonness and the hazard variables of IA and in danger IA among well-being science understudies in south India. This cross-sectional investigation studied all well-being science undergrad workforces in Kattankulathur Prefecture, a country zone in India. Qualified members included 1165 understudies’ students (533 men and 632 women). Members finished a poll on their exercises and factors identified with Internet use. The pervasiveness of IA and in danger IA was 24.7% and 26.8%, individually. Besides, game playing was demonstrated to be Internet action most firmly connected with in danger IA. This examination demonstrated that around 27% of well-being science undergrads in an urban/provincial region in India are in danger of building up a dependence on the internet and that utilizing the internet for game playing is identified within danger IA. Our outcomes propose that well-being science understudies ought to be told to utilize the internet appropriately and rouse to a valuable path for study and information purposes. --- ## Coagulopathy: A Vicious Indicator of COVID-19 **Authors:** Shreya Pawar, Nitin Bhola **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4705 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Novel Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Coagulopathy COVID-19 is routinely associated with coagulopathy and complications associated with thrombosis. However, the difference between the coagulopathy, which is associated with COVID-19 and the coagulopathy, which is due to different causes, is that the "COVID-19 associated coagulopathy" shows raised levels of D-Dimer and that of fibrinogen. However, it shows quite some abnormalities in the levels of prothrombin time and also in the platelet count. "Venous thromboembolism" and arterial thrombosis is frequently seen in COVID-19 associated coagulopathy as opposed to "disseminated intravascular coagulopathy". Patients suffering from COVID-19 have many have multiple factors in common for thromboembolism which is associated with "Adult respiratory distress syndrome" from different etiologies like generalized inflammation and being unambulatory. “Cytokine storm" is the hallmark of COVID-19 associated coagulopathy which is distinguished by high levels of IL-6,1, tumour necrosis factor and other cytokines. The clinical features of COVID-19 associated coagulopathy overlap that of some syndromes like antiphospholipid syndrome and thrombotic microangiopathy. Studies have shown that patients diagnosed with disseminated intravascular coagulation have a poor prognosis compared to the one's that don't get diagnosed with DIC. The advancement of the condition from coagulopathy in the vasculature of the lungs to DIC in patients who have tested positive for COVID-19 shows that the patient’s dysfunction associated with coagulation has evolved from local to generalized state. Investigating the coagulopathies will help in understanding the mechanism of COVID-19 associated coagulopathy. --- ## Mental Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on Affected, Non Affected and Families of the Affected **Authors:** Arpit Gupta **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4206 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid-19, mental health, emotional health, stress, frustration The pandemic of covid 19, which has taken the entire world by storm has not only tested our physical health but also impacted our mental health in ways no one had envisaged! It has lead to a situation of socioeconomic crisis and mental anguish among the general population. The outbreak of a novel virus unknown to the medical fraternity and its explosive spread every day, conflicting messages from the government, lack of infrastructure for treatment, the spread of misinformation on media platforms and an incessant quarantine has to lead to a sense of fear, apprehension, stress, desolation, weariness, frustration and depression among the masses. The imposition of lockdown in the nation not only undermined personal freedom, but it also leads to huge financial losses, unemployment, work and school closure, uncertainty, boredom, stigma which have been major stressors leading to widespread emotional affliction and an increased risk of developing psychiatric illness during the time of the pandemic. People who were already suffering from some form of the psychiatric disorder have been prone to exacerbations due to the pandemic. Individuals living with confirmed or suspected covid 19 cases, frontline workers, unemployed people and people in quarantine are at a higher risk of developing some form of mental illness such as anxiety, insomnia and depression. Resilience and good social support are protective factors against this mental health epidemic that is about to begin. In this article, we reflect upon the impact of covid 19 pandemic and lockdown on the mental health of people in India. --- ## Measuring the Bio-Electrical Parameters of a Person Using Bio-Telemetry System for Health Care Monitoring **Authors:** Rajesh V, Syed Inthiaz, Kaligithi Akhil, Panchkarla Venkata Satyanarayana, Karanam Eshwar **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4064 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** LM35 Sensor, Max30100 Sensor, Ad8232 Sensor, EOG Sensor, Physio-Logical Parameters, Bio-Electrical Parameters Biotelemetry is a method of measuring a persons’s Bio-electrical parameters and a Physio-logical parameters from a distance. It’s like a updation of existing methods of measuring physiological parameters and bioelectrical parameters to a method of transmission of resulting data. This will help the consulting doctor for making a better diagnosis without movement or ensuring mobility of both the doctor and patient. Here the parameters of the wireless remote medical system for health monitoring include body temperature, blood oxygen saturation, pulse, electrocardiogram and Electrooculography. In order to measure, monitor and updating the data we require five sensors for each respective parameter so the respective five sensors are AD8232 sensor for measuring Electrocardiogram, pulse sensor for measuring pulse, EOG sensor for measuring Electrooculography, Max30100 sensor for measuring oxygen levels in blood and finally LM35 sensor used for measuring the hotness or coldness of a body. These are connected as one system using Arduino. Transferring of data to the cloud or update the data in cloud, whatever the data came from the sensors will be sent to a WiFi module called Node MCU ESP8266, through which the data will be uploaded on cloud platforms like Ubidots and Things speak. Finally from this Paper it gives the concept of Bio-Telemetry System, in other words a Medical Telemetry System. This system allows continuous monitoring of a patient’s health condition, as well as updating that respective data into their medical history like cloud platform, thus improving the efficiency of nursing care through more effective time management. --- ## Extracts of Ficusgibboseblame and its potentiating effect for type II diabetes in rats **Authors:** Ramya A, Ravi shankar, Muthulakshmi R, Punita P **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4070 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ficus gibbosa extracts, antidiabetic, Glibenclamide, Rats Hydroalcoholic extract of Greeneries and stalkbark of Ficusgibbosa Blume is evaluated for their potentiating action in Streptozotocin – Nicotinamide encouraged type 2 diabetes in Sprague Dawley rats. The excerpts are managed at the amount of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight along with sub operative dose (2.5 mg/kg body weight) of the standard antidiabetic drug (Glibenclamide) for a period of 5 weeks. The test extracts potentiated the antidiabetic activity of standard drug by significantly dropping the raised blood glucose levels and the effect was almost comparable with solitary efficacy of therapeutic dose (5 mg/kg body weight) of typical drug Glibenclamide during 5th week of the study. Its abandons have deviated, on the other hand, orchestrated and more gibbose in those end. The juice of the bark furthermore abandons from claiming color fig alternately bumped fig plant is utilized to grinding those pills furthermore settling on A decoction in toxicology. Plant appeases diminished Kapha, pitta, skin diseases, ulcers, hepatopathy, diabetes, ulcerative stomatitis, leucorrhoea and gynaecological issues. Male Sprague Dawley Rats abstainedinstantare vaccinated intraperitoneally with result about Nicotinamide at a dosage of 195 mg /kg body weight. 15 minutes after same animals are vaccinated for the newly readied result from claiming Streptozotocin (STZ) In measurement about (65 mg/kg physique weight) intraperitoneally. The animals are permitted to drink 1% glucose result instant will succeed the pill prompted hypoglycaemia. --- ## Pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 19) viral infection **Authors:** Maanya Bhardwaj **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4290 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pandemic, COVID-19, Pathophysiology The city of Wuhan located in Hubei province of central China was burdened with a series of cases presenting with atypical acute respiratory infections in December 2019. Little did people know at that point in time, that a novel virus known as SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) or simply corona virus, was responsible for these peculiar presentations. COVID-19 had begun spreading at an alarming rate worldwide, eventually gaining official status as a global pandemic, as affirmed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) on 11 March 2020. By 6 July 2020, globally, there were 1.5 million cases and around 536 893 deaths. As the pandemic took its toll globally, scientists struggled to classify and specify the manifestations of the virus. Medical practitioners, microbiologists and scientists worldwide gradually joined forces to define COVID-19 as an infection characterised by an immense inflammatory reaction or cytokine storm which may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ dysfunction (MODS). During the latter half of 2020, multiple hospitals in India, France, America, Germany and Netherlands reported an increasing incidence of fatal invasive fungal infections in recovered SARS-CoV-2 patients. Increased severity of infections as well as mortality was observed in immunocompromised patients and those with co existing medical illnesses such as diabetes and hypertension. Furthermore, even though many patients recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection, it was noted that their immunity post recovery was significantly diminished, and it was during this period they were more susceptible to fatal bacterial and fungal co-infections. This review article explores the pathophysiology of COVID 19 infection and difference in response to the infection in adult and paediatric populations. --- ## Causes of death in COVID-19 patients: A literature review **Authors:** Damini Raut, Pooja Shrivastav, Shweta Parwe **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4732 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cardiovascular failure, hospitalisation, multiple organ failure, pandemic, respiratory failure, sepsis, ventilation Currently, we are facing a very dangerous outburst of the epidemic all over the world called COVID-19, i.e. Coronavirus disease-2019 which were found in Wuhan city of China in December 2019. It is becoming pandemic throughout the world day by day, hence knowing the different causes of death in COVID-19 patient. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in china, in which most of the deaths occurs due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CO-2-2019), there is progress in the total number of positive cases and corresponding deaths occur worldwide. The main cause of death is respiratory distress and failure; other complications include multiple organ failure, kidney injury, sepsis and also include providence of other medical resources to COVID-19 patient. To know the causes of death in COVID-19 patient. Various research articles were studied from various websites related to causes of death in COVID19. Many literatures were studied, such as Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, European Heart Journal, etc. The literature of causes of death in COVID-19 patient explores the idea regarding deaths- like respiratory distress, sepsis, and related kidney disorder, underlying diseases such as hypertensive disorders, diabetic conditions, shock, and multiple organ failure, etc. patients who are not able to survive in this pandemic even not after hospitalization are likely to be older by age, some patients have some secondary underlying diseases in the body or elevated D-dimer. Some peoples do not have sufficient ventilation, which also one of the causes of death of the patients due to novel COVID-19. --- ## Investigation on Haematinic accessible Assortments and Measurable Structures available in Indian Markets **Authors:** Rekha Kumari, Hariprasad Rao L, Gopinath T T, Pandiyan K R **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4022 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Haematinic, Fumarate, Ascorbate, Polymaltose To investigate Haematinic definitions accessible in India arcade for their assortments of measurements structures, hard salts utilized, the substance of essential iron, recurrence of organization compulsory, the occurrence of extra supplements, levelheadedness and price. Haematinic details recorded in IDR 2018, were investigated for salts of Iron present. Arrangements of ferrous fumarate were additionally investigated for Iron substance, presence of folic corrosive and other included extra parts. A sum of 522 plans, 291 (55.74%) was oral strong measurement structure, 206 (39.46%) were oral fluids and 25 (4.7%) were parenteral. Iron salts in these details were in a type of ferrous fumarate, carbonyl iron, iron ascorbate, iron ammonium citrate, ferric hydroxide polymaltose perplexing, ferrous sulfate, sodium hydrate. Carbonyl iron was available in 92 arrangements and was most ordinarily utilized readiness in oral strong plans. A few details moreover contained Vitamin B12, zinc sulfate, histidine, lysine different multivitamins and calcium arrangements in factor extent. Out of 291 oral strong, 45 (15.46 %) arrangements required organization > three times each day to accomplish the remedial fixation. The normal expense of the sound planning was more than the normal expense of silly arrangement. Investigation of different haematinics shows there is no consistency in details. Iron and folic corrosive are included wide factor range in addition, different substances were additionally included with no very much demonstrated proof. Steps ought to be taken to normalize these details. --- ## Lockdown: A Solution for Covid-19 Pandemic in India **Authors:** Shlok Jaiswal **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4202 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Health Care Services, ICU, COVID-19, Pandemic, Air Quality, Impact, Fact, Lockdown Novel coronavirus member of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) known as Covid-19 which reported is first case in Wuhan city of china has spread worldwide and has become a pandemic of 21st century. But to stop its spread is lockdown a solution in INDIA or WORLDWIDE? To stop the spread of covid-19 in India lockdown was imposed in India from 24th March 2020 to 14th April 2020 of 21 days. Lockdown in INDIA was in Phase wise manner and was in 4 phases. PM announced first lockdown on 23rd of march after the JANTA CURFEW on 22nd march. Lockdown was beneficial for INDIA to a much extent because if lockdown would not have happened; in initial days it could have spread to a lot of people and it would have been challenging to state as well as central government to deal with this problem of Soo many people affected by covid because INDIA is not much developed in terms of health infrastructure. Though there was a lockdown and still cases were rising in India in an exponential manner, but lockdown gave some time to central as well as state government so that they can build isolation wards and can strengthen the health infrastructure of our country. --- ## Open Surgical Guides – A Novel Concept in Computer Guided Implantology **Authors:** Anil Kumar CH, Ramana Kumar K.V., Paul T Joyes, Padmanabhan P. **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4079 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental Implants, Computer Guided Implantology, Surgical Guides, Irrigation, Visibility, Tooth Borne, Double Guided, Dicom Integration, Sleeveless Guide Dental implants have become so popular that more than 5 million implants are placed each year by dentists in the United States alone. However, it is generally observed that a majority of implants are placed in a less-than-ideal manner. Computer-guided surgeries are proven to have a positive impact on implant placement as well as implant treatment planning. But, despite the indisputable compensations, only a partial number of clinicians regularly practice directed transplant surgery nowadays. This article aims to examine the challenges in guided implant surgery and how a novel concept of the open guide is trying to solve these issues. The latter was used during a CT scan and was eventually converted into an actual surgical guide. However, using conventional guides is not a guarantee for proper implant placement. The reason for that was inherent in their design. Conventional guides take marvelous leeway in the drilling trajectory and no drilling depth control. Using them relies on several variables that may not be trustworthy, such as hand stability, patient immobility, and another person’s feedback on the drilling angle. Bone quality can also affect the osteotomy in situations of immediate implant placement, as the drills commonly bounce off dense bone affecting the angulation and point of entry. From a safety perspective, conventional guides do not consider the patient’s relevant anatomy. --- ## Link between Diabetes and corona virus disease – A review study **Authors:** Aishwarya Jaodand **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4195 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Diabetes, hyperglycemia, corona virus illness Diabetes is one of the main comorbidities related to the seriousness of every one in three known human pathogenic corona virus contaminations, including extreme intense respiratory disorder. Diabetic cases have expanded dangers in serious complexities involving Respiratory Distress Syndrome and MODS disappointment. Contingent upon worldwide district, twenty–half of cases in the Corona virus infection pandemic were diabetics. Given the significance of a connection linked corona virus disease and diabetes; we have shaped a global board of specialists amongst the branch of diabetes and endocrinology to give certain direction & functional suggestions in administration of diabetes during corona virus infection. We mean to quickly give understanding in likely robotic connections between the Corona virus illness & diabetes, current down to earth the board proposals, and expound on the various requirements of a few patient gatherings. Scant information exist with respect to glucose digestion and improvement of intense difficulties of diabetes example ketoacidosis in patients with COVID-19. Contamination of corona virus in those with diabetes potentially triggers higher pressure conditions, with more prominent arrival of hyperglycemic hormones, e.g., glucocorticoids and catecholamines, prompting expanded blood glucose levels and irregular glucose inconstancy. Then again, a review concentrate from Wuhan revealed that around 10% of the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and Corona virus illness endured in any event one scene of hypoglycemia less than 3.9 mmol/L. Hyperglycemia appeared to assemble favorable to fiery monocytes and increment platelet reactivity, adding to a higher cardiovascular mortality in patients with diabetes. --- ## Effectiveness and Challenges of Tele-Dentistry and Factors Affecting It, During the Times of COVID-19 Health Emergency- A Perspective of Dental Professionals **Authors:** Vaibhav Krishna Singh, Neha Sethi, Saurabh Sinha, Koshika Tandon Sinha, Pankaj Malhotra, Kumar Gaurav Chhabra **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4200 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, dental, Challenges, Effectiveness, Tele-dentistry The present study was conducted to assess effectiveness and challenges of tele-dentistry and factors affecting it, during the times of COVID-19 health emergency among dental professionals. It was a cross-sectional questionnaire study conducted among dental professionals which was online. Mean age of Study participants were 32.3±3 years. Majority of study participants major challenges to practice of Tele dentistry during Covid-19 Pandemic was lack of proper infrastructure {(189 (91.3%)}, negative attitude of Dental professionals {(93 (44.9%)}, According to {172 (83.1%)} dental professionals there are many challenges for practicing Tele-dentistry. Dental professionals reported that effectiveness of Tele dentistry during Covid-19 is good but all together challenges were large to practice. Tele dentistry in India due to which its effectiveness decreases and factors effecting its effectiveness barriers were age, average number of patients seen per month before lockdown, and Practice closed due to Covid-19 outbreak. --- ## A Practical Survey on Arrogance, Familiarity and Repetition of Dengue Patients in Rural Areas **Authors:** Farid Babu, Narasimha Reddy K V, Mahendran C, Shankar K **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4080 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** DF, Aedes albopictus mosquito, TV/radio, vector mosquitoes Dengue fever (DF) is significant mosquito-borne infections caused by dengue infection through chomp of “female Aedes mosquito”. To measure attitude, information, and practices concerning DF between rural societies. A planned interventional survey is done for a time of a half year. The examination is completed in chosen territories of Chitradurga. A whole 405 subjects are contributed to the investigation, between them, 196 are men& 209 are women. The majority of subjects had a wellspring of data about dengue through whole above health section, paper, companions, TV/radio) (29.3%). Additionally, they got data from wellbeing office staff (26.4%), paper (15.8%), companions (14.3%), and TV/radio (14%). It is finished that chose zones of Chitradurga populace to have acceptable information with respect to the counteraction of DF. Hence, there is a requirement for additional data, instruction and correspondence programs anticipation of DF and this accomplished by arranging health training efforts in the network. --- ## Pap’s Image Analysis and Development on Cervical Cancer Screening Process **Authors:** Raju PSN, Srikanth Reddy Kamireddy, Lokeshwari V, Eswari V **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4067 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biomedical imaging (BI), Cervical, Pap smears (PS), Normal/abnormal, cervical dysplasia (CD), cervical cells (CC) In around the globe, harmful cervical development is 2nd main sickness impacted by a woman. Cervical harmful development is the critical purpose of women’s death. Inferable from cervix harmful development, transcendent of passing interminably is happening in less defoliated districts of the world. The basic objective of this manuscript, to handle strategic distance from and fix the cervical threat using PST. At whatever point found at hidden phases, in this sort of illness might be completely diminished. At the starting time, the Pap smear test (PST) is a fundamental imparted system for distinguishing harmful cervical development. This manuscript provides a review of cervical harmful development and assessment of the unmistakable frameworks. Fitting methodologies have been utilized to orchestrate the smear picture as ordinary/bizarre using the apparent goals. Such recuperation utilized to find PS cells and takes the most ideal treatment by then decrease dangerous cervical development. This issue closeness thick to get to precise treatment, screening, and continuation organizations. --- ## Liver Damage in COVID-19 **Authors:** Pooja Agrawal, Anendd Jadhav **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4221 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid- 19, Liver dysfunction, Pandemic In the current era, COVID-19 emerges as a pandemic which is caused by a coronavirus. Every corner of this world has now witnessed “COVID-19” cases and the positive cases have crossed almost 50 mn till now. Patients who are suffering from novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) had experienced lots of abnormalities in multiple internal organs such as abnormal pulmonary function, liver injury, kidney damage. Liver dysfunction requires dedicated works-up and surveillance should be done in a continuous manner. It depends upon multiple factors and is heterogeneous in nature. In the theme of COVID-19, physicians now have to decide that, the damages in the liver is relatable to any previous liver disorder or medications used to treat COVID-19 or maybe the virology effect. Further studies suggest various hypothesis on the potential mechanisms of liver damage in such kind of patients. The literature summarizes recent theory based on the evidence in relation to the liver complications in novel coronavirus disease 2019, allocates a gross scenario of the available case series and proposes recommendations for clinicians. --- ## Experimental evaluation of anxiolytic activity in mice using Vacha Churanam **Authors:** Anamika P K, Sulaiman Mohammed Alnasser, Abdul Khayum K **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4507 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hole board, Morris water maze, Dopamine, Serotonin, Superoxide dismutase, Anxiety Vacha Churanam is an Ayurvedic product. It is commonly given traditionally for memory enhancement, antidepressants, anxiolytic and anti-stress. However, there is no scientific evidence for its anxiolytic activity. Therefore the current study is aimed to validate its anxiolytic activity. Kept mice persuaded the anxiety in the room maintained with a temperature of 40C for two h per day. The Vacha Churanam has administrated doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o for 21 days. The behavioural parameters such as elevated zero maze, light-dark test, Morris water maze, actophtometer, hole board were produced significant activity with Vacha Churanam. The neurotransmitters measures such as dopamine, serotonin and acetylcholine esterase measures were also increased in Vacha Churanam treated mice when matched with negative control group mice. The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase was increased, and lipid peroxidase level was diminished in Vacha Churanam treated mice. It supports the anxiolytic action of Vacha Churanam through an antioxidant mechanism. The Anxiolytic result of Vacha Churanam is associated with essential constituents such as flavonoids, phenolic and steroids. --- ## Effectiveness of Menthol Ice Cube Application on Thirst Intensity and Oral Condition among Postoperative Patients **Authors:** Karthick P, Thenmozhi P, Kalabarathi S **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3987 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Abdominal surgery, Menthol ice cube, Ice cubes, Thirst intensity, Oral condition, Post-operative patients Thirst and dry mouth are frequent immediate post-operative discomfort due to prolonged fasting, medications and surgical conditions. Surgical patients are at a high-hazard group for the improvement of thirst due to prolonged fasting, use of anticholinergic and opioid medications, bleeding, among others. Thirst is an exceptional and awkward sensation, which can’t be overlooked when water deprivation compromises endurance. It is one of the fundamental inconveniences in the prompt postoperative period or the post-anaesthesia recovery. Menthol and ice have greater efficacy to relieve the thirst. Hence the study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of menthol ice cube application on thirst intensity and oral condition among post-operative patients. The pre-experimental research design was adopted to conduct the study with 30 samples who met inclusion criteria were selected by using a convenience sampling technique. Pre-test assessment was done by thirst intensity scale and oral condition assessment tool. Menthol ice cube was administered to the study group. The post-test assessment was observed after one hour and two hours of administration of the menthol ice cube application. There was a statistical significant change in thirst intensity and oral conditions between pre and post intervention within the study group and the level of thirst intensity were statistically associated with age group at the level of P<0.05. The findings of the study concluded that menthol ice cube application is effective in relieving thirst intensity and improve the oral conditions among patients underwent abdominal surgery. It is also a safe, harmless, cost effective, and feasible is feasible to administer. --- ## Antiviral herbal drugs and its pharmacological action - A review **Authors:** Pinky Ruskin, Lakshmi T, Preetha S **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4071 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antiviral, Herbs, Drug Development, Herbal Medicine, Pharmacological Actions, Natural Products Viral contamination assume a significant job in human maladies and ongoing episodes in appearance of globalization and simplicity of movement have underscored their avoidance as a basic tissue in defending open health. The antiviral screening of plant concentrates ought to be profoundly particular, explicit, and delicate for bioactivity guided confinement of the dynamic mixes from the plant. Absence of viable treatments or potential immunizations for a few viral contamination and the quick rise of new medication safe infections has encouraged a developing requirement for growing new and successful chemotherapeutic operators to treat viral illnesses. Despite the advancement made in inoculation and medication improvement in vaccination and medication development, many infections need preventive immunizations and proficient antiviral therapies. Thus recognizing novel antiviral medications is of basic significance and normal items are a great hotspot for such discoveries. In this little audit, we summarize the antiviral impacts detailed for a few regular items and natural meds and their pharmacological properties. --- ## Advancement of Hand Sanitizer gel for Killing Bacteria using Natural Extracts of leaves of Carica Papaya **Authors:** Sravani G, Pratyusha A, Akila A, Malini Evangeline Rose **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4066 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antiseptic Foam, Development, Carica Papaya, Hand Sanitizer, Antimicrobial Activity The hand hygiene is an imperative rule and exercise in anticipation, control, and decrease of medical services obtained infections. The right hand washing and drying strategies stop the transmission chain of lethal microorganisms (from defiled surface/site) structure hands to different pieces of the body. The hand sanitization is superior support in preventing infections caused by various microorganisms and to get this, the utilization of hand sanitizer gets must in late conditions. The motivation behind the current investigation was to plan homegrown froth hand sanitizer joining the leaves concentrate of leaves of Carica papaya with multidimensional exercises. The definition is assessed against predefined microorganism (Candida albicans & Staphylococcusaure us) by culture affectability test. This detailing will be as froth. The explanation for consolidation of papaya leaves separate in froth detailing is that froth hand sanitizer doesn’t effectively slide off the hands such as gel hand sanitizer. Likewise, froth sanitizer is simpler to spread around the hands. The extract of leaves of Carica papaya will be incorporated in the formulation. Papaya leaves are possible antibacterial that can be utilized in specific type of foods. --- ## Prevalence of Peri Implantitis and Peri Implant Mucositis among Implant Patients - A Dental University Based Study **Authors:** Ankita Komal Labh, Marian Anand Bennis, Geo Mani **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4101 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Implant, peri-implantitis, peri-implant mucositis, peri-implant diseases etc. The term peri-implantitis describes an inflammatory disease that results in the loss of supporting bone around an implant. It differs from mucositis in which the inflammation of mucosa surrounding an implant is not accompanied by bone loss and is reversible. Peri-implant diseases are not uncommon following implant therapy. This study aims to find the incidence of peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis among patients having undergone implant therapy in Dental University Hospital in Chennai, India. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using 305 samples from the Department of Implantology after reviewing and analysing the data of 86000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020. Microsoft Excel® was used to tabulate the data obtained. The variables assessed were age, gender, presence of infection, type of inflammation and site of implant placement. The sample had a gender distribution of 60.33% males and 39.67% females. 41% implant patients belonged to the age group of 36-55 years. The most (27.5%) common site of implant placement was sextant 4 specifically in relation to the first molar. 98.69% of implant sites showed no signs of infection. 0.66% of implants (in one subject) showed peri-implantitis. 0.33% showed peri- implant mucositis and for 0.33% implants the data was insufficient for categorization. Within the limits of the study, the incidence of peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis was 1.31% among implant patients of a Dental University Hospital in Chennai, India. --- ## Oral health status of diabetic patients visiting a private dental hospital, Chennai **Authors:** Sharon Keziah V, Pradeep Kumar R **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4053 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental caries, Diabetes, Periodontitis, Pulpitis, Oral health Diabetes mellitus is the second most common non-communicable disease in India. There are various diseases of the oral cavity resulting as a complication of diabetes. This underlying systemic disease could affect the prognosis of any dental treatment. The aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of various types of oral lesions associated with diabetes. A total of 343 diabetic patients visiting the dental hospital in Chennai over a period of one year (1 June 2019 to 1 June 2020) were selected for the study. Detailed case history and clinical examination were carried out under visible light. The study population was age 30 years and above. Data collected were analysed using SPSS software and the results were recorded. The majority of the diabetic patients were males, aged 61-75 years. Dental caries was the most common oral disease, followed by pulpitis and periodontitis. The premalignant lesions like Oral Sub Mucous Fibrosis, Lichen Planus and Leukoplakia were also found. It was found that male diabetic patients are more prone to oral diseases compared to females. Hence, it is recommended that awareness on oral hygiene and periodic oral health examination will improve the oral health status of diabetic patients. --- ## Awareness on innovative techniques in dentistry among dental patients **Authors:** Soorya Ganesh, Keerthi Sasanka, Vishnu Priya V. **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4055 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** advancements, experience, tools, oral health For decades, going to the dentist was considered an undesirable experience. It involved sitting under a bright light and having your mouth invaded with a variety of tools. Even though dental health was very important to your overall health and for having a nice smile, among other benefits, many people chose to steer clear of dental visits because of how uncomfortable it was for them. Fortunately, new technological advancements are making trips to the dentist quicker, easier, less painful and more reliable. Due to these advancements, the dental industry was growing rapidly and looking much different than it did in past years. A greater emphasis on treatment and prevention will mean fewer caries (cavities) in patients and less risk of periodontal disease. Similar to innovation within other health care professions, these new technologies will have a huge impact on how dental professionals treat their patients and how people take care of their oral health at home. --- ## Suryanadi Pranayama on Physiological Indices among Smokers **Authors:** Thenmozhi P, Bhuvaneswaran D **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3991 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cigarette Smoking, Breathing Exercise, Pranayama, Respiratory Function, Smoker, Suryanadi, Yoga Smoking causes important structural and functional alterations to the respiratory epithelium. Breathing exercise is the best practice to prevent the smoking associated diseases especially respiratory illnesses and death. Pranayama is a method of breathing and chest expansion exercise which improves the ventilatory functioning and overall capacity of lungs. Hence, the study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the effectiveness of Suryanadi Pranayama on physiological indices among smokers. The pre-experimental research design was conducted with 30 samples which matched with the inclusion criteria. Suryanadi Pranayama was administered for 30days. The primary outcome of the research was respiratory rate, pulse rate, peak expiratory flow rate and oxygen saturation which was measured before and after the intervention and was compared by using SPSS package. The study finding reveal that there was a highly significant changes was found in respiratory rate, pulse rate, peak flow expiratory rate and oxygen saturation at the level of p<0.001. It is concluded that Suryanadi Pranayama is safe and effective breathing exercise yoga and suggested replicating the similar study on larger samples for wider understanding the mechanisms involved. --- ## Reactive lesions of the oral cavity - A retrospective study **Authors:** Sivaharini S, Herald J. Sherlin, Vivek Narayan **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4076 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Reactive lesions, mucosa, gingiva, Keratosis, tumour Reactive lesions are tumor-like growth and are non-neoplastic in nature. The external and internal stimuli give rise to reactive lesions. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence and of the oral reactive lesions in an institutional setup. This is a single center cross-sectional retrospective study where records of patients with reactive lesions were collected from 86000 patients visiting Saveetha Dental College during the time period of June 2019 to March 2020. Descriptive statistical methods were used and recorded on data forms. The data were analyzed using SPSS, chi-square tests. 225 patients were identified with reactive lesions. 81(36.2%) patients had tobacco pouch Keratosis, followed by 59 (26.3%) patients with Keratosis. 144 (64%) patients were not wearing or using any prosthesis. However, 44 (19.6%) patients were using temporary partial dentures and 22 (9.8%) patients were using complete dentures. Of all the cases examined,168 (74.7%) were male 57(25.3%) were female. The most commonly affected anatomical site was the gingiva with 64 (28.4%) patients. A total of 155(68.9%) patients had poor oral hygiene Tobacco pouch keratosis is the most commonly affected lesion. Attention to policies about controlling and preventing tobacco and the risk of malignant transformation must be stressed. Early detection and treatment of reactive lesions by dentists can reduce dentoalveolar complications. --- ## Impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare and Lifestyle-an E-survey on Indian Population **Authors:** Pratapwar Tejas, Kadam Sanjivani, Shrivastav Anushka, Ankur Kumar, Polshettiwar Satish, Nimbalkar Vidya **Published:** 2020-12-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4751 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid-19, Lifestyle, E-survey, Healthcare The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is one of the most complex viruses that challenged humanity and became pandemic. Due to the rapid spread of COVID-19, the Indian government announced a lockdown. Strategies like social distancing, implementing travel bans, closing crowded public places and school, colleges etc., were used by Government to prevent individuals from getting infected. Sudden lockdown resulted in limitation on outdoor activities and disturbance in the daily routine of people, which affected their physical as well as mental health. Considering all this, an E-survey was conducted to analyse the changes related to healthcare and lifestyle amongst the Indian population. The E- the survey was conducted from 22nd September to 9th November 2020, among the Indian Population using Google forms accessible through any device. The link to Google form was circulated via e-mails and social networking sites like Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp etc. Participants were informed about the aim of the project. After submission of the Google forms by the participants, their responses were analysed in a Microsoft Excel sheet. A total of 904 individuals responded for the survey. The basic observations included increased positive mentality of people towards their health. There were few instances where this pandemic affected the people in a negative way, some of which includes increased cases of anxiety, depression and increased screen time etc. There were many positive as well as negative outcomes of pandemic amongst Indian population, despite various limitations, many important aspects were taken into consideration. --- ## Nifedipine Oral Disintegration Tablet: Design, Optimization, Invivo-pharmacokinetic and Stability Studies **Authors:** Arindam Chatterjee, Shaik Mohammad Abdulla, Nagarajan G, Birendra Shrivastava **Published:** 2020-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4857 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Orodispersed Tablet, Nifedipine, Wet Granulation, Bioavailability, Optimization Nifedipine has a bioavailability of 45-56 percent and a 2-hour elimination half-life. It has a 50 percent kidney excretion rate and a 5-15 percent bile excretion rate. The intention of this research is to invent and evaluate Nifedipine loaded ODT and to prove the enhancement of bioavailability. The 23 factorial optimization design exposed about the outcome of independent variable on dependent variable throughout the formulation of Nifedipine ODT. From the records, it was accomplished that there was a good correlation between Disintegration time, Dissolution rate and super disintegration concentration. The formulation F4 (Nifedipine ODT) has achieve the goal of ODT drug delivery with desired release characteristics, cost-effective, decreased dose, effective administration and hence improved patient compliance. The invivo pharmacokinetic studies reveals that increase in AUC0-∞; decrease in Tmax; increase in Cmax in Nifedipine ODT shows better bioavailability and faster duration of therapeutic action than marketed Nifilat® dosage form. Nifedipine ODT was stable at various temperature, humidity conditions and there was no drastic change in evaluation parameters. That it was concluded that Oral dispersible tablet (ODT) was a suitable dosage form to enhance the solubility at the same time the bioavailability of BCS class II drugs like Nifedipine. --- ## Use of prodrugs in cancer therapy - A Review **Authors:** Sai Keerthana M B, Kavitha S, Sangeetha S, Vishnupriya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3719 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Prodrugs, Cancer Therapy, Tumor A prodrug is a medicine that is primarily used after administration, that is metabolized into a pharmacologically active drug. A prodrug is generally a precursor form of a drug. A prodrug is used to selectively improve the drug that directly interacts with cells used in any form of treatment like chemotherapy. The drug, when taken separately, does not have much effect, whereas, a drug taken in after the administration of prodrug acts very effectively. Prodrugs are often used in the pharmaceutical field. Prodrug alters certain properties of prodrugs, such as physicochemical properties to enhance their efficacy and reduce their toxicity. The cancer cells are first injected with a gene that expresses an enzyme that has the ability to convert a non-toxic prodrug into its active cytotoxic form. Various applications of prodrugs include improving drug penetration through biological membranes, increasing site-specificity of a drug; it mainly improves patient's acceptance. Prodrugs stabilize the active drug and prevent drug metabolism. This review was written with an aim to highlight the important aspects of prodrugs and its use in cancer therapy. --- ## Review on Commonly used Medical Therapies for Glaucoma **Authors:** Bhatt Tarang R, Golwala Dharmesh K **Published:** 2020-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4802 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Glaucoma, Beta Blocker, Prostaglandins, Timolol Maleate, Dorzolamide, Travoprost, Bimatoprost Glaucoma is a multipart disorder which leads to continuous degeneration of the optic nerve leading to partial or total blindness. Topical medications are the most common form of therapy to patients. All medication used in glaucoma acts either decreasing the production of aqueous humour and/or by enhancing its outflow, which aids in reducing intra ocular pressure. Medications that cause a decline in aqueous humor secretion are beta-blockers, a2 agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. While medications that enhances aqueous drainage include Cholinergic agonists, prostaglandin analogues and adrenergic agonists. Amongst all the drugs, latanoprost and its combinations offer the highest reduction in intra-ocular pressure, but its instability at room temperature is a major drawback to patients. All types of alternative therapy are still at an initial stage, and there are various scopes of development, and further clinical studies will provide more insight. And surgical procedures, which are mainly Argon laser trabeculoplasty and Selective laser trabeculoplasty, are currently preferred, which provides effective results for the patients, but it is not very suitable for all the patients, and there are a few post-operative complications. Thus, modern research on the reduction of dose, precise drug delivery and sustained reduction of IOP shall help in improvising the medications of glaucoma and help mankind from this serious vision-threatening disease. --- ## The Source and Transmission of COVID-19 **Authors:** Chetan Patel **Published:** 2020-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4196 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Respiratory Droplet, Sars-Cov-2, Fomites SARS-CoV-2 is recognized as a public health concern by WHO & declared it as a pandemic on 11th of March 2020. Over 4,43,03,684 people affected with the death of 11,72,955 worldwide till 28 of October 2020. The most affected country is the USA with a total no. Affected case of 90,39,170 then INDIA with a 7,99,03,222 no. of cases and death of 1,20,054 people. SARS-CoV-2 thought to commonly spread via respiratory droplets from an infected person form during talking, coughing, sneezing, etc. Several cases are found without a travel history to affected area leading to a strong possibility of community transmission. Transmission can be divided into two parts. Direct through airway droplets (respiratory droplets), through body fluid and secretions ex. Saliva, faeces, tears etc. and mother to child (ex. Breastfeeding). Indirect fomites or surfaces (objects which get infected by the patient) or objects which are uses for a checkup of an infected person. A significant number of these modes found or unfamiliar with evidence are neglected, thus is requires to specify and delineate them. Despite the fact that the writing could conceivably make reference to these courses, it is essential to underscore them as it might help in avoidance and treatment. --- ## Study of Rasayana Chikitsa through Dhatu Parinaama Nyaya W.S.R. to Stem Cells **Authors:** Sreelekshmi G, Navoday Raju N R, Raole Vaidehi **Published:** 2020-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4091 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Dhatu, Parinama, Nyaya, Stem Cells, Sookshma Dhatu, Sthoola Dhatu Stem cells are special cells that attain an ability to become various type of cells, present in an embryo as well as in an adult. These cells are used to replace and regenerate new organs, tissues or even an entire organism due to their self-renewing, uni or pleuripotent properties. In Ayurvedic concept, the Dhatu are developing and nourishing in a sequential manner based on the Dhatu Parinama Nyaya (Law of Transportation and Transformation). Each Dhatu or bodily tissue is formed from either Ahaara Rasa or from the elements of previous Dhatu and gives rise to the formation of next Dhatu (Sookshma Dhatu). Hence, Sookshma (minute) Dhatu or Stem cells in a particular Dhatu can be comparable to stem cells because their ability to generate the different tissues. The aim of this article is to provide an awareness about the stem cells or Sookshma Dhatu in the light of concept of Dhatu Parinama Nyaya. --- ## Study of serum adenosine deaminase activity and c-reactive protein in patients of rheumatoid arthritis **Authors:** Sangeetha R, Ramesh Raju K A P, Hemapriya S, Suganthi V, Panneerselvam P **Published:** 2020-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4724 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rheumatoid Arthritis, Inflammation, Biomarker, Infection Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease that causes inflammatory synovitis. The treatment plan of RA includes reducing inflammation and improving the quality of life. Hence, understanding the role of Adenosine deaminase (ADA) and C-reactive protein helps for a better plan of treatment. The present study was undertaken to determine the serum ADA activity and CRP in RA patients and correlate with the severity of the progression of the disease. 25 patients diagnosed with RA as per 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria and 25 age and sex matched healthy controls were included in the study after informed consent. Blood samples were collected from all the subjects after an overnight fast, serum separated was analyzed immediately for Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity measured using colorimetric method of Guisti and Galanti. Disease score, C-reactive protein, RA factor, ADA and ESR were significantly higher in cases when compared with controls. Significant positive correlation was present between the disease score and C-reactive protein, RA factor among cases. A positive correlation was observed between the disease score and ADA, but it was not statistically significant among cases. --- ## Patients Preference to Clear Aligner Therapy Over Conventional Orthodontic Therapy **Authors:** Harippriya Karthikeyan, Remmiya Mary Varghese, Visalakshi Ramanathan **Published:** 2020-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3718 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aesthetics, Clear Aligner Therapy, Malocclusion, Orthodontic Treatment, Patient Preferences Malocclusion is defined as irregularity of the teeth or a mal-relationship of the dental arches beyond the range of what is accepted as normal occlusion. Maloccluded teeth can cause psychological problems that are related to impaired dentofacial esthetics. Malocclusion may also cause serious problems related to oral health. This is a multifactorial defect caused by factors such as environment, lifestyle, health, genetics, socio-economic status etc. Clear aligners are orthodontic therapeutic options which are preferred for the correction of maloccluded teeth. The main aim of the study was to find out the awareness of the patients towards the preference of clear aligners as orthodontic treatment options. A University based setting was conducted. A sample size of hundred patients was taken for the survey. The survey was done by distributing an online questionnaire through Google forms consisting of 11 questions and circulated among the participants. The participants comprise both male and female patients. To eliminate bias, a randomized sampling method was used. The data was collected over a period of one week. All the 11 questions of the survey were close ended questions. Chi square test was applied to find the association between the parameters and the level of significance. This study shows the patients have a moderate understanding of clear aligners and their acceptance of it as an orthodontic treatment option. --- ## Antioxidant Properties of Curcumin and Its Impact on Arteriovenous Fistula Maturation in End-Stage Kidney Disease Patient with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 **Authors:** Dedy Pratama, Hendro Sudjono Yuwono, Rudi Supriyadi, Herry Herman, Fachreza Aryo Damara, Avicenna Akbar **Published:** 2020-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4107 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Curcumin, Arteriovenous fistula, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Total Antioxidant Capacity The risk of maturation failure in arteriovenous fistula (AVF) remains high. Curcumin poses antioxidant effects may enhance AVF maturation. This study evaluates the antioxidant effect of Curcumin on AVF maturation among type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM) with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This was a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial conducted in three tertiary hospitals in Jakarta, Indonesia. Patients underwent the first hemodialysis. A total of 67 patients divided into groups of Curcumin, acetylsalicylic acid, and placebo. After 4 weeks, TAC level among the curcumin group was significantly higher compared to acetylsalicylic acid, and placebo groups 794.2(457.4±1473.7) µM vs. 519.2(247.7 ± 1027.7) µM and 794.2(457.4± 1473.7) µM vs. 542.5(281.91± 1054.64) µM, respectively (p<0.05). Also, TAC after 8 weeks was significantly higher among curcumin group compared to acetylsalicylic acid, and placebo groups (820.5(380.7± 1643.7) µM vs. 509.7(341.0± 981.91) µM and 820.5(380.7± 1643.7) µM vs. 497.7(324.7± 979.2) µM, respectively (p<0.001). The TAC level patients with mature AVF were also higher. A 2000 mg/day of curcumin increases antioxidant capacity after 4 and 8 weeks following AVF surgery among ESRD with T2DM. --- ## Method Development and Validation of Metoprolol and Felodipine by using RP-HPLC in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form **Authors:** Potturi Ramadevi, Kantipudi Rambabu **Published:** 2020-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4763 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPLC, Metoprolol, Felodipine, Development, Validation The main objective of this research is to develop and validate a simple, specific, precise, sensitive, cost effective and rapid Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for simultaneous quantification of Felodipine and Metoprolol in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The separation of the analytes were carried out on a X-bridge phenyl column with a moving phase composed of 0.1 % Tri ethyl amine: acetonitrile (30:70 v/v) delivered at a stream of 1.0 ml/min, and separation has been observed by UV detector, at a detection wavelength of 235 nm. This method was proven to be linear over a concentration limit of 10-150 µg/ml for Metoprolol, 2-30 µg/ml for Felodipine with correlation coefficient of 0.999. The retention time of Metoprolol and Felodipine were 2.936, 4.535 minutes respectively. To separate Metoprolol and Felodipine peaks a run time of 8 min. was used. The validation results were in good agreement with acceptable limits. RSD values which are less than 2.0 % indicating the accuracy and precision of this method. Hence it was evident that the proposed method was said to be a suitable one for the regular analysis and quality control of pharmaceutical preparations which contain these active drugs either individually or in combination. --- ## Fixation of Closed Transverse Patella Fracture with Cannulated Cancellous Screws and Anterior Tension Band Wiring - A Prospective Study **Authors:** Senthil Loganathan, Raghavendran B, Thiyagarajan U, Pradeep J **Published:** 2020-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.2636 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Patella Fractures, Cannulated Cancellous Screws, Anterior Tension Band Wiring Patella fractures accounts for 1% of all skeletal injuries. Patella fractures usually need to be treated with accurate reduction and fixation to obtain optimal knee function. Improper reduction of the articular fragments leads to complications like arthritis and quadriceps dysfunction. Tension band wiring and pasting are commonly performed fixation methods. Tension band wiring with K-wires is associated with wire prominence and soft tissue irritation. Cannulated cancellous screw fixation of the fracture and tension band wiring through the cannulated screws avoid the complication of wire migration and breakage. In our study, we fixed these fractures with cannulated cancellous screws and tension band. This is a prospective study done in SRMC from 2012-2017. A total of 17 Patients with transverse patella fracture are taken into a study, 4mm cannulated cancellous screws with 18 mm stainless steel wire is used for anterior tension band wiring. Extensor retinaculum closure is done for all these patients. All patients had excellent knee function, according to KSS. There was no case of implant prominence or soft issue irritation in any of these patients. One patient had extensor lag. Cannulated cancellous screw with anterior tension band wiring is a reliable, effective and reproducible technique in treating transverse patella fractures. --- ## Formulation and Stability Test of Cream Ethanol Extract Senduduk Leaves (Melastoma malabatricum L.) on Burn Healing of Male White Mice **Authors:** Sri Hainil, Delladari Mayefis, Alvin Kurniawan **Published:** 2020-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4712 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cream, Burn Wounds, Malastoma malabathricum, Senduduk Burns are tissue damage caused by contact with heat sources such as fire, chemicals, electricity and radiation. This study aims to find a new burn drug from senduduk leaves (Melastoma malabathricum L.) with a form of standard cream preparation type M/A. The viscous extract of the leaves of senduduk is carried out by a characterization test and screening test, then formulated in the form of cream with a concentration of 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. Standard cream type M/A formulated with senduduk leaf extract was evaluated and tested for the stability of the preparation. Mice were burnt with a heated metal plate, then smeared with the cream of senduduk leaf extract and the diameter was measured using a calliper by measuring the four sides of the wound diameter and averaging it to obtain the proportion of wound closure. The percentage of wound closure was analyzed at D-1 to D-11 treatment. The results showed that the ethanol extract of senduduk leaf cream preparation with a concentration of 7.5% was more effective in healing burns with an average diameter of 0.20 cm of final burns and the proportion of wound healing was 99% compared to the concentration of senduduk leaf extract cream preparation which was other. The results of the burn test showed that the ethanol extract of senduduk leaf cream with a concentration of 7.5% was efficacious in healing wounds in mice. --- ## Diagnostic Hysteroscopy in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: A Prospective Analytical study **Authors:** Karthiga Prabhu J, Sunita Samal, Shanmugapriya Chandrasekaran, Maitrayee Sen, Balaji Ramraj **Published:** 2020-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4842 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hysteroscopy, AUB, Postmenopausal Bleeding, Endometrial Polyp Localized lesions like a polyp or abnormal growth can be missed by traditional dilatation and curettage whereas such intrauterine abnormalities can be easily diagnosed by hysteroscopy as we can directly visualise the cervical canal and uterine cavity. The objective of our study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of hysteroscopy in diagnosing the cause of AUB and to correlate hysteroscopy findings with histopathology. This prospective study was conducted in women with symptoms of AUB in the reproductive, perimenopausal and postmenopausal age group who had underwent hysteroscopy over a period of 2 years. Hysteroscopic findings and histopathology findings were compared. The main symptoms for which hysteroscopy was performed was postmenopausal bleeding (44.1%) followed by menorrhagia (33.8%). Hysteroscopy detection of abnormal findings had a sensitivity 90%, specificity 87.5%, positive predictive value 98.2% and negative predictive value 53.8%. To conclude hysteroscopy improves the accuracy of diagnosing intrauterine pathologies and also helps in treating some causes of AUB by simple procedures in the same sitting thereby avoiding major surgeries. --- ## Evaluation of Fluoride-Induced Neuro Degenerative Defences in Cyclea peltata Lam Roots **Authors:** Rajkumar S, Sambathkumar R, Gomathi Swaminathan, Vijayabaskaran M, Kannan C **Published:** 2020-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4756 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cyclea peltata, Fluoride, Antioxidants, Neurodegeneration Many diseases have become easier to diagnose and treat as a result of advancements in medical science and technology, but strokes, which have multiple etiologies and mechanisms, continue to be difficult to treat. Synthetic drugs are notorious for causing a slew of unavoidable side effects. Herbal drugs have a wide range of mechanisms of action and are typically free of side effects, making them excellent alternatives to synthetic drugs for stroke treatment. Cyclea peltata (Lam) Hook f. Thoms roots were studied for their neuroprotective properties against fluoride-induced neurodegeneration in rats. The rat brain homogenate was investigated for the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants like norepinephrine and serotonin to analyse the health of the brain. Both the hormones norepinephrine and serotonin levels were restored due to the treatment with ethanol extract of the plant. The antioxidant enzyme levels like SOD, CAT, GSH and GPx in the rat brain were estimated, and the results were similar to the non-enzymatic levels. The elevation of antioxidant enzymes indicates that the extract had an antioxidant mechanism that is responsible to help in the prevention of neurodegeneration of rats. In the brain tissues treated with Cyclea peltata extract, there was a significant increase in antioxidant enzymes and a reduction in lipid peroxidation, confirming the antioxidant mechanisms responsible for stroke prevention in extract-treated groups. The root extract of Cyclea peltata was found to show a reasonable inhibitory effect on neurodegeneration when delivered at a dose of 200mg/kg. --- ## Antidiabetic and Antilipidemic activity of Herbal extract mixtures (HEM) in STZ-NA induced diabetes in rats **Authors:** Uma P, Venkatachalam V V, Mani Chandrika P, Sorabh Kumar Agrawal **Published:** 2020-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4844 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide, Diabetes, Polyherbal Formulation, Metformin The effects of Herbal extract mixtures were studied in the streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ- NA) induced diabetes rat model. The present study was undertaken to assess the effects of herbal extract mixtures on the blood sugar level (BSL) as well as blood lipid level (BLL) of STZ- NA diabetic rats. The leaves of Moringa oleifera and roots of Raphanus sativus were used for the study due to the presence of various phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, phenolic acids, flavonoids. Three herbal extract mixtures were prepared from different portions of leaves of Moringa oleifera and roots of Raphanus sativus and titled HEMA, HEMB and HEMC. Diabetes in experimental animals was induced by STZ injection intraperitoneally (i. p) after 30 min of Nicotinamide injection i. p in all animal groups except normal control group animals. Group, I served as normal control received no treatment. Group II served as negative control received streptozotocin-nicotinamide. Group III rats were treated with Metformin, Group IV, Group V and Group VI rats treated with HEMA, HEMB, HEMC Group VII and Group VIII treated with Moringa and Raphanus extracts respectively. Physical parameters (body weight, feed and water intake), Biochemical parameters (Blood Glucose, Serum Insulin, Serum C-Peptide Level, Serum Leptin, Serum Total cholesterol, Serum Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL) were measured on 0th, 14th and 28th day. The study results and histopathology of the pancreas indicate that oral administration of HEMB proved as a more effective, safe anti-diabetic agent in comparison with other extracts by Decrease in body weight, fasting blood glucose, serum glucose level. Increase in serum insulin level, serum C- peptide with a significant decrease in blood serum lipid level.Bottom of Form --- ## Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from Taverniera cuneifolia (Roth) Arn.: In vitro germination and somatic embryogenesis via tissue culture studies **Authors:** Marjan Ghasemi, Ajay G Namdeo **Published:** 2020-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4824 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Somatic Embryogenesis, Root Culture, Secondary Metabolites, Glycyrrhizic Acid Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is commercially extracted from plant Glycyrrhiza glabra L., while Taverniera cuneifolia (Roth) Arn, licorice of India comprise similar phytochemical constituents but has been least studies on commercial applications. In 21st century, scientist and pharmacognocist explored new biomolecules in several plants which proved to comprise medicinal properties for examination against bacteria and fungi, to circumvent loss of native plants, for better and quantitative extraction using plants of similar properties. GA from the root extracts of plants exhibits promising anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour and anti-germ tube formation protection and other cytotoxic activities. This compound has pharmacological properties such as HIV inhibition, in the food sector, mono-ammonium salt (glycyrram) is a form of sweetener with nutrient enhancement properties. The present study experiments on methods for Development of somatic embryos from root culture and to regenerate plant using root cultures. The observations revealed that, shoot initiation and rate of root growth ranged from 65.4% to 89.3% while plant regeneration from somatic embryos was 82.6% when cultures in 1/4th strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium by sucrose 2% used as a supplement. The study illustrates that proliferative germination of seeds in respective media and also suggested that T. cuneifolia could be used as substitute of G. glabra used as an systematic methodology and plants are mass-produced from a single mother plant. --- ## Repercussion of piperine on pharmacokinetics parameters of eletriptan in albino rats: Involvement of CYP3A and P-GP inhibition **Authors:** Hematheerthani N, Siva Reddy CH, Prameela Rani A, Suresh Kumar P **Published:** 2020-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4821 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Eletriptan, Piperine, Bioavailability, Pharmacokinetics, P-glycoprotein, Cytochrome P-450 Eletriptan is at the type of triptan medication suggested for the management of episodes of severe headache with or without aura. Piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine) is a pure alkaloid as well as the basic tanginess material from the pipli and peppercorn. There are signs that piperine inhibits Cytochrome P-450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein, rather than arouses, drug metabolism generally, thus increasing the bioavailability and effect of several medications. The analysis was undertaken to assess the results of Piperine on the pharmacokinetics of Eletriptan. Samples of blood were taken at different time points for example 0 (predose), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12, 24 hours post-treatment. The plasma concentration of Eletriptan was estimated with the HPLC procedure. In our study Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-24 , AUC0-8, AUC%, AUMC0-24, AUMC0-8, t1/2, MRT0-24, MRT0-8 and Volume of distribution were increased by approximately 51.76%, 7.55%, 72.93%, 84.42%, 42.72%, 93.56%, 128.82%, 19.97%, 11.74%, 23.96% and 3% respectively, where as clearance decreased by 42.10% when eletriptan co-administered with piperine. In summary, the results obtained herein imply that Piperine is improving the bioavailability of Eletriptan by strengthening the exposure (AUC) of their Eletriptan when concomitantly administered by the oral route. The Piperine improved the oral bioavailability of eletriptan by inhibiting CYP3A and P-GP in rats. This observation indicates the possibility that the combo of piperine along with other CYP3A and P-GP double substrates can also enhance bioavailability. --- ## Design, development and in vivo pharmacokinetic of telmisartan loaded oral disintegration tablets **Authors:** Arindam Chatterjee, Shaik Mohammad Abdulla, Nagarajan G, Birendra Shrivastava **Published:** 2020-12-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4858 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Orodispersed Tablet, Telmisartan, Wet Granulation Orodispersible Tablets (ODT) is a novel tableting technology which is formulated, and it overcomes the difficulties of other multi compressed tablets. Telmisartan has a bioavailability of 42-100 percent and a 24-hour elimination half-life. It excretes the majority of drugs through the faeces, which accounts for 97 percent of total drug excretion. The objective of this research is to formulate and evaluate Telmisartan loaded ODT and to prove the enhancement of dissolution and bioavailability of Telmisartan. From the DSC studies, it was confirmed that Telmisartan and excipients used in the formulation are compatible to each other and suitable for the manufacturing process. Telmisartan loaded ODT was formulated by wet granulation technique and evaluated for powder characteristics and release characteristics. About 9 formulations were formulated in each ODT, and all the formulation obeys a good powder flow characteristic from the angle of repose, Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio. All the experimental formulation batches have been subjected to various evaluations viz, average weight, friability, disintegration, thickness, hardness, dissolution, content uniformity. Among this nine Telmisartan ODT formulations (F1-F9), F7 possess an expected release pattern and disintegration time in a short time period (i.e., 101.8 ± 2.72 in 5th min and disintegration time at 5 seconds), which may fastens the absorption and bioavailability of Telmisartan. It was concluded that ODT was a suitable dosage form to enhance the solubility at the same time the bioavailability of BCS class II drugs like Telmisartan. --- ## Importance of physical activity during the pandemic **Authors:** Shivangi Balwaik **Published:** 2020-12-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4130 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID -19, SARS CoV-2, Pandemic, Physical fitness, Immunity This year, we are facing a pandemic that has caused a catastrophe in the lives of people all over the world. In December of 2019, an outbreak of a novel coronavirus first emerged in the city of Wuhan which is in Hubei province of China. The virus has been named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease as coronavirus disease 2019 because it causes sars and the disease was first discovered in the year 2019. In India though, the first lab-confirmed case of COVID-19 was first reported from the state of Kerala on January 30, 2020. As of March 31, 2020, a total 2,245 number of cases and 56 deaths were reported in India. Pathophysiology: Although this virus usually first invades the lung tissue and respiratory tract and causes pneumonia, and in severe cases, all the major organ systems in the body are impacted negatively causing to systemic failure in certain individuals. Alas, currently, there is no effective treatment for COVID. People with comorbidities, age and pathological sates are more prone to severe infection and finally, death. In this article, the mechanism at the cellular level and effects of COVID-19 to the human body. Factors like age immunity regular physical activity social distancing basic hygiene will be reviewed in this article. The objectives of this article are to first understand how the covid 19 virus affects various organ systems of the body. Then how routine physical activity is helpful in fighting the virus. And finally, what are the various ways in which we adapt routine physical activities in our daily lives during this lowdown and also look at the various physical activities. --- ## The fatal cholera like diarrhoea in coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)- a rare case report in toddler **Authors:** Varsha Gajbhiye, Shubhangi Patil (Ganvir), Sarika Gaikwad **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4531 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Paediatric Diarrhoea, COVID-19, SARS-COV-2, Metabolic Disorder A 14-month female child came with complain of cholera like watery loose stool 10-12 times and vomiting 6-7 times, 24 hrs before admission. She was in severe dehydration, hypotension, unconscious with no recorded fever during her stay in hospital and no history of contact with COVID-19. Patient was COVID-19 positive Dehydration and hypotension was corrected, metabolic acidosis continued and eventually patient succumb due to multiple organ failure. This case report should arouse us to suspect COVID infection in every acute Gastroenteritis child who may not have any common symptoms as seen in COVID patient, also who have no history of significant contact with COVID positive patient in family. Some people with COVID-19 develop gastrointestinal symptoms either alone or with respiratory symptoms. Recently, researchers at Stanford University found that a third of patients they studied with a mild case of COVID-19 had symptoms affecting the digestive system. Another recent study Trusted Source published by researchers in Beijing found that anywhere from 3 to 79 percent of people with COVID-19 develop gastrointestinal symptoms. --- ## Image-guided fine-needle aspirates in thoracoabdominal lesions with particular reference to liver malignancies **Authors:** Anand Gudur, Jyoti S. Tele, Upadhey S R, Avinash M. Mane, Oswal R M, Mahendra Alate **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4468 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fine-needle, cytology, Image, thoracoabdominal, Malignancies The present research has been conducted to find the utility of image-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of thoracoabdominal lesions. It also has attempted to study the frequency of distribution of thoracoabdominal lesions. At the same time tried to classify various thoracoabdominal lesions with the help of image-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology. The study of image-guided FNAC of thoracoabdominal lesions was carried out for twenty-four months, i.e. from MAY 2014 to APRIL 2016, which included 80 cases. Most patients (80%) were in the 5th-7th decade of life. All cases of ovarian lesions were diagnosed as malignant tumours on cytology, 08 were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma and one case of granulosa cell tumour. 06 out of 08 cases which diagnosed as adenocarcinoma on cytology, were confirmed on histology and diagnosed as mucinous cystadenocarcinoma(03 cases) and papillary serous carcinoma (03 cases). A case of malignant granulosa cell tumour was diagnosed on cytology and confirmed on histopathology. A case of mesenteric lymphadenopathy was diagnosed as granulomatous inflammation, suggestive of tuberculosis and was confirmed on histopathology with 100% accuracy. This was the only paediatric case in our study. A case of paraspinal abscess of thoracic vertebrae was diagnosed as chronic inflammation on guided FNAC, and the etiological agent was identified with histopathology as actinomyces. --- ## A Study To Compare The Accuracy Of Interpupillary Distance Measured Using Interpupillary Distance Ruler With That Of Neidek Autorefractometer **Authors:** Nehaapriya R, Bindu Bhaskaran, Syeda Sadiya Ikram, Divya N, Panimalar V, Veeramani A **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4465 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Stereo perception, near point convergence, binocular viewing instruments, anthropometric measurements The purpose of this study is to compare the accuracy of interpupillary distance (IPD) measured using an Interpupillary distance (IPD) ruler with that of a needed auto refractometer. The validity of both the test are compared and normal data for each individual were established. To assess the accuracy of Interpupillary distance measured using IPD ruler with that of Neidek auto refractometer. The IPD is a very cardial measurement that had to be calculated for patients with spectacle corrections before selecting frames. A cross-sectional study involving 150 subjects was conducted in the OPD of the Department of Ophthalmology in a Medical college in Chennai. Interpupillary distances had been measured using the IPD ruler and the Neidek auto refractometer, during a period of 3 months. IPD measurements from 150 subjects were obtained using IPD ruler and Neidek auto refractometer. From the study, it was found that there is a no significant difference between the IPD measured using IPD ruler with that of Neidek auto refractometer. IPD measured using IPD ruler is accurate to the IPD measured using Neidek auto refractometer. --- ## Knowledge, attitude and practice of Breastfeeding among lactating mothers in a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Rakesh KS, Santosh Kumar K **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4452 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** KAP questionnaire, Breastfeeding, Lactating mothers Knowledge of Breastfeeding and its practice among lactating mothers is an essential factor which determines the breastfeeding rates. Exclusive breast- feeding helps in preventing neonatal and infant mortality and morbidity and is one of the most important public health intervention, which can reduce the under-five mortality also. This study was conducted in Saveetha medical college hospital between March 2020 and June 2020. To assess the knowledge, attitude, Practice of Breastfeeding among lactating mothers. Descriptive cross-sectional study. 100 lactating mothers admitted to our hospital after delivery were selected randomly. They were interviewed based on a questionnaire which was prepared to assess the knowledge attitude and practice of breastfeeding. Informed consent was obtained after explaining the objective of the study. Out of 100 mothers, 71.38% had good knowledge, 66.6% showed a positive attitude towards breastfeeding, and 63.33% had acceptable breastfeeding practices. The breastfeeding practices followed in our hospital can be improved further by proper counselling and nutritional education of the mothers in the antenatal and immediate postnatal period. The comprehensive lactation management programme which has recently been started in our hospital could aid in the same. Dedicated lactation counsellor and lactation nurse could also help achieve improved breastfeeding practices and attitude towards breastfeeding. --- ## Prevalence and risk factors of soil-transmitted helminth among minority indigenous community in Malaysia **Authors:** Naim Khir, Mehru Nisha, Tong Woei Yenn, Fabian Davamani **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4455 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Prevalence, Risk Factor, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Soil-Transmitted Helminths Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections occurs via fecal-oral route. WHO has reported there are up to 90% of children from poor communities with inadequate hygiene and sanitation prone to at least one STH infection. In Malaysia, the indigenous community (Orang Asli) is the predominant communities prone to STH infections. Hence, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence of STHs infections among Orang Asli in Kampong Donglai Baru, Semenyih, Selangor. Questionnaires surveys were conducted to gather information on the risk factor associated with the Orang Asli community following with stool samples were collected from the villagers. Basic parasitology method, floatation technique was carried out to determine the type and burden of STHs. Total sample obtained from salt-sugar floatation method were sixty seven (n=67), with 64 (95.5%) were positive for STH infection. The prevalence of Trichuris trichiura was 85.9% (n=55) while Ascaris lumbricoides was 93.8% (n=60). Results shown majority of the villagers have double infection (79.7%, n=51). Several risk factors were found significantly associated (p<0.05) with T. trichiura infection such as age factors, education level and frequency of hand washing. However, those risk factors were no significant associated with A. lumbricoides infection. The study showed a higher prevalence rate of STH infection predominantly by Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides within a small group of the Orang Asli community, hence further prevention method like administration of anthihelminthic drug is recommended. --- ## Evaluation of Refractive Errors in Children **Authors:** Krithiga M, Xavier Jayaseelan C **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4449 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism, refractive errors, evaluation The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of refractive errors in children. Children of selected ages will be identified for visual acuity measurement, and primary eye examination will be performed. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the refractive errors in children in Saveetha medical college. A comprehensive eye examination was performed, and children with different types of refractive errors were found out. A total of 100 children were taken for the study. The sample size of the study is 100. Eye examination was performed, and refractive error was evaluated. The refractive errors that are most common in the affected age groups can be found out. The most common refractive error was found to be myopia, followed by hypermetropia and then astigmatism. This study helps to identify the most common type of error, and the causes can be found out. This is also helpful in the prevention of these errors. Early diagnosis will lead to proper and effective treatment. When these errors are left untreated, it can cause other severe effects in the eye. Awareness should be created among both the children and the parents about this problem, and the importance of regular eye examination can be stressed through this study. --- ## Prenatal Ultrasonographic and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Diagnosis of Occipital Meningio-Encephalocele- An Interesting Case Report **Authors:** Karthik Krishna Ramakrishnan, Ashwini Govisetty, Naveen Nagendran, Meyyappan Meenakshisomasundaram, Paarthipan Natarajan, Seena Cheppala Rajan **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4462 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Occipital Meningioencephalocele, Encephalocele, Neural Tube Defect, Chiari Malformation, Fetal Neurosonogram, Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Meningiomyelocele, Alpha-Fetoprotein Meningo encephalocele is a congenital anomaly and is a neural tube defect with occipital meningo encephalocele being the most common and is a result of a failure of the surface ectoderm to separate from the neuroectoderm. This condition can be identified in 1st trimester in 80% of cases and almost all by 2nd trimester. A 20-year-old third gravida was referred for antenatal Ultrasonography at five months of amenorrhoea to rule out fetal anomalies. On targeted imaging, for fetal anomalies, a defect was seen in occipital bone with herniation of posterior fossa contents with overlying meningeal covering. No other fetal anomalies were noted. A diagnosis of isolated occipital meningoencephalocele was made with additional fetal MRI correlation. The mother underwent termination of her pregnancy by Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology because of the grim fetal prognosis. The mother was advised to plan the subsequent pregnancies and was advised pre-conceptional folic acid supplementation. We present a case of isolated occipital meningoencephalocele- a rare congenital anomaly which was diagnosed prenatally in our hospital. This case provides an opportunity for identifying such neurological defects early and prompt termination of pregnancy to prevent comorbidity to mother. This study also helps to establish occipital meninigioencephalocele as an isolated clinicoradiological diagnosis and to distinguish it from syndrome associated occipital meninigioencephalocele or those associated with other neural tube defects like Chiari III malformations. It also allows us to stress once again the role of periconceptional folic acid in preventing the occurrence of neural tube defects. --- ## Comparison of two different techniques of mobilization in mechanical neck pain with decrease temporomandibular joint mobility **Authors:** Iqbal T, Priyanka Rishi, Siddharth Sen **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4106 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mechanical Neck Pain, TMJ, Mouth Opening Pain in the anatomic region of neck is known as mechanical neck pain which is primarily caused by overuse of a normal anatomical structure, secondary to injury and deformity of anatomical structure. Also, mechanical neck pain can be defined as generalized neck pain provoked by sustained neck postures, neck movement, and pain on palpation of cervical musculature without pathologies. Restrictions of the neck movement occur and forced movement on the neck may worsen the pain. Mechanical neck pain is also known as nonspecific neck pain. It is a common complaint which affects 45-54% of the general population. The incidence of neck pain is higher in women (15%) than men (9%). High prevalence of neck pain was reported in desk job workers. 1-year prevalence of neck pain and work-related neck pain was reported as 43.3% and 28.3%. To compare the effect of Maitland and Mulligan mobilization with myofascial release on mechanical neck pain with decreased temporomandibular joint mobility. Total 45 subjects were selected and divided into three groups by random sampling method. This study concludes that Maitland mobilization and Mulligan mobilization are effective in mechanical neck pain with TMJ disability. --- ## High Response Bio-Analytical Validation approach of Nadolol and Bendroflumethiazide by LC-MS/MS on Rat plasma **Authors:** Naveen V M K, Veeraswami B, Srinivasa Rao G **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4454 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bendroflumethiazide, Bio-analytical, LC-MS/MS, Nadolol, Rat plasma, Validation A very strong responsive and straight forward the LC-MS / MS assay was developed to and witnessed for that gradation in Nadolol and Bendroflumethiazide in rat plasma. The chromatographic conditions involve isocratic mode using Waters symmetry C18 (150x4.6 mm, 3.5 microns) column. A 0.1 per cent Smartphone process OPA (orthophosphoric Acid) Acetonitrile and in 60:40 is employed, and therefore the detection was administered during +ve mode of electrospray ionisation by using MS. The valid method had validated in the linear range of 8-160 ng/ml Nadolol and 1-20 ng/ml bendroflumethiazide, the precise values considered to be intraday and interday within the acceptable limit. Here these drugs are extracted from the rat plasma by using the liquid-liquid extraction. And these drugs are found stable. Through freeze Thaw, sampler app, vehicle sampler and top of the bench for the future studies. Form of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and checked in compliance with guidelines for quantification of food and drug administration Nadolol and Bendroflumethiazide plasma in rats using D6-Nadolol and D6- Bendroflumethiazide as internal standards utilising LC-MS incorporated with quadrupole spectrometer by using electrospray ionisation technique. The target of this analysis is to be done work out the appropriateness of this approach to Nadolol and Bendroflumethiazide Applying Nadolol and bendroflumethiazide and their internal requirements at various quantification stages and retaining different parameters such as instrument durability, precision and accuracy, sample preparation techniques, instrument synchronisation, recovery and matrix effect. --- ## Interventional study to improve ionized Calcium levels among Postmenopausal Women to prevent Osteoporosis **Authors:** Anusha G, Sujatha V, Shalini R, Bhaskar Reddy K, Rajasekhar S **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4464 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Osteoporosis, Calcium Level, Post-Menopause, Bone Health This is due in part to vitamin D deficiency (vitamin D is a primary modulator of intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption), which is caused by a lack of sunlight combined with low vitamin D dietary intake and cutaneous synthesis. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by low calcium intake and vitamin D deficiency, which is characterised as a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D concentration below 12 ng/ml and is related to increased bone turnover and, indirectly, an increased risk of fracture. Furthermore, recent findings indicate that vitamin D deficiency is more widespread than previously thought, owing to a revision of the traditional 25 (OH) D threshold level below which parathyroid hormone secretion (PTH) begins to increase. The value of z is 2.44949, the value of p is 0.01428 and the result is significant at p < 0.05 are obtained for the calcium levels of pre and post-test results of all study groups when compared against BMI. The value of z is 1.36471, the value of p is 0.00321 and the result is significant at p < 0.05 are obtained for the T-values of pre and post-test results of all study groups when compared against BMI. After observing the findings, it is clear that after eating prescribed nutritional food for three months, the ionised Calcium levels, overall Calcium levels, and bone density have increased significantly as compared to before taking nutritional food. As a result, the nutrient food given is a good source of calcium and helps postmenopausal women strengthen their bones. Furthermore, it is recommended that all age groups consume the recommended food kit to minimise the risk of osteoporosis and bone fracture. --- ## Study of awareness, attitude, and utilization of Complementary and Alternative Medicine among patients visiting urban and rural health centers **Authors:** Asheeka Zainab Arif, Balaji Ramraj, Swapna Kiran, Balasandhiya Prabakar **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4537 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alternative Medicine, Attitude, Awareness, Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), Knowledge, Practices, Rural, Urban Worldwide there is a recent increase in the usage of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), which has been defined as a group of diverse medical and healthcare systems, practices and products that are presently not considered to be a part of conventional medicine. The objectives were to assess and to compare the awareness, perspective, and utilization of CAM among urban and rural patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 out-patients attending the urban and rural health centers with a standardized questionnaire. MS Excel and Epi Info were used for data entry and analysis. The awareness of CAM was 71% of urban patients and 63% of rural patients. Despite the awareness of CAM, the urban patient either liked CAM (32%) or apathetic towards CAM (32%) and rural patients mostly apathetic towards CAM (47%). Both areas of patients (41%) used CAM, of which 36% were urban patients and 46% were rural patients. There is a higher proportion of aware patients in rural areas (73%) used CAM when compared to the usage of CAM by aware patients in the urban area (51%). Despite the usage of CAM, both areas of patients preferred Allopathy. In summary, this study demonstrated that most patients are aware of CAM, but patients were mostly apathetic towards CAM. Around half of the patients utilized alternative medicine. --- ## Chlorhexidine Coated Polyglactin Sutures In Prevention Of Surgical Site Infection **Authors:** Shivangi Gaur, Subhashini R, Madhulaxmi M, Abdul Wahab P U **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4450 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oral and maxillofacial surgery, Surgical site infections (SSIs), Antibacterial coated sutures, chlorhexidine coated sutures, Third molar surgery Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) are one of the most common complications of any intervention in the maxillofacial region. Most of the times sutures used for wound approximation act as a nidus of bacterial accumulation and subsequent infection due to the presence of scores of microbes in and around the oral cavity. This has been attributed to the wicking action associated with braided sutures. Various methods to prevent surgical site infections are reported in literature, the most recent being use of antibacterial coated sutures. Sutures are either coated with triclosan or chlorhexidine or a combination of anti-microbial agents and fatty acids. These sutures are known to have a significant role in the prevention of SSIs elsewhere in the body, but the role in oral cavity remains questionable. This study aims to establish the role of chlorhexidine coated sutures in the prevention of surgical site infections if any. Chlorhexidine-coated and uncoated suture materials were used in 17 patients undergoing third molar extractions. Seven days post-operatively the sutures were removed, and bacteria were isolated. Following which colony-forming units (CFU/ml) were counted. Concerning the total number of oral pathogens, that adhered to suture material, no reduction was demonstrated for Chlorhexidine coated sutures. The use of chlorhexidine-coated suture material offers no advantage in intraoral surgery. --- ## Clinicopathological Study of Orchidectomy Specimen **Authors:** Sunil V Jagtap, Pawar S J, Rohit S Kadam, Jyoti S Tele, Upadhey S R, Avinash M Mane **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4479 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Orchidectomy specimen, Testis, Non-neoplasm, Orchitis, Tumor, Seminoma cell The present study was a five years descriptive type of study. In this five years study period June 2012 to May 2017, a total number of 62 surgically removed specimens of testing were received in the Department of Pathology of Krishna Institute of Medical sciences and research centre, Karad for histopathological examination. All orchidectomy specimens received from the surgery department in the period of June 2015 to May 2017. Archival data of cases were studied from June 2012. For prospective cases detail record brief clinical history with age, registration number, biopsy number, presenting signs & symptoms were noted, required serum marker assay for Alpha-fetoprotein, Human chorionic gonadotropin and Lactate dehydrogenase were noted wherever possible. The gross specimens received, they were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin/ Bouin‘s solution for overnight fixation. In the present study, the maximum number of cases involving the right side of testis. In this study, Germ cell tumours were the commonest found neoplastic lesion comprising of 16 cases that are 88% of all neoplastic lesions. Most common germ cell tumour in our study was seminoma. In seminoma, the most common age group was found to be in the 3rd and 4th decade. The present study shows one NHL case in 69 years old patient. --- ## Comparative Study Of Foam Rolling And Vibration Therapy On Blood Creatinine Level, Pain Sprint Speed, Lower Limb Power And Hip Range Of Motion In Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness **Authors:** Jatin Prajapat, Sheetal Kalra, Joginder Yadav, Sajjan Pal, Sonia Pawaria **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4456 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** DOMS (Delayed onset muscle soreness), Foam rolling, Vibration therapy, Sprint Speed, Vertical Jump Height Muscle soreness appears after high-intensity unaccustomed exercise, especially eccentric exercise and it peaks between 24 and 72 hours post-exercise. It can result in reduced muscle power, range of motion hence impacting athletic performance. Different treatment strategies are available to alleviate symptoms of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS). The present study was done to draw a comparison between the effects of foam rolling and vibration therapy on pain, hip range of motion, sprint speed and lower limb power in subjects with exercise-induced muscle damage. It was a comparative Experimental Study design. The sample consisted of 30 Male students who were randomly allocated to 2 groups, i.e. Group A (Foam Rolling) and Group B (Vibration Therapy) with 15 participants in each group. Participants performed ten sets of 10 repetitions of back squats at 60% of their 1-repetition maximum, followed by either foam rolling or vibration therapy 24 and 48 hours post-DOMS protocol. Blood Creatinine level was measured before inducing DOMS(day 1) and after 24 hrs(day2) and 48 hrs(day 3) of recovery. Increase in serum levels of CK is used as an indirect marker of the microtrauma associated with DOMS. Pain, lower limb power, sprint speed and Hip range of motion were measured using Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Vertical Jump test, Sprint speed 30-meter test and goniometer respectively after 24 and 48 hours of recovery. Results showed both groups showed improvement on Day 2 and 3. However, Vibration therapy showed statistically better improvement compared to Foam Rolling group. --- ## Clinicopathological study of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease **Authors:** Ramesh M. Oswal, Mahendra A. Patil, Sujata M. Kumbhar, Jyoti S. Tele, Atul B. Hulwan **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4467 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Trophoblast, Trophoblastic condition, Gynaecological tumours, Hyadatidiform Several potential etiologic risk factors have been evaluated for the development of complete hydatidiform mole. The two established risk factors that have emerged are extremes of maternal age and prior molar pregnancy. Advanced or very young maternal age has consistently correlated with higher rates of complete hydatidiform mole. Compared to women aged 21- 35 years, the risk of a complete mole is 1.9 times higher for women both more than 35 years and less than 21 years as well as 7.5 times higher for women more than 40 years. (49, 50) The risk of repeat molar pregnancy after 1 mole is about 1% or about 10-20 times the risk for the general population. The present study on the gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) was carried out as it is one of the fascinating gynaecological tumours. Hence a clinicopathological study of gestational trophoblastic disease was undertaken with relevance to the histopathological study of GTD and clinical correlation. --- ## Utility of Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Fine Needle Aspirates **Authors:** Jyoti S. Tele, Rohit S. Kadam, Atul B. Hulwan, Pawar S J, Mahendra A. Patil **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4474 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bethesda system, Thyroid gland, Fine needle aspirates, Palpable, Thyroid lesions, Cytopathology The present study was a two year prospective study of FNAC of total 158 palpable thyroid lesions, reported according to The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC). Out of 158 cases, 36 patients underwent surgical excision and cytohistopathological correlation was done in these cases. Majority of the patients were females, with a ratio of female to male as 8.9:1. The duration of the palpable thyroid swelling in the present study ranged from less than 1 month period to more than 5 years. Size of thyroid swelling varied from as small as 1 cm to as large as 18 cm in diameter. The procedure was done by both aspiration and non-aspiration techniques and any significant difference in terms of the yield of material by either of the method, was not observed in the present study. TBSRTC is an excellent reporting system, as it showed specificity of 100 % in the present study, which helped to diagnose benign cases correctly and to avoid unnecessary surgery. --- ## Application of optimization tools for preparation of nebivolol liquid solid composite compressed tablet **Authors:** Kumar Babu P, Venkatachalam A, Bhaskar Reddy K **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4801 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Liquid Solid Composite, Compresses Tablet, Optimization, Disintegration Time, Wetting Time The purpose of this study is to make Nebivolol more efficient by converting it into a liquid solid composite compressed tablet. Blending cum sonication process was used to create the liquid solid composite. By altering the independent variables such as vehicle, carrier, and superdisintegrants, nearly 12 compositions were created in a 23 factorial design with four centre points. The influence on response, such as disintegration time in seconds and wetting time in seconds, was then determined. In addition, the liquid solid composite was compacted into a tablet and its percent invitro drug release was assessed. Based on disintegration time and wetting time, the optimal solid liquid compacts sustained release tablet formulation was identified to be LSC6 , which may be ideal candidates for boosting the solubility and dissolution rate of less soluble medications like Nebivolol. --- ## Histomorphological Study of Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Lesions in Per Rectal Bleeding Cases **Authors:** Atul B Hulwan, Upadhey S R, Pawar S J, Ramesh M Oswal, Dhirajkumar Mane, Mahendra Alate **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4477 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rectal bleeding, Lower gastrointestinal, Tract Lesion, Nonneoplastic, Radiology The present study on the histomorphology of lower gastrointestinal tract lesions in patients presenting with per rectal bleeding was two years (June 2015 to May 2017) cross-sectional study carried out in the department of pathology of a tertiary care hospital and included 40 cases. Constipation was the most typical associated symptom along with per rectal bleeding. Clinical details and radiological investigations helped in making the diagnosis of all lesions of the lower gastrointestinal tract causing per rectal bleeding. The mean age at presentation in benign lesions was 33 years, while the mean age at presentation in malignant lesions was 61 years. The mean age at presentation of adenocarcinoma was 62 years. Majority of cases of adenocarcinoma presented with Astler-Coller stage C1. The other malignancies of the lower gastrointestinal tract causing per rectal bleeding were clonogenic carcinoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma and moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. The most common cause of per rectal bleeding amongst the lower gastrointestinal tract is a neoplastic lesion. The lesions of the lower gastrointestinal tract causing per rectal bleeding are seen more commonly in male patients with a predominant age group of above 40 years, and constipation is the most typical associated symptom in these cases. The most common cause of per rectal bleeding amongst the lower gastrointestinal tract is a neoplastic lesion. --- ## An overview of patient-reported outcome measures to analyze the quality of life after orthognathic surgery **Authors:** Shivangi Gaur, Subhashini R, Madhulaxmi M, Abdul Wahab P U **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4453 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Dentofacial deformities, Orthognathic Surgery, Quality of Life (QoL), the patient-reported outcomes, Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire (OQLQ), FACE-Q Society imparts great importance to physical appearance in this modern age. The physical and psycho-social impact of a dentofacial deformity on an individual is often impossible to assess with certainty. A facial deformity can profoundly affect the quality of life and thereby entailing lifelong adjustments. Facial aesthetics affect an individual’s confidence and their overall acceptance in society, which in turn has an apparent effect on their quality of life. Corrective jaw surgeries are indicated in cases not amenable to produce acceptable post-treatment results with orthodontics alone. Orthognathic surgery aims to produce a more aesthetic facial appearance and strives to improve stomatognathic functions in the process. WHO defines Quality of Life as-An individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and concerning their goals, expectations, standards and concerns. It is a broad-ranging concept affected in a complicated way by the person’s physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs and their relationship to salient features of their environment. The impact of dentofacial deformities on an individual’s holistic emotional, physical and social development has been a focus of research for a long time. Several patients reported outcome scales are employed to assess the quality of life and this review aims to discuss the use of these scales as an indicator of successful surgical treatment. At the same time, these scales may serve as a patient education tool because a holistic health indicator is required which considers the psychological well being of the patient along with regards to functional and aesthetic demands before formulating a surgical treatment plan. --- ## Drug Utilization Study of Respiratory Tract Infection **Authors:** Khan welkar, Sujata Jadhav C, Pritam M Sakhare, Sheshla Sadanandan, Thorat V M **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4466 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Respiratory tract infections, Antibiotics, URTIs, LRTIs, Drug utilization, Define daily doses In the present study, we have recorded the percentage of prescribing prevalence for different respiratory drugs and antibiotics and DDDs/1000inhabitants/day for different antibiotics to recognize the drug utilization trends in respiratory tract infections. In the present study, among the upper respiratory infection cases, 89.60% of the patients received antibiotics and culture was done in only 4.62% of patients. Among the lower respiratory infection cases all the patients were prescribed antibiotic therapy, culture was done in 39.58% of patients, and 55.26% was sterile. Pneumonia was found more in the age group of 41 to 70 whereas Nonspecific URTI and Sinusitis in the age group of 17 to 30. The sex distribution of the patients showed that the female constituted of 59.38% of the patients and male constituted of 40.56% of the patients. The upper respiratory tract infection constituted of 69.47% of patients and lower respiratory tract infection constituted of 31.16% of patients. --- ## Clinicopathological Study of Cholecystectomy Specimens **Authors:** Sujata R Kanetkar, Anand Gudur, Rohit S Kadam, Atul B Hulwan, S J Pawar **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4478 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cholecystectomy specimens, Cholecystitis, Gallbladder, Acalculous cholecystitis, Pathologies In this study, there are possible causes of two years from June 2015 to May of 2017. During study includes 130 cases of cholecystectomy specimens from January 2013 to June 2017. The objective/purpose of the study is to correlate histopathological findings with various biochemical parameters viz. fasting blood sugar level, lipid profile, etc. Amongst the four cases of adenocarcinoma, 3 (75 %) cases showed serosal infiltration and liver infiltration. Out of a total of 130 cases, 69 (53%) were female, and 61 (47%) were male. Out of 4 patients of adenocarcinoma 2 (50%) patients expired during the postoperative period, while 2 (50%) patients improved. Diabetic patients constitute 13.84% of total cholecystectomy patients, so diabetes proved to be a risk factor for the development of gallbladder diseases with statistically significant Odds Ratio (2.66). Results from this study show that a variety of gallbladder lesions are observed in cholecystectomy specimens. The most common lesion observed was chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis 99 cases (76.1%), followed by acute cholecystitis 12 cases (9.2%). The present study was undertaken to emphasize the role of histopathological examination in cholecystectomy specimens and its correlation with clinical presentation. Histopathological examination many time reveals an unusual diagnosis bearing significant implications on the treatment, prognosis and outcome of the patient. Hence, the study was undertaken to emphasize the role of histopathological examination in cholecystectomy specimens and its correlation with clinical presentation. --- ## Role of Microscope in Endodontics **Authors:** Manoj Chandak, Manju Waradhpande, Kajol Relan, Pooja Chandak, Rakhi Chandak, Darshan Dakshindas, Payal Chaudhari **Published:** 2020-12-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4734 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Endodontics, Visual Aids, Magnification, Lenses, Dental Operating Microscope Microscope is used in medical field to run over the limitations of human vision. Over the years many magnification devices are invented to achieve the goal. Quote given by Prof Syngcuk Kim that states “You can only treat what you can see”. If the right tools are available many things can be visualized. They are endoscopes, intraoral camera, magnifying glass, surgical loupes, surgical microscope. Surgical loupes and Dental Operating Microscope are most convenient and practical to use in endodontics. By increasing the image size, fine details can be visualized. Hence to increase the image size, magnification is necessary. The invention of microscopes in modern endodontics helps in visually guided and sensory aided endodontic procedure. The microscope as a diagnostic tool may be used in caries detection, fracture line and craze evaluation, crown margins or restorations that are deficient, in caries elimination, access preparation, calcifications removal. It is also helpful in orifice detection and treating internal resorptions. All procedure are performed under various magnification grades. They are flap surgery, cutting of bone, root apex identification, apicoectomy, removal of inflamed tissue, observe resected end of root, root end preparation, retrograde filling, and suturing, surgical correction of unsuccessful RCT. Also, Cervical resorption and External resorption and perforation repairs can be done using Microscope. The invention of microscopes in modern endodontics helps in visually guided and sensory aided endodontic procedure. Furthermore the role of microscopes in endodontics is reviewed. --- ## A Review on Chromatographic Techniques for Quantification of Anti-leukotriene Drug - Montelukast and its Combination in Dosage Form **Authors:** Gnanasekaran D, Gandhimathi R **Published:** 2020-12-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.2672 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Montelukast, MONT, HPLC, HPTLC, LC-MS, GC, MS This review covers analytical methods for quantifying Montelukast Sodium, a potent leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist used in treating respiratory diseases. Various chromatographic methodologies are discussed, including HPLC, RP-HPLC, and HPTLC, alongside LC/MS/MS for simultaneous determination with other pharmaceuticals. RP-HPLC methods for assessing Montelukast Sodium in bulk drugs, tablet dosage forms, and combination formulations are highlighted, showcasing its versatility. Combination therapies are explored through comparisons with other drugs like Fexofenadine Hydrochloride and Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride. HPTLC is utilized for simultaneous determination with other drugs, emphasizing its utility for fixed-dose combination tablets. LC/MS/MS, offering enhanced sensitivity and specificity, is investigated for pharmacokinetic studies with Montelukast Sodium, Gliclazide, and Nifedipine. Innovative methodologies like Green HPLC are incorporated, emphasizing environmental sustainability. Stability-indicating tests are conducted on Montelukast Sodium formulations to ensure safety and quality. This compilation illustrates efforts to enhance precision, sensitivity, and environmental sustainability in Montelukast Sodium analysis. It provides researchers with a robust toolkit as research continues to evolve in related fields. --- ## Anxiety and perceptions on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic among orthodontic patients visiting a tertiary care center: A Cross-sectional study **Authors:** Parvathy Ghosh, Sarika K, Nihal Jayaprakash, Sapna Varma N K, Ajith V V **Published:** 2020-12-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3705 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anxiety, COVID-19, Orthodontic treatment, Patient psychology As the COVID-19 pandemic is steadily rising, there is an increase in psychological distress among the orthodontic patients regarding their ongoing treatment. Thus aim of the study was to assess the anxiety and perceptions among orthodontic patients regarding the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on orthodontic treatment. A closed end online questionnaire was sent as Google forms to 300 adult patients’ currently undergoing orthodontic treatment at a tertiary care center. 266 patients answered the survey with a response rate of 88.7%. Online consent was taken before participation in the study and the survey was anonymized and did not contain any identifying information. The descriptive data included the participants' responses using frequency and proportions. The difference in the distribution of responses were compared using Chi-square goodness of fit test and the level of significance was fixed at p < 0.05. Level of anxiety between males and females was compared using independent t-test. Among the respondents, 126 were males and 140 were females. The mean level of anxiety level among males was 4.28 ± 2.28 whereas for females it was 5.85 ± 2.48. The differences in the distribution of responses by the participants were statistically significant. The COVID-19 pandemic showed to have a greater impact on orthodontic appointments and anxiety levels of patients. Females showed greater anxiety than males for visiting the dental clinics. The greatest concern that patients reported was the increase in their treatment duration and they also recognized the importance of monthly orthodontic reviews. --- ## In silico analysis of Adenosine deaminase inhibitory activity of some flavones and N-arylazetidin-1-yl-2-Flavonyl oxy acetamide Derivatives **Authors:** Durbhaka Sai Padmini, Dugasani Swarnalatha, Prasad S. V. U. M. **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.2665 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adenosine deaminase, Flavone, 2- azetidinone, breast cancer, molecular docking Adenosine deaminase(ADA) is a vital enzyme distributed in both intra and extra-cellular locations in humans. Its primary function is purine metabolism and also plays an essential role in maintaining immunological response. Altered regulation of ADA is related to many malignancies. Over-expression and increased serum ADA activity are reported in breast cancer. Flavonoids are potential sources of protective effects against chronic diseases. In this study, we investigated the insilico adenosine deaminase inhibitory activity of some selected plant flavones, synthetic 2-azetidino flavones [SLP II 1-2 and SLP 61(a-d)-2(a-d)] and ADA inhibitor drugs EHNA and pentostatin. Molecular docking studies have been performed by using Autodock tools. The obtained results indicate that all the selected ligands have a potent inhibitory effect on ADA in the range of -5.19 kcal/mol to -10.56 kcal/mol binding energy. Among the plant flavones, Baicalein is shown good binding energy of -7.83 kcal/mol with the highest conventional H- bonds and in synthetic ligands, SLP VI 2c has -10.56 kcal/mol. The synthetic compounds SLP II 1-2 and SLP 61(a- d)-2(a-d) exhibit greater binding energies than the selective ADA inhibitors and plant flavones. Therefore the present study highlights the use of these synthetic ligands in drug development against specific malignancies like breast cancer that may show high ADA activity. --- ## Anti-diabetic effect of Biological activities of 2-(4- [(2-hydroxy benzyl) amino]-phenyl amino-methyl)-phenol derivatives on Alloxan induced rats **Authors:** Vurimi Bhopal Chandra, Kudagi B L, Madhavulu Buchineni, Pathapati Rama Mohan, Anjani Devi Nelavala **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3875 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alloxan, Diabetes Mellitus, Glibenclamide, Blood Sugar The word diabetes describes a category of metabolic disorders characterised and defined by hyperglycemia in the absence of therapy. Type 1 & 2 diabetes mellitus are two main types. It is now widely accepted that failure or loss of pancreatic β (beta) cells is the underlying common feature of all types of diabetes. In this study, male Wistar albino rats of approximate weighing 180-250 g were used. Compound 2-(4-[(2-hydroxy benzyl) amino]-phenyl amino-methyl)-phenol derivatives were used to assess the anti-diabetic activity. Derivatives such as hydroxyl amino, acetyl keto, and hydro benzophenone groups are derivatives and are further studied for the screening of anti-diabetic activity. Diabetes was produced by intraperitoneal administration of Alloxan in male Wistar albino rats. Rats were divided into 12 groups of six in each group. The outcomes of the study reveal compound C - 60 mg/kg shows significance in decreasing the blood sugar level when compared to control. A significant effect on blood sugar levels was shown by glibenclamide 20 mg/kg. The study concludes that Biological activities of 2-(4- [(2-hydroxy benzyl) amino]-phenyl amino-methyl)-phenol derivatives of compound C - 60 mg/kg has high blood sugar-lowering activity. --- ## Antidiabetic effect of 2-(4- [(2-hydroxyacetyl benzyl) ketoamino]-phenyl amino-methyl)- hydrobenzophenon on Alloxan induced rats **Authors:** Vurimi Bhopal Chandra, Kudagi B L, Madhavulu Buchineni, Pathapati Rama Mohan, Anjani Devi Nelavala **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3930 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alloxan, Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperglycemia, Glibenclamide, Blood Sugar Diabetes Mellitus is known as a syndrome, a collection of disorders with high blood glucose level & glucose intolerance as its feature, either because of insulin deficiency or insulin impairment or both. Diabetes Mellitus, based on insulin, is broadly classified into two types. Type one indicates the distraction of pancreatic β - cells that leads to diabetes mellitus, in which insulin is necessary to prevent ketoacidosis, coma, death. Type two diabetes is characterized by disorders of insulin resistance & secretion. Male Wistar albino rats with an average weight of 180-250 g were used in this study. With a 12 hours’ light and dark period, they were kept under normal conditions (room temperature 24-27oC and humidity 60-65 %). The free access of drinking water & pellet diet to male Wistar albino rats was allowed, as per the CPCSEA guidelines. Anti-diabetic activity of Compound 2-(4- [(2-hydroxyacetyl benzyl) ketoamino]-phenyl amino-methyl)- hydrobenzophenon, male Wistar albino rats were divided into four different groups. 1ml of blood samples were collected directly into anticoagulant bottles from the tail vein & later plasma was collected after centrifugation. Blood sugar levels were determined by spectrophotometer. There was a significant decrease in blood sugar levels in Alloxan + Glibenclamide and Alloxan + Compound groups on compared to control. The present self-funded study concludes that antidiabetic activity of 2-(4- [(2-hydroxyacetyl benzyl) ketoamino]-phenyl amino-methyl)- hydrobenzophenon in Alloxan induced diabetic rats significantly shows decreed blood sugar levels when compared to the control group. --- ## In vitro synthesis of berberine, a pharmacologically important isoquinoline alkaloid in callus cultures of Tinospora cordifolia **Authors:** Eshwar Adithya, Narasimhan S **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3836 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Berberine, HPLC, Medicinal Plants, Tinospora cordifolia, TLC Callus cultures were raised from young green leaf segments of the medicinal climber Tinospora cordifolia in Murashige and Skoog’s media containing different growth regulator regime. The in vitro callus cultures were analysed for the accumulation of active principle through high-performance liquid chromatography. Quantitative analysis of berberine was achieved by thin-layer chromatography and UV-absorbance method. Callus cultures accumulated an appreciable amount of berberine. A maximum of 355 μg/g dry wt accumulation of berberine was noted when the callus was grown in the presence of 2 mg/l 2, 4-D and 0.1 mg/l BA. However, maximum callus growth was achieved in the presence of 0.5 mg/l BA and 2 mg/l 2,4-D. Maximum tissue growth didn't favour an increased accumulation of the berberine. Enhanced accumulation of berberine was found when callus growth was less and therefore may be associated with the stress faced by in vitro tissues. The experimental results indicate that it is desirable to adopt two different growth regulator regime - one for accelerated callus growth and another for enhanced in vitro synthesis of berberine. The in vitro cultures of T. cordfiolia also offers an ideal system for understanding the studies on elucidating alternate routes of berberine biosynthetic pathway as well as possible elite cells for scaling up of berberine. --- ## Chemical properties, biological activities and ethnomedicinal uses of Maerua pseudopetalosa: A famine food species of tropical Africa **Authors:** Alfred Maroyi **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4686 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Capparaceae, Indigenous Pharmacopeia, Maerua pseudopetalosa, Traditional Medicine Maerua pseudopetalosa (Gilg & Gilg-Ben.) DeWolf is a perennial herb or subshrub collected from the wild as a food plant or traditional medicine. Maerua pseudopetalosa occurs naturally from Senegal, east to Eritrea and Ethiopia, through South Sudan, Sudan, East Africa, south to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This study is aimed at evaluating the chemical properties, biological activities and ethnomedicinal uses of M. pseudopetalosa. Results of the current study are based on data derived from several online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as scientific publications, books, dissertations, book chapters and journal articles. This study revealed that the fruit, leaf and root infusion and/or decoction of M. pseudopetalosa are mainly used as a stimulant and to restore physical strength and vitality, and traditional medicine for chest pains, breast cancer and cough. Phytochemical compounds identified from aerial parts, fruits, roots, seeds and tubers of M. pseudopetalosa include quaternary ammonium compounds, alkaloids, amino acids, betaines, cardiac glycosides, fatty acids, essential oils, flavonoids, phenolics, sterols and tannins. Preliminary ethnopharmacological research revealed that aerial parts, roots and tubers of M. pseudopetalosa have antibacterial, antifungal, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibitory, pancreatic lipase inhibitory and cytotoxicity activities. Maerua pseudopetalosa should be subjected to detailed phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological evaluations aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties. --- ## Pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of lercanidipine hydrochloride fast disintegrating tablets in rabbits by high-performance liquid chromatography **Authors:** Seema Saini, Rajeev Garg **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3867 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fast Disintegrating Tablets, In vivo Study, Lercanidipine Hydrochloride Fast Disintegrating Tablets, Marketed Lercanidipine Hydrochloride Fast Disintegrating Tablet, Pharmacokinetic Analysis In the present study, fast disintegrating tablets of Lercanidipine Hydrochloride (LFDT) were tested in vivo in the buccal cavity of the rabbits. Various pharmacokinetic parameters were analysed in the study, including maximum measured plasma concentration (Cmax), time of maximum measured plasma concentration (tmax) and area under the plasma concentration vs time curve (AUC). Also, the comparative study of the Lercanidipine Hydrochloride fast disintegrating tablets (LFDT) was performed with the marketed conventional tablets of the drug (LMKT). The technique selected for the bioanalytical analysis of the blood samples of the rabbits for pharmacokinetic data computation was High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. An already well-established and validated method was used to analyse the blood samples of the rabbits. The results revealed that the rate of absorption was improved for fast disintegrating tablets of Lercanidipine Hydrochloride (LFDT) as compared to the marketed conventional tablets of the drug (LMKT). This indicated that drug was rapidly absorbed from the fast disintegrating tablet and attained elevated plasma concentration in a short interval after dosing than the marketed formulation. However, the value of tmax was drastically shorter for LFDT than the LMKT. The average peak plasma concentration also designated a rise in the extent of absorption (AUC). From the present study, it was concluded that the fast disintegrating tablet batch (LFDT) had much more improved pharmacokinetic parameters as compared to its conventional marketed counterpart (LMKT). --- ## Antipsychotic Drug Induced Tardive Dyskinesia **Authors:** Gopika S Kumar, Divya V Nair, Remya Raghu, Arun K **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3922 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Clozapine, Extrapyramidal Symptoms, Olanzapine, Second Generation Antipsychotics A typical antipsychotics are at a lower risk of developing extra-pyramidal symptoms (EPS). But now, atypical antipsychotics are increasingly being associated with neurological side effects such as tardive dyskinesia, tardive dystonia, akinesia, parkinsonism, akathisia, bradykinesia, tremor etc. in which one of the major cases reported is Olanzapine induced tardive dyskinesia (TD). Schooler and Kane criteria is used for diagnosing tardive dyskinesia. Many cases have been published on this particular drug-induced side effect. In many instances tardive dyskinesia is misdiagnosed as tardive dystonia. Here we report the case of tardive dyskinesia associated with the use of antipsychotic drugs in a 50-year-old adult male suffering from persistent delusional disorder in a tertiary health care centre in India. The patient was on Olanzapine therapy for more than 2 years. Upon recurrent episodes of somatic delusions, Olanzapine dose was increased. When the patient developed symptoms of TD, the dose of Olanzapine was de-escalated. Even though the drug dose was reduced, the symptoms persisted which lead to the diagnosis of olanzapine induced TD. Based on this, Olanzapine was stopped and Clozapine treatment was initiated. On follow up, the patient was found to be relieved of the symptoms and complete recovery was achieved after 2 months of clozapine treatment. --- ## Study of placental morphometric anatomy in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus and influence of gestational diabetes mellitus on the fetal weight **Authors:** Vishram Singh, Kumud Ranjan, Tewarson S L, Rashi Singh, Yogesh Yadav **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3961 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Fetal Weight, Cotyledons, Volume, Placental Area The placenta is an organ which is an indicator of maternal and fetal disorders. Gestational Diabetes mellitus complicates 2-5% of all pregnancy. Therefore our work was an analysis of changes in placental morphometric anatomy in mothers of gestational diabetes mellitus and the influence of gestational diabetes mellitus on the fetal weight. Sixty-two placentas of full-term pregnancy collected from labour room/operation theatre of Gynaecology and obstetrics, department of government medical college and super facility hospital Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh. Out of sixty-two placentas, 31 are from mothers with no known history of preexisting gestational diabetes mellitus cases as controls and 31 collected from mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus. We found mean placental weight, mean placental area, mean placental volume, mean no of cotyledons significantly more in placentas of gestational diabetic mothers. Mean fetal weight of gestational diabetic mothers were more in comparison with controls. Mean transverse diameter of placentas of the diabetic mothers were more than mean transverse diameter of placentas of the non-diabetic mothers, statistically significant. Mean longitudinal diameter also more in placentas of diabetic mothers, not statistically significant. Mean thickness at the centre more in placentas of diabetic mothers, statistically significant. Mean thickness mid-way between centre and margin and mean thickness at margin more in diabetic placentas, not statistically significant. Gestational diabetic mothers had more round-shaped placentas. Marginal insertion of umbilical cord presents more in placentas of gestational diabetic mothers. --- ## Assessing the effect of natural sweetener on salivary pH and streptococcus mutans growth - An invivo study **Authors:** Sushanthi S, Leelavathi L, Meignana Arumugham Indiran, Pradeep Kumar Rathinavelu, Rajesh Kumar S **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3975 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mouth Rinsing, Salivary pH, Stevia, Sugar Substitutes Stevia is a natural sweetener which is used as a sugar substitute. It has been suggested that Stevia may be anti-cariogenic. However, there is limited research in this regard. Currently, Stevia rebaudiana, a plant is considered to be a suitable replacement of sugar which is healthy and has much fewer side effects than other sweeteners. To assess the salivary pH and streptococcus mutans growth among the participants after mouth rinsing with water containing natural sweetener. This double-blinded parallel clinical trial was done among forty female participants aged 22-25 years. Study participants were selected and randomly allocated by lottery method as two different groups as group A, and B. Microbial growth and pH of the saliva was assessed twice, once before rising with stevia solution and at 20 minutes after rinsing with a sugar solution containing Stevia (single tablet and two tablets) mixed in distilled water. Collected data were analyzed using the paired t-test. It was found from the study that there was an increase in mean salivary pH when compared with the baseline value after rinsing with Stevia. There was an increase in the Streptococcus mutans count after rinsing with Stevia. Increase in streptococcus mutans count was found to be low in Group A than group B. pH value stays in neutral value even after rinsing with a natural sweetener. There is no much difference between Group A and B. Salivary pH after mouth rinsing with Stevia is in a neutral state. It has low Streptococcus mutans growth suggesting that Stevia can also be used as a sugar substitute replacing artificial sugar substitutes. --- ## Evaluate the needs of prosthodontic and orthodontic care among individuals with special needs **Authors:** Pradeep Subbaiah, Dhakshaini MR, Raghunath N, Nataraja NP **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3950 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Prosthodontic Need, Orthodontic Need, Special Needs Approximately 1.7 per cent of worldwide children with disabilities (INDIA) are "special." They come to Earth with unique talents, but conventional lives have no time for them and consider them a problem. In terms of physical pain and community disabilities, malocclusion and missing teeth combined can have a detrimental impact on an individual's quality of life. Data on the individual's special needs for oral health are limited. Most studies are focused on the analysis of a limited number of people, subjects of substantially different ages or with different conditions of special need. There is a lack of records of oral disorder limited to cleft lips and cleft palate, hearing impaired and, specifically, psychologically challenging persons. The present Research aims assessing the severity & complexity of Orthodontic Treatment Needs using "IOTN Index" - Dental Health Component and “Prosthodontic requirements" as per WHO Oral Health Assessment of 12-25 years of age individuals with special needs in Mysuru City, Karnataka, India. --- ## Effects of silver nanoparticles on the anti-oxidant status and histological alterations in different organs in Indian mud crab Scylla Serrata **Authors:** Deepa Rani S, Sangeetha S, Padmaja M, Petchiammal R, Shalini E **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3826 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hepatopancreas, Silver Nanoparticles, Morphological Changes, Bio-Indicators, Exposure In medicine and many other fields, the use of silver nanoparticles is inevitable. The negative impacts of silver accumulated silver nanoparticles on the environment and organisms need to be taken into consideration. The studies on the effect of silver nanoparticles on bio-indicators such as marine invertebrates pave the way to regulate the usage of silver nanoparticles. In the present study, the effect of silver nanoparticles on the hepatopancreas of Indian mud crab, Scylla serrata was studied. A 20 ppm of silver nanoparticles was exposed to S. serrata for ten days period. The morphological changes, the biochemical markers from hepatopancreas, histological analysis for hepatopancreas, gills and reproductive organs were examined. On the 2nd day exposure of silver nanoparticles showed the increased value of anti-oxidants and no morphological changes. But the 10th-day exposure shows the significantly reduced level of biochemical markers in the hepatopancreas and morphological changes were observed. The apoptotic cells and necrotic cells were recorded in hepatopancreas. Moreover, the cell architecture of gill tissues and reproductive tissues were observed. The silver nanoparticles in the concentration of 20 ppm caused significant changes in the hepatopancreas of S. serrata for ten days of exposure. The mechanism of silver nanoparticles needs to be studied to understand and protect models from the nanoparticles. --- ## In vitro and In vivo Anti-inflammatory Activity of the Extracts of Whole Plant Argyreia imbricata (Roth) Sant. & Patel **Authors:** Sebastin V, Gopalakrishnan G, Sreejith M, Anoob Kumar K I **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3872 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Argyreia Imbricata Extracts, In Vitro Anti Inflammatory Activity, HRBC Membrane Stabilization, In Vivo Anti Inflammatory Activity, Carrageenan Induced Paw Oedema Plants of the genus Argyreia have ethnomedicinal importance, and several pharmacological activities are also reported. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of different extracts of Argyreia imbricata was evaluated by in vitro and in vivo methods. In both evaluations, standard, Diclofenac sodium was used for comparative evaluation. In this study, extraction of powdered whole plant material was done with different solvents viz., petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol by soxhelation. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of all the prepared extracts was evaluated by stabilization of human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane in different temperature and tonicity conditions. Among the six different concentrations of four tested extracts, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts (1000μg/ml) showed significant activity in the in vitro evaluation. They were selected for the in vivo evaluation on the paw oedema induced by carrageenan on Wistar albino rats. Two doses, 200mg.kg-1 and 400mg.kg-1 of the test extracts were subjected to evaluation. Both the tested extracts showed the activity, particularly, the methanol extract in the dose of 400mg.kg-1 showed significant activity. Results of this study strongly supported the anti-inflammatory activity of the tested extracts. Further, studies on toxicity, identification, isolation of the active constituents may give useful results. --- ## Perception on clinical pharmacy services in a private hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia **Authors:** Nurul Maziyyah, Mustika Restriyani **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3835 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clinical Pharmacy, Health Professionals, Perception Clinical pharmacist in Indonesian hospitals has begun to be recognized as an essential part of the healthcare team along with physicians, nurses and other healthcare professionals. While recognition is still on the way, the implementation of clinical pharmacy services is still limited. This could occur because of various factors, one of which is the lack of interprofessional collaboration. Interprofessional collaborations with other healthcare provider are necessary for a pharmacist to implement their clinical services. Hence, health professionals' perception of clinical pharmacy services would give a contribution to developing strategies for the service in the hospital. This study aims to determine perceptions of health professionals in a private hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, on clinical pharmacy services. A total of 96 nurses and 17 physicians were given a questionnaire with items related to clinical pharmacy services. The result showed that health professionals had a positive perception of the role of the pharmacist in clinical pharmacy service with a total mean score of 0.83. Relationship between respondents' characteristic and their perceptions showed that nurses' workplace (ward) had a significant effect on their perceptions (p<0.05). In contrast, characteristics of age, gender, profession, length of work experience, and interaction intensity with the pharmacist did not reveal significant effect. --- ## Determination of wound healing activity of Shark liver oil using the excision wound model in Wistar rats **Authors:** Auti S A, Jat R K, Das S K, Shukla S T **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3869 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Shark Liver Oil Emulgel, Wound Healing, Excision Model Wound, Epithelization, Wound Area Contraction, GSH, LPO and SOD There are various promising preclinical models, such as in mice, wistar rats, rabbits and pigs, which can be utilized to initiate acute or chronic wounds. These can be persuaded by many distinctive techniques, with excision the most common. After determining a proper model for a study, investigators need to choose an appropriate and reproducible technique that will permit the monitoring of the wound improvement over time. In this study, the healing power of Shark Liver Oil Emulgel (SLO) in Wistar rats were analyzed by using the excision wound model. The shark liver oil was prepared as emulgel at a concentration of 5%,10% and 15%, respectively and both Standard drug (Povidone-Iodine Ointment USP 5% w/w-PI) and SLO is applied at a concentration of 1mg/mm2; Topically. The parameters integrated for the assessment of the effects of SLO were Relative body weight changes, wound area contraction in mm2, relative wound percentage and epithelialization time. Wound area contraction was measured on 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, 15th, 18th and 21st day. Wistar rats treated with SLO showed substantial variations in epithelialization period and improved wound contraction in the excision wound treatment as compared to disease control. The biochemical biomarkers like SOD (Superoxide dismutases), GSH (Reduced Glutathione)and LPO (Lipid peroxidase) in the treated group have shown a significant change in the improvement of wound healing. Histopathological studies and microscopic observations specify that the topical use of Shark liver oil Emulgel extensively improved wound contraction, collagenation and epithelialization with well-organized dermis devoid of inflammatory cells in contrast to disease control. --- ## Comparison of Prevalence and Risk Factors in COPD Patients With and Without History of Smoking **Authors:** Ethirajan Nandagopal, Sumithra M, Meenakshi N **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4625 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Never Smokers, Prevalence, Risk Factors A prospective cross-sectional study to compare the prevalence and risk factors in chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD) patient with and without a history of smoking. This was an observational study conducted in the department of respiratory medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kancheepuram. A total of 206 patients with COPD, diagnosed as per GOLD criteria were enrolled in the study. Out of 206 COPD patients, 164 (79.61%) were men, and 42 (20.4%) were women and their mean age was 62.88 (± 9.53). The prevalence of COPD patients in smokers/ex-smokers were 125 (60.7%) and 81 (39.3%) in never smokers. There were 75 patients (92.59%) in the never smoker cohort and 72 patients (57.6%) in the ex-smoker/smoker cohort found to have at least one non-smoking risk factor for COPD. Biomass Exposure (39.50%), Passive Smoking (22.22%, P=), Co-existing Asthma (22.22%) were the non-smoking risk factors which were found to be present significantly higher in never smokers than smokers/ex-smokers, and the difference was statistically significant (<0.05). A higher proportion of severe patients were in smokers/ex-smokers than non- smokers (41.6% vs 27. 1%). Patients with moderate disease in both groups were found to be of equal proportion (12% vs 11. 11%). The results of the study reiterate that a significant proportion of COPD patients were never smokers and prevalence of non-smoking risk factors were more common in that population. --- ## Validity and Reliability Test on Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) Instruments in Indonesia Version on Cancer Patients **Authors:** Amzal Mortin Andas, Christantie Effendi, Sri Setyarini **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3865 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Validity, Reliability, Sleep, Quality Sleep, Cancer Many cancer patients experience sleep disturbances or have poor sleep quality. The measurement of sleep quality in cancer patients has not been carried out in hospitals in Indonesia. The tools for measuring sleep are costly. Sleep quality measurement with sleep quality instruments has not been applied as a standard for patient assessment. To test the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the Sleep Quality Scale instrument to measure the quality of one's sleep and to test the internal consistency and retest reliability of the Indonesian version of the Sleep Quality Scale instrument to measure the quality of one's sleep. The instrument used was SQS with six components and 28 items. This research is a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. This research is a study of the validity and reliability of the instrument. The content validity test was measured using Aiken's V formula. The construct validity was measured using the product-moment, and using factor analysis, the reliability of SQS was measured using the Cronbach Alphand the reliability of the retest was using the ICC test. The Sleep Quality Scale shows good validity, namely the content validity value of Aiken's value V0.976, the validity of the extract of all SQS items, is valid. Internal consistency reliability shows good results. Cronbach Alpha 0.849, the ICC value on the test-retest test is 0.903. The goodness of fit test shows unsatisfactory results with a p-value of chi-square 0.00, RSMEA = 0.067, GFI = 0.750 and CFI = 0.869. Clinicians can use the Indonesian version of the Sleep Quality Scale instrument as an instrument to measure sleep quality in cancer patients. --- ## A presentation of hemiplegia and recurrent melena in Osler Weber Rendu syndrome **Authors:** Ayana S Kumar, Akshaya Suresh, Rakhi Krishna, Anoop Koshy, Roshni P R **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3959 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Arteriovenous Malformations, Epistaxis, Mucocutaneous Telangiectasia, Vascular Lesions Osler Weber Rendu syndrome, synonymously Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, is a rare systemic disease with multiple-organ involvement. This genetic disorder inherits in an autosomal dominant fashion, with the incidence found closer to 1 in every 5,000 people. The condition can be diagnosed at any age and has an equal chance of affecting both males and females. A 74-year-old male, having a history of left hemiplegia, was admitted with a recent history of recurrent melena. An upper enteroscopy revealed bleeding telangiectasia in the proximal jejunum managed with hemoclips. The possibility of Osler Weber Rendu syndrome was considered as he developed bleeding recurrently. According to Curacao Criteria, a minimum of two out of four symptoms should be present to ratify the disease, and the presence of three symptoms makes a definite diagnosis. Since there is no cure for the syndrome to date, therapy's mainstay entails meticulous supportive care (focused on managing the manifestations). The disease is a type of arteriovenous malformation associated with the mutation in either endoglin (ENG) or activin A receptor-like kinase-1 (ACVRL1) genes. He was given an intraarticular injection of methotrexate in the left wrist hand because of small joint polyarthritis. The patient was symptomatically and clinically better on discharge. Novel treatment strategy includes bevacizumab and thalidomide though their use has not been clinically approved. --- ## Effect of Ashwini Mudra as an adjuvant on pain in post-operative cases of ano-rectal diseases - An Ayurvedic management protocol **Authors:** Kiran Khandare, Pradnya Ghormode, Rahatsaba S Sayyed, Alok Kumar Diwedi **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4726 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ano-rectal Disorders, Sushumna Nadi, Ashwini Mudra, Vagbhata Ano-rectal disorders refer to the illness of the anal canal and rectum. Fissure in ano, Fistula in ano and haemorrhoids are among the most common ano-rectal conditions. In these cases, symptoms like pain, itching, burning, bleeding and swelling can significantly affect a patient's lifestyle. In Today’s Era, for pain management in post-operative cases of ano-rectal diseases, yoga plays an important role in pain management. Yoga is a way of living that aim towards a healthy mind in a healthy body. Ashwini mudra is a tantric practice used to generate and move prana (life force energy) upward along the spine, via the main energy channel of the subtle body known as sushumna nadi. The practice involves contracting the anal sphincter in a rhythmic way, thereby generating and containing intense energy within the lower body before pumping it upwards As the ano-rectal disease require long term conservative treatment and also surgical intervention. Due to this patients are suffering for long term problems. To minimize the side effects of medicine in post-operative cases, certain measures are needed. Yoga is a way of living that aims towards a healthy mind in a healthy body. Sushruta and Vagbhata have described that the total length of Guda is 4½ Angula only. Vagbhata had also told measurement of Guda as Atmapanitala (palm of hand) Ashwini mudra is very easy to perform and can be done during any time and by any age group. --- ## Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic lockdown on Mental and Physical health of students: A cross-sectional study **Authors:** Tajuddin Chitapure, Satyam Bhodaji, Mayuri Zanwar, Rinkle Malani **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4113 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Mental health, Physical health, Lockdown, Students COVID-19 outbreak has proven itself as a causative factor of global concern and got declared as global health emergency on 30 January 2020 by WHO resulting in lockdown as a preventive measure by the Government. Due to which there is a massive effect of this COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on the mental and physical health of the population. So we conducted the study to learn about the changes of mental and physical health in the students. A self-administrated questionnaire was prepared; consists of questions pertaining to Personal information related to mental and physical health during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. A pilot study was done on ten students for validity and reliability for a self-administrative questionnaire. This study was done on 201 college students of MGM Campus Aurangabad. After collecting the data, results were obtained giving the percentage of the population being affected mentally and physically with 67% of mental health was affected by 80% of the student population and 41% of physical health is affected by 80% of the student population. We concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic had a mild stressful impact in the present study, even though the COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing. --- ## A Review on conceptual framework of Drug Side Effects and Pharmacoresistance in Epilepsy **Authors:** Satish Kumar Sharma, Suruchi Singh **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4030 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Anti-Epileptic Drugs, AED Side Effects, Pharmacoresistance, Recurrent Seizures Epileptic seizures in the form of involuntary body movements have made patients’ lives extremely difficult. There are mainly two types of seizures partial or focal seizure affect just one side of the brain and generalised seizures affect the whole brain of a person. The person suffers from neuro-sensory deregulation and consciousness loss, coupled with episodes of seizures. Different drug therapies have been used for epilepsy patients targeting neurotransmitters regulation mechanisms. The drug targets and mechanism of action in polytherapy remain ambiguous. However, 6 out of 10 patients quit antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy due to side effects like depression, aggression and psychosis. Several behavioral side effects make them socially awkward, due to which patients cease to continue drug therapies. The combined effect of AED side effects and resorting therapies lead to recurrent seizures which further disturb the neurotransmission on account of every seizure episode. The present review describes epilepsy in terms of clinical treatments and associated side effects. The study provides a novel conceptual loop of correlation between AED polytherapy, side effects and Pharmacoresistance. This review creates caution for clinicians to think intricately before prescribing drugs for epilepsy and ensure communication of side effects. The review opens research prospectives for drug targets to break the conceptual loop for the Pharmacoresistance. Further, this paper enhances the understanding of epilepsy and improves diseases condition. --- ## Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Studies of Cr (III), Co (II) and Ni (II) Complexes with Schiff Base **Authors:** Dina A Najeeb, Farah M Ibrahim **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4755 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Schiff Base of 2-aminobenzoic Acid, Metal Ion Complexes, Thermal Analysis of Metal Ions The physiologically active compounds of Schiff bases find application in the treatment of several diseases. This biological activity of Schiff base is attributed to the formation of stable chelates with a transition metal, and they are known to exhibit a wide variety of pharmacological properties and carcinostatic activities. Cr (III), Co (II), and Ni (II) complexes of Schiff base were chosen for the present experimental work and theoretical treatment and characterized by different spectroscopies such as elemental analysis CHN, infrared, ultra visible spectroscopies, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity measurements, and thermal analysis The results of this research, indicate that the complexes have a type composition [M (NL)]. Schiff base NL: derived from 2-aminobenzoic acid and Benzil, M: Cr (III), Co (II), and Ni (II) transition metal ions. Schiff base acts as a tetradentate ligand with ions through the hydroxyl groups and imine groups. The work was included theoretical calculations of NL and its complexes, which were done by the program of hyperchem8. 0.7 using semi-empirical calculations. The PM3 method used to calculate the heat of formation (ΔH○f), binding energy (ΔEb), total energy (ΔEtot), and geometric properties of the compounds. --- ## Formulation and Evaluation of Brimonidine Maleate Nanolipid in Situ Gel **Authors:** Mohd Azharuddin, Theivendren Panner Selvam, Maya Sharma, Jayesh Dwivedi **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3827 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Brimonidine Maleate, In situ gel, Entrapment Efficiency, In-Vitro Release, Gellation Study The main objective of present research work was aimed to formulate and evaluate the nano lipid-based drug delivery system by incorporating a brimonidine maleate drug for ocular therapy. The patient can be improved by preparing nano lipid in situ gel as a vehicle by reducing the frequency of administration and increasing the ocular bioavailability. Nanolipids were prepared by film hydration technique and then prepared nanolipids were incorporated into insitu gel by using various polymers like Carbopol 940 and HPMC K15M with different concentration. The various formulations prepared showed excellent and effective results for visual appearance, pH, and gellation study. It was further observed that formulations had entrapment efficiency within the range of 67.20% to 97.3% for brimonidine maleate loaded insitu gel formulations. F1 entrapment efficiency was found to be 97.3% and shown maximum when compared with other formulations. From the drug release data, it was found that F1 (99.0%) shows maximum drug release compare to other formulations. --- ## False negativity rate of ultrasonography with mammography in women with palpable breast lumps **Authors:** Sudha M, Prashant Moorthy **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4381 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast Lump, Ultrasound, Mammography This study was performed to determine the false negativity rates of ultrasonography with mammography in the assessment of women with palpable breast lumps. The relevant data on 202 female patients aged above 14 years of age, who had presented to our institution with a breast lump, had been retrospectively reviewed from our hospital database. Out of these, 155 patients for whom mammography with sonography imaging (MSI) was done were included in the study population. It consisted of tissue-positive cases, tissue-negative cases, and false-negative MSI confirmed on pathology. All cancer cases and false-negative cases using MSI were identified. Cancer rates, false-negative rates, and negative predictive values were calculated based on MSI breast imaging reporting and BI-RADS categories. Among patients who had undergone MSI, 73.55 % (114/155) of patients had BI-RADS 1–2. Despite a benign result, 10.5% (12/114) of them had gone ahead with a tissue diagnosis, whereas BI-RADS 4 and 5 had a 100% biopsy rate (28/28, 4/4, respectively). Out of the seventeen cancers detected in toto, only one belonged to BI-RADS 1–2. The false-negative rate of MSI (i.e., BI-RADS 1–2) was found to be 1.75% (1/114). As none of the remaining cases had progressed into malignancy post-follow-up (Median: 9 months, Range: 2 – 13 months), The negative predictive value (NPV) and cancer rate were estimated to be 99.12% and 0.88% respectively. Therefore, low false negativity and high negative predictive value of mammography with ultrasonography imaging for breast lumps were established. --- ## The effect of the local cold application on low back pain and vascular complications of patients undergoing coronary angiography **Authors:** Fariba Ebrahimi-Shalmani, Farideh Hasavari, Salman Nikfarjam, Ehsan Kazemnejad Leili, Nazila Javadi-Pashaki **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4220 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronary Angiography, Hemostasis, Low Back Pain Coronary angiography due to the risk of vascular complications and low back pain development can lead to undesirable outcomes. This clinical trial was performed on 110 patients undergoing CAG through the femoral artery in 2019. Low back pain was assessed by VAS at baseline, 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours after angiography and vascular complications were investigated 9 times in this period. Results of group and time interaction analysis revealed that pain and vascular complications were significantly different between these two groups (P <0.001). After controlling for individual, clinical and technical variables, the scores of low back pain were associated with the intervention group compared to the control group (P <0.001), Body Mass Index (P=0/035) and INR (P <0.001). The extent of hematoma was associated with group (P = 0.003) and also the extent of ecchymosis was associated with group (P = 0.002), education (P = 0.44) and BMI (P = 0.035). In this study, the local cold was effective in back pain and vascular complications in patients undergoing CAG. --- ## Assessment of severity, quality of life and suicidal ideation in patients with depressive disorders **Authors:** Imran Mansur M D, Shreeharsha G, Akshay C, Ravi Chandra C V, Binai K Sankar, Smitha M **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3839 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Depression, Severity, Medication Adherence, Medication Non-Adherence, Quality of Life, Suicidal Ideation Depression is estimated to be the third leading cause of disability and about 350 million people suffer from depression worldwide. Various biological, social, economic, cultural factors and environmental factors contribute for depression. A total of 102 patients were enrolled in the study. Majority of the patients (64, 62.74%) included in the study were female. The mean age of the study subjects was found to be 20.4±11.88 years. The severity of symptoms in depressed patients evaluated using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) shows that 33.33% of the subjects were very severely depressed, followed by 29.41% of the subjects with moderate depression, 23.52 % with severe depression and 11.76% with mild depression. Quality of life was evaluated using WHOQOL BREF Scale in the study population. 51.96 % of subjects were having low quality of life (QoL) followed by 48% of subjects with medium QoL and 0.98% subjects with high QoL. Modified Scale for Suicidal Ideation (MSSI) was used to evaluate severity of suicidal ideation in study population. Interpretation of results shows that 74.50% were having low suicidal ideation and few subjects (8.82%) were found to have severe suicidal ideation. Depression negatively impacts individual’s functioning, work satisfaction, relationships, leisure, physical and mental health, sexual functioning, sleep patterns and overall sense of fulfilment and contentment with life. Severe form of depression can lead to suicidal risk, increased risk of morbidity, mortality, substantial imbalance on individual’s occupational potential, significant physical and psychosocial impairment. --- ## Regulatory compliances in development of commercial scale process of Nanoparticles (Liposomes and Niosomes) in pharmaceutical industry: A review **Authors:** Daka Nagarjuna Reddy, Mahaveer Singh, Birendra Shrivastava, Ravi Kumar Konda **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3830 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Regulatory Affairs, Commercial-Scale Process, Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, Liposomes, Niosomes The main objective of this review work was designed to explore the regulatory environments that govern the pharmaceutical industry. Main objective of regulatory department is to maintain the quality, safety and efficacy of the medical products it also ensures the standard of medicinal product for sales, importing and manufacturing. The biggest challenge faced by the pharma manufactures is Scaling up their production. Our review process focuses on regulatory requirements concerning Liposomes and Niosomes and their limitations in respect to industrial applicability. In detail explanation of what type of information should be submitted to FDA and EU in new drug applications (NDAs) or abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs). By comparing these two developed regulatory markets we can build a strong regulation in Indian market on Liposomes and Niosomes. The review study deals with the sound knowledge about regulatory landscape that governs the pharmaceutical industry. Study describes in depth about liposomes and niosomes delivery systems and gives a critical overview of the current regulatory landscape surrounding commercialization efforts of higher-level complexity systems, the expected requirements and the hurdles faced by companies seeking to bring novel liposome and noisome based systems for clinical use to market. --- ## Multiple bilateral supernumerary teeth in a non-syndromic female patient - A case report with a comprehensive review **Authors:** Rakhi Issrani, Amal Alrayes, Arunpriya Srinivasan, Namdeo Prabhu, Zafar Ali Khan, Mahmoud Gamal Salloum, Naseer Ahmed **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4491 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Impacted, Mandibular, Premolars, Radiograph, Supernumerary Supernumerary tooth (ST) are the developmental disorders that could be found in either of the dental arches. Whereas the single ST is quite a common entity, multiple ST are rare, especially when they are not related to any syndromes or disorders. The experience of observing one such case is reported in light of a review of the literature on this condition. This report describes a case of a non-syndromic 22-year-old female who presented with multiple erupted and impacted ST in the mandibular premolar region. The patient was educated about the complications and consequences associated with ST and was advised for extraction of erupted supernumerary premolars and observation of the impacted ones but the patient denied any treating as ST were not causing any immediate problem. Radiographic assessment plays a pivotal part in early diagnosis and intervention as it aids in avoiding complications associated with ST, especially in non-syndromic cases or when they are asymptomatic. Patients should be counselled regarding the same with proper explanations of all the treatment options. --- ## Antimicrobial Resistance in Oral biofilm: Challenges and Alternatives **Authors:** Satish Kumar Sharma, Shmmon Ahmad **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4026 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oral Infections, Dental Biofilm, Antimicrobial Resistance, Extracellular Matrix Bacterial biofilm has been a major contributor to severe bacterial infections in humans. Oral infections have also been associated with biofilm-forming microbes. Several antimicrobial strategies have been developed to combat bacterial biofilms. However, the complexity of the oral cavity has made it difficult to use common drug treatments. Most effective ways to control normal bacterial infections are rendered ineffective for bacterial biofilms. Due to limited drug concentration availability, drug neutralization or altered phenotype of bacterial cells, different drug have been ineffective to identify the target cells. This leads to the development of the multifaceted phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Biofilm research done so far has been focused on using antimicrobial drugs to target molecular mechanisms of cells. The severity and resistance mechanisms of extracellular matrix (ECM) have been underestimated. The present study describes different antimicrobial strategies with respect to their applications in dental or oral infections. A prospective strategy has been proposed targeting ECM which is expected to provide an insight on biofilm obstinacy and antimicrobial resistance. --- ## Phytochemical screening and HPLC- UV method quantification of Flavonoids in Coffee Arabica green seeds **Authors:** Bothiraj K V, Kalaivani P, Murugan K, Vanitha V **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4395 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Green coffee bean, Cancer, phytochemicals, HPLC, Flavonoids, antioxidant, anti-cancer activity The green coffee bean is the most commonly used beverages in India and it is one of the most commercialised food products. They have a rich source of biologically active compounds that are important for human health. The coffee tree or a shrub belongs to the family Rubiaceae. Commercially available, two species of green coffee bean are Coffea Arabica and Coffea canephora. Cancer is the most important cause of death. Apart from cancer, quercetin can also prevent Osteoporosis. The phytochemicals present in the green coffee bean can be used as an alternate therapy for cancer due to its antimitotic activity and free radical scavenging activity. Total antioxidant shows IC50 value 45.81. Kaempferol is a potent antioxidant that can defence against free radicals and cure chronic diseases. Flavonoids are phenolic substances that act as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergenic, antiviral and also have vasodilating actions. Green coffee bean shows a high concentration of Flavonoids in hydroethanolic extraction. The aim of this study is used to analyse the presence of Flavonoids in green coffee bean by using High-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Flavonoids are potent antioxidant that can bind to a protein. Flavonoids show a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities like anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-microbial activity. --- ## Estimation of solifenacin and tamsulosin in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: Application to a pharmacokinetic study **Authors:** Chandramohan Kandasamy, Kumar Mohan, Alexandar S, Sivaselvakumar Muthusamy **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3829 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Solifenacin, Tamsulosin, Rat Plasma, Solid-Phase, LC-MS/MS Effectiveness tests using a mixture of solifenacin and tamsulosin include the implementation of a research procedure for precise plasma evaluation of both drugs. For the direct estimation of solifenacin and tamsulosin, high quality liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in rat plasma (LC-MS / MS) methodology was designed. Extraction during solid phase technique used to obtain solifenacin, tamsulosin, and solifenacin D5, tamsulosin D4 (internal standards; IS) from 100 μL rat plasma. On the Thermo BDS Hypersil C8 (100 X 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) column under isocratic elution with acetonitrile, chromatographic separation of analytes was done:10mM ammonium formate (80:20 v/v) 1 mL/min mobile phase flow rate. For both analytes and various IS, precursor ion and production transitions were tracked on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, controlled with positive ionization mode in the specific reaction monitoring. The model was employed for solifenacin over a range of concentrations of 0.100 to 30.014 ng/mL and for tamsulosin between 0.050 and 15.176 ng/mL. Mean recovery of solifenacin, tamsulosin, solifenacin D5 and tamsulosin D4 was 84.7%, 87.5%, 86.1% and 82.6%, was consistent at low, medium and high levels of QC. For both analytes, precision and accuracy were less than 15 percent at low, medium and high QCS with good performance levels of operation. Specific stabilities have been tested for all analytes, bench-top, wet extract, freeze-thaw and long-term stability. To help a pharmacokinetic analysis in Wistar rat, this analytical method for simultaneous estimated use of solifenacin and tamsulosin was applied for rat plasma. --- ## Pharmacist Intervention Model by Collaborating with Health Professionals and Family Empowerment to Increase Medication Adherence among Rural Elderly Hypertensive Patients **Authors:** Husna wati, Elin Yulinah Sukandar, Kusnandar Anggadiredja **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3853 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pharmacist, Model, Intervention, Hypertension, Elderly Patients, Adherence Medication adherence among elderly hypertensive patients, particularly in a rural area, is one of the public health problems for which health professionals need to find measures to resolve. This study aimed to develop a pharmacist intervention model by collaborating with health professionals and family empowerment to increase medication adherence among elderly hypertensive patients in the rural area. This research was a mixed-method consisted of 2 stages: stage 1, a descriptive survey study; and stage 2, the development of intervention model with grounded theory by focus group discussion (FGD) and literature studies. Participants were 15 health professionals recruited with purposive sampling and 220 elderly hypertensive patients, along with their families, recruited with quota sampling. Participants were mostly women, had a middle level of knowledge about hypertension, the middle level of perception about the role of the pharmacist, and middle level of perception in terms of the pharmacists' ability in family empowerment. Fifty-seven participants participated in focus group discussion, and the result indicated the need to socialise the role of pharmacists, to allow pharmacists to have the opportunity to attend training, and the need for collaboration to empower families. This led to the recommendations for the pharmacist's role, in which two stages were proposed, pre-intervention and intervention. Based on the data from a model trial with elderly hypertensive patients, it was found that there was a significant increase in the adherence to taking medication in elderly hypertensive patients after the intervention. This model was expected to be an alternative in providing services to elderly hypertensive patients to improve patient adherence. --- ## Comparison between antegonial notch depth, symphysis morphology and ramus morphology among different growth patterns in skeletal class I and class II subjects **Authors:** Abirami S, Navaneethan R, Remmiya Varghese **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3703 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antegonial Notch Depth, Ramus Height, Symphysis Morphology, Growth Patterns In orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics, a thorough knowledge of growth and development is essential in order to understand various factors that contribute as to how a particular type of growth takes place. When planning of orthodontic treatment for a malocclusion, one has to take into account the growth pattern, because it would considerably affect the success of the treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare antegonial notch depth, symphysis morphology, and ramus morphology in different growth patterns in skeletal class I and class II subjects. In this study, a total of 60 cephalograms were taken which comprised 30 cephalograms in skeletal class I and 30 cephalograms of skeletal class II patients. The groups were further divided into three groups, namely average, horizontal, and vertical growth patterns based on Jarabak’s ratio. Antegonial notch depth, symphysis width and symphysis angle, and ramus height were measured and compared between the growth patterns and between class I and class II skeletal patterns. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed to determine the comparison between groups for all these variables in both skeletal class I and class II. Independent 't' test was done to determine the comparison between skeletal class I and class II subjects for all variables. Mean and SD values for all variables were determined for all the groups. Depth of antegonial notch was found to be greater in vertical growth patterns compared to horizontal and average growth patterns. Large symphysis angle and symphysis width were noted in a horizontal growth pattern. Increased ramus height was noted in horizontal and average growth patterns. There was no significant difference between skeletal class I and class II malocclusion for all parameters. --- ## Neurorehabilitation And Technology– A Systematic Review And Meta- Analysis **Authors:** Deepa S, Priya Kumari **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4368 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Neurorehabilitation, technology, RCT (Randomized Control Trials) With evolving innovations, physical therapy has adapted advancements of technology to impact a patient’s recovery with interactive rehabilitation and improve the quality of life. Physical therapy has enriched the patient’s experience and seeking new ways to improvise the treatment strategies for patients either in clinical setup or home-based rehabilitation. Evidence suggests that the amount of time spent by the therapist in rehabilitation has led to an increase in the progression of the patients physically and mentally. Still, with the increase in the grey population, it has put a strain on the skills of therapist attending such patients and has been chosen as an adjunct to traditional therapies. To understand the emerging interactive technology in improving the thorough rehabilitation this review of literature was done. This study was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, and PEDro scale was applied to find out the methodological quantity. Relevant Original articles based on randomised control trials (RCT) interpreting the influence of the use of technology in the prognosis of the patient’s rehabilitation from CINHAL, Scopus, Cochrane, Elsevier, Science Direct, research Gate and Pubmed were included. This study summarises that technology is an assistive tool for both physiotherapist and patients in showing prognosis in rehabilitation and improving the quality of life at home and community-based set up. Technology is promising rehabilitative intervention, although the evidence for this approach for rehabilitation purposes is still only moderate to weak. And that their effectiveness over traditional treatment which has yet to be established. --- ## Genetic screening of autism, a neurodevelopmental disorder: A review **Authors:** Ranjana Shaw, Tamalika Chakraborty, Dipanjan Mandal **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4391 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Autism, Human genes homologous zebrafish, Neurodevelopmental disorder, Zebrafish Neurodevelopmental disorders are conditions that arise from aberrant encephalon magnification and development, are perennial, crippling illness. Autism spectrum disorder (autism) is a common neurodevelopmental disability characterized by motor, social, cognitive function, stereotypies. This study aimed to investigate the genetic constitution of autism, an animal model named zebrafish serves as an indispensable tool for this purpose. Zebrafish is a highly gregarious species that acts as a suitable animal model system that affects convivial functions such as autism. Since transparent embryos are developed externally in zebrafish, it enables to conduct pharmacological screens for recognition of minute molecules along with genetic manipulation, facilitated through the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technologies, enabling the screening of the developing nervous system directly, large progenies, and substantial tractability. Mutational analysis of the genetic function has been used to suppress or express mutations in zebrafish homologs of human genes for the direct expression of human genes bearing mutations cognate to a neurodevelopmental disorder. Two areas of future research are addressed through the ease and relative speed of conducting experiments in zebrafish, which includes environmental factors contributing to disease onset, and screening for novel therapeutic compounds. This study found that zebrafish have become available for cell-based analysis and have been used for the prosperous modelling of autism. Continued innovations in zebrafish genetic implements will continue to make it a captivating neurological disease model. --- ## Content Based Image Retrieval System for Lung Cancer Detection Using Neural Network and Circular Hough Transform **Authors:** Rejiram R, Kanniga E **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3957 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** PNN, CAD, LIDC, Circular Hough Transform, Benign, Malignant Computer Aided Detection (CAD) systems that automatic detection and localize lung nodules in CT scans. A major problem in this system is a large number of false positives because of no provision for comparison of the predicted output. This paper recommends a new system with a combination of CBIR and neural network to full fill the gap in the area of early detection of lung cancer. From the preprocessed CT scan image, the system identifies whether it contains nodules using Circular Hough Transform and classifies into benign or malignant nodule using Probabilistic Neural Network. Then, it searched for the most identical pictures and retrieved it from the database. From the retrieved image, it is easy to identify the present cancer stage of the patient. Experiments have done based on both LIDC database and the locally collected database. The performance evaluation of the system is done by using both. The experimental results show that the present study easily differentiates benign and malignant nodules with an efficiency of 97 % accuracy on LIDC dataset, 95 % accuracy on Local dataset and similar images are retrieved with its present stage from the available database with a higher precision and recall rate. --- ## A study on epidemiology, etiology, risk factor and treatment management in chronic kidney disease on children, adult and geriatric patients in a tertiary care teaching hospital: A systematic mini-review **Authors:** Naveena B, Karthikeyan E **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3842 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Adults, Chronic Kidney Disease, Focal Segmental, Geriatrics, Hemodialysis, α-Smooth Muscle Action Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was recognized as universal health problem for population. It can result in a systemic review of epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, and treatment management was reporting the incidence of CKD about children, adult, and geriatric patients by using the research articles from 1982 to 2020. The object of study to find out a incidence about epidemiology, etiology, risk factor, and treatment management for all age groups with CKD patients in review articles. The discussion in this study systemic mini-review was about CKD in children, adult, and geriatric patients. In 2012, 2018 and 2019 epidemiology is mostly geriatrics are effected with CKD compared with children and adults but in 2016 children and geriatrics are equally effected with CKD. In 2017 to 2019 etiology is mostly geriatrics are effected with CKD when compared with children and adults. From 2000 to 2010 and 2011 to 2020 risk factors are mostly children’s are effected with CKD having risk factors to compare with adults and geriatrics. The treatment management from 1982 to 2020 the medications are intervented like radioactive iodine, Azathioprine, methotrexate, lisinopril, hemodialysis, methotrexate, and lisinopril for all age groups of CKD patients. The study was concluded that patients with CKD has increased the epidemiology, etiology, risk factor, and treatment management on children, adult, and geriatric patients with CKD. Future research should investigate adequate information about children, adults, and geriatric patients with CKD for better outcomes in further study. --- ## Scientific Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of Macrotyloma uniƒlorum seeds extracts **Authors:** Anandarajagopal K, Abdullah Khan, Sugalia S, Bama Menon, Tan Ching Siang, Poonguzhali S, Kai Bin Liew, Vijay Kotra **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4393 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Macrotyloma Uniflorum, Anti Inflammatory, Carrageenan Induced Paw Edema, Flavonoids Phytochemicals possessing the antioxidant properties naturally present in food attract a greater interest to healthcare researchers due to their desirable health effects on human health as they can be explored for protection against oxidative deterioration. Macrtotyloma uniflorum is a leguminous plant belonging to the family Fabaceae and commonly known as Horse gram. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of seeds of Macrotyloma uniflorum were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects using the scientific protocol on experimental rats. Extraction was carried out using the cold maceration method, and the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using a digital plethysmometer in the experimental rats injected with carrageenan to produce paw edema. Preliminary phytochemical studies confirmed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, terpenoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds in both extracts while flavonoids were found only in ethanol extract. Both extracts of M. uniflorum seeds (200 mg/ml) significantly (p<0.01) reduced the paw edema volume induced by carrageenan. The ethanol extract of M. uniflorum seeds exhibited more potent anti-inflammatory activity than water extract, that might be due to the presence of flavonoids in ethanol extract. The activity of the extracts was compared with diclofenac sodium (10mg/kg b.wt.) as a reference drug. From the results, it may be suggested that the antioxidative potential of phenolic constituents and flavonoids is the primary factors for the anti-inflammatory activity of M. uniflorum seeds extracts. --- ## Synthesis and characterization of substituted acetophenone-4, 4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone derivatives with an evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities **Authors:** Nagoor Meeran M, Narayanan Ravisankar **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3844 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 4-Dimethyl-3-Thiosemicarbazide, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidant, Substituted Acetophenone Thiosemicarbazones are organic compounds; these are widely used in the medical field. It is primarily in the manufacture of pharmaceutical drugs and bio molecules. These compounds have the azomethine functional group (-N=CH-) used to derive organic open chain and heterocyclic compounds. Thiosemicarbazones are similar to semicarbazones, and carbonyl group oxygen is replaced by sulphur. Thiosemicarbazone contains nitrogen and sulfur atoms, so they are used as ligands in coordination chemistry and form metal complexes. Thiosemicarbazone and its metal complexes are used in a variety of ways. It is especially widely used in the preparation of polymers and biochemicals products. Thiosemicarbazone and its metal complexes are closely correlated with biological properties and act as antioxidants, antifungals, antimicrobials and anticancer. Subsequently, in the current study, substituted thiosemicarbazones were synthesized and examined for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Newly substituted thiosemicarbazones were obtained from the respective acetophenones and thiosemicarbazides. The structure of the newly prepared compounds was confirmed by spectroscopic studies such as IR, 1H, 13C NMR, Mass and elemental analysis. The antimicrobial activity of all the new compounds showed significant activity against the selected bacteria and fungi in the studies. The compound TZ04 exhibited good antioxidant activity compared with standard ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene. --- ## Neuroprotective activity of Garcinia morella desr against monosodium glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in rats **Authors:** Iyappan R, Neeraj K Sharma, Senthilkumar S K **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4448 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidants, Dextromethorphan, Monosodium glutamate, Neurotransmitters The aim of the present study is to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of methanol extract of Garcinia morella Desr leaves in monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced neurotoxicity in rats. The MSG 2 g/kg, i.p. was used to induce the neurotoxicity. The rats were administrated with methanol extract of Garcinia morella Desr leaves (MEGM) 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. and Dextromethorphan 30 mg/kg, p.o. after 1 h injection of MSG. The animals were evaluated for its behavioural factors such as muscle grip and locomotor activity. At the end of the study, the antioxidant enzymes levels, neurotransmitter levels, TNFα, ß-amyloid and mineral levels were estimated in brain homogenate. The MEGM treated group shows significant improvement of behavioural and locomotor activity and muscle strength against MSG induced neurotoxicity. The glutathione, SOD, catalase and total protein levels were significantly increased in MEGM treated group. However, significant reduction within the level of varied neurotransmitters like AChE, Dopamine, TNFα, ß-amyloid were observed on treatment with MEGM extract. Further, MEGM also significantly decrease the MSG induced toxicity through declined levels of Ca+2 and Na+ with increased levels of K+. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the MEGM has significant neuroprotective activity against MSG induced neurotoxic rats. --- ## Insilico analysis of acridone against TNF-α and PDE4 targets for the treatment of psoriasis **Authors:** Sunitha Sukumaran, Meghna M, Sneha S, Arjun B, Sathianarayanan S, Saranya T S **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4286 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Çyclic AMP Pathway, Docking Studies, Inflammation, Phosphodiesterase-4, Tumor Necrotic Factor - α Psoriasis is an autoimmune disorder. Phosphodiesterase is a family of 1-11 among which PDE4 is most predominant enzymes present in inflammatory cells. Commercially available drugs are synthetic, and these may cause various side effects and are expensive. Dimethyl fumarate is the most frequently used systematic treatment for psoriasis with significant side effects such as myelosuppression, hepatic fibrosis and pulmonary fibrosis. Immune compromise drugs having various side effects, so this project is aimed to propose a novel drug that has more potency, efficiency and least side effects. The docking analysis was carried out to identify the best ligands by predicting the ligand conformation in the active protein sites and ligand binding affinity towards protein. Ligands were docked with the proteins, and all exhibited higher docking score than the standard drug dimethyl fumarate. The TNF- α inhibitors with PDB id such as 2ZJC, 2ZPX and PDE4 Inhibitors with PDB ID such as 3SL3, 1PTW are selected as target proteins, acridone had the best docking score of 19.3502 than standard value 12.997, and with PDB ID 3SL3, acridone showed 26.025 as docking score over the standard value 21.995. it interacted well with the active sites of the proteins. Thus, we infer that these studies will be a leader, in designing new and improved drug target for psoriatic therapy. --- ## Evidence-based Practice regarding knowledge, attitude and perceived barriers of Mangalore Physical Therapists: A Survey **Authors:** Vineel P, Gopala Krishna Alaparthi, Kalyana Chakravarthy Bairapareddy, Sampath Kumar Amaravadi **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3825 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Physical Therapy, Evidence-Based Practice, Survey, Behaviour, Knowledge, Attitude Evidence-based Practice is defined as usage of current best evidence which is conscientious, explicit and judicious in deciding on the care of the individual. It is one of the vital decision-making processes in the medical profession. Though India is renowned as a center for medical education, there is scarcity regarding the literature on evidence-based practice. The survey aims to identify the prevalence of evidence-based practice among the physical therapists of Mangalore. The study protocol submitted to scientific research committee and Ethical institutional committee, K.M.C. Mangalore Manipal University. On approval, the questionnaire had been distributed among the physical therapists of Mangalore through mails and in the written form. The questionnaire consists of questions divided into eight sections: 1) consent form 2) current practice status; 3) demographic data; 4) behavior; 5) previous knowledge of E.B.P. resources; 6) skills and available resources; 7) Opinions regarding E.B.P.; 8)Perceived barriers regarding E.B.P. The emails were sent through Google forms to all the physical therapists, and hard copies were distributed among the selected physical therapists. The response rate for the emails was 13.1%. The response collected through hard copies was 178, whereas total hard copies distributed was 320, the participants rejected some due to lack of interest. In total, including emails and hard copy questionnaire 205 was the response rate in which all were practicing physical therapy as their primary profession. The findings of the study will pave the way to identify the status of evidence-based practice as well as help in designing promotional programmers for evidence-based practice. --- ## Wound Healing Potential of Selected Drug Molecules Obtained from Terpenoids **Authors:** Mogan Babu N, Harikrishnan N **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3915 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Betulin, Coenzyme Q10, Farnesol, Retenoic Acid, Skin, Tocopherol Skin is the vital organ of the human system; however, due to its high exposure to the external environment, it was susceptible to various traumatic conditions. During the time of trauma human body played a significant role in the activation of various biological processes for enhancing the wound healing activity in case of damaged tissues. However, in case of skin tissue defects, to enhance the angiogenesis minimal scar formation, several pharmaceutical products were paving their way into the market. Now a days there was a rising worldwide utilization of several bioactive compounds obtained from terpenoids. Terpenoids are 5-carbon compound isoprene with oxygen-containing functional groups were isolated from several plants demonstrates a wide range of activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activity. Furthermore, due to their excellent cytoprotective activity, terpenoids based products had played a significant role in wound healing activity. Moreover, in our study, because of their excellent wound healing capability, we reviewed about the few drug molecules such as Tocopherol, Farnesol, Betulin, Retenoic acid, Coenzyme Q10. However, now a day's terpenoids were utilized in several wound-healing formulations because of their excellent anti-inflammatory, re-vascularization and re-epithelization characteristics. Finally, this review focuses on the role of a few drug products obtained from terpenoids as an ideal topical wound healing agent in modern medicine. --- ## Post extraction complications - An institution based retrospective study **Authors:** Md Sohaib Shahzan, Madhulaxmi Marimuthu **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3701 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Teeth, Extraction, Complications, Pain, Dry Socket Tooth extraction is one of the most common procedures undertaken in the dental clinic. As with any surgical procedure, even a simple tooth extraction can result in complications. Post extraction complications can be annoying to the patient, thereby causing mild morbidity and have an impact on their quality of life. Complications are wide starting from common ones like alveolitis and root fracture, dry socket, infraction, halitosis, pain, trismus and uncommon ones like displacement of root fragments within the sinus and oral antral fistula. The aim of this study was to evaluate post-extraction complications among patients visiting saveetha dental college. This is a retrospective study. We reviewed patient records and analysed the data of 86000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020. From a pooled sample size of 23000 extractions done during this period, data of patients reporting for post-extraction complications were segregated and analysed. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 20 by IBM. The results were analysed using the chi-square test. In this study, we observed that among a sample of 23000 simple extractions, only 42 patients had reported back with post-extraction complications (0.18%). These complications were more in males than in females. When compared between maxillary and mandibular arch, the mandible had more incidence with 54.16%. The most common complication was dry socket (58.34%). Pain as a complication was more in males than in females. Within the limits of the study, the incidence of post-extraction complication is more in males than females. Higher incidence of complication was seen in a mandibular arch (54.16%) than in maxillary arch (45.84%). --- ## The Comparison of Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Effect of Diclofenac Alone with Combined Treatment with Diclofenac and Serratiopeptidase in Patients having Osteoarthritis of Knee Joint **Authors:** Chitra Khanwelkar, Kartik Peethambaran, Sujata Jadhav **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3840 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Analgesia, Anti-Inflammatory, Diclofenac, Osteoarthritis, Serratiopeptidase Oral proteolytic enzymes like serratiopeptidase are very commonly used by clinicians either alone or in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for analgesia and anti-inflammatory purpose. As the activity of these drugs is not proved in trials, and they are not listed in any country's official pharmacopoeia, it was planned to study their effect in osteoarthritis patients. Two groups (n= 30 each) of diagnosed knee osteoarthritis patients, were treated with diclofenac 50 mg twice a day (BID) and serratiopeptidase 10mg three times a day (TID) + Diclofenac 50 mg BID for two weeks. The pain and difficulty in daily activities were assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Western Ontario and Mc Masters Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC OA) index scale before and after the treatment. Highly significant improvement in both scales was seen in both groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the improvements found in both groups. Addition of serratiopeptidase has not potentiated analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of diclofenac. Thus, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of serratiopeptidase are not proved. --- ## Ameolirative effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.,) in streptozotocin induced oxidative stress in diabetic brain of rat **Authors:** Pratap Reddy K, Bhaskar Nagilla, Varija K **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4708 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aldose Redcutase, Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase, Hyperglycemia, Malondialdehyde, Superoxide Dismutase The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of methanol garlic extract on the enzymes related with polyol pathway, advanced glycation end products, markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in brain of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Antioxidant capability of methanol extract of garlic was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate radical and FOX (ferrous ion oxidation-xylenol orange) H2O2 scavenging test. Diabetes was induced by single i.p injection of STZ (32mg/kg per body Wt.,). Blood glucose levels and body wt, were measured on every 7th day over a period of 30 days. The diabetic rats treated with garlic extract at two doses 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg body wt., by oral administration. Diabetic rats showed significant increase in food and water intake, decrease in blood glucose levels, body weights, but could not show any recovery by garlic treatment. Garlic treatment significantly decreased aldose reductase (AR); sorbitol dehydrogenase (SD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme activities. A decrease of malndialdehyde (MDA), Protein carbonyls (PC), Pentosidine advance oxidation protein products (AOPP), Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) was also observed. Additionally garlic administration produced a restoration of brain superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in diabetic rats. Garlic treatment also reduced the free radical formation and progression of hyperglycemia induced diabetic complications by decreasing influx of glucose into the polyol pathway and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes. The current study reveals exerts, efficiently, an attenuating effect of methanol garlic extract exterted antihyperlgycemic, antioxidant and anti-glycating effects in a dose dependent manner in diabetic rats. --- ## Effect of Sharbat-e-Deenar in uncomplicated Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - A Clinical study **Authors:** Ghazala Ahmad, Ismath Shameem **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4138 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Waram Al-Rahim, uPID, Sharbat-e-Deenar, VAS Score, McPS Score Pelvic inflammatory disease (Waram al-Rahim) is one of the most serious gynaecological infections of the upper female genital tract with the worldwide annual rate of 10-20/1000 women of reproductive age. The objective planned for the study was to evaluate the effect of Sharbat-e-Deenar in uncomplicated Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (uPID). A pre and post observational single group clinical study was carried out in the Department of IlmulQabalatwaAmrazeNiswan, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Hospital, Bengaluru. Diagnosed cases (n=30) of uPID were included in the study. Sharbat-e-Deenar consists of Poste baikhekasni and Tukhmekasni (Cichorium intybus Linn.), Gulesurkh (Rosa damascene mill.), Tukhmekasoos (Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.) and Rewandchini (Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meissn) were administered orally in a dose of 20 ml twice daily for 14 days. Outcome measures were 30-70% clinical improvement in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score for lower abdominal pain and McCormack Pain Scale (McPS) score for abdominopelvic tenderness and White Blood Cells (WBCs) count <10 on saline microscopy of discharge. Data were analyzed using paired Student ‘t’ test, Wilcoxon Signed rank test and Paired Proportion test.Clinical improvement of 30-70% in McPS and VAS score was achieved in 96.7% (p<0.001**) and 93.3% (p<0.001**) patients respectively. WBCs count <10 on saline microscopy of discharge was achieved in 70% patients (p<0.001**). Sharbat-e-Deenar was effective in improving the sign & symptoms of PID due to its anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic and anti-oxidant properties. No adverse effect of the research drug was encountered during the study. Hence, Sharbat-e-Deenar serves as an effective alternative in patients with PID, proving the research hypothesis. --- ## UNI-Directional Double Run Multi-Marker Based Standardization of “Amruthothram” Ayurvedic Medicine by HPTLC **Authors:** Manish Kumar Gupta, Ketaki Dhane, Birendra Shrivasttva, Supriya Hyam, Sujit Nagare **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.1817 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amruthotharam, standardization, UDDD- HPTLC, Ayurveda Ayurveda and Unani Medicine are the most classy and commonly practiced systems in India. In India’s AYUSH systems, some 8,000 herbal remedies have been codified. Amruthotharam/Amrutottaram Kashayam is one of such preparation which takes care of metabolic disorders through inflammation. The formulation contains guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), haritaki (Terminalia chebula), and shunthi (Zingiber officinale) in the ratio 6:4:2. Natural remedies obtained from wild sources; therefore, sustaining consistent product quality is difficult because of extrinsic variables including soil conditions, light and water availability, temperature changes, nutrients, and geographic location. The present work aimed to develop and validate uni-dimensional double development high-performance thin layer chromatography to standardize the marker-based compounds such as gallic acid, berberine and gingerol-6, because the power of one-dimensional chromatography is often inadequate for complete resolution of the components present in complex samples which can be improved by separating actives through UDDD. --- ## West syndrome - epileptic encephalopathy at early infancy **Authors:** Malavika Gopi, Akshaya Suresh, Anandu H, Roshni P R **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3951 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Electroencephalogram, Infantile Spasms, Vigabatrin, West Syndrome West syndrome (WS), synonymously infantile spasm or epileptic spasm, is a rare type of epileptic encephalopathy occurring at early infancy that exists with variable life expectancy. It is the most common form of epileptic encephalopathy. WS presents with spasms marked by extensor or mixed movements with distinct electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern of hypsarrhythmia, flexor and psychomotor arrest. Children with west syndrome always depict abnormal EEG, but sometimes the abnormality is seen only during sleep. The incidence of infantile spasms is found closer to 1 in 2,000 children, that typically begins between 2-12 months of age and peaks between 4-8 months of age. It is observed in otherwise healthy infants and also among infants with abnormal cognitive development. If this spasm happens in older subjects, they are preferably called "epileptic spasms" rather than infantile spasms. The goal for treatment of infantile spasms is to have complete control of spasms. Hormonal therapy with ACTH or vigabatrin is the mainstay of treatment. In spite of the development of new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), about 35-40% of cases are drug-resistant. Children affected with the west syndrome can be cured, but a successful therapy often depends on the timely diagnosis. This case report is one evidence highlighting the treatment strategy for the west syndrome, and this could be useful for any further study regarding this topic. --- ## A Validated RP-HPLC method for related substances of Dabigatran etexilate mesylate **Authors:** Pavan Kumar D, Kirti Kumar Jain, Sinivasa Rao G **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3859 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dabigatran, HPLC, UV Detector, Validation The scope of this research work was to develop a reverse-phase liquid chromatographic method for the quantification of related impurities of dabigatran and to validate the method according to ICH guidelines. Chromatographic conditions were optimised with Poroshell SB C18, 150mm, 4.6mm, 2.7µm particle size column, mixer of Phosphate buffer with phosphoric acid in water and acetonitrile with percentage of 10:90 (v/v) as solvent-A and acetonitrile and buffer with a percentage of 70:30 (v/v) as solvent-B. Gradient compassion mode is employed for mobile phase delivery with a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Stationary phase was maintained at 35°C temperature and detection at 230 nm, with 10 µL of sample injection volume. Water and acetonitrile in the percentage 30:70(v/v) were used as a diluent. The developed RP-HPLC method was validated according to ICH guidelines. LOD and LOQ values for dabigatran its impurities were in the range from 33 to 55 ppm and 112 to 168 ppm correspondingly. Method validation results for all the parameters are meeting the ICH guidelines acceptance criteria for the parameters of robustness, ruggedness, linearity, reproducibility and recovery. The proposed method was found to be suitable for the quantitative determination of potential impurities in the bulk samples of Dabigatran etexilate mesylate API. --- ## Solid Dispersion and Inclusion Complex for Solubility Enhancement of Rifabutine: A Comparative Study **Authors:** Jyoti Maithani, Ranjit Singh, Sanjay Singh, Kapil Kalra **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4370 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rifabutine, Solubility, Solid Dispersion (SD), Inclusion Complex (IC) Improvement in the solubility of a hydrophobic drug has a significant role in formulation development. The target of this study was the use of solid dispersion and inclusion complex method to enhance and to compare the watery solubility and dissolution qualities of Rifabutin. Various strategies in various proportions have been used in the preparation of the consideration complex with ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) and Hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPß-CD) and found that the better-improved solubility has been seen in kneading technique (AK1) in comparison to the physical mixture method and solvent evaporation method. Various techniques were applied in the preparation of the solid dispersion of Mannitol and polyethene glycol (PEG) 4000. They observed that solvent evaporation (CS4) had shown the better improvement of solubility when compared with the physical mixture method and kneading method. As the two methodologies were analysed, it was observed that the inclusion complex technique was far better as it caused a noteworthy enhancement in dis-solution profile (99.23 ± 0.25). The drug content was calculated (99.15 ± 0.14) and % inclusion yield was calculated (99.5 %), which was found to be maximum with the kneading technique (AK1). The characterization FTIR and SEM of the complexes shows that the drug had an amorphous structure. The amorphous structure of a drug has higher dissolution potential than the crystalline structure of the drug. The IR Spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were done to check their impact on dissolution behaviour and any if there was any physicochemical interaction between the carrier and the drug. --- ## Variation of Serum Interleukin, Gonadotropins hormone and Steroid hormone levels in women with Ovarian Cancer **Authors:** Lana Muhammad Ali, Parween Abdulsamad Ismail **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3841 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ovarian Cancer, Steroid Hormone, Gonadotropins Hormone, Interleukin Ovarian cancer has high mortality and delayed diagnosis. Inflammation is considered as a risk for ovarian carcinoma, and it contributes to all grades of tumour progression. Inflammation involved in the development of cancer cell and can be caused by an increase in the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This research was conducted to assess serum Interleukin, Gonadotropins hormone and Steroid hormone levels in ovarian cancer patients and to assess their impact in disease action. The present study is composed of 85 women (mean age = 62.03±12.4 yrs) with clinically and pathologically confirmed ovarian cancer and 65 healthy women as a control group (mean age = 61±12.1 yrs). The measured biochemical parameters included: the level of serum gonadotropins(LH, luteinizing hormone; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone), steroid hormones (estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, testosterone) and Interleukin (IL-4, IL-6, and IL-8). The results demonstrated significantly high values of steroid hormones (p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.05,p<0.002, p<0.01 (estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, testosterone) and significantly high ( p<0.001, p<0.002, p<0.01)values in (IL-4, IL-6, and IL-8) in ovarian cancer in comparison with control group. There were also significantly high (p<0.0001, p<0.05 values of sera LH and FSH in women ovarian cancer in comparison with the control group. p<0.01, p<0.001) respectively in ovarian cancer in comparison with the control group. An elevation of serum steroid hormone, gonadotropins, and Interleukin levels in cases of ovarian carcinoma in our study is important as a marker of the disease. --- ## Effects of barefoot walking on the flat foot in school going children: A Randomised control trial **Authors:** Sharath Hullumani V, Purusotham Chippala **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4382 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Arch index, Barefoot walking, Flat foot, Foot specific exercises Flat foot is also called Plano-valgus foot, and it is a term, that is commonly used in describing flat foot. Some studies have suggested, that certain foot-specific exercises and barefoot weight bear walking can change foot function like flat foot, and also confirm that shoed walking children are more likely to get a flat foot. An Assessor blinded, Randomized controlled trial with thirty-eight children with flat foot aged 6 – 14 years, both male and female were randomised to the control group (n= 19) and intervention group (n=19). The control group had performed barefoot walking for 45 minutes a day for eight weeks, and the intervention group had received foot-specific exercises with barefoot walking for eight weeks. Foot posture was evaluated by the arch index, while the Oxford foot and ankle questionnaire was used to measure the subjective well-being of children. Measurements were taken before and after the eight weeks of intervention. The outcome of the randomised control trial showed that the barefoot walking group faired far better than that which didn’t (p-value <0.05). The intervention group outcomes measure Arch Index, and Oxford Foot and Ankle Questionnaire were p-values is <0.05 from seventh and eight weeks. This study results suggest that barefoot walking and specific foot exercises are effective in improving the flat foot in school-going children. --- ## A Study on Hypertension among Persons Living with HIV attending ART Centers in Tamil Nadu - A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study **Authors:** Krishna Prasanth B, Mahalakshmi K, Kalpana S, Anantha Eashwar V M **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3828 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** AIDS, Antiretroviral Therapy, Blood Pressure, BMI People suffering from immunosuppressive conditions like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are more prone to suffer from non-communicable diseases like hypertension, which is not identified and treated at an earlier stage, can lead to significant mortality and morbidity in them. The study design was a cross-sectional study done in select Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) centers in Government hospitals in Tamil Nadu during a period from 2017-2018. Data regarding their HIV status, treatment history and Body Mass Index (BMI) were recorded and Blood Pressure (BP) was recorded by using mercury sphygmomanometer using standard guidelines. Data was entered in Microsoft excel and analyzed by using SPSS version 22 software. The study population comprised of 75% males and 25% females. Mean age of study participants was 45+8.2 years and the mean BMI was 22+3.4. The prevalence of hypertension among HIV affected individuals was found to be 14.63%. According to JNC criteria, 34% were having Stage 1 hypertension and 33% had Stage 2 hypertension and only 23% were on treatment. Significant association was found between increasing age, gender, BMI and hypertension. Health education and awareness creation has to be created among HIV patients on maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle so that, obesity can be prevented or reduced which could play an important role in NCD’s like hypertension and also hypertensive patients have to be identified and treated at early stage to reduce the morbidity and mortality. --- ## Classification, synthesis, characterization and biomedical application of nanoparticle: detailed review **Authors:** Ranganathan K, Muruganantham V **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4720 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Nano, Evaluation, Nanotechnology, Nanomedicine, Nanoscience The branches of science like Nano medicine, Nano technology, Nano chemistry and Nano science are a few of those departments that have the word 'nano' in their name and were frequently published in books and journals and became familiar to the public and the research professionals too. It was an emerging science in the 20th century and is the trend currently. It is not a single isolated technique or method that is applicable in one field, but it is multi-dimensional and is applied in various fields considering the advantages. Its arena ranges from the synthesis, designs, large scale production and potential application of nano-sized materials. They are the systems of a matrix of drug carriers that are uniformly dispersed in the polymeric membranes. This review concentrates on the methods of preparation of nano particles, evaluation methods, advantages and applications of nano particles in medicine. Nanotechnology mostly provides better drug delivery in order to transfer into the smaller parts of the body. This is mostly implemented to enter the ultrathin areas in the body. So, the drugs such as genetic medicine can easily permeated into the cell walls to produce maximum growth within a few more years. The doctors are paid by the patients. The patients who are receiving this therapy shows better bioavailability, decreased drug toxicity, lesser cost of treatment, and extend the life of proprietary drugs. --- ## Quantitative Stability Indicating Bio-analytical Method Development and Validation of Apalutamide - Apalutamide D3 By Using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography in Human Plasma **Authors:** China Babu D, Madhusudhana Chetty C, Mastanamma SK **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4205 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Apalutamide, Acetonitrile, Di Potassium Ethylene Diamino Tetra Acetic Acid, High-Quality Control, Medium Quality Control A simple, convenient, specific, precise and highly conventional stability-indicating ultra-performance liquid chromatographic‑ diode array method was developed for the quantification of Apalutamide in human plasma. The Phenomenex Luna (100x4.6x5µ) column was used for apalutamide separation. The mobile phase was composed with 5 mM ammonium fumarate and acetonitrile in the ratio of 15:85 v/v, and buffer pH 3.5 was adjusted with glacial acetic acid and detected at 345 nm. The Apalutamide‑D3 used as internal standard and K2‑EDTA used as a coagulant. The liquid-liquid extraction process used for extraction of drug from human plasma with tert butyl methyl ether. The retention times of Apalutamide and Apalutamide D3 (ISTD) was 1.48 min & 1.97 min, respectively. The assay of the method was validated in human plasma in the concentration range from 307.26-200013.87 pg/ml with the accuracy and precision ranging from 3.86 to 4.87. Recovery studies were found to be 103.79%, 90.93% & 96.83% for HQC, MQC and LQC respectively. The stability of the drug was evaluated in human plasma with different conditions of the auto-sampler, freeze-thaw, bench top, short term and long term stability studies were performed. The method was proved as highly sensitive and selective for the quantification of Apalutamide and determined at the picogram level. There was no matrix effect observed and proved as a stability-indicating method. --- ## Development and in vitro evaluation of Fucoidan Injectable Hydrogel Containing gelatine and chitosan in bone regeneration **Authors:** Shruthi Eshwar, Kranthi K, Supriya Manvi, Kalavathy D J **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3871 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chitosan – Fucoidan, Injectable Hydrogel, Biocompatibility, ALP Activity Past two decades have witnessed tremendous innovations in the development of artificial bone substitutes. In this study, an attempt was made to fabricate injectable chitosan containing fucoidan hydrogel to prove its efficiency in bone regeneration. The hydrogel was prepared using sol-gel method and was subjected to various characterisation like physical, chemical and biological to understand its nature in the formation of new bone. The gelation time was found to be 6 min at pH 6. The porosity and water uptake of the prepared hydrogel showed good efficacy. A decrease in cell number results in a concomitant change in the amount of formazan formed, which indicates the degree of effects caused by the test material. In vitro studies using the MG-63 osteoblasts, cell line revealed hydrogel to be biocompatible, biodegradable and showed slow and sustained drug release, increased cell proliferation and enhanced alkaline phosphatase secretion. Hydrogel proved that calcium deposit by converting bright orange-red in mineralisation assay to be greater in the Chi-fucoidan hydrogel. The ALP activity of chitosan containing fucoidan hydrogel was high in comparison to control and constant. Hence, we suggest that Chi-fucoidan will be a promising biomaterial for bone tissue regeneration. --- ## Bio analytical method development and validation for Ezetimibe and Pitavastain and its applications to pharmacokinetic studies in Rabbit plasma by using LCMS/MS **Authors:** Potturi Ramadevi, Kantipudi Rambabu **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4670 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ezetimibe, Pitavastain, LC-MS/MS, USFDA Guidelines, Validation, Rabbit Plasma For the gradation of Ezetimibe and Pitavastain in rabbit plasma, a highly sensitive and simple LC-MS/MS assay was developed and witnessed. The chromatographic conditions are isocratic with a waters symmetry C18 (150 x 4.6 mm, 3.5) column in isocratic mode. The detection was carried out using a mobile phase of 0.1 percent formic acid and 60:40 acetonitrile, and the detection was carried out using MS in a positive mode of electrospray ionisation. The valid approach was checked with a linear range of 10-200 ng/ml Ezetimibe and 2-40 ng/ml Pitavastain. The intraday and interday precision values were found to be within reasonable limits. The liquid extraction process is used to remove these drugs from rabbit plasma. And these drugs have been shown to be stable in freeze-thaw, autosampler, and benchtop tests in the future. The fluid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry strategy was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for quantification of Ezetimibe and Pitavastain in rabbit plasma using D4–ezetimibe and D4–pitavastain as within norms using LC-MS consolidated with quadrupole spectrometer by electro shower ionisation process. The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of this approach to ezetimibe and pitavastain at different evaluation levels while taking into account various factors such as instrument stability, precision, and accuracy, sample preparation techniques, instrument calibration, recovery, and matrix effect by using Ezetimibe and Pitavastain, as well as their internal guidelines. --- ## Selenium and alpha-tocopherol reduces fluoride induced oxidative stress in brain and muscle of mice **Authors:** Chandra Shakar Reddy N, Pratap Reddy K **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4380 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alpha-tocopherol, Fluoride, Oxidative stress, Selenium Fluoride is one of the common environmental pollutants. Its excessive exposure results in a wide array of toxicity phenotypes including oxidative stress, skeletal and soft tissue damage etc. Antioxidants such as Selenium (Se) and α-tocopherol are attractive agents for oxidative stress prevention because of their safety profile and wide availability. It is known that in combination, Se and alpha-tocopherol act synergistically against ROS formation. This study investigated the protective effects of selenium (05 µg/kg BW) and Alphatocopherol (2 mg/kg BW) on markers of oxidative stress in brain and muscle of mice exposed to sodium fluoride (20mg/kg BW) for 15 days. The results showed significant (p<0.05) alterations in markers of oxidative stress includes; an increase in xanthine oxidase activity and lipid peroxidation, a decline in SOD, CAT, GST and GPx activities in fluoride exposure group in comparison with control group indicates oxidative stress induced by fluoride. These changes were reversed modestly in Se and alpha-tocopherol alone treated groups and significantly (p<0.05) in the combinedly treated group indicating synergistic action in mitigation of fluoride effect. --- ## Influence of the span 80/Gelatin B combination on the formulation and stabilization of Argan oil-in-water emulsions **Authors:** Aicha Fahry, Yassir El Alaoui, Younes Rahali, Nawal Charkaoui, Abdelkader Laatiris **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3843 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Argan Oil, Gelatin, Oil in Water Emulsion, Span 80, Stability The present study aims to evaluate the effect of the combination of a linear protein: Gelatin type B and an oil-soluble emulsifier Span 80 (sorbitan monooleate) in the stabilization of argan oil-in-water emulsions. For this purpose, the emulsifiying properties of Gelatin itself with Argan oil as lipid phase were investigated first, by preparing oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions containing 10 wt%. Argan oil and varying Gelatin concentrations (0.5-2 % w/w), we have also formulated Argan O/W emulsions by span 80 alone at levels ranging from 1 to 6 wt%. Subsequentely, we explored the influence of the simultaneous application of the Span 80 and the gelatine on the stability properties and on the droplets size of Argan O/W emulsions, using different mixtures of the two emulsifiers. We compared the stability properties (flocculation, creaming, and phase separation) of argan O/W emulsions prepared with type B gelatine as the only emulsifier with those of emulsions prepared with span 80 and mixture of gelatin/Span. For stable emulsions, our analysis was completed with measurement of droplets size and Zeta Potential. Finally, all of the experimental results and the storage time showed that the emulsions prepared by 10 wt% argan oil and 2 (w/w) % Gelatin + 3 wt% Span 80 were the most stable with optimum conditions for minimal creaming, small droplets size (size <1µm) and high net droplet charge (absolute value of ZP > 23). The presence of span 80 in coexistence with gelatin, even in small quantitiees, has a profound influence on the stability of the argan O/W emulsions. --- ## A cross-sectional study on knowledge and attitude towards cervical cancer screening methods among women of reproductive age group in an urban area **Authors:** Tabitha Elizabeth Thomas, Manju A, Timsi Jain **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4369 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cervical cancer, HPV vaccine, Pap smear test, screening Cervical cancer, a malignant tumour of the cervix, the lowermost part of the uterus, is usually associated with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection. Asymptomatic in early stages, it becomes symptomatic as the disease progresses. Cancer cervix can be prevented with HPV vaccines and regular screening practices like the Pap smear test. Poor awareness, lack of knowledge on risk factors, signs and symptoms and socioeconomic limitations serve as barriers for women to take up cancer screening. This study was done to assess the knowledge and attitude towards cervical cancer screening practices among women. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-structured questionnaire among urban women of reproductive age group. Data were recorded, tabulated and analysed. Of the 248 women of the reproductive age group who were interviewed, 63% knew that cervical cancer is a leading cause of death among Indian women. Although 68.5% knew that HPV is the causative organism, only a quarter of them knew about the vaccination schedule. Only 42% of those who were aware of the Pap smear test knew the age at which screening had to be started. In conclusion, most of the participants knew about cervical cancer and its causative organism. However, their knowledge on preventive measures, HPV vaccine and Pap smear test was poor. --- ## Exploring the relation between dental caries and body mass index among primary dentition, mixed dentition and permanent dentition children - A systematic review **Authors:** Chanchala H P, Srilatha K T, Madhu B, Manjunatha S N, Raghavendra Shanbhog **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4396 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Caries, Body Mass Index, Primary Dentition, Mixed Dentition, Permanent Dentition The research on the association of the Body mass index and Dental caries has indicated inconsistent results in the previous studies. Therefore, the present review intended to re analyse the relationship between Body mass index and Dental caries. The databases used to search were Pubmed, Embase, Journal of the web using the following mesh terms, Body mass index, overweight, underweight, Obesity, DMFT, Tooth decay, child. The other methods were the manual searches of the reference lists of all selected studies, reviews, conference proceedings with complete information. The results were evaluated based on the 3 groups as an association of Dental caries and BMI for Primary teeth, mixed dentition and permanent teeth. The studies should consider the review based on the individual country specific BMI-for-age centiles to reduce the heterogeneities in the results as it causes inconclusive results. --- ## Assessment of Chromolena odorata potential ability of hemostasis in patients with and without Haemophilia A Inhibitors **Authors:** Nandu Baby P, Ramesh V **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3810 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chromolena odorata, Factor VIIIa, Inhibitors, Hemophilia A Haemophilia is a chronic bleeding illness that causes several difficulties in the patient's daily life in various aspects. Inhibitor development is presently the most important treatment complication observed in patients with hemophilia. Treatment modalities of Haemophilia A with either plasma or recombinant FVIII regimes results in the development of inhibitors and the risk of complications in patients. Hence, newer treatment strategies involving innovative hemostatic therapy are warranted for better management of hemophilia patients. The aim and objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of Chromolena odorata mediated hemostasis in patients with hemophilia A inhibitors. It was a cohort study constituting 147 clinically diagnosed hemophilic A patients. All the patients underwent treatment with FVIII A regimes (specific or multiple). The severity of hemophilia and clotting time was assessed by standard FVIII and aPTT assays, respectively. Modified Bethesda assay method was used to detect FVIII inhibitors. The hemostatic capacity of Chromolena odorata was evaluated by pooling the patient’s plasma with Chromolena extract concentrate. Younger age group (15-30) were more prevalent (56.4%) among hemophilia pathogenesis. Hemarthrosis was the significant co-morbidity observed in 58.5% of patients. Majority of the patients (72.7%) were diagnosed with severe hemophilia A. We identified 10 clinically evident patients to possess inhibitors for FVIII. Evaluation of Chromolena odorata hemostatic potential showed the improvement of clotting capacity with optimal concentrations of extract in patients with inhibitors. The findings of the study revealed the hemostatic properties of Chromolena odorata that can be recommended in the treatment strategies of Haemophilia patients. --- ## Phytochemical analysis, anticancer screening and antimicrobial activity of Ballota undulata Fresen (Benth.) from Al-Baha region Saudi Arabia **Authors:** Khulud Mohammed Alshehri **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4671 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ballota undulata, Lamiaceae, GC–Mass Spectrometry, HPLC, Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial Activity, Herbal Medicine, MCF-7, HCT-116, HepG-2 Cell Lines Plants of medicinal value play vital roles in prevention of disease and their use and promotion is fitting into all current prevention strategies. Nevertheless, diligent effort is required to properly identify, recognize and locate medicinal plants in the design and implementation of these strategies. The medicinal plant Ballota undulata Fresen (Benth.) that belonging to family Lamiaceae has been reported to exhibit antispasmodic, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. In this context, this work aimed to assess the biological activity of its three different extracts (chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol) as antitumor against different cancer cell lines as hepatocellular (HEPG-2) carcinoma, breast (MCF-7) carcinoma and colon (HCT-116) carcinoma cell lines. Further determine its activity as antimicrobial against a diverse human pathogen (five Gram negative bacteria, two Gram positive bacteria and yeast) and its chemical composition using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and HPLC. Our results showed that the different extracts of B. undulata have antitumor activity against tested cell lines. In addition, the chloroform and methanol extracts showed marked antimicrobial activity against the tested strains. Furthermore, the percentage of the MIC activity of B. undulata methanolic extract can help as sources for treatment compounds assay. So, this results of B. undulata shed the light on the antimicrobial ability of extracts from Saudi Arabia medicinal flora, which can be used as antimicrobial natural agents in pharmaceutical drugs and food preservation strategy. --- ## In silico analysis of protein-protein interfaces: Tools and approaches **Authors:** Christina Nilofer Mohanapriya, Arumugam Mohanapriya Mohanapriya **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3960 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Protein-Protein Interaction, Protein Interface, Interface Features, Tools Two or more proteins interact in vivo to perform complex molecular functions including catalysis, regulation, assembly, immunity and inhibition through the formation of stable interfaces. This interaction is governed by several factors that are selective, sensitive and specific in nature. Several interface features has been documented since 1975. The study of these interface features of proteins and their dynamicity during interaction with different proteins help understanding the mechanisms underlying diverse molecular functions and its biological processes. Computational tools greatly assist in studying such interface features that determine the interaction between two or more proteins, and in this context, this review enumerates the different interface features reported thus far along with the tools that aid in deciphering protein features (physicochemical characteristics, binding site and interface residue prediction and hotspot residues) along with their approaches that are employed in the prediction these features. Also, the review discusses the advantages and limitations of experimental techniques and computational biological tools deployed for deciphering the protein-protein interactions. Altogether, the review will provide insights into the optimal tools and different strategies involved in protein interaction studies that would facilitate the researchers to understand the protein structural features and molecular principles of protein-protein interaction with known functions. --- ## Awareness about Eye Donation among Medical Students **Authors:** Pooja B, Dheepak Sundar M **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3927 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Transplantation, Eye Donation, Awareness, Blindness To assess the awareness about eye donation among undergraduate medical students. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among 400 medical students studying in a tertiary medical college/hospital located in Tamil . The study tool used was a semi-structured google form questionnaire designed for assessing the awareness about eye donation among medical students. It was observed that the majority of the students (99.4%) of the students were aware of eye donation. Media has been the primary source for this awareness. The cornea is the part of the eye used for transplantation, and only 238(59.6%) knew about this The identity of the donor. The recipient will be kept confidential, and also the family will not be charged any money for the donation, but only 54% of the students were aware of this fact. Though the awareness was high, only 206(51.60%) were willing to pledge their eyes for donation. The study highlights the importance of educating medical students about eye donation as they play a significant role in helping the public in clarifying misconceptions and also increase the eye donation rates. The importance of consent over the telephone has also been emphasized in this study. Media can be used as a powerful tool in creating appropriate advertisements through television, newspapers, billboards and social media, which will be helpful. --- ## The role of Tranexamic acid in reducing the need for intraoperative and postoperative blood transfusion in patients undergoing arthroplasty for osteoarthritis **Authors:** Thiyagarajan U, Senthil Loganathan, Ragha vendar, Pradeep P **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4031 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tranexamic Acid, TXA, Postoperative Anaemia, Arthroplasty Intraoperative blood loss and postoperative anaemia in patients undergoing arthroplasty of the hip and knee increase patient's morbidity and mortality. This increases the need for postoperative transfusion of blood products. Though mechanical methods like using tourniquet reduce the intraoperative blood loss, postoperative loss and resulting anaemia cannot be prevented. Our aim was to establish that the use of low dose tranexamic acid Intravenously and Topically in these patients reduce the total blood loss in these patients and hence the need for postoperative blood transfusion and associated complications of anaemia. Our study conducted in SRIHER between 2018-2020 prospectively, included an analysis of 84 patient's undergoing arthroplasty of the hip and knee. All patients included were above 55 years undergoing arthroplasty for hip and knee for osteoarthritis. Patients with h/o stroke, cardiac stents and chronic liver and renal diseases were excluded. Intravenous Tranexamic acid 1gm was given to all patients an hour before surgery as an infusion in normal saline along with tranexamic acid 500mg injected through the drain after closure. The average blood loss was 480ml intraoperatively and the average drain volume was 140ml. Only 14 patients (16.6%) had postoperative anaemia and required transfusion of allogenic blood. The mean postoperative haemoglobin in these patients was 12.2gm/dl. Our study indicates that low dose intravenous and topical Tranexamic acid significantly reduces the intraoperative and postoperative blood loss and resulting anaemia. This effectively reduces the need for postoperative blood transfusion and associated complications. --- ## Modeling and docking studies of Keratinase from Bacillus Tequilensis MBR 25 against CYP51A of Aspergillus flavus for inhibition: Insilico studies **Authors:** Bethala Ramya, Pandu Brahmaji Rao **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3963 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aspergillus flavus, CYP51A, Modelling, Keratinase, Docking Research, Molecular Dynamics, Modeling Aspergillus flavus, which are common types of 'weedy' molds that are typically distributed in nature, are formed by aflatoxins. The existence of these molds does not always show that the aflatoxin levels are dangerous but shows an important danger. The molds may colonize and contaminate food before harvest or during storage, especially after prolonged exposure to high moisture or too stressful conditions such as dryness. Using 5EQB as a template for Modeler 9v7, a three-dimensional model of CYP51A from Aspergillus flavus was developed. After energy reduction, the structures of CYP51A 3D were compared with the prototype, and the final models were obtained using molecular mechanics and molecular dynamic methods. For flexible docking tests, a highly expressed CYP51A with keratinase from Bacillus tequilensis MBR 25 was used. The results showed that the LEU126, ALA153 and ILE165 binding steps of CYP51A are important determinant residues because hydrogen is closely linked to these compounds. These interactions with hydrogen bonding play an important role in stabilizing the complex. --- ## Lipid profiles of umbilical cord blood: A comparative study in pre-term and full-term Newborns **Authors:** Om Prakash, Pradeep Kumar, Bhumija Sharma, Seema Goal, Preeti Sharma, Mohapatra TK **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4137 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Newborn, Preterm Babies, Deranged Lipid Profile, Cord Blood Study The foremost causes of death in developed and developing countries both are cardiovascular disorders. Higher concentration of lipids in pre term neonates may increase their future risk of cardiovascular diseases. Early diagnosis and dietary modifications and proper management may rectify the risk factors and prevent future risk of cardiovascular disease. Our study aims to compare lipid profiles and atherogenic index in the cord blood of pre-term and full-term neonates. It is a retrospective and observational study conducted for a period of one year from December 2018 to November 2019 in the Departments of Biochemistry and Gynecology of Santosh Medical College and Hospitals, Ghaziabad and K D Medical College Hospital and Research center. Among 60 neonates including 30 (50%) term and 30 (50%) preterm, TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, were raised in preterm when compared to term babies while HDL level was significantly increased (<0.05) in a term as compared to preterm babies. This study supports inverse relation between gestational age and lipid profile and this deranged lipid profile preterm group could be a threat or among factors for the future development of Atherosclerotic and cardiovascular diseases in their former part of life. --- ## Rheological Modification for Asphaltic Materials Using a Mixture (Poly carbonate: Poly Methyl Methacrylate) and Microwave Radiation **Authors:** Ammar Ahmed Hamdoon, Khalid Ahmed Owaid, Wijdan Mohammed Salih **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4186 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rheological Properties, Waste Polymers, Paving Asphalt Obtaining asphalt that suits the nature of the countries it is used in, is of great importance. Asphalt constitutes an important component in the paving of roads, mastic and flattening substance. This study was included the modification of the asphaltic material by the use of a mixture of polycarbonate and polymethyl methacrylate after crushed to obtain low molecular weight. The study included two paths: In the first asphaltic materials was treated with different percentages of a mixture in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride (0.06% of weight) as a catalyst for this reaction. The mixture was heated at 150° for 30 minutes. In the second path, the process of mixing was performed with the existence of a 360 watt microwave radiation for 15 minutes. The process of mixing was repeated in the presence of sulphur (1% of weight) instead of anhydrous aluminium chloride and under the same conditions. Properties of the original and modified asphalts were determined, and this included the measurement of ductility, penetration, softening point, penetration index and calculating the percentage of separated asphaltenes. Additionally, Marshal test, chemical Immersion test and aging were measured for some of the samples. Good samples that can suit Iraq's climate were obtained from this study. --- ## Cost of illness of type 2 diabetes mellitus from the patient’s perspective: a study from several primary healthcare centres and a hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia **Authors:** Dwi Endarti, Anna Wahyuni Widayanti, Ehga Ayodya Rahmawati, Nellatul Khaher, Siti Rahayu **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3934 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Catastrophic Illness, Chronic Disease, Cost Analysis, Diabetes, Pharmacoeconomics Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem that had a consequence of high cost related to treatment and disease impact. This study aimed to estimate the cost of illness related T2DM from the perspective of patients. This study applied a prevalence-based cost of illness study from the perspective of patients. Data of direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs and indirect costs were collected by interviewing patients. The study involved patients covered by the national health insurance scheme as study respondents, which consisted of 96 patients visiting three public primary healthcare centres and 35 patients visiting a private secondary hospital in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. From the perspective of patients in Yogyakarta-Indonesia, the total cost of illness of T2DM within three months period was IDR 95,458 (USD 6.58) for patients at PHCs and IDR 340,159 (USD 23.46) for patients at the hospital, which were about 2% to 7% of the minimum wage rate. Indirect cost was the highest contribution of cost of illness (IDR 40,436/USD 2.79) to IDR 398,836/USD 17.63) and followed by direct medical cost (IDR 32,349/USD 2.23 to IDR 44,157/USD 3.05) and direct non-medical cost (IDR 22,673/USD 1.56 to IDR 40,334/USD 2.78). Cost of illness from out of pocket patients in this study was led by visits to other health facilities (the health facilities outside of study site) for obtaining health service related to T2DM disease. This study anticipated that T2DM had a consequence to out of the pocket cost of treatment and further productivity lost of patients and their caregivers. --- ## The deleterious relationship of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Induced Membranes in infected non-union treatment **Authors:** Thiyagarajan U, Senthil Loganathan, Ragha vendar, Pradeep P **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4032 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pseudomonas, Induced Membrane, Masquelet, Biofilm The Masquelet technique was originally described for the treatment of an infected non-union with an extensive bone defect where a staged protocol was needed to first eliminate an infection then secondarily bone graft a defect. Though this is a versatile technique, certain limitations/ complications must be recognized. The study was done between 2012 to 2019 at SRIHER university. 19 patients in whom the Masquelet technique has failed is taken into study. 17 male and two females, with a mean age of 31 years (range of 13 yrs. – 51 yrs.) with a mean follow up of 12 months. The 19 patients who presented with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected non-union of the tibia and femur with bone defects underwent the Masquelet technique. All patients failed to form adequate induced membrane at the non-union site. Infected non-union with a bone defect is difficult to treat. Bone defects of 2cms can be treated by cancellous bone grafting. Defects more than 4-5cms will require specialized reconstructive procedures to prevent amputation. The two common techniques used are Ilizarov technique with bone transport and bone graft into an induced membrane as described by Masquelet. This study shows a high failure rate of the Masquelet technique with Pseudomonas infection. The most difficult issue faced by the surgeon in treating P. aeruginosa is its ability to develop resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics during the course of treating the patient. Masquelet technique is used extensively for the treatment of infective non-union. Pseudomonas secretes a slime layer that may lead to a weak or deficient formation of the induced membrane. And the elution of antibiotics may not be adequate for intramedullary osteomyelitis with pseudomonas growth. This limits the Masquelet technique in the management of infected non-union with pseudomonas infection. --- ## To Study Prevalence Of Overweight And Obesity In Two Different Groups Of School Children Of Age 10-15 Years In Karad Town **Authors:** Joag G G, Danesh B Potdar, Suryakant Y Ingle, Porwal Nardendra P **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11si4.3734 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Prevalence, Overweight, Obesity, School Children Of Age The objective of the present study was to find out the prevalence of over weight and obesity in the school-going children of age group 10-15 yrs from two different schools of different socio-economic status and to study the associated risk factors in overweight and obese children .470 school-going children from Private English Medium School and 481 school-going children from Nagar Parishad School were interviewed. The prevalence of overweight in the boys was 10.19%, and girls were 9.61%, of the Private English Medium School, and in the boys of the Nagar Parishad School was 1.76% and in the girls was 2.02%. The prevalence of obesity in the boys 3.5%, and girls was 10.25% of the Private English Medium School was and in the boys of the Nagar Parishad School was 0.7%, and the girls were 0%. The increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in these students showed a significant association with high earning parents, having a paid servant in their houses, preference and frequent eating of non-vegetarian food, frequent intake of fast food, eating outside food (hoteling), high intake of milk, consumption of milk additive, television viewing, preference to indoor games than outdoor games. --- ## Standardisation of Kaishore Guggul by HPTLC method using E-guggulsterone as marker compound **Authors:** Birendra Shrivastava, Shaikh Mahammad Azhar Husain, Aamer Quazi **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.1815 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Kaishore guggul, HPTLC, standardization, E-guggulsterone Ayurvedic medications are becoming more popular among physicians and patients due to their superior therapeutic value. Guggulsterone is a plant sterol found in guggul resin. Obesity bone fractures, arthritis, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and osteoarthritis have all been treated with the resin in Ayurveda from ancient times. In this study, a technique for standardising the marker E-guggulsterone was created. The regresion analysis results for the E-guggulsterone calibration plot revealed a linear connection with a correlation coefficient of r2 = 0.9995, indicating that the amount of E-guggulsterone in the samples will be exact and accurate. This approach was proven to be exact, accurate, and resilient and may be used to analyse samples regularly. --- ## Serum Cotinine Level as a Tobacco Exposure Related Biomarker in Oral Cavity Malignancy **Authors:** Anand Guddur, Shah A M, Amol D Langade, Shreesh A Kolekar, Lahoti Jeevan, Nikam Yogesh Prahlad **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4440 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Serum Cotinine Level, Tobacco, Biomarker, Oral Cavity Malignancy Oral cancer has posed a challenge to us with its incidence as high as around 20% of total body cancers aim of the study was to quantify serum cotinine level as tobacco exposure-related biomarker in controls, chronic tobacco chewers (High risk for oral cavity malignancy) and oral cavity cancer patients. This was a hospital-based case-control study of 24 months duration in controls, chronic tobacco chewers and oral cancer patients. A total of 150 subjects had enrolled after meeting the inclusion & exclusion criteria. The commonest age group of oral cavity malignancy was 41 to 50 years. Males were found to be more affected than females. Tobacco chewing was the most common habits in a male patient and mishri application in female patients. In this study, 90% of patients had a history of tobacco consumption for the last ten years or more. Frequency of tobacco chewing was more in chronic tobacco chewers (30% in more than ten times a day) compared to oral cavity malignancy group (16% in more than ten times a day). The majority (more than 50%) of patients had tumour arising from the buccal mucosa, and histopathological studies revealed that 48% of patients had well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Serum cotinine level in non-tobacco exposure group is less than 1 ng/mL. Tobacco chewing habit is a high-risk factor for oral cancer. Chronic tobacco chewers can be included in the high-risk group for oral cavity cancer. Serum cotinine level can be used as a tumour marker for oral cancer patients. --- ## Validated stability-indicating method for estimation of related substances of paroxetine in active pharmaceutical ingredient and its pharmaceutical dosage forms **Authors:** Surapuraju Pavan Kumar Raju, Raveendra Reddy J **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4733 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPLC, Paroxetine, ICH, Validated, Stability-Indicating Validated stability-indicating analytical method was established for the quantitative determination of paroxetine and its related substances in API and it’s finished product in the presence of degradation products. To prove the stability-indicating nature of the method, stress studies were carried out. The method was developed by using (Waters, symmetry C18, 250×4.6 mm, 5 μm column) employing water:THF: TFA 90:10:1 (v/v/v) as mobile phase-A and mobile phase-B consist of ACN:THF: TFA the proportion of 90:10:1 (v/v/v) in a gradient mode with a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min was chosen. The column and sample cooler were kept at 45°C and 5°C respectively and 285 nm used as detection wavelength. Significant degradation observed in alkaline conditions, whereas no signification decay in drug stability was observed in other decomposition environments. Method development as well as optimisation studies were done by analysing the samples generated in the stress studies and spiked samples. Mass balance was found to be in the range of 90.3 and 100.1%, signifying the method is stability-indicating. All earlier analysis methods for the analysis of paroxetine have not been entirely validated by considering all the degradation products. The established method validated as per ICH Q2 (R1) and considered as linear, specific, accurate, precise, rugged, robust and found to be suitable for the routine and stability analysis of the product. --- ## A Prospective Study of Ultrasonographic Assessment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (Steatosis) Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus With Liver Function Test Correlation **Authors:** Kisshore Kumar G, Praveen K Sharma, Karthik Krishna Ramakrishnan, Seena Cheppala Rajan **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3832 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, Simple Steatosis, Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis, Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, Ultrasonography (USG) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) emerging condition of liver disease. Prevalence of this disease is estimated to be around 9-32% among Indian population with increased incidence rate among obese and diabetes. Insulin resistance is strongly associated with NAFLD. The spectrum varies from simple steatosis (NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), finally to cirrhosis. It has been regarded as a manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Ultrasonography (USG) is the simplest and cost-effective imaging technique for the identification of NAFLD. The Aminotransferase levels were also significantly elevated among T2DM. The results from the study reinforced the well established clinical association of NAFLD with higher Aminotransferase levels among T2DM. NAFLD may be considered as the hepatic hallmark of insulin resistance, and its correlation with liver enzymes, an excellent marker to predict disease outcome. This study is conducted to establish the prevalence of (NAFLD) among type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) along with Liver function test (Aminotransferase levels) correlation. The results from the study reinforced the well established clinical association of NAFLD with other co-morbidities like dyslipidemia, obesity, metabolic syndrome as the prevalence of NAFLD in these co-morbidities condition had a higher level rise in aminotransferases. The prevalence of NAFLD among T2DM in our study is higher when compared with other studies. NAFLD may be considered as a hepatic hallmark of insulin resistance and correlating it with alteration in liver enzymes will be an excellent marker to predict disease outcome. --- ## Evaluation of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Patients in Regards to Co-Morbid Conditions and Personal Habits **Authors:** Archana S, Kumaresan M, Sangeetha A, Balaji Karunakaran, Yuvaraj Maria Francis **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4374 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus, Chronic kidney disease, Socioeconomic status, Hernia, Hypertension Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases encountered in urology practice which commonly occurs in the ageing man. Similarly, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and erectile dysfunction also increases with ageing. This study is an attempt to look at the percentage of patients presenting with any associated illness and then to assess the risk of smoking and alcohol consumption and their socioeconomic status of our group of patients by taking a thorough history of BPH patients. The study was conducted in the urology department saveetha medical college and hospital. This was a prospective cross-sectional study from October 2019 till February 2020. In this study, 150 BPH patients history was taken, and data regarding their co-morbid conditions, smoking habits and alcohol consumption were taken, and results were analyzed. Among the co-morbid conditions in this group of patients, the most typical medical condition found was diabetes (46%) and the second most common cause was erectile dysfunction (32%). Further, public health perspective research with factual data collected through various hospitals to assess future trends in BPH incidence rates and co-morbid conditions must be strongly encouraged to identify risk factors for the Indian population. --- ## Evaluation of deviation of the occlusal plane to three different points of the ala-tragus line among different age group in South Indian population **Authors:** Tandra Das T, Suresh Bhat V, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4173 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Denture Construction, Denture Prosthetic, Occlusal Plane, Ala-Tragus Line The aim of the study is to evaluate the deviation of the occlusal plane to three different points of the ala-tragus line among different age group in South Indian population. Incomplete denture prosthetics, there are four basic criteria that every satisfactory denture should achieve. They are aesthetics, phonetics, mastication and comfort. These requirements are attained by adopting proper techniques in complete denture construction. Thus, the exact determinations of the artificial occlusal plane in the upper occlusal rim while jaw registration procedures play an important role in attaining this objective. Considering the importance of the occlusal plane orientation in complete denture prostheses, planes which are steeper or inclined to the occlusal plane can be unaesthetic or cause difficulty in establishing balanced occlusion or centric occlusion, a study is done to evaluate the deviation of the occlusal plane to three different points of ala-tragus line among 15-20 years, 20-30 years, 30-40 years age group individuals. Comparison of OP angle measurements with CP1, CP2 and CP3 within the four age groups. In the 15-20 years & 30-40 years age group, CP1 measurement was closest to OP followed by CP2. In the 20-30 year age groups, CP2 measurement was closest to OP followed by CP1. In the 40-50 year age groups, CP2 measurement was closest to OP followed by CP3. This study indicates or younger individual who is less than 40 years when the complete denture is constructed a superior point of external auditory meatus has to be taken as reference point & in an individual who is above 40 middlemost points of external auditory should be taken as reference point. --- ## A Case Presentation on Acute Lymphonodular Pharyngitis with a Review **Authors:** Mohammed Malik Afroz, Karthiga Kannan, Chanchala H P, Priyanka Talwade, Avinash Tejasvi M L, Anulekha Avinash, Sajida Husna **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4033 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Acute Lymphonodular Pharyngitis, Multiple Non-Vesicular Lesions, Cox Sackie Virus Infections Acute lymphonodular pharyngitis is a viral infection predominantly caused by coxsackievirus and is seen in children. The infection is characterized by typical prodromal symptoms of mild fever, sore throat, difficulty in deglutition. The characteristic clinical presentation reveals multiple raised, discrete, yellowish-white non-vesicular lesions with surrounding erythematic appearance commonly seen on the roof of the posterior aspect of the oral cavity. The lesions have been identified as early as 1962, described in detail in the literature. These lesions may be common but are often overlooked due to less knowledge among the patients or rather the patients not directly reporting to the dental office. We present with a case of a five-year-old apparently healthy child with a detailed description of symptoms, clinical features, follow up, differential diagnosis and review. This article aims to bring awareness of the disease in the present form to the readers with the purpose of early detection and identification of condition for treatment. We found very less review in the literature over past years which bring us to understand that it is overlooked though it has been identified in the early years. The disease may be reported less, but it is not obsolete to be discarded. --- ## Assessing the Emotional Intelligence (EI) Among Dental Students in Chennai — A Cross Sectional Study **Authors:** Indumathy Pandiyan, Leelavathi L, Meignana Arumugham Indiran, Pradeep Kumar Rathinavelu, Srisakthi Doraikannan, Jayashri Prabakar **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4411 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental Students, Emotional Intelligence, Perception, Student’s Attitude The significance of emotional intelligence (EI) in the prosperous act of medical field has been very much entrenched. However, attempts to investigate the alike in India, especially in dentist and medical professionals, are insufficient. Hence the present study aimed to assess the emotional intelligence among dental students in Chennai. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 177 interns in dental colleges in Chennai. Schutte et al Emotional Intelligence scale was used to measure the EI of the study participants. The emotional intelligence score ranges from 33 to 165, greater scores representing greater EI. Frequency and percentage distribution of the scores were calculated. Independent t-test was done to analyse the difference in EI scores among the participants. The EI ranges among the study participants with a mean of 123.9 and standard deviation of 12.4. Mean score was highest among the perception of emotion and managing own emotion domain when compared with other domains. The present study revealed, there was no much remarkable differences in the overall EI score among male and female participants and it was found to be statistically insignificant. More consideration towards the improvement of emotional intelligence among students by dental professional, pay way to betterment of educational and clinical presentation. --- ## A Study of Relationship Between Serum Uric Acid, and Fasting Plasma Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients **Authors:** Anuradha G, Santhini Gopalakrishnan S, Vinodakumar H R **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3854 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lipid Profile, Cardiovascular Disease, Antioxidant, Obesity The current study was conducted to observe the relationship between serum uric acid, lipid profile and fasting plasma glucose in type 2 DM patients. It was a cross-sectional study. A total of 618 participants were included in the study (203-healthy, 206-prediabetic and 209-T2DM). One way analysis of variance was used to compare the mean between these three groups. A linear regression model was used to find the relationship between SUA and FPG in T2DM. The mean values of serum uric acid in pre-diabetes and T2DM (4.929±1.33 and 4.69±1.41 mg/dl, respectively) were lower compared to healthy (5.40±1.08 mg/dl). SUA showed a significant positive correlation with serum triglycerides in T2DM (p<0.05). The linear regression model showed that SUA was inversely associated with FPG in T2DM after adjustment for age and gender. The biological interrelationship observed in the current study raises the possibility of potential pathogenic overlap between SUA and FPG. SUA might be involved in a metabolic imbalance which in turn leads to T2DM. --- ## Dental Impactions Performed Under General Anaesthesia – A Retrospective Study on the Frequency and Implications **Authors:** Chithralekha B, Madhulaxmi M **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3709 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** General Anesthesia, Dental Impactions, Wisdom Teeth, Local Anesthesia, Surgical Removal The appropriate mode of anesthetic modality is one of the most important steps in planning for impacted tooth surgery. General anesthesia comes with a lot of privileges, but at the same time, it is known for its side effects. We can see a constant use of general anesthesia when multiple impacted teeth are extracted on the same day. Sometimes patients request general anesthesia because of anxiety issues. Other scenarios are when impacted teeth are placed complexly in the socket that the clinicians themselves opt for the administration of general anesthesia. The study was carried out in a university setting where we reviewed and analysed 791 patient records between June 2019 and March 2020. Ethical approval was obtained from the scientific review board. The collected data was compiled, reviewed, tabulated, and exported to SPSS software for statistical analysis. A statistically significant data was not obtained from the study, but the data has remarkable clinical significance. It is found that a slight male predilection is seen, and all the cases were done under general anesthesia when there were multiple impactions involved. Within the limitations of the study, it has been found that most of the general anesthesia administrations were done when multiple impaction surgeries were involved and more common in the second and third decade of life. --- ## Elevated Blood Lead Results in oxidative stress and Alters the Antioxidants of Silver Jewellery Labors **Authors:** Mandakini S Kshirsagar, Arun J Patil, Jyotsna A Patil **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3858 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Blood Lead Level, Lipid Peroxide, Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Ceruloplasmin This study is designed to find out the present status of PbB level and its adverse effect on oxidative stress and antioxidant of Silver Jewellery Workers (SJW). Forty-two SJW of having an age range of 20-45 years were included for this study and compared with 50 healthy male subjects of the same age-matched. All biochemical investigations were determined by using standard methods. In this study, we found significantly increased PbB level (325%), serum lipid peroxide (191%) and significantly decreased antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (-37.83%), Catalase (-27.64%), Ceruloplasmin (-10.2%), Nitric oxide (-36.54%) in silver jewellery workers as compared to control subjects. PbB level positively correlated with lipid peroxide (0.46) and negatively correlated with superoxide dismutase (-0.31), Catalase (-0.30), Ceruloplasmin (-0.20) and Nitric oxide (-0.28) were observed in study subjects. Therefore we have planned this study to know the oxidative stress and antioxidant status of silver jewellery workers and we found that blood lead level results in oxidative stress and alters antioxidant enzymes of silver jewellery workers and to reduce this oxidative stress it is indispensable to decrease PbB level of silver jewellery workers by taking vitamins, minerals and using activated carbon fabric mask which can prevent the health hazards of lead. --- ## Investigation on phytochemical composition, anti-oxidant and anticancer properties of methanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri schumach & thonn. and protein modelling and drug docking **Authors:** Sugumar R, Saravana D, Pavithra N, Suresh Raj V, Sekar Babu M, Vijey Aanandhi M **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4704 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Phyllanthus niruri, Methnalic Extraction, PA-1 Cell Lines, T.L.C, Corilagin Cisplatin The study aims to investigate the Phytochemical Composition, Anti-oxidant and Anticancer properties of methanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri Schumach & Thonn And the Protein Modelling and drug docking. The research deals with the methanolic extraction and phytochemical screening, determination of total phenolic and flavonoids contents and anti-oxidant assay. By performing GC-MS characterisation, various active metabolites are analysed. Thin-layer chromatography profiling of the Phyllanthus niruri methanolic extract was performed. The IC50 of the Phyllanthus niruri methanolic extract against PA-1 Cell lines (Ovarian cancer) was calculated. Docking studies also performed for antitumor activity by using Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics software on corilagin and cisplatin. The results suggested that the methanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri leaves has the anticancer cancer effect on the ovarian cell line. The docking studies also performed that Corilagin interaction with T.F. receptor shows a high binding score when compared to cisplatin. Our future research can be done in this area to optimise anticancer activity efficacy. Our results can be further tested Clinico-pharmacologically to prove its efficiency in human beings. --- ## Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life and Medication Adherence in Tuberculosis Patients **Authors:** Rakchhya Uprety, Zishan Khan, Mahendra Kumar R, Zahra Fadaeian, Sheethal Kuriakose, Vivekananda Kambar **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3837 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Medication Adherence, Observational Study, Quality of Life, Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease mainly affects lungs and causes pulmonary tuberculosis. It can also affect intestine, meninges, skin, bones and other tissues of the body. Although the drugs alone can cure TB, it still remains a major public health problem worldwide. The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life and medication adherence in TB patients. The Quality of life was assessed using SF-36 in patients receiving DOTS treatment in initial or continuous phase while the medication adherence was analyzed using Morisky Green Levine Scale. Subjects were also counselled about their disease during their first visit and a follow up was done after a month. A total of 152 subjects were enrolled in the study of which majority of the subjects had Pulmonary TB (55.26%). Diabetes was found to be the most common comorbidity followed by HTN. The average Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental component summary (MCS) were found to be 44.34 and 39.60 respectively. Females had a better quality of life scores compared to males. High adherence was seen in 32.24% of patients while 28.29% had low adherence. Follow up was done for 135 subjects. 15 subjects defaulted and 2 of them died. There was a significant increase in the QoL scores and medication adherence after one month. A significant association was found between the Physical functioning (p=0.001) and emotional wellbeing (p=0.01) with Duration of treatment indicating that subjects who had completed more than one month of their treatment had marked improvement in Physical functioning and emotional well-being scores. --- ## Cervical cancer awareness and its prevention among rural women of Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu, India, A Cross-Sectional Study **Authors:** Thahirabanuibrahim I, Muthunarayanan Logaraj **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3926 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cervical Cancer, Cervical Cancer Prevention, Human papillomavirus, Hpv Vaccination, Pap Smear, Screening Test Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among Indian women; around 20% of cervical cancer cases all over the world are from India. Even though amelioration in the health care system had progressed compared to earlier days, the mortality due to cervical cancer in developing countries like India. The study focuses on the awareness, prevention and screening of cervical cancer in rural women of Kancheepuram district. The cross-sectional study with 416 women using multistage sampling method was conducted, the tool was Cervical cancer awareness measure toolkit version 2.1 with altered changes in the socio-demographic section with B. G Prasad scale for socio-economic status was included accordingly to the rural area. The awareness about the term cervical cancer was 43.2% (180/416). Still, the awareness about the term human papillomavirus (HPV) was only 7.1%(32/416), of the 416 women who participated in the study only 15.5% of women were screened for cervical cancer at least once in their lifetime, Less than 50% of the women participants were aware of cervical cancer, hence planned health education with behavioural change program is needed for promoting the knowledge and screening of cervical cancer in rural areas of Kancheepuram district. --- ## Oesophagal foreign Bodies Ingestion: Experience of 109 Cases **Authors:** Firas Shaker Mahmoud Al-Faham, Samer Makki Mohamed Al-Hakkak, Laith Fathi F Sharba **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3928 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oesophagal Foreign Body, Ingestion, Rigid Oesophagoscope, Endoscopy, Magill Forceps Esophageal foreign bodies ingestion is a worldwide surgical issue in pediatric age group while less likely in adults. We estimate endoscopic, clinical and therapeutic sides of this situation in the surgical department in Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital, Karbala city, Iraq and in Al-Sader Medical City, Najaf city, Iraq. The study made to revise our experience for all patients admitted to our hospitals with a diagnosis of oesophagal foreign bodies and their treatments and outcome. The medical registrations resolved concerning demographic information, symptoms presented, investigation and treatments. We revised 109 (61 males and 48 females) patients ranged from 4 months to 65 years with (median age of 2 years). Coins most repeatedly ingested objects (27.5%), miscellaneous metal objects (17.4%), batteries (13.8%) and food (9.2%). The clinical features we encountered vomiting (27.5%), dysphagia (22.9%), asymptomatic (15.6%), drooling and food refusal (12.8 %) and foreign body sensation (8.3%). Usually X-ray screen finding the foreign body in 89(81%) patients. Magill forceps and rigid oesophagoscope performed within six hours from admission under general anaesthesia and from 12-48 from time of ingestion. Foreign body Impaction in the hypopharynx and the upper part of the oesophagus (68.8%) middle part (23%) and the lower part (8.2 %). 100 (91.7%) patients recovered completely without any complications, 9 (18.3%) patient get bleeding, mucosal ulceration and infection which treated successfully. --- ## Hypoadiponectinemia and high TG/HDLc ratio as risk markers of insulin resistance in obese PCOS women **Authors:** Meera S, Arul Senghor K A, Vinodhini V M, Sunita Samal **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3855 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adiponectin, TG:HDLc Ratio, HOMA-Adiponectin, PCOS PCOS is characterized by reduced insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk. Adiponectin, plays a major role that favours insulin sensitivity and possess vaso-protective function. TG:HDLc ratio, an inexpensive tool predicts insulin resistance. Study aims to relate adiponectin and TG:HDLc ratio with insulin resistance in obese infertile women with PCOS. In this cross-sectional observational study, as per Rotterdam’s criteria 129 obese PCOS women with BMI ≥ 23 were compared with 110 aged matched controls with BMI < 23. Cardiac risk ratio-1 (TC:HDLc) and 2 (LDLc:HDLc) were calculated. Insulin resistance represented as HOMA-IR, HOMA-adiponectin and triglyceride HDLc ratio (TG:HDLc) were calculated. Adiponectin levels was significantly lowered and pearson correlation showed negative correlation with TC, TGL, LDL, TC:HDLc, LDL:HDLc and TGL:HDLc; whereas strongly positive correlation with HDLc. TG:HDL ratio was significantly elevated (4.23 ± 0.81) in 64% of PCOS women and were insulin resistant as divulged by the elevation of HOMA-IR and HOMA-adiponectin. Simple linear regression analysis of adiponectin with TGL:HDLc (R2 = 0.68) LDLc (R2 = 0.84) HDLc (R2 = 0.86) revealed the association between variables. Adiponectin and TGL:HDLc ratio are useful markers of insulin resistance that relates to the threat of cardiovascular diseases in obese women with PCOS. --- ## Awareness about wear and care of contact lenses among undergraduate medical students **Authors:** Lathishna A. G., Xavier Jayaseelan C. **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4447 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** complications, contact lens, medical students, overwear syndrome This study aims to assess among the undergraduate medical students the knowledge about wear and care of contact lens and also to highlight their awareness about complications of inappropriate contact lens use. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire conducted the study. Fifty students were selected from each year to come up with a sample size of a total of 200 undergraduate medical students. Questions about the use of contact lens, hygienic practices in contact lens use and also complications related to contact lens usage were asked in the questionnaire. Out of 200 students surveyed, only 31 participants were wearing contact lens. It was observed that in our study, 54.84% of students were using contact lens for refractive error, 29.03% for cosmetic purpose and 16.13% for convenience. 66.5% of students did not know about overwear syndrome.36.5% of students were aware that Pseudomonas is most commonly involved in contact lens-related ulcers. 73.79% spectacle users stated that they are convenient with spectacles preferably than a contact lens. About 53% of students gained knowledge about contact lens through friends and family. A good number of students were aware of most of the hygienic practices of contact lens and complications related to contact lens wear. However, education about do’s and don’ts regarding contact lens should also be taught to medical students during Ophthalmology postings to make them aware of complications of contact lens usage. --- ## In-Vitro Alterations in Biohostability of three commonly used surgical sutures at pH of 5,6,7 **Authors:** Siddharth Narayan, Sankari Malaiappan **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4695 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sutures, pH, Oral Cavity, Vicryl, Chromic Gut, Silk, Biohostability Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease, one of the responsible factors include Bacteria present in the oral cavity. Bacteria, like all other organisms, are dependent on the environment for their survival and are influenced by the various host as well as environmental factors for their sustenance. Some of the major environmental factors include nutrition, the presence of oxygen, along with pH, which dictate the nature of the bacteria present as certain bacteria thrive better in acidic environments while others in Alkali environments. In medicine, sutures are extensively used with the aim of post-surgical wound edge approximation or wound healing by the primary union. However, pH is one factor that is constantly changing in the oral cavity due to dietary intake or systemic factors or local accumulation of pus. The present study wished to assess the biohostability of different suture material such as silk, vicryl and chromic gut when pH was changed to 5,6,7 keeping all other environmental factors a constant, including five pieces of sterilised standardised suture lengths & diameter, incubated in ph of 5,6, and 7 exposed to a microbial load of 0.5 McFarland units Lactobacillus subculture in brain heart infusion and incubated at 35 degrees Celsius for four hours to assess the number of bacterial colonies using visual click method. It was found that pH plays a vital role in the Biohostability of suture material as the current study suggests an acidic pH of 5 had more colony-forming units seen among all three suture materials as compared to the other two groups. --- ## A cross-sectional study of the phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder **Authors:** Sivabalan E, Amritha Prasad, Thirunavukarasu M **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3964 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cleaning, Fear of Contamination, Intrusive Thoughts, Subtypes of Obsession, Symptom Cluster of OCD Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinical syndrome whose hallmarks are excessive, anxiety-evoking thoughts and compulsive behaviours that are generally recognised as unreasonable, but which cause significant distress and impairment. Heterogeneous nature of OCD presentation makes its conceptualisation as a complicated one. Phenomenological studies are needed to understand various heterogeneity OCD. This study is intended to see various phenomenological subtypes of OCD in the local population. This is a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Two hundred consecutive OCD patients attending psychiatry OPD analysed for the various social-demographic features and phenomenological findings. In our study, 48% of the sample had only obsessions, 19% had only compulsions, while 33% had a mixed presentation, studying the subtypes, the study revealed that 36.5% of the sample who presented with fear of contamination and 11.5 % samples have an aggressive obsession and another 11.5 % samples have symmetry obsession. 28% had contamination obsessions, 9% had sexual obsessions, 7% had somatic obsessions while 9% had religious obsessions, and 6% had various types of obsessions. When compulsion was assessed, it was found to be checking 28 (77.8%), cleaning 25 (69%), repeating 18 (50%), counting 6 (16%), ordering 4 (11%), collecting 4 (11%) and miscellaneous 15 (42%) when subtyped. Studying the phenomenological pattern in OCD patient would help in better understanding of the illness of the patients, it also tries to attempt the relationship between sociocultural issues and OCD. Though the neurobiology is similar in all individuals, phenomenology differs between individuals concerning gender, religion and culture. --- ## A Review on Importance of Contingent Value in Pharma Sector **Authors:** Suruchi Singh, Satish Kumar Sharma **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4104 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Contingent Valuation, Economic Value, NOAA, Pharma Sector In comparison to other health economists' methods for benefit calculation, Contingent valuation (CV) was argued to theoretical benefits. However, in practice, as applicable to healthcare concerns, it seems that methodology has not analyzed benefits, as its impact on national decision making in medical sector has still not been exercised. This is not due to continued thriving methodological lack study in this field. It is product, somewhat unorganized and non-systematic, of such operations. To encourage analysts to reach beyond assessment of cost-effectiveness of offering a given degree of environmental products, there needs to be few ways of estimating benefit of supplying various degree of services compared to their costs. While other measures are feasible, such units are expressed more naturally in money terms. The major goal of pharmaceuticals is to enhance the economic value of pharmacy services. The contingent valuation (CV) provides a way to value importance of pharma services. The Contingent Valuation method provides benefit in terms of individual monetary amount provided by both product and services. The present paper provides a brief review about CV method, importance in raising economic value of pharmacy along with its implications. The review also provides some guidelines i.e. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) that should be followed in order to raise the economic value. --- ## COVID 19 and Special Care Dentistry: A Narrative Review **Authors:** Ashwika Datey, Soumya Singhai, Gargi Nimbulkar, Kumar Gaurav Chhabra, Amit Reche **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3695 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID 19, Dental Emergency, Oral Health, Special Care The COVID 19 outbreak has been declared a pandemic by the world health organisation. The healthcare sector was overburdened and overstretched with the number of patient increasing and requiring health services. The worst-hit population always are the people with special needs, whether it is children, pregnant females or the geriatric population. The need for the emergency kind of health services was so inflated that the other special population which required them equally as those patients with the COVID 19 suffered a lot. Dentistry was not an exception, and even that is also one of the important components of the health care delivery system and people requiring oral health care needs were also more. Those undergoing dental treatments would not have completed the treatment, and this would have resulted in various complications. In this situation, some dental emergency guidelines have been released by Centres for Disease Control (CDC) for the urgent dental care those requiring special care dentistry during the COVID 19 pandemic. Children with special care needs were considered more vulnerable to oral diseases; hence priority should have been given to them for dental treatments moreover in the future also more aggressive preventive measures should be taken in order to maintain oral hygiene and prevent many oral diseases. Guardians/caregivers should be made aware and motivated to maintain the oral health of children with special health care needs. This review mainly focuses on the prevention and management of oral diseases in children's with special care needs. --- ## Indications and Prevalence of Hysterectomy for Benign Conditions at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Rural South India–A Descriptive Study **Authors:** Chanakya C, Padmashri P **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4379 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Indications, Prevalence, Hysterectomy, Total Abdominal Hysterectomy, Abnormal Uterine Bleeding, Fibroid, Complications This study aims to assess the indications and prevalence often various types of hysterectomy done for benign diseases. It was a retrospective descriptive study conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Thandalam. Data about the hysterectomies done for benign conditions were obtained from January 2019 till December 2019 from the in-hospital medical registry. Demographics, presenting complaints, indications, history, type of hysterectomy and complications were analysed. Amongst the two hundred (200) cases of hysterectomy performed in the year 2019, total abdominal hysterectomy (69%) was the most standard type and Leiomyoma uterus (73.5%) being the most common indication. Bilateral Salphingo-Oophorectomy (55%) was done in most patients, along with hysterectomy. Due to the advent of safer surgical practices, the extent of complications have drastically reduced, excessive bleeding (13.5%) being the most common, surgical site infection (1.5%) and bladder injury (1.5%) were recorded. This study demonstrates that though the incidence of hysterectomy done for benign conditions is decreasing with increasing popularity to go for medical management, women in rural India are still opting for surgical management. This necessitates the need for studies to analyse the psychological aspect governing the acceptance of surgical management in preference to conservative management in these rural women. --- ## Status of Estrogen Receptor Beta Gene Polymorphisms rs1256049 and rs4986938 in a cohort of South Indian women with Primary ovarian insufficiency **Authors:** Chaitany Sravanthi Chillara, Aaji Pasha Shek, Madan Mohan V, Anu radha, Sujatha Madireddi **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4027 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Estrogen Receptor Beta (ESRβ), Follicles, Follicular Stimulating Hormone, Estrogen, Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI), PCR-RFLP, Haplotypes The current study is aimed to investigate the role of estrogen receptor beta gene polymorphisms for causation of Primary Ovarian insufficiency (POI) in south Indian women. Primary Ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a menstrual disorder presenting with Primary and secondary amenorrhea, decreased estradiol levels and increased gonadotrophin levels. Most cases of POI remain unresolved even after exhaustive investigations and is a significant cause of infertility in women in the reproductive age. In this study a total of 276 subjects, of which 138 POI patients and 138 controls were analysed for biochemical profiles of FSH, LH and Estradiol. Genotypic frequencies were calculated for different models of the SNP rs1256049 and rs4986938 in the Estrogen receptor Beta gene by PCR-RFLP (Restriction length polymorphism) analysis. Statistically, significant relation is found for FSH, LH and Estradiol profiles of a different group of Premature ovarian insufficiency and controls (p<0.0001). Genotypic frequencies between patients and controls were compared, and strength of the interdependence of genotypes and POI is confirmed by the odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals. Incidence of 1082 G>A (rs1256049) polymorphisms and 1730 G>A (rs4986938) were not significantly different in both patient and control group (P=0.21 and P=0.4). The presence of 1082 G>A (rs1256049) polymorphisms and 1730 G>A (rs4986938) is not associated with causation of Premature ovarian insufficiency in south Indian women. --- ## A study of Relationship Between Mean Corpuscular Volume and Diagnosed Cases of Thrombotic Stroke in Young People **Authors:** Daniel P John, Desai Jabbar V, Abhijeet A Patil, Nair Vijay Devdas, Piyusha P Patil **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4445 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Corpuscular Volume, Thrombotic, Stroke, Young People After coronary illness and all malignancies stroke is the third basic reason for death on the planet. Study was aimed to determine the possible relationship between mean corpuscular volume and thrombotic stroke in young people. The study was carried out at a tertiary care hospital. The case-control study was done in 50 patients of young thrombotic cerebrovascular disease and 50 healthy age and sex-matched controls. Estimation of MCV levels was done in both the groups and compared. The mean age of cases was 41.56 ± 9.51. Total of 50 cases of young stroke, 36 (72%) was male. The mean and SD values of MCV levels for the case group were 96.78 ± 7.54, for the control group were 82.07 ± 7. Out of the 50 young stroke patients, 17 (34%) had MCV levels ≥101fL. In the control group, all the subjects had MCV levels ≤100fL. The mean haemoglobin level was 14.29, with SD ± 1.48 in cases, and the control group mean haemoglobin level was 12.41 with SD ± 1.39. Mean serum haemoglobin levels were higher in cases than controls. The Significant Macrocytosis (MCV ≥100fL) can be a new, low cost and early marker in anticipating the risk of developing thrombotic stroke in young adults who may or may not have anaemia. --- ## Prevalence of dental caries and Clinical sequel of untreated dental caries evaluated with PUFA index among school going children in the rural Mysuru Taluk, Karnataka **Authors:** Raghavendra Shanbhog, Srilatha K T, Madhushree B, Manjunatha S N, Chanchala H P **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4123 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rural Mysuru, Dental Caries, PUFA Index, Caries Prevalence, Children In literature real time monitoring of dental caries in rural parts of India are lacking. This warrants periodic prevalence studies to plan and implement oral health programs. So the present study aims at evaluating the dental caries status among rural population in Mysuru Taluk, of Karnataka. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1800 children with recruited populations at varying age levels of three population groups 4-6, 8-10 and 12-14 years. Data regarding oral health status (DMFT, deft, PUFA, pufa) were collected by type-III clinical examinations. The collected data were administered statistically. In 8-10 years children permanent teeth caries prevalence was found to be 54.3% which increased to 67.8 % in12-14 years. Among 4-6 years children primary teeth caries prevalence was found to be 47.4% which increased to 73.2% in 8-10 years. Among 4-6 and 12-14 years children percentage prevalence of PUFA was 32.2% which increased to 52.3% in 8-10 years. No clinically significant variation was observed in Caries prevalence among gender. The study outcome revealed oral health condition in children of rural Mysuru was neglected. High prevalence of dental caries was observed among Children with low dental care utilization. --- ## A prospective study on the comparison of general anesthesia and tea (thoracic epidural anesthesia) for perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy **Authors:** Goutham V V N, Venkata Ganesh M, Lavanya P V S, Mrudula Vandana, Ravikanth S **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4133 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mastectomy, Fentanyl, Propofol, Ropivacaine The 2nd most common tumor among women is breast cancer. Surgery is usually done by general anesthesia (GA). TEA is one of the anesthetic procedures that can be performed using local anesthetic epidural administration. TEA may boost pain relief without the potential for respiratory muscle weakness and sedation. An epidural catheter was inserted in T4 to T5 for the T-group, with a 10-15 ml injection of 0.75% ropivacaine. Intermittent supplements of 5-10 ml 0.75% ropivacaine maintained anesthesia. General anesthesia was caused by fentanyl of 1-2 μg/kg, accompanied by propofol (1.5-2 mg/kg), with sevoflurane. We evaluated intraoperative hemodynamics, post-operative patient parameters like nausea and vomiting, shivering, respiratory depression. Overall patient satisfaction is compared between two groups. The demographic data was similar in both groups. Intraoperative hypotension observed in 33.3% of group T patients and 16.6% of group G patients. 20% of the group T patients showed intraoperative bradycardia, whereas 6.66% of group G patients showed intraoperative bradycardia. Incidence of vomiting & nausea is 26.6% in group G, whereas in group T it is 6.66%. The incidence of post-operative shivering is equal in both groups. Post-operative respiratory depression is not observed in both groups. 86.6% of the group T patients are satisfied overall, whereas it is 60% in group G. --- ## Activated Carbon Fabric Respiratory Mask reduces Blood Lead, Oxidative Stress and Improves the Antioxidant Status and Liver Functions in Unorganised Battery Workers **Authors:** Jyotsna A Patil, Mandakini S Kshirsagar, Arun J Patil **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3857 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Activated Carbon Fabric Mask, Blood Lead, Liver Function Tests, Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Status Effect of use of Activated Carbon Fabric (ACF) mask on blood lead (PbB), lipid peroxide, erythrocytes-Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Ceruloplasmin, and liver functions tests of battery manufacturing workers (BMW) were studied. For this study, 36 male battery manufacturing workers, those who are regularly using ACF mask for two months were included. A blood sample was collected before and after using ACF masks from battery manufacturing workers and estimated the blood lead level, liver function tests, oxidative stress, and antioxidant status parameters by using the standard method. After two months use of ACF mask by BMW, the blood lead level (P<0.01, -15.76%), total serum bilirubin (P<0.05, -28.09%), alanine transaminase (P<0.05, -20.84%), lipid peroxide (P<0.001, -33.33%) were significantly decreased and erythrocytes-superoxide dismutase (P<0.05, 22.38%), catalase (P<0.05, 38.39%), ceruloplasmin (P<0.05, 13.13%) were significantly increased in battery manufacturing workers as compared to before using the mask. This study reflects the use of two months ACF mask of high lead-exposed workers are useful to decrease lead absorption, which results in decreases oxidative stress and improves the antioxidant status and prevents liver toxicity. --- ## Impact of COVID- 19 and Social Distancing on Mental Health **Authors:** Kajal Gandhi, Kumar Gaurav Chhabra, Revati More, Ankita Rathi, Gargi Nimbulkar, Amit Reche **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3694 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Mental Health, Social Distancing, COVID 19 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 started in Wuhan Province, China and which spread to half a dozen countries between 2019 and 2020 and was declared a pandemic. This resulted in the implementation of a lockdown in different parts of the world, explaining it was an effective and essential way to break the cycle of infection. Physical distancing is the most important measure to break this infection cycle which affected many people's lives in different aspects. Mental health is considered to be one of the important components of the overall health as the definition given by the World Health Organization. It says that the person should be well-adjusted with the environment and should not be easily upset. He should know his needs, problems and goals properly; moreover, if he faces problems, he tries to solve them intelligently for which he tries to cope up with stress and anxiety. Along with all these things, he has good self-control balances between rationality and emotionality. It has likewise set off a wide variety of mental issues, for example, anxiety, panic disorder and depression. Most of the studies have reported negative impacts, including anger, stress symptoms and confusion. Education and training on pandemic should be provided by the authorities and health care workers. --- ## Effects of dutasteride on prostate cancer incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis **Authors:** Gyeong-Eun Min, Haesoo Kim, Da Eun Lee, Kisok Kim **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3860 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dutasteride, 5-Alpha-Reductase Inhibitor, Benign Prostate Hypertrophy, Meta-Analysis 5-Alpha-reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) are used in the treatment of benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH). 5-ARIs, such as finasteride and dutasteride, suppress the biosynthesis of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a precursor of androgen, which is closely related to the incidence of prostate cancer (PCa). A previous meta-analysis demonstrated a relationship between finasteride use and the incidence of PCA. However, there have been no meta-analyses on the relationship between PCa and dutasteride alone. This meta-analysis was performed to examine the prevalence of PCa in adult males taking dutasteride. We searched PubMed for reports regarding PCa risk and dutasteride use. The study was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was used to weight the studies. Odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and P-values were calculated using fixed- and random-effects models. A total of eight articles were included in the meta-analysis. The overall OR for both the fixed- and random-effects models was 0.669 and the 95% CI for the random-effects model (0.526–0.851; P = 0.006) was wider than that for the fixed effects model (0.548–0.817; P < 0.001). This study confirmed that the incidence of PCa was significantly reduced by taking dutasteride. --- ## Hypofractionated Versus Conventional Radiotherapy with Chemotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer: A Comparative Study **Authors:** Bala Sankar R, Srinivas V, Sharavana Bhava B S, Venkateshwarlu E, Prakash Babu S **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4372 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chemotherapy, Conventional Radiotherapy, Head Cancer, Hypofractionated Radiotherapy, Neck Cancer Head and neck cancers are a group of malignancies that arise from common anatomic sites which include the oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, sinonasal cavities and from the salivary glands. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer in the world and has a five-year survival rate of less than 50%. It has high recurrence rates and metastasis. It is a Prospective Observational, and Comparative Study carried out in 30 patients of Loco-regionally advanced carcinoma of head and neck. The diagnosis of loco-regionally advanced cancers of head and neck was made following AJCC staging. The subjects were divided into two groups with 15 in each arm -Accelerated Hypo Fractionated Arm and Conventional Normal Fractionated Arm. All the patients were systematically interviewed, and clinical details of all the subjects were recorded. Among the 30 patients, the highest performance status of (83.3%) ECOG-1 was observed in both the groups when compared to ECOG-2, which is not statistically significant. Hypofractionated radiotherapy can achieve similar tumour response to conventionally fractionated radiotherapy in HNSCC, although with some increase in toxicity. However, to draw some reasonable conclusion, a study with a broader sample and longer follow-up needs to be performed. --- ## Amoxycillin and clavulanic acid-induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome in a dialysis patient **Authors:** Aarcha Komalath Ajayan, Anila K N, Dipu T S **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3921 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Amoxicillin, Adverse Reaction, Clavulanic Acid, Hypersensitivity, Steven Johnson Syndrome A 48-year-old male patient with chronic kidney disease on haemodialysis came with complaints of worsening fever comprising maculopapular rashes and was diagnosed with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (SJS-TEN) with sepsis (probably catheter-associated). The patient developed rashes with skin eruptions over the abdomen, trunk, around hands, face with redness and swelling on both legs following intake of Augmentin (containing amoxicillin and clavulanic acid). His management was done with IV steroids, antibiotics and supportive treatment. Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is an immune-mediated delayed hypersensitivity reaction with a severe form of cutaneous reactions involving areas of the face, genitals and mucous membrane of GI tract and respiratory tract. These manifestations occur as a result of certain drugs or due to any infection. In 95 % of the reported cases, drugs, including penicillin, was found to be a cause. In this case, report the patient had SJS with TEN comprising >30% of body surface area (BSA). --- ## Serum magnesium level in acute exacerbation of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease **Authors:** Nitin N Jadhav, Patange Aparna, Patil Shilpa, Pardesi A T **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4446 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Serum Magnesium, Acute Exacerbation, Pulmonary, Disease In this hospital based Case Control study, the patient population consisted of 100 patients of COPD admitted as an acute exacerbation, maximum number of patients of acute exacerbation 45% was in the age of 61-70 years, mean age was 66.44 ± 8.19 years. 74 patients were males, 71% of COPD patients were chronic smokers, 45 (45%) patients were in stage II, and 72% of patients of COPD exacerbation had hypomagnesaemia. In the control group, 99% of patients had normomagnesaemia. The incidence of hypomagnesaemia was 78% with acute exacerbation. The correlation of serum magnesium levels in exacerbation patients moreover, serum magnesium level stable COPD patients was significantly important. There was a significant correlation between hypomagnesaemia and GOLD staging in stage II and stage III, with a non- significant correlation between hypomagnesaemia and stage I and stage IV. The study concludes that COPD exacerbation is associated with hypomagnesaemia. Further studies are needed to find out the correlation between the staging of COPD and serum magnesium levels, and the effect of magnesium therapy in COPD exacerbation patients with hypomagnesaemia. Also, further studies are needed to find out possible aetiology of hypomagnesaemia in COPD exacerbation. --- ## Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life in Alcoholic Liver Disease Patients **Authors:** Setareh Dastyar Haghighi, Vandhita Nair, Vas Sonali Maria, Gopika K S, Divya Mol E C, Panchasheelan J C **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4394 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alcohol abuse, cirrhosis, depression, prescription pattern Alcohol induced cirrhosis prevalence has increased worldwide of late and has added markedly to the global burden of diseases. However, research involving quality of life as treatment outcome for alcoholic liver disease is limited. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the health related quality of life and factors affecting it in alcoholic liver disease patients. Secondary objective was to analyze mental health status and prescription pattern in alcoholic liver disease patients. Patients, eligible to participate, were briefed regarding the purpose of the study and informed consent was obtained. Self-designed case report form and validated questionnaires were used to record information on physical, mental and emotional functioning of the patient. The study included 51 patients. It was found that majority had low quality of life scores with role limitation due to physical health (5.39 ± 16.9) domain being the most affected. It was also found that the symptom fatigue caused the most hindrance to patient’s daily activities (1.31 ± 1.20). Most of the patients reported having mild depression (50.98%). Prescription analysis showed that diuretics (74.50%) and drugs for hepatic encephalopathy were the most commonly used drugs. The present study found that alcoholic liver disease considerably impaired health related quality of life and identified the contributing factors as presence of complication, age, severity of disease and symptoms like fatigue and abdominal pain. Hence, evaluating factors affecting quality of life and prescription patterns help identify targets for novel treatment strategies. --- ## Challenges and Research Opportunities faced in Pharma Industries: 4.0 **Authors:** Om Prakash Goshain, Satish Kumar Sharma **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4028 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Industry 4.0, Pharmaceutical Supply Chain, Smart Production Framework, Sustainability The use of new technology from Pharma Industry 4.0 promotes sustainable production of value, makes pharmaceutical industry more flexible, clever and customized and thereby helps pharmaceutical companies to achieve economic benefit in long term. The present review discusses about the implications caused in enhancing pharmaceutical production and also investigate that how industry 4.0 aids in increasing the production. The review also discusses about the challenges faced by pharma industries 4.0 and addresses research opportunities faced in pharma industries 4.0. From the review it was observed that, main barriers which come in the way of increasing the production are high cost, time consuming design and framework development, seniors unsupportiveness, lack of good training skills, inadequate business inducement, lack of co-operation and communications. Further it was observed that, smart production system has led to the development of the increased production, but still difficulties and impediment to smart production should be considered in order to achieve expertize in supply chain managerial and sustainable practices. --- ## A study of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in newly detected Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 **Authors:** Thorat S. T., Vivek Redkar, Amit C. Botre, Vaibhav Agarwal, Nitin B. Jadhav **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4441 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Prevalence, Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 The metabolic disorder is depicted as bunches of irregularities, including stomach corpulence, insulin opposition, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, expanded fatty oils, and diminished high-thickness lipoprotein cholesterol. The study was aimed to assess the Pervasiveness of Metabolic disorder in recently identified sort 2 Diabetes mellitus Among 100 newly detected type 2 DM patients, 44.18% of male and 55.82% of female had metabolic syndrome. The maximum number of patients were in the age of 30-49 years. Most of the patients had a history of DM of 4-6 months (54%). Majority 60 patients (69.76%) and IDF criteria predicting MS in 40(46.51%) patients which is least compared to others. Modified WHO and NCEP ATP III criteria’s were predicting MS 55(63.95%), 48(55.81%) respectively. Raised serum TG for men (45.3%) and diminished HDL for ladies (45.3%) were most grounded single indicator successfully showing the presence of MS in recently identified type 2 DM patients. Significant WC was seen in 51.2% of patients, and 46.5% of patients had significant waist/hip ratio. Raised serum TG for men and lessened HDL for women were most grounded single pointers, satisfactorily exhibiting the presence of MS in as of late distinguished sort 2 DM patients. --- ## Nutritional status and correlates of malnutrition among elderly adults in a South Indian village **Authors:** Aarthy Marimuthu, Balaji Ramraj **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3852 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Elderly, Malnutrition, Mini Nutritional Assessment, Community-Dwelling Nutrition is the single most important determinant of the health of an individual and provides essential support during the ageing process. Malnutrition is not a consequence of ageing and should never be considered as a normal process. Early detection of nutritional problems is vital to ensure the quality of life throughout these extended years. This study aimed, at assessing the nutritional status among the elderly (60 years and above), in the rural field practice area of SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre (Kalivanthapattu village), and to identify the correlates of malnutrition. A Community-based Cross-sectional study was conducted for assessing the Nutritional status of the elderly population (≥ 60 years) in Kalivanthapattu village using MNA (Mini Nutritional Assessment) scale. Data analysed using SPSS 22. Descriptive data were presented in percentages, mean, standard deviation. Chi-square test was used to prove the association between categorical variables. p-value < 0.05 is considered statistically significant. Among 102 participants, 33% are with normal nutritional status, 59% were at risk, and 8% of individuals were malnourished. Both males and females were >50% at risk of malnutrition. The association of age, spouse status, whether alive or dead and the type of house were found to be statistically significant (p <0.05). This study stresses on the nutritional assessment of elderly followed by anthropometric, clinical, biochemical and functional assessments in malnourished individuals and those at risk of malnutrition. Like immunisation schedule for under-five children, it is essential to rope Malnutrition scale to assess the nutritional status at or over the age of 60 years. --- ## The Potential Role of Thrombopoietin and Interleukin-6 in the Thrombocytosis Effect of Carica papaya Leaves **Authors:** Laila M Abdelrahim, Zetty NM Zain, Siti NS Abdul Jalil, Zahidah A Seman, Fadlul AF Mansur, Noradilah S Abdullah **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4399 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carica papaya leaf, Thrombocytosis, Thrombopoietin, IL-6, Dengue fever Dengue fever is endemic in tropical urban developing regions worldwide. Thrombocytopenia is an important clinical feature which may result in bleeding. However, there is no specific treatment for Dengue-induced thrombocytopenia. Carica papaya leaves (CPL) is a popular remedy in South East Asia to treat Dengue-induced thrombocytopenia. Development of CPL into pharmaceutical therapeutic agents is not forthcoming due to lack of rigorous scientific evidence and unknown mechanism of action. This study investigated the role of thrombopoietin (TPO) and interleukin (IL-6) in the thrombocytosis effect of CPL in vivo. These experiments were conducted using busulfan-induced thrombocytopenic rats. Treatment of aqueous and methanol extracts of CPL at 600mg/kg were administered orally for 7 consecutive days and serum platelet count was determined intermittently until day 15. At the end of experiments, serum Thrombopoietin (TPO) and IL-6 levels were determined by ELISA. Both aqueous and methanol extracts of CPL significantly increased platelet count compared to the control groups (x2 (2) = 25.373, P = 0.00). Investigations into the mechanism of thrombocytosis showed that TPO and IL-6 levels were increased compared to controls but was not statistically significant (H (3) = 5.339 P = 0.149) (H (3) = 4.412 P = 0.220) respectively. This study is the first to document the thrombocytosis effect of both aqueous and methanol CPL extracts in a rodent model system. Our findings showed that aqueous extract of CPL demonstrated an increase of TPO and IL-6 levels. We suggested that the possible mechanism could be linked with the upregulation of major thrombopoietic cytokines such as TPO and IL-6. --- ## A Study of Development and Validation of a Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Cidofovir and Famciclovir Using RP-HPLC **Authors:** Gunturu Raviteja, Kantipudi Rambabu **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4673 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ICH Guidelines, RP-HPLC, Cidofovir, Famciclovir, Validation With the quantitative analysis of Cidofovir and Famciclovir using a Symmetry C-18 150x4.6mm, 3.5 column with a flow rate of 1ml/min, a novel, quick, and accurate high performance liquid chromatographic method have been developed. The buffer is made up of 1 mL formic acid dissolved in 1 litre HPLC water, and the mobile step is made up of a 60:40 mixture of two components: Buffer and Acetonitrile. The detection was done at a wavelength of 250nm. With 8 minutes of run time, the Cidofovir and Famciclovir peaks were split, with the Cidofovir peak eluted at 2.8 minutes and the Famciclovir peak eluted at 6.4 minutes, respectively. In the concentration ranges of 7.5 g/ml to 112.5 g/ml for Cidofovir and 25 g/ml to 375 g/ml for Famciclovir, the proposed method shows strong linearity. The results of the precision and recovery studies range from 98 to 102 percent. The percent RSD in all robustness conditions is less than 2.0 percent. In stressful conditions, deterioration has a limited impact, and solutions remain stable for 24 hours. The parameters of precision, accuracy, specificity, stability, robustness, linearity, limit of detection, and limit of quantification were evaluated and found to be within the appropriate range when the method was developed and validated according to ICH guidelines. --- ## Development, Optimisation and Evaluation of Ketoprofen Lipospheres **Authors:** Shubhra Rai, Gopal Rai, Ashish Budhrani **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4389 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-inflammatory activity, Lipospheres, Ketoprofen, Phospholipon® 90G, Soybean phosphatidylcholine, Stearic acid, Xylene Lipospheres represent a novel type of fat-based encapsulation system produced for the topical drug delivery of bioactive compounds. The goal of this research work was to develop lipospheres, including ketoprofen applied for topical skin drug delivery. Ketoprofen lipospheres were formulated by melt emulsification method using stearic acid and Phospholipon® 90G. The lipospheres were analysed in terms of particle size and morphology, entrapment efficiency, Differential scanning calorimetry, In-vitro drug release, In-vivo (Anti-inflammatory activity). Outcomes of research revealed that particle size was found to be 9.66 µm and entrapment efficiency 86.21 ± 5.79 %. In-vivo, the study of ketoprofen loaded lipospheres formulation shows a higher plain formulation concentration in plasma (5.61 mg/mL). For dermis, ketoprofen retention was 27.02 ± 5.4 mg/mL for the lipospheres formulation, in contrast to that of the plain formulation group (10.05 ± 2.8 mg/mL). The anti-inflammatory effect of liposphere drug delivery systems was assessed by the xylene induced ear oedema technique and compared with marketed products. Finally, it seems that the liposphere drug delivery system possesses superior anti-inflammatory activity as compared to the marketed product gel consistencies. Liposphere may be capable of entrapping the medicament at very high levels and controlling its release over an extended period. Liposphere furnishes a proper size for topical delivery as well as is based on non-irritating and non-toxic lipids; it’s a better option for application on damaged or inflamed skin. --- ## Assessment of serum biochemical profile in breast cancer patients **Authors:** Srinivas V, Balasankar R, Prathyusha K, Manisha Patel K, Sharvana Bhava B S, Venkateshwarlu E **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4373 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biochemical Profile, Breast Cancer, Chemotherapy, Metastasis Cancer occurrence and it's connected mortality on the rise and has become a significant general wellbeing concern. As of now, it is the subsequent driving reason for death around the globe. Bosom malignant growth is the world's most basic malignant growth in ladies with high mortality rate. This study was planned to evaluate the ailment movement and metastasis. The current investigation is a close, observational examination. One hundred seven female bosom disease patients over the age of 35 years were enlisted to examine varieties in serum biochemical profile of bosom malignant growth patients. In this investigation, the mean estimations of Blood urea nitrogen, Uric corrosive, White platelets and Neutrophil lymphocyte proportion were discovered to be diminished, and that of Serum creatinine, Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, Alkaline phosphatase, Fasting glucose, neutrophils and lymphocytes were discovered to be expanded from first to fourth patterns of chemotherapy. The obtained parameters were expressed as Mean ± SD, and the parameters were compared by using paired t-test. All Biochemical parameters should be monitored after every chemotherapy cycle until the completion of a planned treatment regimen. The changes in biochemical parameters provide an opportunity to explain the degree of risk in breast cancer patients by metastasis which helps to avoid further worsening of the disease. --- ## Diagnostic accuracy of BAL Gene Xpert compared to BAL AFB staining in Sputum negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis Suspects **Authors:** Sowmitha S G, Ashok Kumar Aradhyula, Gangadharan V, Sathish Kumar M **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4400 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bronchoalveolar lavage, Gene Xpert, Tuberculosis, Microscopy Tuberculosis has stood the test of time over the millennia and still wreaks havoc on human life all over the world. We have studied the role of bronchoscopy in smear negative PTB suspects and have compared the results of BAL Gene Xpert with BAL AFB staining among the study population. We have also determined the microbiological profile in cases who are MTB negative. We retrospectively reviewed the respiratory samples (sputum and BAL) of 82 sputum negative PTB suspects from july 2018 – july 2019 for ZN stain and Gene Xpert. 25 cases were detected by Gene Xpert additionally to the 11 cases detected by BAL afb staining alone. Out of the 36 cases detected on gene Xpert 3(8%) were RIF resistant. These 5 samples which were positive on BAL AFB and negative on Gene Xpert, are suspected to be NON TB mycobacteria. Out of the remaining 41 samples, non TB culture results showed 8 Acinetobacter, 10 pseudomonas, 12 klebsiella, 2 e.coli, 2 candida, 7 no growth on culture. According to our study, the bronchoscopic samples when subjected to Gene Xpert detect a higher number of cases which would go undetected otherwise compared to BAL AFB staining. Hence, bronchoscopy must be performed on such smear negative suspects and Gene Xpert could replace smear microscopy as initial diagnostic testing. It also helps in detecting first line drug resistance in addition. --- ## Symphysiotomy Using Posterior Approach **Authors:** Ali S Al-Qahtani, Osamah A Al-Qahtani **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4029 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Symphysiotomy, Scalpel, Scar, Symphysis Pubis The invention relates to an apparatus used in the separation of the Symphysis pubis joint from its posterior aspect. This process medically named as Symphysiotomy. The apparatus consists of 3 parts: (1). Size 14G cannula which is 14cm in length, made of stainless steel and has a sharp bevel and thickened posterior part to enable the user to have a good grip on it during usage. (2). A stylet 14cm long made of stainless steel to fit in the inside of the cannula to prevent coring of the tissues during the introduction of the cannula. It has a vertical end to stop the advancement inside the cannula. (3). A cutter which is 14cm long and made of stainless steel and fits inside the cannula when the stylet is removed. Its front part is sharp on one side to cut through the ligament and cartilage of the symphysis pubis from its posterior aspect. Its back has a half-circle end to prevent the cutter from advancing beyond the bevel of the cannula inside the tissues. This is a life-saving operation and used to widen the diameter of the pelvis during certain situations of obstructed delivery of the baby. The design of the apparatus and instructions of its use enable doctors and midwives to perform the symphysiotomy procedure once they are trained on its use. The use of the invention avoids bleeding, injury to urethra and bladder, and avoids the formation of skin scar. The symphysiotomy scalpel obtained patent status from the King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (5910 dated 20 May 2018). --- ## Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Extract Improved Plasma Catalase Activity but not Malondialdehyde Level in Hind Limb Immobilized Rats **Authors:** Zainie Aboo Bakkar, Nooraqilah Rubaai, Nur Afiqah Mahazi, Nurhanisah Hosni, Nik Nur Nadia Nik Mat, Nur Sahira Al-Fattah Yahaya, Hanan Kumar Gopalan **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4569 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Catalase, Disused Muscle Atrophy, DNA Damage, Limb Immobilization, Malondialdehyde Disused muscle atrophy (DMA) causes severe problems in aging society especially bedridden people. Oxidative stress is proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of DMA. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (HS) or roselle contains high flavonoids, a compound previously shown to be an effective antioxidant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic agent. Thus, the present study investigated the protective effects of HS against oxidative stress in the hind limb of immobilized rats. Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=6 per group): Control group received no intervention; Immobilized group received unilateral hind limb immobilization for five days; HS group received 100 mg/kg/bw through oral force feeding for 28 days; Immobilized + HS group received unilateral hind limb immobilization for five days followed by 28-days HS treatment with the same dosage. Blood samples were collected and analysed for DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and oxidative enzyme. Data were presented as mean ± SEM and statistically analysed by ANOVA. The results showed a significant increase in percentage of mild DNA damage after HS treatment in hind limb immobilized rat (Control: 86.5±1.4%; Immobilized: 25.0±5.5%; HS: 37.0±3.5%; Immobilized + HS: 56.7±7.9%, P=0.003). There was also significant increase in plasma catalase activity after HS treatment (plasma [hydrogen peroxide] in Control: 72.5±0.3 µg/ml; Immobilized: 65.1±1.3 µg/ml; HS: 68.3±3.2 µg/ml; Immobilized + HS: 56.5±4.9 µg/ml, P=0.006) but not in plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level. In conclusion, these findings suggested that HS treatment may prevent oxidative stress-induced DMA in the rats' hind limb immobilization model. --- ## Pharmacognostical standardization, phytochemical analysis, and antioxidant activity of Musa balbisiana Colla fruits **Authors:** Ly Hai Trieu, Le My Huyen, Lam Bich Thao, Le Duc Thanh, Pham Thanh Huyen, Nguyen Minh Khoi, Le Van Minh **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4702 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Musa balbisiana Colla Fruits, Phytochemicals, Standardization, Antioxidant Activity Musa balbisiana (MB) fruits are widespread as an herbal medicine worldwide. This study aimed to screen phytochemicals, standardize raw materials and crude extract, and evaluate antioxidant property of MB fruit extracts. Standardization was performed using purity content and chemical characterizations, total polyphenol (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents to assess the quality. The phytochemicals were determined by chemical reactions. DPPH quenching, ABTS cation decolorization, and reducing power assays were selected to investigate antioxidant ability. Results indicated that physicochemical parameters for MB fruits were within prescribed Vietnamese Pharmacopoeia 5th limits. Phytochemical analysis of MB fruits disclosed the presence of volatile oils, lipids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, saponins, and triterpenoid . The TPC was 3.92 ± 0.27 mg GAE/g d. w. (dry weight) and 162.64 ± 3.39 mg GAE/g d. w. for the raw materials and crude extract respectively while the TFC was 0.138 ± 0.002 mg QE/g d. w. and 1.222 ± 0.007 mg QE/g d. w.. Furthermore, crude extract and some of its fractions have a high radical scavenging activity. These initial studies play a pivotal role in the procurement of raw materials and evaluation of the quality of the crude extract, and show antioxidant potential of MB fruits. --- ## The functional outcome of local infiltration of a periarticular cocktail of analgesics on post-operative pain in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty **Authors:** Pradeep P, Thiyagarajan U, Senthil Loganathan, Raghavendar B **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4119 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Total Knee Arthroplasty, Periarticular, Analgesia, Pain Total knee arthroplasty is becoming a more frequently performed orthopedics surgery these days aimed mainly to improve the functional outcome and correct deformity in patients suffering from arthritis of the knee joint. To evaluate the results, we conducted a prospective study from March 2017 to December 2019. The pain was evaluated every 4th hourly during the first 24 hours and thereon every 6th hourly till 5th POD. The 2MWT was administered during the 2nd POD and 6MWT was administered during the 6 weeks follow up to check for the muscle endurance when walking. In our study, we had 22 patients who were between 55-60 years, 21 patients between 61-70 years and 17 patients between 71-80 years. Based on analysis of our results, the mean VAS pain score was 4 on POD 0 and VAS pain score was 3 on Post-operative day 1 and 2. The 2 MWT administered on the 2nd POD showed that 35 patients (58.3%) were able to walk 30 meters. The rest of the 25 patients (42%) were not able to do the 2MWT due to various reasons like pain (15) and dizziness (10). The 6MWT administered at 6 weeks showed that all the patients were able to walk an average of 480 meters. Periarticular cocktail of analgesics used in Total knee arthroplasty was associated with a favorable improvement in walking capacity, pain management in the immediate post-operative period and improved knee function. Periarticular administration of a cocktail of analgesics helped to improve the patient's ambulatory status. --- ## Assessment of Quality of Life and Incidence of Depression in Post Stroke Patients **Authors:** Aditya Dharman, Chandrina Loungchot, Ven Davis, Mahshid Delavari, Binai K Sankar, Nandhini Swamy **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3838 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Depressive Disorders, Quality of Life, Stroke Depression is a common illness worldwide. Social, psychological and biological factors can lead to depression. Chronic illness among the elderly is a significant reason affecting mental health. Often it is not diagnosed correctly. An observational study was conducted to assess the quality of life and the incidence of depression in post-stroke patients. Subjects were recruited to the study by investigations during ward/OP visits. The subjects were briefed about the study, and informed consent was obtained. Data were collected using various study tools and analyzed statistically by computing proportion for all qualitative data and mean, standard deviation, median, the interquartile range for quantitative data. A total of 50 subjects were enrolled in the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Severe cognitive impairment was revealed in 14% of the patients. The burden of depression and severity was evaluated using Patient health questionnaire-9 and Hamilton depression scale, respectively. It was found that 22 subjects (44%) had moderate depression, while 2 (4%) had severe depression. The functionality of the subjects was measured and found that 18% of subjects were 'dependent' on their caregiver. SSQOL assessment showed the lowest score in the domains 'work & productivity' and 'energy". As much as treating the etiological factors of stroke, dealing with the mental aspect of stroke is necessary. Assessing and treating post-stroke depression is essential to reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients. Hence, early assessment and management of mental health after stroke is necessary to prevent a chance of developing another stroke. --- ## Assessing the Change of Community Pharmacist’s Knowledge on Tuberculosis and Attitude to practice as a Tuberculosis DOTS provider after an Educational Intervention **Authors:** Rajeswari Ramasamy, Guru Prasad Mohanta, Shobha Rani R Hiremath, Raman Dang, Chandramouli R, Manjiri S Gharat **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4008 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tuberculosis, DOTS, Community Pharmacist, KAP, Public Private Partnership Government of India officially launched Directly Observed Treatment-Short course (DOTS) strategy in 1997. Under this strategy, DOTS providers need to observe and assist the tuberculosis patient to take their DOTS medicine and document the same after each dosing. As part of Public-Private Mix (PPM) partnership under RNTCP, Community Pharmacists (CPs) needs be trained to observe DOTS. This study was aimed to assess the change of CPs basic knowledge on tuberculosis; and attitude to practice as TB-DOTS provider after an educational intervention. Pretest and post test were carried out for 149 participants, to measure the changes in their TB Knowledge and attitude. The changes in the proportions of choices the subjects were analyzed using inferential statistical tests. It was evident from our study that CPs were found largely unaware of the Government DOTS-TB treatment national policy and the role they can play in their private practice setups. --- ## A Comparative Study on the Carbohydrate profile and In-vitro Glycaemic Index of Processed Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Seeds Incorporated Idlis **Authors:** Arivuchudar R, Nazni P **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3956 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carbohydrate Profile, Glycaemic Index, Idli, Ocimum basilicum, Value Addition The tiny black Ocimum basilicum seeds, also called as basil or sabja seeds aid to keep blood sugar levels under control by decelerating the carbohydrate conversion into glucose, a simple sugar. Raw and Steamed Ocimum basilicum seeds in the proportions of 5% (RV1, SV1), 10% (RV2, SV2), 15% (RV3, SV3) and 20% (RV4, SV4) of the black gram have been incorporated in the idli formulation. The results depicted that as the proportion of O. basilicum seeds increased the total carbohydrate and sugar values showed a decline, whereas the cellulose, hemicellulose and resistant starch values increased. At 120 minutes, the mean in vitro glycaemic index of the control idli was estimated to be 66.45 ± 0.03, while the mean estimated glycaemic index value of raw O. basilicum seed incorporated variations of idli namely RV1, RV2, RV3 and RV4 were 55.09 ± 0.02, 53.19 ± 0.02, 51.44 ± 0.01 and 48.09 ± 0.01 respectively. The mean estimated glycaemic index value of steamed O. basilicum seed incorporated variations of idli SV1 was found to be 62.72 ± 0.01, SV2 was 60.43 ± 0.01, SV3 was 58.16 ± 0.02, and SV4 was 56.63 ± 0.02 at 120 minutes. Hence it is opined that the 20% raw O. basilicum seed incorporated idli is very much low in estimated G.I values can be used in idli preparation as a means to offer a lower glycaemic index to the obese, diabetic and cardiac disorder populations. --- ## Prevalence of anemia and its impact on the quality of life of renal transplant recipients in a Saudi setting **Authors:** Sireen Shilbayeh, Rawan ALBalawi, Munirah Alhajri, Hawazan Alkhammash, Maha Almarhoum, Muhammed Alwaily, Rafat Zahid **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4210 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anemia, Post-Transplant, Quality of Life, Renal, Saudi Renal transplant patients show a high incidence of anemia, which is often responsible for cardiovascular morbidity and graft rejection. Anemia reportedly impacts the health-related quality of life (HRQoL); however, only a limited number of related studies have been conducted on renal transplant recipients. In this study, we estimated the prevalence of anemia and its effects on QoL of renal transplant patients in Saudi Arabia. Seventy-four patients were recruited in this study. They were asked to fill a self-reported EuroQoL instrument (EQ-5D-5L). Anemia and severe anemia were defined as Hgb < 12 g/dL and Hgb < 10 g/dL, respectively. Of the 74 recruited patients, 53 patients (71.6%) were anemic. Around 33.7% patients were reported to be completely healthy, with a 5-digit of 11111. With respect to EQ-5D-5L, the responses of anemic and non-anemic patients did not differ significantly. However, the response to anxiety-related questions for patients belonging to severe and mild-to-moderate anemia groups differed significantly. The final multivariate logistic model analysis revealed that the female gender of patient was significantly associated with incidence of anemia postoperatively [OR: 6.72, 95% CI: 1.7 - 25.6, P-value = 0.000]. Interestingly, our findings revealed a higher prevalence of anemia among the Saudi kidney patients compared to those of other nations. Furthermore, multicentric prospective studies are warranted to elucidate other clinical factors and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. --- ## Assessment of anti-diabetic activity of alcoholic and hydro-alcoholic extract of Terminalia arjuna & Syzygium cumini in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Wistar rats **Authors:** Takru Harshit, Dixit Praveen K., Kumar Kapil, Nagarajan K **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4392 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes, Terminalia arjuna, Syzygium cumini, Streptozocin. β-cell We aimed to evaluate the effect of anti-diabetic activity of Terminalia arjuna, and Syzygium cumini extracts in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in Wistar rats. STZ (55mg/kg) followed by nicotinamide (100mg/kg) was given to rats by intraperitoneal route to induce diabetes. Oral administration of alcoholic and hydro-alcoholic extracts of T. arjuna (TAAE) (250mg/kg and 500mg/kg), S. cumini (SCAE) (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg) and their composite extract were given to rats along with standard anti-diabetic drug Gliben- clamide (5mg/kg). We evaluated body weight, glucose level, lipid profile and biochemical parameters in STZ induced diabetic rats. Also, histopathological studied were done in liver, kidney and pancreatic tissues of rats. Our finding revealed that TAAE and TAHE at 250mg/kg b.w. and 500mg/kg b.w., SCAE and SCHE at 400mg/kg b.w. and combination of TAAE (250mg/kg b.w.)+SCAE (400mg/kg b.w.) had a positive effect in lowering the blood glucose level and body weight on 28th day as compared to the initial observation on 0th day and also restored all the biochemical parameters such as LDL, VLDL, triglycerides and total Cholesterol and HDL towards the normal levels as well as histopathological improvement in Kidney, Liver and Pancreas. Data analysis showed that composite extract of TAAE (250mg/kg) and SCAE (400mg/kg ) improved diabetic consequences more effectively than composite extract of TAHE (500mg/kg) and SCHE (400mg/kg). TAAE and SCHE, in combination, demonstrate as a potential therapeutic agent against diabetes. --- ## Nivolumab induced cutaneous reactions in a patient with lung cancer – A case study **Authors:** Anukrishna VP, Athulya Subhash, Arun Philip, Pavithran K, Remya Reghu **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3920 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Nivolumab, Skin Reactions, Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma Nivolumab, a PDL1 antagonist is an immunotherapeutic agent that is effectively used for the second-line treatment of advanced or metastatic lung carcinoma. Although Nivolumab improved the overall survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancers in the setting, it is known to result in adverse events called immune-related adverse events (irAEs) like colitis, pneumonitis, skin disorders, and myasthenia gravis. The majority of cutaneous reactions associated with Nivolumab therapy are Grade 1or Grade 2 but Grade 3 skin reactions are very rare. The grade 3 skin reactions are macules or papules covering >30% of body surface area with moderate or severe symptoms (pruritis, burning, tightness) often impacting the patient’s quality of life. This is a case of a 78-year-old man with Stage 4 metastatic squamous cell lung carcinoma (SqCC), treated with Nivolumab following disease progression after 4 cycles of Paclitaxel / Carboplatin chemotherapy. The patient developed mild hyperpigmentation over the upper and lower limbs after eight cycles of Nivolumab, which progressed to Grade 3 skin reaction with intense pruritis after the eleventh cycle. He was treated with systemic steroids and Nivolumab was discontinued after which the patient’s condition improved. Health care professionals should be aware of the immunological side effect profile of Nivolumab. Close monitoring, periodic dermatological evaluation, and appropriate clinical management is recommended in patients on immunotherapy. --- ## A Review on Structure Based Therapeutic Approach for Huntington Disease **Authors:** Om Prakash Goshain, Satish Kumar Sharma **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4115 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Huntington Disease, Protein Aggregation, Chorea Drugs, Molecular Dynamic Simulations, Structure-Based Drug Design Huntington disease (HD) is a fatal and progressive neurodegenerative disease that has affected the social and personal life of patients. The disease causes the most disturbing symptoms of chorea, which is characterized by uncontrolled body movements. HD patients are being treated by providing drugs that maintain neurotransmission balance and relieve chorea symptoms. HD has been associated with mutant Huntingtin protein (mHtt) with more than thirty-six polyQ stretches at N terminal of 34 kDaHtt protein. mHtt protein undergoes misfolding, which leads to accumulation of toxic mHtt aggregates in the brain. The phenomenon of protein aggregation initiates a cascade of events, eventually leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and misregulated unfolding protein response (UPR). Different molecular targets have been identified from ER stress and UPR pathways for finding potential molecules that can treat HD. Overall, the mechanism causes structural transitions in mHtt, which can be controlled at the subatomic and molecular level by molecular dynamic simulations (MDS). The MDS strategies help to observe structural changes in the mHtt protein and association pattern between the protein and novel drug compounds. Hence, this study explains the journey of HD research to computational strategies and the scope of structural drug designing in psychologically disturbing Huntington’s disease. --- ## A rare case on Rheumatic Heart Disease with Urosepsis and Septic shock **Authors:** Athulya Subhash, Anukrishna V P, Velayudhan K K, Sayyid Moidu Mon C, Remya Reghu **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3932 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Antibiotics, Rational Use, Rheumatic Heart Disease, Tissue Hypoperfusion, Urosepsis Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is an inflammatory disease that mostly occurs in children of 5-15 years old. The major complications of RHD include arrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation, stroke, infective endocarditis, cardiac failure, and also noted that problems increased in pregnancy. This is a rare case of RHD and urosepsis in a 67- year- old patient with a known history of cerebrovascular accident, pulmonary Arteriovenous (AV) malformation, acute renal failure, and hyponatremia presented to the emergency department with complaints of fever, severe breathlessness, and cough. The patient initially showed clinical manifestations of elevated inflammatory markers, neutrophilic leucocytosis, and hyponatremia, indicating septic shock. Our patient had been empirically treated with Piperacillin-Tazobactam because of the clinical features of urosepsis with septic shock. Based on Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) culture with non-fermenter Presumptive Acinetobacter and Klebsiella species and culture sensitivity report antibiotics were changed to Colistin and meropenem. The presence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR Kp) entails stopping meropenem and adding tigecycline. Further creatinine clearance declined, and the drug Colistin was changed to Polymixin B. Meropenem was readministered based on the culture reports with scanty growth of multidrug-resistant Proteus mirabilis. Rational use of antibiotics along with the appropriate supportive measures is a meaningful measure in treating a rare and complicated condition of RHD with urosepsis. --- ## Treatment and Diagnosis Changes Polycystic Ovary Syndrome **Authors:** Isha Talwar **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4024 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hirsutism, Insulin Resistance, Uneven Menses, Oligomenorrhea, PCOS, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Treatment Polycystic ovarian syndrome is at the present a well-known disease disturbing 6% to 25% of women of reproductive age, based on their interpretation. Over the past three decades, research has led to it becoming a disease more common to internal medicine procedures, from relative medical obscurity. It impacts many processes and allows for an advanced health care approach for successful diagnosis. Metabolic disorders and related complications include insulin and diabetic resistance, hyperlipidemia, elevated blood pressure, fatty liver syndrome and sleep apnea. Oligo-/amenorrhea, endometrial hyperplasia and cancer are all reproductive complications. Depression and disordered behavior are both linked to psychosocial problems. Cosmetic problems may include hirsutism, androgenic alopecia and acne. The diagnosis of PCOS takes place only if the patients have at least 2 of the 3 symptoms, namely high (High Androgen level, Presence of ovarian cysts and Irregular Periods). Diagnosis is confirmed following a pelvic exam, blood tests along with an ultrasound to determine the structure of the ovaries. This analysis addresses the mnemonic "MY PCOS" in a multiple system approach and explores the diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for developmental, cosmetic and metabolic complications. This paper gives an analysis of polycystic ovary syndrome treatment for females. The debate must emphasize the various particular issue to be dealt with in the management of this situation mnemoic "MY PCOS". --- ## Screening of Actinomycetes for dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors production **Authors:** Chandrasen Chandwad, Sudhakar Gutte **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4706 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes, DPP-4, Enzyme, GLP-1, Bioactive, Inhibition Assay Hyperglycemia or high blood sugar is the most common cause of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is the most common and fastest growing disease in the world. One of the therapies to treat diabetes is inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition by inhibitors. Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 is a membrane glycoprotein having serine exopeptidase activity, which is cleaves X-proline or X-Alanine residue at N-terminus of peptides. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 degrade glucagon-like peptide-1, which is the main cause for high blood glucose level, hence inhibitors of Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 have emerged as oral anti-diabetic agents. Microorganism, plant and chemical synthesis are sources of drugs. Actinomycetes are potential sources of enzyme inhibitors, drugs, amino acids, vitamins, pharmaceutical important chemicals etc. Present work mainly highlights the isolation of actinomycetes from soil samples and screening of extracts for dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition activity. Isolation of actinomycetes was carried out by different methods and pretreatments. Isolated actinomycetes grown in fermentation condition and broth extracted with Isopropyl alcohol and ethyl acetate and obtain solid material after evaporation of solvents. The metabolites of each isolate were tested for inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition using spectroscopic method. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity is measured by fluorescence of cleaved substrate, which is proportional to the enzymatic activity present. Total 130 actinomycetes strains were isolated. Among 130 extracts of actinomycetes, four extracts have shown positive results for dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition. The actinomycetes strains that produce inhibitory compounds are A-9, A-12, C-4 and D-6. These results show that actinomycetes are a potential source for dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, which may lead to valuable novel drugs for diabetic treatment. --- ## Awareness of Diabetic Retinopathy among Diabetic Patients in a Tertiary Health Care Center **Authors:** Keerthana S, Sanjeev Kumar Puri **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3917 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic Retinopathy The study aimed to assess the awareness of diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients in a tertiary health care centre. A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire on 115 diabetic patients. Male (76%) participated in the study were more than female (39%). Mean age of the study population being 50.44 years. There were no significant statistical associations between the demographic details and awareness of DR. In our study, 80.87% of people with diabetes were aware that DM could cause eye disease and 59.13% were aware that DR is an eye disease due to DM. There was a significant statistical association between them. The importance of regular eye visits was known by only 80% and followed by only 51.3%. Half of the subjects (52.17%) knew that DR could cause blindness. Only 57.39% knew about the treatment modalities of DR. Doctors should convey the importance of the disease and its risk factors to the patients. Thus, better prevention strategies of DR should be implemented among people with diabetes. Lack of awareness and lesser screening practices makes it difficult to prevent DR; thus, steps should be taken towards spreading awareness. --- ## Formulation and Characterization of Glucosamine Sulphate Loaded Carbopol Based Hydrogels for the Management of Osteoarthritis **Authors:** Sundareswara Kumar Chellaswamy, Satheesh Babu Natrajan **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3834 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carbopol, Glucosamine Sulfate, Hydrogel, Osteoarthritis, Permeation Enhancers Osteoarthritis is emerging as the most ordinary form of arthritis, affecting 22-39% of the Indian population. A wide range of medications and therapies are available for the treatment of osteoarthritis. With a desire to develop a therapeutically effective dosage form, the present study was carried out to formulate glucosamine sulfate loaded carbopol based hydrogel. Hydrogels H1 to H6 were formulated without permeation enhancers while formulations H7 to H12 were developed with a different class of permeation enhancers such as PEG400, oleic acid, Tween 40, DMSO and PG. Based on viscosity, it was detected that formulation H4 containing polymer 1% was ideal for incorporating drug. Considering H4 as a placebo, H6 was used for further evaluation. Drug content was found to be 99.2±0.64, with in vitro drug release of 15±0.86, 22±1.59, 28±0.72, 35±0.68, 40±0.31, 47±0.83, 58±1.59, and 70±0.9 % at a duration of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 hours respectively. Skin irritation tests carried out on Wistar rats revealed that skin was intact with no inflammation or erythema detected, compared to untreated site. By diffusion disc method, it was evident that the levels of microbial load were relatively low, and no harmful microorganisms were identified. There were no significant changes in physicochemical properties on stability studies. Due to a simple method of preparation and effective drug delivery, glucosamine sulfate loaded hydrogels could be contemplated as a prominent formulation in the beneficiary treatment of osteoarthritis. --- ## The Advantages of In situ Gel from Every Different Formulation **Authors:** Iyan Sopyan, Wulan Intani, Insan Sunan K S, Cikra Ikhda N H S **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3845 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** In situ Gel, Formulation, Gel Forming Agent The in situ gel system is one of the polymer-based solutions that show the sol phase transition to gel. In addition to being used to improve bioavailability, this gel is also used to make the drug increase the residence time in the area of use, so that it can provide maximum effectiveness via enhancing of per cent permeation, The use of in situ gel, usually used in ocular administration of drugs, for the treatment of cancer, administration of drugs in the vaginal, rectal, topical, oral, and any route administration. There are many formulations of in situ gel formation that are used for medicinal preparations for many purposes, with different lengths of stay. Searching for articles is done online, browsing the PubMed and Google scholar site with the keyword "Formulation In situ Gel". The fourty articles used, there were 40 in situ gel formulations with gelling agents and also different uses. The purpose of this article review is to look at the superiority of in situ gel formulations and to compare various in situ gel formulations studied from 40 articles used, so that it can be seen which formulation is most often used and has a good effect on drugs preparations. --- ## Study on the association between serum APO-E levels and serum lipid levels in young smokers **Authors:** Dinesh Nath, Meera Shivasekar, Vinodhini VM **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3846 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Young Smoker, Cardiovascular Disease, Lipid Profile, Atherosclerosis Smoking causes cardiovascular deaths which are about 11% of total global death. Cigarette smoking is one of the significant risk factors for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis in young age. Apo lipoprotein-E (APO-E) is a glycoprotein which plays an important role in lipid metabolism. However, the relation between serum APO-E levels and serum lipid levels remains controversial. So we aim to find out the association between serum APO-E levels and serum lipid levels in young smokers. The study contains 60 young smokers with CHD aged between 20 to 45 years, and 60 healthy normal individuals were attending in Cardiology OP, Medicine OP and MHC were selected for the study. Serum APO-E levels were measured by Enzyme-linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA), and the lipid profile was measured by the enzymatic method. The mean serum APO-E levels were significantly (p-value <0.0001) higher in smokers with CHD when compared to the controls. A positive correlation was found between the serum APO-E level and BMI (r-value=0.595), FBG (r-value=0.425), TC (r-value=0.650), TGL (r-value=0.449), LDL (r-value=0.456 ), VLDL (r-value=0.452 ), No of smoking/day (r-value=0.862 ), duration of smoking (r-value=0.726 ) and a negative correlation was found with HDL-C levels. The current study gives a significant correlation between smoking and lipid profile in young smokers. Thus the present study concludes that cigarette smoking produced a significant effect on serum APO-E levels and lipid profile in young smokers which may lead to cardiovascular disease in young smokers. --- ## Adipogenic differentiation potential of porcine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells grown in different basal media formulations **Authors:** Sangeetha Kannan, Jyotirmoy Ghosh, Sujoy K Dhara **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3833 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mesenchymal Stem Cell, Adipogenesis, Adipogenic Marker Gene, Porcine Bone marrow-derived porcine mesenchymal stem cells (pMSC) are precursors of multiple lineage cells. However, the differentiation potential of pMSC might vary due to the culture media in which they are isolated and grown. In this study the effects of αMEM, aDMEM, M199, αMEM/M199, aDMEM/M199 and αMEM/aDMEM was determined on pMSC expression of adipogenic marker genes PPARγ, C/EBPα and ApN at passage 5 and 10; and differentiation potential of pMSC at passage 5. Relative expressions of the genes were determined by qPCR assay. Adipogenic differentiation progress was determined by microscopic evaluation and accumulation of lipid vesicles in cells after day 21 differentiation was confirmed by Oil Red-O staining. Results indicated varying expressions of adipogenic marker genes at passage 5 and 10 in pMSC grown in different culture media. Adipogenic differentiation characteristics also varied in different culture media, grown cells depending on the expression of adipogenic marker genes. Classification in order of differentiation potential revealed that the pMSC grown in M199 and αMEM/M199 was the best, followed by aDMEM/M199 and αMEM/aDMEM the intermediate and αMEM and aDMEM the least suitable media. Effect of media interaction analysis indicated that M199 media might have played a significant role in up-keeping of the desired marker gene expression and adipogenic differentiation potential of the pMSC. In conclusion, adipogenic differentiation potential of pMSC varied due to the differences in basal media composition and the M199 played a significant role in skewing pMSC towards adipogenic lineage. --- ## Incidence of refractive errors in diabetic patients **Authors:** Krithik Jain N, Xavier Jayseelan C **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3863 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ammetropia, Emmetropia, Refractive Error, Type 2 Diabetes The aim of the study is to find the incidence of refractive errors in diabetic individuals. Diabetes mellitus is highly prevalent in the current world in both developing and developed countries due to the lifestyle modifications. Refractive errors of eye are a very common group of disorder associated with diabetic people leading to the impairment of vision. Hence the study of incidence of refractive errors in patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus was conducted. It was a cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary health care centre and following was the methodology. One hundred eyes of fifty individuals were taken into consideration from Jan 2020 to March 2020, who were affected with type 2 Diabetes mellitus. These fifty individuals underwent subjective refraction of both the eyes. The results obtained were only 17 eyes (17%) being emmetropic, remaining 83 eyes (83%) were found to be ametropic. In the 83 ametropic eyes 22 eyes (22%) were myopic, 39 eyes (39%) were hypermetropic and 22 eyes (22%) had astigmatism. In the current Cross-sectional study refractive errors were noted in 83% of individual and hypermetropia being the most common error with a prevalence of 39%. --- ## A study on the present market situation of Nanoparticles (Liposomes and Niosomes) and its regulatory environment in US, Eu and Indian Pharmaceutical Industry **Authors:** Daka Nagarjuna Reddy, Mahaveer Singh, Birendra Shrivastava, Ravi Kumar Konda **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3856 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Regulatory Affairs, Commercial-Scale Process, Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, Liposomes, Niosomes, Applications The knowledge of regulatory affairs is continuously improving in the pharmaceutical industry. The quality, safety and efficacy of the drug are related to various factors. Still, one of the vital system needed for marketing is that company should have a proper regulatory department. Our research process focuses on the regulatory department in the pharmaceutical industry and also the present situation of Nanoparticles across US, EU and India. The Nanotechnology in the Indian pharmaceutical industry is taking an excellent path. Still, when compared to USFDA and EU, there are some steps to be taken for the development of Nanotechnology. This study is mainly focused on Nanoparticles (Liposomes & Niosomes). By comparing the US and EU regulatory markets, we can build a strong regulation in the Indian market on Liposomes and Niosomes. The aim of this study is also focused on present regulations on Liposomes and Niosomes in the three market regions, i.e. in the US, EU and India and present market strategies. By this study, we can gain knowledge on marketing developments of Nanoparticles (Liposomes and Niosomes). --- ## Effects of Clinical Pathway Implementation in Management of Pediatric Inpatients with Pneumonia: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia **Authors:** Assajada Lizikri, Wawaimuli Arozal, Hesty Utami Ramadaniati **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3866 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Paediatrics, Pneumonia, Clinical Pathway, Antibiotics, Length of Stay, Gyssens Method, ATC/DDD System Pneumonia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Antibiotics are the mainstay treatment for bacterial pneumonia so their use should be clearly mentioned in the pneumonia clinical pathway (CP). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of pneumonia CP in pediatrics. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a private hospital in Indonesia. The inclusion criteria were pediatric patients admitted with pneumonia in the period of January-December 2017 (pre-CP period) and January-December 2018 (post-CP) and receiving antibiotics. The effectiveness of CP was evaluated according to four parameters: length of stay, clinical outcomes, quality (Gyssens antibiogram) and quantity of antibiotics. A total of 121 eligible patients’ medical records were analyzed (60 before and 61 after CP implementation). Second and third generation cephalosporins (42.1%) predominated the use of antibiotics pre-CP period, whilst aminoglycosides (59.6%) constituted more than half of antibiotic use in post-CP group. More than half of the patients stayed in the hospital not more than 3 days pre-CP period vs 31.1% post-CP period. Nearly all patients had good clinical outcomes during hospitalization between both periods. The proportion of quality of antibiotics was less than 5% either before or after CP implementation. The quantity of antibiotics post-CP (408.42 defined daily dose/DDD per 100 patient days) was almost two times of pre-CP period (222.42 DDD per 100 patient days). In conclusion, implementation of CP could not achieve the targeted goals to reduce the length of hospitalization and improve the antibiotic use. No discernible difference was observed in clinical outcomes before and after CP implementation. --- ## A case report on the management of severe vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhagic patients using intra-arterial nimodipine, intrathecal sodium nitroprusside and intra-arterial papaverine **Authors:** Sheen Reynold, Jiya Marium George, Athul Gopan, Anila KN, Sreehari NR, Sajesh K Menon **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3876 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Nimodipine, Sodium Nitroprusside, Papaverine, Subarachnoid Haemorrhage, Vasospasm Management and prevention of vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage are one of the complex dictums so far. Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) is the condition in which bleeding occurs in subarachnoid space. Vasospasm is a complex immunologically active phenomenon which requires a multimodality approach in the treatment of established vasospasm. Various treatment strategies for vasospasm and related disabilities include vasodilators such as nimodipine, sodium nitroprusside and papaverine. Intra-arterial nimodipine shows drastic improvement in several patients by resolving and preventing vasospasm. Intra-arterial administration of nimodipine can cause hypotension which can be easily managed. Papaverine is also an efficient drug-producing vasodilatory action on cerebral arteries. Papaverine is considered as the first intraarterial agent to reduce angiographic cerebral vasospasm which has the side effect of elevated intracranial pressure. Besides, the intrathecal administration of sodium nitroprusside has also demonstrated the effect in ischemic vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Intraarterial administration of this drug can induce arterial hypotension which is not a recommended method. Vomiting is the main side effect of sodium nitroprusside, which can be managed with antiemetics such as ondansetron. Here we present a case of management of cerebral vasospasm in subarachnoid patients using the combination of these three effective drugs which showed a remarkable improvement in the resolution of aneurysmal vasospasm. --- ## Public awareness of common eye diseases in South India **Authors:** Kishore Khannaa A, Sanjeev Kumar Puri **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3874 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Blindness, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma Awareness of the common eye diseases helps in the prevention of blindness by early intervention. This study was conducted to assess the awareness of the common eye diseases, such as cataract, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma among the people in south India. A semi-structured questionnaire was developed to assess the awareness of the cataract, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma among the public in Chennai. The demographic details like age, gender and education were collected along with the awareness of the disease and questions regarding the disease were asked to the people who were aware of the disease. A total of 185 participants were included in the study, and it consisted of 108(58%) males and 77(42%) females. The age group participated in this study was 15-65 years, and 177 participants were literate. Awareness of cataract, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma were (81%, 49% and 34% respectively). The most familiar source of knowledge was friends, family and relatives. The awareness of cataract is better than compared to diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. Hence, the awareness of these common eye diseases has to be improved more and current trend of improvement in the awareness has to continue through various awareness programs which helps in reducing the preventable blindness by early detection and treatment. --- ## In Silico studies of 4-Anilino Quinazoline derivatives as Anti-tubercular Agents **Authors:** Hemalatha K, Sujatha K, Panneerselvam P, Girija K **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3948 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Enoyl-acyl Carrier Protein Reductase, 4-anilino quinazoline, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, BACTEC MGIT Method Inh A, the Enoyl Acyl Carrier protein Reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the pivotal enzyme involved in the mycobacterial fatty acid elongation cycle and has been considered as an important target for anti-tubercular screening. Inhibition of Inh A affects the biosynthesis of the mycolic acids, which are the central constituents of the mycobacterial cell wall. In the present research work, 4-anilino quinazoline derivatives were designed based on the quinazoline based drugs by means of lipophilic insertion and Fragment replacement. The designed compounds were synthesized, and molecular docking studies were performed on the human pathogenic bacterial enzyme InhA from its parent domain Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Molecular docking study revealed that compounds SMOQ2, SNAQ3, 4AAQ7, 2AP9, PABAQ10 were found to possess good binding affinity towards the target InhA. With reference to the binding energy obtained from molecular docking study, five compounds were subjected to in vitro anti-tubercular activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv and I2487 (Resistant strain) using BACTEC MGIT method. Compound SMOQ2 and 4AAQ7 showed sensitivity in both H37Rv (Sensitive strain) and I2487 (Resistant strain) at the concentration of 250, 500, 1000 and 1500 mcg/mL. In silico Pharmacokinetic predictions of the synthesized compounds were determined using SwissADME online web tool. All the synthesized compounds obeyed the Lipinski's rule of five properties. --- ## Probiotic and Techno-Functional Traits of Lactobacillus pentosus DS2 Isolated from Naturally Fermented Plant Beverage **Authors:** Mehak Manzoor, Vikrant Sharma, Deepti Singh, Jagdip Singh Sohal, Gajender Kumar Aseri, Neeraj Khare, Shilpa Vij, Deepansh Sharma **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3929 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Probiotics, Autoaggregation, Co-Aggregation, Cell Hydrophobicity, Antibiotic Susceptibility The research on the isolation of novel lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains from different fermented plant beverages is receiving immense attention for their significant health benefits towards human health. The present study aimed to isolate and categorize various functional attributes of Lactobacillus pentosus DS2 isolated from fermented black carrot beverage. The isolated L. pentosus DS2 strain exhibited resistance to acid and higher salt concentrations. The isolated strain was identified by using 16S rRNA gene sequences. L. pentosus DS2 showed high survivability of about 6.75 to 7.02 log CFU/ml from pH (2-8) and at a different salt concentration (1-10%) log CFU/ml ranged from 7.92 to 6.41 log CFU/ml. According to the obtained results, auto-aggregation as well as cell surface hydrophobicity was about 16.2 ± 0.35 and 90 ± 0.21 % respectively, while co-aggregation value was 72.5 ± 2.12 and 82 ± 1.41% with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. The enzymatic screening was performed and estimated as 0.54 ± 0.01, 103 ± 1.41, and 80.5 ± 2.89 U/mL of amylase, protease, and phytase. Cholesterol removal by L. pentosus DS2 was 47.15 ± 0.41%. The adherence levels by L. pentosus DS2 to different cell lines such as Caco-2 and HT-29 ranged from 17.65 ± 0.25 to 19.79 ± 0.31% respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern obtained showed a different degree of antibiotics sensitivity, such as resistance to ampicillin. Thus, the isolated L. pentosus DS2 has all the desired properties to be used as a potential probiotics strain. --- ## Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of Chlorhexidine, Listerine, and herbal mouthwashes in decontamination of toothbrushes-An invitro study **Authors:** Preethikaa Guruprasath, Ravishankar PL, Prem Blaisie Rajula M, Sunanda Rao K, Padmaja Vangipuram, Visithiriyan G **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4597 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chlorhexidine, Disinfection, Oral Hygiene, Toothbrushing Toothbrushing and toothbrushes play an important role in oral hygiene. Disinfection, storage and changing of toothbrushes at regular intervals are essential. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the invitro efficacy of Chlorhexidine, Listerine® and herbal mouthwash (Himalaya Oro-TTM) against microorganisms as toothbrush disinfectants. A total of 20 participants were recruited. Brand new identical toothbrushes were given to each participant and they were asked to brush their teeth twice daily. They were instructed to use tap water to rinse the used toothbrushes. The toothbrushes were collected after a week. The bristles of each toothbrush were cut and kept in separate vials containing transport media. Then, they were sent for microbiological evaluation. The number of colony-forming units were measured. The vials containing bristles were divided into four groups, each group containing 5 vials: Group I: Chlorhexidine mouthwash; Group II: Listerine mouthwash; Group III: Herbal mouthwash; Group IV: Distilled water. The bristles were immersed in test-tube containing respective mouthwashes for one hour. And, colony-forming units were measured. In all three test groups, there was a significant difference in the reduction of microbes after sanitization with mouthwashes. The highest reduction was seen in group I and the least reduction was group IV. Disinfection of toothbrush may prevent the occurrence of oral infections. Chlorhexidine mouthwash was found to be more effective than other mouthwashes as a disinfecting agent in reducing the microbial load. --- ## Review on traditional diagnosis and management of snakebite in Ayurveda **Authors:** Manuprasad K S, Sachin Mangattu, Amritha S Sarma **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3923 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Snakebite, Vishachikitsa, Darveekara sarpa, Visha Vaidya, Toxicology Toxicology started right from the prehistoric era when man lived in caves of forests. Reptiles originated nearly 240 million years ago, but man was born only nearly about 4 million years back. A man had to survive; he had to fifth against many odds. Snake venom is one of these odds, and treatment of poisonous would have started with the first affliction by poison on man. It is believed that in India, about 2 million people are bitten by snakes annually of which 15,000 to 30000 cases prove fatal. The problem became more after urbanization and deforestation. In the early decades of the 19th century, it has been recorded by the scholars that the mortality rate in snakebite victims was higher chiefly in rural India by the unavailability of emergency medicines and poor transportation facilities. Still, recently this has been changed significantly by providing ASV (anti snake venom) as a primary treatment through hospitals of tertiary levels. Traditional poisoning healing system was also parallel to this in rural areas of south India, especially in the state of Kerala, belief in the Traditional poisoning healing system were the main motives for it. Here an attempt has been made to explore the Traditional Visha chikitsa Sampradaya of Kerala, which is quite different from classical Granthas of Ayurveda (textbook) such as Bruhatrayees along with mainly used formulations in Visha chikitsa. --- ## Relationship between serum lipid profile and higher physiological level of bilirubin in cardiovascular patients **Authors:** Sushmitha K P, Vinod A N, Nalini Ganesan **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3924 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-oxidant, Atherosclerosis, Bilirubin, Cardiovascular, Lipid Profile The present study is intended to investigate the protective role of high bilirubin concentration in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to analyse the relationship between serum bilirubin concentration and lipid profile in these patients. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the world, with early signs and symptoms starts many years earlier leading to myocardial infarction due to many cardiovascular risk factors like abnormal lipid profile. Serum bilirubin levels are determined both genetically and environmentally and vary through one's life. Under its anti-oxidant property, it prevents oxidation of macromolecules from oxidation and prevents the atherosclerotic process. We evaluated 210 individuals with cardiovascular diseases (82% Men) and 190 normal healthy controls (62% Men) within the 25-60 age group. Both groups are divided into two, based on the normal physiological range as the lower normal and upper normal limit. We have observed significant reduction (***p<0. 0001) of CVD risk factors like total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels, showing inverse association with serum bilirubin. Concurrently, direct relation with anti-atherogenic HDL cholesterol, which is significantly increased (***p<0. 0001) in CVD patient group and control group with higher bilirubin levels respectively. We also discussed the possible contributing mechanisms that might reduce circulating total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol concentrations in cardiovascular patients. Conclusion-Bilirubin may be an inverse risk factor for cardiovascular disease and findings from our study support the concept that physiologically higher normal levels of bilirubin have a protective effect against patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy people prone to CVD under its anti-oxidant potential. --- ## Invivo Pharmacokientic and Pharamacodynamic Studies of Optimized Antihyperlipidemic Drug Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticle **Authors:** Gannimani Veerabhadra Rao, Gadela Venkata Radha, Krishnaji Rao M, Brito Raj S, Bhaskar Reddy K **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3935 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Invivo Pharmacokinetic, Antihyperlipidemic, Solid Lipid Nanoparticle, Particle Size, Zeta Potential, Polydispersity Index The purpose of this research is to increase bioavailability by solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) carrier for low bioavailable drugs (< 5%) such as Lovastatin. Eight SLN loaded Lovastatin was designed and optimised by variables such as Particle Size (PS in nm) and Zeta Potential (ZP in mV) using a micro emulsification technique. SLN 7 was chosen as the optimised formulation according to the findings obtained and the same was chosen for invivo pharmacokinetic and triton-induced antihyperlipidemic operation. SLN7 confirms an improvement in bioavailability of 3.15 percent by an improvement in AUC compared to conventional dosage type (Altoprev) from the pharmacokinetic invivo results. SLN was also an appropriate career in drug delivery for Lovastatin by enhancing bioavailability and therapeutic response. The stability studies of SLN7 revealed that the evaluation parameters of SLN did not change significantly. It was verified from the data that the drug-loaded SLN was stable under varying temperature and humidity conditions. While compare to 25˚ c±2˚c/ 60% RH, SLN are more stable in 4˚ c±2˚ c and shows good reproducible reports in Particle Size (nm), Zeta potential (mV), PI and EE% data. Therefore, Solid Lipid Nanoparticle is a viable drug carrier mechanism for low bioavailable Lovastatin to improve their bioavailability through efficiently permeating them. --- ## A comparison between the effect of LASER and WATER BATH on heat-cured acrylic denture base material vitro study **Authors:** Mithaq R Mohammed, Aedah Z Alkaisy **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3919 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diode Laser, PMMA, Porosity, Transverse Strength, Water Bath Curing stage by utilizing Water Bath (W.B.) one of the stages of making a denture, in this investigation, we assess the influence of utilizing W.B. and diode laser light of frequency (1064nm) with force 50mW on samples of heat-curing acrylic (PMMA) on transverse strength of this material. We utilized a sample with dimension (8x 0.8x0.3) cm. 40 samples utilized in this investigation, 20 illuminated by laser with deferent span time of light, and the staying 20 samples prepared by regular W.B. procedure. We estimated the samples' dimension when prepared by the two procedures. From a correlation on the influence of these two procedures on the quality of the samples by utilizing t-test, we reason that the samples that illuminated with laser become more quality and when we increment the term time (p>1), while there are no concedes between the samples that rewarded with ordinary W.B. (p>0.05). We presumed that utilizing laser be more accomplishment in improving the quality of heat-curing acrylic material that utilized for denture base. --- ## The Predictive Power of Low T3 Levels among ICU Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kerala **Authors:** Nandu Baby P, Ramesh V **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3941 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Intensive Care Unit, Mortality Rate, Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine Just a few studies recorded that low thyroid hormones are independent mortality predictors in ICU-admitted patients, indicating the use of thyroid profile in mortality prediction scoring systems. A spectrum of improvements occurs in ICU patients, beginning with low triiodothyronine (T3) accompanied by low thyroxine (T4) and low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. To evaluate whether low T3 levels were responsible for increased mortality among ICU patients in a tertiary care hospital. This is a prospective, observational and interventional study carried on 200 ICU admitted patients aged 30-70 years. The study subjects were categorized into two groups- survivors and non-survivors. Our study results revealed that non-survivors had less T3, less T4, less TSH, more HbA1c indicating that low thyroid levels are playing one of the crucial roles in determining the mortality rate in critically ill patients. Further, we found that the treatment with T4 alone was ineffective while replacement therapy, including T3, proved effective leading to significant clinical improvement. Low T3 syndrome has a significant effect on the mortality rate of critically ill patients. However, a further larger sample of patients should be evaluated to draw more reliable conclusions on Low T3 levels among ICU patients. --- ## Acute Ischemic Stroke Due to Paradoxical Embolism from Spontaneous Thrombosis of Large Varicosity – A Case Report **Authors:** Jiya Marium George, Sheen Reynold, Vivek Nambiar **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3931 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Paradoxical Embolism, Patent Foramen Ovale, Varicose Vein, Stroke, Tran Esophageal Echocardiography Paradoxical embolism can have different kinds of manifestation, with cerebrovascular accidents being the most commonly reported. Several studies have proposed that Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) is a major risk factor for cryptogenic stroke and the mechanism is assumed to be paradoxical embolism. PFO occurs when the foramen ovale fails to close after the birth and a hole is developed between left and right atria. Many cases of embolism through PFO in patients with Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and in patients who received sclerotherapy for varicose vein have been reported. But we present a rare case of spontaneous thrombosis through PFO and associated stroke in a patient with no other significant risk factor than a varicosity in the lower limb. The PFO can act as the conduit for the clot. Many a times, the causes of the stroke like paradoxical embolism may be overseen. In this case, the Trans Esophageal Echocardiography (TEE) confirmed the presence of PFO and clinical examination and doppler of the lower limb revealed the presence of enlarged varicosities. Hence, thorough workups are needed to confirm the etiology and prevent further strokes, especially in the young patients. Also, to avoid such risk, any atrial septal defects must be repaired as early as possible. --- ## Enhancement of Polymeric Poly-(β)-Hydroxy Butyrate (PHB) production from Alcaligenes faecalis through the Optimisation process **Authors:** Naman Jain, Lily Priyadarshini, Kritika Sharma, Iyappan S, Jaganathan M K, Jai Ganesh R **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3933 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biopolymer, Polyhydroxybutyrates, Polyhydroxyalkanoates, FTIR, HPLC Polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs) are biodegradable polymers synthesised and stored as cytoplasmic inclusions in various bacteria. They have a wide variety of applications in various fields such as Biomedical, food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries and used as a vehicle for controlled-release drug delivery system. The PHB producing microorganisms were isolated from the dump soil, screened by fluorescence microscope at 490 nm and characterised by 16sRNA sequencing. Process parameters optimisation is performed for maximum PHB production by changing the parameters, viz., temperature, pH, different carbon, and nitrogen source. The isolate showed maximum PHB accumulation in the concentration of 0.07 mg/mL after 72 hours incubation at 35⁰C and in pH 7 showed the maximum concentration of 0.055 mg/mL. FT-IR characterised PHB shows the bands at 3426 cm-1 are due to the presence of C–H methylene and methyl groups and retention time of the peak at 12.39 min was determined HPLC. D-Glucose was found to be the best carbon source for the maximum production of PHB in the concentration of 0.0319 mg/mL and the media supplemented with peptone as the nitrogen source showed the 0.0723 mg/mL is the maximum accumulation of PHB in the cells; thus, the isolate shows the potential of PHB production for further exploitation. --- ## Optimized production of EPS and evaluating its Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anticancer activity **Authors:** Prakash P, Aishwarya B, Poornimaa B, Shaik Asma Taj, Narendrakumar G, Antony V Samrot, Abirami S, Jane Cypriyana P J **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3949 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** EPS, Optimization, Bioactivity Studies, Response Surface Methodology Recently the ability of microbes to produce exopolysaccharides attracted many researchers and most attention has been given to the prokaryotic producers. Exopolysaccharides have been known to have various bioactive potential and also known to increase the nutritional value of food consumed by human population. For last two decades fungal exopolysaccharides are considered to be the high value biological macromolecules as it has several applications in various industries including food, pharmaceutical, medicine etc. In this current study, Plackett - Burman design matrix method was used for the selection of nutrients for the EPS production from Curvularia lunata under submerged batch-culture condition. Subsequently, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimal condition. Thus, produced EPS was characterized by GC-MS and thermogravimetric analysis. It was found to have glucose and mannitol and also showed good thermal stability. In order to identify the antioxidant activity, radical scavenging activity and anticancer activity the produced EPS was subjected to DPPH assay, ABTS assay and anticancer activity was tested against HeLa cell lines. EPS was found to be having a good antioxidant activity, Free radical scavenging activity and showed effective anticancer activity against HeLa cells. --- ## Evaluation of neuroprotective potential of methanolic extract of Hemidesmus indicus extract in Aβ (1-42) induced rats **Authors:** Swati Som, Justin Antony, Palanisamy Dhanabal S, Sivasankaran Ponnusankar **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3952 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alzheimer’s Disease, Hemidesmus indicus, Amyloid-Beta, Oxidative Stress, Acetylcholine Esterase, Neurobehavioral Deficits Excessive cerebral deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides with 40-42 amino acids are the major neuropathologic feature of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), accompanied by a progressive and functional decline in cognition. With the failing attempts in the development of new pharmacological intervention and due to suboptimal results from the existing therapies available for the treatment of AD, there is a constant hunt for a new therapeutic alternative to address this severe neurodegenerative disease. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Hemidesmus indicus extract in Aβ (1-42) infused model of AD. Sporadic model of AD was achieved by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injection of Aβ (1-42) peptide in Wistar rats, followed by treatment with methanolic extract of H. indicus (MEHI) at 100 and 200 mg/kg for 28 days. Locomotor activity, Radial arm Maze task and Passive avoidance test were used for the assessment of neurobehavioral deficits. After completion of 28 days treatment protocol, animals were euthanized and brains were collected for neurochemical analysis. Reversal of cognitive impairment was observed by MEHI on Aβ (1-42) rats, as evidenced by improved spatial memory learning. Furthermore, MEHI attenuated Aβ (1-42) induced oxidative stress and inhibited acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity. Collectively, these findings exhibited neuroprotective activity of MEHI by ameliorating Aβ (1-42) mediated neuronal damage, thereby can stand as a potential disease-modifying therapeutic for curbing AD pathology. --- ## The Effectiveness of Foot Reflexology Massage in Reducing Cortisol Saliva Levels as a Biomarker of Stress for Patients with Cancer **Authors:** Ashar Prima, Heny Suseani Pangastut, Sri Setiyarini, Christantie Effendy **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3965 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biomarkers, Cancer, Cortisol, Saliva, Reflexology, Massage, Stress Patients with cancer will experience limitations in meeting their daily needs, including psychological problems such as stress. Stress can be assessed through cortisol saliva as a biomarker of stress. Foot Reflexology will help restore the body's energy balance, stimulate relaxation and endorphins, and reduce stress. To determine the effect of foot reflexology to reduce salivary cortisol levels as a biomarker of anxiety for patients with cancer. Adult patients with cancer in stage II and III hospitalized in a Public hospital in Central Java, Indonesia, were invited. Foot reflexology was given once (40 minutes) a day. Saliva collection was carried out two times a day (30 minutes before intervention) and 15 minutes after intervention. Salivary cortisol levels at baseline and post-intervention were measured and compared to determine the effect of foot reflexology. Data were analyzed using the Wilcox on signed-rank and effect size (ES) test. Fifty-five patients (93.2%) participated in this study. We found that the effect size of foot reflexology was 0.82 (ρ = 0.001) with a mean and standard deviation of salivary cortisol levels at baseline and post-intervention were (9.31 ± 5.45 and 6.17 ± 4.55) respectively. These findings indicated the significant effect of giving Foot Reflexology Massage in reducing salivary cortisol levels. Foot Reflexology massage is proven to have a substantial impact on reducing the Salivary cortisol level as a stress biomarker. --- ## Development and validation of LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous estimation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and pioglitazone HCL in human plasma **Authors:** Pagidi Rajagopaludu, Nimmakayala Saritha, Devanna N, Srinivas M **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3954 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Pioglitazone, Electron Spray Ionization, LC-MS, Human Plasma For the simultaneous detection of tenofovir and pioglitazone in a human plasma LC-MS/MS technique was utilized. API-4000 mass spectrometer was used. It should be operated in positive ion mode and contains ion source of turbo spray. Inverted C18 column was used which produces good resolution and symmetrical peaks. Metoprolol is used as internal standard. It requires acidic PH for elution but Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and Pioglitazone requires neutral PH after extraction which is equity diluted with H2O for supernate. Finally, it provides good resolution and elution. By using Acetonitrile 100mg of Tenofovir Disoproxil fumarate and Pioglitazone HCL were dissolved and the final volume is made with H2O and Acetonitrile in 1:1 ratio to give 1mg/ml. standard stock solution are stored at -2 to ± 20C till analysis is completed. The guidelines were provided by the FDA to fulfill the essentials requires for the technique. To regulate the concentration the procedure starts with standard curve which is built form the quantitative analysis standard ranges form 1-1000ng/mL. To determine the stability freeze-thaw technique were used. To determine the stability the analyte is kept at room temperature for 24 hours. The correlation coefficients for all calibration curves were more than 0.99. --- ## Study of serum traditional and nontraditional biomarkers in Rheumatoid arthritis patients **Authors:** Vinod A N, Leena Chand, Preeti R Y, Harshitha S, Prahaladh R **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3966 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-CCP, Biomarkers, COMP, Hyaluronic Acid, Rheumatoid Arthritis The study of biomarkers in Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is highly indispensable to understand mechanisms of pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of disease. The role of traditional biomarkers like Anti-CCP, RF, and inflammatory markers like ESR and CRP is well established. In this study, we aimed to measure nontraditional biomarkers like Hyaluronic acid (HA), Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), and Osteocalcin in the serum of RA patients and also to establish an association with traditional markers. It was a cross-sectional study involving 152 RA patients based on the 1987 ACR criteria for the diagnosis of RA and 68 age‑ and sex-matched healthy controls. After the clinical examination, traditional markers were assessed to measure the disease activity along with non traditional markers in RA patients. All the values were expressed as median (25th–75th percentile). In our study, there was a significant increase in serum HA levels in RA patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.03), whereas no significant difference in serum COMP and osteocalcin levels. The traditional inflammatory markers were significantly increased in RA patients than controls with (p < 0.001). The serum HA levels were significantly correlated with traditional markers in RA patients. Conclusion: Significant increase in serum HA level in RA patients indicating synovial inflammation, but there were no notable changes in COMP and osteocalcin level in serum presuming the combination of these markers may be useful along with traditional markers in the different stages of RA. --- ## A Rare Necrotizing Lymphadenitis: Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease **Authors:** Poornima Raj, Ravina Ravi, Roshni P R, Jayakumar C **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4021 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease, Lymph Node, Necrotizing Lymphadenitis, SLE, Treatment Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease also known as necrotizing lymphadenitis is a rare, self limiting cause of lymphadenitis with unknown etiology and pathogenesis. The clinical signs and symptoms include cervical lymphadenopathy, fever, less frequent chills, night sweats, arthralgia, rash, weight loss and symptoms of respiratory infections. Diagnosis is often based on histopathological studies involving lymph node. It is often misdiagnosed with SLE, Lymphoma etc. There is no treatment guidelines given for KFD after diagnosis it is often limited to treat the symptoms but in severe cases corticosteroids can be given. Here we discuss a 14yr old female patient presented with evening rise of temperature and significant weight loss of approximately 5kg. Along with that she has also complained about bilateral axillary swelling of small size with pain. The final diagnosis was based on lymph node biopsy indicating Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease also the laboratory values were also elevated. After diagnosis patient was treated with symptomatically and the condition of the patient also improved. Although Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease can be misdiagnosed with other diseases, a systematic diagnostic approach is needed. Since there is no specific guidelines available for the management of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, further studies are needed to conduct the therapeutic option and its long term outcome. --- ## Impact of Leather Toxicity on People and Places: A Review **Authors:** Satish Kumar Sharma, Pankaj Bhatt **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4073 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Leather Toxicity, Tannery Effluents, Toxicity Evaluation, Environmental Sustainability The production of the most luxurious form of textile, i.e. Leather, has always been associated with environmental toxicity. The royal texture and firm durability of leather demands animal as well as environmental sacrifices. The process of leather production not only introduces chemicals in the environment but also causes undeniable animal abuse. The leather manufacturing process involves beam house operations and tanning procedures involving toxic chemicals rich in heavy metals and carcinogens. The effluents from the leather tanneries expose these toxins into the environment, posing a threat to different life forms. The increased toxin load from tannery effluents has percolated the food chain, thus inducing toxicity in human beings. The effect of lather manufacturing has been mostly observed in occupational regions displaying evidence of severe respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal tract infections, skin infections, chromium toxicity in biological fluids and high risk of morbidity. Different studies have been performed on regions receiving tannery discharge indicating toxin exposure affecting agricultural land, water systems, plants and aquatic life forms. The present study reviews sources of toxicity in the leather manufacturing process and describes bioassays that can be utilized to study the effect of leather toxicity on the ecosystem. The study mentions examples of sustainable alternatives and waste management for tanneries that can be explored to provide an insight for better future of leather industries. --- ## Assessment of hospital anxiety and depression in newly diagnosed head and neck cancer patients in cancer institutes — A cross-sectional study **Authors:** Sushanthi S, Meignana Arumugham Indiran, Pradeep Kumar Rathinavelu, Arthi Balasubramaniam **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3971 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Abnormal, Borderline, Distress, Psychology, Tobacco Individuals often encounter psychological distress after a diagnosis of cancer, especially head and neck cancer (HNC). Worries regarding restricted functions, facial disfigurement, waiting time for investigation and duration of hospital stay for treatment make them feel awful. Often this feeling goes unnoticed and is underestimated. We aimed to assess the prevalence of the dreadful feeling in terms of anxiety and depression in newly diagnosed head and neck cancer patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two cancer-treating institutions in South India. About 357 freshly diagnosed HNC patients participated in the study. Pre-validated Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess the anxiety and depression levels. Descriptive statistics was done to report socio-demographic, clinical variables and mean scores. Independent t-test and correlation test were done for comparison and association, respectively. Mean depression score for males and females was 11.481, 11.865, respectively. Mean anxiety score for males was 11.708 and 11.792 for females. There was a strong positive correlation between depression and anxiety score (0.864) among patients. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean anxiety and depression scores among gender, socioeconomic status, marital status and cancer stages (p>0.05). Newly diagnosed HNC patients had an abnormal level of anxiety and depression, which needs special attention and care during treatment for a better outcome. --- ## The orthodontist and obstructive Sleep Apnea - an orthodontic perspective **Authors:** Bosy Thankam Mathew, Raghunath N, Girish A, Ferin Fathima, Meenakshi S, Pradeep S **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4105 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cephalometric Diagnosis of OSA, OSA, Orthodontic Appliances in OSA, Role of Orthodontist Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a recurrent respiratory condition related to sleep, characterised by sporadic narrowing and pharyngeal airway obstruction, with adverse effects on sleep efficiency and gaseous exchange. OSA is a poorly identified medical disorder where the diagnosis of undiagnosed patients involves a thorough history and concentrated physical assessment. The combination of anatomical and neuromuscular risk factors in the pathogenesis of OSA has resulted in a varied approach to its management. Individuals with OSA often feel unrested, fatigued, and sleepy during the daytime. These declines in daytime function can translate into higher rates of job-related and motor vehicle accidents. Screening to identify unrecognized OSA followed by appropriate treatment might improve sleep quality and normalize the AHI and oxygen saturation levels to prevent adverse health outcomes. The role of orthodontist in screening and cure is treasured in the multidisciplinary administration of OSA. The aim of this assessment is to summarize the recent information’s on the unique contributors to OSA with a centre of attention on diagnostic strategies and various orthodontic appliances which may also be considered for the cure of OSA and designed to offer guidance to practising orthodontists on the suggested role of the speciality of orthodontics in the management of obstructive sleep apnea. --- ## An Ayurvedic concept of Shatkriyakala with special reference to Cancer Pathogenesis **Authors:** Meena Kumari, Awanish Jaiswal, Monika Agrawal, Rakesh Kumar Singh, Parameswarappa S Byadgi **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3945 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cancer, Ayurveda, Shatkriyakala, Arbuda, Tridoshas, Pathogenesis Acharya Susruta describes about the various stages in the development of malignant tumors and also recognizes recurrence as well as metastasis. The concept of Shatkriyakala, is an objective approach of Ayurveda, which gives a sign about the consecutive phases of the disease for distinguishing the particular disease and to institute appropriate therapeutic intervention, and accordingly preventive measures can be described to overcome complications as well as advancement of the disease. Shatkriyakala, in which disease state is not an instantaneous occurrence, evolves through a sequence of certain phases in relation to the tridoshas-pathophysiologic rhythm. In respect to cancer pathogenesis, it is a hyper-proliferative disorder develops due to genetic dysregulation of growth of cells and tissues that encompasses many stages such as transformation, derange of apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis (almost final stage). The physician must acquire the knowledge to recognize early stages of the diseases and accordingly initiate the needful management to contain the further progression of the diseases. In this article critically correlate the concept of Shatkriyakala (stages of progression of disease) in respect to cancer pathogenesis based on the probable involvement of tridoshas (Vata, Pitta and Kapha), Dushyas (dhatus, upadhatus & malas), Agni, Srotas etc. --- ## Awareness and Perception towards Dental Ethics and Ethical Dilemmas among Dental Professionals - A Cross-Sectional Study **Authors:** Indumathy Pandiyan, Meignana Arumugham Indiran, Pradeep Kumar Rathinavelu, Arthi Balasubramaniam **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3976 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breaching, Dentist, Dental Ethics, Ethical Dilemmas, Violating Dentists are one among the medical professionals who often encounter complex ethical issues. Playing the role of a health professional, business enterpriser and academician they often run into specific and conflicting ethical demands in practice and research. This cross-sectional study was conducted among dental professionals attached to educational institutions and private practitioners. A total of 95 participants, including private practitioners, faculty members, and post-graduate students, were recruited. A pre-validated, questionnaire containing questions related to awareness and perception in dental ethics was administered. Descriptive statistics was done to report the level of awareness and perception of dental professionals. About 65% of post-graduate professionals had awareness in clinical ethics when compared to undergraduate professionals who had 58% awareness. However, 75% of undergraduate professionals had awareness in research ethics compared to post-graduate professionals with 70% awareness. There was no difference in the perception level among graduate and post-graduate professionals. The awareness of dental ethics varied among dental professionals. There is a need to introduce specific continuing dental educational (CDE) programs to promote knowledge on dental ethics and dental jurisprudence to save dentist and their patients from encountering uneventful situations. --- ## Comparative assessment of various root canal sealer for failure mode after obturation; An in vitro study **Authors:** Manoj Chandak, Richa Modi, Aditya Patel, Pooja Chandak, Madhulika Chandak, Rakhi Chandak, Anuja Ikhar **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4725 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Endodontic Sealer, Impervious Seal, Biomechanical Preparation, Irrigation, Root Dentin Success of root canal treatment depends upon five major steps. Among them, biomechanical preparation is most important. Root canal system shows various anatomical variations. These variations will help microorganism to harbour themselves. In order to disinfect the root canal, various irrigating solutions are used. These chemical solutions may change the surface characteristics of root dentin. Hence, this study was carried out with an aim- to determine the failure mode of sealer after obturation using the various irrigating solution. The study was carried out using 40 extracted premolars. Biomechanical preparation was done using the crown down technique. Various irrigating solutions, namely, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, QMIX 2 in 1, 17% EDTA liquid were used for irrigation. Later obturation was done using AH plus sealer and cold condensation technique. A section of 5mm root was obtained at the middle one third. Push out bond strength was evaluated and the mode of failure of the sealer was noted. The maximum number of mixed failure mode (n=7) in Qmix 2 in 1 as well as in 2% CHX. Similarly, in 5.25% NaOCl, 8 samples showed Mixed failure mode. However, in 17% EDTA, the equal number of the sample had Adhesive and Mixed type of failure mode (n=5). Use of EDTA + CHX or QMix during final irrigation significantly improved sealer penetratin resulting in impervious seal to the obturation. Thus contributing to the success of endodontic treatment. --- ## Stability Indicating Validated HPLC Method for the Determination of Aceclofenac and Misoprostol in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulation **Authors:** Syed Rafi, Kantipudi Rambabu **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4669 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aceclofenac, Misoprostol, Validation, HPLC, Stress Studies For the simultaneous evaluation of Aceclofenac and Misoprostol using RP-HPLC, an accurate, rapid, economical, and straightforward, reliable assay technique was developed and demonstrated. The proposed method achieved effective chromatographic separation by using an inertsil ODS column (150mmx4.6mm, 3.5), acetonitrile, and 0.1 percent orthophosphoric acid (OPA) (50:50 v/v) as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 1 ml/min and a wavelength of 227 nm. The retention time (Rt) of Aceclofenac was 3.189 minutes and Misoprostol was 6.966 minutes. Chromatography was performed isocratically at room temperature with a run time of around 10 minutes. The suitability parameters of the system were investigated by multiplying the quality six times, and the results were well within acceptable limits. The linearity analysis was conducted at 10 percent to 150 percent stages, with a regression coefficient of 0.999. Aceclofenac and Misoprostol had LOD and LOQ values of 0.063 ug/ml, 0.063 g/ml, and 0.208 ug/ml and 0.208 g/ml, respectively. The drug was recovered at a rate of 98-102 percent, which means that the recovery is within reasonable limits. The validation results were satisfactory, and the approach was found to be suitable for bulk and formulation analysis. As a result, it was obvious that the proposed approach was ideal for routine pharmaceutical preparation review and quality control. Validation results were very close to the appropriate maximum. RSD values of less than 2.0 percent indicate that this approach is accurate and precise. The above method was used to perform a retail formulation assay, which showed that 100.24 percent of the formulation was present. Degradation stress conditions in acidic, alkaline, peroxide, and thermal media were investigated. Under ideal conditions, the established method provided efficient, precise, and accurate results. According to ICH guidelines, the approach was justified. --- ## Olanzapine versus aprepitant for the prophylaxis of Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients receiving Taxane/ Adriamycin/ Cyclophosphamide (TAC) regimen for post-mastectomy breast cancer **Authors:** Joyita Krishnamurthi, Lakshmi Kanthamma S, Jayalakshmi N, Praveen D, Ranadheer Chowdary P, Vijey Aanandhi M **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4703 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting, Breast Cancer, Serotonin Receptor, Prophylaxis Breast cancer is mainly formed in the tissues of the breast, and it spreads through the lymphatic system. They are mostly found in women rather than men. The breast cancer incidence has been increasing globally, with 1 in 8 women developing cancer in their lifetime. This prospective observational study was conducted to determine the Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV) in post-mastectomy breast cancer patients for nine months in a tertiary care hospital. Sixty patients were divided into two groups where one arm received Olanzapine, and the other received aprepitant. Both the arms were analysed for the severity of nausea and vomiting. Aprepitant (APT) is a neurokinin one receptor antagonist (NK1RA) which is used as antiemetic in the prophylaxis of CINV. Olanzapine (OLP) is a second-generation antipsychotic agent, which works by blocking the serotonin receptor. The objective of the study is to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of APT versus OLP in preventing CINV in breast cancer patients on Docetaxel-Adriamycin-Cyclophosphamide regimen. The OLP is more effective than APT in antiemetic therapy. --- ## Anti-microbial mechanism of ZnO nanoparticles in the presence of cationic surfactant against pathogenic bacteria for pharmaceutical applications **Authors:** Mary Clementia I, Raji K **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4674 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial, Pathogenic, Skin Disease, Surfactant, Zinc Oxide Metal oxide nanoparticles with quite prodigious enactment in the field of research. ZnO is considered to be an exact candidate for an antimicrobial agent. ZnO in the form of fine nanoparticles possess enhanced antibacterial action than when it is in the bulk form. It is obvious that ZnO, which have the average crystallite size in the range between 15nm to 20nm exhibits enhanced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacterias, so the present investigation is carried out to explains the role of cationic surfactant in the antimicrobial execution of ZnO nanoparticles enzymatic about precipitation method annealed at the temperature of 600oC. The outcomes are cogitated by XRD spectra, SEM, and Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectra. The crucial antimicrobic activity of the complex ZnO NP's antagonistic pathogenic bacterias were studied quantity-wise. ZnO nanoparticles have the capability to interfere with NorA protein, which is developed for conferring resistance in bacteria and has pumping activity that mediates the effluxing bacterias from a cell. Thus, antimicrobial effect Zinc oxide is widely used in nursing a variety of skin conditions, including dermatitis, itching due to eczema, diaper rash and acne. --- ## Isolation, quantification and characterisaion of alkaloids from Eulophia ochreata Lindl by HPTLC analysis **Authors:** Akshada Amit Koparde, Doijad R C, Magdum C S, Anup Patil **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4691 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Eulophia ochreata Lindl, Alcoholic Extract, TLC Isolate, HPTLC, Gallic Acid In healthcare system, the development and modernization of phytomedicine in phytochemistry play a central and important role in drug development. Isolation and purification of bioactive compounds from naturally occurring substance is of prime importance. A sensitive and reliable high performance thin layer chromatography method has been developed to estimate gallic acid in ethanolic extract of Eulophia ochreata Lindl. Ethanolic extract prepared as applied on silica gel G 60 F254plate. The plate was developed using Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Formic acid(6:6:0.4:1.6) as a mobile phase and detection and quantification were performed by densitometric scanning at 275nm. The system was found to give well resolved bands for alcoholic extract having Rf values as 0.8 was matched with the standard Rf values like 0.82. The densitometric chromatogram of HPTLC fingerprint of the alcoholic extract, isolate and standard gallic acid was obtained. The calibration curve of gallic acid was linear over a concentration range (0.2-2 microg/ml) with a good correlation coefficient (R2=0.9986) and coefficient of variation as CV-2.4663%. The method was validated for linearity, precision, specificity and it was found to be precise, reliable, and suitable. The proposed method is simple, rapid, precise and accurate. The method was suitable for qualitative and quantitative analysis of gallic acid in the alcoholic extract of Eulophia ochreata Lindl. --- ## 4-Anilino Quinazoline Derivatives: Molecular Docking and Evaluation of In vitro Cytotoxic Activity **Authors:** Hemalatha K, Sujatha K, Panneerselvam P, Girija K **Published:** 2020-12-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3962 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anilino Quinazoline, AutoDock Software, Cytotoxic Activity, PARP 1, Daltons Lymphoma Ascites Cell Line A novel scaffold of 4-anilino quinazoline derivatives was designed on the basis of known inhibitor of quinazoline based drugs. The designed derivatives were synthesized using optimized reaction condition. Their structures were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and Mass spectral data. The structures of synthesized compounds were subjected to in silico molecular docking using AutoDock software against the target Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) enzyme. The compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against Daltons Lymphocyte Ascites (DLA) Cell lines. Molecular docking study of the newly synthesized compounds showed good binding mode in the active site of PARP-1. The docking results were compared with the standard drug Doxorubicin. Doxorubicin showed binding energy of -8.94 kcal/mol and formed one hydrogen bond with Asn767 with a distance of 1.98 Å. Compound SMOQ2 showed the least binding energy, i.e., 11.87kcal/mol and formed one hydrogen bond with Arg 878 with a distance of 1.895.A° Compound DMUQ5 showed binding energy of -11.42 kcal/mol and produced two hydrogen bonds with Arg 878 and Asn 767. Among the synthesized compounds, compounds SMOQ2 and DMUQ5 showed significant binding affinity compared to the standard drug Doxorubicin. The in vitro cytotoxic evaluation indicated that compounds SMOQ2 and DMUQ5 showed significant cytotoxic activity against Daltons Lymphoma Ascites cell line. --- ## Evaluation of the Impact of the Ayurvedic Formulation ”Amruthotharam” on Obesity-Related Diabetic and Hepatic Disorders **Authors:** Manish Kumar Gupta, Ketaki Dhane, Birendra Shrivasttva, Supriya Hyam, Sujit Nagare **Published:** 2020-12-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.1813 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amruthotharam, anti-diabetic potential, traditional method, herbal formulation Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease that affects people all over the world and is defined by ongoing hyperglycemia. Sulfonylureas, biguanides, -glucosidase inhibitors, and non-sulfonylurea secretagogues are a few oral hypoglycemic medications that are frequently recommended by doctors for managing diabetes. Oral hypoglycemic medication use causes noticeable negative effects, and there is currently no permanent viable treatment for DM recovery. Complementary and alternative therapies must be used to lower the incidence of disease until better medical methods are discovered. The search for an efficient medication, either by itself or in combination, to treat diabetes continues to be fruitless. This might have a viable replacement in the shape of herbal preparations, which are widely employed in conventional medical systems. In order to determine the impact of Amruthotharam kashaya prepared using a traditional method for a four-week treatment period on blood glucose levels as well as other biochemical parameters like total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and VLDL in HFD-alloxan-induced diabetic rats, the present study was designed. Significant weight loss was also seen with diabetes management, and this was partially reversed after formulation administration. The formulation significantly decreased increased levels of a few particular biochemical markers and avoided other hyperglycemia-related complications. These findings offer scientific support for the anti-diabetic usage of a conventional formulation and imply that the administration of the formulation to rats can be used safely by humans because it lowers the levels of several biochemical factors that contribute to diabetes. --- ## Development and Evaluation of Topical Polyherbal Formulations for their Antimicrobial Potential **Authors:** Manish Kumar Gupta, Sujit Nagare, Birendra Shrivastava, Supriya Hyam, Ketaki Dhane **Published:** 2020-12-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.1812 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial activity, polyherbal formulations, extracts The different types of skin diseases caused due to microorganisms. In recent years the use of the traditional medicinal system was increased because of more minor side effects and cost effective. The single herbal drugs were found to be less potent, which can be improved by utilizing more than one herb in the single formulation, known as polyherbal formulation. The present work involved the development and evaluation of the different polyherbal formulations (cream, gel, and emulgel) using natural ingredients. The aim of the present work is to produce a formulation with improved antimicrobial potency and stability of formulations when compared with the individual extracts of herbal drugs. All the prepared formulations were tested against various microbial strains and concluded that the polyherbal formulations (C25, G1, EG1) were found potent against most selected strains. The prepared formulations can be used as a multipurpose formulation. --- ## Preparation and Evaluation of Topical Polyherbal Emulgel Formulation for its Wound Healing Potential **Authors:** Manish Kumar Gupta, Sujit Nagare, Birendra Shrivastava, Supriya Hyam, Ketaki Dhane **Published:** 2020-12-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.1808 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Wound Healing Activity, Burnt Wound, Skin Polyherbal Formulations, Emulgel Physical harm that causes the skin to break or open up are known as wounds. For the repair of broken anatomical continuity and compromised functional status of the skin, proper wound healing is crucial. It is the end result of a coordinated response to harm from various cell types. The contraction and closure of the wound as well as the restoration of a functional barrier are the consequences of the intricate, multifactorial process known as wound healing. Due to its lower risk of side effects and lower cost, traditional medicine has seen increased use in recent years. When more than one herb is included in a single formulation, this is known as a polyherbal formulation, and the potency of the single herbal medications is increased. The purpose of the current study was to assess an emulgel made of developed polyherbal ingredients against wound healing. The current study aims to assess the created formulation’s ability to treat burns and excision wounds in terms of wound healing potential. Excise and burn wounds largely recovered. A group of rats given the medication showed signs of re-epithelialization of cells in newly formed tissue. At the healing site, there was also evidence of fibroblastic and vascular procreation. Without the presence of any microorganisms, the formulation effectively increases the rate of epithelialization and collagen viability across the wound region. According to the findings, the produced formulation (EG1) was superior to the extract in terms of effectiveness for wound healing. --- ## Assessment of growth status by correlating the maturation stages of middle phalanx of the third finger and calcification stages of mandibular third molar in an institutional set up **Authors:** Reshma Mohan, Ravindra Kumar Jain, Nivethigaa Balakrishnan **Published:** 2020-12-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3696 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Growth Spurt, Modified MP3 Method, Demirjian Index, Mandibular Third Molar The present study aims to assess the correlation between maturation stages of the middle phalanx of the third finger and calcification stages mandibular of the third molar in 9-16 years old children in the South Indian population. A total of 39 subjects between the age of 9-16 years were included for this study. Their pretreatment digital panoramic and hand-wrist radiographs were retrieved from the DIAS software provided by Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, TamilNadu, India. These records were analyzed with the help of Demirjian index, used for mandibular third molar maturation stage, and Modified MP3 method, used for Middle phalanx maturation stage. Pearson's Chi-Square tests were done to analyze the association between Mp3 stages and mandibular third molar calcification stages. The statistical tests were performed in SPSS software. The results of this study showed that there is a statistically significant association between Demirjian index and modified MP3 stages in both females (p<0.002) and males (p<0.000). Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that calcification stages of the lower third molar could be used as a supportive tool to assess maturation. As third molars are known to have many alterations, individual variation should be taken under consideration. --- ## In-vitro exploration of anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic properties of Ipomea nil **Authors:** Anupam Kanti Bag, Chakka Gopinath, Satyanarayana S V **Published:** 2020-12-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.453 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ipomea nil, hydroalcoholic extract, anti-oxidant, in-vitro anti-diabetic activity This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and in-vitro anti-diabetic potential of hydroalcoholic extract of Ipomea nil. Shade dried plants of Ipomea nil were processed for hydroalcoholic extraction. Further, they were processed for preliminary phytochemical evaluation followed by quantitative evaluation of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and alkaloids by colorimetric method. Anti-oxidant studies were investigated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing method and thiobarbituric acid method. In-vitro anti-diabetic activity was evaluated by measuring alpha-glucosidase inhibition, alpha-amylase inhibition and membrane filter method. Various phytoconstituents, phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids were majorly present. Some of the phytochemical constituents were further quantified as 2.76mg/GAV/g of dried drug powder and 7.11mg QEV/g of dried plant. The scavenging activity of the extract was expressed as percentage inhibition and compared with standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. The IC50 value of ascorbic acid was found to be 12±1.13 µg/ml but whereas the extract exhibited 20±2.14 µg/ml. The inhibitory activity on alpha-amylase varied from 24 to 82% in the concentration range of 20 to100μg/ml compared to standard drug acarbose.The present study confirms that hydroalcoholic extract of Ipomea nil is a good source of flavonoids and alkaloids. Due to its inhibitory effect on alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzymes, it can be used as an anti-diabetic drug in the long run with a controlled diet. But still, detailed animal studies are required for its anti-diabetic potential and toxicity profile to be evaluated in detail before proceeding for human consumption. --- ## Evaluation of dead space in post endodontically treated cast post cases - A retrospective study **Authors:** Aishuwariya T, Deepak S, Delphin Priscilla Antony S **Published:** 2020-12-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3680 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cast Post, Dead Space, Endodontic Therapy The success of endodontic therapy is 53-96%. It depends on a multitude of factors like tooth type, preoperative apical status, method of obturation, irrigation, coronal seal permanent restoration. Grossly decayed endodontically treated teeth are often restored with post and core. Apical microleakage can lead to failure of the endodontic therapy. So, the aim of this study was to measure the distance between the post and residual gutta-percha in cast post cases. Dental records and radiographs of patients treated with cast post cases were obtained from DIAS (From June 2019- March 2020) examined by the same examiner. Patients were categorized into three groups based on the distance between the remaining obturation material and post. A total of 70 cases were examined. Out of which 21% of cases belonged to Group I and 68% of the cases were categorized into Group II. Within the limitation of the study, most of the cases had an average dead space of 0.1-2 mm (68%). Within the limitation of the study, most of the cases had an average dead space of 0.1-2 mm (68%). The dead space occurring after a post-restoration can be a good shelter for the microorganisms. So, radiographic confirmation of the post adaptation should be performed before cementation of all kinds of posts. --- ## Position and Symmetry of Mental Foramen in Orthopantomogram (OPG) - A Retrospective Observational Study **Authors:** Srijan Sunar, Archana Santhanam, Raj S S **Published:** 2020-12-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3690 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mental Foramen, Position, Symmetry, Orthopantomogram The mandible is one of the unique bones and is the only movable component of mastication. The mental foramen is a small round/oval structure present in the mandible. Determining the position of is important for both diagnostic and clinical procedure. The aim of the current study is to analyze the position and symmetry of mental foramen in orthopantomogram (OPG). This is a retrospective clinical study carried out at Private dental institution. This study involves the analysis of orthopantomogram (OPGs) that were taken over a period of one year, from June 2019 to March 2000. A total of 500 OPGs were reviewed and retrieved and the position and symmetry of mental foramen (right and left) were examined. The collected data were subsequently analyzed in SPSS with p<0.05 as statistically significant. In this study, the position of mental foramen in both males and females was found to be between the first and second premolar for both male and female. The mental foramen was mostly found to be asymmetrical for both male and female (68.29% and 56.61% respectively), p-value 0.08 > 0.05, negative correlation. Thus, identification of the mental foramen is important for both diagnostic and clinical procedures. --- ## Molecular dynamic properties and Insilico screening of neuroprotective activity of Clitoria ternatea against Glutamate receptors **Authors:** Gejalakshmi S, Harikrishnan N, Anas Mohamied **Published:** 2020-12-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3809 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Molecular docking, Mol inspiration, Scoring function, binding affinity, Clitoria ternatea, Inositol Multiple sclerosis is a popular autoimmune disease attack mainly the Central nervous system. It attacks the age group of people from 20-50, mostly women are attacked than men. During multiple sclerosis, takes place along with axon damage and paralytic effect. Various symptoms of multiple sclerosis include muscle weakness, weak reflexes, muscle spasm, movement difficulty. Moreover, treatment of multiple sclerosis drugs includes various side effects. Medicinal plants possess many of greater therapeutic value and many of effective to treat multiple sclerosis, Chemical constituents exhibit its effect over multiple sclerosis by inhibiting many proteins involved in . Molecular docking is a computational design approach which facilitates the best molecule from a group which may bind with the highest affinity with the intended target by providing a biological system. This process enables on the basis of the specific algorithm and involves a scoring function in order to rank molecules that fit the target. The study has been made to investigate the potential of from -inositol and as inhibitors of receptors. Drug likeness property determined based on .com. The affinities of those selected chemical constituents over various receptor were studied for scoring function. Receptors with PDB code 1EQ8,4E0W,3KR2 were chosen to dock against the chemical constituent chemical constituent in Clitoria and scoring function was found to be -3.45,-4.56, -5.67kcal/. --- ## The assessment of need for suturing following maxillary third molar extractions **Authors:** Sathvika K, Senthil Murugan P, Leelavathi L **Published:** 2020-12-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3689 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Exodontia, Maxillary Third Molar, Maxillary Tuberosity Fracture, Suturing, Complications Maxillary third molar extractions (MTME) are one of the most common procedures done in maxillofacial surgery. Nevertheless, there are general complications that arise with every surgery. In our study, we have aimed to understand why suturing had been done following MTME and to observe a predilection in age and gender. By attempting to do so, we may establish when suturing is required and if age and gender have a role to play. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted after reviewing and analysing the data from 86,000 patient records between June 2019 and March 2020. Patients with an established record of MTME were selected from the age group of (20-60) years. The females of the study population had a larger frequency for having undergone MTME (52.7%) compared to the males (47.3%) and lastly transgenders (0.1%). The highest incidence of MTME was found in the age group of (31-40) years with 30.6% followed by (20-30) and (41-50) years with 26.9% each. (51-60) years had the least MTME done (15.6%). There was a higher incidence of extracted 28’s than 18’s (52.1% > 47.9%). The placement of a suture following exodontia is not always mandatory, but when a complication such as a maxillary tuberosity fracture arises, suturing must be done. It is imperative to be equipped with the knowledge on how to manage possible complications, because even simple exodontias can prove to have fatal outcomes. Thus, further studies must be done to confirm our findings and to test other geographical locations and ethnicities. --- ## A review on Pellets - A Drug Delivery System **Authors:** Bharath Kumar A., Girendra Kumar Gautam, Syed Salman B. **Published:** 2020-12-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Pelletization, drug layering, spray drying and congealing, cryopelletization, hot-melt extrusion, freeze pelletization Pellets are defined as the spherical or semispherical solid dosages form with the free-flowing property whose size ranges from 500-1500µm. In recent days the pellets are being developed as immediate, modified and controlled release dosage forms due to their enormous range of advantages, i.e. in terms of both technological and therapeutical aspects. In the pelletization technique, fine powder of the active ingredient along with the excipients undergoes agglomeration to produce a small spherical or semispherical solid unit, i.e. pellets. There is various technique for the formulation of the pellet with including drug layering, spray drying and congealing, cryopelletization, hotmelt extrusion and freeze pelletization. The major aim of this paper is to review some general aspects regarding the pellet and pelletization technique like Drug Layering Technique, Spray Drying and Congealing, Cryopelletization, Extrusion Spheronisation, Hot Melt Extrusion, Freeze Pelletization along with their advantages, disadvantages and its application. This review also discussed the evaluation parameter like Shape and surface morphology, and pellets flow property, particle size distribution, porosity, friability, hardness, loss on drying, drug release studies, drug content of pellet, stability studies, moisture content of pellet, drug and excipients compatibility studies, report on the marketed product of pellet and a various patent on pellet. --- ## Impact of some metal ions on activity of purified human enzyme paraoxonase (hPON1) **Authors:** Lana A Mansor, Wafa M Sadik, Noorhan A Chelebi **Published:** 2020-12-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3912 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Enzyme activity, human paraoxonase (hPON1), metal toxicity, Statins Inhibition of enzymes has a great influence on various metabolism activity in the body. The objective of this research has been to assess the impact of some metals and the drug statin on the activity of purified enzyme paraoxonase extracted from human sera (hPON1). The enzyme was purified in consecutive four steps using Ammonium Sulphate, Dialysis, Ion exchange and Gel filtration chromatography, respectively. These four purification steps have approved their credence in obtaining a maximum purification state of the enzyme. The inhibitory impact of some metals ions, i.e. Mg+2, K+1, Mn+2, Na+1, EDTA, and Zn+2, on the activity of purified hPON1 has also been assessed. The result showed the highest inhibitory impact of 10 mMol/L of Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) on the activity of purified hPON1 while medication atorvastatin had significantly increased the activity of hPON1. It is concluded that any subtle change in the enzyme PON-1 could consequently lead to various diseases. More assessments are required for type two (PON-2) and type three (PON-3) to be explored. Atorvastatin is recommended to regulate cholesterol metabolism by the intestine and to lower the risk of diseases for elder ages. --- ## Drug-Drug Compatibility Studies of Novel Combination of Drugs for the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome **Authors:** Sivasakthivel Muthu, Christakis Sergides, Venkatesan Palanivel **Published:** 2020-12-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.709 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Compatibility, Rifaximin, Pinaverium Bromide, Nanoparticles Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has become a disorder of concern which affects the large intestine. Symptoms observed includes abdominal pain, cramping, bloating gas, and diarrhoea or constipation, or both. IBS is chronic and needs to manage for long term. Infection caused by bacteria or a virus needs to treat with an antibiotic and other relief of symptoms including intestinal discomfort, bowel disturbances and abdominal pain; are to be treated with antispasmodic. This, urged to design a new drug delivery system that would efficiently release Rifaximin and Pinaverium bromide, in a target specific site to lessen the adverse effects and dosing frequency, when administered in combination. However, certain combinations of drugs may pose safety concerns due to interactions. Thus, the current study was designed to evaluate the interaction of Rifaximin and Pinaverium bromide to develop a combo nano drug delivery system. Thermal stressing and characterization performed to evaluate the interactions of drugs in combination. Rifaximin and Pinaverium bromide combination shown to be stable without any significant physico chemical interactions. This study proved that Rifaximin and Pinaverium bromide is compatible with each other to develop nanoparticle formulations with combination of both drugs. --- ## Phytochemical and Pharmacological evaluation of hibiscus hispidissimus griff **Authors:** Alekhya V, Ganapaty S, Deepan T **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4420 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-bacterial, Antifungal, Anti-inflammatory, Phytochemical studies To assess phytochemical with pharmacological studies of Hibiscus hispidissimus griff belong to family malavaceae. Preliminary phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of steroids, triterpenes, saponins, steroidal saponins and phenols. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial with antioxidant action were performed on aerial parts of methanolic extract of Hibiscus hispidissimus. Invitro antioxidant activity was performed by 2, 2 -diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, hydroxy radical scavenging method and superoxide radical scavenging activity. The results of invitro antioxidant study reveal that % inhibition of H. hispidissimus was higher compared to ascorbic acid. Anti-inflammatory studies were performed using carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema animal model, for anti-inflammatory studies, the extracts were compared with standards like indomethacin, and it shows a remarkable zone of inhibition ranging from 58.97 to 71.73 respectively. The anti-bacterial and antifungal activity of plant extracts were studied for the occurrence of inhibition zones. The activity was performed by the cup plate method. Ethanolic extract of H. Hispidissimus shows significant anti-bacterial effect against S. Aureus, B. Subtilis, P. Vulgaris and E. coli using ciprofloxacin (50µg/ml) as standard.The extracts show remarkable inhibition of zone of inhibition, and results were compared with that of standard drugs against the organism tested. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of H. hispidissimus shows significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties. --- ## High-Dose Dual Therapy versus Triple Therapy for Treatment of H. Pylori Infection: A Parallel Randomized Study **Authors:** Aya Ahmed, Gehan F Balata, Hany M Elsadek, Mohamed Nour EL-Din, Ahmed Amin **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4437 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Conventional Triple Therapy, Helicobacter Pylori Infection, High Dose Dual Therapy The prevalence of antibiotic resistance has considerably increased and as a result, the elimination pace of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) infection have decreased significantly to an unacceptable level. High dose dual therapy (HDDT) has been suggested as an alternative to standard triple therapy (TT) for the first-line treatment of H. pylori infection. The aim of the present work was to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of HDDT with standard TT, for treatment of H. pylori infection. This randomized parallel interventional study was carried out on 130 treatment naïve H. pylori infected patients, selected from outpatient clinic of Hepatology and Gastroenterology department of Zagazig University Hospitals, in the duration between November 2017 and December 2018. All patients were H. pylori positive as was evidenced by stool antigen test. Patients were divided into two groups; group A (n=65) received a 14-day HDDT (esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily and amoxicillin 1 g three times daily) whereas group B (n=65) received a 14-day TT (esomeprazole 20 mg, amoxicillin 1 g and clarithromycin 500 mg, each administered twice daily). Eradication rates, side effects and drug compliance were compared among both groups. The eradication rate between the two regimens was not significantly different. The eradication rates were 80% for TT and 72.3% for HDDT (P= 0.3). No significant differences were observed between both groups regarding the side effects or patient adherence. HDDT is as effective and safe as TT as empiric first-line therapy for H pylori infection. --- ## Covid-19 and PPE **Authors:** Madhavi Madhukar Narayane, Vaishali D Tendolkar, Ranjit Ambad, Roshan Kumar Jha **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4048 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Covid-19, SARS-COV2, WHO, PPE The new entry in the coronavirus family of SARS-COV2 has caused rapid spreading disease of COVID-19. It is among the most rapidly spreading diseases on earth as named coronavirus disease 2019 by world health organization (WHO) was originated in Wuhan city of Hubei province of China. Then from then, it grappled the entire world and left no stone unturned in creating panic. The morphology of the virus as it is seen by researchers compelled them to name it as coronavirus as its shape resembles the crown. It is a rapidly evolving disease with almost 38 million people infected till mid-October and around 1 million dead due to virus complications. Initially, there was lesser known about the virus hence to contain the virus, various measures were employed, including non-pharmacological interventions like lockdowns, physical distancing and so on. Only the essential services were run by the professionals. In order to safeguard them against the virus, various measures were taken. PPE or personal protective equipment which were given to all those working to contain COVID-19. It is important to wear a PPE as it reduces the chance of contracting the virus drastically. It provided standard operating procedures has been followed. Utmost care should be given in order to maximize the benefit of PPE. Here in this article, we are going to give some overview of PPE. --- ## Evaluation of psoriasis area and severity index and its correlation with DLQI in evaluating various parameters in psoriasis – A hospital-based study **Authors:** Joseph Swithin Fernando, Sathya Narayanan Rajendran **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4435 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Auto-inflammatory, Dermatology Life Quality Index, Lifestyle, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index, Psoriasis Psoriasis is a common chronically relapsing auto-inflammatory disease of the skin affecting patients of all ages and both genders. There is a more significant impact on the quality of life in patients with established disease. The study was conducted to correlate the relation between dermatology life quality index and psoriasis area and severity index and thereby deriving the impact of one on the other. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study undertaken in psoriasis patients who had disease manifestations but did not undergo any treatment. Patient’s DLQI and PASI were calculated at a given point of time. Fifty patients participated in the study. Thirty-three patients were men, with a mean age of 37 years, and seventeen patients were women with a mean age of 34 years. PASI & DLQI were tabulated and compared with age, gender, disease duration, occupation etc. PASI is a reliable parameter to measure the severity of disease and DLQI for measuring the quality of life in psoriatic patients. PASI and DLQI are reliable parameters, and combining both and correlating them with various demographic and lifestyle parameters gives a clear indication of how these influence the disease impact in general. --- ## Prevalence of different reasons for a tooth to undergo root canal retreatment **Authors:** Keshaav Krishnaa P, Iffat Nasim, Adimulapu Hima Sandeep **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4013 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Retreatment, Reason, Endodontic treatment, RCT Dental caries is the most common dental disease which has made non-surgical root canal treatment prevalent. However, a considerable number of cases undergo failure of root canal therapy and report to the dental operatory for retreatment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of different reasons to undergo root canal retreatment. A total of 269 teeth were analyzed for possible reasons for retreatment from dental archives with the study period. The inclusion criteria included that the patient should have been treated in Saveetha Dental College and should have undergone root canal retreatment within the study period. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS by IBM version 20. From the present study, it was evident that the most common reason is incomplete obturation (54.6%) the most common tooth to undergo root canal retreatment is 21 (12.6%) Further studies and programmes are to be carried out to bring about more knowledge and prevent the occurrence of failure of root canal therapy prevalence of different reasons for a tooth to undergo root canal retreatment. --- ## Biorelevant dissolution models to assess precipitation of weak base drug **Authors:** Viviane Annisa, Teuku Nanda Saifullah Sulaiman, Agung Endro Nugroho **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4438 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Biorelevant Medium, Simulated Intestinal Fluid, Simulated Gastric Fluid, Modification Dissolution Method, Precipitation Assess The impact of precipitation can affect the amount of drug absorbed, thereby affecting the amount of drug in the systemic body. The precipitation process is preceded by a supersaturation phase, caused by decreased drug solubility in the gastrointestinal tract. This precipitation occurs for weak base drugs with low solubility. When the drug entering the small intestine, the solubility of weak base drugs decrease, then occurs supersaturation, which leads to precipitation, so that drug precipitation is one of a challenge for the pharmaceutical industry in drug development. Precipitation testing of water-soluble weak base drugs can be carried out by the pH shift method to describe the gastrointestinal pH gradient from gastric to small intestine. This pH change can cause supersaturation and then trigger precipitation, especially for weak base drugs. The methods that can used to assess precipitation drug is modification of the USP dissolution which are two compartment and multi compartment model. The choice of dissolution medium play an important role in the test results. The use of bio relevant medium can produce closer in vitro and in vivo correlations than the use of buffers. Generally, the medium used to simulate the weakly condition in the small intestine is FaSSIF (Fasted State Simulated Intestinal Fluid) or FeSSIF (Fed State Stimulate Intestinal Fluid) medium. The medium used to simulate the acidic condition in the stomach is FaSSGF (Fasted state simulated gastric fluid) or FeSSGF (Fed state simulated gastric fluid) medium. --- ## In vitro Neutralisation Potential of Metal-Herbal (Copper-Leucas zeylanica) Nanocomposite (MHNC) against Naja naja and Bungarus caeruleus Venoms **Authors:** Pooja S Dev, Meenatchisundaram S **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4423 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Snake venoms, Naja naja, Bungarus caeruleu, Leucas zeylanica, Copper nanoparticles, Nanocomposites Snake-bite gives rise to significant socio-economic, and limitations of antivenom have raised the necessity for the development of novel neutralising compounds. The present study concentrates on evaluating the neutralisation potential of Copper nanoparticles, Leucas zeylanica leaf extracts and Metal-Herbal Nanocomposite (MHNC) against Naja naja and Bungarus caeruleus venoms. The antigenic potency of snake venoms was determined by gel precipitation test. Leucas zeylanica leaves were used for extraction, and extracts were further purified by column chromatography. Size of Leucas zeylanica extract was found to be 86.7 ± 7.1nm and 249.4 ± 27.3nm for MHNC. Zeta potential values determined the Stability of the MHNC. MHNC showed higher neutralisation to venoms than the Leucas zeylanica extracts. In direct hemolysis, the efficiency of Naja naja and Bungarus caeruleus venoms treated with Leucas zeylanica leaf extract was found to be 30% and 27.2%, whereas MHNC showed 16.1% against Naja naja venom and 17.1% Bungarus caeruleus venom. From Indirect analysis, Naja naja and Bungarus caeruleus venom were able to produce 28mm and 26mm diameter hemolytic halo zones. On treatment with MHNC, the zones were reduced to 15mm and 11mm than Leucas zeylanica extract. This result indicates the MHNC can be used for the treatment of snake bites. --- ## Importance of Nanoparticulate systems in emerging Biomedical research - An update **Authors:** Sanjay K Gowda, Rupesh Kumar M, Syed Sagheer Ahmed, Rajesh Kowti, Abhishek K, Ramesh B **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4433 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Diagnosis, Drug delivery, Gene Therapy, Herbal, Nanoparticles, Tissue regeneration Nanotechnology is the branch of science and engineering accomplished by design, synthesis, characterisation, and application of materials or devices in the nanometer scale. It permits identification, development and establishes the use of material frameworks, devices and technologies withs unique properties and functions from their structures at the Subatomic, atomic, molecular as well as supermolecular levels. In recent decades, nanotechnology has attracted unparalleled attention in broad areas of research. It has been used in various fields like Engineering and Technology, Material Science, Agriculture, Medicine, Pharmacy, Biotechnology and other areas of Life science. Nanoparticles have been playing a promising role in the advancement of diagnosis and therapeutics of many health issues. They are providing the way for new approaches of drug delivery to target specific sites and achieve enhanced bioavailability. In this review, we provide an overview of the use of Metallic nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, Charge reverse nanoparticulate systems, Carbon nanotubes, Magnetic, Controlled release nanoparticles, Herbal nanoparticles etc., in Various biomedical fields like Drug delivery, Gene therapy, Tissue regeneration, Implants, Diagnosis, Imaging and treatment of various diseases. Even though numerous nanoparticulate systems were developed, only a few of them are transformed into practical use in clinical environments. Hence, focus on the development and commercialisation of nanoparticulate system is entailed. --- ## Training of women self-help groups against reproductive tract infections - A pilot study **Authors:** Ann Merrin George, Leena K C **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4429 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Reproductive tract infection, Self- help group, STAR (Self-help group Training to Alleviate Reproductive tract infection), Women Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are silent epidemics and put a heavy toll on women in developing countries. Women, because of their ignorance and socio-cultural inhibitions, hardly seek treatment for RTIs. Women self-help groups (SHGs) if adequately trained, can play an active role in creating awareness and promote healthy behaviours among women. The present study aimed to evaluate the Effectiveness of STAR (Self-help group Training to Alleviate Reproductive tract infection) program on knowledge, practices, skills and health-seeking behaviours on RTIs among self-help group women in the reproductive age group. A quasi-experimental (non-equivalent control group) study with repeated follow-up was done among 63 women belonging to the selected SHG units. Women in the intervention group (n=33) underwent a training program on RTIs and had regular monthly follow-up for 6months, and the comparison group (n=30) only had a routine follow-up. Post-test observations were conducted at the end of three months and six months. The data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA using SPSS package version 16. There was a significant difference in the knowledge, practice, skill and health-seeking behaviour scores at different points of time (P<0.001). However, the between-group pairwise comparison revealed that the training program was effective in improving the mean knowledge (P=0.001), skill (P=0.014) and health-seeking behaviour (P=0.034) scores and had no effect on the practice score (P=0.74). The STAR program was found to be effective in improving the knowledge, skill and health-seeking behaviours of the self-help group women. --- ## Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Activities of Methanolic Extract of Leaves of Coccinia grandis in Diabetic Rats **Authors:** Ramachawolran Gobinath, Subramani Parasuraman, Subramaniam Sreeramanan, Suresh V Chinni **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4460 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-diabetic, diabetic mellitus, antihyperlipidemic, hyperlipidemia, Coccinia grandis Coccinia grandis is a one of the edible plant and its antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities are not well explored. Hence, the present is planned to study the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities of methanolic extract of Coccinia grandis leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Coccinia grandis leaves was dried under the shade and extracted with methanol. Preliminary phytochemical and pharmacological analysis were conducted using methanolic extract of Coccinia grandis (MECG) leaves. Female Sprague dawley (SD) was used for acute toxicity studies. Female SD was induced with diabetes by administering streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, i.p.). Glibenclamide (20 mg/kg, p.o.) or MECG leaves (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) used to treat diabetic rats for 28 days. Blood samples were collected at regular intervals to check the antidiabetic effect of MECG. On 28th day, blood sample was collected from the rats to analyse biochemical and lipid profile. MECG did not show any toxic symptoms up to the dose 2000 mg/kg/ BW. MECG at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg marked significant antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities. Coccinia grandis reduced streptozotocin-induced weight loss and significantly recovered lipid levels. At the end of the study, MECG exhibited significant antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. --- ## Biofilm Expressing Genes in Bacteria Causing Urinary Catheter Associated Infections **Authors:** Kanimozhi B, Meenatchisundaram S **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4418 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biofilm, cupA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Antibacterial activity, Biocompatibility Biofilm associated infection causes higher mortality in catheterized patients. Identification of cupA gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa coding for biofilm formation was selected as a primary objective. Synergistic antibacterial drugs (moxifloxacin-metronidazole) were prepared using the selected concentrations for coatings onto urinary catheter samples. Antibacterial coatings of synergistic antibacterial drugs onto a urinary catheter and its antibacterial activity were evaluated using the standard diffusion method. The drug coated catheters were investigated for their biocompatible properties. The biocompatibility of the drug coated samples was investigated on L929 fibroblast cell lines using MTT assay. The biofilm expressing genes (cupA gene) of the selected organism was detected using molecular methods. During the analysis, the cup A gene from the target organism was confirmed by the PCR method aided with the DNA electrophoresis process. The study was confirmed from the obtained DNA fragments of 172bp by comparing with 170bp fragment of reference bacterial strain. Quantitative antibacterial activity results showed that the drug coated catheter samples were significantly reduced the bacterial numbers. Biocompatibility of coated catheter samples evaluated by in-vitro cell culture cytotoxicity assay exhibited no effect on cell viability of fibroblast cell lines. It is concluded that identifying biofilm expressing genes could help the health care workers to diagnose and treat the patients with an appropriate antibacterial agent. --- ## The Effect of Topical Dapsone in Comparison with Tacrolimus on Dncb Induced Atopic Dermatitis in Mice **Authors:** Aws D. Yousif, Ahmed R. Abu-Raghif **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11si4.3716 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** dapsone, tacrolimus, Atopic dermatitis, IL-4, IL-13, 1-Chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) To assess the effect of topical dapsone in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in comparison with tacrolimus. A case-control study was done on 80 male Albino mice (20-30g) recruited from local markets, were treated with 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis and compared with age and the sex-matched control group comprised of 20 healthy male Albino mice. The topical applications of Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment and Dapsone 5% gel were performed on atopic dermatitis area for seven days and fourteen days once daily starting from the fourth day of induction and Complete blood count, IL-4 and IL-13 were measured in skin tissue homogenate in addition to histopathological evaluation of atopic dermatitis skin lesion and assessment of observational severity score and compared with those of controls. The results revealed that the levels of IL-4 and IL-13, total WBC, observational severity score, and the score of all histopathological markers were increased significantly in the group of mice treated with 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) for A.D. induction in comparison with controls. These markers were reduced significantly after the topical application of tacrolimus. They showed a comparable reduction but after a longer duration of topical treatment with dapsone after two weeks of treatment. Topical application of dapsone on induced A.D. mice showed a significant reduction in the levels of IL-4 and IL-13, total WBC, observational severity score, and histopathological markers score and these effects were compared to those of topical tacrolimus. --- ## Application of DoE in polymers screening and optimization of in situ topical film-forming solution for spray formulation **Authors:** Nabil Abdullah, Amit B Patil **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4505 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** DoE, QbD, 32 Full Factorial Design, ANOVA, In Situ Film, Drying time, viscosity DoE is a structured and organised method to determine the relationship between the effect of change in the concentration of the independent variables and its impact on the formulation, through establishing a mathematical model. Since the acceptance of the QbD approach by the regulatory authorities across the world, DoE has been widely implemented in the areas of screening and optimisation of the formulations by the pharmaceutical industries. The topical delivery of API still posses’ limitations such as insufficient contact time, odd hours of application time, sticking to fabrics, formulation washing off, etc. To address these limitations, the researcher planned to develop an in situ polymeric sprays that will form a transparent and flexible film, & will not interfere with the applicant’s routine. Polymers such as HPMC, Eudragit RS100, PVP K30, PVP K90, Carbopol, Propylene glycol, Soluplus, and pullulan whereas the plasticisers selected were sorbitol. Voriconazole, a second-generation triazole, was used as a model drug. The article is a technological demonstration, in which the screening of polymers as well as the optimised concentration of the polymeric will be selected through 32 factorial design. The aim of the present article is also to establish the relationship between the software response and experimental values. The experiments were designed using 32 factorial design which resulted in 9 trial runs. Each run was evaluated for drying time, viscosity, and stickiness. The resultant response surface Later the optimisation, to yield an optimised polymeric solution that can deliver a desired in situ films. Based on ANOVA comparison of variability due to treatment, the significance of the regression model was evaluated. Other procedures such as DSC, FRIR, Stickiness, pH, diffusion studies were also performed on the selected formulation. --- ## The rise of electronic commerce in healthcare: The need to ensure consumer safety **Authors:** Houda Attjioui, Amine Cheikh, Amina Tebaa, Mohamed Wadie Zerhouni, Zineb Aliat, Hafid Mefetah, Mustapha Bouatia **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4415 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Heath Product, e-commerce, internet, illegal sales, counterfeiting, patient safety The growth of e-commerce is revolutionizing access to health products, and offers of these products on the Internet are often attractive from the customer’s point of view. However, it contributes significantly to the expansion of international trade in falsified medicines. The objective is to take stock of the significant growth in the online sale of health products with the health challenges encountered. We conducted a survey on the purchase of the most popular online health products in Morocco, and then examined the type of health products offered, the price of the most common drugs compared to conventional prices.49 websites and social network forums were identified, 37% of which had a specific address and 63% of which had a virtual interface. The sales strategies identified are numerous, the main ones being the availability of medical specialties not available in the country, the order to pay less and save time. The most common purchases concern so-called ”comfort” medicines. --- ## Antioxidant activities of roots, leaves, and stems of carrot (Daucus carota L.) using DPPH and FRAP methods **Authors:** Hartati R, Amalina M N, Fidrianny I **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4570 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant, Daucus carota, DPPH, FRAP, total flavonoid, total phenolic Free radicals are chemical species with unpaired electrons in their outer orbital that can attack other molecules, causing cell oxidative damage and degenerative diseases. Free radicals can be prevented by antioxidant. An antioxidant can be found in nature as secondary metabolites in plants, such as carrot (Daucus carota L.). This research was conducted to study the antioxidant activities of roots, leaves, and stems of carrot extracts using DPPH and FRAP methods, determine total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), analyse the correlation between TPC and TFC with AAI DPPH and FRAP, and the correlation between two methods. The sample was extracted by reflux using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Determination of TPC, TFC, AAI DPPH and FRAP was performed using UV-visible spectrophotometry. Correlation of TPC and TFC with AAI DPPH and FRAP and also the correlation between the two methods were conducted using Pearson’s method. Ethyl acetate carrot leaves extract showed the highest TPC and TFC (8.88 ± 0.44 g GAE/100 g and 9.00 ± 0.31 g QE/100 g). AAI DPPH of carrot extract in the range of 0.16 – 1.42, meanwhile AAI FRAP 1.89 – 5.45. TPC and TFC of carrot roots extract showed a significantly positive correlation with AAI DPPH and FRAP. AAI DPPH and FRAP of carrot roots extract gave a significantly positive correlation. Ethyl acetate and ethanol carrot leave extracts were strong to very strong antioxidant by DPPH and FRAP methods. TPC and TFC in carrot roots extract contributed to antioxidant activities by DPPH and FRAP. DPPH and FRAP presented linear results in antioxidant activities of carrot roots extract. --- ## Role of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy prior to cholecystectomy to assess the postoperative outcome **Authors:** Neethish K Paul, Balamurugan R, Athira Gopinathan, Sivamarieswaran R **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4503 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gall bladder (GB), Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGI scopy), postoperative day(POD), Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) The aim of the study is to identify UGI pathologies in patients with cholelithiasis and association of these pathologies with a relief of symptoms in cholecystectomy patients. The study was conducted in 150 patients, who attended the surgical outpatient block or referred to our department from other departments and also known case of cholelithiasis by imaging studies. They were divided into a typical or atypical group based on their symptomatic presentation. UGI scopy was done on these groups, 2 days prior to surgery. Post operatively patients were followed up on 7th, 21st and 42nd day and pain if any was assessed by NRS scaling method. Following results were noted. A female preponderance was seen (96 (64%)). Determining on age, 51 % of cases were seen among 31-50 years. UGI scopy revealed UGI pathologies in 22 among 92 (24%) patients who had typical symptoms of biliary colic, while 47 of 58 (81%) atypical presentations had UGI pathologies. The most common UGI pathology was gastritis and duodenitis (42 of 69 (61%)). Medical management was initiated for these pathologies prior to surgery. Postoperatively on 7th day 114 (76%) had no symptoms and 36 (24%) were symptomatic, of which 25 (69.4%) of them were UGI Positive preoperatively. Medical Management for their Gastrointestinal pathologies was continued and reviewed on 21st day of surgery which showed symptom relief in 31 of 36 patients (86.1%) and relief of symptoms in remaining 5 by 42nd day of surgery. Hence, this study recommend preoperative UGI scopy in cholelithiasis, which will help in postoperative management. --- ## Effectiveness of Occular Muscle exercises on degree of Myopia **Authors:** Trupti Yadav, Shradha Patel, Radhika Chintamani, Sanvednya Kadam **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4413 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ocular exercises, Visual acuity, Snellen’s chart, Auto refractometer There is an ever-rising prevalence of myopia in our population. Many individuals are being diagnosed with myopia; however, the treatment for myopia is relatively the same. Evidence has shown that there is the involvement of extraocular muscles as well in the development of myopia. These muscles can be trained and may prove useful in improving myopia. Thus it is important to study the effects of ocular exercises on myopia. The objective of this study was to find out the effect of ocular muscle exercises on the degree of myopia. There was a total of 46 subjects who were willing participants of this study. Pre-intervention and post-intervention visual acuity was analyzed. The experimental group received ocular exercises, and the control group was advised to follow a routine for six weeks. There was no significant effect of ocular muscle exercises on the degree of myopia post-intervention (p = 0.3275). Based on the result of the study, it can be said that the ocular exercise does not affect the improvement in the visual acuity in an individual. Similarly, the ocular muscle exercises were not effective in improving the degree of myopia. --- ## Synthesis and Characterization of Some Heterocyclic Compounds and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity **Authors:** Farah Smaysem, Ahmed Salim **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4421 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Heterocyclic compounds, 2-aminobenzimidazole, Triazine, Triazole, Oxadiazole, Tetrazole, Schiff base, Therapeutic use In this study, heterocyclic compounds with two nitrogen atoms are prepared by reaction of 2-aminobenzimidazole with formic acid to get amide derivatives (A), reacts with phenylhydrazine to get phenyl hydrazone derivatives (B), reacts with ethyl chloroacetate to obtain ethyl acetate derivatives (C). The derivative (D) obtains on heating in a basic medium. The (B) reacts with 2-chloroacetyl chloride to give derivatives (E). A number of Schiff bases are prepared (F, I) from reacting 2-aminobenzimidazole with benzaldehyde derivatives. The(F) reacts with propargyl bromide to give propargyl bromide derivatives (G). The cyclization with 4-nitrophenyl azide leads to obtain triazole compound (H). The compound (I) reacts with ethyl chloroacetate to give ethyl acetate derivatives (J), reacts with hydrazine to give N-amide hydrazine derivatives (K). The cyclization give rises to 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (L). The compound (I) reacts with sodium azide to obtain tetrazole derivatives (M). Synthesizing of Triazine, Oxadiazole, Triazole, Tetrazole via cyclization of the Schiff base derivatives with ethyl chloroacetate and chloro acetyl chloride, benzoic acid, 4-nitrophenyl azide, sodium azide and phenyl azide are possible respectively. The FT-IR, 13C-NMR and 1H-NMR spectral data give good evidence for the formation of the compounds. Some prepared compounds exhibit antibacterial properties. --- ## Boon and bane of various Intracanal medicaments in modern endodontics - A review **Authors:** Arjun Hegde, Ganaraj Shetty, Akshatha G. Kamath **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4426 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Calcium hydroxide, intracanal medicament, limitations, modern endodontics Eradication of the micro-organisms from the root canal is one of the prime concerns for endodontic treatment. This procedure can fail because of the survival of resistant micro-organisms in the dentinal tubules. Non-toxic Intracanal medicaments can destroy bacteria, reduce inflammation, and stimulate hard tissue formation, which can be useful in achieving the success of root canal treatment after the accomplishment of chemo-mechanical preparation. Comprehensive research is essential to identify a suitable intracanal medicament. Therefore, this article aims to give a brief review to the clinicians about the most common Intracanal Medicaments in use that have evolved from the time of inception until the recent years which can be used during the root canal therapy that would fulfil their need & requirement. --- ## Prevalence of Hypertension among Dental Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: An Institutional Study **Authors:** Santhosh Kumar M P, Arthi Balasubramaniam, Sushanthi Suresh, Indumathy Pandiyan **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4424 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental Patient, Extractions, Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Prevalence, Systemic Diseases, Oral Surgery Diabetes mellitus and hypertension co-exists in many individuals as the pathogenic relationship between diabetes mellitus and hypertension is actually bidirectional. Extraction of teeth is a common procedure performed in Dentistry and the Co-existence of these systemic diseases in dental patients can cause many complications like delayed wound healing, infection or bleeding during dental extractions. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of hypertension among dental patients with diabetes mellitus in south Indian population. A retrospective study was conducted from the data of 6682 dental patients who visited the outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, for dental extractions due to various reasons during the time period from June 2019 – to March 2020. Patients data was retrieved from the institutional digital data registry and statistically analysed. Among 6682 patients who underwent extractions, 904 [13.5%] patients had diabetes mellitus. Among 904 patients with diabetes mellitus, 419 [46.3%] patients had hypertension. Prevalence of hypertension was more in males than females and the results were statistically not significant [p=0.062, (>0.05)]. Prevalence of hypertension was more in 41-50 years age group and the results were statistically significant. [p<0.001, (<0.05)]. According to our study, a high proportion of patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing dental extractions had hypertension which can cause increased morbidity and mortality. Males and patients belonging to fifth decade of life were more affected by both diabetes mellitus and hypertension. --- ## Profiling Coagulation for Preeclampsia and Eclampsia **Authors:** Oswal R M, Atul B. Hulwan, Jyoti S. Tele, Upadhey S R, Pawar S J **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4475 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Preeclampsia, Eclampsia, Thromboplastin, Pregnancy, Thrombin-Antithrombin Complex Study of Coagulation profile in preeclampsia and eclampsia comprised of 258 cases which were categorized as preeclampsia, eclampsia and control group with 86 cases in each group. A total number of 258 patients were studied which were categorized as the control group, preeclampsia group and eclampsia group with 86 cases in each. Preeclampsia was further classified as mild preeclampsia (48/86) and severe preeclampsia (38/86). Among all patients, thrombocytopenia was found in 61% of patients. All patients in the control group had platelet counts within the normal range. The method used in the present study is an analytical case-control study, carried out in the Department of Pathology in our institute. Our study includes cases of preeclampsia and eclampsia coming to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology during the period of two years from May 2015 to April 2017. Newly diagnosed Preeclampsia and eclampsia patients in the third trimester of age 18 to 30 years. From this study, it can be concluded that coagulation profile can help to assess the severity of preeclampsia and eclampsia and thus can help to reduce complications if treated early. Thus as inconclusive of this study of coagulation profile has significant value and impact on management and outcome of cases of preeclampsia and eclampsia. --- ## Demystifying Role of Phonetics in Complete Denture **Authors:** Tanvi Rajesh Balwani, Surekha Godbole Dubey, Seema Sathe, Aditi Chandak **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4417 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Speech, Complete denture, phonetics, Prosthodontics Speech, as formulated, perceived and decoded, is unique to humans. Speech is a learned process which makes use of the anatomical structures designed primarily for deglutition and respiration. The production of sounds requires selective modification and control of an outgoing air stream, which originates from the respiratory apparatus. Speech is a very sophisticated autonomous and unconscious activity. Speech in matured man in a learned habitual neuromuscular pattern which makes use of anatomical structures designed primarily for respiration and deglutition. Because oro-dental morphological features also may influence an individual speech, the dentist should therefore recognize the possible role of prosthetic treatment on speech activity. The loss of teeth and supporting structures alters the main articulatory cavity and produces a marked effect on the speech pattern proportionate to the location and magnitude of alterations. An empiric approach to the phonetic factor in denture construction frequently places the burden for compensating for speech changes for the adaptability of the tongue. Additionally significant is the fact that the speech mechanism is highly susceptible to degenerative diseases. If dentures are to contribute effectively to the functions of speech, dentists should utilize studies in the speech science field to augment their clinical knowledge of the phonetic factor in denture construction. --- ## Determination of the concentration of low molecular fraction of Сandida Albicans proteins by ELISA method at subcutaneous introduction in candidiasis therapy **Authors:** Mykola Rybalkin, Tatiana Diadiun, Natalia Khokhlenkova, Serhiy Stepanenko, Nataliia Dvinskykh **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4577 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** antigen, candidiasis, immunity, vaccine The purpose of this work was to determine the C. albicans protein concentration at the subcutaneous introduction. The therapeutic effect of C. albicans proteins has been studied in white mice. Animals were injected intraperitoneally with a suspension of C. albicans fungus. After five days and repeatedly, after 14 days, mice were infected subcutaneously with proteins of Candida cells of volume 0.2 mL. Fourteen days after each injection, the determination of the protective functions of the animal body has been carried out by the titer of specific C. albicans antibodies. According to the data obtained during studies on the treatment of candidiasis, it was found that in the subcutaneous administration after the first and second injection with a concentration of low molecular weight fraction of the C. albicans protein of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mg/mL antibodies titers have doubled, indicating a lack of activation of the body’s protective functions. Proteins of low molecular weight fraction of C. albicans with concentrations 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mg/mL do not activate the body’s defence mechanisms. --- ## A 64-slice CT angiographic study of morphologic and morphometric analysis of healthy kidney donors **Authors:** Astha Prem, Kumaresan M, Sangeetha A, Balaji Karunakaran, Yuvaraj Maria Francis, Gunapriya Ragunath **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4414 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ultrasonography, Renal disease, Renal measurements, Laparoscopic procedures The kidneys are bilaterally paired organs and serve several essential functions required to maintain a normal human physiological function. The renal size was conventionally determined on x-ray or urography by measuring the renal length distance of first lumbar vertebrae to third or fourth lumbar vertebrae. Ectopic position of the kidney can be associated with ureteric stone, vesicoureteric reflux and can predispose to iatrogenic trauma during interventional radiological and laparoscopic procedures and any surgeries. Therefore, it is important to know the variations between individuals in the level of kidney relative to the spinal column. The study aimed to analyse the morphometric and morphologic measurements of the kidney using CT angiogram in kidney donors. In this study, the length and breadth of kidney and different level of location of kidney in 100 renal donors were analysed. The study was conducted in specialised scan centres located in Chennai. Out of 100 kidney donors, 61% of them were male & 39% of them were female. The right kidney length was found to be 10.59 ± 1.14 cms, and left kidney length was found to be 10.72 ± 1.22 cms. This report will be useful for transplant surgeries, as well as clinicians and radiologist who perform various techniques. --- ## The impact of front of package label design on consumer understanding of nutrient amounts among residents of the urban area in Chennai **Authors:** Viswanath B, Manju A, Timsi Jain **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4434 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nutritional labels, front of pack labels, consumers, packed food products, knowledge, manufacturers The producer, selling and utilisation of packed nourishments have supported a preeminent flood lately in India. Food labelling is one of the vital populationbased methods that can help customers make beneficial food selections by offering essential information about the food on the packaging. The present study aims to assess the impact of front of package label design on consumer understanding of nutrient amounts among residents of the urban area in Chennai. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban area in Chennai. Four hundred participants were studied by convenient sampling method. Participants were from 18 years age and above. The study duration was about three months. A pretested and semi-structured questionnaire was given, and the desired information was elicited. Data was then analysed with the help of statistical package for the social sciences software (SPSS). Chi-square test was done to test the significance (p<0.05). The mean age was of the participants was found to be 27.52 ± 11 SD. About 63% of participants preferred packed foods over unpacked foods. And 68% of participants have nutritional knowledge and looked into nutrition facts on the back of the pack. Association of gender and socioeconomic class with knowledge of participants were found to be insignificant. Association of occupation with the frequency of purchasing packed food products was significant. Many people look into the nutrition facts table and do not understand and fail to interpret. It is important to provide front of pack labels for better understanding of the consumers. --- ## Nanoemulsion Drug Delivery System: A Review **Authors:** Ashish B. Budhrani, Shubhra R. Rai, Aarati S. Panchbhai, Rajshri B. Dongarwar **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4412 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Nanoemulsion, Nanotechnology, Nanoparticles, Bioavailability, Biphasic liquid dosage forms Nano-emulsion dosage forms have nano-sized droplets of disperse phase and are kinetically stable dosage form. Nano-emulsions are included under the category of new drug delivery system containing emulsified water in oil/oil in water system having mean globule size ranges from 10 nm to 1000 nm. In the field of pharmacy, nano-emulsions play an essential role in the delivery of medication through various drug administration routes like parenteral, topical and oral route. Nano-emulsions are nano-sized emulsions which are used under high investigation as a drug carrier for enhancing the delivery of therapeutic agents. They are nowadays growing work for utilizing nano-sized particles in the research of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food products. Mainly, intrigue has been creating simultaneously with higher emulsification techniques and mechanisms of stabilization. Nano-emulsions are formulated by both methods like high energy emulsification or low energy emulsification methods. Rapid energy emulsification technique includes high shear mixing, high-pressure homogenization or ultrasonication. In contrast, low energy emulsification technique includes the merit of the physicochemical characteristics of the system, which exploits phase transitions to obtained nano-emulsion. This review article is an effort to summarize comparative aspects like introduction, types, advantages, disadvantages, components, factors affecting, methods of preparations, methods of analysis of nano-emulsion and applications of nano-emulsion. --- ## Assessment of phytochemicals and quantification of primary and secondary metabolites of Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari leaves **Authors:** Kousalya P, Doss VA **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4425 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Artabotrys hexapetalus, Primary metabolites, Secondary metabolites, Flavonoids, Phenols, Phytochemicals, Tannins The main goal of the research was to explore the existence of phytochemicals, quantification of primary and secondary metabolites of leaves extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari. The phytochemical activity of leaves of Artabotrys hexapetalus was assessed using different solvent extracts like water, ethanol, acetone, chloroform and petroleum ether. Among the different solvent extracts, aqueous leaves extract revealed the high content of phytochemicals. So the aqueous leaves extract was used for further investigations. Aqueous leaves extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus was subjected to quantitative analysis of primary metabolites like carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids. Quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites like flavonoids, tannins and phenols were performed using aqueous leaves extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus. Qualitative screening of phytochemicals reported the existence of carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenols, glycosides, tannins and diterpenes. Quantitative analysis showed the presence of carbohydrates (43.16 ± 1.0 mg/g extract), proteins (60.4 ± 0.88 mg/g extract), amino acids (19.33 ± 1.30 mg/g extract), flavonoids (28.3 ± 0.91 mg/g extract), tannins (24.53 ± 1.02 mg/g extract) and phenols (7.63 ± 0.85 mg/g extract). The present study concluded that aqueous leaves extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus as a potential source of phytochemicals, primary and secondary metabolites. --- ## Case Report on pyoderma gangrenosum associated with Ulcerative Colitis **Authors:** Anusha Narayanan, Rama P Venu, Roshni PR **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4578 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Inflammatory bowel disorder, Pyoderma gangrenosum, ulcerative colitis Pyoderma gangrenosum is rare neutrophilic dermatoses that exist as inflammatory and ulcerative disorders of the skin and is neither an infectious nor gangrenous condition. It is commonly associated with an autoimmune disease like ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease. It has an estimated incidence of 3-10 cases per million people per year. This is a case of a 28-year-old patient who was admitted with features of pyoderma gangrenosum: papule over the shin of the right leg which progressively increased in size. She had a history of ulcerative colitis and type 2 Diabetes mellitus and developed a papule in the right leg one month back which progressed to a larger ulcer and a similar lesion developing proximal to this. The lesions were painful, two lesions over the right tibial shin each measuring about 5x5cm, with erythema, pedal oedema and associated with fever and She was treated with antibiotics, steroids (hydrocortisone), cyclosporine and other supportive care. Daily dressing of the wound was done, and saline compresses were applied and was advised to continue the same after discharge. With the above measures, she improved clinically and was stable at discharge. As there is no diagnostic test for PG (since it is a diagnosis of exclusion) and if the disease is present but unrecognized, the results can be devastating. Hence timely onset of therapeutic approach is of utmost importance. --- ## Physicochemical Characterization of Concentrated Mineral and Magnesium Isolate of Sea Water Pamekasan Madura **Authors:** Sri widodo, Abd. Kakhar Umar, Ega Megawati, Maria Elvina Tresia Butarbutar, Nasrul Wathoni, Syafika Alaydrus **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4436 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Concentrated mineral, Pamekasan Madura, Sea Water, Magnesium Isolates Seawater contains many types of minerals that can be used in the health sector as raw materials for medicines and supplements. In Indonesia, one of the biggest mineral salt-producing areas is Pamekasan Madura with a recent record income of 2,768,809.95 tons. The many mineral resources available and the potential development of medicinal raw materials, it is necessary to check the initial physicochemical properties as a source of information for further research. This study aims to analyze the content, and physicochemical properties of concentrated minerals and magnesium isolates from seawater Pamekasan Madura. After analyzed, it was found that the concentrated mineral contained as many as 25 types of minerals and has a viscosity of 15 mPa.s, a specific gravity of 1,318 - 1,330 with a Baume value of 35-36, and pH of 6.1. The highest mineral concentrations are Sodium (32948.8012 mg / L), Magnesium (20685.5644 mg / L), and Calcium (349.7602 mg / L). Mineral concentrations of seawater Pamekasan Madura were found to be greater than the surface waters of Taiwan Yes Mineral. Magnesium isolate has a purity of 10.88%. Based on the result, it can be concluded that seawater Pamekasan Madura is a potential source of raw material for mineral medicines. --- ## Protective Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Aloe Vera Supplemented by Zinc on the Testis of Wistar Albino Rats Exposed to Cadmium **Authors:** Sushanth N K, Vijayalakshmi S, Dayanand Reddy G, Sunil Kumar K N, Shakila R **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4431 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aloe vera, Cadmium, Heavy metal, Infertility, Oxidative stress, Testosterone, Zinc Infertility is a major health concern that may be caused due to inadequate fertility hormones or poor quality of reproductive parameters. The environmental pollutants such as cadmium is one of the causative factors for inducing infertility in men. Cadmium accumulates in various tissues and affects reproductive organs, especially testis which is highly sensitive to cadmium poisoning. In this experiment, protective effect of hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) of Aloe vera with and without zinc has been evaluated. Zinc, protects the testes from damages resulting due to cadmium. Aloe vera is a very good source of antioxidants such as vitamin C and E. In this experiment male Wistar albino rats were grouped into 5. The control group received only the vehicle. Experimental groups were administered in Cd group with 10mg/Kg body weight of CdCl2, in Cd+Zn group 40mg/Kg body weight of CdCl2 and 40mg/Kg bodyweight of ZnCl2, in Cd+AV group 10mg/Kg body weight of CdCl2 and 200mg/Kg body weight of HAE of Aloe vera and in Cd+AV+Zn 10mg/Kg body weight of CdCl2, 200mg/Kg body weight of HAE of Aloe vera and 40mg/Kg bodyweight of ZnCl2. The results showed that cadmium caused extensive testicular damage which was protected by HAE of Aloe vera and zinc. Hence, protective effect of HAE of Aloe vera was exhibited clearly in cadmium treated rats, however, supplementing Aloe vera with zinc provided better protection. --- ## Kinetics of α -glucosidase inhibitory activity and phytochemical analysis of Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav. leaves ethanol extract **Authors:** Muhammad Alfarabi, Maria Bintang, Suryani A, Mega Safithri, Waras Nurcholis **Published:** 2020-12-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4416 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acarbose, Diabetics, GC-MS, Phytochemical, Piper crocatum α-Glucosidase is an enzymes group that playing essential roles in the digestion of polysaccharide. Inhibitor of a-glucosidase can decrease polysaccharide digestion rate and therefore plays a significant function in preventing the development of diabetes (type 2). Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav. is an essential herb applied traditionally in Indonesia to treat diabetes mellitus. This work evaluated the a-glucosidase inhibitory activity of P. crocatum leaves ethanol extract. Phytochemical component of the extract was also analyzed. The α- glucosidase inhibitory activity of the P. crocatum leaves ethanol extract was examined by reacting its different concentrations with α-glucosidase and p- nitrophenyl glucopyranoside. Kinetics of the α-glucosidase inhibition was determined using a Lineweaver-Burke plot. Phytochemical in the extract was determined using GC-MS. Ethanol extract of P. crocatum leaves exhibited moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory activity compared with acarbose. Phytochemical analyses showed the presence of stilbene, linolenic acid, phenol, phytosteroid, and α-tocopherol. The competitive action of P. crocatum leaves ethanol extract is due to its inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase. The stilbene and phenol compounds indicated responsible for anti-diabetic activity from P. crocatum leaves ethanol extract. --- ## Assessment of Pharmacognostic and Preliminary Physicochemical Investigations of Ethnomedicinal Plant Leea Asiatica (L.) Ridsdale of Valmiki Tiger Reserve, West-Champaran District, Bihar **Authors:** Anurag Pandey, Rajani Srivastava, Sunil Kumar Mishra **Published:** 2020-12-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3799 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ethnomedicinal Leaves, Fluorescence Analysis, Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale, Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Standardization, Vitaceae Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale is synonymously known as Phytolacca asiatica L. and Leea crispa L.. Leea asiatica is a perennial shrub or small tree in the family Vitaceae. According to a survey, any report was not available on macroscopic, microscopic, and physicochemical investigations of Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale. The present study was aimed to evaluate macroscopic, microscopic characters, and physicochemical investigations of Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale. All parameters were established according to the Pharmacognostical standards procedure. Leaves were found to be petiolate, leaflets 5-7, oblong or elliptic-ovate. Stems are soft wooded, erect, and pubescent. Transverse sections of the midrib of leaf displayed a single layer of the epidermis, glandular, and non-glandular trichomes. Powder microscopy of the leaf and stem showed the presence of rosette crystals of calcium oxalate, trichomes, and starch grains. Physiochemical studies like ash values, extractive values, and LOD of Leea asiatica leaves have also been established. The present studies have established parameters for the correct identification of Leea asiatica. The present investigation was carried out to focus on pharmacognostic and preliminary physicochemical investigations of plant, Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale., which will assist in standardization for authenticity, quality, and identification of herbal products. --- ## The difference in views of various researchers about changes in the new drugs and clinical trial rules in India **Authors:** Vishal Vennu, Prem Saini, Karan Singh **Published:** 2020-12-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3807 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clinical Trials, Pharmacy, Researcher, Rules, Survey, Views Some studies detailed the awareness and opinions of investigators and the members of the ethics committee about the previous rules. However, no study surveyed the differences in views of various researchers (such as investigators, co-investigators, members of the ethics committee (EC), research assistants, coordinators, associates, and managers) about the new drugs and clinical trial rules (NDCT Rules). The current study aimed to address this gap. In this online survey, a total of 106 various researchers were chosen randomly from different sources across India between July 2019 and September 2019. The various researchers classified into the following three groups based on their job role: investigators or co-investigators (n=24), members of the ethics committee (n=21), and other researchers (n=61). The difference in views of various researchers has shown in percentages. Out of 106 various researchers, most of the investigators or co-investigators significantly reported that the changes in reducing clinical trial timeline (87.5%, p <.0001) and equality are proper (87.5%, p = 0.028). However, the majority of other researchers significantly said that the severe adverse events report and compensation are adequate (78.6%, p = 0.005). Overall, the majority of members of the ethics committee significantly reported neutral about the changes in NDCT Rules (85.7%, p = 0.037). The results of this study indicate that there is a significant variation in the views of different researchers about the changes of NDCT Rules. Future study is required on the larger sample at a national level to generalize the views of various researchers on the topic. --- ## Comparative Study of Ultrasound Doppler and 128-Multi-Detector CT in Assessment of Upper Extremity Ischemia in High-Risk Patients **Authors:** Afaf M Eladl, Mona M Eladl, Rania M Hassan, Ahmed M Gomaa, Hanan A Bahaaeldin **Published:** 2020-12-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3804 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Upper Extremity, Ischemia, CT Angiography, Stenosis Grading Ischemia at the upper extremity is considered one of the disabling and frequent causes of blind medical care failure. Non- invasive techniques as CTA and Doppler could effectively determine stenosis grades up to occlusion of the upper extremity, particularly if they impact the vessels proximal to the wrist also they can characterise the thrombus characters and recanalisation. The study was a prospective study carried out on 30 patients with upper extremity ischemia during the period from April 2019 to April 2020 at the Radiology department of Zagazig University hospitals. All patients presented with signs of ischemia as claudication, colour changes, pulselessness and their age ranged between 45 to 70 years. All patients underwent complete history taking and clinical examination, the results were correlated to conventional angiography. Overall, in the present study, Doppler US has a sensitivity of 86.6 %, a specificity of 100%, PVP of 100% and PVN of 91.3%. CTA has a sensitivity of 93.3 %, the specificity of 100%, PVP of 100% and PVN of 95.45 %.CTA was more sensitive in milder degrees (Grades I & II) of thromboembolism and stenosis but no significant difference in severe cases (Grades III & IV). Segmental length assessment and collateral circulation were better noted on CT Angiography. --- ## Efficacy of Sensory Rehabilitation on Pain and Hand Function in Patients with Median Nerve Entrapment **Authors:** Youssef M Elbalawy, Ebtesam M Fahmy, Rasha M ElRewainy, Fairouz H Ameen, Dina O Galal, Hager R El-Serougy, Abdel El-Hamied I El Sherbini, Shreen I Taha **Published:** 2020-12-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3805 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Pain, Hand Function, Sensory Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy A common Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is aneuropathic entrapment for the upper limbs with middle-aged people being at higher risk. To study how sensory rehabilitation impacts pain and functional outcome of hand in carpal tunnel syndrome patients. Twenty females with CTS, aged 25-45 years were enrolled. They were allocated at random to two groups; Group I: provided for sensory rehabilitation in addition to a standard physical therapy program and Group II: received only the standard physical therapy program only. Pre and post-treatment assessment included Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire (BCTQ). In both post-treatment groups, the decrease of mean VAS and BCTQ scores was statistically significant. No substantial difference between the two groups in the measured parameters pre or post treatment. Adding sensory rehabilitation has nearly the same efficacy as the standard physical therapy program alone in decreasing pain, enhancing hand function in mild and moderate patients with CTS. --- ## Role of Physician's Personality on their Drug Prescription Behavior **Authors:** Viswanath Bandi, Rao O R S **Published:** 2020-12-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3700 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Physician’s Personality, Patient Care, Physician’s Prescription Behavior Physicians Prescription behavior is the results of 4P's namely Product, Physicians, Promotion, and Patient's expectation. In today's world of evidence-based medicine with ever-growing demand in patient expectations, physician- Patient-centric managing a pathological condition is gaining acceptance from the normal disease management approach. Like all citizenry is Unique; similarly, physicians also possess a singular personality that responds differently even to an equivalent stimulus. Aiming for better patient care and Patient expectations, research work across the world has been administered for identifying the perfect physician personality traits right from selection of specialty, knowledge dissemination during the study period, and managing patients during the Practice sessions. However, there's little, or no research conducted thus far, in understanding the "Physician's personality" make-up focussing on their motives, values, preferences in their professional practice. Understanding "physician's personality" traits will lay a robust foundation for developing effective medico-marketing initiatives from the pharmaceutical industry with the assistance of smart and customized marketing initiatives resulting in a healthy environment for physician-Pharma association towards adopting better therapeutic interventions for patient benefit. This review is an effort to specialize in the research work done thus far in understanding the impact of "physician's personality" aimed toward improving patient care. Further research in understanding "Physician's personality" and its role in physicians prescribing decisions will help the Pharma industry towards developing much needed medico-marketing initiatives with optimal utilization of resources towards disseminating the latest therapeutic interventions to the physicians for better patient care which is the stepping stone for Physician-patient centric management. --- ## Preoperative regional scalp block versus intraoperative intravenous fentanyl for attenuating intraoperative surgical stress response to supratentorial craniotomy in adult patients under general anaesthesia **Authors:** Ahmed Beniamen Mohamed Hussien, Zaki Taha Saleh, Hala Abdel Sadek Al attar, Yasser Mohamed Nasr **Published:** 2020-12-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3802 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Preoperative RSB, Standard Analgesia, Supratentorial Craniotomy During brain tumour resection a lot of noxious stimuli are released resulting in a significant hemodynamic and stress response, its control is challenging during anaesthesia, and can be evaluated by monitoring blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) Attenuating autonomic cardiovascular responses to pain resulting from skull pinning, skin incision, and craniotomy are considered significant benefits of Regional Scalp Block (RSB) in addition to reducing postoperative analgesic requirements. This study aims to evaluate the effect of preoperative regional scalp block (RSB) versus intraoperative intravenous fentanyl for attenuating intraoperative surgical stress response to supratentorial craniotomy in adult patients under general anaesthesia. The study included 30 patients randomly distributed into two equal groups with 15 patients in each, Group A: Preoperative RSB was done after induction of general anaesthesia and before skull pinning, Group C: Control group: patients were given conventional intraoperative analgesia in the form of intravenous fentanyl with no block. This study included patients with Supratentorial brain tumours were admitted to Zagazig University Hospitals. Patients have been gathered over two years duration from march 2018 to march 2020. The results showed that there were highly significant differences between RSB group and control group. Preoperative RSB showed advantages over Standard analgesia in terms of better attenuation of stress response to pain in the form of heart rate and blood pressure intraoperatively, decrease opioid consumption, lower Visual Analogue Score (VAS), Preoperative RSB can be performed easily in a short time with very high success rate allowing better intraoperative control of haemodynamics, less postoperative pain. --- ## Recent Advances in Implant Biomaterials - A Review **Authors:** Miloni Suresh Shah, Revathi Duraisamy, Sindhuja Devi S, Santhosh Kumar M P **Published:** 2020-12-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3702 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Implant Biomaterials, Bioceramics, Polymers, Roxolid, Titanium Usage of Implants in dentistry is tremendously increasing in recent times. This has led to the invention of new biomaterials for dental implants by the researchers. Continuous evolution has occurred in the field of dental implant biomaterials in the last two decades leading to the emergence of innovative biomaterials. This article summarizes the different implant biomaterials and the recent advances in this field. The material science and they are various biological and physical properties affecting their treatment outcome are discussed. Throughout the years, myriads of dental materials have been tried for replacement of missing tooth. Now titanium remains the gold standard as a dental implant material. Over the recent period, many Implant biomaterials have evolved. It includes composites, glass-ceramics, metal alloys, ceramics, glasses, and polymers. Nanotechnology is an emerging application in the branch of implant dentistry. Nanotechnology can improve the properties of dental implants for achieving good osseointegration. It is imperative for dental practitioners to have a good idea about the various biomaterials used for dental implants. --- ## Green Synthesis of Polyherbal Silver Nanoparticles from Rosa Gallia officinalis, Citrus sinensis and Solanum tuberosum Extract for antioxidant Potency **Authors:** Brito Raj S, Boukary Obedoulaye, Sucharitha P, Saritha M, Shaheedha S M, Srikanth P, Bhaskar Reddy K **Published:** 2020-12-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3800 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Polyherbal, Silver Nanoparticles, DPPH Scavenging, Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity Skin ageing is due to the combination of natural, largely genetically programmed and environmentally modulated changes which occur in the body system due to free radical damage. Silver Nanoparticle (AgNPs), were prepared by chemical reduction using green synthesis and they were evaluated for particle size in nanometer, zeta potential in millivolt, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and percent entrapment efficiency. The polyphenols were quantified by chromatographic techniques and the antioxidant activity measured spectrophotometrically by DPPH (2,2 Diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl) assay. According to this study AgNPs showed a least particle size of 145.4±2.4nm, maximum zeta potential of -39.1±2.4 mV with desired polydispersity index of 0.358±0.02, the amount of polyphenols loaded in AgNPs was found to be 87.23±2.54%. Maximum phenolic content was found in F1 as 65.21 ± 3.721 mg equivalent GAE/g of extract. On comparing the IC50 values, F1 and F5 exhibited the lowest and highest values respectively. Therefore, F1 possesses higher DPPH radical scavenging potential. --- ## Analyzing Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) of the Bioactive Compound of Javanese Long Pepper (Piper retrofractum Vahl.) Essential Oils **Authors:** Sulifah A Hariani, Siti Zubaidah, Corebima A D **Published:** 2020-12-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3803 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Piper retrofractum Vahl., Bioactive Compounds, GC-MS Analysis Piper has an economically high commercial value because it is an aromatic compound that is widely used as a spice, an essential raw material for medicine, aromatic, antifungal, antiviral, insecticide and others. One species of Piper is Piper retrofractum Vahl. This herb is useful for treating fever, hypotension, abdominal pain, beriberi, cholera, non-perspiration, and anthelmintic. The study of bioactive compounds from essential oils of P. retrofractum is crucial to be revealed, especially regarding variations in chemical compounds present in these oils because of the enormous benefits in human life. The purpose of this study was to characterize the composition of bioactive compounds from essential oils P. retrofractum from Kediri, East Java Province, Indonesia. The essential oil component of P. retrofractum distilled-fruit was then analyzed using GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) with GC-MS SHIMADZU QP2010 Plus specifications. The results of the GC-MS analysis showed that there were 28 compounds present in the fruit of P. retrofractum. The compounds consisted of terpenoids (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes), fatty alcohols, alkene hydrocarbons, cyclic hydrocarbons, carbon alkene, and others. The research results of several researchers indicated that these compounds have great potential as bioactive compounds and useful in the pharmaceutical, health, cosmetics industries, and can utilize to increase the added value of food products. --- ## A descriptive study of factors associated with anti-fungal medication adherence among patients with dermatophytosis **Authors:** Mohammad Javad Hashemi, Mohammad Manaf, Bhanu Priya HR, Laween Merris Lenos, Prabhu M, Ragunatha S **Published:** 2020-12-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3806 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Attitude, Practice, Dermatophytosis, Knowledge, Medication Adherence, Medication Non-Adherence The prevalence of superficial Mycotic infection worldwide is 20–25%. Medication non-adherence in patients leads to worsening of the disease, death and increased health care costs. More than 30% of medicine-related hospital admissions occur due to medication non-adherence. The aim of the study is assessing the factors associated with medication adherence in patients with dermatophytosis. Data were analyzed by using descriptive analysis of 305 patients attending the dermatology department. The period of study was three months. Medication adherence was determined using Morisky Green Levine Scale for dermatophytosis patients who are undergoing treatment. KAP (knowledge, attitude, practice) was used to determine the knowledge gaps, general health practice, and beliefs of the patient towards fungal infection. It was found that 47.86% of the subjects in the study are non- adherent and 49.50% are moderate adherents, and only 2.62% are highly adherent to medications prescribed. In KAP study, it was found that (14.4%) strongly agree that fungal infection does not create hindrance in normal life, while (28.85%) strongly disagree. Practice where analyzed in 305 subjects, (52.13%) share clothing with family members or friends, (50.16%) do not take medication as prescribed. The patient affected with fungal infections had poor adherence to the medicines prescribed. The risk factors affecting medication adherence are poor hygiene, sharing of cloths of friends or family, dosing schedule, complex regimens, access barriers, and cost of the drug. --- ## Biochemical Changes in the leaf galls of Cinnamomum Verum Presl. (Syn. Cinnamomum zeylanicum) induced by unknown Eriophyes sp. **Authors:** Asha Renjith, Payal Lodha **Published:** 2020-12-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3808 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cinnamomum Verum Presl. (Syn. Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Galls, Total Soluble Sugar, Reducing Sugar, Starch, Alpha-Amylase, Invertase The genus Cinnamomum is a member of a tropical evergreen tree of the Lauraceae family. In its wild state, it grows up to 7m (56 ft). Cinnamomum verum Presl. (Syn. Cinnamomum zeylanicum) is of commercial value and is extensively used in culinary as a spice in food and the ayurvedic system of medicine. One of the major diseases, causing severe losses in yield, thus affecting the economy in India is the leaf gall disease of Cinnamon. To understand the host-pathogen interactions, it becomes obligatory to estimate the proteins, carbohydrates, enzymes, etc. present in a particular host plant quantitatively, to draw meaningful conclusions on host-pathogen interaction. The pathogen is always associated with the infection caused to a healthy plant. Eventually, biochemical changes take place in the diseased tissue. The pathogenic organism releases cell secretion, which comprises of various cell metabolites which alter the metabolism of the diseased tissue. In the present investigation, changes in the biochemical profile of healthy and diseased leaf of Cinnamon has been attempted, and the results have been discussed in the light of pathogenicity, induced by unknown Eriophyes sp. --- ## Drug Discovery for Covid-19 – A Multidimensional Perspective **Authors:** Satish Kumar Sharma, Omprakash Goshain **Published:** 2020-12-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4148 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Corona Virus, Secondary Metabolites, Fungal Bioactive, Plant Therapeutics, Natural Ingredients, Drug Discovery Covid-19, a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV) has challenged pharmaceutical science against viruses, globally. The disease has become a global pandemic beginning the race of new therapeutic strategies against novel corona virus (nCoV). Therefore, management of such pandemic issue is a need of the hour. Drug delivery refers to an approach adopted to transfer drug particles within the body to obtain a potent therapeutic effect. In the present study, an attempt has been taken to discuss about plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) and fungal bioactive compounds which are potent antiviral pharmaceutical agents. Also, a discussion about allopathic ingredient of plant secondary metabolites have also been done. The unique repository of Indian plants and versatility of fungal species provide broad spectrum to screen for pharmaceutical ingredients against novel corona virus. Further, screening of plant secondary metabolites by molecular docking can be a cost effective way to combat from novel corona virus. Thus, it can be said that, Multidimensional approach discussed herein may provide insights to combat antimicrobial resistance in the future. The present review will promote further research horizons in plants and fungal based therapeutics and a novel approach towards drug discovery thereby preventing the humans from suffering through severe adversities. --- ## Radial nerve palsy following uncomplicated percutaneous nephrolithotomy **Authors:** Manpreet Kaur Bhamra, Jasraj Kaur Bhamra, Waqar M. Naqvi **Published:** 2020-12-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4561 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** percutaneous nephrolithotomy, radial nerve, neurapraxia, shoulder subluxation Injury to nerve is a well known complication of shoulder subluxation. Radial nerve injury is most commonly seen during percutaneous nephrolithotomy in lateral decubitus region. If the posterior aspect of the humerus is positioned incorrectly leads to radial nerve compression. Lateral decubitus position in percutaneous nephrolithotomy is the main position for posterior and lateral approaches. After percutaneous nephrolithotomy in lateral decubitus position reported the case of radial nerve palsy. A man of 26 year old from left (contralateral) percutaneous nephrolithotomy with signs of right radial nerve palsy on postoperative day number one. The body mass index is 28 & underwent laterally attempted percutaneous nephrolithotomy on the left and he was located about 6 h and 30 min in the lateral decubitus position. Orthopedics, physiotherapy and electromyography were done to treat radial nerve palsy in the post-operative period. It demonstrates complication of the radial nerve palsy which may be related with percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Being aware of the complication can be used to stop pressure points at percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the lateral decubitus position. --- ## Synthesis and study of spectrally diagnosed heterocyclic compound **Authors:** Sajida. Munadi. Th.AL-Suraify, Mohammed Abdul-Mounther Othman **Published:** 2020-12-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4527 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chemical Compounds, Drugs, Medicinal Chemistry, Heterocyclic Compounds, Spectral Diagnosis In general terms, medicinal chemistry manages the revelation & plan of recent remedial synthetic concoctions & its uses as meds. Throughout the most recent couple of decades, mixes bearing heterocyclic cores have gotten considerably more consideration of the scientific expert, because of their expansive chemo remedial exercises, for example, calming, anthelmintic, hostile to tubercular, against parasitic & hostile to microbial exercises. Furthermore, Heterocycles & medicines are both interred related, the human is totally dependent on drugs & most of the drugs are derived from heterocyclic compounds. Hetero cycles & their derivatives have been excited regards chemist mainly due to broad-spectrum chemical & pharmacological activities. Most of the heterocyclic compounds are naturally occurs & playing the important role of metabolism regards cells of living. There has been a bigger count of pharmacologically attracted compounds of heterocyclic, several of which have been under continues clinical utilization. This paper presented a detailed study of synthesis which is spectrally detected Heterocyclic compounds, in results described the antibacterial activity of (e)-s-4-(is nicotinamide)-5-(phenoxymethyl)-4h-1, 2, 4-triazol-3- yl 3-(substituted phenyl) prop-2- enethioate. (7a-7f) and antifungal activity of (e)-s-4-(isonicotinamido)-5-(phenoxymethyl)-4h-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-yl 3- (substituted phenyl) prop-2-enethioate. (7a-7f), antitubercular activity of against mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv presented the scope of this paper. --- ## Modulation and Validation of YashtimadhuKalpa (formulated from Glycyrrhiza glabra) as MedhyaRasayana: A Neuro-nutrient **Authors:** Mrudul Y Chitrakar, Subhash S Kudale, Manish P Deshmukh, Ashish B Budhrani **Published:** 2020-12-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4536 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Standardization, Yashtimadhu, Granules, Medhya, Nootropic, Neuroprotective, Glycyrrhiza Glabra, Glycyrrhizin The present study was aimed to develop an adapted formulation of the MedhyaRasayan, i.e. YashtimadhuKalpa to make Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra) more palatable and well-preserved. The classical reference from Charak Samhita (ChikitsaSthana 1-3/30) elaborates the use of YashtimadhuChurna (coarse powder) along with milk as a MedhyaRasayana. The novel modified version, i.e. YashtimadhuKalpa (formulation), was prepared from YashtimadhuChurna. In HPTLC finger printing clear evident bands with medium intensity were observed at Rf values 0.19 (pink), 0.24 (light brown), and 0.49 (yellow) in YashtimadhuKalpa as well as YashtimadhuChurna. The content of glycyrrhizin was quantified from YashtimadhuChurna and YashtimadhuKalpa by HPLC and HPTLC by comparing the peak area of the standard. It was confirmed that the same active component was present in the YashtimadhuKalpa and YashtimadhuChurna. The content of glycyrrhizin was identified and quantified and showed the same comparable amounts in YashtimadhuKalpa and YashtimadhuChurna. In this study, we presented the classic Ayurvedic Medhya Rasayan in a novel formulation -YashtimadhuKalpa in a simplified manner. The authenticity of the formulation was corroborated by HPTLC and HPLC. This study enforces the fact that the modification of classic Ayurvedic formulations is possible such that simplified and adapted formulations can be generated. --- ## Antimicrobial activity of plant based Essential Oils and Synergistic effect against selected Human Pathogenic Bacteria **Authors:** Agneswari S, Gopukumar S T **Published:** 2020-12-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4528 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, Synergistic The occurrence of multidrug resistant by pathogens is a universal issue for providing tolerable treatment for various infectious diseases. The predictable anti-microbial proxies are relatively active against plentiful strains, still need of more drugs against multidrug resistant pathogens. Herbal drugs have potential against antimicrobial activity from ancient days and their treatment of pathogenic diseases is increasing for developing plant based natural products. Essential oils have combat against antibiotic resistant bacteria. Thus our study was focused on plant based essential oil against human pathogenic bacteria. The necessary oil extracted from Curcuma longa and C. martini revealed protuberant anti-microbial accomplishments against B. subtilis, Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Low concentration of C. longa oil at 10 µl inhibited the growth of all strains Bacillus subtilis followed by E. coli and S. aureus. Maximum bustle was noted in P. aerogenosa at 40 µl in both C. longa and C. martini oils. Human pathogenic strain treated with C. martini oil showed maximum inhibition in P. aerogenosa followed by B. subtilis, E. coli and S. aureus. Synergistic activity of oils against the strains showed maximum inhibition at 40 µl in P. aerogenosa. --- ## Evaluation of the microbial contaminants and phytochemical properties of Sireh (Piper betle L.) **Authors:** Syafiqah Mhd Jamal, Hasnah Bahari, Daryl Jesus Arapoc, Muhammad Akif Adnan, Imran Jazary Mad Diah, Azmiza Syawani Jasni **Published:** 2020-12-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4549 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Piper betle, medicinal plants, microbial contaminants, phytochemical constituents Piper betle L. or Sireh is popular among the Malaysian locals and has been extensively used in traditional medicines across Asian and Southeast Asian countries. P. betle is used to enhance the dental health and treat diseases such as rheumatism and bronchitis, though the data on the quality and safety of this plant are still limited. This study evaluated the microbiological quality and the phytochemical properties of P. betle. Bacteria and fungi were only detected following 3 months of storage duration, however, the microbial loads are within the acceptable range and the identified bacterial species were non-pathogenic. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between microbial enumerations data and storage duration. Three phytochemical constituents, which were saponins, tannins, and steroids, were detected in P. betle. These findings highlighted that P. betle has low microbial contaminants at least up to 6-months of storage, and with its phytochemical constituents preserved throughout the storage duration, it is thus safe for consumption as it is. --- ## Acute Toxicity Study of Iron-21 Syrup in Female Wistar Rats **Authors:** Kirti G Sahu, Manish P Deshmukh, Sukeshini B Lote, Ashish B Budrani, Deepak S Khobragade **Published:** 2020-12-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4533 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acute Toxicity, Liver Functioning, Polyherbal Formulation, Iron-21 Syrup, Wistar Rats The iron-21 syrup is used for iron deficiency anaemia which supplies iron and calories a provide iron and calorie nutriment to recompense haemoglobin deprivation. The objective of this study is to determine acute oral toxicity of Iron-21 syrup in vivo in Wistar rats. Iron-21 Syrup formulation was given through the oral route. The syrup formulation was administered in three increasing doses of 3, 6 and 12 ml/kg body weight for concentration of 500, 1000 and 2000mg/kg respectively. The other group of rats designated as a control group was given the only vehicle orally. The test and control group contains five rats each. Tests, as well as control group rats, were sacrificed on the fifteenth day of treatment. The blood and tissue samples of test animals were sent for histopathological studies examination. Four parameters were observed throughout the study, and they are cage side observation, the effect to the body weight, haematological parameter and histopathology. All animals were survived till they sacrificed. No notable changes were found in behaviour, haematological and histopathology studies. The oral administration of Iron-21 Syrup is not shown any toxic effect in the animal at a given dose. Therefore, it is a safe remedy for human use. --- ## Evaluation of In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Root Bark Extracts of Ventilago Maderspatana Gaertn **Authors:** Manish Deshmukh, Ashish Budhrani, Upendra Gandagule, Sanjay Nagdev, Mayur Bhurat, Sourabh Kosey, Mrinal Sharma, Rupal Bhurat **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4349 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ventilago maderspatana Gaertn, Root Bark, Ethanolic, in-vitro, anti-oxidant Ventilago maderspatana Gaertn. is a plant having enormous biomedical potential. It is a plant in the Indian system of medicine having a plethora of properties and applications and The root barks powder of Ventilago maderspatana Gaertn. have many properties and applications like it are used as a stomachic, tonic, carminative, stimulant. It is also useful in the treatment of weakness and fever. For further investigations of activities like anti-oxidant activity, In-vitro anti-oxidant studies were done on root bark extracts of Ventilago maderspatana Gaertn. (Family Rhamnaceae) by using standard methods like Lipid peroxidation Assay, Estimation of total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC), Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Nitric oxide inhibition radical activity by p-Nitroso dimethyl aniline method, and ABTS Radical scavenging method. The root barks of plant Ventilago maderspatana Gaertn. Were subjected to cold maceration process in 3-liter Round bottom flask using ethanol and distilled water and nature and yield was noted and stored at 40C in the refrigerator until further use and both the extracts were labelled as Ventilago maderspatana Gaertn. Root Bark aqueous (VMRBA) and Ventilago maderspatana Gaertn. Root Bark Ethanolic (VMRBE) for convenient identification. Ethanolic extract of Root Bark showed the more potent anti-oxidant activity than aqueous Root Bark extract of Ventilago maderspatana Gaertn. --- ## Physico-chemical investigation of a polyherbal formulation - Vidangatandulaadi choorna **Authors:** Amrutha S. Babu, Mahadevan Subramaniam, Mahesh C. Kundagol, James Chacko, Devipriya Soman **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4363 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** High-performance thin-layer chromatography, Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry, Physico-chemical, Vidangatandulaadi Choorna Vidangatandulaadi Choorna is a polyherbal formulation consisting of seven ingredients. Trivrith (Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso) is the chief ingredient responsible for the purgative action of the formulation. This yoga is mentioned in Kalpasthana of Ashtangahridaya, intended for virechana (Purgation). It is useful in Kapha-vatha disorders. Even though many kinds of research have been done to identify the physicochemical constituents of individual drugs in the formulation, no studies were done to identify the physicochemical properties of the formulation. This analysis helps in understanding the mechanism for different pharmacological actions of the formulation. Hence, Physico-chemical study of Vidangatandulaadi Choorna along with high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting is done to fix the standards. All the drugs included in the formulation is identified by the botanist and is prepared according to Standards mentioned for the preparation of Choorna mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. The formulation is least encountered, but it has shown its significant action in Dyslipidemia in folklore practices. As there are no Standards mentioned for this formulation, the result observed in the present study may be considered suitable. The data obtained from Physicochemical investigation, high-performance thin-layer chromatography profile and ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry) could be used as the standards for the present formulation under study. --- ## A Study to Assess a correlation between serum amylase, lipase and Radiological imaging in patients with Acute Pancreatitis in a Tertiary care Hospital **Authors:** Guhan K A, Naveen Nagendran M D R D **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4359 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pancreatitis, Computed Tomography, Serum Amylase, Serum Lipase Acute pancreatitis is one of the many complex conditions causing significant morbidity and mortality in patients. CT imaging, along with Serum Lipase and Amylase plays a vital role in the diagnosis and staging of acute pancreatitis. The purpose of this study is to compare the role of CECT and Serum Lipase and Amylase in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. The study was done in a span of 3 months (January 2020 to March 2020) on all clinically and bio- chemically suspected cases of acute pancreatitis (study sample = 120). All these patients were subjected to CECT, and their serum Amylase, Lipase levels were checked. The most commonly affected age group in this study was 41- 50 years (45.83%) with a male predominance (59.1%). Alcoholism (49.5%), Cholelithiasis (25.5%) were observed to be the most common aetiology. In conclusion, CECT plays a much better role in the identification and characterisation of acute pancreatitis than Serum Lipase and Amylase. --- ## Formulation and Antifungal Activities of Syzygium Aromaticum Essential Oil Contained in Natural Bath Soap **Authors:** Sri Handayani, Susila Kristianingrum, Anna Rakhmawati, Melati Khairuddean **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4354 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Natural Bath Soap, Syzygium Aromaticum, Anti-Fungal Activity, Clove Oil Syzygium aromaticum essential oil (clove oil) has a promising potential as an antifungal. However, the potential has never been applied in bath soaps. This study aimed to produce an antifungal natural soap using clove oil as the additive. Natural bath soap containing clove oil was made through a cold saponification reaction of vegetable oils, sodium hydroxide, and various contents of clove oil (1, 2, and 3% w/w) as an antifungal agent. The soap quality was tested based on Indonesian National Standards (INS), including water content, total fat, insoluble matters in ethanol, free alkali, and unsaponified fatty matter. With a Kirby-Bauer diffusion method, the researchers carried out an antifungal activity test of clove oil soap on Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. All samples in the quality test of clove oil natural bath soap have met the standard. The antifungal activities of all tested clove oil soap performed growth inhibition of Candida albicans yeast and Trichophyton mentagrophytes mould in all treatments. However, there is no relationship between the clove oil concentration and antifungal activities in the range of clove oil content in this study. The formulation of clove oil in natural bath soap executed excellent antifungal activities against both yeast and mould. Due to the potential of clove oil as an antifungal agent, clove oil in bath soap is efficient to be used as natural cosmetics and medicinal soap in the future. --- ## A study evaluating the perinatal outcomes in teenage pregnancy **Authors:** Monisha Chrishaille M, Archana A, Evangeline Christable **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4350 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Teenage Pregnancy, High Risk Pregnancy, Preeclampsia, Premature Rupture of Membranes, Anaemia, IUGR, Sex Education Teenage pregnancy is one of the important social problems faced worldwide. It increases the risk of neonatal mortality and also significantly deteriorates the health of the mother. The most common complication in teenage pregnancy includes anemia, preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia and depression in the mother and increased risk of congenital malformation, sepsis inadequate weight gain and failure to thrive due to lack of maternal care in the neonate. This study evaluates the postnatal complications in teenage pregnancy (less than or equal to19 years). Lack of awareness, attainment of early puberty and early marriage are the important causes for prevalence of teenage pregnancy in India. A cohort retrospective study was done in the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital during the period January-July 2020; which involved collection of data from 2011-2019. This study shows among the teenage pregnancies 82% of cases had normal vaginal delivery,14% were delivered by cesarean section and 4% by forceps delivery. But there was no significant association between mode of delivery and teenage pregnancy. Moreover, teenage pregnancies had higher incidence of vaginal delivery. Also, Immediate Complications such as anemia, postpartum hemorrhage, Premture rupture of membranes, placenta previa, abruption, neonatal death and IUGR were seen in 27% cases and late complications such as inadequate weight again and failure to thrive were present in 43%. Although most patients delivered through normal vaginal delivery the complications in teenage pregnancy was found to be relatively more than pregnancy in an adult. The study showed that teenage pregnancy is a high risk pregnancy and can be promoted by sex education and emphasizing the importance of contraception. --- ## Neuro Developmental Techniques with Functional Electrical Stimulation reduces shoulder dysfunction in young stroke population : A quasi-experimental novel rehabilitative approach **Authors:** Poonam I. Thakre, Mohd. Irshad Qureshi, Waqar M. Naqvi **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4352 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES), Fugl-Mayer Assessment (FMA), Hemiplegia, Neuro-Developmental Technique (NDT), Stroke, Physiotherapy Stroke is the third-largest common cause of death and is the leading cause of adult impairment. Shoulder subluxation is a common complication after a stroke and has always been a challenge, making the motor and functional recovery more complicated. Sixty-nine per cent of people affect with an arm in stroke, and the critical aim of stroke therapy is to recover their arm function. Motor impairments such as flaccidity and spasticity may make a patient functionally dependent on another person for their ADL, particularly in the upper extremity for a long time. Also, these motor impairments can address other problems such as subluxation of the shoulder and pain. To evaluate the effect of NDT along with FES in the management of shoulder dysfunction following stroke. A quasi-experimental study involved 70 consecutive subjects age (30-60 years) affected by stroke recruited in the study. They are divided into two groups Group A (experimental group, N=35) and Group B (control group, N=35). Group A received NDT along with FES, and Group B received NDT treatment. Treatment was given five days a week for six weeks. The analysis of the study showed a statistically significant difference in shoulder pain, and subluxation in the experimental group (Group A) compared to the control group (Group A). FES is effective in reducing shoulder pain and subluxation early after stroke. Hence NDT along with FES is more effective than NDT alone. --- ## Effectiveness of Educational Intervention Package on knowledge regarding the care of Epilepsy in Children **Authors:** Essaki Muthurani K, Pavithra E, Vaitheeswari A, Kanniammal C, Abirami P **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4365 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Effectiveness, Knowledge, Educational Package, Anganwadi Workers, Anganwadi Center, Children Epilepsy is one of childhood’s most common neurological disorders. 5 to 10 per 1000 people worldwide. This study aims to determine the efficacy on Education inferences regarding care on Epilepsy in Children among Anganwadi workers and to find out the association between the knowledge on the care of epilepsy in children among Anganwadi workers with population variables. Interventional pretest and post-test method of A quantitative approach to analysis were used. The study participants were 100 Anganwadi workers at Anganwadi center, Kancheepuram district between the age 25-40 years. Convenient sampling method was used to collect the data and assigned to the control group and the experimental group. The tool consists of two sections which include Section A: Demographic variables of the samples include age, religion, type of family, education qualification, marital status. Income and socioeconomic status, area of residence and availability of health support system. Section B: It consists of 30 inquiry form regarding the care of epilepsy in children, meaning and influence, treatment and avoidance of epilepsy. The study found that the majority of Anganwadi staff 25 (25%) had insufficient knowledge of child care epilepsy. So, in Educational service program on the care of epilepsy in children can be organized in Anganwadi centers to improve the knowledge of Anganwadi workers. --- ## Leg cramps, its associated factors and quality of life among pregnant mothers: A cross-sectional study in a Malaysian suburban health clinic **Authors:** Sharifah Najwa Syed Mohamad, Saharuddin Ahmad, Hizlinda Tohid **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4344 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** leg cramps, pregnancy, pregnant mothers, quality of life Leg cramps (LCs) are common in pregnancy and may affect pregnant mothers’ quality of life (QoL). However, studies to show this impact are still lacking. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the association of LCs with QoL among pregnant mothers. The magnitude and characteristics of LCs were assessed too. A cross-sectional study was conducted at a government health clinic in Hulu Langat, Selangor involving 99 mothers in their second or third trimesters, recruited through convenience sampling between March and April 2018. This study used a developed bilingual (Bahasa Malaysia and English) self-administered questionnaire on leg cramps profile, as well as the bilingual self-administered SF-12v2, to assess their QoL. About 71.7% experienced LCs during this pregnancy. About half experienced LCs once to twice a week and 63.4% had moderately painful LCs. Only 26.7% had severely painful LCs and 12.7% had the next-day soreness in all or most of the time. Gestational age (P=0.001) and booking Body Mass Index (BMI) (p=0.022) were significantly associated with LCs, but not their QoL (p=0.712 for PCS and p=0.118 for MCS). Generally, LCs were common among these pregnant mothers. However, LCs appear to be brief, infrequent, and mild which did not significantly affect their QoL. Nevertheless, LCs should not be disregarded, as a subgroup of them experienced severe LCs with the next day soreness who may need further assessment and treatment. --- ## Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescent school girls in Thandalam, Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Sukanya L, Roshinidevi Baskaran **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4358 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Menstrual hygiene, awareness, adolescent girls, reproductive tract The topic of menstrual hygiene has been highly stigmatised in India due to which girls tend to lack awareness regarding various scientific and practical aspects of menstruation. This lack of awareness among adolescent girls regarding menstrual hygiene can lead to negative impacts on their reproductive health. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding menstrual hygiene among school-going adolescent girls. A cross-sectional study using a pre-validated questionnaire was conducted among 168 adolescent school-going girls and found that only 37.3% of the study participants were aware of menstruation before attaining menarche. Only 25.3% of study participants either slept or ate separately from their family members while menstruating. All participants were using sanitary pads and disposed of them after usage indicating no reuse. Proper wrapping and disposal of pads in closed garbage bins was followed by 97% of study participants. A significant association between awareness of the cause of menstruation and the higher class of study was established. Though knowledge about menstruation before attaining menarche is meagre, the practices and attitude regarding were reasonable compared to other studies, mainly attributed to awareness and help received after menarche. --- ## Overview of Salvia divinorum –Substance-induced psychosis **Authors:** Radhika Tyagi, Sangrila Singh, Anjali Joshi, Vishali Chopra, Priyank Vyas, Amit Gupta **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4360 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Salvia Divinorum, Salvia, Lamiaceae, Psychoactive Property As per the literature, humans ingest a comprehensive range of food materials including drugs along with dietary supplements which are mainly derived through medicinal plant products and modifying the purpose of the central nervous system (CNS). These psychoactive based properties are mainly attributable to the existence of plant-derived secondary metabolites. Most of the cases or studies showed the effects of these phytochemicals derived from secondary metabolites on the human CNS might be linked either to their ecological roles or molecular along with biochemical based properties are reported in case of plants along with higher animals. One of the mental health disorders, psychosis where person losses its capacity of critical thinking, they perceive things differently as compared to the people around. They see or hear things that other people cannot see or hear (hallucination) or even believe things that are not true (delusion). There are so many synthetic psychosis inducer synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) as well as semi-synthetic and natural. Psychosis is a disorder which shows the effect for long-term or sometimes for the short term on an individual. In this review we will mainly look for natural psychosis inducers like Salvia divinorum and this plant may produce some secondary metabolites. Still, many of these are found to show an effect on human health in some or the other way which may range from hallucination to organ failure. These secondary metabolites affect the hippocampus region of the human brain, which is linked with memory. It is interesting to note how one chemical is used for an organism for protection and that one chemical act as a mind-altering chemical for the higher class of organism – the humans. --- ## Microalgae: A source of Bio-colours **Authors:** Mansi Srivastava, Ishty Malhotra, Sandeep Gupta, Sanjay Gahan **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4345 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Algae, Pigments, Synthetic, Bio-Colours, Industries, Foodstuff Since past many years, manufacturing of artificial pigments has been immensely developing because of its growing use in lots of fields like foodstuff, diary, cosmetics, prescription drugs, paints etc. But their intake through numerous manners can be reason of unsafe results and numerous poisonous illness like cancer, allergic reactions, chronic diseases etc. Due to this, severe organic manner had been investigated which incorporates the extraction of bio-colours from microalgae, bacteria, fungal etc. Microalgae is taken into consideration as a giant supply for the manufacturing of bio-colours that not only presents big benefits in numerous fields but also, additionally produces some of pigments which can be applied in numerous industries. This paper emphasizes upon the different phylum of microalgae and the pigments produced from them. Extraction process of different pigments from six phylum has also been discussed in brief. At the end, the emphasis has been given upon the importance and benefits of bio colours in different industries. It has been concluded in this paper that different bio-colours from microalgae have high utility yet its usage is still in its earliest stages however in not so distant future and can be taken as an entryway for development of sustainable and green industry. --- ## Evolutionary Role of Epigenetics in Ischemic Stroke: A Review **Authors:** Rohini Agrawal, Prashant Amale, Shilpa Deshpande, Manish Deshmukh, Priti Bhoyar, Kiran Gomkale, Uma Sunchuwar, Ashish Budhrani **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4346 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Epigenetics, Ischemic stroke, Excitotoxicity, Stem cell, REST Stroke is a Central Nervous System (CNS) disorder which occurs due to the obstruction in the brain blood flow. Stroke is mainly of two types, such as ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemic stroke (80%) caused due to obstruction of blood flow through Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) and characterized by a decreased supply of oxygen and glucose to CNS. In comparison, Hemorrhagic stroke (20%) mainly occurs due to the rupturing of blood vessels. Epidemiologically, it is the common reason of death after cancer and affecting millions of global population. There are many risk factors such as hypertension; hypercholesterolemia etc. which can exaggerate the condition of stroke. Various conventional therapies like Antiplatelets, Thrombolytic are available, but, there is a need to obtain a therapeutic approach that can provide prevention as well as a cure for the stroke. So the present review is primarily focused on epigenetic approach for ischemic stroke by Endogenous Transplantation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells (NSPCs). This, in turn, will decrease the level of REST protein at the genetic level and enhance the activity of Na+-Ca+ exchanger activity and lowers the excitotoxicity. --- ## Awareness of colour blindness among nurses **Authors:** Anuradha P, Madhumitha S S **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4357 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Colour blindness, Colour vision deficiency The primary aim of this study is to find the awareness of colour blindness among 100 nurses in a hospital. Colour blindness or colour vision deficiency is the decreased ability to see and distinguish colours. It is one of the most common inherited disorders in human beings. It can also be acquired. It occurs due to the disorder or defect in the development of one or more of the three sets of colour sensing cones of the eye. There is no cure for colour vision deficiency. This study is a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study. Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the institutional review board. A structured questionnaire on awareness of colour blindness was prepared. This was given to 100 nurses in the hospital. The data obtained were analysed with the help of a statistician. The result was that the nurses knew what colour blindness is, but they did not know much about the aetiology, transmission, treatment of the disorder. The nurses should be made more aware of colour blindness. --- ## Assessment of Anti-Hyperglycemic and Anti-Oxidant Activities of Tinospora Cordifolia & Juglans Regia Composite Extract in STZ Induced Diabetes in Wistar Rats **Authors:** Kapil Kumar, Praveen K Dixit, Harshit Takru, Nagarajan K **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4356 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Streptozotocin, Nicotinamide, Diabetes mellitus, Tinospora cordifolia, Juglans regia The present study explored the assessment of the antidiabetic potential of Tinospora cordifolia & Juglans regia composite extract in STZ induced diabetes in wistar rats. As streptozotocin -associated infiltrations of increase glucose level has been reported to be responsible for diabetes. We evaluated the glucose lowering potential of Tinospora cordifolia & Juglans regia on the basis of its anti-diabetic property. Rats were administered streptozotocin (55 mg/kg i.p., once) with nicotinamide (120mg/kg) to induce experimental toxicity. The development of diabetes was assessed biochemically as well as histologically 72 hours after induction of diabetes. Body weight and blood glucose levels were determined in (0, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th) days. Serum lipid profile and enzyme estimated, (kidney, liver, pancreas) tissue was measured at the end of the experimental period. Treatment with composite extracts TCAE high dose (350 gm/kg b.w.) & JRAE high dose (800 mg/kg b.w.) and TCHE high dose (350 gm/kg b.w.) & JRHE high dose (800 mg/kg b.w.) were noted to be more effective against the streptozotocin- induced toxicity as compared to Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg b.w.). it may be concluded that streptozotocin-induced glucose may be accountable for the induction of diabetes toxicity in rats. Interestingly, improvement in body weight, glucose level, lipid profiles, biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in kidney, liver and pancreas was observed following herbal treatment in STZ induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, composite extract of TCAE (350mg/kg b.w.) & JRAE (800mg/kg b.w.) was found to be efficacious than the composite extract of TCHE (350mg/kg b.w.) & JRHE (800mg/kg b.w.). --- ## Impact of body mass index on the intensity of pain and quality of life in an obese population **Authors:** Sneha Nemade, Waqar M. Naqvi, Swapna Kamble, Arti Sahu **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4353 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Obesity, BMI, Pain, Quality of life, QoL, HRQoL, SF 36, Mc Gill Pain Questionnaire There is a growing incidence of obesity around the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity is conferred by a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg m−2. Several studies demonstrated that individuals experience pain with the rise in the body mass index. The causal link between the two remains unclear as yet. World Health Organization defines the quality of life (QoL) as, ”an individual’s perception of their position in life, in context of the culture and value systems in which they live, and with their expectations, standards and concerns”. Quality of life is a sizeable multidimensional term that typically involves subjective evaluations of both the positive and the negative aspects of life. To study the effect of body mass index on the intensity of pain and quality of life. One hundred four obese individuals with the presence of pain were provided with the McGill Pain Questionnaire, Short Form Health Survey-36. Their BMI was taken. The type of study was cross-sectional, and the study design was a survey (Questionnaire) method. BMI and pain intensity are directly related to each other. Obesity leads to an increase in the pain intensity and affects the quality of life of obese individuals. As the BMI increases the pain intensity of the individuals also increases. The quality of life depends upon BMI. The quality of life is affected in the obese population. --- ## Targets and Mechanism of Action of Chemical constituents from Plants with Potential Anti-leukemic Activity **Authors:** Kalpana Priyadarshini Das, Chaithra M.L., Sibi G **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4364 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Anti-leukemic activity, Anticancer, Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest, Cytotoxic The plant kingdom has been the most significant source of anticancer drugs. These include alkaloids, diterpenes, tannins, phenolics, lignans, glycosides which have exhibited lesser toxicity than conventional drugs. In leukaemia, the human body is susceptible to infections due to the replacement of normal leucocytes replaced by a large number of immature cells. Chemotherapy for leukaemia is associated with side effects and drug resistance by the leukemic cells. Cytotoxic agents with higher efficacy and lesser side effects are good candidates in cancer therapy, and plant metabolites serve as potential bioactive agents in anticancer drug formulations. This review article discusses the anti-leukemic properties of compounds obtained from plants and the mechanism of anti-leukemic activity induced by each of these plants. Effect of plants and their metabolites on different leukemic cell lines such as HL60, Kasumi-1, CCRF-CEM, K-562, U-937, THP-1 and MOLT-3 was compared. The findings showed anti-leukemic activity through cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, destruction of mitochondrial function, suppression of tumour genes, apoptosis-inducing enzymes and cytotoxic activities of plants and their derivatives. Based on extensive research findings from this review, phytochemicals and their derived analogues possess the most promising option for the better and less toxic anti-leukemic treatment. Identification of the mechanism of action by the plant bioactive compounds helps in developing standard herbal medicines for effective leukaemia treatment. --- ## Screening of Colour Vision in Paediatric Population **Authors:** Lingesh Kumar V, Anuradha Krishnan P **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4367 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** CVD (Colour Vision Deficiency), Ishihara Chart, Children, Prevalence The descriptive cross-sectional study was done to screen the children attending paediatric OPD of Saveetha Medical College and Hospital for colour vision deficiency and to find out the overall prevalence of CVD and compare the prevalence rate among males and females. One hundred seventy-five children in the age group 4 – 12 years attending paediatric OPD of Saveetha Medical College and Hospital were taken up for the study. Visual acuity and colour vision test using the Ishihara chart was conducted for all the children. Results were tabulated and statistically analysed. It was noted that 7 (4.14%) children were found to be colour deficient. Out of which 6 (7.68%) and 1 (1.10%) were Male and Female children respectively, Considering the religion, the higher prevalence of colour vision deficiency was found among Muslim children 4(14.8%) as compared to Hindu 2 (2.1%) and Christian 1 (2.1%) children. Early diagnosis of this defect helps them in minimising the potential problems they face in their everyday life, and enable them to make adaptive strategies to improve the quality of life and most importantly helps them in choosing appropriate professional choice in their career and creating awareness through education. Medical counselling will improve to reduce the occurrence of Colour Vision disorder. --- ## Protective Effect of Daidzein on TNBS Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis on Rats **Authors:** Mohammed Nadeem Zahed, Kavitha CH N **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4348 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** IBD, Daidzein, TNBS, MPO, MDA, SOD, TNF- α IL-6 The present study aimed at investigating the potential protective effect of Daidzein on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) induced acute ulcerative colitis in rats. Animals were treatment with TNBS 20 mg, TNBS dissolved in 50% ethanol by single intra-colonic application into the descending colon, Daidzein 40 and 80 mg/kg per oral, and standard sulfasalazine (SSZ) 360 mg/kg. for Two weeks. Colon was removed, length (CL), weight (CW), microscopic index (MI) processed for histopathological evaluation and estimation of oxidative colon marker contents of active lipid peroxidation (MDA) myeloperoxidase (MPO), reduced glutathione (GSH). Enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and serum nitrate levels were assessed. TNBS induced significant (p < 0.001), increase in CW, MI, oxidative marker MDA, MPO, and serum nitrate content, TNBS induced a significantly decrease in CL, SOD, and GSH content. Treatment of Daidzein 40 and 80mg with TNBS decreased preserved colon parameter and histology close to normal, increased (P<0.001) SOD, CAT, GSH and TNF- α IL-6 and IL-8 down-regulate the levels to compare SSZ and Daidzein. Daidzein 40and 80mg restored TNBS-induced colon injury via inhibition of oxidative stress. Daidzein found to protect the TNBS Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis in rats. --- ## Pharmacological and Biochemical Evaluation of Anti-arthritic Activity of Punica Granatum Extracts in FCA Induced Arthritis in Wistar Rats **Authors:** Anjali A, Ashish A, Praveen K. Dixit **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4355 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Punica granatum, Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA), Diclofenac sodium, Carrageenan, Arthritis The present studies were executed on Freund’s complete adjuvant (0.1 ml) induced arthritic Wistar rats to explore the folkloric use of the seeds. This study describes the effect of Punica granatum Linn’s Ethanolic (PGSE) and Chloroform (PGSC) extract within the FCA-induced arthritis rat paw oedema, vagaries in behaviour, haematological and alterations in biochemical parameters in the developed and progression of arthritis phases. There was a significant rise in the paw swelling (volume) of rats and reduction in (BW) body weight, with FCA-induced arthritic rats. In contrast, PGSE and PGSC with the dose of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg and Diclofenac (20mg/kg) treated group showed a substantial decrease in paw volume and the normal improvement in body weight to the positive control group. The altered level of haematological parameters, including, Hb, RBC, WBC, and ESR, in arthritic rats, have been substantially regained to normal by PGSE and PGSC treatment at the dosage of 200 mg/kg/p.o and 400 mg/kg/p.o in both the developed and progression of arthritis phases. In this study, Anti-inflammatory action of the PGSE and PGSC with carrageenan-induced paw oedema has also been investigated. Thus, percentage (%) inhibition of PGSE and PGSC were found to be 91.8 % and 86.71, respectively, concerning Diclofenac sodium (93.14%), this gave the evidence of dose-dependent action potential of Punica granatum as anti-inflammatory activity. --- ## The Fundamentals and Potential Applications of Chitosan in Dental Sciences: A Review **Authors:** Gopi Chander N **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4347 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Chitosan, Chitin, Bio-dental applications, Dentistry Chitosan is significant and more promising biomaterial. It is a commonly available polysaccharide and easy to synthesis: the structure and the reactive groups of chitosan aid in obtaining an extended modification of chitosan for various applications. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of chitosan are significant, among them the antimicrobial, biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic are of importance. Earlier it was widely used for industrial applications. The superior biological properties, along with other advantages, has enhanced the applications in biomedical and dentistry. It is widely used for bone regeneration, tissue replacement, drug delivery, wound healing, anti-plaque, anti-cariogenic and modifying of dental materials to obtain better properties. Mostly the studies are in primitive research. More studies are to be done to obtain the best advantages of the material. The understanding of the material and its usage are useful for extended for further developments. This review provides information on chitosan on material, properties, synthesis and applications. --- ## Development and Validation of a Headspace Gas Chromatographic (HS-GC) Method for Determination of Residual Solvents in Nitazoxanide API **Authors:** Rajesh Kumar Chawla, Koteswara Rao G S N, Umasankar Kulandaivelu, Siva Prasad Panda, Rajasekhar Reddy Alavala **Published:** 2020-12-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4362 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Residual Solvents, Nitazoxanide API, Headspace gas chromatography, Method Validation Controlling residual solvents in the drug substances or active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) is mandatory to the specified limits as per the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) Q3C guidelines. Residual solvents in pharmaceuticals are mostly determined by Gas Chromatography with Headspace. A simple and sensitive headspace gas chromatographic (HS-GC) method has been developed for the determination of Acetone, Dichloromethane and Cyclohexane in Nitazoxanide API. The separation of analytes was achieved with DB – 624 (30 m length, 0.53 mm inner diameter and 3.0 µm in film thickness) capillary column. Dimethyl formamide was used as adiluent. Nitrogen was used as carrier gas with 3.0 mL/minutes and Flame ionisation detector (FID) for detecting analytes. The oven temperature was set at 60◦C for 5 minutes at initial and programmed at a rate of 20◦C per minute to a final temperature of 240◦C for 2 minutes. Run time was 16 minutes, and total GC cycle time was 25 minutes. The spilt ratio used as 1:20 to get optimum peak response. The developed method was validated as per the ICH guidelines for specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, range, the limit of detection, the limit of quantification and robustness. The results of validation were indicated no interference, good recoveries, precise, linear, rugged and robust method, suitable for the determination of residual solvents in Nitazoxanide API for research and routine quality control laboratory. --- ## Single versus multiple antibiotics during extraction of mandibular first and second molar **Authors:** Janhvi Manohar, Hemavathy O R, Saravana Dinesh S P **Published:** 2020-12-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3679 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Extraction, Mandibular Molars, Antibiotics, Prophylactic Extractions of molars are one of the frequently performed procedures in a dental clinic and it is associated with innumerable trans operative and post-operative complications, such as edema, trismus, localized alveolar osteitis, pain and surgical site infection. Some authors advocate the use of local and systemic antibiotics to reduce the incidence of these postoperative complications. Despite the risks of allergic reactions among some individuals, toxicity and the development of antibiotic resistant microorganisms, about 50% of dentists routinely prescribe the use of prophylactic antibiotics for this purpose, however the number of antibiotics prescribed vary among dental practitioners. A retrospective study was done among patients visiting the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery undergoing extraction of first and second mandibular molar and prescribed post-operative antibiotics. The number and group of antibiotics were noted, data were tabulated, and descriptive statistics were performed. Among 1909 patients, about 95% of the patients were prescribed single antibiotic post-extraction, and this was high among young adults, whereas multiple antibiotics were highly opted and prescribed for middle-aged adults. --- ## An overview of pharmacological activities of acridine derivatives **Authors:** Magesh M, Gandhimathi R **Published:** 2020-12-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3683 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Acridine, Anti Alzheimer's, Antibacterial, Antiparasitic, Antimalarial, Antitumour, Anti-viral The derivatives of acridine can be served as a lead molecule of an antibacterial, anti-viral antiprotozoal, anti-viral, antitubercular, anti-fungal, anti-malarial and anti-cancer agents. Even though the usage of acridine becomes limited due to its side effects, so many potent and safe compounds can be derived through molecular modification in the acridine ring. Since the resistance of pathogens and tumour cells has become more common nowadays, it necessitates the search of new drug candidates. Since the treatment and management of Alzheimer's disease is such a complicated and proper drug regimen is not designed so far, The cholinesterase activity of acridines can be used to derive novel compounds from treating Alzheimer's disease. The mosquito larvicidal activity of acridines is considered as an advantage as vector control to reduce the spreading rate of malaria. Unfortunately, the versatility of the acridine molecule is not entirely explored still. If new approaches may overcome the drawbacks of the acridines such as resistance of pathogens and tumour cells in synthesis and formulation acridine analogues will become a useful drug candidate for the treatment of diseases mentioned above. So this article aims to seek the attention of researchers in the acridine to utilise it’s a wide range of biological activities in the development of novel drug molecules for the various diseases in the future. --- ## Correlation of Clinical Severity of Oral Lichen Planus with Treatment Prognosis - A Retrospective Institution Based Study **Authors:** Krishnapriya Umashankar, Hannah R **Published:** 2020-12-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3669 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lichen Planus, Females, Buccal Mucosa, Steroids Lichen planus is a chronic mucocutaneous immunologically mediated disease which is triggered by varied etiological agents. Lichen planus shows many clinical features affecting the skin, oral cavity, genital organ, nail and scalp. Lichen planus has well documented clinical findings and histological findings that aid in diagnosis. This retrospective study was done to assess the clinical severity of Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) and compare it to the treatment prognosis of the patients visiting our institution. A total of 60 clinically diagnosed OLP patients were included. Clinical and treatment details were recorded and tabulated using Excel. The collected data were then analyzed by appropriate statistics using SPSS software. The results revealed 60% of the cases to be females with 58.3% accounting for the erosive type of lichen planus. 60% had involvement of bilateral buccal mucosa. Erosive variant showed eight months duration of treatment using systemic steroids. Within the limitations of the study, we observed that OLP accounts for nearly 28.4% of the OPMD reporting to the institution and females were found to be more commonly affected than males. Erosive lichen planus was the most common variant which exhibited maximum treatment duration. Hence, it is necessary to follow up the OLP patients regularly and to provide a precise treatment which prevents the remission of the disease in these patients. --- ## Comparison of periodontal status among pregnant and non-pregnant women **Authors:** Geethika B, Arvina Rajasekar, Manjari Chaudary **Published:** 2020-12-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3648 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clinically Healthy Gingiva, Gingivitis, Periodontitis, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Gingivitis Since the 1960s, there has been a rise in the prevalence and severity of inflammation of gingiva during pregnancy. Though the reason of incidence isn't entirely fathomed, it is believed that the increase in the sex hormone levels in the plasma during pregnancy have a substantial effect on the periodontium. The aim of this study was to assess the periodontal health of women who were pregnant. This retrospective study was conducted among pregnant women who visited a private dental college in Chennai from June 2019 to March 2020. A total of 242 pregnant women were randomly enrolled. Data regarding the patient's periodontal status were cumulated from the case records and analysed. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were done using SPSS software, Version 23. Among the 249 patients 162 patients (66.94%) exhibited generalised chronic gingivitis, 56 patients (23.14%) exhibited clinically healthy gingiva and 24 patients (9.92%) exhibited generalised chronic periodontitis. Clinically healthy gingiva was highly prevalent among 30 year old pregnant women. Gingivitis was highly prevalent among 28 year old patients and periodontitis was most prevalent among 20 and 24 year old patients. Also, the association between age and periodontal status among pregnant women was found to be statistically significant (p value=0.006). --- ## Assessment of tooth loss in chronic periodontitis patients with and without diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study **Authors:** Thanish Ahamed S, Arvina Rajasekar, Mebin George Mathew **Published:** 2020-12-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3649 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bacterial Plaque, Chronic Periodontitis, Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperglycemia, Insulin Periodontitis refers to infectious disease affecting both hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity. The disease is modified by a variety of risk factors such as tobacco smoking, poor oral hygiene, systemic diseases, hereditary, malnutrition. The relation between diabetes and periodontitis is bidirectional. Diabetes increases the risk of periodontal disease progression resulting in early tooth loss. The aim of this study was to assess tooth loss in chronic periodontitis patients with and without diabetes. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 chronic periodontitis patients (200 in each group; Group 1: Diabetes; Group 2: Non-diabetes) reported to Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai. Based on the clinical examination data, all missing teeth except third molars were recorded in both groups. In group 1; among 200 diabetic patients, 1002 missing teeth were observed and in group 2; among 200 non-diabetic individuals, 638 missing teeth were observed. Also, the correlation between the systemic health status of the patients and the number of missing teeth was assessed. It was found to be statistically significant with the p-value of 0.00. The present study suggests that the prevalence of tooth loss was high among chronic periodontitis patients with diabetes (1002 missing teeth) compared to chronic periodontitis patients without diabetes (638 missing teeth). --- ## Alveolar bone defects in adults reporting for orthodontic treatment - A CBCT study **Authors:** Akriti Tiwari, Ravindra Kumar Jain, Remmiya Mary Varghese **Published:** 2020-12-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3644 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Prevalence, Dehiscence, Fenestrations, Alveolar Bony Dehiscence Identifying alveolar bony fenestration and dehiscence preceding orthodontic treatment, especially arch expansion, is needed. An unrevealed and undiagnosed buccal alveolar bone defect leads to treatment relapse and further loss of bony support. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of posterior alveolar bony dehiscence and fenestration in adults undergoing orthodontic treatment. A total of 20 subjects in the age range 18-35 years were selected for this study randomly and their CBCT records were retrieved from the Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha dental college. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Chi-square test was used to determine the association of extent of fenestrations and dehiscence between males and females. Females presented with wider and extensive dehiscence defects than males (p=0.019, p<0.05). On the other hand, there was a statistically non-significant association of fenestration severity between males and females. (p=0.178, p>0.05) Within the limits of this study, it was observed that females presented with more severe bony alveolar dehiscence than males. --- ## Prevalence of type of maxillary labial frenal attachment among 18-30 years: A retrospective study **Authors:** Jitesh S, Arvina Rajasekar, Madhulaxmi M **Published:** 2020-12-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3650 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Frenum, Maxilla, Frenulum, Oral Mucosa, Interdental Papilla The frenum has its origin from the remnant of central cells of vestibular lamina which predominantly has connective tissue and least amount of muscle fibers. Labial frenum is a vertical band of oral mucosa that attaches the cheeks and lips to the alveolar mucosa of the mandibular and maxillary arches, limiting the movement of the lips and cheeks. The aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of the type of maxillary labial frenal attachment among 18-30 years. The present retrospective study was conducted among 100 outpatients who reported to a private institution in Chennai from June 2019 to March 2020. Data regarding the type of frenal attachment was collected and analysed. From our current study, it was found out that out of 100 patients, 41% had a gingival type, 27% had a mucosal and papillary type, 5% had the papillary penetrating type of maxillary labial frenal attachment and there was no significant association between gender and type of frenal attachment (Pearson Chi-Square test - 1.105, df-3, p value - 0.776(>0.05); statistically not significant). Within the limitations of the present study, the most prevalent type of maxillary frenal attachment in the given population was a gingival type. Least prevalent type was papillary penetrating and there was no significant association between gender and type of frenal attachment. --- ## Antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles synthesis using Cinnamomum verum and Phyllanthus emblica formulation **Authors:** Selvapriya S, Monika K, Rajeshkumar S **Published:** 2020-12-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3682 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant, Cinnamomum verum, Phyllanthus emblica, Silver Nanoparticles Nanotechnology is defined as a very broad field of science which is as diverse as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, molecular engineering etc. Nanotechnology might have the option to make numerous new materials and devices with a huge scope of use, for example, in Nano medicine, Nano electronics, and bio materials energy creation. Phyllanthus emblica is a remarkable supply of diet C; consequently, it facilitates increase your immunity. Its dietary profile additionally comes studded with a variety of polyphenols which are acknowledged to combat towards the improvement of most cancers cells. Cinnamomum verum is stocked with powerful antioxidants which protects the body from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. The physical characterization of these silver nanoparticles was verified using UV - visible spectroscopy and the surface Plasmon resonance band was formed at 400nm of silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles synthesized using Cinnamomum verum and Phyllanthus emblica extract showed higher antioxidant activity. --- ## Prevalence of cleft lip: A retrospective hospital based study **Authors:** Pranati T, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Adimulapu Hima Sandeep **Published:** 2020-12-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3643 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cleft Lip, Isolated Cleft Lip, Millard Technique, Primary Cleft Lip Repair, Rotation Advancement Technique Amongst the most frequent congenital birth defects are facial malformations, including cleft lips associated with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate (CP). Although the incidence of such malformations worldwide is around 1.5 per 1,000 live births, the rate for CL/P ranges six-fold and for CP three-fold. The study aims to determine the prevalence and gender variations of isolated cleft lip among patients who have visited Saveetha Dental College and have undergone primary cleft lip repair procedure. A retrospective study was conducted and data collection was done from dental archives pertaining from June 2019 to April 2020. Data consisted of patients with isolated cleft lip who underwent primary cleft lip repair procedure. Data was imported to IBM SPSS Version 20 for statistical analysis. Results were tabulated. From this study, it has been observed that prevalence of isolated cleft lip is more among males (55.6%) compared to females (44.4%) and belonging to the age group 0 to 6 years. Millard's technique (rotation advancement technique) is the most commonly employed technique for primary cleft lip repair. Male predilection observed (statistically not significant). This study was conducted in a single centre – Saveetha Dental College. Extensive multi centre study with increased sample size is to be done. --- ## The impact of ramipril on kidney function parameters in the chronic kidney disease patient with hypertension **Authors:** Mohammed Salim KT, Saravanakumar RT, Dilip C, Amrutha KP **Published:** 2020-12-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3685 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ramipril, Chronic Kidney Disease, Hypertension, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Serum Creatinine, Urine Protein The administration of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors had gain popularity owing to their efficacy and safety in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However, it is certainly necessary to look into the impact of the ramipril in kidney impaired individuals. We had enrolled 190 CKD with hypertensive patients based on the exclusion and inclusion criteria. The elder patients constituted to have a major share in the CKD population on ramipril therapy. From the study, it was found that the high costly brand was chosen the most and least cost was preferred only for 2 patients. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and serum creatinine, the major determinants of kidney function, had a small relationship with the dose of ramipril. However, the antihypertensive drug showed to have a favorable impact on patients overall treatment outcome. It is vital to evaluate the amount of protein in urine in case of a CKD patient. The easiest and cost effective technique, the dipstick urine protein test was done. The test value was found to be 1+ (30mg/dl) for majority of the patients and only 2 patients were observed with more than 1000 mg/dl. The ability of ramipril to reduce the progression of CKD can be attributed to the pooling of the data in +1 (30mg/dl) range. --- ## A study on the status of serum High Sensitive C - Reactive Protein and Fasting Blood Sugar in Patients with Hyperlipidemia attending a Super Specialty Teaching Hospital in North Kerala **Authors:** Mohammed Muneersha T K, Saravanakumar R T, Revikumar K G, Fathima Habeeba T E, Jobin Louis, Mirshad P V **Published:** 2020-12-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3677 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronary Heart Disease, Fasting Blood Sugar, High-Density Lipoprotein, Hs-CRP, Hyperlipidemia, Low-Density Lipoprotein, Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides This study was aimed to analyses the serum Hs-CRP level and fasting Blood Sugar level in patients with Hyperlipidemia in a Super Specialty Teaching Hospital in north Kerala. This was a hospital-based prospective observational study which was conducted to study the status of Hs-CRP and Fasting Blood sugar level on lipid profile status of newly diagnosed Hyperlipidemia patients which was compared with Normal Lipid Profile people. Healthy subjects were recruited as a control group and newly Diagnosed Hyperlipidemia patients were recruited as Test group. Study subjects of both gender in an age group of 30 to 70 were selected for the study. Serum Hs CRP, Fasting Blood sugar and serum lipid profile were estimated after overnight fasting condition. After the biochemical estimation, values were entered in an Excel sheet and level of test and control group was statistically analyzed by using Student's t-test using SPSS software. The values were expressed in Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD) and the status of serum Hs CRP, fasting Blood Sugar and Lipid Profile Parameters were shown a statistically significant difference (p<0.01) between Control and Test groups. The result of the study points out that the elevated level serum Hs-CRP and Fasting Blood Sugar can be used as predictive markers of Hyperlipidemia. --- ## Identification of the motifs of beta-turns and mutated amino acids studies on BCR (Breakpoint cluster region) protein using Insilico techniques **Authors:** Anuradha Manogharan, Regina Mary Rathina Sami, Ramadevi Mohan **Published:** 2020-12-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3678 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** BCR-Protein, Beta-Turns Motifs, CML, Discovery Studio Software, In silico, Protein Modelling Recent investigations have rapidly added crucial new insights into the complex functions of the normal BCR gene and of the BCR-ABL chimaera. They are yielding potential therapeutic breakthroughs in the treatment of Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome-positive leukemias. The objective of the present in silico research investigation is to find out whether the functional part (beta-turns) is present in the mutated amino acids of BCR (Breakpoint cluster region) protein. Two significant steps are involved in this study. First, we performed protein sequence modeling of BCR using automated protein modeling servers and the 3D structure was visualized using molecular visualization software and tools. In the second step, the function domains and motifs regions of BCR gene-coded protein is predicted using “PDBsum generate” tool in order to show where exactly the beta-turns lie on the clinically-proven mutated amino acids of BCR protein. The results of our investigation can be used as potential drug binding sites in the field of drug docking studies. It can act as a potential therapeutic agent for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) type of Leukemia. --- ## Epidemiological evaluation of patients with Hyperlipidemia in a tertiary care Hospital set up in rural area of South India: A Cross sectional Study **Authors:** Mohammed Muneersha T K, Saravanakumar R T, Revikumar K G, Fathima Habeeba T E **Published:** 2020-12-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3676 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cardiovascular Diseases, Coronary Heart Disease, High Density Lipoprotein, Hyperlipidemia, Low Density Lipoprotein, Serum Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides Epidemiological study is a simple, reliable method for quantifying body size and proportions. This study was aimed to evaluate the association of selected & established demographic parameters of patients with Hyperlipidemia in a rural hospital set up. This study was a hospital-based cross sectional study conducted in patients with newly diagnosed Hyperlipidemia in an age group of 30 to 70 years attending Cardiology Department of a tertiary care hospital in south India. Based on the lipid profile, the subjects were grouped into Normal and Test groups and demographic data and serum lipid profile were recorded in previously designed Data Collection form and statistically analyzed. The result from this study shows that the body weight, height, Body Mass Index and waist circumference of the test population were significantly higher than that of the control population. Also Fasting Blood sugar level, Systolic BP and Diastolic BP were found to be significantly higher in Test group when it compares with the control group. Based on the result from this study, we shall conclude that Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Fasting Blood Sugar, and Blood Pressure are very sensitive indices for predicting the elevated biomarkers of Hyperlipidemia. --- ## Improvement of Development and Validation of an RP-HPLC Method for The Fluvastatin Sodium Using QbD Approach and Its Application to Forced Degradation Studies **Authors:** Dhamdhere Rupali Balasaheb, Vijayalakshmi A **Published:** 2020-12-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3687 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Design of Experiments, Fluvastatin Sodium, Force Degradation Studies, RP-HPLC Quality by Design The current examination portrays the improvement of the QbD way to deal with Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) framework utilizing Design of Experiments. Each of the three principle parts of the RP-HPLC measure (Buffer pH, Organic Step-percent acetonitrile, Organic Modifier-Methanol) are introduced in a successful test configuration zeroed in on methodical exploring. Through measurable investigation devices, for example, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and plots that uncovered the last chromatographic states of the strategy, the criticalness and communication impacts of these boundaries on the reaction factors (maintenance time and following component) were assessed. The chromatographic detachment was accomplished on Thermo Hypersil BDS RP C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5μ) section utilizing Buffer (pH 6.8): Acetonitrile (60:40v/v) as portable stage and discovery was finished utilizing Photo-Diode Array (PDA) identifier at 288 nm. The created fluvastatin sodium technique is direct with coefficients of relationship over a scope of 10-80μg/ml. The (R2) estimation of the connection coefficient is 0.999. The percent RSD for the strategy's exactness and accuracy was discovered to be under 2 percent. Investigations of Forced Degradation uncovered that the method was found to show security. The outcomes indicated that the strategy proposed is proper for the exact and precise assurance and detailing of fluvastatin sodium in mass. --- ## Prediction of falls in elderly: Correlation of Berg’s balance scale with turn 180 test **Authors:** Keerthika Veer Ranji, Sam Thamburaj A, Joseph Oliver Raj, Syed Zubair Ahmed, Arul B **Published:** 2020-12-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3698 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Berg’s Balance Scale, Turn 180 Test, Prediction of Falls in Elderly, Fear of Falls Falls are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among the elderly population. In an already overburdened health care system, quick assessment tools can save much time and effort. Assessment of balance is a vital part of geriatric assessment. Due to time constraints in busy clinical settings, there is a need for a rapid balance assessment test. This can be used to screen all elderly patients, following which the detailed Bergs Balance Scale can be used. The study was aimed to correlate the findings of the Bergs Balance Scale with Turn 180 test. A cross-sectional study was conducted consisting of a sample size of 30 subjects in the age group between 60 to 80 years who visited the out-patient department of Alva’s college of physiotherapy. The researcher conducted an interview followed by administration of the Bergs Balance Scale and the Turn 180 test. The scores were recorded and subjected to statistical analysis. Statistical analysis using the Pearson coefficient of correlation revealed that there is a statistically significant correlation between Bergs Balance Scale and turn 180 test. Thus turn 180 test can be used for a quick assessment of balance, and those who score low should be subjected to the Berg's Balance Scale. Fear of falls significantly contributes to falls in the elderly, especially in the high-risk category apart from other causes. --- ## Emerging respiratory virus: COVID-19-Basic concepts and its impact on immunisation of vaccine preventable diseases **Authors:** Ruchika Lulla (Sadhwani), Priyanka Jaiswal, Narayan R. Sadhwani, Nilesh N. Sadhwani **Published:** 2020-12-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4378 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Immunisation, vaccine preventable diseases, COVID-19 In Dec 2019, pneumonia cluster in China caused by a previously unknown virus, now called Novel Coronavirus 2019, occurred, causing respiratory as well as gastrointestinal symptoms. The respiratory symptoms usually include common cold; pneumonia causing generally mild disease. There are, however, several examples of severe disease-causing coronaviruses that include severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-Cov first identified in China in 2003; and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Cov, first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. In 2019 the n-COV was first detected in China. At present, there are many cases in China and along with it, this has spread to other countries as well. The article aims at giving general information about the novel coronavirus and its impact on vaccine preventable diseases. Currently, there is a big outbreak in India and other countries as well. By ensuring early immunisation, protecting people and groups of persons, reducing the susceptibility of a vaccine preventable disease (VPD) outbreak not only saves lives but also requires less resources and helps to reduce the health care burden. Immunizations are important resources for health care that protect people vulnerable to VPD. Countries may therefore contribute to the maintenance of immunisation programmes by using methods that adopt the do-no-harm principle and limit the transmission of COVID-19 when conducting immunisation activities. --- ## Facts and Myths Regarding COVID-19 in Athletes **Authors:** Sayed Yasser Ahmed Nisar **Published:** 2020-12-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4217 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Acute respiratory disease, sports, athletes, facts, myths After the rise of the Coronavirus infection from the country of China in the year-end of 2019, brought about by the Novel Coronavirus, a total of approximately 45 million cases all around the world with deaths of more than 1.17 million individuals and 29.8 million recoveries. The SARS-COV2, also known as the coronavirus, usually presents as an asymptomatic carrier state with respiratory illness and pneumonia-like symptoms. Grown-ups speak to the populace with the largest rate of infection; in any case, youngsters, kids, and old patients can likewise be affected by the virus. The most widely seen abnormality on chest x-ray amongst individuals with lung infection was ground-glass opacity, with B/L findings. Serious cases are bound to be found in patients with other illnesses contrasted with other non-serious cases. In reality, age and illness seriousness might be corresponded with the results of the coronavirus disease. Until this point, viable treatment is missing; notwithstanding, clinical preliminaries researching the viability of a few drugs, including remdesivir and chloroquine, are in progress. Right now, viable contamination control poses the best method to forestall the outbreak of the virus. --- ## Corona Virus: A Pandemic **Authors:** Akash Ande **Published:** 2020-12-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4037 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** coronavirus, pandemic, testing rate, critical populance, medical services In the midst of the continuous CORONA VIRUS pandemic, India has seen a gigantic flood of new cases in the previous 21 days. As of April month, 34,000 affirmed cases and 1074 passings have been accounted from near all the states/association regions of India. India has expanded the testing rate, has particularly fortified the medical services area to the battle of Coronavirus along with cross country lockdown. India with populance of more than 1.3 billion individuals which is a critical populace thickness in fact and the absence of all inclusive admittance to unsoiled water and generally speaking impoverished financial status, all have encouraged significant test to India's battle against Coronavirus. Not being able to control India's pandemic situation could have shocking results along with boundless cases and a large number of passings that could undoubtedly overpower the medical services framework of whole India. Could be converted into hotspot soon due to such devastating spread of pandemic of coronavirus. The WHO has expressed that "eventual pandemic's fate will rely upon how India handles it. During this time, our nation India is facing various tough challenges to fight against the pandemic coronavirus, so in this article, I have tried to collect the information about the current situation of India. --- ## Awareness regarding safety measures to be followed during COVID 19 outbreak among dentists in Chennai - A questionnaire based survey **Authors:** Kalyani Behera A, Haripriya S **Published:** 2020-12-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3901 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dentists, COVID- 19, Pandemic, Personal Protective Equipment SARS - COVID 2019 is a global respiratory infection that has been confirmed as a global pandemic. The life of healthcare professionals has changed while working during the corona COVID-19 outbreak. During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, the dentist's knowledge about various practice modifications has been evaluated in order to combat COVID-19. A well-constructed questionnaire was designed; it was a close-ended questionnaire study involving 150 participants. The responses of the survey were obtained and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS Software. The respondents were found to have good knowledge, which is important to combat COVID -19, which would help them imply those techniques in clinical practice. In Spite of having a high standard of knowledge while working during these current situations, dental practitioners are still in a state of anxiety and fear. --- ## Digital technology in management of Covid-19: A new ray to healthcare **Authors:** Abhisek Pal, Kiranmai Gudimetla, Riyazuddin Md Y, Akkalakshmi M **Published:** 2020-12-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3684 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Artificial Intelligence, Machine learning, Outcome Prediction The sheer severity of the spread of the pandemic is being overwhelmed by hospitals and medical centres. Although the public discourse was already dominated by digital technology in healthcare, the onset of Covid-19 was a landmark creation. Telehealth visits will leap to 1 billion visits this year from a previously estimated 36 million for 2020 as over 200 countries try to counter varying degrees of Covid-19 impact. The term AI refers to a variety of instruments utilized for distinguishing designs in the information. Rather than conventional techniques for design recognizable proof, AI instruments depend on Artificial Intelligence consciousness to delineate patterns from a lot of information, would self be able to improve as and when new information opens up and is snappier in achieving these assignments. This audit portrays different procedures of AI that have been utilized in the past in the forecast, identification and the board of irresistible infections, and how these apparatuses are being brought into the fight against COVID-19. Furthermore, we likewise examine their applications in different phases of the pandemic, the preferences, impediments and conceivable pitfalls. --- ## A review on Remdesivir (GS-5734) for the treatment of Covid-19 **Authors:** Angeline Suma Davis **Published:** 2020-12-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4134 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Remdesivir, GS-5734, Antivirals, Covid-19, Treatment, Coronavirus, SARS-Cov-2 The COVID-19 has caused a lot of fear and unease among people all around the globe. This disease is caused by the virus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since new viruses are emerging from animal reservoirs causing diseases in humans with increasing mortality rate there is an urgent need to find an antiviral drug with a broad spectrum activity. Hence, this review article discusses about the antiviral drug remdesivir which has shown a broad spectrum activity. Remdesivir is currently approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients suffering from severe Covid-19. The scope of this review is to discuss the risks and benefits of using the drug Remdesivir, whether the treatment with it reduces mortality, whether it can reduce the time of hospitalized patients, the possible adverse effects and whether it can be used as a prophylactic agent for healthcare professionals concerned with screening and management of Covid 19 positive patients and susceptible individuals who have a high risk of developing Covid-19 will be discussed. Since this is the first and only drug that has been approved by FDA, Remdesivir should be used in patients with Covid 19 with caution owning the side effects and limited data available on it. More research should be conducted to find another drug or vaccine which would be more beneficial for patients with Covid19 --- ## Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among pregnant women attending for antenatal care - A Hospital based study **Authors:** Fathima Habeeba T E, Revikumar K G, Jaideep Mahendra, Mumtaz P, Jithesh T K, Mohammed Muneersha T K **Published:** 2020-12-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3675 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** GDM, Glycaemic Control, Insulin, Oral Agents, Pregnancy GDM is a condition in which high blood glucose level is exhibited in a women during pregnancy without a previous diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus. Indian women are considered to be more prone for developing GDM. The increasing prevalence of GDM may be due to obesity, family history of Diabetes Mellitus, sedentary lifestyle, genetic predisposition and dietary habits. The screening and management of GDM in the general population remain controversial with conflicting guidelines and treatment protocols. Adequate blood sugar control in GDM women might reduce various maternal, foetal and neonatal complications. Prospective Observational study was done to find out the prevalence and risk factors of GDM. The study was conducted in the OBG department of the study center and pregnant women with 24-28 weeks of gestation attending for antenatal care were included. The results obtained from the study says the prevalence of GDM was found to be 16% in the study center, which is at par with South Indian prevalence. This study concludes that GDM is largely associated with a family history of diabetes mellitus, obesity and higher maternal age in that particular study setup. --- ## Complementary Review Of Anti Arthritis Activity Of Pithcellobium Dulce Plant Extract **Authors:** Gejalakshmi S, Harikrishnan N, Rehka V, Santhiya S, Deepak M, Sanjay Kumar M, Jasim Ahmed J **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4309 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Pathophysiology, Evaluation, Pithecellobium Dulce, Extraction, uses, toxicity studies Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder. It generates joint inflammation and synovitis. Which influence more or less 20 % of the population in India. The arthritis symptoms are created step by step. The major symptom of RA is a pain in the joint. The high level of rheumatoid factor ( RF ) in the blood is most often associated with autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis & sjogren’s syndrome. The Normal range of RF is from 0-20 IU / ml. The anti-arthritis activity evaluation can be studied by using an animal model. The anti-arthritis activity can be done using pithecellobium dulce leaves. The pithecellobium dulce is also called Manila tamarind. PD leaves are also used as astringent to treat antidiabetic activity. The phytoconstituent is existing in leaves are alkaloids, phenol, afezilin, glycoside, saponin, telephenoid, quericitin, dulcitol and laempferol. The fresh leaves are collected and dried to prepared the extract. The dried leaves were ground by using a blender has fine powder. In pithecellobium dulce leaf extract, various methods of extraction like methanol, ethanol, and aqueous extract used for many activities such as CNS depressant, Analgesic, Antidiarrhoeal, Anti- inflammatory and Anti arthritis activity. The ethanol extract of pithecellobium dulce has a significant Anti arthritis activity. --- ## Zinc and Psychiatric Disorders: A Review **Authors:** Lata Kanyal Butola, Ranjit Ambad, Karuna Kacchwa **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4331 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Bipolar Disorders, Zinc, Schizophrenia, Depression Zinc is one of the micronutrients involved in emotional, cognitive, and behavioural processes. Zinc deficiency is considered to impact mental wellbeing, with varying degrees of anxiety and stress, consistent with zinc enzymes having important activity in brain growth and functional behaviour. Zinc is a neurosecretory substance or cofactor and is hugely abundant in particular neuron contingent named zinc-containing neurons’ synaptic vesicles. The concentration of zinc in the vesicles is estimated to reach 1mmol / L and is just mildly associated with some endogenous ligand. Zinc comprising neurons is located primarily in the forebrain, where primates have evolved into a dynamic and intricate network of connections that interconnect much of the cerebral corticles and limbic structures. Changes in the homeostasis of zinc can be linked with brain disease and inflammatory activity of the brain. Zinc ion dyshomeostasis can also play a function in the ageing neurons as synapses deteriorate. Hence, a greater understanding of the function of zinc in the central nervous system may enable therapeutic strategies to be established where aberrant metal homeostasis is involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. --- ## A study to assess the clinico-radiological and spirometric profile of post tuberculosis patients in a tertiary care centre **Authors:** Kavya S, Priya Joy, Gangadharan V **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4304 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dyspnoea, Forced Expiratory Volume in one second, Mid Expiratory Flow rate, Obstructive spirometry, Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is an infectious disease which has affected millions of people around the world. Ten million new TB cases were identified globally in 2018, with an estimated 1.2 million deaths. Lung function impairment often occurs due to the destruction of the lung parenchyma. This causes ventilatory abnormalities, often of obstructive type. Radiological lesions are also a common consequence of pulmonary tuberculosis. This study aims to analyse the various clinical features and assess the spirometric and radiological findings in post TB patients. This is a prospective observational study. All patients visiting the Chest Medicine OPD of Saveetha Medical College and Hospital who had a history of treated pulmonary tuberculosis and were above 18 years of age were included in this study. Patients who had no signs of active Tuberculosis underwent spirometry, and a chest x-ray was taken. Clinical presentation, spirometric parameters and radiological lesion were analysed. Among the 76 patients included in this study, 73.7% were male with most patients aged between 51 to 60 years. 64.5% of the study population were smokers. Dyspnoea (94.73%) was found to be the most common presenting complaint. Obstructive pattern (49%) was found to be the most common type of spirometric pattern with 68.42% having small airway disease. Based on the Wilcox classification, Degree II (47.37%) was the most common extent of the radiological lesion. It was found that there is a statistically significant difference between smokers and non-smokers in post-bronchodilator FEV1 (p=0.037) and FEF25-75 values (p=0.010). This study reveals the presence of post tuberculosis lung impairment in the population with varying presentations and severity. Hence, further studies and interventions are required to improve the quality of life of post tuberculosis patients. --- ## An overview of the use of Carbamazepine at PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital Yogyakarta **Authors:** Bangunawati Rahajeng, Sabtanti Harimurti **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4329 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carbamazepine, Diagnosis, The drug use, Trigeminal neuralgia, Diabetic neuropathic pain Carbamazepine is often used for indications other than epilepsy. In Indonesia, carbamazepine is registered for prophylaxis for lithium-responsive manic depressive disease, antiepilepsy, epilepsy of all types (except petit mal), and trigeminal neuralgia. This research aimed to describe the use of carbamazepine at PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital Yogyakarta. This was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. The data were taken retrospectively from the medical records of patients who received carbamazepine during 2014. The use of carbamazepine included 494 prescriptions given to 117 patients. The physician who most prescribed carbamazepine was a neurologist (63.04%). The most appropriate use of carbamazepine following the National Agency for Drugs And Foods Controls of Republic of Indonesia (NA- DFC) was for epilepsy (34.19%), followed by trigeminal neuralgia (6.84%) and bipolar disorder (4.27%). The most off-label use was in cases of stroke (7.69%), followed by diabetic neuropathic pain, herniated nucleus pulposus, and cephalgia (all 3.42%). Evidence found for the off-label use of carbamazepine was in diabetic neuropathic pain and neuropathic pain post-stroke (24.53%). The use of carbamazepine at PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta hospital is mostly on-label, with some off-label use. The off-label use of carbamazepine (24.53%) has strong evidence, while some use has a lack of scientific support or no evidence at all. --- ## Meropenem as a broad-spectrum antibiotic choice for various bacterial infections **Authors:** Harshith N, Naga Pravallika K, Sujay Mugaloremutt Jayadeva, Kanakavalli K Kundury **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4322 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibiotics, Meropenem, ICU’S (Intensive Critical Care Units), Bacterial Infections, Prescription, Clinical Practice There are Numerous Antibiotics are available for the Treatment of numerous kinds of Bacterial Infections but the selection of Particular antibiotic will always hold the Key. The Study was carried out to evaluate whether Meropenem as a Choice of Antibiotic for various Bacterial Infections. To assess the effectiveness of Meropenem, the field survey for this project was conducted through a structured questionnaire for the doctors out in Bengaluru for Period of 2 months with the Support of Micro Labs Pvt. Ltd by involving 150 leading Doctors in the City from March to April 2020. The Survey population was chosen based on convenient random sampling. Analysis was done based on the several diseases associated with the Bacterial Infections and the occurrence of these Infections observed in their Clinical Practice every week. Comparison of Infections in ICU’S and comparison were made with the other available Antibiotics for the combination treatment and different conditions on using Meropenem. The Study Outcomes indicated that Most of the Doctors favored Meropenem as the Antibiotic Choice for their Prescription. --- ## Hand Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) Educational Workshop for Preschool Teachers: An Interventional Study **Authors:** Nurul Azmawati Mohamed, Habibah Faroque, Mohd Dzulkhairi Mohd Rani, Nur Syazana Umar, Tengku Zetty Maztura Tengku Jamaluddin, Ilina Isahak, Siti Mariah Mahmud **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4337 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** hand foot and mouth disease, HFMD, pre-school, teachers Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) mainly affects children below five years of age. The disease can be prevented by focusing on hand hygiene, disinfection of premises, and cough etiquette. Teachers at pre-school play a vital role in inculcating good hygiene habits among children. This project aimed to determine pre and post-intervention level of knowledge, attitude and practices on HFMD among pre-schools teachers. This study involved pre-school teachers from Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia who were invited to a 5-hour event ”HFMD: Infection Control Workshop”. Questionnaires on knowledge, attitude and practice on HFMD were distributed before and immediately after the event. A total of 112 teachers were recruited. All were female, mostly (90%) from government pre-schools with the mean age of 35.8. Post-intervention total means a score of knowledge increased significantly, notably on the causative agent (23%) and complications of HFMD (26-45%). Mean attitude scores were also significantly increased, especially regarding the cleaning of toys and sharing of utensils. Meanwhile, practice scores were very high during preintervention but were insignificantly reduced post-intervention. The intervention improved respondents’ knowledge and attitude significantly. Findings from this study highlighted the need to provide more HFMD program focusing on the basic information of the disease, including mode of transmission and clinical manifestation. We hope that the knowledge gained will be imparted to fellow teachers and children under their care towards minimising the spread of HFMD. --- ## The Impact of Training on the Storage of High Alert Drugs: A Quasi Experimental Study **Authors:** Satibi Satibi, Achmad Fudholi, Hafizh Amrullah, Aya Shaufia Itsnayain **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4339 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Medication error, Training, Storage, High alert drug, Community Health Center A medication error can cause severe injury for the patient, even mortality, and that can be prevented. Preventing medication error is done by upgrading the drugs administrators knowledge at the Community Health Center in handling the high alert drugs. One of the possibility is by training. This research is conducted to understand the influence of training toward the suitability of high alert drugs storage. This research constitutes quasi-experimental design with pre and post-analysis approach along with by using a control group as a comparison. The population of research consists of all of community health centre drugs administrators in Ogan Komering Ilir Regency and Mataram City. The sample of research are the drugs administrators, Human Resources, who work at the Community health centre of Ogan Komering Ilir and Mataram city were chosen to use non-probability sample. The intervention was conducted toward the drugs administrators with the material that has been standardized by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. The instrument is in the form of List of Visit that has been validated to assess the suitability of high alert drugs storage at Community health centre by using SPSS-23 with Wilcoxon Signed Rank and Mann-Whitney U tests. The result of the research shows that the majority of the Intervention group of Community health centre (83,33%) the storage of high alert drugs is appropriate with the standard after training. The percentage difference of the appropriate high alert drugs storage test between intervention group and control group after the training (p<0,05). --- ## Immunity Boosting Drugs in Ayurveda – A Review **Authors:** Prasad Umakant Wallalwar, Pradnya Dandekar, Shweta Dadarao Parwe **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4234 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Immunity, Vyadhikshamatwa, Rasayana therapy, immunity-boosting drugs, Ashwagandha, Amalaki, Bramhi, Guduchi The concept of Immunity is mentioned as ‘Vyadhikshamatwa’ in Ayurveda. In Ayurveda numbers of medicinal herbs are described under immunity enhancing drugs category. The concept of immunity enhancer is explained under the category of Rasayan chikitsa in Ayurveda. These herbs are used in various diseases, especially by modulating the immune system. These herbs are called as Rasayan Dravyas. Ayurveda medical science comprises the herbs which are Rasayana and also which are non-Rasayana in nature. In Samhitas entirely enriched with enormous data of Rasayana medicinal herbs acting as immune modulators. The data of available Samhitas and researches show that these Rasayana herbs have immense potential as immune modulators. Advanced researches have proven that drugs like Guduchi, Haritaki, Ashwagandha, Brahmi, Jyotishmati act as a good immune enhancer. Theses herbs are mentioned in Ayurveda as Rasayana drugs. Experimental studies also have proven the role of Rasayana drugs as antioxidant, adoptogenic and having anti-stress activities. These Rasayana drugs as having immunity enhancer protect the health of a healthy person and protects them from any type of diseased condition. Charakacharya had mentioned Rasayanchikitsa adhyay as the first addhya of their chikitsasthan considering his aim as ‘Swasthasya Swasthya Rakshanam’. This means to protect the health of a healthy person as in priority by using immunity enhancer drugs as Rasayanas. This review article empowers such reviewed data on Rasayan medicinal herbs as a promising future target for immunotherapy. --- ## Importance of Brain gym as exercise in physiotherapy and rehabilitation **Authors:** Vaishnavi V Siroya, Waqar M Naqvi, Chaitanya A Kulkarni **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4310 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Brain Gym, Physiotherapy, Exercises, Rehabilitation This is not unprecedented that a whole industry, effectively promoted, has grown to promote the notion of ’brain-based’ learning among other ideas. Much attention has been put on connecting advances in neuroscience research with educational approaches to boost learning. Brain Gym is a curriculum basically focused on theories of neuroscience and educational kinesiology. Intervention of brain gym consists of integrated, cross-lateral, balance requiring movements that mechanically activate both hemispheres of the brain through the motor and sensory cortexes. The study describes the importance of brain gym exercise in physiotherapy. Exercise can stimulate the brain in such a way that neurons are often in a condition to handle the different data from outside and are capable of responding to a ”corporate member” of their duty in compliance with parts of brain activity by means of the principle of ”brain-body link”. Brain Gym is a great source of personal development, enabling individuals to obtain rapid transformations and also improve quality of life in different age group. --- ## Spontaneous regression of breast carcinoma: A radio-pathological case report and review of the literature **Authors:** Marlina Tanty Ramli Hamid, Shamsiah Abdul Hamid, Nazimah Ab Mumin, Norliana Dalila Mohamad Ali, Khariah Mat Nor, Suniza Jamaris, Patricia Ann Chandran, Kartini Rahmat **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4336 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Breast cancer, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), mammogram (MMG), spontaneous regression, ultrasound (US) Spontaneous regression (SR) is defined as complete or partial disappearance of a proven malignant tumor without adequate medical treatment. Although there have been reports on SR of breast cancers, this phenomenon remains rare. We report a case of SR of breast cancer in a 62-year-old woman who presented to our hospital with a few months history of a painless breast lump. Initial radiological investigations reveal a suspicious mass in the left upper outer quadrant. Histopathology confirms the presence of invasive cancer. The patient initially refused any surgical or medical interventional and defaulted follow-up. The patient presented again after four months with consent for surgical treatment. Repeat ultrasound just before the hook wire localization procedure demonstrated the absence of tumor in the region of interest. The subsequent repeat mammogram and MRI also demonstrated complete regression of breast cancer. MRI however, does reveal a suspicious left axillary lymph node, which was also deemed suspicious on PET-CT. In view of these findings, the patient was counsel for surgery. The exact mechanism of SR of cancer remains unclear in our patient. We are unable to identify the exact mechanism triggering and influencing the SR in our patient. Our hypotheses include substance within the herbal remedies or a carcinoma-directed immune response triggered by the biopsy. --- ## Role of Sildenafil in Improvement of Endometrial Receptivity Markers in Fresh ICSI Cycles **Authors:** Rabab Alwan Taher, Manal Taha Al-Obaidi, Thuraya Husamuldeen Abdullah **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4324 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** sildenafil, endometrial receptivity, fresh ICSI cycle Receptivity of endometrial is a series of events which enhance implantation of the embryo. It is controlled by several growth factors, cytokines and steroid hormones. The current study aims to assess the influences of vaginally managed sildenafil in ICSI patients on the thickness of endometrial, sub endometrial resistance index and pulsatility index, serum level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pregnancy outcome. The study was planned as a controlled randomized trial (interventional experimental study) involved a total of sixty women who attend High Institute of Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies who undergo ICSI cycle. Enrolled patients divided into two groups: 1) Study group: thirty (30) infertile women had received sildenafil 25mg tablet intravaginally four times daily form the day of stopping blood of menstrual cycle to the day of hCG injection. 2) Control group: thirty (30) infertile women had not treated by sildenafil. In our study, we found the following results: the level of vascular endothelial growth factor was highly significant in the study group. The sub endometrial Doppler study, the mean pulsatility index was significantly lower in the study group, while no significant difference in the resistant index and mean systolic to the diastolic ratio between study and control groups. The thickness of endometrial on the same day of ova pickup was higher in the study group, although statistically not significant. The pregnancy rate of sildenafil group was higher. However, the difference was not statistically significant. We concluded the using vaginal sildenafil during fresh ICSI cycle improve endometrial receptivity by enhancing sub endometrial blood flow through reducing pulsatility index and increasing vascular endothelial growth factor. --- ## Functional and Radiological evaluation of management of tibial plateau fractures: A prospective study **Authors:** Priyank Bhatt, Sunil Nikose **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4307 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Knee Joint, Tibial Plateau Fractures, Open Reduction and Internal Fixation, Modified Rasmussen Score, WOMAC Score The knee is a crucial joint, as it performs various functions such as standing, walking, running, sitting etc. Tibial plateau fractures constitute 1% of overall fractures and 8% of fractures occurring in the geriatric age group. Knee injuries must be properly and adequately treated to keep the knee in a good functional state. The transition to a fast-paced lifestyle on account of rapid industrialization, urbanization and mechanization has led to a significant increase in the traumatic incidences especially polytrauma, comminuted Fractures and soft tissue injury. High-speed injury acquired in vehicular accidents and a rise in road traffic injuries together creates a forever increasing issue. The static lower extremity can be encountered by an object in motion, frequent in roadside injury, resulting in the infamous ”Bumper Fracture”. Open Reduction with Internal Fixation (ORIF) is currently recommended. Hence, a study has been conducted to learn the mode of injury, fracture pattern, outcome of open reduction and internal fixation, complications encountered and associated injuries. 50 Patients were studied prospectively and pre and post-operative evaluation were done using modified Rasmussen clinical and radiological criteria and Womac knee score. Open reduction and internal fixation provide reasonable outcome with regards to functional and radiological outcome in younger patients and type I and II fractures. --- ## Study of Cause and Position of Fissure in Ano in Post Partum Females **Authors:** Satyam S Supare, Monika Meshram, Nayan A Deshmukh **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4306 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anorectal diseases, fissure in ano, Questionnaires, postpartum fissure Lifestyle has a significant collision with anorectal diseases and poor dietary habits. Therefore to find out any relation between pregnancy and fissure- in-ano, the present study was conducted. There is no literature available for the prevalence of fissure in ano In terms of cause and position of the fissure in postpartum females. This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted from January to December 2017, all-female patients visiting OPD were screened. Female patients more than 18 years of age with complaints of a fissure in ano and associated complaints were studied detail history taken in the form of the framed questioner. The diagnosis of enrolled patients was based on clinical findings of anorectal evaluation by digital rectal examination and proctoscopy. Overall, 50 patients were enrolled in the study. Mixed dietary habits and history of constipation were found to be associated with the prevalence of fissure. Similarly, patients with no exercise or physical activity had more prevalence of fissure than patients who exercised regularly (19.87% versus 11.54%). The majority of patients had bleeding and pain (n=326); out of these patients, 89 (27.30%) had an anal fissure. After an assessment of 50 subjects, the chi-square test value is 4.20 (p<0.05), which indicates that the incidence of a fissure in ano among the postpartum women is significant. The observational study was conducted to find out the position and the cause of postpartum fissure in married women. The result suggested that the incidence of postpartum fissure in women is significant. The factors associated with this high incidence include the age, parity, sleeping and dietary habits. --- ## Mechanism and Kinetics Studies of Oxidation of the Pharmaceutical Drug Amlodipine Besylate by N-bromosuccinimide in Aqueous Acidic Medium **Authors:** Yamuna Princy S, Vidyavati shastry **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4315 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drug, Kinetic studies, Oxidation, Oxidation Product, Reaction mechanism The oxidation of the pharmaceutical drug Amlodipine besylate [AML] by N-Bromosuccinimide [NBS] was investigated aqueous acidic medium under pseudo-first-order condition. The experimental results indicated that the reaction exhibits first-order concerning N-bromosuccinimide, fractional order concerning [AML] and sulphuric acid [H2SO4]. There was no substantial effect on the rate of the reaction with KNO3. The reaction stoichiometry shows one mole of amlodipine besylate consumes one mole of n-bromosuccinimide. The effect of temperature on the reaction rate was studied, and the activation parameters (Ea, △G, △H and △S) are calculated and tabulated. LC-MS technique was used to identify the oxidation product of amlodipine besylate. Based on experimental results, a mechanism is proposed, and constants K1, K2 and k3 involved in the mechanism were evaluated. The observed rate constant values and the experimental value calculated by substituting the value of k3= 4.0 × 10−3 s −1, K2 = 1272 moldm-3s−1 and K1= 1.96 x 10−6 in the rate equation is in good accordance with each other. --- ## Fostering and promoting professionalism in undergraduate medical students **Authors:** Suprava Das, Tahmina Afrose, Kanchan Mallik, Sridevi Chigurupati **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4298 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Medical students, Professional attitude, Professional knowledge, Professional skills In recent years professionalism has developed increased attention to provide compassionate and ethical health service for the patients and society. Medical students and future physicians are committed to foster this service as a patient-centered holistic manner to be a part of becoming a doctor. We conducted a questionnaire survey with year 4 MBBS students of AIMST University, Kedah, Malaysia to interpret the perceptions of students on professional knowledge, professional skills, and professional attitude. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics version 25.0. Students agreed on their up-to-date knowledge with basic science 41.2%, clinical sciences 41.2%, and clinical Skills 42.4%. Among all three elements (professional knowledge, professional skills, and professional attitude), students’ positive responses were more in different fields of professional attitude. The top five qualities essential for professionalism as chosen by the students are: appropriate behavior (67.1%), fully aware of patient safety (65.9%), teamwork with batchmates (65.9%), and understand hospital setup and clinic setup (65.9% in each). Survey of student’s beliefs on professional requirements would help us to target teaching and assessment so that students develop as professionally responsible doctors. --- ## A study on medication-related hospital admissions in a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Savitha R S, Ann Vazhayil Kuruvilla, Nalla Manikanta, Allamaraju Sai Ashritha, Justin Kurian, Dalwin Wilson **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4318 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Medication-related hospital admissions, Drug-related problems, Adverse drug reactions Medication-related hospital admissions have gained attention during the last few decades. It has been reported that up to 5% of all hospital admissions were medication-related and 50 % of those were avoidable. In India, studies on medication-related hospital admissions are still in the infancy stage. The objective of the study was to assess the types and outcomes of medication- related hospital admissions (MRHA) in a tertiary care teaching hospital. This prospective observational study was conducted for six months at JSS Hospital, Mysuru. Patients of any age and gender, who were admitted to General Medicine, Emergency, Nephrology, Psychiatry, Pulmonology wards due to medication-related problems were enrolled in the study after obtaining an Inform Consent Form. All the necessary data about MRPs were collected and documented in a suitably designed data collection form. MRPs were classified by using Hepler and Strand classification, and the implicated drugs were coded by using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification system (ATC) code. Prevalence of medication-related admissions was calculated by dividing the total number of medication-related admissions and the total number of admissions to the hospital. The total prevalence of MRHA in the included departments was 1.27%. Failure to receive drugs (50.27%) accounted for the maximum MRHA, followed by adverse drug reactions (46.44%) and overdose (3.27%). The average cost associated with MRHA was found as INR 10,440 (USD-174, £- 149). The average length of stay of MRHA was found as approximately seven days [6.96, (sd ± 2.42)]. The study shows that failure to receive drugs leading to hospitalization are frequent and constitute a significant economic burden. Training of patients and prescribers may lead to a reduction in hospitalization due to MRPs and thus lessen their financial burden. --- ## Aspects of dietary fibre in health and diseases **Authors:** Lata Kanyal Butola, Anjali Vaaga, Neelam Gusain, Karuna Kachhwa **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4341 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Dietary fibre, Nutrition, Health, Diseases Dietary fibre is the name collectively given to the indigestible carbohydrates present in foods. These carbohydrates consist of cellulose, gum, pectin and mucilage. Enzymes of gastro-intestinal tracts in humans do not digest these fibres. Plants are the only source of dietary fibre. It is found in grains, vegetables and fruits. Dietary fibre helps to keep the digestive system healthy, and it is vital in reducing the risk of diseases such as coronary heart disease, diabetes, diverticulosis, haemorrhoids and intestinal cancer. Undigested fibres enter the large intestine where bacteria ferments them. Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen and short-chain fatty acids are the by-products of the fermentation. Soluble fibre and resistant starch also serve as prebiotic and supports the necessary probiotic for digestive health. In grapes, peas, beans and barley, much of the soluble fibre is extracted. When dissolved in the water, a gellike substance is formed. Soluble fibre helps to support the growth of friendly bacteria needed to maintain a healthy intestinal system. They also help in slowing down the time taken by the food to pass through the stomach into the small intestine, which helps to slow down the absorption of glucose and controls the blood sugar levels and helps in managing diabetes mellitus and keeps you feeling fuller for a longer time. The diets with high fibre intakes are known to have beneficial health effects as they have water holding capacity, helps in adsorption of organic molecules and facilitates its excretion, hypoglycemic effects and hypercholesterolemic effect. The inclusion of fibre rich food in weight-reducing diets is found to helpful since it provides a feeling of fullness without consumption of excess calories. The present review discusses the definition, nutritional properties of dietary fibre and therapeutic functions of dietary fibres in health and diseases. --- ## Nanosuspension: A Modern Approach In Drug Delivery System- A Review **Authors:** Ashish B. Budhrani, Kirti G. Sahu, Sukeshini B. Lote, Manish P. Deshmukh, Sagar B. Wankhede, Deepak S. Khobragade **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4333 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Nanosuspension, Nanotechnology, Nanoparticles, Bioavailability, Biphasic dosage forms The drugs moiety included in Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class II and Class IV has low aqueous solubility and remedy for the solubility problem is nanotechnology techniques. Nanotechnology techniques play an important role at the molecular level and nano length scale size. To increase the dissolution rate of drug moiety which directly lead to increase bioavailability of drug depends on decrease drug particles into nano-scale range. Nanotechnology techniques in the pharmaceutical field include nanosuspension. Nanosuspension is biphasic dosage forms contain colloidal dispersions of nanosized drug particles which are stabilized by surface-active agents. Nanosuspension dosage form increases the stability and bioavailability of low aqueous soluble drugs. Solubility plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of drugs irrespective of the route of administration. Most of the presently investigated drug moieties having lower aqueous solubility and therefore has low bioavailability of drugs. The study is focused on formulation consideration, various methods of preparation along with evaluation parameters of nanosuspension. --- ## Effectiveness of Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise to reduce Urinary Incontinence among Postnatal Mothers **Authors:** Kala Barathi S, Babu Rani, Dhovarani E, Esther Rani G **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3739 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise, Urinary Incontinence and postnatal mothers Urinary incontinence can be characterised as ’the protest of any automatic spillage of urine. Under this more extensive definition, there are various indications, similar to Stress urinary incontinence, Urge urinary incontinence and mixed urinary incontinence. Postpartum urinary incontinence is here and there an unavoidable inconvenience of vaginal conveyance, particularly in the event that it happens to be a woman’s first vaginal conveyance. Weaker pelvic muscle has reduced inability to stop the flow of urine among postnatal mothers. The study supports the need for nurses to educate the postnatal mothers about methods to reduce urinary incontinence by using the first line of treatment, i.e., pelvic floor muscle strengthening exercise. The present study aims to assess the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle exercise to reduce urinary incontinence among postnatal mothers. A quantitative pre-experimental, one group pretest and post test research design were chosen to conduct the investigation among 60 postnatal mothers. Convenience sampling technique was used to select the postnatal mothers. Modified Sandviketal Severity Index tool was chosen to assess the pretest and post test level of urinary incontinence. The assessment includes on frequency (involuntary loss of urine occurs), incontinence with daily living and amount of urine leaks. The study results show most of the postnatal mothers had severe urinary incontinence and after the administration, pelvic floor muscle exercises most of the postnatal mothers had moderate urinary incontinence and this emphasizes the need to educate the postnatal mothers and promote them to perform PMRT so that they come through the postnatal period and for the betterment of life. --- ## The anti-malignant activity of Macrotyloma uniƒlorum mediated green synthesized Cu and Zn metal-ligand nano complexes **Authors:** Savita Belwal, Sujana Kariveda, Saritha Ramagiri, Swathi A, Shubham Kute, Suryam Goud **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4340 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Green Nanoparticles, Macrotyloma uniflorum, SEM, Flow cytometry, Malignant, Lung Cancer The green biological route has been employed to convert macro-sized zinc and copper metal complexes into nano-sized metal complexes. These bioactive metal complexes were synthesized by template condensation process in the chemistry laboratory. The newly synthesized biologically active complexes were converted into nano range from phytochemical aqueous extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum (horse gram). Biologically converted nano complexes have been characterized by physicochemical as well as spectroscopic techniques such as UV-visible spectrophotometer and FTIR. The reduced Cu and Zn metal nanoparticles were analyzed with SEM for shape and size, which showed most of the nanoparticles, were nearly spherical with nano range size. To estimate the potentiality of newly manufactured copper and zinc nanoparticles in vitro and in in vivo studies, i.e. antifungal and antibacterial and anti-cancer activities were performed. The biogenic nanoparticles of Cu and Zn were evaluated for their activity on cancer A-549 cell lines by standard MTT assay for metabolically active mitochondria and cell viability. Further flow cytometric studies showed Cu, and Zn nano complexes had inhibition efficacy of cancer cells compared to normal cells. This study elevates that biosynthesized Cu & Zn nano complexes can be an alternative for the treatment of cancer. --- ## Simultaneous Estimation of Bempedoic Acid and Ezetimibe by UPLC **Authors:** Rama Rao B, Venkateswarlu BS, Venkata Rao V **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4366 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bempedoic Acid, Ezetimibe, UPLC, Validation, Retention Time A selective and novel method has been optimized for the evaluation of Bempedoic Acid and Ezetimibe in bulk samples by U.P.L.C. The principle analyzes were eluted with the conditions of mobile phase having the 0.1% orthophosphoric acid and acetonitrile (90:10 ratio) using the X bridge C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5µm) analytical column with the 1.0 ml/min flow rate and 10 µl sample volume at 290 nm in a photodiode array detector. The retention times of Bempedoic Acid and Ezetimibe were 0.27 min and 0.73 min with the total run time of 2 min. The curve indicates the correlation coefficient (r2) was superior by having the value equal to 0.998 with a linear range of 30 n.g/m.l- 225 n.g/m.l for Bempedoic Acid and for Ezetimibe 150 n.g/m.l-1125 n.g/m.l. The correlation coefficient (r2) found linear. The LOQ and LOD for the Bempedoic Acid and Ezetimibe found 2.5 n.g/m.l and 7.5 n.g/m.l and 2.9 n.g/m.l and 8.9 n.g/m.l. After the method optimization, the method was validated as per ICH guidelines. As per the results obtained in the method validation, there was no interference of the blank and carryover problem even at the LOQ level quantification. Both LOQ and LOD of this method was verified practically in the instrument with S/N ratio criteria. The results were found satisfactory. --- ## Study on Knowledge and Attitude Related to Inherited Genetic Disorders among Health Science University Students in Ras Al Khaimah **Authors:** Javedh Shareef, Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar, Atiqulla Shariff, Mais Mosad, Mahnoush Ahmad Shabani **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4342 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Inherited genetic disorders, knowledge, attitude, students Increased prevalence of inherited genetic disorders is a significant public health problem that significantly affects the quality of life of the affected patients and their families in Arab countries. Knowledge about the disorders may empower the community by raising awareness about prevention methods and early detection to reduce the incidence of genetic disorders. This study was aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude related to inherited genetic disorders among health science university students in Ras Al Khaimah. A cross-sectional study was carried out for six months among health science university students in Ras Al Khaimah by using a validated self-administered questionnaire. A total of 359 students completed the study. The overall mean knowledge and attitude scores of the study respondents were 4.47 ± 1.81 and 5.37 ± 2.32, respectively. One hundred and six (29.5%) respondents had adequate knowledge, and a majority (74.65%) of the respondents showed a positive attitude towards genetic disorders. Lectures (25.5%) followed by the internet (20.7%) and healthcare professionals (15.7%) were the most cited sources of information. Comprehensive knowledge about genetic disorders was found to be low despite positive attitude and awareness among respondents. Strengthening knowledge about genetic education and mandatory premarital screening programs may help in early detection and prevention and thereby reducing the incidence of genetic disorders. --- ## Hydrazones and their metal complexes: A short review on their biological potential **Authors:** Kushal Nath Mishra, Shambaditya Goswami, Kumudhavalli M.V., Kamal Saini, Nikita Pal, Nilesh Sharma, Pragya Pandey **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4319 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Hydrazones, Coordination chemistry, Anti-tubercular, Azomethines Hydrazones belong to complexes are beneficial in different fields for their essential role in the development of a range of stable complexes in the coordination chemistry. Different researchers have reported the various medicinal properties of hydrazones. Hydrazone and its metal complexes are useful for the detection of some organic components from pharmaceutical formulations. These metallic compounds act as a catalyst for conducting various chemical reactions and help in making different chemical complexes that are effective against bacteria, fungi, and many other microbes. Aromatic hydrazone derivatives can measure the concentration of low molecular weight aldehyde and ketone complexes. Hydrazones possess numerous medicinal properties, including antimicrobial, anti-cancer, antidepressant, anti-tubercular, anti-viral, etc. For the new drug discovery, hydrazones/azomethines are considered to be an important class of compound. From molecular biology to pharmaceutical formulation, organic chemistry, new drug development process, the importance of hydrazone and its metal complexes is immense. The present review aims to highlight the reported biological activities related to hydrazones for the last decade. --- ## Application of Gunja (Abrus precatorius Linn.) Beeja lepa: An Ayurvedic protocol for the treatment of Gridhrasi (sciatica) **Authors:** Harjodh Singh, Sonali Chalakh **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4327 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Gridhrasi, Sciatica, Gunja, Musculoskeletal disorder, Nanatmaja Vata vikara The most common musculoskeletal disorder affecting the movement of legs is low back pain. Among the affected patients, 40% have ridiculer pain, and these cases can be classified under the umbrella of the sciatic syndrome. Low back pain is extraordinarily common, frequently resulting from degenerative arthritis of the lumbosacral spine. The annual prevalence of disc-related sciatica in the general population is estimated at 2.2%. Sciatica is characterised by constant aching pain which felt in the lumbar region may radiate to the buttock, thigh, calf and foot. Acharaya Charaka explained Gridhrasi in eighty types of nanatmaja Vata vikara. The present study is aimed at evaluating the effect of Gunja (Abrus precatorius Linn.) Beeja lepa in the management of Gridhrasi (Sciatica) and thereby assessing the changes in quality life. The present study is designed as a Non-randomized controlled clinical study, in which a minimum of 30 patients will be enrolled. Gunja beej lepa will be administered external application two times in a day with lukewarm water. Assessment will be recorded on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 14th and 28th day. Changes will be observed in subjective parameters such as Ruk (pain) Toda (pin pricking sensation) Stambha (Stiffness), Spandana (Fasciculation) and objective parameters such as measuring the changes in the angle of elevation of the leg by SLR Test, Sciatica Bothersomeness Index and Sciatica Frequency Index before and after the treatment. Suitable conclusion will be drawn post completion of the trial. --- ## Effect of antihyperlipidemic polyherbal formulation in high diet induced hyperlipidemia wistar albino rats. An in vitro - in vivo evaluation **Authors:** Smitha rani, Manju Sreedharan Nair Leelabai Amma, Sarada Nallani Chakravarthula **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4334 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-oxidant activity, Cholesterol enzymatic endpoint method, High Diet-induced hyperlipidemia Model, Hyperlipidaemia, Polyherbal formulation Hyperlipidemia is a prevalent global health problem, and it is linked to various cardiovascular disorders. The side effects of the current lipid-lowering drugs have increased the tendency to move toward traditional and alternative remedies. The study aims to Formulate and evaluate the Antilipidemic activity of Polyherbal formulations used as a traditional medicine in the Malabar area, Kerala by in vitro and in vivo methods. Further, the present study also compares the impact of seasonal variations on chemical contents of ingredient herbs of polyherbal medicine. They were analyzed for, anti-oxidant activity by DPPH and Nitric oxide method and In-vitro anti-cholesterol activity by cholesterol enzymatic endpoint method using simavastatin as a positive control. The formulation showing highest anti-oxidant and in- vitro Antilipidemic activity was selected for in-vivo analysis. Out of four formulations, PHF 1 shows low IC50 values in DPPH and Nitric oxide methods (250.45 ± 0.60, 985.40 ± 5.59), respectively. The in-vitro anti-cholesterol activity showed a maximum % of inhibition for PHF1. Based on this PHF 1was selected for in vivo analysis. Acute toxicity was performed according to OECD guidelines. The antilipidemic activity was conducted by Diet-induced hyperlipidemia model in Wistar albino rats, containing six animals in each group. All the groups except saline control received a high-fat diet for two weeks. The Polyherbal formulation (200 mg/kg & 400 mg/kg) showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in total serum cholesterol and lipid levels compared to the vehicle control group. This present study proved that Polyherbal formulation has Antilipidemic activity against the diet-induced hyperlipidemia model by reducing the total serum cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), very low-density lipid (VLDL), low-density lipids(LDL) levels and increasing high-density lipid (HDL) level. --- ## A Study to Assess the Knowledge of Control of Childhood Obesity among Mothers of School-Age Children at Maraimalai Nagar, Kancheepuram District **Authors:** Deepika V, Rasiga S, Priyadarshini K, Sujatha T **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4320 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Knowledge, Childhood obesity, School-age children, Mothers In today’s global scenario, there is an increasing incidence of childhood obesity due to the lifestyle changes in personal and eating behaviour which is the primary root cause of various childhood chronic diseases. The main aim of the study was to assess the knowledge of the control of childhood obesity among mothers of school-age children of 6-15years in Maraimalai Nagar. The non-experimental descriptive research design was adopted to assess the level of knowledge on the control of childhood obesity among mothers. One hundred mothers who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected by using a non- probability convenient sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the demographic variables and awareness regarding childhood obesity among mothers. The study was conducted at Maraimalai Nagar. Reliability of the tool was established by a split-half method. The results reveal 17.5 % of subjects had inadequate knowledge, 81.4% had moderate knowledge, and only 1 % had adequate knowledge on childhood obesity. The study concludes that the mothers ignore to take preventive measures where their children could be a victim of child obesity. Thus, we affirmed the need for making mothers aware of the control of child obesity and how it can be prevented. --- ## A contemporary treatment approach for fissure in ano: A case report of 38 year old patient **Authors:** Alok kumar Diwedi, Kiran Khandare, Pooja Shrivastav **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4316 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Fissure in ano, Chakramarda Ghrita, Ayurveda, Antifungal Anal Fissure is one of the major causes for pain at anal region. We are presenting case report of 38 year old male patient came to Shalyatantra OPD with chief complains of pain during and after defecation, bleeding per rectum, itching since 30 days. Intervention-In this case report patient is treated by using chakramarda ghrita for the management of acute fissure in ano chakramarda ghrita was used for local application along with sitz bath. The effectiveness of Charamarda was assessed by pain bleeding itching and healing. The patient has found effective relief from pain, bleeding, itching at perianal region using chakramarda ghrita which has anti-inflammatory activity, antibacterial, anti- fungal scavenging activity, antiulcer, anti-proliferative activity, antioxidant activity. The outcome of this management is that Chakramarda is effective in the management of Fissure in ano. Patients who take all follow-up after treatment will have less chance of symptom reoccurrence. --- ## Correlation of Salivary Glucose level with Blood Glucose Level in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus **Authors:** Gnanamoorthy Kothai, Acksa Alex, Aruna Bholenath Patil, Athanallur Raman Malathy, Prasanna Karthik Suthakaran **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4314 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Salivary Glucose, blood glucose, correlation, fasting salivary glucose, HbA1c Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a systemic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia either due to insulin resistance or insulin de????iciency. This can lead to many serious life-threatening complications if not managed properly by regular monitoring of glycemic status. Prevalence of fear of needles in the society make people non-compliant to regular monitoring. Thus, there is a need for a non-invasive method for determining the glycemic status of the individual. Salivary Glucose has the potential to be one such tool. This study aimed to find whether a correlation between fasting blood glucose levels and fasting salivary glucose levels could be established in diabetic and non- diabetic individuals. 50 patients with DM and 50 patients without DM were studied. 5 ml of venous blood and 5 ml of unstimulated saliva after overnight fasting were collected from each participant and processed using standardized enzymatic methods. The data was analyzed using SPSS software. There was a strong and very significant positive correlation (r=0.800, p=0.001) between fasting salivary glucose levels and fasting blood glucose levels in patients with DM whereas the correlation was weak and insignificant in patients without DM (r=0.111, p=0.441). The cut off value for diagnosing DM was found to be > 2.2mg/dl with 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity. --- ## Effect Of Pre-Emptive Magnesium Sulfate In Pain Relief After Elective Cesarean Sections **Authors:** Ghison I. Kadhim **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4297 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** magnesium sulfate, post-operative pain, cesarean section One of the most important things concerning surgeries is pain and its consequences on the patient and his general condition. So, we have to decrease pain following surgeries as much as we can to achieve optimum pain relief for the patients passing surgeries. A lot of studies and researches have been focused on the usage of magnesium sulfate (MgSo4) preoperatively to assess its effect in decreasing pain postoperatively to elective cesarean sections. To assess the analgesic efficacy in decreasing pain post-operatively by a preoperative single dose of intravenous magnesium sulfate in patients undergoing elective cesarean sections by the usage of two pain scales. A sixty pregnant women who underwent elective cesarean section were randomly separated into two groups. Before the induction of the anesthesia, the magnesium sulfate group (group A) received magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg intraveneously (i.v) in bolus dose in 100 ml isotonic saline. The control group(group B) received the same volume of isotonic saline 0.9%(100ml). The pain score was taken at rest and movement for up to 12 hours post-operatively. There were no statistical differences regarding patients characteristics. Magnesium sulfate was very effective(statistically highly significant) in decreasing pain according to visual analogue scale and overall the four readings that detected in this clinical research and also the numeric pain scale showed that magnesium sulfate group was very effective (statistically highly effective) in three readings and effective (in the last reading). Pre-operative magnesium sulfate causes a significant reduction in pain intensity elective cesarean section. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of Olmesartan Medoxomil solid dispersions to enhance its solubility and dissolution characteristics **Authors:** Christopher Vimalson D, Parimalakrishnan S, Jeganathan N S, Anbazhagan S **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4332 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fusion, OM, Solid Dispersion, Solvent Evaporation The objective of the present learns to improve solubility and dissolution of Olmesartan Medoxomil (OM) by improving water solubility by reliable dispersion methods using fusion method (FM) and solvent evaporation (SE) method via hydrophilic polymers PEG 6000 and PVP K30 in different ratios. Preformulation studies of OM: polymers were carried using DSC and FTIR proves that it is stable without any extra peaks, which implies no interaction among the drug and carrier. For OM in FM drug: polymer ratio was maintained in a range 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 and 1:7 w/w ratio of OM to PEG 6000 and coded as SDOM1, SDOM2, SDOM3 and SDOM4 whereas for SE method OM to PVP K30 ratio was maintained in a range of 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 and 1:7 w/w ratio and coded as SDOM5, SDOM6, SDOM7 and SDOM8. SDOM3 by FM and SDOM7 by SE method resulted in the highest production yield. The solubility studies have shown improved drug solubility compared with a pure drug in all medium. Percentage of drug content, flowability characters like the angle of repose and carr’s index, bulk density, Hausner’s, tapped density were within acceptable limits. In vitro drug release in the intestinal gastric medium of pH 1.2 was improved significantly when compared with pure drug. SDOM3 and SDOM7, selected for accelerated stability studies, had no significant change in physical parameters, drug content, with little changes in the in vitro drug release pattern. Hence solubility and dissolution rate of OM is increased by using the PEG 6000 and PVP K30 polymers. --- ## Sutural Morphology of Asterion in Dry Human Skulls **Authors:** Usha Verma, Ritu Singroha, Amit Kumar Saxena, Prachi Saffar Aneja, Suresh Kanta Rathee **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4323 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sutural bones, asterion, morphology Sutural bones are usually small, irregularly shaped bones, often found in sutures of the cranium. It is important to know about them as they may complicate the surgical orientation if present in the asterion. The study aims to observe the incidence of the sutural morphology of asterion in dry human skulls. Total 120 human adult dry skulls consisting of 80 male and 40 female skulls were analyzed for Type-I and Type-II asterions. out of 120 skulls, (n=240) Type-I asterion was observed in 36 (15%) skulls, and Type-II was observed in 204 (85%) skulls. Type-I was 28 (17.5%) in males, 8 (10.0%) in females and 36 (15.0%) in total skulls. Type-II was 132 (82.5%) in males, 72 (90.00%) in females and 204 (85.0%) in total skulls. In the present study, the incidence of Type-I asterion was found more in males than females. The study can be useful to neurosurgeons, forensic experts, anthropologists and radiologists. --- ## AshwathaKsheer Sutra and UdumberKsheer Sutra in the management of Bhagandara (Fistula in ano): An Ayurvedic management protocol for treatment of fistula in ano **Authors:** Monika Meshram, Kiran Khandare **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4305 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Bhagandar, Fistula in ano, Ashwatha Ksheer Sutra, Udumbar Ksheer Sutra Fistula in ano is tract lined by granulation tissue having internal opening in anal canal and rectum and external opening in the perianal region. The incidence of a fistula-in-ano developing from an anal abscess ranges from 26- 38%. The prevalence of non-specific anal fistula has been estimated to be 8.6 to 10/100,000 of the population per year, with a male to female ratio of 8:1. In contemporary sciences Bhagandara can be correlated with Fistula in Ano. To compare the efficacy of Ashwatha Ksheer Sutra and Udumber Ksheer Sutra in the management of Bhagandara (Fistula in ano). The present study is designed as a Randomized single blind parallel in which 40 patients will be enrolled. Patients will be distributed in two group with 20 patients in each group. In group A Ashwatha Ksheer Sutra and in group B Udumbar Ksheer Sutra will be changed after 7 days till the cure of fistula. Assessment of the patients will be done on day 1st, 8th, 15th, and 22nd after intervention, follow up will be taken on 29th day. Results will be drawn from the observations of objective parameters. Conclusion of the study will be drawn on the basis of statistical data calculated from the collected data. --- ## Resveratrol: A Pleiotropic Phytoconstituent **Authors:** Prashant N. Amale, Manish P. Deshmukh, Ashish B. Budhrani, Shilpa A. Deshpande **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4325 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Resveratrol, Pleiotropic, phytoconstituents, pain, inflammation Resveratrol (RSV) is a plant polyphenol or phytolexin phytoconstituents obtained from the grapes, berries, peanut, and wine. RSV is obtained from natural source and regarded as safe, effective, and hepatoprotective drug with no other serious organ toxicities are reported yet. This property of RSV makes it advantageous over the allopathic medicine having symptomatic cure and plethora of adverse effects. It’s a cheap and widely available phytoconstituent approved in the global market in the active form as transresveratrol. It has multiple pharmacological actions including, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, anti-parkinsonian, anti-alzheimers, antioxidant, antidepressant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic effects. These effects are mediated via modulation of diverse underlying endogenous molecules like reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, malonaldehyde, neutrophil, sirtulin, cyclo-oxygenase, inducible nitric oxide syntheses, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione s-transferase, alpha-secretase, metalloproteinases, C-reactive protein, dopamine, nor-adrenaline, serotonin, cytokines (interleukins), nuclear factor kappa, signal transducer activator of transcription, brain derived neural nactor, neuropeptide, hypothalamo-pitutary axis, astroglia, mitochondrial dysfunction, glutamate, adrenergic, cholinergic, opioidergic, and purinergic receptors. Researchers are trying to explore its additional health benefits and preparing new analogues for better survival in the field. Present review will help to enlighten the multi-target pleiotropic pharmacological nature of a RSV in relation to the variety of the molecular targets modulation through extensive web science literature survey. --- ## Unexpected Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor as Acute Abdomen in First Trimester of Pregnancy **Authors:** Nurzaireena Zainal, Arief H, Bahijah O, Maizatul Azma M, Sellymiah A, Jamil O, Muralitharan G **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4338 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acute Abdomen, First Trimester, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor, Pregnancy A gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) is a tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. We present a 36-year-old, gravida 2 para 1 lady presented with acute lower abdominal pain at 9 weeks period of amenorrhea (POA) associated with vomiting. She had a previous uncomplicated cesarean section 2 years ago. Abdominal examination revealed a tender and mobile 26-week-sized mass. A transabdominal scan revealed a right adnexal mass with a cystic component measuring 10 cm x 10 cm in size, as well as a viable singleton intrauterine fetus corresponding to her dates. She underwent emergency laparotomy in suspicion of a right twisted ovarian cyst. The inoperative finding revealed a large pedunculated and twisted gangrenous mass from the greater curvature of the stomach with normal uterus and ovaries. The histopathological examination of the mass reported as malignant Sarcomatoid epithelioid GIST (category 3b). The patient was managed by a multidisciplinary team approach involving the obstetrician & gynaecologist, surgeon and oncologist throughout her pregnancy course. The pregnancy progressed well, and she delivered via elective repeat cesarean section. Post partumly, oesophago-gastric-duodenoscopy and computed tomography assessment revealed no evidence of local disease or distant metastasis. She was advised for yearly follow-up with the surgical department. --- ## The Relative Indirect Anthelmintic Effect of Caprine Milk on Mucins Gene Expression in Vitro Using IL-22 Treated LS174T Cells Model of Helminth Infection **Authors:** Fadlul A F Mansur, Anis NA Rauf, Nur FM Manzor, Faizul H Addnan, Wan O Abdullah, Omaima A Najm **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4335 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** anthelmintic, caprine milk, in vitro, IL-22, LS174T Mucus secretion by intestinal goblet cells constitutes an important mechanism in TH2 response following helminth infection mediated by the key cytokine IL-22. This indirect mechanism rather than directly attacking the parasite is important in preventing helminth attachment hence promoting helminth expulsion from the intestinal tract. We hypothesized that natural products having an anthelmintic activity like caprine milk may exert similar response. Using human intestinal LS174T cells treated with IL-22 to simulate helminth infection, we tested whether or not the co-treatment with caprine milk induces MUC1, MUC3, MUC4 and MUC5B genes expression. Optimal concentrations for caprine milk was determined to be 25% and 50% from cell viability assay. IL-22 induced helminth infection model was confirmed. However, the indirect anthelmintic effect of caprine milk was only relative as treatment of caprine milk in LS174T cells and IL-22 in vitro did not significantly induce MUC1, MUC3, MUC4 and MUC5B genes expression when compared to treatment with IL-22 alone. In conclusion, caprine milk was not significantly associated with the mechanism of increased mucus production through upregulation of mucin genes by intestinal cells. Caprine milk may possess direct anthelmintic effect rather than indirect. --- ## Dermatofibroma Over The Scar – A Rare Entity **Authors:** Dhansuya Thangavel, Thillaikkarasi A, Narasimhalu C R V, Sathyanarayanan R, Sri devi **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4330 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Benign neoplasm, keloid like presentation Dermatofibroma is a common benign dermal tumour of unknown aetiology. With varied clinical presentation mimicking keloid, desmoid tumour and leiomyoma, the diagnosis of Dermatofibroma sometimes become problematic from the clinician side. Here, we report a case of Dermatofibroma in a not so common site which was clinically diagnosed to be a keloid. But later, the lesion turned out to be a dermatofibroma on histopathological examination. In our patient, the lesion was a single smooth circumscribed nodule over the left side of the abdomen. The lesion had a linear scar on either side and on palpation; it was firm in consistency. It was initially diagnosed to be a keloid which even after multiple intra-lesional steroid injections, failed to show any results. This prompted us to search for an alternate diagnosis; hence lesion was excised and analyzed. The Histopathological examination revealed a circumscribed lesion in the dermis, composed of benign spindle-shaped cells arranged in a storiform pattern. These findings, as mentioned above, were consistent with a diagnosis of Dermatofibroma, which is a slow-growing tumour commonly seen in the extremities. The keloid like a presentation of Dermatofibroma, is one another example of how a similar morphological presentation may have two distinct diagnoses resulting in a delay in providing appropriate treatment. --- ## Estimation of Total and Lipid Bound Sialic acid in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma patients **Authors:** Archana Sonone, Alka Hande, Madhuri Gawande, Swati Patil **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4317 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Oral Leukoplakia, Sialic Acid Tumour markers are biochemical substances released through tumour cells. They are considered as the rationale or consequence of the carcinogenesis process. Neoplasms often have an increased concentration of sialic acid on the tumour cell surface and are shed or secreted by some of these cells, which increase the concentration in blood. To determine serum levels of total sialic acid (TSA), lipid-bound sialic acid (LBSA), in patients of oral Leukoplakia (LP) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The study comprises 75 subjects which include 25 cases of LP, 25 cases of OSCC and 25 cases of healthy individuals as control. 10 ml intravenous blood was collected under aseptic condition, and biochemical analysis of total sialic acid and lipid-bound sialic acid was carried out by spectrophotometer. We observed levels of TSA and LBSA significantly increased in LP and OSCC as compared to a healthy control group. The increased level of TSA and LBSA in LP helps to determine the early stage of the disease. Further differentiation in grades of OSCC is also possible by these biochemical markers. Thus serum levels of TAS, LBSA can be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers. --- ## Caries Experience among Tribal Gypsies in Thoothukudi District - A Cross-Sectional Study **Authors:** Lalitha Rani Chellappa, Leelavathi L, Pradeep Kumar Rathinavelu, Meignana Arumugham Indiran **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4308 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental caries, Decayed teeth, DMFT index, Gypsies, Marginalised community, Tribal population Dental caries, or tooth decay, is an infectious process involving breakdown of the tooth enamel. Caries form through a complex interaction between cariogenic acid-producing bacteria in combination with fermentable carbohydrates and other dietary, genetic, behavioural, social, and cultural factors. Poor oral hygiene and low dental service levels were found in marginalised areas. The study aimed to assess the caries experience of Narikuravars in Thoothukudi district. A cross-sectional study was done among gipsies in Thoothukudi district. Oral health examination was done the gipsies in the above three taluks in which they were present. All the study participants were examined under adequate illumination, and clinical data were collected on dental caries as described by the World Health Organization (WHO). DMFT (Decayed, Missing and Filled teeth) was used to assess the caries experience. For statistical analysis, t-test and ANOVA was used. The total size of the screened population was 164. There were 128 adults and 36 children who are below 18 years of age. Mean Decayed teeth, mean Missed teeth and mean Filled teeth was found to be 3.38 ± 1.730, 1.01 ± 2.109, 0.01 ± 0.088 respectively. Decayed teeth were most common in the study population. Mean DMFT score among the adult study population was found to be 4.40 ± 2.603. The difference between the different age groups to Mean DMFT and was found to be statistically significant (F value- 22.679; p < 0.05). The present study concluded that the experience of dental caries was low in the study population. It was more prevalent in males as compared to the female population. --- ## A Retrospective Study in Dengue Positive Cases - Hematological and Biochemical Parameters (Liver Function Tests, Renal Function Tests) Correlation **Authors:** Volga Harikrishnan, Naveen Kumar M **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4328 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibody, Creatinine, Dengue, Liver enzymes, Thrombocytopenia Dengue fever is the most common arboviral infection in the world, and it is a disease with a broad clinical spectrum and a wide variety of presentations, ranging from asymptomatic to an undifferentiated fever (viral syndrome) to the more severe forms such as severe dengue (SD) or Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The diagnosis of dengue fever is carried out based on clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data. Among laboratory tests, both non-specific [blood count, platelet count, tourniquet test, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), liver function tests and serum albumin concentration] and specific tests (viral isolation tests and serology for antibody examination) are used. The principle aim of our study is to assess and compare the biochemical and haematological parameters of patients with dengue. In our study population, the peak frequency of the patients who were dengue positive was on the age group between 21 and 30 years (44%), and it was more common among males. The most common serological indicator of dengue fever was the presence of NS1 antibody. High haematocrit (56%) was found in most of the patients, and the next common finding was thrombocytopenia (51%). Elevated Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase seen in 53% of cases and Elevated Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, Alkaline Phosphatase, Serum Bilirubin, Serum creatinine and Serum urea were found in 41%, 11%,7%, 4%, 3% of cases respectively. The knowledge about these parameters helps the clinician in early diagnosis of the cases and initiation of the management measures before the drastic clinical features of the disease sets. --- ## Antibiotics: A changing scenario in Regenerative Endodontics **Authors:** Kajol Relan, Manoj Chandak, Pooja Chandak, Madhulika Chandak, Chanchal Rathi, Shruti Mishra **Published:** 2020-12-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4321 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antibiotics, Calcium Hydroxide, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Triple antibiotic paste, Regeneration The main aim of Endodontics is to either prevent the endodontic disease or to treat it. This is achieved by maintaining the pulp health in cases of pulp inflammation. If there is pulp necrosis, pulp health can be maintained by regenerating the healthy pulp tissue. Hence various researches and the clinical studies tried to regenerate the healthy functioning pulp-dentin complex. Regenerative dentistry aims to biologically replace the dental tissues along with their supporting structures. Regenerative Endodontics can be defined as “biologically based procedures designed to replace damaged structures such as dentin, root structures, and cells of the pulp-dentin complex.” Root canal anatomy is complex, hence even after mechanical instrumentation, there exists some portions of the root canal that remain untouched. Only instrumentation cannot completely eliminate the microbes existing into the root canal. Hence there is need to additionally irrigate the canals and also using medicaments is required to disinfect the root canal and promote healing. This article aims at focussing on various antibiotics used and role of these materials to disinfect the canals during revascularization treatment. --- ## Investigation of Regional Perinatal Mortality Rate and Causes in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia **Authors:** Nasser Hadal Alotaibi, Abdulaziz I. Alzarea, Ahmed Hassan, Mohammed Gamal, Shakeel Iqubal S M, Amera Saeed, Dalal Abdulaziz, Abrar Nawawi **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4285 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Perinatal, Mortality, Causes, Perinatal Mortality Rate The primary purpose of this study is to recognize the perinatal mortality rate and the vital causes of perinatal mortality to ascertain the significant maternal elements for a safe birth. A retrospective study was carried out in three large tertiary hospitals in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in the period from January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2015. All perinatal deaths happening during that time were analyzed. During the six-year review period, a total of 280 infant deaths were recorded with a perinatal mortality rate (PMR) of 6.6 per 1000 births. The principal causes of death among the deceased were low birth weight (LBW) (87%), lethal congenital malformation (CM) (4%), sepsis (3%), and respiratory arrest (3%). The PMR was high in 2010 at 6.8, while it declined to 6.4 at the end of the period studied. The average PMR recorded in this study was 6.6 per 1000 births. This study showed that low birth weight is the main reason for prenatal mortality, although the PMR did decline by the end of the period. A decrease in the perinatal death rate is viable when all females start to attend preconception counselling and are present at antenatal health centres. --- ## A study to formulate the synthesis and characterization of mixed fruit juice nanoemulsion **Authors:** Gayathri K, Murugavel K, Karpagavel L, Manikandan N **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4252 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Characterization, Cocunut oil, Drug delivery, Fruit juice, Nanoemulsion An advanced mode of drug delivery system will overcome the major drawbacks associated with conventional drug delivery systems. Nanoemulsions are clear, thermodynamically stable mixtures of oil, water, surfactant and co-surfactant. These are the oil-in-water type of emulsions with the average droplet size ranging from 5 nm to 100 nm. Nanoemulsions are thermodynamically stable transparent or translucent dispersions of oil and water stabilized by an interfacial film of surfactant and co-surfactant molecules having a droplet size of less than 100 nm. Parameter that are to be used for its characterization include droplet size analysis, viscosity determination, pH, zeta potential, Morphology by Scanning electron microscopy and thermal stability. Fruits extract of Coccinia grandis, Punica granatum and Phyllanthus emblica Nano emulsion were prepared in the ratio of VCO oil:water:surfactant-32:36:32 (%w/w). The analyzed particle size of the diluted Nano emulsion droplet was 32.67 nm and the poly dispersity index of the droplet size was 1.000. The zeta potential was -15.5mV. The pH value of the freshly formulated Nano emulsion was 6.1 at 250C. All the characterization parameters of mixed fruit juice nanoemulsion were found to be within the standard limits. --- ## Developmental Status With Malnourished Children: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study **Authors:** Sumit Thakur, Ashish Varma, Sachin Damke, Revat Meshram, Bhavana Lakhkar **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4259 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Developmental disorder, malnutrition, mental development, motor development A balanced diet leads to a good state of health. In India, pediatric malnutrition accounts for 22 per cent of the country’s disease burden. Nutrition has a profound effect on the development of brain structure and function, and malnutrition may contribute to disease and developmental impairment in later life. The developmental evaluation assesses individuals’ skills and potential. This study aimed to determine the relationship of protein-energy malnutrition with motor development and cognition among malnourished children. The research was designed as a cross-sectional observational study in the pediatric malnourished population at Acharya Vinobha Bhave Rural Hospital, Sawangi, India. The study included the children between 6 months to 5 years with Grade II, III and IV malnutrition, who was admitted in the pediatric ward and excluded those with Neurological problems, syndromes and chronic diseases affecting development. Developmental assessment of patients was done using DASII (Developmental assessment of Indian infants) scale minimum 1 week after recovery of the child from acute illness. Pearson’s chi- square test was used for calculating the statistical significance. The developmental assessment was done using DASII scale in 273 children. Only 14.80% of children had normal mental DQ in grade II, whereas motor DQ was normal in 29.78% of grade II children. None of the patients with grade III and IV had normal mental or motor DQ. Mental development is more affected due to malnutrition than motor development, and the impact increases with increasing severity. --- ## Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice in Patients with Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy **Authors:** Rona Thomas, Sunitha L, Jasveen Saluja, Parto Ghasemidehkordi, Malini Muraleedharan Nair, Sreelatha S **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4264 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gestational Hypertension, Hypertensive Disorders, KAP, Pregnancy Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) cause unfavourable perinatal as well as maternal complications in 5-10% of all gestations. Pregnancies entangled with hypertension stays as a vital issue and complicate obstetric practice in developing countries like India. Majority of these complications can be prevented by early identification and legitimate treatment. Our study was aimed to comprehend the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of pregnant women regarding HDP as it is significantly affecting overall pregnancy outcome. One hundred four subjects with a mean age of 26.07 ± 3.27 years were recruited for the study and were assessed for their knowledge attitude and practice related to hypertension in pregnancy. Relevant data were collected, questionnaires were administered, and appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. Our findings demonstrated that there is a moderate correlation between the level of knowledge with the practice towards HDP among the participants. The current study indicated that the majority of the participants had a moderate level of knowledge but showed the right attitude and practice towards HDP. This implies the need to expand knowledge and public awareness regarding the disease. Involving the study subjects with clinical activities such as patient counselling, medication review, and pharmaceutical care program helps to increase the subject’s Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice about the disease condition. --- ## Efficacy of L-Ascorbic acid in the healing of extraction site after trans alveolar extraction of third molar teeth **Authors:** Subhashini Ramasubbu, Shivangi Gaur, Abdul Wahab P U, Madhulaxmi Marimuthu **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4261 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Trans alveolar extraction, Vitamin C, Wound healing Wound healing monitoring after every surgery is the most vital concern to deal with. The surgical removal of the teeth involves guttering of overlying bone, splitting the tooth (odontectomy), delivery of the tooth, irrigation of the socket, achieving haemostasis and closure of the soft tissue flap. This leads to big surgical insults resulting in post-operative inflammatory response like pain and swelling, difficulty in mouth opening, fever, etc. In some cases, other rare complications, including infection, nerve damage, have also been reported. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of submucosal injection of vitamin c (L-Ascorbic Acid) in wound healing after trans alveolar extraction of teeth. Thirty patients requiring trans alveolar extraction of teeth were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups, Group S (Vit c) and Group B (Control). Healing of extraction socket was observed on 3rd and 7th post-operative days. The study group (Vitamin C) had better healing indices than the controls at 7th post-op day. There was no significant difference in 3rd post-op day. There was no significant reduction in pain on 3rd and 7th post-operative days. L-Ascorbic acid injection provides satisfactory post-operative healing following trans alveolar extraction of teeth. But it does not decrease the post-operative pain following surgery. --- ## The multi-modality approach in a case of fracture of the humerus with an ipsilateral floating knee: A case report **Authors:** Hitendra Wamborikar, Priyank Bhatt, Swapnil Date, Naresh Dhaniwala, Khizar Khan **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4248 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Polytrauma, Ipsilateral humerus, Femur and tibia fracture, High-velocity road traffic accidents, Floating knee Ipsilateral fractures of humerus, femur and tibia is a rare entity. The number of fractures resulting due to road traffic accidents is on the rise. These Type of injuries usually occur due to high-velocity road traffic accidents. High-velocity road traffic accidents are associated with multiple bony injuries as well as injuries to various internal organs. These injuries are often difficult to manage due to their complex nature. Mostly multiple fractures are produced in ipsilateral limbs. This condition makes the management even more difficult. Hence a multi-modality approach is often required. A 55-year-old male sustained floating knee with ipsilateral shaft humerus fracture. After a three-staged surgical approach with three modalities for treating the compound injury, the patient had an excellent result with the full range of motion in the knee and complete coverage of wound. Compound floating injuries should be treated with simultaneous fixation of femur and tibia fractures to achieve early full range of knee motion with Vacuum-assisted closure followed by skin grafting for complete wound coverage. --- ## Effect of thymectomy on the female reproductive cycle in prepubertal and pubertal female guinea pigs **Authors:** Murali Punniakotti, Sundarapandian Subramanian, Pratheepa Sivasankari **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4257 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Thymectomy, Gonadotropin, 17β-Estradiol, Oestrous Cycle The proper function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is essential for maintaining proper female reproductive function. In female mammals, the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis regulates reproductive changes that take place in the estrus cycle and are necessary for successful reproduction. This study aimed to investigate the influence of thymus gland on the female reproductive function in different stages of life. This present study was conducted to investigate the effect of thymectomy on the estrus cycle in prepubertal (5th week) and pubertal (7th week) thymectomized guinea pigs. In this study, 24 female guinea pigs, six thymectomized and six sham-operated in each group were studied. Gonadotropin and 17β-estradiol levels were assessed at regular intervals (days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15) of the estrus cycle, and the length of the oestrous cycle in the thymectomized and sham-operated guinea pigs was determined. The results showed no significant difference in gonadotropin and 17β-estradiol were detected in thymectomized versus sham-operated guinea pigs at any intervals of the oestrous cycle. Thymectomy did not affect the length of the oestrous cycle of females. In conclusion, the present study results suggested that the presence of thymus during prepubertal and pubertal life was not necessary to regulate the oestrous cycle of female guinea pigs. --- ## Role of Moringa oleifera seed consumption on the levels of glucose, serum adipokines and bone function markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus **Authors:** Hazhar M. Balaky, Ismail S. Kakey **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4287 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Moringa oleifera, bone function markers, Adipokines The current study was conducted to investigate the impact of consumption of Moringa oleifera seed on the levels of glucose, Bone function markers and adipokines, in diabetes males. This study involved (47) diabetes male patients aged (40-59) years that have been classified into (Group 1): diabetes male under the treatment of Moringa oleifera seed (n=15) and (Group 2) diabetes male under the treatment of synthetic drugs (n=32). In addition to (15) apparently healthy subjects as a control group. Diabetes male patients consumed every day the Moringa oleifera seed at dose of 70 mg (one teaspoon) for 6 months. Blood samples were collected from both group to determine serum lipid profile, adipokines, bone function markers. Results indicate that consumption of Moringa oleifera seed induced a remarkable decrease in the levels of glucose and HbA1c, with accompanying increases in the levels of leptin and adiponectin. Furthermore, the use of Moringa oleifera seed increased vitamin D and inorganic phosphorus levels with concomitant decreases in the levels of osteoprotegerin and serum total calcium. These results show that consumption of Moringa oleifera seeds has a hypoglycemic effect, improving bone function markers and increasing adipokine levels in diabetic patients by improving biochemical indicators. --- ## Reliability of Panoramic Radiographs for Early Prediction of Impacted Maxillary Canine **Authors:** Pankaj Akhare, Renuka kutemate, Harish Atram, Pratik Jaltare, Kshitij Sabaley, Akansha Kumar **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4262 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cone Beam Computed Tomography, early prediction, Impacted canine, orthopantomogram The word ”early” is sometimes regarded as occurring before the usual or physiological period in the biological sense. The average age at which an upper canine must erupt is 13 years in boys, 12 years in girls and three months. Thus, the ability to detect tooth malposition as early as in the early mixed dentition (8 years approximately) and anticipate canine impaction in the same time will be highly helpful to the clinician for a positive outcome of the procedure. To predict the impaction of canine using panoramic radiographs and re-confirmed using cone-beam computed tomography. Fifty cases out of which ten had bilaterally impacted maxillary canines, and 40 had unilaterally impacted maxillary canines with an average age of 10-11years 5 months. Firstly, tracings were performed on orthopantomogram, and sector location classification as given by Steven Lindauer was applied. Findings from orthopantomogram were compared to Cone Beam Computed Tomography findings. In the labial group, 55% canine cusp tips were in sectors I, 40% in sector II and 5% in sector III. Whereas in the palatal group, 10% were in sector II, 60% in sector III and 30% in sector IV. This research demonstrates that the sector location of impacted canine as presented by Steven Lindauer that root apices may be used to forecast maxillary canine impactions early and to determine their labiopalatal location on panoramic radiographs. --- ## Herbal Sealers in Endodontics – A Systematic Review **Authors:** Manoj Chandak, Pradnya Nikhade, Rakhi Chandak, Pavan Bajaj, Kajol Relan, Pooja Chandak, Chanchal Rathi, Madhulika Chandak **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4289 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Herbal sealers, Triphala, Morinda citrofolia, Azadirachta indica, Root canal treatment Root canal infections usually occur due to many micro-organisms, among which most frequent are the obligatory anaerobes. One of the predominantly found microbes is Candida albicans that requires special attention. Herbs have and are being used for health ailments and avoiding diseases that include epidemics for decades. A lot of plants are used as Phytomedicines in the dental profession because they have various biological and antimicrobial effects. Various irritants are used such as NaOCl, Chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid etc. to eradicate microbes. However, these irrigants may have several disadvantages. In Endodontics, plants and their extract can be used as irrigant and intracanal medicament to prevent the potential side effects caused by conventional chemical agents. Less toxic herbal products are being used since ancient era, and they are Triphala, Morinda citrofolia, Propolis, Azadirachta indica, Carvacrol, Green tea, Orange oil, tea tree oil, Arctium lappa, Garlic extract etc. Most commonly used are Triphala, Morinda citrofolia, Propolis, Azadirachta indica, Green tea, Garlic extract. Such herbal preparations are derived from the roots, leaves, seeds, stems and flowers of medicinal plants. This systematic review aims to enlighten and focus on various herbal products that can be used in endodontics to eradicate the root canal infection and to create the environment necessary for periapical healing. This is essential for successful Root canal treatment. --- ## Implications of Dietary Vegetables on Glycemic Control- A Mechanistic Review **Authors:** Syed Sagheer Ahmed, Rupesh Kumar M, Rajesh Kowti, Ramesh B **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4254 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus, Glucose, Hypoglycemic, In vitro, In vivo, Vegetables The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing day by day. Despite using synthetic anti-diabetic agents, diabetic patients must modify their lifestyle, including routine diet. Vegetables are the adequate source of vitamins, dietary fibres, minerals and Phytoconstituents. Use of vegetables is growing among the people as a part of the diet. They, with their antioxidant properties, can maintain good health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Besides, they contain many dietary fibres that are anti-diabetic. The constituents present in these vegetables help to reduce blood glucose level through several mechanisms such as alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibition, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibition, enhancing the expression of peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma (PPAR) γ and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). Therefore the people must consume such vegetables with the proper knowledge to control diabetes mellitus and its complications. Hence the present review focuses on summarizing in vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic activity of most common dietary vegetables. --- ## Unique Mechanisms in Treatment of Diabetes mellitus: A Herbal-Based Therapeutic Approach **Authors:** Mahitab H. El Bishbishy, Abeer M. Eladawi, Eman M. El Hamrawy, Lamis A. ElShennawy, Menaallah W. Karim, Shahira M. Ezzat **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4250 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Diabetes, Antidiabetic plants, Insulin sensitizers, Insulin secretagogues Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that affects millions of people worldwide, described by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin action or both. As a consequence of the persistent hyperglycemia, several microvascular and macrovascular complications arise. In herbal treatments, there are quite a variety of mechanisms and pathways that could be targeted while considering the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM); ranging from acting on pancreatic insulin, decreasing carbohydrates digestion, to inhibiting enzymes responsible for this disease like glucosidases, maltase fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, G6Pase and PTP1B enzymes and increasing GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 translocation. There is a diverse amount of plants that have individual active constituents that are responsible for their anti-diabetic effect; such constituents belong to classes like flavonoids, phenolic compounds and alkaloids. In our review, we will report a large variety of plants and phytoconstituents that have anti-diabetic action and discuss their mechanism of action highlighting their uniqueness and thus, providing for novel targets for anti-diabetic molecules either solely or as adjunctive therapies. Ethnopharmacological studies could aid in the selection of medicinal plants to be employed in these preliminary studies. However, the exact bioactive metabolite, along with the definite mechanism of action, should be studied before experimental and clinical studies. --- ## A study of In vitro antioxidant and apoptotic effect of citrus medica Linn. leaves (Naarthai) against human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (ags) **Authors:** Suchitra M R, Danalakshmi G K, Sampathkumar P, Sumathi S, Poornima A, Parthasarathy S **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4263 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Citrus Medica, Naarthai Leaves, Antioxidant, Cancer Cell, Cytotoxicity Carcinoma or cancer of the stomach is one of the common malignancies of older men. Numerous methods of treatment options, including herbal and plant products, have been described for its management. The leaves of citrus medica or the naarthai leaves as it has been named traditionally do possess activities in the gastric mucosa. Hence, we decided to extract the phytochemicals from the leaves and find out the antioxidant, cytotoxic potential of the same. After confirmation of the leaves from appropriate authorities, petroleum ether, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves were made. The IC 50 was found to 200 micrograms and tested for cytotoxicity and apoptotic abilities in the AGS human gastric cell lines. The ethanolic extract showed maximal phytoconstituents. The aqueous extract showed 76.15% of scavenging effect, whereas the ethanolic extract showed 85.33% scavenging activity. Regarding the cytotoxicity effect of C. medica extract on the AGS cell line, it was observed that the percentage of cells was reduced to 50% in the treatment group when compared to the control group. The cells treated with ethanolic leaf extract of C. medica were arrested in G0−G1. Late apoptosis was significantly increased in the treated group when compared to the control group. The ethanolic leaf extracts of citrus medica possessed antioxidant and anti-cancer properties in gastric mucosal lines. This option can be considered for further production of drugs from such plants. --- ## Pharmacological screening of anti-diabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of aqueous extracts of leaves of Aloe barbadensis **Authors:** Abdulaziz Khaled Hasan, Rakesh Kumar Jat, Abdul Mannan Khan **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4265 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aloe barbadensis, Diabetes Mellitus, Oral Hypoglycemic Agent, Glucose Tolerance, Antilipidemic, Alloxan, Glibenclamide The present study was to estimate the anti-diabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of aqueous extract of leaves of plant Aloe barbadensis.In alloxan induced diabetes in rats, the research examined six groups of six male wister rats every to value the hypoglycaemic effect of the barbadensis (ALEC) exposed to hostile to diabetic action in rodents where alloxan monohydrates were utilized as a portion of 120.00 mg/kg in intraperitoneal portion as a diabetogenic specialist to an acquainted diabetic with test rodents. In sub intense, treatment, bunch blood glucose levels are seen on 14.00th, 21.00th and 30.00th-day present treatment compare on typical control in diabetic control checked expanded blood glucose level was watched, with dosages of 100.00, 250.00 and 500.00 mg/kg b.w. A portion of 500.00 mg/kg b.w/day was seen as having the most significant activity. Glibenclamide was applied as a standard drug, and the outcome was compared about it. In the anti-hyperlipidemic activity, serum cholesterol levels were recorded at aqueous extracts of 100.00, 250.00 and 500.00 mg/kg, on 30.00th-day post-treatment. Serum cholesterol levels were ordinary benchmark groups was 107.70 ± 01.21 mg/dl diabetic control 178.50 ± 01.04 mg/dl and standard medications treatment bunches was 111.30 ± 02.40 mg/dl and ALEC treatment bunches were 171.20 ± 01.03 mg/dl, 145.80 ± 02.92 mg/dl and 118.80 ± 03.86 mg/dl for 100.00, 250.00 and 500.00 mg/kg separately. The results show that the aqueous extract of Aloe barbadensis has significant and continuous oral hypoglycaemic activity, equivalent to the hypoglycaemic result of glibenclamide, a sulfonylurea derivative and hyperlipidemic activity. Extracts also confirmed antihyperlipidaemic possible of the plant extract is establish to be comparable with that of the standard. --- ## Antimicrobial resistance profile in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) at a teaching tertiary care hospital, Tamilnadu **Authors:** Nithyalakshmi J, Mohanakrishnan K, Ravinder T, Muthu lakshmi, Sumathi G, Sowmya N, Jeevan M, Kamalraj M **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4255 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** PCDDT, Ceftazidime resistance, ESBL pseudomonas, resistance profile of ESBL The spread of extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL)-producing clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa has dramatically increased worldwide and frequently reported in India. The present study was undertaken to identify the prevalence of ESBL producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its antimicrobial resistance profile. This prospective study was conducted at Clinical microbiology Laboratory of Sri Muthukumaran Medical college hospital and research Institute for a period of 9 months. P. aeruginosa isolates from all samples were identified by standard protocols. Antibiotic sensitivity testing for all isolates was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Disc potentiation test was performed to detect ESBL production. ESBL producing pseudomonas aeruginosa (16/69) in this study was 23.18%. Prevalence rate of ESBL isolates among the MDR strains was 41.17%. We observed ESBL isolates with high resistance rate to tested antipseudomonal antibiotics than Non ESBL. All ESBL isolates were sensitive to Polymyxin and Colistin. This study gives an alarming sign towards high prevalence of cephalosporins due to ESBL emphasizes the need for early detection to prevent therapeutic failure. In addition, our study results would be useful to formulate antibiotic policy and its compliances for effective infection control practices. --- ## 3-Dimensional Plates Versus Conventional Mini plates in Maxillofacial Trauma- A Review **Authors:** Subhashini Ramasubbu, Shivangi Gaur, Ramvihari Thota, Abdul Wahab P U **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4269 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** 3-Dimensional Plates, Miniplates, Maxillofacial Trauma, Conventional Miniplates Maxillofacial trauma is any physical injury to the facial bones. Facial bones are frequently fractured bones in RTA, Assault, Domestic violence etc. Facial trauma includes Maxillary fractures, Mandibular fractures, Orbital Fractures, Nasal Bone Fractures, soft tissue injury such as lacerations, bruises etc. Over the years, there are many refinements in the management of maxillofacial trauma. The incidence of maxillofacial trauma is more in males because they are involved in more physical activities and assault compared to women. In Older times for facial bone fractures, surgeons performed maxillomandibular fixation using wire osteosynthesis for minimum three weeks to 6 weeks, and mouth opening was difficult, poor oral hygiene leading to periodontal problems, difficulty in speech and masticatory functions. The management of maxillofacial trauma includes the use of Maxillomandibular fixation using wire osteosynthesis, conventional mini plates and 3-D plates. For the management of facial bone fractures, Maxillofacial surgeons perform open reduction and internal fixation(ORIF) whenever needed. In the case of ORIF, Surgeons use mini plates either 3D or Conventional Plates for stabilising the fractured segments. This technique requires skill and experience and is also expensive. The advantages of this method are improved quality of life. The objective of this review is to compare 3-Dimensional plates and Conventional Plates in Maxillofacial trauma. --- ## A study on the assessment of severity of major depression in relation to neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio **Authors:** Swaapnika M, Ramam Sripada, Veerendra Kumar D, Vineela K, Rama Reddy K, Hemanth Kumar Vangala, Dasaratha Dhanaraju Magharla **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4244 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Depression, Lymphocytes, Neutrophils, Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelets, Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio To assess the severity of major depression in relation to neutrophillymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio. A total of 186 patients gave their consent to participate in this study. The symptoms and the severity of depression were assessed by using the “Hamilton rating scale for depression” (HAM-D). Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and were subjected to measure the values of neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio. The mean values of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in mild, moderate, severe and very severely depressed individuals were found to be 1.40 (±0.24), 2.52 (±0.27), 3.53 (±0.3) & 4.39 (±0.3) respectively and it was observed that the values of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio was increased as the severity of the depression increases (r=0.9995, p=0.0005). The mean values of platelet-lymphocyte ratio in mild, moderate, severe and very severely depressed individuals were observed to be 147.21 (±34.25), 217.83 (±12.09), 267.31 (±15.86) & 316.29 (±18.44) respectively and it was found that the values of platelet-lymphocyte ratio was increased as the severity of the depression increases (r=0.9993, p=0.0007). Increase in severity of depression positively correlated with increase in the values of both neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and plateletlymphocyte ratio (PLR). Increased values of PLR showed a significant impact when compared to the values of NLR, as more than two third of the patients (71.5%) reported an increased values of PLR beyond their normal range when compared to the increased values of NLR which was just con????ined to only 4.8% of the study population. --- ## Correlation of Patient Satisfaction with Treatment Duration in Tooth Supported Full Mouth Rehabilitation Cases: A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Rupawat Divya, Vinay Sivaswamy, Subhashree R **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4280 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Full mouth rehabilitation, tooth supported, patient satisfaction, treatment duration, temporisation, vertical dimension Full mouth rehabilitation is a comprehensive treatment and hence requires a longer duration along with patient co-operation and operator skill. Data of 86000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020 was reviewed from the patient’s records and analysed that was documented in Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India. 152 patients who underwent tooth supported full mouth rehabilitation were included in this retrospective study. The data regarding the duration of the entire treatment, patient satisfaction, type of temporary teeth and change in vertical dimension was collected from Dental Information Archiving Software (DIAS). The data censored was collected by recalling the patient and reviewing. Statistical analysis was performed using pearson’s correlation and chi square test to assess the association between patient satisfaction and increase in the vertical dimension, type of temporisation and duration of the treatment. The associations between patient satisfaction and increase in vertical dimension (Chi-square value : 8.809, df: 6, p value : 0.185), type of temporisation (Chi-square value : 8.809, df: 6, p value : 0.185) and duration of the treatment (Chi-square value : 303.548, df: 306, p value : 0.529) were statistically insignificant (p>0.05). From the available data it was observed the duration of the treatment plays a secondary role in relation to patient satisfaction in the treatment of full mouth rehabilitation cases. The quality of treatment and decisiveness in providing definitive care with respect to treatment needs gives better patient satisfaction. --- ## A case report on Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome in a 3 year old: Clinical diagnosis and management **Authors:** Gayathri Sunil, Meghana Vinod, Neethu C M, Jis Ann Maria, Vinitha Prasad **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4267 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Ritter’s disease, exfoliative toxin, desquamation, flucloxacillin, erythematous rash Staphylococcal-scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is a blistering skin disorder which is considered as a pediatric emergency. This life-threatening syndrome is caused by Staphylococcal exfoliative toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus. Although it can affect any age group, children below 5 years of age are at utmost risk. The specific antibodies to exotoxins and increased exotoxin clearance, minimize the frequency of SSSS in adults. Mortality in infancy is low (4%) and is less than 10 % in children but is between 40% and 63% in adults. Clinical features of SSSS may range from a few localized blisters to generalized desquamation covering the entire body. The histopathological evaluation of the skin biopsy helps in the definitive diagnosis of SSSS. Here we present a case of a 3 year old female child with low grade fever associated with erythematous rashes all over the body and severe itching. A clinical diagnosis of Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) was made. With appropriate treatment using intravenous Flucloxacillin and supportive care, the child’s symptoms were completely resolved within a week. --- ## Estimation of flavonoids and screening of in vitro antioxidant activity of various extracts of aerial parts of Blepharis maderaspatensis by hydroxyl radical and total antioxidant activity **Authors:** Jambula Dinesh Babu, Bhuvaneswari Santharam, Kottai Muthu Arumugam **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4266 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Blepharis maderaspatensis, hydroxyl radical, total antioxidant activity, flavonoids Antioxidants are substances that hamper or inhibit the oxidation of oxidizable substrates in the cells. The aerial parts of Blepharis maderaspatensis dry powder was extracted with various solvents (PE, EA and methanol) through Soxhlet extractor. The aerial parts of different concentrates (Pet.ether, ethyl acetate and methanol) of Blepharis maderaspatensis was evaluated for its in- vitro antioxidant potential by hydroxyl radical, total antioxidant activity taking ascorbate used as standard for the both methods and total flavonoids content was estimated as equivalent to rutin. The methanolic concentrates of Blepharis maderaspatensis & standard exhibited antioxidant potential possessing IC50 210µg/ml & 62µg/ml (hydroxyl radical) 200µg/ml & 57µg/ml (Total antioxidant activity) respectively. An IC50 value was originate that methanolic concentrates of Blepharis maderaspatensis more efficient in hydroxyl radical, total antioxidant activity compared EA & PE concentrates. The methanolic and EA concentrates of Blepharis maderaspatensis showed the total flavonoids content (11.230 ± 0.22 and 2.858 ± 0.56 mg of rutin equivalent/g of powder) respectively. The difference in scavenging potential of the extracts can be due to variation in the percentage of bioactive compound flavonoids present in methanolic extracts. Invitro antioxidant studies obviously show methanolic concentrates of Blepharis maderaspatensis have better antioxidant activity due to the presence of total flavonoids content. --- ## Formulation and Evaluation of Innovative Anti-septic Solution For Wound healing **Authors:** Garemella Lakshmi Gayathri, Narsa Reddy K, Amit B Patil **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4626 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Wound healing, Silver sulfadiazine, PVP k30, Iso propyl alcohol, Benzyl benzoate, Rosemary oil, Brilliant blue Wound healing is a complex process in which the skin and their tissues are undergone self repairing after injury. The wound healing is not only complex but also fragile, and also susceptible to interruption or failure leading to the formulation of non healing chronic wounds, Tissue repair is a simple linear process in which the growth factor cause the proliferation which eventually leads to the skin healing process. Currently in market there is no antiseptic spray solution is available for wound healing or retention process. The objective of current work is to formulate and optimize and evaluate a innovative wound healing solution. Silver sulfadiazine (0.5%) was optimized and finalized the concentration of excipients to make a prototype formulation. The batches were prepared under room temperature and it contains ingredients like 3% of PVP k30 which is used as thickening agent and stabilizing agent and it enhances retentivity property, 5% preservatives, 0.05% rosemary oil is used as a flavour, 0.05% brilliant blue was used as a colouring agent. Evaluation studies such as Appearance, Retentivity, Sensorial analysis was done. Silver sulfadiazine content was determined on the given stability condition and content found to be within specification. --- ## The medicinal plant Calpurnia aurea leaves act as an anti-inflammatory source of 5-Lipoxygenase / Cyclooxygenase-2 dual inhibitors **Authors:** Tesfay Weletnsae, Tekleweyni Tadege, Kidu Hintsa, Gopalakrishnan V K, Zenebe Hagos, Berihu Tekluu, Kamalakararao K, Muthulingam M, Krishna Chaithanya K **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4288 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Calpurnia aurea, Cyclooxygenase, 5-Lipoxygenase, Anti-inflammatory activity Calpurnia aurea is a medicinal plant belonging to the family of Fabaceae. Traditionally in Ethiopia the leaves have been used for the treatment of diarrhea, leishmaniasis, swelling, cough and snake bite. Based on the traditional use the leaves of C. aurea might be a promising source for development of anti-inflammatory agents. The objective of the current research was to explore the 5- Lipooxygenase (5-LOX), Cyclooxygenase-1 & Cyclooxygenase- 2 (COX-1 & COX-2) inhibitory activity of inflammatory enzymes of organic leaves crude extract of C. aurea and its phytochemical analysis. The dried leaves powder of the C. aurea (100 g) was extracted with successive soxhlet extraction by solvents of low polarity (Petroleum ether) to a high polar solvent (Ethanol). These organic leaf extracts C. aurea were assessed for the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by 5- Lipooxygenase, Cyclooxygenase-1 & Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory activities by ELISA method and further subjected to phytochemical screening. The ethanolic leaves extract of C.aurea showed significant 5-LOX inhibitory activity of 51.07% at 100 µg/ml with IC50 of 95.30µg/ml and the C.aurea leaves acetone extract showed the selective COX- 2 index (2.35) inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 200.75µg/ml. The current work revealed that the C. aurea leaf acetone extract (CALAC) is shows potential source for the isolation and development of 5-LOX and COX-2 dual inhibitory compounds for management of inflammatory related diseases and inflammatory cancers. --- ## Neuroprotective effect of morin against unpredictable chronic mild stress induced oxidative stress and behavioural deficits in Wistar rats **Authors:** Kiruthika R, Hema T, Justin Thenmozhi A, Manivasagam T **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4256 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic mild stress, Morin, Anhedonia, Oxidative stress, Antioxidants Morin is a bioflavonoid widely found in fruits and vegetables, which possesses the protective activity to various neurological diseases. An earlier report showed that the administration of morin had antidepressant-like effect against acute stress conditions. Acute stress induces only transient changes in the brain while the prolonged stress increases vulnerability to mental disorders. To better understand its anti depressive activity, we explored the neuroprotective role of morin against unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) induced rats. Male Wistar rats were randomized and grouped into control, UCMS exposed (different stressors) UCMS and morin (30 & 60 mg/kg) co-treated and morin alone treated (60 mg/kg). Morris water maze test (MWMT) and sucrose preference test (SPT) were employed to study the effect of morin on learning, memory and anhedonia of rats. In addition, the levels of thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activities of super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were estimated. Behavior studies indicated that morin treatment significantly increased the memory and sucrose intake as shown by MWMT and SPT respectively. Moreover, it exhibited the antioxidant activity by reducing the amount of lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) and GSH and activities of enzymatic antioxidants in UCMS rats. Our experiment suggested that the antidepressant-like actions of morin could be due to its potent antioxidant property. --- ## Alveoloplasty: A Case Report of Recontouring The Alveolar Process **Authors:** Diksha Agrawal, Priyanka Jaiswal, Prasad Dhadse, Kashish Mangal **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4245 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Alveoloplasty, Recontouring, Pre-prosthetic, Bony spicules Alveoloplasty is one of the common pre-prosthetic surgical procedure carried out in dental surgical practice setups. A. T. Willard in 1853 advocated reduction of the alveolar ridge to bring about the complete proximity of soft tissues over the alveolus. Sir O. T. Dean first proposed “Intra-septal alveoloplasty” in the American Dental Association journal in 1936 so, named as Dean’s alveoloplasty. The objective of Pre-prosthetic surgeries provide adequate bony tissue support for the placement of complete dentures. the characteristics of ideal denture base are adequate bony support with proper soft tissue coverage, no undercuts, no sharp ridges. Preprosthetic surgical treatment must begin with a thorough history and physical examination of the patient. The aim of the alveoloplasty procedure is used for recontouring of bony irregularities at the time of extractions or after initial healing. This case report illustrates case of a 71 year old healthy male. On examination who revealed irregular bony spicules on the edentulous ridge. After complete evaluation, alveoloplasty procedure was performed to smoothen the ridge. Proper diagnosis of the condition of edentulous ridges are important for successful fabrication of complete dentures. Every effort should be made to ensure that both the hard and soft tissues are developed in a form that will enhance the patient’s ability to wear a denture. --- ## Polyphenolic composition and invitro evaluation of radical scavenging and anti diabetic properties of Canthium parviflorum **Authors:** Azhagu Saravana Babu P, Vajiha Aafrin B, Renuka V, Shalini Priyanga C, Pooja D, Archana G, Rajathi M Modilal D, Sukumar M **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4243 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Canthium parviflorum, free radical, antioxidant activity, anti-diabetic activity The main objective of the present study was to investigate the nutraceutical properties of the bioactive components from the extracts of Canthium parviflorum seeds (CPS). The anti-oxidant property of CPS extracts was carried out by estimating the total phenolic, flavonoid contents, flavonols, flavonols and radical scavenging properties. The results of these findings show that the aqueous extract of CPS rich in polyphenols (87.5 ± 0.2 mg GAE /g) and flavonoids (50.1 ± 0.2 mg QE/g) compounds than organic extracts. The effective inhibitory activity of CPS against α- amylase and α- glucosidases enzyme related to type- 2 diabetes was evaluated and compared. The aqueous extract was exhibited the maximum α-amylase and β-glucosidase inhibition of 91.1 ± 0.4 and 90.5 ± 0.1 % respectively. The seed extracts show a maximum of 25.5 % of protein and 6.4 mg/100g of zinc. The seed extract was exhibited maximum anti-oxidant property with beta carotene content of 5.4 mg/100 g of seed. The present work may be the platform to use to develop highvalue nutritional compounds by unutilized plant materials. The natural anti- oxidant and polyphenols present in the extracts were showed great nutraceutical value, and it may be used to develop nutraceutical to enhance a healthy diet. --- ## Studies on Contributions of FTIR Spectroscopic analysis in the Purification process of Veeram (Hg2Cl2) used in Siddha formulations **Authors:** Madhavan R, Muthukumar N J, Savariraj Sagayam C, Rajalakshmi P, Brindha P **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4463 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Veeram, purification, milk, bitter guard, lemon juice, tender coconut, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy In Siddha system Arsenics are called as Paasaanam (toxins). Veeram is one of the p aasaanam, its chemical formula is Hg2Cl2 (Calomel). Internally arsenic based medicines are used for rheumatoid arthritis, generalized body pain, syphilis, epilepsy and cancer. Various organic agents are used to purify the veeram such as milk, tender coconut, bitter guard and lemon juice. In this study raw veeram and products obtained after purification were analyzed using FTIR Spectroscopy with a view to understand the need and mechanism of this purification processes. FTIR analysis was carried out before and after purification. Efforts were made to study various chemical changes veeram undergoes during this process. FTIR of the raw Veeram and its processed samples were recorded between 4000-400 cm−1. In the study raw drug showed only nine functional groups in the region between 3789.36 cm−1 and 468.75 cm−1. Bitter gourd treated veeram peaks were observed in the region between 3526.99 and 476.62 cm−1 and a total of 13- peaks were obtained. Milk treated veeram showed peaks in the region between 3851.10 and 470.39 cm−1 and total of 16- peaks were obtained. This method indicated presence of large number of functional groups. Lemon juice treated veeram showed peaks in between 3839.33 and 471.99 cm-1 total of 15-peaks were obtained. Tender coconut veeram peaks were observed in between 3877.84 and 477.33 cm−1 and total of 15-peaks were obtained. From this data number of functional groups increased in purified samples which indicated that the toxic veeram is not only detoxified but also interacted with functional groups of purifying agents there by therapeutic potency is enhanced. --- ## Histopathological spectrum of lower Gastro-intestinal colonoscopic biopsy lesion with special reference to Her-2/neu expression in carcinoma colon **Authors:** Debahuti Mohapatra, Rupanita Biswal, Mitu Mohanty, Prateek Das **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4281 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Colonoscopic Biopsy, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Tubulovillous Adenoma, Colorectal Cancer, Her2/Neu Cancer associated with colon is one of the principal risk factors from decease in women and men. Although importance growing aspect of human epidermis receptor2 (Her2) as a therapeutic target is rising its role as a biomarker in the form of predicting indicator within colorectal Cancer (CRC)is still a mystery. Present research is undertaken for evaluating the Her2/neu description in Cancer of the colon. This research comprises 256patientswith spectrum of histopathological treatment ranging from colitis to colorectal carcinoma at our department between 2015- 2017. Her2/neu Immunohistochemistry was done in the colorectal carcinoma and scores based on Ruschoff et al. Her-2 testing in gastric cancer. Out of a total number of 256 cases enrolled in our study group, the majority belonged to the age group of 40-60 years, with M: F ratio being 1.4:1. The commonest site of the lesion occurred in the rectum (43.75%) followed by ascending colon and caecum (12.08%). Non neo- plastic lesions constituted about two third of all cases, the commonest being inflammatory bowel disease(21.48%). In benign neoplastic lesions of tubular adenoma was the commonest type, and in malignant commonest type was colorectal adenocarcinoma NOS(64.44%) followed by mucinous adenocarcinoma (22.22%). Because of more prominent membranous staining observed in high grade colorectal cancers, Her2neu expression is found to be an important predictive marker of carcinoma colon, especially the adenocarcinoma, NOS. Like Breast carcinoma, target oriented therapy can be instituted especially in Her 2/neu positive high grade and metastatic tumors. --- ## Treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency in elderly decreases the high levels of lipid parameters: A retrospective study **Authors:** Husni Farah, Bushra Abdul-Hadi, Jehad F. Alhmoud, Atef Al-Othman **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4249 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** High-density lipoprotein, Low-density lipoprotein, Total cholesterol, Triglyceride, Vitamin B12 The majority of people around the world experience the effects of the inadequacy of vitamin B12. A cross-sectional study was carried out at the beginning of April to end of December 2019, to examine the impact of vitamin B12 inadequacy and its treatment in improving total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride (TG). The data that contains the levels of vitamin B12, lipid parameters (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and TG) were gathered from 400 patients (n =400) from various clinical research centres situated in the capital of Jordan, Amman. The patient’s samples were classified into multiple age groups. The data of both total cholesterol and LDL levels were gathered from thirty-five (n=35) patients, their age group is between 55-66 and have begun treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency by intramuscular infusion (1.0 mg) of vitamin B12. Almost 20.5% of the studied individuals (n=400) are found to be vitamin B12 deficient, as the level of vitamin B12 was equal to (<190 ng/ml). The age group (56 - 66) years old was found to have a significant decrease in vitamin B 12 (p< 0.01) and this results was associated with a critical increment in the levels of both total cholesterols (p < 0.01) and LDL p< 0.02) on contrast with other age groups. Our results did not reveal any significant changes in the levels of other lipid parameters in all age groups. Intramuscular injection treatment for thirty days reduces significantly (p< 0.01) the level of vitamin B12. This treatment strategy leads to a decrease in both total cholesterols (p< 0.01) and LDL levels (p< 0.01) substantially. --- ## Evaluation of wound healing activity of alpha mangostin ointment in rats **Authors:** Sasikala Chinnappan, Venkatalakshmi Ranganathan, Jithendra Panneerselvam, Barani Karikalan, Thivashini vasanthan, Wong Shienrun **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4247 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** wound healing, alpha mangostin, wound size, histopathology This study was aimed to evaluate the wound healing effects of alpha mangostin ointment using excision wound model. Twenty rats were divided into four groups of five rats each; group I was treated with ointment base (control), whereas group II, group III and group IV were treated with 10% (w/w) povidone-iodine (standard), alpha mangostin 1% (w/w), and alpha mangostin 2 % (w/w) respectively for wound healing evaluations. The size of the wound area was measured, and the reduction in the wound size was calculated, and the tissues examined histologically. The significant difference in the wound size reduction between the control and treated group (p<0.05) was observed in wound healing activity. Histopathological studies showed a lesser number of chronic inflammatory cells, lesser oedema and increased collagenisation in the test than control. This study showed that the alpha mangostin topical ointment could be a promising candidate for the betterment of wound care. --- ## A Study on the Dispensing Pattern of OTC Medications in Community Pharmacies: Generic versus Non-Generic drugs **Authors:** Aditya R, Ankitha P B, Bemiya Benny, Krithika Joy, Navyashree G A **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4246 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Analgesics, Antipyretics, Generic, Non-Generic, OTC drugs, Patient counselling, Pharmacy Over the Counter (OTC) Drugs are legally allowed to be sold ’Over the Counter’ without the prescription of a registered medical practitioner (RMP). The study aimed to assess the drug dispensing pattern of the commonly dispensed category of OTC drugs, understand the patient’s knowledge using a self-designed questionnaire and to compare the cost-effectiveness based on the unit price of drugs between generic and non-generic drugs. A prospective observational study was conducted from November 2018 to April 2019 in randomly selected licensed community pharmacies in Banashankari, Bengaluru (3 private pharmacies and 1 government-sponsored pharmacy). Data collected was documented and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Z test. 59.33% (non-generic) & 24.67% (generic) pharmacists had collected the clinical history before dispensing the drugs. Non-generic pharmacists (62.00%) provided adequate information about the dispensed drug than generic pharmacists (30.00%). The frequently dispensed OTC drugs were analgesics and antipyretics and commonly reported illness was a pain. Consumers had an opinion that the usage of OTC drugs was safe and was not aware of the side effects. Patient counselling was given to 82% of the consumers in generic and 43% in non-generic pharmacies regarding their health issue and medications. Generic drugs were more cost-effective than non-generic drugs. --- ## Chakramarda Ghrita & Go-Ghrita in the management of Parikartika (fissure in ano): An Ayurvedic management protocol for the treatment of fissure **Authors:** Alok Kumar Diwedi, Kiran Khandare **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4258 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Parikartika, fissure in ano, Chakramarda Ghrita Anal Fissure is one of the significant causes of pain in the anal region. The two primary signs of this disease are pain and bleeding, and pain is often unbearable. In males, anal fissure typically occurs in the midline posterior - 90 %, and 10 % midline anterior. Subsequently, female fissures on the midline anteriorly are significantly more frequent than posteriorly (60:40). In contemporary sciences, Parikartika can be correlated with Fissure in Ano. The objective of the prospective study is to find the effectiveness of Chakramarda Ghrita & GoGhrita in the management of Parikartika. The present study is designed as a randomized, single-blind parallel in which 30 patients will be enrolled. Ghrita will be applied for local application twice a day. Assessment will be done 0th, 7th day, 14th day, and 28th day. The changes are expected to be observed in subjective parameters such as pain bleeding per rectum with itching as well as with objective parameters such as Parikartika Healing and tenderness. The study is expecting the non-surgical management of fissure in ano concerning the impact of Chakramarda Ghrita & GoGhrita. The research is expecting to be baseline and benchmark of the prospective studies in Parikartika. --- ## Pharmacognostical Standardisation of Ailanthus Excelsa Leaves and Randia Dumetorum Fruit Along with Antioxidant Activity and Free Radical Scavenging Capacity of Its Fractions **Authors:** Vivek V Paithankar, Shailesh M Kewatkar, Trupti A Nimburkar, Supriya S Deshpande **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4268 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Standardisation, Antioxidant Activity, Ailanthus Excelsa, Randia Dumetorum The world is observing an unprecedented development in the usage of herbal product at national as well as international levels. This requires the improvement of current and aimed standards for estimating the quality, safety and efficacy of these drugs. The leaves of Ailanthus excelsa and the fruits of Randia Dumetorum are medicinal plants that are used for many diseases around the world. We then collected the flavonoids and saponin fraction extracted from the leaves of Ailanthus excelsa and the fruits of Randia dumetorum. To determine the reliability, quality and purity of these particles, we provide a crucial pharmacological profile along with the antioxidant activity. Pharmacological studies, such as morphological, physicochemical, TLC, and phytochemical analysis of all fractions containing total phenol and flavonoids, were performed according to specific methods. DPPH tests estimated the antioxidant action of all fractions, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, and reducing power assay method. Previous phytochemical studies discovered the occurrence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and especially phenolic chemicals. All fractions have antioxidant effects, depending on the existence of a phenolic compound. The above parameters are vital to establishing pharmacological rules for the authentication of Ailanthus excelsa leaves and Randia Dumetorum fruits. --- ## Prevalence of Anemia Among Home-Makers and Working Women **Authors:** Varusha Sharon Christopher, Gifrina Jayaraj **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4253 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anemia, Working women, Home-makers, Hemoglobin, Fatigue Anaemia, defined as a decreased concentration of blood haemoglobin, is one of the most common nutritional deficiency diseases observed globally and affects more than a quarter of the world’s population, especially the women. The haemoglobin count for the women involved in the study were determined using an auto-analyser in a private lab. As a part of subjective assessment, nine questions were asked to all the women who participated in the study. Data was imported to Excel, and tabulation was done. The values were tabulated and analysed. According to the descriptive statistics, under group-1 consisting of home-makers, 50% were anaemic, and 50% were non-anaemic. Under group-2 consisting of working-women 61.1% were anaemic and the rest 38.9% were non-anaemic, which does not show any prominent significance among both the groups. Chi-square test was done to check the significance which provided a Pearson chi-square value-0.450 with a p-value of 0.502(p ≥ 0.05), which was non-significant. As a result, the prevalence of anaemia among the groups is not significant. Within the limits of the study, it is seen that the incidence of anaemia is slightly higher in working women when compared to home-makers. However, this association was not significant since p ≥ 0.05 (p=0.502, chi-square test), which denotes that women lead a compromised quality of life. --- ## Derivatised liquid chroamtographic method for statistical estimation of saliva samples by non-invasive technique **Authors:** Vasundhara S, Madhusudan Rao Bandlamudi **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4284 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Saliva, Glucose, H.P.L.C., Serum, Blood, insulin A method was developed and validated for low-level detection of glucose. The method involves quantitation of glucose though derivitisation with PABA and HPLC-DAD analysis. A selective and novel method has been optimised for evaluation of blood glucose levels in blood Serum and saliva biological matrices by R.P-H.P.L.C. The principle analyte was eluted with the conditions of mobile phase having the 50m.M Sodium acetate: Acetonitrile (60:40%, v./v.) using the Phenomax-C.18 (250 x 4.6 mm, 3.5m.) analytical column with the 1.0 ml/min flow rate and 10µl sample volume at 254 nm in a photodiode array detector. The retention times of was 3.4 min within the total run time of 05 min. The curve indicates the correlation coefficient (r2) was superior by having the value 0.998 with a linear range of 40 µg/ml- 600.0 µg/ml. Based on the results obtained in the validation, the developed method was susceptible, accurate, linear and economical. Due to the short time of the chromatographic program, more samples can be analysed within a short period. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using t-test. Highly significant P-value (P<0.05) was obtained between the serum blood glucose and salivary glucose level. A distinct difference was observed in the salivary glucose between the control and diabetic group. The method was met all the predefined acceptance criteria. Diabetes mellitus is a globally widespread disease. As the salivary collection is painless and non-invasive, in this study, an attempt has been made to diagnose diabetes mellitus by estimating the salivary glucose level in comparison with serum blood glucose level. Hence the developed method can be used as an index of diabetes mellitus. --- ## Advanced Comprehensive Rehabilitation Approach for Post-operative patient with Anterior Mediastinal Tumor: Atypical Case Report **Authors:** Angela Kapoor, Vaishnavi Yadav, Pratik Phansopkar **Published:** 2020-12-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4251 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Myasthenia gravis, Thymoma, Thymectomy, Rehabilitation Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease in which muscle weakness and fatigability of the skeletal muscle are as a result of an antibody at the neuromuscular junction against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) affecting ladies and older men. A thymoma occurs in approximately 15 per cent of adult diagnosed with Myasthenia gravis (MG). Thymectomy is used as a surgical approach which helps to reduce the symptoms. Structured comprehensive physiotherapy rehabilitation post-surgery helps to achieve a successful functional recovery. A 61 year old male patient was admitted with complain of lump in neck region, generalised weakness and early fatigability while doing Activities of daily living since 2 months. Investigations were done for the same which revealed thymoma and surgical intervention i.e. thymectomy was performed. Patient was referred to post opt rehabilitation with complains of incisional pain, cough with expectoration, early fatigue performing basic Activities of daily living and reduced strength. Following the surgery patient underwent physiotherapy which comprised of exercises, breathing retraining and early mobilization. The case report concludes that early excision of thymoma with prompt tailor made supervised exercise program helps in early recovery and achievement of functional goal. --- ## Preventive Measures for COVID - 19 **Authors:** Lavi Arya **Published:** 2020-12-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4601 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mode of infection, Preventive measures, Signs and symptoms COVID-19 sudden outburst is declared as a serious public medical health issue worldwide by WHO, in March 2020. The first case of COVID-19 was seen officially in Wuhan City, China, in December 2019. It’s a pandemic to which all the countries has to take action in the detection of the infection and prevention of it’s spread. Despite global efforts to contain the disease spread, the outbreak is still on the rise because of the community spread pattern of this infection. Earlier the mode of transmission of the virus was seen in animal to person but now the transmission is from person to person through respiratory droplet infection the confirmed case is seen in many countries and are increasing day by day Fever, cough and cold, difficulty in breathing, tiredness can be seen in the patients suffering. The virus is affecting our health, economy, social life. Till the time we don’t have any medication at least we should try to prevent the spread of the virus. The points which can help in the prevention of the spread of the virus in the community are maintaining of hand sanitation, social distancing, Avoiding person to person contact and Quarantine. Increase in a number of testing, detecting COVID-19 positive patients will also help to reduce the spread of virus and secondary cases with strict quarantine rules. --- ## Correlation between gender and soft tissue characteristics of face among south Indian population of various skeletal malocclusion **Authors:** Seerab Husain, Navaneethan A, Sri Rengalakshmi **Published:** 2020-12-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3633 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dimorphism, Gender, Lateral Cephalogram, Soft Tissue Every face is unique and this variation also exists between genders. This forms the basis of sexual dimorphism. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between gender and soft tissue of face among the south Indian population. The study sample comprised 30 lateral cephalograms collected between the time period of June 2019 - March 2020, which were divided into 3 groups. FACAD software was used for the analysis of lateral cephalograms to obtain six variables, namely: glabella area (G-G1), subnasal area (A-Sn), Upper lip thickness (J-Ls), Lower lip thickness (I-Li), Labiomental sulcus thickness (B-Sm), Chin area (Pg-Pg1). The obtained results were tabulated and statistically analysed using SPSS software version 23. One-way ANOVA and post hoc tests were performed between the skeletal malocclusions. Independent t-test was done to compare the variables between the two genders. The obtained results show a mean increase in all the variables of Class II except Lower lip thickness, which was maximum in Class I skeletal malocclusion. The results of One-way ANOVA, however, was statistically insignificant. Hence, soft tissue characteristics can provide vital information on sexual dimorphism and also aid in the diagnosis of various malocclusions in orthodontics. --- ## Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of a transdermal patch loaded with letrozole **Authors:** Kondapuram Parameshwar, Suvendu Kumar Sahoo, Rabinarayan Parhi, Ravi Kumar V, Ahad Ahmed kodipad, Priyadharshini Selvaraj **Published:** 2020-12-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4235 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast cancer, Letrozole, Natural penetration enhancers, skin targeting, Spray Dried powder, Transdermal patches The prime objective behind this investigation was to plan a Letrozole enclosed adhesive transdermal patch; since the transdermal route is an outright attractive option concerning its route, convenience and safety. Letrozole, a non- steroidal type II aromatase inhibitor, is reported for treating breast tumours and in postmenopausal women. In this study, few factors confined to formulation such as drug-in-adhesive, enhancers and amount of drug-loaded were investigated. The procedure used supposedly involves, the incarnation of the LET in phospholipids exploiting to a spray dryer. FTIR, X-RD, and DSC techniques which are used to evaluate entrapment efficiency were employed to LET spray-dried powder (LT-SDP). The molecule size, polydispersity file, and the EE were allegedly found to be 284.0 nm, 0.247 and 59.08%. On adding LT-SDP to a cream base with peppermint and olive oil as regular infiltration, the optimized formulation showed superior skin targeting in both in vitro and in vivo observations post-study. In vivo bioavailability studies showed just about four-fold increment in the plasma whereas the mean residence time and half-life were reasonably higher as compared to the LET cream in plain. The in vivo results observed remarkable patch concurrence with the plasma fixations anticipated from the in vitro infiltration. As an outpatient convenience, avoidance of gastrointestinal incompatibility provides suitability for self-administration for breast cancer prevention and treatment. --- ## Malignant melanoma of the nasal mucosa **Authors:** Nishtha Anand, Santosh Kumar Swain **Published:** 2020-12-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4240 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Malignant Melanoma, Nasal Cavity, Neuroectodermal Cells Nose’s Paranasal sinus & malignant melanoma are rarely seen, bold tumor with a prevalence rates of 0.68 percent across every malignant tumor. The neuroectodermal cells which are termed as Melanomas are found in skin’s base layer, iris’s vascular intraocular coat, skin adnexa, & infrequently into outer covering of mucous. Blockage feeling of nose & bleeding from the nose are the symptoms which are most commonly reported, however patient may have symptoms that are nonspecific, leading to a delay in diagnosis which results in appropriate prediction of treatment’s outcome. This study defines a 70 years female with the history of nose blockage feeling. Physicians suggest performing Nose’s CT scan, in which they came to know that large polypoidal portion in right nostril, extending to the nasopharynx, and eroded part of the sinus wall, septum and right medial pterygoid plate. Immunochemical study done revealed positive results for S100, vimentin, & HMB-45, which made the outcome suitable for tumor. An individual suffering from this will have no recurrence. --- ## Comparison of the rate of orthodontic space closure, with and without probiotic supplements: a randomised control trial **Authors:** Parameswaran T Mani, Dilip Srinivasan, Priya kalidass, Davis S, Ravi Kanan, Srinivas Sivakumar **Published:** 2020-12-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4241 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Probiotics, Rate of tooth movement, Lactobacillus Rhamnosus To compare the rate of orthodontic space closure with and without systemic administration of probiotics. Cluster randomised controlled trial, an invivo RCT study. Forty-eight male patients undergoing orthodontic fixed appliance treatment were recruited based on purposive sampling technique and randomly allocated to group A (control) and group B (experimental). During retraction, the patients in the experimental group were given 90 probiotic capsules each and instructed to take one capsule per day along with breakfast for 90 days. The distance between the canine and 2nd premolar on the maxillary arch in both groups were measured using a digital vernier calliper. The measurements were taken before starting the retraction, after 30 days, after 60 days and after 90 days of retraction. The collected data was calculated and tabulated for statistical analysis. Independent t-test revealed that pre retraction, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the control and experimental. Post retraction, there was significant (p<0.05) reduction in mean retraction value of the control group than the experimental group. Paired t-test showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the control group than experimental after 30 days of probiotic therapy month and a highly significant (p<0.01) difference between control and experimental groups after 60 days of probiotic therapy. There was no significant difference in the rate of orthodontic space closure between the groups after one month of probiotic therapy. There was a significant reduction in the rate of orthodontic space closure in the probiotic group when compared with the control group after two months of probiotic therapy. --- ## A Review of the Phytochemical Compounds and Pharmacological Activities from Selected Ficus Plants **Authors:** Insanu M, Santoso F R C, Fidrianny I **Published:** 2020-12-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4225 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ficus, Moraceae, Traditional, Phytochemical The Ficus genus belongs to the Moraceae family were used for medicinal purposes. Distributed in America, Asia, Africa, and Australia, there were sixteen species accepted in Indonesia. They were Ficus callosa, Ficus melinocarpa, Ficus elastica, Ficus drupaceae, Ficus geocarpa, Ficus Superba, Ficus heteropoda, Ficus fistulosa, Ficus hirta, Ficus ampelas, Ficus adenosperma, Ficus ardisioides, Ficus consociate, Ficus ribes, Ficus lyrata, Ficus virens Aiton. This article reviewed the scientific work of the Ficus genus. Their traditional usage, phytochemical compounds, and pharmacological activity were summarized. This study aims at providing a collection of publications on selected species of Ficus genus. A critical review of the literature data revealed secondary metabolite like triterpenoid, steroid, saponin, flavonoid, phenolic compound and alkaloid were found in some species of Ficus. Some pure compounds such as quercetin, quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside, epilupeol acetate, oleanolic acid, friedelin, elastiquinone, pinocembrin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, and ficusoside B were isolated. A wide range of pharmacological activities was observed. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antiparasitic, cytotoxic, and antimalarial were found in previous researches. Ficus genus was potential to be developed as a medicinal plant. --- ## A Study on Assessing Staff and Patient Perception on Electronic Prescription in a tertiary care Teaching Hospital **Authors:** Harshith N, Monica Muthamma P.P., Kanakavalli K., Kundury A, Sujay Mugaloremutt Jayadeva **Published:** 2020-12-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4242 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Electronic Prescriptions, Automation, Paperless Prescription, Intensive Care units, Digitalization, Questionnaires Electronic Prescription Concept is very predominant to enhance digitalization and Automation in the healthcare sector. The Electronic prescription concept may require still more time for full-scale implementation in India. The main goal of the study was to know about current practices adopted in Paperless prescriptions and to survey the consciousness of Electronic prescription among staff and patient family members. The study was conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mysore for three months. Questionnaires were designed for both the hospital staff in Intensive care units (ICU’S) and Patient family members. The survey included the demographics characteristics such as name, age, gender, relation with the patient, and their knowledge and with the electronic prescription. The sample survey size was 120. The study outcomes say that the implementation of the electronic prescription system has gone well as it has an extended way to go, and it is a long-term asset. The study results provide probabilities for the changes in the structure and processing excellence, which is significant as the issues could affect the adequacy of new technology and the speed of flow within an organization. --- ## Validation of Simple Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Ceftriaxone in Human Plasma **Authors:** Luh Putu Mirah Kusuma Dewi, Djoko Wahyono, Ika Puspitasari, Rizka Humardewayanti, Andi Suhendi **Published:** 2020-12-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4351 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ceftriaxone Sodium, Human plasma, Spectrophotometry UV-Vis, Stability, Validation The use of the ceftriaxone in the treatment of infections of the urinary tract and respiratory tract associated with sepsis both intravenously and intramuscularly is the primary choice in therapy. To support drug therapy monitoring (TDM), a simple, fast, inexpensive and validated analysis method is needed. The availability of UV-Vis spectrophotometer in almost all clinical laboratories is high, so it can be an alternative to apply in TDM of patients. Accuracy, inter-and intra-day precision, linearity, freeze and thaw stability, and short and long-term stability were parameters determined. The maximum wavelength of ceftriaxone was 272 nm, with linearity at the concentration range of 10-30 µg/mL with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.99. The accuracy of the method was studied by recovery study. The result showed that % recovery was found in the range of 94-99% with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 2%. Intra and inter-day precision were accepted with RSD value of < 2%. The spiked human plasma sample containing ceftriaxone remained stable for 4 hours at room temperature and was stable in storage at -20 ◦C for seven days. The method is simple, accurate and inexpensive. The proposed method can be successfully used for the determination of Ceftriaxone sodium in human plasma. --- ## Crystallised chitosan + Vitamin-E Coated Drug-Eluting Stents to Prevent Restenosis and Stent Associated Infections **Authors:** Amrutha M, Uma C, Sivagurunathan P, Dinesh A **Published:** 2020-12-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4226 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cardiovascular, Chitosan, Anti-bacterial activity, Drug delivery, biocompatibility Drug-Eluting Stents (DES) was developed to reduce re-endothelialisation and thrombosis. Chitosan due to its biocompatible and biodegradable property, it is used in drug delivery and wound healing applications. Chitosan-Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) coated stents were prepared by seeding and crystallisation process. Drug release profile, anti-bacterial activity and biocompatibility were analysed. FESEM analysis of the coated stent evidenced the homogenous coating of the drug-polymer mixture does not provide any surface space on the stent for the bacterial adhesion. Maximum bacterial reduction percentage was observed for biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus (96.6 ± 1.04%). Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed bacterial reduction percentage of 93.3 ± 2.51% and 93.6 ± 2.08% respectively. Release profiles of crystalline chitosan from the coated stents indicated that the rate of chitosan release was sustained and constant with the release time. Chitosan coated stent samples showed significant biocompatibility indicated by the cell viability percentage of 96.6 ± 1.04% when compared with the control samples (99.1 ± 0.76%). To conclude, the drug-releasing phenomenon aided by the vitamin was correlated with its ability to prevent the formation of restenosis in atherosclerosis cases. --- ## Qualitative phytochemical assessment of Leucas aspera (willd.) Link using various solvent extracts **Authors:** Poongodi K, Tamiliniyan P **Published:** 2020-12-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4224 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Flavonoids, Leucas Aspera, Methanol extract, Phytochemical, Phenols, Secondary metabolites Leucas aspera (Willd.) Linn. belonging to family Lamiaceae is well-known as ‘Thumbai’ in Tamil Nadu with traditional medicinal value as an antipyretic and insecticide. The current research work has been carried out to screen the phytochemical content of the aqueous, hexane, ethanol and methanol extract from the whole plant of Leucas aspera. The percentage of yield of the extracts varied according to the organic solvents used in which aqueous yielded 5.4% and methanol yielded 7.8%, respectively. Among the 11 phytochemicals screened, the whole-plant extract showed the presence of 10 phytochemicals. The phytochemical screening result showed that the carbohydrate, protein, lipids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids and phenols were present in the plant sample. Among the different solvent extract, methanol extract exhibited more number of phytochemical presence, and aqueous extract showed the least number of phytochemical presence. Among the different phytochemicals screened, carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, tannins were present in all the solvent extracts. In contrast, steroids were absent in all the solvent extracts, and lipid was present only in methanol extract. The result suggested that the presence of secondary metabolites of Leucas aspera could be a potential source for antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity and the methanolic extract of Leucas aspera could be explored for its potent pharmacological activities. --- ## A Study To Assess The Attitude Towards Vaginal Delivery VS Caesarean Delivery Among Mothers At Primary Health Centre At Guduvancherry, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India **Authors:** Deenajothy R., Jayabharathi B., Abirami P., Sangeetha Jagdish G., Bhuvaneswari A. **Published:** 2020-12-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4223 **Type:** research article **Keywords:** Assess, Attitude, Caesarean Delivery, Mothers, Vaginal Delivery The objective of the study was to assess the number and percentage distribution of demographic variables among mothers and to assess the number and percentage distribution of attitude towards normal vaginal delivery among mothers and also to assess the number and percentage distribution of attitude towards caesarean delivery among mothers. Non experimental design was used. One hundred six mothers were selected for this study. It was conducted at the primary health centre at Guduvancherry, Kanchipuram district, Tamilnadu, India. Three Parts were used. Part.A, Demographic variables, Part.B, Contains attitude towards Vaginal delivery of 15 questions, Part.C, contains attitude towards caesarean delivery among mothers. Contains 15 questions of Study variable among attitude on caesarean delivery and normal delivery and the demographic variable was the age of the mother, type of family, number of children in the family, dietary pattern, monthly income, education, place of living, religion, occupation, type of work, preferences of the mother for the mode of delivery. Scoring key 5 points on the Likert scale was used for this study. The final result of this study shows that most of the mothers 82(77.4%) had a favourable attitude, 24(22.6%) of them had moderately unfavourable attitude, and none of them had an unfavourable attitude towards normal delivery. Most of the mothers 68(64.2%) had Moderately favourable attitude, 38(35.8%) of them had an unfavourable attitude, and none of them had a favourable attitude towards caesarean delivery. --- ## COVID-19 and Dentistry — Are we Ready **Authors:** Nandini Prakash Hake, Kumar Gaurav Chhabra, Akib Sheikh, Sayali Limsay, Simran Nathani, Gargi Nimbulkar, Amit Reche **Published:** 2020-11-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3692 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Aerosols Transmission, PPE, Tele-screening The pandemic of coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) started from Wuhan, China, in December a year ago and has become a significant test to general wellbeing China as well as nations around the globe. Affecting the population of 4,735,622 in the world and leads to the death of 316,289 till 19th May 2020, according to reports of WHO. The COVID-19 spread rapidly by a human to human contact through small droplets from mouth and nose. Other possible routes of transmission for COVID-19, include airborne spread via aerosols produces during dental procedures. The dentists are at higher risk of getting infected by coronavirus disease with many routine dental procedures having the possibility to transmit the virus through aerosols. During the time of COVID-19 pandemic disease, the health care workers should be provided with protective apparatus including face shields, goggles, mask, gloves, gown or coverall, headcover and rubber boots. American Dental Association has maintained a consistency neutral stance since the pandemic was recognized. They appealed dental health care workers to put off elective dental procedures for dental patients and to provide only urgent dental care. Essential phone screening to distinguish suspected patients or likely COVID-19 contaminated can be correctly done during routine dental arrangements. This review highlights on the structure of coronavirus, its modes of communication, how dental health care workers are at higher risk, urgent dental procedures that should only begin during the crisis and basis preventive measures taken by dental health care workers. --- ## Coronavirus - Past and Present **Authors:** Alfiya Qamar **Published:** 2020-11-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3722 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Novel Coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS, Infection, Similarities, Differences, SARS-COV2, WHO, Transmissions, Vaccination Coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a new mutant strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) which is an ongoing global health pandemic. However, you'll have first become conversant in the term coronavirus during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2002. Here we summarize important distinguishing characteristics concerning both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2. SARS-Cov2, which is caused by the new novel coronavirus, has been highlighting the news lately. The virus that causes SARS is entitled as SARS-CoV, while the virus that causes COVID-19 is entitled as SARS-CoV-2. SARS was declared a global pandemic in late 2002 in China, when a healthcare practitioner got infected with a virus and unknowingly travelled to Hong Kong, with rapid spread to other nearby countries by international travelling of people. But due to many other factors, SARS was restrained in around 30 countries with an estimated mortality rate of 10% by the end of the pandemic in mid-2003. The focal point of this current novel coronavirus outbreak is within Wuhan city of China. Animal host act as a reservoir for novel coronavirus and it can infect human by crossing this barrier. Hence, a seafood wholesale market in the city was thought to be one among the places from where the transmission of COVID-19 initiated. As we go further in this article, we will come across the differences in genomic structure, pathogenicity, clinical features and lab investigations among SARS-CoV2 and SARS-CoV. --- ## Quarantine for COVID-19 its Laws and Limitations **Authors:** Shiney Ansa James **Published:** 2020-11-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3704 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Quarantine, Self-Isolation, Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), Infection, Biomedical Waste, Pandemic, Home Quarantine, Institutional Facility The Coronavirus disease began back in December 2019 as pneumonia without a definitive causative organism in the city of Wuhan, in Hubei province of China. This is the second pandemic that China has given birth to, the former being in 2003. Since the beginning of this pandemic, the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced that this is primarily a droplet infection. Studies have also shown that show that the large virus-laden droplets are the main focus of infection and the CDC advices to maintain at least a two-meter distance between people and personal hygiene. Although quarantine carries a paradoxical history, a virus whose predominant mode of spread being respiratory droplets can be contained by simply staying indoors. The strategy of quarantine has its own demerits. Unless carried out meticulously, it involves the mingling of individuals who might have been exposed which undoubtedly increases the risk of diseases transmission. This in itself, is an act of negligence by the medical fraternity unless provided with proper facilities. Restricting the movement of populations is also an essential part of a strategy which comes at the cost of paralyzing the economy. Hospitals and other institutional quarantine facilities open up all over the globe in attempts to curb the spread of the novel coronavirus. Nevertheless, quarantine a strategy is a controversy because such a strict yet systemic approach can cause political, economic and socio-ethical unrest within a nation. --- ## Telemedicine and COVID-19: Pandemic **Authors:** Radhika Kulkarni, Kumar Gaurav Chhabra, Gargi Nimbulkar, Amit Reche **Published:** 2020-11-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3774 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Tele Health, Tele-medicine, Tele-dentistry To decrease the chance of spread of highly infectious coronavirus disease, the complete lockdown has been taking place in India as well as many other countries of the world. At this difficult time, telehealth can play a major role as it is ideal for the treatment and management of infectious diseases, thus fulfilling the purpose of ‘social distancing’. Telehealth can be beneficial to those who are at higher risk of getting infected and also to the health care providers by decreasing the exposure as well as the workload of health care providers. Telehealth uses computer technology to convey clinical data for diagnosis, treatment as well as management of the disease. Tele-dentistry is telemedicine in dental practice which can also be helpful in the current national emergency. Within the dental practice, teledentistry is widely used in disciplines like preventive dentistry, orthodontics, endodontics, oral surgery, periodontal conditions, early dental caries detection, and education. Patients, oral medication and diagnosis. Some of the main modes and methods used in teledentistry are electronic health records, electronic referral systems, image scanning, teleconvention and telediagnosis. All applications used in teledentistry aim to improve efficiency, provide access to an ineligible population, improve quality of care, and reduce the burden of oral disease. This article provides a review of the use of telemedicine and teledentistry in the time of coronavirus disease. --- ## Melastoma malabathricum stem bark acetone extract as an anti-bacterial agent against Streptococcus mutans **Authors:** Rohazila Mohamad Hanafiah, Siti Aisyah Abd Ghafar, Nur Syahirah Salehuddin, Wan Syaidatul Aqma, Nazlina Ibrahim **Published:** 2020-11-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3801 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti Bacterial Agent, Melastoma malabathricum, Next Gene Sequencing, Streptococcus mutans Melastoma malabathricum, also known as 'senduduk' in Malaysia, has been used as traditional medicine for diseases such as toothache, dysentery, haemorrhoids and stomachache. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the biological activity of Melastoma malabathricum stem bark extracts (MMSBE) towards Streptococcus mutans. This investigation involved a few methods, which at first is the determination of minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Next is by analyzing the time-kill curve, anti-biofilm activity, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopic analyses. Later, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was done to determine differential regulation genes of treated and non-treated S. mutans. Lastly, confirmation of differential regulation genes was done by RT-PCR analysis. As for the results, M. malabathricum stem bark acetone extract (MMSBAE) showed the greatest inhibition concentrations towards S. mutans, followed by M. malabathricum methanol extract (MMSBME). Values of MIC and MBC (MMSBAE) were 1.25 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL. Meanwhile, MIC and MBC values of MMSBME were 5 mg/mL and 40 mg/mL. MMSBAE was chosen to further analyze its anti-bacterial activity against S. mutans. Time kill curve analysis found that MMSBAE possessed bacteriostatic properties against S. mutans. Besides, SEM and TEM analyses revealed that there were some changes to S. mutans cell morphology after treated with MMSBAE while Next gene sequencing analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) gene expression with multiple targets by MMSBAE, which caused inhibition of S. mutans biofilm formation activity. --- ## Knowledge and awareness about isolation and incubation of Covid 19 among dental students- A survey **Authors:** Subaraman M, Keerthi Sasanka L, Gayathri R, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-11-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3902 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID 19, ICTV, SARS, WHO According to the World Health Organization (WHO), viral diseases continue to emerge and cause a serious issue to public health. In the last twenty years, several viral epidemics such as H1N1 influenza in 2009, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 to 2003, and, have been recorded. Most recently, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and now COVID19. Initially, the new one was called 2019-nCoV.Later, the group of experts of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) termed it the SARS-CoV-2 virus as it is similar to the one that caused the SARS outbreak (SARS-CoVs). Coronavirus is one of the main pathogens that target the human respiratory system. Past outbreaks of coronaviruses (CoVs) comprises the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV which have been reported as agents that are a great public health threat. A group of patients was admitted to hospitals with an initial diagnosis of pneumonia of an unknown aetiology, In late December 2019. A questionnaire was designed online in Google docs which consisted of 15 questions. The study population included was dental students. Later statistics were analysed and studied. The response collected and the data was analysed. The responses were half mixed about on the brain. But in total, the results are positive. This survey concluded that dental students are aware of the isolation and incubation of COVID19. --- ## Psychosocial Effects and Panic Regarding Corona Virus **Authors:** Amir Ali **Published:** 2020-11-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4278 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Corona phobia, coronavirus, mental indication, terror, casualty, misfortunes After the hike of the Coronavirus from the country of China in the end of the previous year, Novel Coronavirus accounts for a total of about 46 million cases all around the world with the death of more than 1.28 million individuals & 31.8 million recoveries. Besides its extraordinary infectivity & casualty rates, Corona Virus Disease has caused widespread panic, economic weight & budgetary misfortunes. Mass terror of CORONA VIRUS, named as "corona phobia", has made an adequate mental indications in over-all population. Along these lines, this audit has been embraced to characterize panic consequence of CORONA Virus. The quarantine can create extreme anger, nervousness, accumulating, psychological illness & sadness. Strengthened through an "infodemic" extent through a various foundation in web-based broadcasting. Upheavals bigotry, defamation, & tolerance against specific networks remain additionally being broadly detailed. All things considered, bleeding-edge medical services laborers are at higher danger of getting the illness just as encountering unfriendly mental results in a type of burnout, tension, fear of communicating contamination, a sentiment of contrariness, wretchedness, & extended substance-reliance. Network-based alleviation projects to battle coronavirus will upset youngster normal way of life & may cause flowery psychological depression. Networks remain pretentious by disease in several manners & want exceptional consideration --- ## SARS CoV-2 infection induced changes in physiological function **Authors:** Subhashree Venugopal **Published:** 2020-11-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3616 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ACE-2, SARS CoV-2, cytokine storm, physiological, multi-organ Coronavirus, identified as the causative microbe for infectious disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China. The virus has spread to every part of the globe and created a pandemic claiming millions of lives. The infection becomes symptomatic through a cold, sore throat, fever and other symptoms. Diffuse alveolar damage with an opacity of the lobes of the lungs in elderly with associated comorbidities leads to fatal conditions. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE 2), the receptor for the spike glycoprotein of SARS CoV-2 is widely expressed on different cell surfaces facilitating viral entry and pathogenesis with multi-organ damage. In children, the chances of infection are less associated with fast recovery compared to adults—inflammatory reactions with cytokine storm trigger rapid changes in severe stages of infection that require medical intervention. The repurposing of existing antiviral drugs has improved some infected patients to recover. But at large, the entire world has come to a standstill with hampered progress due to non-availability of a vaccine for treatment for SARS CoV-2. This review focuses on the infection of different organs and the diagnosed features in the case studies with implemented treatment measures. --- ## Combating pandemics in India – A comparison study between the 1918, 2009 and 2019-2020 pandemics **Authors:** Srinidhi Chandramoulie, Balaji Ramraj, Aarthy Marimuthu **Published:** 2020-11-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4153 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19 Pandemic, H1N1, India, Pandemic Preparedness, Spanish Flu Out of the many pandemics and epidemics that India has gone through in the last two centuries, two pandemics have been chosen-the 1918 Influenza pandemic and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, to be compared with the current state of affairs with the Covid-19 pandemic. Critical review and analysis of pandemic preparedness and India’s response to the three pandemics was made through PubMed cited articles, exclusive reports from the Government in 1918, and authentic news coverage of the Covid-19 pandemic in line of healthcare, logistics and communication. Increase in healthcare facilities, laboratory services and research capacities noted through the three pandemics. Better surveillance methods and improved awareness of the public observed over the years. The readiness of the country for emergency measures with some inequalities discussed. Three different pandemics have been compared with an adequate interval between them barring the factor of healthcare inequity and virulence of the respective organism. It should be noted that there is no single solution for combating pandemics. Combined measures put together can help towards facing them with ease the next time around. --- ## Isolation and Identification of Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria from various sources and Antimicrobial Activity of Terminalia chebula Retz against isolated Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria **Authors:** Tamalika Chakraborty, Kanchan Chettri, Sumana Chatterjee, Lopamudra Datta, Abhijit Sengupta **Published:** 2020-11-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3914 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial, Haritaki, Multi-Drug Resistance, Terminalia chebula, Therapeutic benefits Drug resistance is a threat to civilization, which results from over-prescription and irrational use of antibiotics. This has led to an increased demand for novel leads of herbal origin to overcome drug resistance. The present work involves the screening of various antibiotics against isolated Staphylococcus sp. from Hospital Effluent and the Minimum Inhibitory concentration for antibiotics namely Vancomycin, Erythromycin and Oxacillin were found to be 7.33+0.6 µg/ml 25.33+0.6 µg/ml and 27.33+0.6 µg/ml respectively whereas Minimum bactericidal concentration of Vancomycin, Erythromycin and oxacillin was found to be 180µg/ml; 146.67 + 0.3 µg/ml and 96.66 + 0.6 µg/ml respectively. Thus, the isolated bacteria were proved to be Multi-Drug Resistant. Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz) is given potential importance in Ayurveda for its properties to cure and prevent diseases. Terminalia chebula Retz is often known as “King of Medicines” and enlisted in Ayurveda for its extraordinary therapeutic contribution. The proved Multi-Drug Resistant bacteria was further subjected to a crude extract of Haritaki. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration for Terminalia chebula was found to be 1.33 +0.3 mg/ml and thus proved to be exhibiting potential anti-bacterial activity against isolated Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus sp. --- ## Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2- the facts that we know so far **Authors:** Anjali Vashisth, Gargi Nimbulkar, Kumar Gaurav Chhabra, Amit Reche, Shivani Lanjewar **Published:** 2020-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3707 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Immunity, Vaccine The whole world is under the grip of a pandemic of COVID-19, a disease caused by a newly discovered strain of coronavirus and the name given is SARS-CoV-2. The term 'novel' is used for this virus because researches suggest that its origin is from an animal which was transmitted to a human and now is capable of having transmission from human to human. Symptoms of COVID-19 can be mild to severe. Mortality is high in severe cases. Also, this virus is a serious threat to the elderly and people with other systemic illness. There is no specific protocol provided for its treatment and the treatment primarily focuses on symptomatic relief. Human immune systems have never come across this particular type of strain of virus before. As a result, human body has not developed immunity for it moreover no effective vaccine is developed for it at this point of time. But there is an active strenuous work going on to understand more and more about the interaction of host-pathogen, how does host immunity responses to this virus moreover how this pathogen is able to invade the immune system which can be utilised for the development of a vaccine. As the disease is highly infectious, there is an urgent need for the development of a vaccine. Hence this review aims to summarize the undergoing scientific work and research in progress for the development of vaccine and all the advancement that has come in focus for its development. --- ## Drawbacks of remote teaching and learning assessment of medical and health science students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Future perspectives and recommendations **Authors:** Badr F. Al-Khateeb, Majid Alsalamah, Saeed Mastour Alshahrani, Khadijah Angawi, Hend M. Al-Atif, Abdullah Alanazi, Nesreen Suliman Alwallan, Ashraf El-Metwally **Published:** 2020-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3671 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Remote assessment, dishonest medical students, future perspectives, COVID-19, For academic dishonesty among students Almost all universities or colleges have diverted to online learning and teaching modalities due to COVID-19 pandemic. Adaptation of remote learning might not be equally beneficial for all students. We have provided an opinion about how remote learning might become an opportunity for dishonest students and future perspectives for such students. Medical students, who do not take their studies seriously might take this remote learning as an opportunity and use the short cuts to pass their exams because they can easily cheat online in the assignments and exams. Therefore, teaching institutions should develop some strategies to equally assess medical and health sciences students to ensure transparency, justice, and credibility. Conducting oral exams along with the written exams, encouraging students to participate online, asking students to turn on their videos if feasible, and developing a mechanism where these students can explain their work to the teacher can help to overcome challenges. --- ## Clinical profile of COVID-19 patients: A review of diagnostic aids and clinical profile of COVID-19 **Authors:** Neha Choudhary, Kumar Gaurav Chhabra, Gargi Nimbulkar, Amit Reche, Punit Fulzele, Chaya Chhabra **Published:** 2020-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3712 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Coronavirus Pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 The SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus which originated in the province Wuhan, China, in December 2019. It is the causative agent of COVID-19, an infection mainly presenting as mild upper respiratory tract infection, with patients presenting with fever, cough, breathlessness and fatigue. The virus predominantly spreads by a person to person contact, which is why it has spread very rapidly in a short span of time, so much so, that multiple countries are affected at present. The number of casualties is ever increasing. Even though our understanding of the novel coronavirus is improving, many countries, including India, are facing a situation which is not getting better with respect to controlling the pandemic. The number of new cases and deaths are ever increasing. There is a general state of panic among all the sections of the society and almost all are affected. With the number of tests being carried out every day, also increasing, a general idea about the signs and symptoms of the disease as well as the diagnostic criterion aids will further help us control the pandemic. This narrative review focuses on the clinical symptoms, diagnostic aids, risk factors, common clinical symptoms, laboratory findings and complications of COVID-19 and also on post COVID 19 Complications. --- ## Silent transmission of “COVID-19”: A major concern **Authors:** Apoorva Mishra, Prachet Dakshinkar, Priyanka Multani **Published:** 2020-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3715 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Asymptomatic transmission, COVID-19, Cycle threshold, Herd immunity, Incubation span, SARS-CoV-2, Serial interval, Viral shedding “Coronavirus disease 2019 “(COVID-19)” has been proclaimed as a public health exigency of global scope by “World Health Organization” and is the latest threat to universal health. Despite of manifesting imperceptible clinical symptoms, asymptomatic carriers of the disease are known to be infectious. The prevalence of “COVID-19” is rising persistently, despite meticulous global confinement and quarantine endeavors. An important element in the devastating transmissibility potential of “COVID-19” is the high titre of virus in oropharynx in the initial progression of disease. On the contrary influenza virus has low titres in upper respiratory tract than lower respiratory tract. Therefore, making the symptom-based assessment strategies less effectual in case of “SARS-CoV-2” According to recent reports, symptomless population along with the individuals with mild disease, are radical transmitters in the proliferation of “COVID-19”. The phenomenon of Viral shedding emphasizes the reasons of asymptomatic patients being rapid transmitters in “SARS-CoV-2” than “SARS-CoV-1”. The significant role of incubation span, cycle threshold values, serial interval cannot be overlooked in asymptomatic transmission. This pandemic is an absolute reminder of the existing challenge posed by the virulent pathogen on modern medicine. Thus, we intend to comprehensively elaborate various outlooks on the asymptomatic spread of “SARS-CoV-2”, including the pathophysiology, viral shedding, cycle threshold, serial interval, incubation span, herd immunity, inefficient testing, prevention and prospective treatment of “COVID-19”. --- ## A review article on home remedies during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown **Authors:** Anagha Hirapure, Saurabh Deshmukh, Shweta Parwe **Published:** 2020-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3721 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Coronavirus, Herbal, Immunity, Pranayam, Transmission, Zoonotic Coronaviruses are the group of new viruses that have been endangered in animals and humans in the year November 2019. There are 6 types of coronaviruses which has been known to infect human and form a host factor. Out of 6 types of coronaviruses 229E, NL63, OC43, HKU, are responsible for causing symptoms from mild to moderate whereas MERS-CoV & SARS-CoV is of zoonotic which cause the symptoms from moderate to severe, where it affects the human respiratory system which causes difficulty in breathing. The specific treatment is yet to come but to get relief from the symptom of the disease. One has to improve own immune system so as to fight the viral fever, dry cough, and other symptoms by practising the use of some herbal home ingredients and home remedies so as to boost up the immunity. This review article mostly focused on the covid-19 pandemic, drastic information about coronavirus and the preventive measures to boost up the immunity by home-made herbal ingredients so as to prevent COVID-19 spread. The main aim of the article is to inform about the ingredients which are present at home and can be used in order to make herbal remedies for boosting up the immunity power. The immune system plays an important role in fighting the virus by creating antibodies against the viral infection. This article is based on the homemade immune boosters. --- ## Relationship between COVID-19 and Smoking **Authors:** Gargi Nimbulkar, Lal thangmawia, Misbah Khan, Lal chhandama, Kumar Gaurav Chhabra, Amit Reche, Cecilia Lalduhsangi **Published:** 2020-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3795 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid-19, Cigarette, Corona Virus, SARS-CoV-2, Smoking, Tobacco The novel coronavirus has disrupted the normal life of each individual with masks becoming an integral part of life. Mostly every person is well informed about the precautions that need to be taken for the containment of the virus such as regular hand washing, wearing of masks in outdoors, social distancing, etc. Yet there has been little reference to the deleterious habit of smoking that can weigh heavily on one's health. This article aims to look into the connection and intricacies of smoking that may directly or indirectly affect the severity of the symptoms of COVID-19. Smoking is already a known etiologic factor for many cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), coronary artery disease, carcinoma of the lungs, etc. While COVID-19 is a virus that causes respiratory distress in severe cases, not much is known or emphasized in the medical field of its possible relationship with smoking. Our information is limited to whether the presence of smoking history in infected patients worsens the condition or there is no relationship between smoking and COVID-19. Moreover, with the introduction of lockdown as a measure to contain the virus, it substantially increases the incidence of anxiety, depression and other mental health diseases which can contribute tremendously to the relapses of smoking or convert a non-smoker to a smoker. Hence, it is imperative to look into the possible relationship of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and smoking. --- ## Role of autopsy in COVID-19 patients **Authors:** Vriti Pursnani, Amit Reche, Gaurav Majumdar, Prerna Gautam, Kumar Gaurav Chhabra, Gargi Nimbulkar **Published:** 2020-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3710 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Autopsy, Corona Virus, Covid-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 had caused a pandemic leading to over 6M positive cases worldwide out of which 3.73 lac are demised (until when the article was written). Its first outbreak was seen in Wuhan, China. In the Indian scenario, we have a total of 2 lac cases out of which 5,679 have been deceased (until when the article was written). Due to the high transmissibility of this disease, the entire country is under lockdown to prevent the spread of the virus. The main etiology of this virus is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2). This affects the respiratory system leading to cough, shortness of breath, and fever. There have been cases with mild or no symptoms reported, but the cause of death is due to the virus. This helps us understand the diagnosis, epidemiology, symptoms, and pathophysiology about the virus, which can help in treatment modalities. An autopsy is one of the methods by which we can understand the systematic involvement other than the respiratory system. Various pathological, microbiological changes can occur in the other organs. Even though the person is deceased, the virus is highly infectious can cause the spread through body fluids. Proper care must be taken while handling the body and performing the procedure. This review article aims to focus on the autopsy findings found in various cases to study the disease pathophysiology of the SARS-CoV-2. This article also helps us understand the guidelines that have been put forward by WHO and CDC must be followed regarding the specification required in the autopsy room; PPE’s to be worn, human waste and fluid disposal, body transportation. Proper personal hygiene must be maintained while handling the COVID-19 patients; this can lead to less susceptibility of acquiring the disease. --- ## Challenges with use of an intra-oral camera for teledentistry in research and practice **Authors:** Yeturu Sravan Kumar, Vijay Kumar S, Abhinav TN, Kalyana Chakravarthy Pentapati, Hanan Siddiq **Published:** 2020-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11si1.2979 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Intra-Oral Camera, Teledentistry, Real-Time, Telehealth, Dental, Caries, Plaque, Stains, Oral Diseases Teledentistry, with the use of an intra-oral camera (IOC), can overcome numerous challenges. The visual nature of oral diseases and dental treatments is ideal for practising teledentistry, especially during COVID-19. Images or videos of the oral cavity to evaluate caries, plaque, calculus, tooth wear, fluorosis, and stains can be captured by a trained and calibrated examiner with IOC. The IOC was shown to be a reliable tool to identify common oral diseases. Certain limitations like low illumination can be overcome by using IOC as they are equipped with a light-emitting diode which can offer superior visualisation and inbuilt magnification of the oral cavity. However, there is a possibility of overestimation of the disease. IOC can also be used for patient education through the “show and tell” concept in real-time like showing the areas where the disease may be a concern like plaque, calculus, and early signs of tooth decay. However, it may be challenging to diagnose diseases remotely in real-time and simultaneously seek specialist consultations and recommendations relating to the treatment protocols for numerous conditions. This manuscript reviews the challenges concerning communication, ethics, teamwork, consumables, data storage, and analysis which could be encountered with the use of IOC in this era of teledentistry and COVID-19. --- ## Knowledge about emergency and non-emergency dental procedures during covid-19 pandemic **Authors:** Harshada Ragunathan, Krithika C, Tamanna M, Tanaaz Amjad Khan, Suresh Kumar G, Vishali S **Published:** 2020-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3711 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ADA, COVID-19, Emergency, Non-emergency, Urgent dental procedures The novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has become a real challenge for healthcare providers around the world. Recently, it has been recorded that among all the health care professionals dentists, dental assistants, and dental hygienists are at high risk as they are in close contact with patients and are exposed to body fluids of patients. To assess the knowledge and create awareness of changes in the practice of emergency and non – emergency dental procedures during COVID-19 among dental interns. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100dental interns. As the study was conducted during the pandemic time, a web-based survey was created using google form which composed of a set of 12 structured custom- made questions. The answers were collected and subjected to statistics.It was seen that more than 80% of the dental interns were aware of the guidelines issued by various dental associations regarding changes in dental procedures during COVID-19 pandemic situation. Most of the students were also aware of the term ‘Tele dentistry’ and telecommunications for dental care, consultation and education. Adaptations and adjustments in the dental procedures need to be done to avoid the spread of the disease. Hence, it is important and mandatory for dental professionals and students to be aware of the precautions to be taken when performing emergency as well as non-emergency procedures during this pandemic situation. --- ## A Review on Janapadoddhvamsa with special reference to current scenario of COVID-19 outbreak **Authors:** Vaishnavi Bhivgade, Saroj Tirpude, Bhushan Mhaiskar, Shweta Parwe **Published:** 2020-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4121 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Coronavirus, Janapadoddhvamsa, Panchkarma, Rasayana, Ayurveda Covid-19 is a new pandemic disease, which is caused by the virus knows as Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. It is called SARS-CoV-2 because it is genetically related to each other, but the disease is different, so the ICTV announced this name on 11 February 2020. Its common signs and symptoms are infection which includes the respiratory symptoms, the fever, the cough, the shortness of breath, and the breathing difficulties. And In all of the severe cases, the infection which can cause pneumonia, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), kidney failure and its even cause death also. It is all communicable diseases and in the Ayurvedic literature s the communicable diseases are mentioned under the Janapadoddhvamsa and the Aupasargik Ragas. Its causative agents and methods of prevention have been already clearly explained in Janapadoddhvamsa. So, to manage Janapadoddhvamsa it is advised to take the usage of Rasayana therapy, Panchkarama procedures, Sadvrit Paalan (code of right conducts) and Aachara Rasyana it means the behavioural therapy, Dhupan Karma (Fumigation) and Vaad Chikitsa (Sound therapy). And the effort has been made to find the possible Ayurvedic comparison to the current outbreak of COVID-19. It is indicated under Pranavaha Srotasa (respiratory system) diseases in kashyap Samhita, which is based on the cardinal signs and symptoms, and the system which is involved. Also aims to provide information among the Rasayana Aushadi which can be cooperated in day to day life as an immune modulator along with Vyadhihara Chikitsa. So, the effort which is made to compile the knowledge of Janapadoddhvamsa, so, it should be applied for the betterment human life and maybe also provides the answer to the challenge of COVID-19. --- ## Alternative Medicine for Fight against Covid-19/Coronavirus and “Alternative” Treatments **Authors:** Taniya Katakwar, Heena Keshwani, Gargi Nimbulkar, Kumar Gaurav Chhabra, Amit Reche **Published:** 2020-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3796 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Ayush, Coronavirus, Homeopathy, Siddha, Traditional, Unani, Yoga The most recent severe acute respiratory condition corona infection outburst has overwhelmed an ill-equipped nature among a festival season. It was first appeared on December 1, 2019, Wuhan (China) and recognized as a coronavirus and has spread worldwide. The manifestations are fever, discomfort and cough which resolve in a couple of days yet may advance to an extreme in most of the cases, but if any comorbidity exists in the form of diabetes, hypertension or any other debilitating systemic disease, then it can lead to grave prognosis. It spread mainly from one person to another through air droplet. Although no vaccines have been discovered yet but still scientists are working relentlessly to find one. Thus, the society has must think about the complementary and alternative medicinal system. India has its traditional medicine “AYUSH”, which comprises of Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy. This review mainly aims to summarize the point’s alternative to allopathy. AYUSH helps in immune system boosting, act as an antiviral, anti-inflammatory, stress release. It has been reported in the literature that it has no side effect and is safe to use. So this current situation provides an opportunity to employ ancient traditional medicine to take part and try to deal in the best way to withstand covid-19. --- ## Pandemics and Physiotherapy: An overview of the role of the Physiotherapists in restoring functions and quality of life **Authors:** Vaishnavi Yadav, Waqar M. Naqvi, Tasneem Burhani **Published:** 2020-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4550 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Physiotherapy, COVID 19, Quality of Life, Pandemics Pandemic is an epidemic that has becomes very widespread and affects the entire vicinity, a continent, and the world because of the vulnerable population. Management of pandemic consequence puts a great load on the healthcare sector. It demands great manpower from every sector for the smooth run of the daily essential services. Health care workers play a crucial role in delivering health care services during such pandemics. Physiotherapists are the allied health care professionals which provide primary, secondary, and tertiary level of health care services. The report provides a brief idea about the different roles played by physiotherapists for restoring ability and better functioning of an individual and society as a whole during various epidemics and pandemics. --- ## The Role of Spices with reference Novel Coronavirus Covid 19 **Authors:** Roshna Sukheoji Bhutada, Kritika Umate **Published:** 2020-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4038 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Immunity, Zinc, Vitamin C, Vitamin D The need of the day is a brisk lift to the resistant framework to keep it fit, battling today pandemic infections, for example, Covid — 19. One should get the right amount of nutrients from the diet, supplementation regimen to boost the immune system. These spices are always there to make tasty food as well as to protect the body from infectious diseases by building the immunity strong Ayurveda approaches to develop physiological reactions to facilitate immunity. Planning of diet is most important to boost immunity. As per many types of research to provide supplementary food which contains Zinc, Vitamin C, Vitamin D and immunity boosting food such as dealing with plenty of spices for a very long time. These spices include some rare to very common spices which we can found near us. The concern is that these viral infections are very prone to attack weak immunity and take the chance to affect the country to the globe. So the very common spices available will be always helpful to get through this Regular use of a few spices in the very simple form proves its importance as a medicine. In this article a review of spices is done which we are available near us, we are using it in our daily life and we are getting the benefit of these which a common people might not be fully aware of about role of immunity building of the body. --- ## Computer/Screen vision syndrome it's management: an Ayurvedic approach Reference Novel Coronavirus-19 **Authors:** Roshna Sukhdeoji Bhutada **Published:** 2020-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3717 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** CVS, SVS, Online class, Ayurvedic Procedure, Dry Eye, Immunity Presently a Day because of the Covid-19 pandemic circumstance. Numerous individuals are Working From the home. Understudy is additionally going to the online class from home. Due to Covid-19 pandemic circumstance, all physical activities of all individual stop. Because of work from home, online classes, online stage require advanced gadget use for a long time day by day coming about Multifactorial sickness of visual surface, i.e. Screen Vision Syndrome and a great many of individuals experience the ill effects of this infections. In the current way of life, each individual is getting influenced because of radiation might be because of VDT (Video show terminals), PC, T.V, Tablet and portable. Side effects are the most regularly happening medical conditions among VDT clients. The principle visual manifestations revealed by VDT clients incorporate 1) Redness of Eye, 2) Dry eyes, 3) Eye Strain, 4) Burning of Eye, 5) Headache, 6) Itching of Eye, 7) Neck, shoulder, or back agony, 8) Blurred Vision accordingly term the expression "Screen Vision Syndrome"(SVS) In present-day Science there is greasing up medication accessible has not explicit impact for long time impact on SVS.on this premise Ayurveda manages alteration in the way of life which is useful for the person to stay solid in this pandemic circumstance without the impact on there work. In this article, we have to take an audit of the various ayurvedic system and there a method of activity of that treatment. In this article as there is no name ailments CVS except for according to lakshan we can comprehend CVS from Ayuervedic writing. So the line of treatment is of Netragataroga Chikitsa-, Pindi, Shirodhara Aschotana, Seka, Prakshalana Bidalaka followed by Tarpana & Nasya with Vatapittahara Dravyas can likewise be given. Yogic eye practices loosen up eye muscles to lessen eye fatigue and build the endurance of eye muscles. --- ## Ayurvedic management for COVID-19 – A review **Authors:** Tejashree Kantak, Swapnil Borage, Priyanka Shelotkar **Published:** 2020-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3716 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** AgantujaVikar, Ayurveda, Bhutabhisanga, COVID-19, Janpadodhwamsa, Preventive Measures, Ritusandhi, Yamadamshtra As the corona pandemic has emerged, researchers around the globe are working on finding specific treatment for it. But till date, no conclusive specific treatment has been found, and we are following the protocols with symptomatic management. Ayurveda is an ancient science of healing, with highly sophisticated literature about diseases, their pathogenesis, clinical features, and management. The evaluation of different modalities for treating COVID-19 pandemic patients is the foremost aim of the study. For review, we used the knowledge of the ancient classics and past literature regarding human treatment guidelines mentioned in Ayurveda classics, for prevention and treatment of communicable diseases, to provide appropriate direction in the prevention of COVID-19. The thorough review has been done, of literature, Samhitas (Ayurveda Classics), and research articles which were published between January and June 2020 by PubMed, Google Scholar, WHO, Ministry of AYUSH. The opinions of experts have also been referred to. As individuals with lower immunity have a higher risk of COVID-19, so the herbal Rasayana (Rejuvenating) drug, which has proven immunomodulatory activity, is also included in the given study. The Review for Ayurveda formulations, which might help in preventing the progression of COVID-19, has also been made. The Indian herbs are widely utilized in the preparation of Ayurvedic medicines or formulations or in the form of drinks to manage various respiratory disorders such as cough, cold, and flu. Hence, these drugs are formulated by using active parts of the plants, which are used for preventing and treating the COVID-19. These formulations are immunity modulators and they prevent the spread of the virus, by intruding at a different stage of virus multiplication in the infected person. --- ## The Role of Physical Exercise and Diet in management of Medoroga (STHAULYA) Reference Novel Coronavirus Covid 19 **Authors:** Roshna Sukhdeoji Bhutada **Published:** 2020-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3793 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Obesity, Agni, Prakriti, Immunity, Vitamin D Nowadays, due to Covid-19 pandemic circumstance, numerous individuals are Staying from home. Understudy is additionally concern with the online class from home, because of which all physical movement of all individual has been stopped. Medoroga is one of the dominating metabolic problems and driving reason for mortality. Numerous patients with Covid infection 2019 (COVID-19) have identified with the metabolic disorder during the lockdown. The general wellbeing proposes (Work from Home, requests, gyms, terminations of garden and wellness focuses) to forestall Covid-19 spread can possibly decrease day by day physical movement. Ideas of Agni, Prakriti, strategy for victualing ought to be given equivalent consideration while choosing ones dietary and exercise routine to turn away/control Medoroga (STHAULYA). Organizing of diet is generally important to support insusceptibility. According to numerous investigates to give valuable pabulum which contains Zinc, Vitamin C, Vitamin D and invulnerability. It is practically equivalent to Medoroga referenced in Ayurveda compositions. Strick likeness outwardly inspected in both customary arrangement of medication and Ayurveda while portraying its causative components, outcomes and preventive part of exercise and diet in its administration. Striking is outwardly analyzed in both Traditional arrangements of medication and Ayurveda depicting its causative factors, and preventive capacity of movement and diet in its pandemic Covid-19. --- ## Parthenolide Induces Oxidative Stress and Impedes Cell Migration by Suppressing Wnt Pathway and Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition (EMT) in HCT-116 Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Cells **Authors:** Sananda Dey, Nensina Murmu, Mijanur R Molla, Sandeep K Dash, Biplab Giri **Published:** 2020-11-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4459 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Parthenolide, HCT-116, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, Wnt Signalling, Colorectal Cancer, Metastasis Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a vital cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. 50% of CRC patients suffer from an aggressive metastatic disease which ultimately fallout in death. In metastatic cancer, tumour cells migrate, invade, and finally colonise to the distant organ by degrading their attachments with the extracellular matrix. Parthenolide (PTL) is a secondary metabolite of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) plant. It shows its cytotoxic effect towards cancer cells via different cellular signalling pathways like inhibition of NF-κB, STAT3, MAPK, JNK pathways, activation of p53 etc. In the present study, we have assessed anti-cancer and anti-metastatic potential of PTL against human HCT-116 metastatic colorectal cancer cells. Analysis of cellular oxidative status (GSH/GSSG) of PTL treated HCT-116 cells showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in GSH level while GSSG level was increased significantly (p<0.05) on PTL treatment. PTL also increased the amount of intracellular reactive oxygen species. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that PTL down-regulates c-fos, c-jun and N-cadherin expression and up-regulates E-cadherin expression indicating inhibition of cell migration and metastasis by EMT pathway. PTL inhibited the MMP-9 expression in a dose-dependent fashion and inhibited cancer cell migration by regulating Wnt/β-catenin signalling through the up-regulation of DKK-1 protein expression indicating PTL has a promising anti-cancer potential against HCT-116 metastatic colorectal carcinoma cells. --- ## Assessment of fear psychosis and practice modification in dental fraternity to fight against COVID-19- A Survey in central India population **Authors:** Tanvi Rajesh Balwani, Surekha Godbole Dubey, Seema Sathe, Aditi Chandak, Sheetal Khubchandani **Published:** 2020-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3634 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Covid-19, Fear Psychosis, Practice modifications, Dentists An outburst of coronavirus has tremendously affected the life of every individual. However, indeed, it has drastically been a setback for everyone around the world, but Healthcare professionals are the ones who are suffering as well as serving the most. Specifically, it has affected dental professionals who are at a maximum higher exposure to this coronavirus disease. So this study article aims to assess fear psychosis and practice modifications in dental fraternity to fight against COVID-19. This pandemic has changed the lifestyles of people as well their perspective towards life. Moreover keeping in mind, the current scenario it's vital to assess the knowledge and modifications which Dentist are adopting in their daily practice considering the pandemic situation. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey form from 24th to 31st August 2020. A questionnaire was formulated and uploaded online and circulated amongst dental professionals in central India population. One thousand participants were included from various parts of Central India More than two-thirds of the general dental practitioners (78%) from various regions Were having anxiety about the anxious and scared by the distressing effects of Coronavirus disease. There was awareness seen in almost 85% of dentists about changes in the treatment protocols. Nevertheless, carrying out of the recent protocol for treatment was estimated to be around 60%. The majority of the dentists (66%) were working in the hospital setting, 20% were from government settings. Despite having a high standard of knowledge and practice, dental practitioners around the globe are in a state of anxiety and fear while working in their respective fields due to the COVID-19 pandemic impact on humanity. It has been evaluated that a vast number of population has just shut down their practices for an uncertain period or have restarted the practices with new protocols. --- ## Preventive Measures for COVID-19 Health Care Professionals **Authors:** Dhruvika Sharma **Published:** 2020-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3626 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Pandemic, COVID 19, PPE WHO now acknowledges the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) as a Public Health Emergency, which requires global attention. It has elevated the risk assessment of China, Regional Level and Global Level to Very High. It spreads when someone who has contracted the virus coughs out droplets of infected fluid. Most of these droplets are suspended and settle on various surfaces and objects nearby - such as desks, doors, Doorknobs, pens, tablets or phones etc. Anyone can contract COVID-19 virus by coming in direct contact with contaminated surfaces or objects – and then reaching out to their nose, eyes or mouth with those now-infected hands. If they are within a distance of one meter from an infected individual with or without symptoms, they can contract it by inspiring in the droplets coughed out or exhaled by COVID – 19 impacted individuals. To say, COVID-19 spreads the way the regular flu does. To curb and monitor the spread and contain the transmission of the disease a state control room has been established across the globe with an apparent cut insistence on the protection of Health Professionals committed towards the control of this pandemic. In the current situation of the world in this COVID-19 pandemic, the healthcare professionals (HCP) are at great danger of transmission as they are in direct contact with the patients tested positive with the virus. Therefore, the processes and precautions to quickly examine sick patients with acutely presenting symptoms must be regulated in advance. --- ## Misconceptions and myths about COVID-19 **Authors:** Shipra Mandwar, Samiksha Dharampuria, Gargi Nimbulkar, Kumar Gaurav Chhabra, Amit Reche **Published:** 2020-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3630 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Myths, Social media Myths are like wildfire, spreading across the globe in no time. How can this elude the scenario of a pandemic? The COVID- 19 pandemics brought several misconceptions under its hood in 2020. No doubt, the major base of the myth was based on virtual and social media platforms. Twitter, Facebook, Whatsapp were exploited to share the myths amongst the crowd for a long time. A massive chunk of the various data in context to the origin, spread and transmission of the virus was found unreliable from these sources. These were later found to be of a great impact on the mental health of the individuals. It was hence essential to create an official portal that gave the correct insight to the Pandemic and also guides individuals regarding their protection and prevention of the disease. This review has been made with an attempt to through light on some myths prevailing about the COVID-19 Pandemic and to bust them under the appropriate facts. Attempts have been made to separate facts from the fiction. In the latter half, various official organisations working in relief against the Pandemic have been discussed for the ease of identification. --- ## Challenges encountered by Emergency medicine physicians in the era of COVID-19: Future perspectives and recommendations **Authors:** Majid Alsalamah **Published:** 2020-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3627 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Emergency medicine, Challenges, Future perspectives, COVID-19 The currently ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has undoubtedly affected the health care system in a significant manner, having a particularly major impact on emergency medicine. This study aimed to review the challenges faced by the emergency medicine department during COVID-19. Additionally, it provides an overview of future perspectives as well as recommendations to effectively and innovatively address similar challenges in the future. Different articles were extracted through databases such as Google Scholar and PubMed. This was followed by a review of a number of full-text research articles that were published in the English language both in developed and developing countries with a specific focus on emergency medicine and COVID-19. All primary research articles were further examined for information pertinent to the objective. Some of the many challenges that are faced by emergency departments include overcrowding of patients, shortage of staff, limited infrastructure, fear and anxiety of staff due to the contagious nature of the virus, the lack of trained consultants, and no separate isolation rooms for COVID-19. These challenges need to be considered as opportunities and addressed with innovative strategies such as the formation of think-tanks, conducting a SWOT analysis, training registered medical staff to diagnose cases of COVID-19 correctly, making data-driven decisions, using spilt patient flow approach, implementing tele-emergency medicine, and considering robotic training in the field of emergency medicine. Like all healthcare specialties, the emergency department has faced tremendous challenges during COVID-19 that need to be addressed by taking steps in a more systematic and organized way. These challenges are a potential threat in the short run but should also be considered as learning opportunities for the future. --- ## Insights Studies for Certain Natural FDA Approved Polyphenolics and Repurposing for COVID-19 **Authors:** Arafa Musa, Ehab M. Mostafa, Mohammad M. Al-Sanea, Shaimaa R. Ahmed, Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab, Mohamed A. Abdelgawad **Published:** 2020-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3667 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** natural polyphenolics, FDA, COVID-19, docking, protease Natural polyphenolic drugs were approved for treatment of various diseases. Diosmin, rutin, quercetin, aesculin, genistein, hesperidin and silybin are known for their safety and have been applied for several human disorders including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, capillary fragility, liver and pancreatic disorders and others. As the structures of the selected polyphenolic compounds possess variable chemical moieties with diverse chemical and electronic characters, these properties have been employed for further insights studies to predict new applications concerning the newly occurred pandemic. COVID-19 is a terrible disease that attacked millions of human populations at the end of year 2019. As the number of death cases has increased to exceed one million of humans, the early discovery of new treatment from previously approved and safe drugs is the main target of this study. Employing the putative docking studies for the selected polyphenolic drugs were done and the results were promising, all tested drugs exhibited high affinity with the selected five proteins of protease enzyme, the docking score ranged from -8.4461 to -26.1691 kcal/mol with 3-7 variable interaction bonds. Among the tested drugs, diosmin appeared as the most promising drug as it exhibited the highest energy score and interaction bonds with the most of proteins. --- ## Role of Common Kitchen Remedies in Prevention of Infectious Diseases with a particular perspective of Covid-19 **Authors:** Kanyaka Bagde, Bharat Rathi, Renu Rathi, Prem Badwaik, Swapnali Khabde **Published:** 2020-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3647 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Herbs, Ayurveda, Kitchen remedies, Immunity, Covid-19 The greatness of Ayurveda medicine is that it works on your immune system and helps to build up the body to fight against viral invasions. It is the safest, economical and natural way of self-healing. It can quickly spread among masses from rich to poor all over the country. Ayurveda has been dealing with plenty of herbs for a very long time. These herbs include some rare to prevalent herbs which we can found some in the kitchen even though if that is of any commoners. The concern is that these viral infections are very prone to attack weak immunity and take the chance to affect the country to the globe. So the prevalent herbs of Ayurveda available in the kitchen will always be helpful to get through this viral invasion. These herbs are always there to make tasty food as well as to protect the body from infectious diseases by building the immunity strong. Herbs from the kitchen are not complicated to take as a medicine. Regular use of a few herbs in the straightforward form proves its importance as a medicine. In this article a review of herbs is done which we are available in our kitchen, we are using it in our daily life, and we are getting the benefit of these which a common man might not be fully aware of about. --- ## Effect of coronavirus disease in patients with kidney disease in India **Authors:** Shashi Prabha Singh, Preeti Sharma, Durgesh Singh, Pradeep kumar, Rakesh Sharma, Rachana Sharma **Published:** 2020-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3615 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, chronic kidney disease, immunity Coronavirus disease 19 is a global pandemic which infects over millions of people worldwide in a limited time and changes the lifestyle, clinical spectrum lies from asymptomatic infection to pneumonitis with cardiorespiratory failure and finally death. Higher mortality occurs in senior and who are suffering from co-morbidities like chronic kidney disease, (HTN) hypertension, (DM TYPE II) diabetes mellitus or (CVD) cardiovascular diseases. However, rather than normal individuals, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are under higher risk for infections. The chronic systemic inflammatory state is a significant cause for morbidity and mortality in CKD patients. The objective of this review is to discuss the pathogenesis of COVID-19 in CKD, changes observed in the immune system of CKD patients, COVID-19 infections risk in CKD and therapeutic approach of COVID-19 in CKD patients. From the standpoint of frequent renal co-morbidities in covid19 patients, renal complications were explored in covid19 patients received at level 2 tertiary care Santosh Hospital, Ghaziabad, U.P. Delhi-NCR India during March to August 2020 as per the protocol of Nephrology Society of India. Relevant clinical trials were reviewed in support. Meta-analysis and clinical trials are covered in this review study. Duplicate studies are not taken into account. Whereas in intensive care, CKD occurs more frequent than DM type II and CVD. So,COVID-19 pathogenesis in CKD patients, risk of COVID-19, immunologic changes and therapy COVID-19 in CKD can add support in the effective management of COVID-19. --- ## Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards COVID-19 prevention among Malaysian adults during the period of Movement Control Order (MCO): An online cross-sectional survey **Authors:** Nadeeya ‘Ayn Umaisara Mohamad Nor, Hana Maizuliana Solehan, Nurul Azmawati Mohamed, Zatul Iffah Abu Hasan, Nur Syazana Umar, Suhaila Sanip, Mohd Dzulkhairi Mohd Rani **Published:** 2020-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3693 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Movement Control Order, Malaysia Malaysian government started the Movement Control Order (MCO) on 18th March 2020, as one of the initiatives to prevent the more massive outbreak of COVID-19. Recent statistics showed a rapid rise in the numbers of positive COVID-19 patients. However, the statistics on COVID-19 patients being discharged showed that the higher authority was very committed in managing COVID-19 crisis. This online study was conducted among 1,543 Malaysian adults using a validated questionnaire to explore more findings on the Malaysian’s Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) level towards COVID-19 prevention during the MCO period. Descriptive study and binary logistic regression were performed using SPSS version 22. This study showed that the majority of respondents have good KAP level regarding COVID-19 prevention. WhatsApp and Telegram were the primary sources of information used by the respondents. Education level was the main predictor for knowledge (OR: 2.083, CI: 1.605-2.702), attitude (OR:1.854, Ci; 1.42-2.42) and practice (OR: 1.745, CI; 1.326-2.096) regarding COVID-19 prevention (p<0.001). Knowledge (OR; 1.636, CI: 1.302-2.054) and practice (OR;2.328, CI: 1.858-2.916) were predictors of attitude regarding COVID-19 prevention (p<0.001). In conclusion, total adherence to the Movement Control Order (MCO) along with public health interventions focusing on behavioral change may play vital roles in breaking the chain of infection. --- ## COVID-19: A systematic approach to solve the dilemma **Authors:** Swapnil Mohod, Siddhi Shirish Nemade, Yash Santosh Goenka, Shreya Neeraj Jain, Shraddha Aditya Patel, Kumar Gaurav Chhabra **Published:** 2020-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3632 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, conspiracy theory, myths, facts Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19)- the 2019-2020 pandemic, has augmented all over the globe. This virus is accountable for millions of infections and hundreds of deaths in people. It is dependent on humans for its transmission as the virus cannot spread on its own and survives only on contaminated surfaces for a definite period. The mortality rate scales low, but it harms the social, economic and psychological well being of people. There is mass hysteria about this disease in the society, leading to the outbreak of misinformation, misconception and rumours. Such false beliefs regarding this virus can worsen the effects of this disease. People believing these conspiracy theories have trust issues with the healthcare professionals, thus, making them disoblige the medical advice. In this moment of crisis, it is essential to dissect these conspiracy theories and have a fact check regarding all the aspects surrounding the disease. Otherwise, these myths will be an obstacle in the fight against COVID-19. In this paper, we have tried to resolve these myths through fact findings. --- ## Melphan as Anticancer and New Insights of Drug as Parenteral Dosage form against SARS-CoV-2 by Using Development and Validation **Authors:** Vijayalakshmi Kancharla, Kumar Abbaraju V D N, Andrews B S A, Nagaraju Dasari, Nagu Korupolu **Published:** 2020-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3686 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** RP-HPLC, Refractive index detector, MPA, SARS-CoV-2, USP reference A validated HPLC method was developed for the determination of Melphan (MPA) in pharmaceutical formulation. LC 20AT pump and UV-Visible detector with flexible wavelength programme and Rheodyne injector are used in this present problem. Phenomenex Synergi C18, 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 4µm or equivalent is used for this chromatography analysis. Column used in this measurement is Phenomenex Synergi C18,250mm×4.6mm,4µm or equivalent. Specificity (stressed condition) is confirmed by no co-elution of diluent peaks, Blank as diluent, excipients peaks, Monohydroxy MPA, Dihydroxy MPA, Isopropyl ester and dimer impurity were not interfere with MPA Peak along with each other. Obtained results are 1.2 and 270103 respectively. The method developed is simple and is better than the methods reported in the literature. With the help of different studies, therefore, we recommend pursuing an induction regimen of up to six cycles in all patients to postpone treatment with high-dose MPA. By using various studies, we recommend pursuing an induction regimen of up to six cycles in all patients to postpone treatment with high-dose MPA for SARS-CoV-2. --- ## 2019-nCoV Routes, Current Trends and Future Dental Challenges in India **Authors:** Himangi Dubey, Abhishek Kumar Tiwari, Pallavi Singh, Palkin Mehta, Swati Srivastava, Syed Haider Mehdi **Published:** 2020-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3602 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** 2019-nCoV, Coronavirus, Dental Settings, Guidelines, Micro-Droplet Inhalation Coronavirus outbreak (2019-nCoV) emerged as a global health threat. World Health Organization (WHO) unveiled it as an international emergent situation. 2019-nCoV person-to-person transmission typically occurs through coughing, sneezing, droplet inhaling, and surface touch. Containment measures are needed to prevent further spread. It is worth mentioning that the risk of cross-infection among patients and dentists are high as oral investigations and treatment measures involve one-on-one contact, exposure to blood, saliva, and other bodily fluids. Therefore, effective countermeasures shall be planned to inhibit 2019-nCoV transmission in the dental setting as well. This review article highlights the essential knowledge of possible transmission routes of 2019-nCoV in dental settings. It also focuses on effective practice to be followed by dental health care practitioners (DHCP) to block the routes of transmission in dental clinics and hospitals. The article also attempts to highlight future challenges involved in a dental setting in India. This review will be especially helpful for dentists and maxillofacial in following the informed guidelines to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). --- ## Quarantine in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review **Authors:** Soumya Singhai, Gargi Nimbulkar, Ashwika Datey, Kumar Gaurav Chhabra, Amit Reche, Pavan Bajaj **Published:** 2020-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3691 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Quarantine, COVID-19, Ethics, Isolation, Psychological impact, Public Health Measure Coronavirus is a rapidly emerging infectious disease of respiratory tract which has been declared a pandemic by World health Organization. The virus spread quickly between close contacts or thought coughing and sneezing of the infected person. A few months after the first case was reported in Wuhan, China, the disease quickly turned into a pandemic. World health experts are already actively searching for a cure or vaccine for this disease, but before that, many countries around the world are considering mass quarantine measures as a method to combat its spread. This necessitates application of strict measures to control this pandemic. As of now there is no treatment to cure this disease. Therefore prevention of spread of disease remains the mainstay of combating it. One of the emergency public health measures that have been used extensively to control this pandemic is quarantine. Even though on long term basis, quarantine may have its advantages and disadvantages which has to be considered when practicing the same. This review focuses on rational behind the quarantine, its indications, the set-up or infrastructure required and the ethical implication for quarantine. It also reviews the psychological impact of quarantine and its effectiveness as a public health measure. --- ## Evolving potential vaccine candidates amid COVID-19 pandemic: Pipeline to Lifeline **Authors:** Anshu Kumar Yadav, Akila Prashant, Prashant Vishwanath, Surinder Singh, Nirmal Kumar Ganguly **Published:** 2020-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3631 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** SARS-CoV-2, Spike proteins, COVID-19, Vaccine candidates Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is globally explored to decode its genomic functionality along with elucidating immunogenic pathways to design and develop an efficient vaccine. Potential immunogenic targets have been screened and validated through preclinical evaluation using experimental models. Computational platform and molecular docking studies are also being conducted to study the immunodynamic mechanisms which involve suitable epitopes of host target cells that respond to the potential vaccine candidate eliciting an immune-mediated reaction. Although SARS-CoV-2 possesses genetic similarities with previously known human coronaviruses, the emergence of novel mutational changes in the immunodominant region of the receptor-binding domain of viral spike protein resulted in high transmissibility and fatality. On a periodical basis, the World Health Organization (WHO) publishes the update on evolving vaccine candidates and encouraging several vaccine developers including multinational companies to join the worldwide campaign against the COVID-19 pandemic. As per the latest WHO landscape draft of evolving vaccine candidates, around 180 teams with respective vaccine candidates across the world are working by utilizing multiple developmental platforms, out of which 35 candidates have entered clinical phase trial and 145 candidates are under the preclinical phase of evaluation. They are also being tested for undesired immunopotentiation without compromising their safety and efficacy. These vaccine candidates along with their advantages and various challenges have been reviewed in this article. --- ## Personal Protective Equipment for Healthcare Workers **Authors:** Chinmay Mahatme **Published:** 2020-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3681 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID, prevention, Personal Protective Equipment COVID is a highly contagious viral disease that has caused massive outbreaks throughout the world causing a pandemic. The need to curtail its spread is quite evident in the numbers itself, with over 10.5 million cases worldwide as of today. The healthcare professionals face a multitude of problems in a scenario like this and their protection is of utmost importance. This unprecedented scenario requires them to form new habits that ensure their safety and therefore it is of great importance that information regarding personal safety be reviewed from time to time as knowledge takes time and repetition to get converted into actions and even more so to get converted to habit. A lot of misconceptions also exist regarding the equipment and practices that need to be implemented that require clarification. This article reviews strategies to be used by the healthcare workers and the hospital to tackle cases effectively, provide appropriate care and at the same time ensure their own safety and safety of all other personnel at the hospital as well as patients. An important aspect covered here is personal protective. Information regarding the equipment, it’s uses, and protocols are explored with the aim of strengthening the knowledge base of the healthcare force and to reinforce precautionary measures to be taken during these tough times. --- ## Psychosocial Implications of Lockdown on Dental Professionals **Authors:** Shivnoor A, Tarun Gaur, Mohit Kamra, Renuka G Nagrale, Pankaj Malhotra, Kumar Gaurav Chhabra **Published:** 2020-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4203 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Dental, Lockdown, Psychosocial Implications COVID-19 infection as described by Merriam Webster 2 as a mild to severe respiratory disease caused by a coronavirus that is mainly transmitted through interaction or contact with transmittable material such as respiratory droplets or with matter or surfaces contaminated with the virus causing it. The main aim of this article was to review Psychosocial Implications of Lockdown on Dental Professionals. Due to the lockdown situation attributed to COVID-19 infection around the world, a large number of dentists are affected in every aspect of life mentally, physically and economically. The self employed dentists were also concerned about their financial consequences personally. In a country like India, where a large number of cases are asymptomatic or with no or very little symptoms of infection have increased problems for dentists. On research front, very few studies are conducted till now to determine Psychological wellbeing of dental professionals and factors associated with it during COVID-19 health emergency. --- ## Natural products from the traditional Moroccan pharmacopoeia: A potential lead for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 **Authors:** Mohamed Yafout, Amine Ousaid, Ibrahim Sbai El Otmani, Youssef Khayati, Amal Ait Haj Said **Published:** 2020-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3619 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, traditional pharmacopoeia, medicinal plants, natural products, Morocco The new SARS-CoV-2 belonging to the coronaviruses family has caused a pandemic affecting millions of people around the world. This pandemic has been declared by the World Health Organization as an international public health emergency. Although several clinical trials involving a large number of drugs are currently underway, no treatment protocol for COVID-19 has been officially approved so far. Here we demonstrate through a search in the scientific literature that the traditional Moroccan pharmacopoeia, which includes more than 500 medicinal plants, is a fascinating and promising source for the research of natural molecules active against SARS-CoV-2. Multiple in-silico and in-vitro studies showed that some of the medicinal plants used by Moroccans for centuries possess inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2. These inhibitory activities are achieved through the different molecular mechanisms of virus penetration and replication, or indirectly through stimulation of immunity. Thus, the potential of plants, plant extracts and molecules derived from plants that are traditionally used in Morocco and have activity against SARS-CoV-2, could be explored in the search for a preventive or curative treatment against COVID-19. Furthermore, safe plants or plant extracts that are proven to stimulate immunity could be officially recommended by governments as nutritional supplements. --- ## Post COVID- 19 protocol of treatment, radiologic examination and infection control in dentistry **Authors:** Pooja D Dhole, Vidya K Lohe, Ravindra P Kadu, Swapnil C Mohod, Mrunal Meshram **Published:** 2020-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3664 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid 19, Dentistry, Infection Control, Treatment Planning, Radiologic Features The COVID-19 is an utmost challenge to the health care profession. The medical professionals and system and has recommended different reaction and sorts of solutions found all over the world. As the dental health care professionals deal directly with the oral cavity, their responsibility in avoiding the spread of COVID-19 proves significant. All the usual dental treatment and procedures put on hold into countries which come across COVID-19. During this pandemic, there is a need for planned crucial care which might be delivered by dental professional and auxiliary they should be provided with proper PPE on priority. Dental health care professionals should also be trained to contribute to health care. Quick re-organization of significant health care support is not simple. Dental health care professionals have an ethical duty to lessen the fear of spreading COVID-19 for routine care in dental patients. But they were and are worried concerning the monetary issues. The huge data is online accessible and over societal media, but still, it is hard to recognize research confirmation and supervision; however, ethical conclusions should be made --- ## Assessment of Dry Eye Symptoms and Quality of Sleep in Engineering Students During the Covid-19 Pandemic **Authors:** Pavithra S, Dheepak Sundar M **Published:** 2020-11-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3593 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dry eye symptoms, sleep quality, Covid19 pandemic lockdown To assess dry eye symptoms (DES) and quality of sleep in engineering students during the Covid19 pandemic lockdown and also to assess the association between DES and sleep quality. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was carried out among 396 engineering students studying in Saveetha engineering college. The study tool used was a semi-structured google form questionnaire designed for assessing digital device usage, symptoms of dry eye disease and sleep pattern. Responses were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Overall 64.1% attained a score of more than 10, indicating the presence of DES. 70.2% of the study population used digital screens for more than 13 hours. A statistically significant association was found between increased screen time and presence of DES(p<0.05). 64.9% had a score of >18 indicating reduced sleep quality. About 77.1% of the students with DES had reduced sleep quality, and a significant association (p<0.01) was observed between the two. During the Covid19 pandemic lockdown, there appears to be rising prevalence of DES in student population, one of the reasons being increased screen time. The sleep quality was also found to be reduced, and a significant association was found between DES and sleep quality. --- ## Identification of lipid accumulation product (LAP) as a marker of metabolic syndrome: a study in healthy population of MMU **Authors:** Bhumija Sharma, Suvarna Prasad, Sunita Manhas, Bhawani Shankar Modi, Priyanka Tangri **Published:** 2020-11-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4610 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Metabolic Syndrome, LAP, Diabetes, Waist Circumference Metabolic syndrome (MetS), is a collection of lipid and non-lipid cardiac related disease risk factors, is an important public health issue because of its higher prevalence with development of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Henry Kahn anticipated lipid accumulation product (LAP), as a novel marker of central lipid accumulation, to predict the risk of MetS. This study was conducted in Department of Biochemistry of MMIMSR, Ambala, Haryana. In the current study, we are researching over a new diagnostic tool for diagnosing MetS by LAP use. MetS is diagnosed by National Cholesterol Education Program Adults treatment panel III (NCEPATP III) and then compared with LAP to find its efficacy over other variables. 200 volunteers were enrolled in this study, their biochemical parameters were estimated and anthropometric measurements were taken. MetS was diagnosed in apparently healthy subjects. LAP was calculated by Henry Kahn formula and required statistical tools were applied to analyse results. The parameters of MetS positive cases were compared with LAP and its validity was tested statistically. 56 (28%) out of 200 subjects were positive for MetS. More females (30) than males (26) were diagnosed positive for MetS. LAP values were found to be higher in MetS cases, its efficacy was confirmed by ROC curves. MetS was diagnosed in volunteers who were considering themselves as healthy. Raised LAP and LAP2 were found, in MetS positive subjects than MetS negative. Relation of LAP and MetS came to be strong. Further, researches in this area are definitely recommended. --- ## Knowledge and awareness about uses of fluoride among adults - a survey **Authors:** Sutharshan G S, Gheena S, Ganesh Lakshmanan **Published:** 2020-11-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3582 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Dental Caries, Fluoride, Fluoridated Toothpaste, Prevention Fluoride has been used for years to prevent dental caries. Tooth brushing reduces bacteria, hence reduces dental caries. Fluoride content in toothpaste helps to prevent dental caries. Dental caries are controlled in children who drink fluoridated water. The most effective way to prevent dental caries by topical fluoride application is through fluoridated toothpaste. The main aim of the study is to know and be aware of the uses of fluoride among adults. An online survey was conducted with a self-structured questionnaire comprising 15 questions related to the use of fluoride. The questionnaire was designed using the online survey platform "google forms". Descriptive analysis was carried out using the statistical software "SPSS software version 20". The results of the survey were represented in the form of pie charts and bar charts. Around 85% of the population know and are aware of the use of fluoride. Awareness of the uses of fluoride is adequate among the adult population. So it is evident from this study that people are aware of the positive and negative impacts due to appropriate or inappropriate levels of fluoride in their daily consumption. --- ## Exploring Interleukin-6 ,CRP in cellphone addiction and depression: a case control study in the precincts of medical college **Authors:** Bhumija Sharma, Pradeep Kumaar, Faisal Iqbal, Anil Sharma, Preeti Sharma **Published:** 2020-11-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4049 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cellphone Addiction, Depression, Interleukin6, Creative Protein Cellphone technology has tremendously grown in its market and uses in the last decade. But it's overutilization has led to the development of new problems also. Objectionable cellphone use can be accounted for in the form of technological addiction, which can develop depression, anxiety, and other health problems. Depression is the third leading cause of global disease burden if it continues; by 2030, it will become the leading cause of disease burden. Stress or addiction can lead to the development of psychiatric disorders or vice versa. These stressors lead to the neuroinflammatory response, resulting in an exaggerated response to subsequent pro-inflammatory challenges. Depression was diagnosed by Hamilton depression scale (HAMD) and cellphone addiction was evaluated by smartphone addition scale-short version (SPAS) and their serum sample was evaluated for IL-6 and CRP according to protocol. Overall Mean score of HAMD in cases was 12.21 and in controls was 4.68. Mean score of SPAS scale in cases and controls was (37.75, 17.43) respectively. Mean IL-6 levels of cases and controls (21.03±35.85, 11.07±13.61 pg/ml) respectively with the significance of (p=0.026). Higher levels of the systemic inflammatory biochemical marker IL-6 in cases are associated with depression. Smartphone addiction scores are in correlation with depression scores but not in association with interleukin-6 or CRP levels. Females of a young age are more prone to depression and smartphone addiction together. Early assessment and diagnosis could be helpful in preventing further more damage to social and mental vicinity of individuals. Inflammatory pathways may provide important new interpolation and anticipation targets for these ailments. --- ## Prevalence of Tobacco Usage in Oral Leukoplakia: A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Sowmya G S, Jayanth Kumar Vadivel, Sankari Malaiappan **Published:** 2020-11-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3583 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tobacco, Oral Leukoplakia, Homogenous Leukoplakia, Non-Homogeneous Leukoplakia, Oral Potentially Malignant Disorder Tobacco is a common name for the plants belonging to the genus Nicotiana and nightshade family. It contains a highly addictive stimulant which is used in cigarettes and other smokeless forms of tobacco. The product has a lot of carcinogens and other harmful mixtures which lead to the causation of oral submucous fibrosis, leukoplakia and erythroplakia. In this study, we would be seeing how common it is to have a history of tobacco usage in the patients diagnosed with Leukoplakia between march 2019 and march 2020 in Saveetha dental college. Materials and methods: This study was done in Saveetha dental college, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. The study data were taken between March 2019 to March 2020. We took patients reporting with oral leukoplakia and checked their history for Smoking or smokeless tobacco usage. These data are recorded by the dental students in saveetha dental college. A total of 100 patient's record was taken and among the patients with smoking, history was identified. The number of patients with and without smoking/smokeless tobacco usage record was deduced. Results: There were a total of 100 participants, in which 95 were males and 5 were females who reported to the clinic with oral leukoplakia. In this sample, a total of 76 patients had a homogenous variant of leukoplakia while 24 patients had a non-homogenous variant. Eighty-four patients had the habit of smoking, while 16 patients had the habit of smokeless tobacco usage. There were 100 participants and with the result deduced from the data obtained from the participants, it is clear that smoking is one of the major etiology of Oral leukoplakia. --- ## Importance of mental peace for physical well-being among medical and dental personnel during a pandemic - An awareness-based study **Authors:** Snehaa Baskaran, Abilasha R, Kavitha S **Published:** 2020-11-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3587 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, mental peace, poor health, medical personnel, physical wellness The connection between the body and the mind is an intangible one. The health of one affects the other, and so does the illness. Mental peace is intimately connected to physical health. Aim of the study is to address the mental health of the health workers and factors which influence them to improve their knowledge and maintain their physical well-being and thus improve the quality of work and successfully fulfilling their duties as medical personnel. Health workers should be provided with psychosocial support which will help them. Chronic levels of stress lead to unhealthy coping methods. Organisations and agencies that the medical personnel work under should provide relief efforts to obtain the effectiveness of the workforce. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among medical and dental personnel through a questionnaire consisting of 15 questions and is circulated among the target population. The sample size of the survey was 100 and obtained from medical personnel, including dentists, physicians and surgeons. 70.5% were aware that mental peace is important for physical well-being. According to the results, mental health has to be improved for 36.3% and for 63.7% it was good. More population of dentists suffered from panic and anxiety-related disorders due to the current crisis, and they strongly agreed that mental peace is essential for physical well-being. This study concludes that the medical personnel have poor mental health during this pandemic which is affecting their physical health also and vice versa. --- ## Spread and Incubation Period of Coronavirus: A Review **Authors:** Twinkle Francis, Anjali AK **Published:** 2020-11-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3581 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid – 19, SARS-CoV-2, Incubation Period The Novel Corona Virus (2019 — n COV) has been causing an upsurge of pneumonia which is of viral origin that began in Wuhan, China. Covid-19 is a highly transmittable disease and a viral infection caused by a strain SARS-CoV-2 which has now spread around the world. COVID-19 contains a single-stranded (positive-sense) RNA associated with a nucleoprotein within a capsid containing matrix protein. The virus is a spherical, pleomorphic enveloped particle bearing club-shaped glycoprotein projections. Intermediate source of origin is not known, therefore, bats could be responsible as the primary reservoir. Transmission can also occur through families in their immediate environment around that particular infected person. Several healthcare workers and the patients who are admitted in the hospital are at higher risk of acquiring the infection. Most patients have a lack of access to Healthcare and preventive measures such as masks and sanitizers. This article discusses the various modes of spread and incubation period of the virus as well as approaches for containing the virus to cope with this viral outbreak. --- ## Possible effects of Ayurvedic herbs on management of COVID-19 **Authors:** Ajayratna Anandrao Meshram, Srihari S, Shweta Parwe **Published:** 2020-11-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3599 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Corona virus disease, Tulasi, antiviral, multi modal, Ayurvedic remedies Corona virus disease COVID-19 is caused by coronavirus that can spread between animals and humans. The most common symptoms are fever, tiredness, and dry cough. Some individuals also develop aches and pains, nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, or diarrhoea. It was reported that traditional remedies may alleviate the symptoms of COVID-19. However, a major drawback is a lack of adequate scientific basis. Tulsi has multi-modal therapeutic effects, we hypothesize that Tulsi may be effective in the prevention and management of COVID-19. Though the existing literature supports the management of symptoms of COVID-19 using Tulsi, a lack of standard formulation limits its use. This is the need of time to start with translational research to provide scientific evidence for the efficacy and to establish the standard formulation of Tulsi in the management of COVID-19. Taking these things in to consideration efforts have been made to treat the patients of COVID-19 with Shaman Therapy Herbal Formulations. On the basis of findings and observations obtained after completion of current project it can be concluded that covid19 are progressive degenerative conditions in which Tridosha at its own Ashaya gets provoked and as it belongs to Madhyam Rogamarga treatment becomes challenging. This attempt possibly finds solutions which can prevent. Ayurveda the features like cough, running of nose & sore throat are caused due to Dushti (vitiation) of Pranavaha Srotas & also having Annavaha Strotas Dushti & Rasavaha Strotas Dushti. Ayurveda is the world’s oldest medical system that can manage any disease without side effects. --- ## Home Remedies for the Elderly in the direction of Protection against COVID-19: An Ayurveda perspective **Authors:** Raksha Kanoje, Akshay Pargaonkar **Published:** 2020-11-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3576 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Preventive measures for COVID-19, Home remedy, Ayurveda, Yogasana, Rasayan In the middle of the current coronavirus epidemic, it has become essential to be concerned about health. In conjunction with following the essential guidelines of social distancing and hand washing, it is advisable to look after the body's self-defence mechanism and resistance. The coronavirus, which is desolating the world, can affect anyone. Still, elderly citizens with pre-existing conditions like cardiac troubles, diabetes, asthma, and other cardiovascular diseases are actually at greater risk on the rise of severe, sometimes life-threatening symptoms. The majority of healthy people heal from the coronavirus rapidly after a few days of rest. People, who are with compromised immune systems, go down underneath the high-risk category. But if someone diagnosed in this group, there is no need to fear, as this risk can be alleviated by good and correct nutrition, strengthening the immune system, and ensuring correct safety measures to stay away from getting infected with the virus in the first place. The Ministry of AYUSH has released a listing of Ayurveda accepted practices to help out to improve immunity, particularly for the duration of the present times. Ayurveda information is derived on daily basis regimens or seasonal regimens. In this review, we summarise the ayurvedic practices and other measures that are reported helpful against the prevention of COVID 19. Considering this, an attempt has been made to screen classical literature for the remedies which can be used in Protection against COVID-19. --- ## COVID 19 – Laboratory Scenario **Authors:** Anmol Taneja, Sunita Vagha **Published:** 2020-11-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3575 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, COVID 19, SARS cov 2 Coronavirus is an RNA virus, positive stranded, and enveloped was first isolated in 1965, can cause symptoms like common cold, severe respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal, liver and CNS symptoms. WHO announced the original name of coronavirus as COVID 19 in December 2019. This virus has been named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome cov 2 currently and WHO has now declared this virus as emergency of public health concern. More than seventy thousand people in China and 25 other countries have been infected. The confirmed cases of Covid 19 Infection, up to 14th April, 2020 in India were 11,487 and out of which 393 have been deceased and most number of cases were found to be confirmed in Maharashtra (2,684). Animals like camels, cattles, cats, bats probably serve as hosts for coronavirus. Various laboratory investigations like CBC, Real Time-PCR, D-dimer levels, cell culture, electron microscopy, Low platelet count, ESR, CRP levels, Chest CT, X ray, Liver and Kidney Function tests, SOFA (sequential organ failure assessment) score have been useful in diagnosing the causative agent. Since no antiviral treatment has been effective till now, so the transmission can be slowed down by preventive measures like self quarantine, isolation, maintaning distance from one another and use of personal equipments. --- ## In vivo anti-psoriasis, anti-inflammatory activities and oral toxicity studies of aqueous extract from seeds of Ammi visnaga L. **Authors:** Ez-zahir Abdeljaouad, Naya Abdallah, Seddik Nadia, Marnissi Farida, Belghmi Khalid, Oudghiri Mounia **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4239 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ammi visnaga L, Anti-inflammation, Psoriasis, Seeds aqueous extract, Toxicity evaluation Ammi visnaga L (A.V.) is used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of kidney stones, diabetes and vitiligo. An in vivo anti-psoriasis, anti- inflammatory activities and oral toxicity studies of aqueous extract from seeds of Ammi visnaga L. was investigated. In the acute toxicity, the extract was administered orally in a single dose to rats (0- 2000-5000 mg/kg) and in the sub-acute toxicity daily for 28 days (0-300-600-1000 mg/kg/day). The symptoms of toxicity and mortality have been recorded daily and during 14 days of recovery with an examination of liver, kidney, hematologic, biochemical and histological analysis at the end of treatment. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by induction of oedema and the anti-psoriasis by induction of a psoriasiform-like skin phenotype by UV-B radiations. No mortality was observed after single gavages by a dose up to 5000 mg/kg and no signs of toxicity noted. Clinical and biochemical examination during 28 days of gavages at all doses showed no significant difference compared to control group, while a significant reduction in MCV (mean corpuscular volume) and P-LCR (platelet large cell ratio) (p <0.05), PDW (platelet distribution width) and MPV (multipurpose vehicle) (p <0.01) was observed and histopathological examinations showed slight inflammation in the liver and kidneys for the higher dose. Percentage of inhibition of the oedema was near the positive control 50% for all doses tested. Treatment with A.V. extract had decreased the thickness of the skin induced by UV-B irradiation. In conclusion, the LD50 was estimated greater than 5000 mg/kg; therefore A.V. can be classified as non-toxic but if used in the long term can induce a slight toxicity dose dependant with high anti-psoriasis and anti-inflammatory activities. --- ## A Clinico-Hematological Pattern of Bleeding Disorders in Children at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital **Authors:** Rithika Dante, Karanjkar M. N. **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3891 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Von-Willebrand factor, clotting factor, thrombasthenia, growth retardation and vitamin K deficiency Bleeding disorders (BDs) are quite uncommon, and most bleeding episodes commonly encounter in children as a result of local factors. However, the available literature is not enough to demonstrate the commonly encountered BDs among children. Hence, this study was intended to demonstrate the hematological pattern of BD’s over different age groups of children. In this prospective study, 100 patients of either gender, aged between 0 to 12 years attending the pediatric ward with bleeding manifestations were evaluated clinically to identify an underlying etiology by physical, familial and hematological examination. The data on demographics, family history, the onset of bleeding manifestations, laboratory findings, diagnosis with respective etiologies were collected, tabulated and interpreted. Out of 100 cases, 38% had acquired BDs, followed by platelet disorders (32%), inherited (26%) and vascular BDs (4%). Among acquired cases, disseminated intravascular coagulation (25/100) with hepatic impairment (40%) is the predominant cause. In inherited cases, von-willebrand factor deficiency (18/100) was more predominant than factor VIII deficiency (12/100). School going children (6-9 years; 32%) and infants (21%) were the most affected age groups. Anemia (69%) and growth retardation (13%) were commonly observed complications. Acquired coagulopathies contribute a major portion of bleeding disorders in children. Infants and school-going children are at greater risk to develop coagulopathies. The understanding etiological cause is essential for accurate diagnosis and management in order to prevent morbidity associated with coagulopathies in children. --- ## Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Sulphur From Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid Derivatives **Authors:** Khudheyer Jawad Kadem **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4236 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** EDTA derivative, cycloaddition, Schiff’s bases In this work, three novel Schiff’s bases subsidiaries were set up from Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic corrosive Derivatives(K1, K2 and K3); (K1) which was blend from response of EDTA with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2,4- dintrophenyl hydrazine. (K2) which was union from response of EDTA with vinilline and 2,4-dintrophenyl hydrazine. (K3) which was amalgamation from response of EDTA with 4-aminoacetophenone and 2,4-dintrophenyl hydrazine after that combination three novel hetrocyclic compound Containing Sulfur molecule; Derivative with compounds containing carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone) the carbonyl group of aldehyde or ketone react with primary amine to produce mine compounds (Schiff bases), Reaction of produced Schiff base compounds with mercaptoacetic acid (thioglycolic acid) to synthesized new heterocyclic compounds Compounds with heterogeneous ring are characterized by having many biological activities Which attracts the attention of researchers, and accordingly various derivatives containing sulfur were prepared for heterocyclic compounds, these prepared compounds can have inhibitory activity for some bacteria, fungi, and viruses. (M1, M2 and M3) which were union from response of (K1, K2 and K3) individually with marcaptoacetic acid. All of the Schiff’s bases derivatives and hetrocyclic compound Containing Sulphur atom were characterized and identified by spectroscopic methods (FT-IR and 1H-NMR) spectroscopies. --- ## In vitro tracheospasmolytic effect and acute toxicity screening of Coptosapelta ƒlavescens Korth root ’s water extract **Authors:** Khemasili Kosala, Sjarif Ismail, Ika Fikriah, Yovita Gunawan **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4228 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** BSLT, Daphnia magna larvae, Tracheospasmolytic, Water extract of Coptosapelta flavescens Korth root There are no data available regarding the bronchospasmolytic activity and toxicity of water extract of Coptosapelta flavescens Korth root (WECFR). Therefore, this study aimed to determine: a. the in vitro tracheospasmolytic effect of WECFR; b. safety of WECFR using the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) and immobilization of Daphnia magna larvae (IDL). In study, a guinea pig tracheal ring was contracted with methacholine and cumulative doses of WECFR solution were administered. A dose-response curve (DRC) was plotted of the percentage of the tracheal ring relaxation response. To test whether the relaxation mechanism occured through stimulation of beta2-adrenergic receptors, the tracheal ring was incubated with propranolol. Data analyzed using analysis of variance, showed that the DRC of WECFR was obtained with p < 0.05 compared to the DRC of control, indicating that WECFR had a tracheospasmolytic effect. The DRC for propranolol-blocked WECFR did not shift to the right compared to the DRC of WECFR, confirming that the relaxation mechanism did not occur through the beta2-adrenergic receptors. Study b. assessed safety using BSLT and IDL. After exposing the larvae to WECFR and control for 24 and 48 h, respectively, the number of dead larvae was counted. Data analyzed using Probit program, showed that the lethal dose 50 of WECFR towards Artemia salina and Daphnia magna larvae was > 1000 ppm, which means that it was not toxic. This studies demonstrate that WECFR exhibits tracheospasmolitic effect, but not through beta2-adrenergic receptors; WECFR is safe for Artemia salina and Daphnia magna larvae. --- ## The cytotoxic effect of Synadenium grantii extract against human lung carcinoma A549 cells and its role in improvement of histopathological and biomarkers changes in Benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung cancer in rats **Authors:** Mamdouh Moawad Ali, Mahmoud Khattab, Mie Afify Mohamed, Rania Mohsen Abdelsalam, Khaled Mahmoud, Saeed Soliman, Mohamed Fawzy Barghash **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4230 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Synadenium grantii, Lung cancer, Cytotoxicity, Phytochemical screening, Alpha-fetoprotein, Phosphotylinosital 3 kinase, Lung histology Lung cancer is one of the most lethal cancers which is causing up to 3 million deaths annually worldwide. Therefore, management of lung cancer needs searching for new chemopreventive agents. This work was designed to inspect the chemopreventive potential of different extracts prepared from branches and leaves of Synadenium grantii for screening their effects on lung cancer cells (A549), then the most active extract was used for combating lung cancer induced in animal model. The in vitro results showed that, the methanolic extract was the most active extract against A549 cells with a notable cytotoxicity activity (IC50: 4.30 ± 0.44 µg/ml), which was close to the activity of standard drug, doxorubicin (IC50: 3.50 ± 0.40 µg/ml). The results of the in vivo experiment, revealed that in B(a)P-treated group, aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) transaminase activities as well as the levels of urea, creatinine, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and Phosphotylinosital 3 Kinase (PI3K) were significantly increased comparing to control group. However, treatment with S. grantii ameliorated the increase in these parameters in both after and before treatment groups comparing with B(a)P-treated group. This improvement in biochemical results were also supported by improving in morphological and histopathological injuries induced by B(a)P, which indicated that methanolic extract of S. grantii has a chemoprevention effect on lung cancer. --- ## Novel formulation approaches for wound healing **Authors:** Tanaji D Nandgude, Syed Nateque Naser **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4227 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Wound healing, Traditional and Novel Approaches, Alginate, Hydrocolloids, Hydrofibers, Hydrogels, Polyurethane A wound is damage to the typical anatomic structure. Wound healing is an immediate therapeutic response to injury. It is a creation of the combined response of some cell types towards injury. Wound healing takes place by a sequence of molecular events which cooperate to fix tissue integrity and cell work. In typical healthy individual under ordinary conditions, these physiological events take place smoothly. Though sometimes, these molecular events are arrested, this brings about in struggle to heal. There is an assortment of approaches for the way toward managing and controlling both acute injuries (acute wounds) and ceaseless non-mending wounds (chronic non- healing wounds). The principal objective of these two cases is to achieve better-wound healing. Ideal formulations of wound healing should not only enhance the healing process but also reduce pain, infection and loss of electrolytes, proteins and liquids from the injury. A broad scope of items typically introduced with target various parts of the wound healing process depends on numerous types of wounds and novel polymers utilised for the conveyance of medications to both acute and ceaseless injuries. These include alginate, hydrocolloids, hydrofibers, polyurethane, and hydrogels. This article gives particular importance to different novel approaches in the management of wound healing. This review draws out the data and hopes to provide understanding into traditional, current and imminent techniques and methods for wound management. --- ## Assessment of initiation and establishment of lactation among primiparous mothers **Authors:** Priyanka Karande, Potdar DB, Kshirsagar VY **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3892 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breastfeeding, Counseling, Infant mortality, Lactation, Parity, Parturition Breastfeeding the infants within one hour of birth can reduce infant mortality. Knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding among women is essential when promoting optimal breastfeeding practices. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate initiation and establishment of lactation, level of knowledge and attitude, and actual practices of breastfeeding among postnatal primigravida mothers. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 400 postnatal primigravida mothers for one year. Mothers were interviewed and their sociodemographic details and data on time of initiation of prelacteal feeds, number of times of feeding per day, and breastfeeding duration were collected using semi-structured questionnaires. Proper counseling on breastfeeding practices including initiation and establishment of lactation was provided on the basis of the responses to the questionnaire. Pre and post-counseling scores were interpreted and compared for all the primiparous mothers. The association between variables was examined using t-test. P-value of <0.0001 was considered statistically significant. Remarkable improvement in the post- counseling test scores was observed in terms of education, age, residence, religion, mode of delivery, weight, occupation, type of family, and sex of the baby (p<0.0001). A significant improvement was noted in mothers with more than 12th grade level of education and those who were from nuclear families and resided in urban areas (p<0.0001). Knowledge of initiation and establishment of lactation improved in primiparous mothers. Counseling improved the attitude towards lactation in all the primiparous mothers. Hence, wherever possible, relevant health programs on the awareness of timely breastfeeding should be initiated in future for all primiparous mothers. --- ## Screening for Microalbuminuria in Newly Detected Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients **Authors:** Shruti Rao, Patil V C, Sanjay Thorat **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3849 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Albuminuria, Blood glucose, Body mass index, Creatinine, Glycated hemoglobin A, Glycosuria, Type 2 Diabetes mellitus Microalbuminuria is a major risk factor for various renal and cardiovascular events. The need for early detection and treatment of patients at risk for microalbuminuria is important to limit the excess renal and cardiovascular disease associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, this study aimed to screen newly detected T2DM patients for the presence of microalbuminuria. A total of 120 patients diagnosed with T2DM were included in this prospective observational study. After collecting history, physical examination, and various biochemical investigations such as kidney function test, plasma blood sugars, lipid profile and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were conducted. The detection of microalbuminuria was done by Micral test. Data were analyzed by the Chi-square test for significance of qualitative variables. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Prevalence of microalbuminuria among T2DM patients was observed to be 40%. HbA1c levels of females showed a significant association (p=0.007). Patients with BMI>25 kg/m2 had a significant incidence of microalbuminuria (p<0.001). Urinary glucose was significantly higher (p=0.024) in 83.3% of patients with microalbuminuria. The mean fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels were considerably higher in patients with microalbuminuria (p=0.004, p=0.002). Blood urea and serum creatinine levels, too, were noted to be slightly higher in patients with microalbuminuria (p=018, p=0.001). Prevalence of microalbuminuria was slightly less in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. Early diagnosis and management of microalbuminuria in asymptomatic individuals could help in preventing worsening in renal function and progression of overt diabetic nephropathy. --- ## Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles-Clinacanthus nutans (AgNP-CN) against Streptococcus mutans **Authors:** Siti Aisyah Abd Ghafar, Nor Baitie Adura Mohd Fudzi, Wan Nur Farhanah Wan Sulaiman, Lim Vuanghao, Rohazila Mohamad Hanafiah **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4238 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial, Clinacanthus nutans, Silver nanoparticles, Streptococcus mutans Clinacanthus nutans was found to possess anti-venom, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti- diabetic, anti-rheumatism, antiviral and antioxidant properties. Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles between 1nm to 100nm in size and play significant role in medicinal fields. Silver nanoparticles exhibit unique properties, such as excellent conductivity, chemical stability, catalytic and antimicrobial activity. Streptococcus mutans is usually discovered in human oral cavity and the main aetiological of tooth decay. There is no study on antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles Clinacanthus nutans (AgNP-CN) against Streptococcus mutans reported to date. Therefore, objective of this study is to investigate antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles Clinacanthus nutans against Streptococcus mutans. Streptococcus mutans was subcultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and agar. AgNP-CN with different concentrations was tested against Streptococcus mutans via disc diffusion assay, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). Amoxicillin was used as positive control while DMSO and blank silver nanoparticles were used as negative control. Disc diffusion assay shows AgNP-CN inhibit Streptococcus mutans growth. AgNP-CN shows the greatest inhibition properties (15.3 ± 1.53 mm) in comparison to Clinacanthus nutans leaves extract (6.0 ± 0.01 mm) and blank silver nanoparticles (6.0 ± 0.01 mm). MIC value for AgNP-CN is 2.5 ± 0.01 mg/mL while amoxicillin is 0.007 ± 0.01 mg/mL. Whereas MBC values for AgNP-CN is 2.5 mg/mL. Results are concentration dependent, with higher concentration shows better inhibition property. --- ## The preliminary optimization of culture components for improving antifungal production by a wild-type soil bacteria Bacillus subtilis **Authors:** Ramya Ramachandran, Kanika Bhatnagar, Ramlal Thakur, Utpal Roy **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4229 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Antifungal substance, Bacillus sp., OFAT, optimization, response surface methodology Antifungal compounds are produced by Bacillus species under various growth conditions. While optimizing the antifungal production by using the one- factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM) approaches mannose and malt extract were identified as the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. The RSM was applied to determine the optimum conditions of the three parameters such as pH, carbon and nitrogen sources for improved production. Optimum concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources were 0.3% and 0.6% respectively with optimum media pH of 7.0 which showed optimum value of 40 AU/ml of antifungal compound against the Candida albicans SC5314 used as an indicator strain. In the present study, the F-value was determined as 0.0034 to imply that the model is significant. The goodness of the fit of the model was tested using coefficient of determination, R2 value, that tantamounts to 0.8562. The identification of antifungal compounds with their molecular masses was accomplished by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry after n- butanol extraction. The present study thus has provided a platform to upgrade the yield of antifungal compounds which have got immense clinical potential to tread Candidosis. --- ## Ensuing Garbhni & Rajasvala Paricharya Engender’s to Healthy Posterity **Authors:** Divya Popat, Premkumar Badwaik **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4233 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Garbhaopghatkar bhava, Rajasvala Paricharya, Yogasana Garbhini paricharya can be correlated with Ante-natal care. The Term Garbhini means a woman presenting with Garbha and Paricharya refers to the caring in all aspect. The process of Garbhini paricharya begins with the very first day of Conception and the Healthy Conception starts from proper fallow up of Rajasvala Paricharya , it Refers to the process followed during Menstrual Phase. In the process of Garbhini Paricharya, it is supposed to be made sure that, the expecting women should be facilitated with proper- Ahar (Dietics), Vihar (Fashion of living), Vichar (Thought process). As any of small action thought-food during Pregnancy will Ultimately affect the fetus health, therefore, it makes, important to think of these three pillars during Pregnancy; therefore, Acharya Charaka has compared Garbhinin to a pot filled with oil, as a small motion in a pot will lead to spillage of oil, the same is in the Garbhashaya (womb), which may even lead to Garbhapata (Abortion). In order to get Anupghata (Uncomplicated Pregnancy), Sukhprasava (Pregnancy for normal and delivery of newborn, even desired baby), Acharyas have recommended Month wise Dietary Regimen of Pregnant Women and a list of Protocol to be fallowed for Antenatal care. --- ## Erythrina Subumbrans (Hassk) Merr: An Overview **Authors:** Ganesh S, Vijey Aanandhi M **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4232 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Erythrina Subumbrans, Phytochemistry, Antiplasmodial, Antimycobacterial, Cytotoxicity Activity This overview gives a broader knowledge on the morphology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological aspects of Erythrina subumbrans (Fabaceae). Erythrina subumbrans (Fabaceae) is one of the gifted medicinal plants from Western Ghats of India. Traditionally, various parts of Erythrina subumbrans like stem, leaf, root and bark were used to treat various medical conditions like coughs, worms, dysentery, fever, insomnia and to treat spleen afflictions. Several compounds (22) have been isolated from bark, root and stem which were rich in Tannins, flavanone, isoflavone, alkaloids, pterocarpans, steroids, saponins, Triterpenoid and alkyl trans-ferulates. The primary reported constituents includes nine pterocarpans (orientanol B, phaseollin, erythrabyssin II, phaseollidin, erycristagallin, erystagallin A, eryvarin D, erythrabyssin A and erythrabissin I) three isoflavones (scandenone, bidwillon C and wighteone); two 2- arylbenzofurans (bidwillol B and eryvarin L); two steroids (a mixture of β- sitosterol and stigmasterol); two triterpenes (sophoradiol and soyasapogenol B); one coumestan (sigmoidin K); one chromen-4-one (eryvarin X); one chalcone (isobavachalcone) and coniferaldehyde. The crude extract helps to treat various sessional diseases and several other characteristic pharmacological effects like antiplasmodial activity, antimycobacterial activity and cytotoxicity activity. Hence the present article includes the detailed exploration of morphology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological aspects of E. subumbran an attempt to provide a direction for further research. --- ## Assessment of visually challenged patients treated in special care clinic in a hospital setting **Authors:** Dhanvanth M, Uma Maheswari T N, Deepika Rajendran **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3786 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Visually challenged, Oral hygiene status, Periodontal status, Dental considerations The oral cavity is a window or mirror to the overall health of the body, and it reveals the early signs and symptoms of systemic diseases. The aim of the study was to assess the dental considerations for visually challenged patients treated in the Special Care Department in a hospital setting. A total of 20 cases were collected from the special care clinic. The data collected were assembled year wise and compiled in excel sheets with age, gender, periodontal status and oral hygiene status. The incomplete cases were removed. Frequency distribution statistical tests were used to calculate the frequency of age, gender, periodontal status and oral hygiene status of visually challenged patients. The comparison of the frequency of age, in visually challenged patients were common in the age group of 30 to 50 years of age. On comparing gender, males 60% were higher than females 40%. On comparing the frequency of periodontal status, it showed more prevalence of Generalized chronic gingivitis 55%, than Localised periodontitis 30% and generalized chronic periodontitis 15%. On comparing dental procedures done, the highest procedure done was restoration 85%. On comparing oral hygiene status, it showed more patients affected with OHI score 3.4 in the age group <35 years. On comparing oral hygiene status with gender, the males have higher prevalence with OHI score 2.5 compared with female 2.0. The conclusion is that males mostly attended to dental problems among visually challenged patients. The age group between 30 to 50 years were affected. The Oral hygiene status of visually challenged patients on calculating OHI scores results fair, and most of them have generalised chronic gingivitis. The common dental procedure done was restoration 85%, extraction 45%, prophylaxis 70% and prosthesis 15%. --- ## A Fuzzy clustering Approach for Micro Aneurysm Lesion Detection in Diabetic Retinopathy **Authors:** Rajesh S R, Kanniga E, Sundararajan M **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3890 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Classifier, Databases, Diabetic retinopathy, Fundus, GLCM Diabetic retinopathy (DR) be the significant difficulty of diabetes, and micro aneurysm (MA) is an earliest diabetic retinopathy lesion, making early detection of MA a key factor in diabetic retinopathy. DR is a direct or indirect effect on human vision caused by chronic diabetes. During its early stages DR is asymptomatic, and the late diagnosis leads to undeviating vision loss. The computer-assisted diagnosis helps with prompt and effective care, with the aid of medical photos. MA mark the beginning of DR making it a vital screening stage for this disorder. Diabetic retinopathy is a persistent infection of eye that can be the reason of blindness unless it is diagnosed and treated in due course. Early discovery with analysis of diabetic retinopathy is vital to vision preservation of patient. Precise recognition of MA be the crucial method towards early diagnosis of DR, since they occur as the first symptom of the disease. The segmentation of MA is performed using the Fuzzy C algorithm, and the extraction of features is performed with Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix ( GLCM) as the set of characteristic for KNN. This technique aims to improve classification accuracy within an ensemble. A procedure is suggested here that recognizes the first DR sign called MA using images from the retinal fundus. Effective diagnosis of DR is very critical in the defense of patients’ right to see. The procedure proposed is tested using publicly available databases of retinal images and greater accuracy is achieved. --- ## Cytotoxic activities of extract and fraction of agarwood leaves (aquaria malaccensis Lam) as herbal medicine on MCF-7 cancer cells **Authors:** Aris Suhardiman, Hana Hanifah, Asep Roni, Aiyi Asnawi **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4237 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Agarwood leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam), Breast cancer, Cytotoxic, IC50, MCF-7 cell MCF-7 cell is a cell line widely used in studied breast cancer. Breast cancer is one type of cancer that has a high prevalence in the world, including Indonesia. Agarwood leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) is one of the plants known to possess antioxidant activity. This study aims to determine the cytotoxic activity of extracts and fractions of Agarwood leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) against MCF-7 cancer cells. Agarwood leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) were extracted using the maceration method with 96% ethanol and followed by fractionation using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol: water as a solvent. Phytochemical screening test results Agarwood leaves extract (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) contains alkaloid compounds flavonoids, quinones, tannins, saponins, steroids and triterpenoids. The results of thin-layer chromatography monitoring showed that the extract and fraction of Agarwood leave hexane had active flavonoid compounds. The extracts and its fractions were tested for cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cell line using MTT Assay [3- (4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]. The results showed IC50 values for extract, methanol:water fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-hexane fraction were 728.412 µg/mL, 505.026 µg/mL, 1881.482 µg/mL, and 144.458 µg/ mL, respectively. The n-hexane fraction of Agarwood leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) has the best cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cancer cells and has the potential to be developed as an anti-cancer herbal medicine. --- ## Validation of Tamil Version of the Anemia Knowledge Questionnaire (AKQ) **Authors:** Aruna Subramaniam, Sirala Nalini Jagadeesh, Poongodi Ramalingam, Saranya P **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3893 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anemia, Knowledge, Scale, Validity, Reliability In India anemia is a common problem among Antenatal Women. In order to decrease maternal mortality, it is important to create knowledge among antenatal women. Varied instruments have been used to assess knowledge on anemia. However, there is a shortage for validated instruments in India for assessing anemia knowledge. The aim of present study is to develop a reliable and valid questionnaire to assess the knowledge of anemia to be used in antenatal women, reproductive women and adolescent girls. Before pretest researchers measured face validity and construct validity. The study was conducted in antenatal outpatient department of selected primary health centers at Thriuvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India. Subjects: Six nursing and one psychology expert, ten Village Health Nurse (VHN) and 100 antenatal mothers participated in the mission. During factorial analysis sampling adequacy was measured by using Kaiser- Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test (MSA) = 0.87 and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was X2 = 458.338 (p < 0.001). Varimax with Kaiser normalization rotation was performed and three factors were defined. The “general awareness” consists of four items (α = 0.79), anemia investigation and treatment component consists of six items (α = 0.81) and under diet and complication of anemia component, there is a five item factor (α = 0.89). In individual questions factor analysis, Cronbach’s alphas ranged from .84 and .86. 15.2% indicating total variance. There is no statistical significance between test and retest method. The questionnaire showed good validity and reliability (internal consistency and reproducibility), hence we can use this questionnaire among adults. --- ## To assess the drug safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir plus velpatasvir in hepatitis C patients **Authors:** Nikhil Reddy C, Bala Krishna K, Narender Boggula, Sadhana Kanukuntla, Vasudha Bakshi, Vivek Kumar Kunduru **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4231 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, hepatitis, drug safety Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. The condition can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world, but other infections, toxic substances (e.g. alcohol, certain drugs), and auto-immune diseases can also cause hepatitis. To assess the treatment efficacy of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir to chronic hepatitis C virus-infected patients and to assess the treatment efficacy among the various subgroups of the treated patients. The primary end- point will be to assess sustained virologic response at 12 weeks (sofosbuvir + velpatasvir) after the end of therapy. The objective of the study is that hepatitis C virus is a rare viral disease occurring in the society with prevalence rate to be around 0.5% to 1.5%. So this study helps to assess the safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir in hepatitis C virus-infected patients. The study was carried in Gandhi Hospital, Secunderabad, Telangana, India, which is a multispecialty hospital with a bed capacity of 1200. The study is conducted in the Gastroenterology and Hepatology department (both inpatients and OP patients). The present study shows that sofosbuvir and velpatasvir provides a significant effect by decreasing HCV RNA levels, decreasing the duration of therapy and fewer adverse events compared to other existing therapies. Low incidence of side effects in the present study established the safety profile of the drug in 6 months period. In this study, most adverse events noticed were headache and fatigue. Sofosbuvir and velpatasvir yield the most favourable future health economic outcomes, compared with other currently available regimens across a broad spectrum of patients, including those with different treatments. Further elucidation of the side effects, a more extended period of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir and, more number of patients need to be studied. --- ## Patient Safety in Selected Healthcare Facilities in Caraga Region: An Aiken Model Approach **Authors:** Rapunzelle Sunshine V. Baban, Bella P. Magnaye **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3895 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Safety, Health Facilities, Aiken Model Approach, Nursing Organization This study aimed to determine the nursing organizational factors and patient safety in selected healthcare facilities in the Philippines. It utilized quantitative approach of research specifically descriptive correlational research design. The inclusion criteria of the entire population were composed mainly of 455 nurses employed among the five selected healthcare facilities in Caraga Region, Philippines within a period of 1 year and above offering inpatient and outpatient healthcare services. Results revealed that there was a positive response on organizational factors such as nursing foundations for quality care, nurse participation in hospital affairs, nurse manager leadership, ability and support and collegial nurse-physician relationships. Patient Safety with regards to supervisor/manager, wok area/unit, frequency of events reported, and communications, patient safety grade, hospital and number of events reported were positively performed and practiced. The patient safety practices were directly affected by the organizational factors being tested. --- ## Comparative Study of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity Of Methanolic Leaf Extracts Of Calophyllum Blancoi (Bitaog), Diospyrospilosanthera (Bolongeta) and Syzygium Cumini (Duhat) **Authors:** Jan Asuncion, Mariane May Domingo, Rave Harvey Sienna, Zhaine Marille Villa, Jennifer Anne Loyola **Published:** 2020-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3894 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gout, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Calophyllumblancoi, Diospyrospilosanther, Syzygium cumin, Xanthine Oxidase, Uric acid, Allopurinol, Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition, in vitro assay Gout is characterized as an inflammation and warmth in the joints. It is associated with hyperuricemia wherein an upregulation of xanthine oxidase in purine degradation leads to increased levels of uric acid in the blood. Gout is not fatal. However, it affects one’s quality of life. Thus, this research primarily focuses in determining the inhibitory activity of xanthine oxidase in the methanolic leaf extract of bitaog (Calophyllumblancoi), bolongeta (Diospyrospilosanthera), and duhat (Syzygiumcumini) in gout. A quantitative- experimental research method was used in the study and the data were obtained by measuring the percent inhibition of the samples using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 290 nm. The results showed that the methanolic leaf extract of above stated plants exhibited exemplary inhibition in comparison with the standard drug, allopurinol. The IC50 value determines the ability of the inhibitor to decrease the biotransformation of a substrate. The principle behind IC50 is, the lower the value the higher the inhibition. The bitaog (Calophyllumblancoi) trials have the lowest IC50 value with an average of 124.3 after the standard drug, followed by bolongeta (Diospyrospilosanthera) have an average of 155.3 IC50 value. Then duhat (Syzygiumcumini) showed the highest IC50 an average of 208.8. The bitaog (Calophyllumblancoi), next to allop urinol, showed the highest inhibition among all the extracts followed by the bolongeta (Diospyrospilosanthera). The least inhibitory activity was observed in duhat (Syzygiumcumini). Hence, it can be concluded that bitaog (Calophyllumblancoi), bolongeta (Diospyrospilosanthera), and duhat (Syzygiumcumini) can inhibit xanthine oxidase using in vitro analysis. --- ## Parental acceptability of coloured compomer as a restorative material in primary teeth of children - A randomized split mouth clinical trial **Authors:** Neethu Ann Preethy, Sujatha Somasundaram **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3655 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Colour, Compomer, Parental, Restoration, Teeth Coloured compomer materials have been introduced in Pediatric Dentistry and gained popularity as it develops a positive behaviour in the child and makes further treatment stress-free. However, parental satisfaction regarding the appearance of coloured compomer is questionable. This study aimed to compare the parental acceptability of coloured compomer compared to conventional compomer for the restoration of primary teeth in children. A total of sixty sites, divided into two groups, with thirty subjects in each group using split-mouth design were chosen amongst patients aged between 5 to 10 years reporting to the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry. In the control group, conventional compomer (Material A) were placed, similarly coloured compomers (Material B) were placed in the experimental group under the standard operating protocol. Parental preference was noted by asking them to tick or point to the appropriate box labelled Material A and Material B, and the results were evaluated by statistical analysis using SPSS version 21.0. A statistically significant difference was found in parents in preference of conventional tooth coloured compomer as the restorative material (p<0.05). Thus, the preference of parents regarding the placement of coloured compomer in primary teeth is comparatively low. Though the coloured compomer material positively influences the behaviour and treatment outcome in children, the parental satisfaction is found to be comparatively low as parents feel that it lacks the aesthetic appeal when compared to the conventional tooth-coloured restorations. --- ## Effect of Hyaluronic Acid Cream in Management of Maxillofacial Wounds **Authors:** Divya Sanjeev Ramakrishnan, Sudarssansubramaniam Gouthaman, Senthilnathan Periasamy **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3672 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hyaluronic Acid Cream, Wound-Healing, Maxillofacial Wounds The present study aims to determine the efficacy of hyaluronic acid cream in the management of maxillofacial wounds. Total of twenty-five patients who were randomly assigned to study group, was admitted in for trauma management with facial lacerations was administered hyaluronic acid cream 0.5% (BIONECT) for one week twice daily application on the wounds .the wounds were then assessed with PWAT (photographic wound assessment tool) at 3rd day, 5th day, 7th day respectively. The control group (n=25) was administered with povidone-iodine cream. The study group showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.005) in wound healing earlier than the control group at 7th day. Patient compliance was higher in the study group than the control group. Hyaluronic acid has been proven to be shown in involvement in various stages of wound healing from promoting initial inflammation, granulation tissue formation tissue, keratinocyte migration and proliferation. The hyaluronic acid cream can be utilised as an alternative to promote ideal healing by protecting the wound from detrimental changes, providing or maintaining a damp environment and remarkably reducing microbial load. Hence from our study, the hyaluronic acid cream benefits in the healing of acute maxillofacial wounds. --- ## Anti-microbial activity of seed extract of Cucumis sativus L., Carica papaya L. and Annona squamosa L. **Authors:** Abirami S, Antony V Samrot, Emilin Renitta R, Kanchana S, Noorudeen M B, Yamunadevi K, Dhiva S, Saigeetha S **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3603 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-Microbial Activity, Antibiotic Resistance, Cucumis sativus L., Carica papaya L., Annona squamosa L. In recent days, threat related to infectious and antibiotic-resistant pathogens are increasing widely, and this created an urge to search for an alternative way of producing drugs. The sources selected for the production of drugs must have some attributes like readily available, available in bulk quantities, easy processing and containing less or negligible toxic effects. Herbal medications and drugs derived from medicinal plants may serve as a smart and an alternate way. In this study, ethanolic seed extracts have been used from three readily available plants like Cucumis sativus L., Carica papaya L., Annona squamosa L. The antibacterial activity of ethanolic seed extracts was performed against the pathogens present in the pus sample using agar disc diffusion method. It was found that the ethanolic seed extracts of Cucumis sativus L. were found to have a maximum zone of inhibition of 14 mm at conc., of 900 µg against S. aureus, Carica papaya L. was found to have maximum inhibition of 13mm at conc., of 900µg against S. aureus and Annona squamosa showed negligible resistance to all pus pathogens. From the various bioactive compounds present in the plants, an efficient drug can be manufactured, and it may find a great place in the pharmaceutical industry. --- ## Prevalence, knowledge and perception of insomnia and hypersomnia condition among young adult population – A questionnaire-based survey **Authors:** Sushma B, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3570 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Insomnia, Hypersomnia, Sleeping Disorders, Mental Stability, Awareness In the present modern mechanical world, humans are living like a machine without proper food at the right time, without sleep at the right time or even without any relaxation. There is a concept that even food stands next to sleep for a human's life. Sleep plays a major role in human life for the proper functioning of the brain. Any disturbances in sleep for prolonged duration or period may create serious effects in the body and its functioning. Sleeplessness is known clinically as insomnia, a sleep-related disorder wherein the affected people have problems in sleeping. They may have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep as long as desired. Hypersomnia, on the other hand, is a neurological disorder of excessive times spent sleeping or excessive sleep. It can have many possible causes and problems with functioning. The study setting is done using online Google forms, including 100 participants. The sampling method is a random sampling method. Well-structured questionnaires were prepared and circulated among those 100 participants. According to the results, 74% of the adults who took the survey are aware that insomnia is sleeplessness. More than 50% of the adults feel that insomnia and hypersomnia lead to death, and 53% of the adults believe that insomnia and hypersomnia are age-related. It can be concluded that awareness of such sleep disorders can be helpful for future generations. --- ## Valorization of argan oil: all you need to know about argan oil from Morocco **Authors:** Miloudi Hilali, Hanae El Monfalouti, Badr Eddine Kartah **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3612 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Argan, Oil, Extraction, Roasting, Origin, Adulteration, Commercial, Marketing This work makes it possible to study the argan oil which has extracted by several extraction methods (artisanal, mechanical pressing of roasted almonds, mechanical pressing of unroasted almonds, solvent extraction, pulped by a goat), after extraction, a detailed Physico-chemical study was done on this oil to certify its quality, the study of this work makes it possible to achieve an official standard for argan oil and studies the influence of the extraction method and the origin of production on the chemical composition. The study shows that roasting appears as a parameter influencing the acidity value of argan oil. Analysis of the peroxide index shows that the samples of argan oil extracted by the artisanal method and that those pulped by goats have a higher peroxide content. The sterol composition as per the data in the literature. They are essentially Δ-7-stigmasterols. The main products are schottenol and spinasterol. The composition of fatty acids and sterols shows no significant variation. These results are consistent with those reported in the literature. This shows that the origin and the method of extraction do not influence the nutritional qualities of argan oil. The results for the tocopherols show that the extraction method (plump by a goat) and roasting can influence the composition of the tocopherols. On the other hand, the sample obtained by the artisanal method has a lower content of total tocopherols. Roasting decreases the total content of α-tocopherol. After this study, it is urgent to ensure the quality of this oil, so Physico-chemical analyzes were carried out to detect fraud in pure argan oil. Finally, we determined the influence of the fruit form of the argan tree (spindle-shaped, apiculate, oval, spherical) on the Physico-chemical parameters of argan oil. --- ## Microbiological profile and Drug Resistant Organism's pattern in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Patients at Tertiary Care Hospital Puducherry **Authors:** Jayarani Manikandan, Jaikumar S, Sandhya Rani T **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3592 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amputation, Aerobic, Drug-Resistant, ESBL, MRSA, VRE Type II diabetes mellitus is a significant health problem that developed globally. This study was carried out on patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) to assess the bacterial and fungal flora, susceptibility, and drug-resistant isolates and devises an empiric antimicrobial therapy. Clinical data and patient samples were collected from 300 diabetic foot ulcer patients between September 2014, and September 2016 and samples were processed as per CLSI guidelines. Most of the pathogenic isolate recovered according to the Wagner classification system in DFU. The most commonly found isolates in our Study was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22%), Staphylococcus aureus (15%), Escherichia coli (11%) followed by others. Antimicrobial resistance appears in aerobic, anaerobic as well as candida isolates in our study. Our results show most gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to colistin and tigecycline, and 44% of Gram-negative bacteria were ESBL producers, and among 20% of the gram-negative isolates were Multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms. Proper diagnosis of the causative agents, surveillance monitoring on the susceptibility of the isolates and determining the drugs for the empirical treatment of diabetic foot ulcers will prevent prolonged hospital stay and amputation. --- ## Additive inhibitory effect of the peels of Citrus limon and Citrus sinensis against amylase and glucosidase activity **Authors:** Rangarajan N, Sangeetha R, Mohanasundaram S, Sampath V, Porkodi K, Dass Prakash M V **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3661 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-Hyperglycemic, Amylase, Diabetes mellitus, Glucosidase, Citrus limon, Citrus sinensis Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem and it is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Decreased utilization of glucose by the body cells and continuous raise in the plasma glucose levels are the major characteristic symptoms of diabetes. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia is associated with pathological conditions, mostly micro and macrovascular. Treatment for diabetes is aimed at the management of hyperglycemia using oral hypoglycemic agents which inhibit carbohydrate degrading enzymes, namely amylase and glucosidase. The purpose of this study was to investigate the naturally available inhibitors of amylase and glucosidase present in the peels of citrus fruits such as lemon and orange. The hydroalcoholic extract of the fruit peels were studied for their amylase and glucosidase inhibitory potential and the extract of lemon peel was found to exhibit better inhibition than the orange peel. The extracts were further evaluated for their additive effect. The combined effect of the extracts (50% inhibition achieved at 40 and 80mcg) proved to exhibit better inhibitory potential than the individual effect (50% inhibition achieved at 80 and 160mcg). Thus, from this study, it was very clear that our choice drug sources is containing potential antidiabetic principles that need to be studied further to understand the mechanism of action in detail. --- ## Brain Tumor Discovery Using Image Preprocessing **Authors:** Prem Jacob T, Polakam Sukanya, Thatiparthi Madhavi **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3660 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** MATLAB, ANN, SVM, Brain Cancer, MRI Scan Images The segmentation of attractive reverberation images assumes a critical job in therapeutic fields since it removes the required territory from the picture. Generally, there is no unique methodology for the segmentation of the picture. Tumour division from MRI information is a critical tedious manual undertaking performed by therapeutic specialists. In this paper, the Brain Cancer prediction System has been detailed. The framework utilizes PC based methods to recognize tumor squares and classify the tumour utilizing Artificial Neural Network. The picture preparing strategies, for example, histogram evening out, picture division, picture improvement, and highlight extraction, have been produced for the location of the cerebrum tumor in the MRI pictures of the malignant growth Detected patients. This paper focuses around another and exceptionally acclaimed algorithm for mind tumor division of MRI scan image by ANN and SVM algorithms to analyze precisely the locale of malignant growth as a result of its straightforwardness and computational proficiency. The MATLAB output will be shown in pc and furthermore observe the yield to insert framework utilizing wired communication. To the best of our insight into the zone of therapeutic big data analytics, none of the current work concentrated on the two data types. Contrasted with a few runs of the typical algorithms, the computation precision of our proposed algorithm achieves 94.8% with an assembly speed, which is quicker than that of the Decision tree disease hazard prediction. --- ## Effectiveness of Modified Sacroiliac Belt on Pelvic Girdle Pain in Post Natal Women **Authors:** Vinaya Rajendra Patil, Anandh S, Kashinath Sahoo **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3622 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pelvic Girdle Pain, Post-Natal, Pregnancy, Low Back Pain, Sacroiliac Belt Pregnancy-induced pelvic girdle pain (PGP) and low back pain (LBP) is common in post-natal women's. We conducted the study to evaluate the effectiveness of a modified sacroiliac belt on pelvic girdle pain in post-natal women. A total of 26 post-natal women between the age group of 18-35 years were selected and randomized into Group 1(N=13) received conventional sacroiliac belt, conventional physiotherapy and Group 2 (n=13) received modified sacroiliac belt along with conventional physiotherapy. Pre-assessment of pelvic girdle was assessed by (Pelvic Girdle Pain Questionnaire) PGPQ, and low back pain was assessed by Roland Morris low back pain and disability questionnaire (RMQ) and Post-interventional assessment was taken for the same after three months. Intragroup statistical analysis for PGPQ revealed not significant in post-intervention for Group 1 where P-value 0.3023 and was extremely significant for Group 2 (P value<0.0001). At the same time, the Intergroup intervention analysis showed an extremely significant difference between Group 1and Group 2 (p< 0.0001). The study concluded that Integrating Modified sacroiliac belt with conventional physiotherapy is more effective in reducing pelvic girdle pain in post-natal women with also benefiting to reduce the pregnancy-induced low back pain as compared to the conventional sacroiliac belt and conventional physiotherapy. --- ## Knowledge and awareness towards intrauterine contraceptive devices among Indian women in the reproductive age group in a tertiary care teaching hospital **Authors:** Rufas S, Parimala A **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3659 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness Programs, Contraception, Contraceptive Methods, IUCD Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is convenient, a one-time procedure, OP procedure, long-acting, cheap, having less side effects and reversal of fertility is soon after removal, makes it suitable temporary contraception. To improve its usage and to improve the Nation's economy by uplifting family health is by creating awareness among women. This can be achieved by counselling, health talks, educating them. These targets can be met during their visit to hospitals for general ailment or by public awareness programs. The objective of this study is to evaluate knowledge, awareness towards the IUCD among Indian women in the reproductive age group (18 to 45 years) in a tertiary care teaching hospital. A Cross-Sectional Mixed Research from January 2019 to June 2019 was done among patients in the age group of 18-45 years attending the outpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital. The analysed results showed only 63% of participants were aware about the need for birth spacing and limiting child birth. 47% of participants interviewed knew that the device is used to prevent pregnancy while the rest didn't even know what an IUCD is. This survey concludes poor awareness about the IUCD among women in the study group. We have to improve the awareness and usage of IUD with proper health education and counselling. --- ## Issues and Developments in Clinical trials of Traditional medicines **Authors:** Kamath Madhusudhan, Bhavana B Bhat **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3584 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Traditional Medicines, Clinical Trials, Challenges, Issues Traditional medicines have been used since the beginning of human life on earth. Traditional medicines form a part of the household not only in India but also in western countries. According to WHO, traditional medicines are those extracts from plants which are of medicinal value. Around 80% of the world's population relies on traditional medicines for medicinal purposes or as neutraceuticals. There is a well-established procedure for conducting clinical trials of western medicine, but when in the case of traditional medicines, there are several obstacles in the path. Where traditional medicines are the oldest form of medicines used by human's specific issues like lack of infrastructure, lack of sponsors and lack of skilled manpower hinders the clinical trial process for traditional medicines. The articles focus on various issues for conducting clinical trials and the steps taken by the government to address these issues. Centres like the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences are working rigorously to research traditional medicine to establish safety and efficacious data at par with modern medicines. Standardization of the collected raw material, in-process standardization and quality control check of the final product will further help in reducing the harmful adverse effects. --- ## Pharmacokinetic properties of inhibitors to Histidine Decarboxylase isolated from fennel **Authors:** Sneha Bhatt, Gletta Anjaly C T, Shlini P **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3597 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fennel, Dixon Plot, Molinspiration, Swiss ADME, Drug Likeliness, Pharmacokinetics Histamine release is involved in developing wakefulness and activation of cortex. The purpose of the study was to find an alternative to these antihistamines by inhibiting the enzyme histidine decarboxylase which is responsible for the production of histamine. Histamine brings about the allergic response due to mast cell degranulation. It is also necessary that the enzyme is not completely inhibited as it plays a role as a neurotransmitter and also regulates gastric acid secretion. In the present study, the methanolic extract of commercially available fennel seeds were examined for its inhibitory activity on the purified extract of bacterial histidine decarboxylase. The methanolic extract of fennel was analyzed to check the presence of various phytochemical constituents. The spice extract was quantified to estimate the presence of flavonoids. The extract was subjected to purification by thin layer chromatography and HPLC in order to isolate and identify the flavonoids present in spice extract. The HPLC results with reference to the standard indicated the presence of ellagic acid and quercetin. The spice extracts were subjected to inhibitory studies at increasing concentrations. The fennel extract at concentration of 0.625 moles was found to be inhibiting histidine decarboxylase which was determined using the Dixon plot. The identified flavonoids were then subjected to software’s like Molinspiration and Swiss ADME in order to study the molecular properties, drug likeliness and pharmacokinetics. --- ## An evaluation of the association of serotonergic genes in patients with major depressive disorders in a tertiary care hospital in Coimbatore **Authors:** Subramanian Rashmi, Alagar Yadav Sangilimuthu, Jeyan A **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3625 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Serotonin, Major Depressive Disorder, Tryptophan Hydroxylase, Genotype, Gene Polymorphism A multi-factorial illness that causes morbidity threatens life and affects the quality of life is the major depressive disorder (MDD). Serotonergic dysfunction is one of the most described theories of psychiatric symptoms. Several serotonergic genes have been reported in associated with MDD. Recent studies have suggested that serotonin transporter length polymorphic region (5HTTLPR), Tryptophan hydroxylase gene 1 (TPH1) and Tryptophan hydroxylase gene 2 (TPH2) are associated with MDD. In the present study, we have examined the possible correlation between serotonergic genes 5HTTLPR, TPH1 (A218C), and TPH2 (G703T) polymorphism in MDD patients in Coimbatore tertiary care hospital. Blood samples were collected from 245 major depressive disorder patients and 250 healthy volunteers belonging to the faculty of Karpagam College of Medical Science and Research. All the samples were analysed by PCR-RFLP method. The chi-square test has been used for comparing genotype and allele distribution of cases and controls. We observed the 5HTTLPR L/S genotype and allele frequencies (P=0.001 and p= 0.001) and TPH2 (G703T) (P=0.0002 and P= 0.005) TPH1 (A218C) (P=0.48 and P=0.43) polymorphisms with MDD. We also observed higher homozygous genotype frequencies of the short allele of 5HTTLPR, the G allele of TPH2 G703T polymorphism in patients. In short, our preliminary study suggests that the 5HTTLPR L/S and TPH2 G703T gene polymorphism were associated with the MDD. Serotonergic genes polymorphism in MDD patients and control groups were compared. Further clinical trials are to be carried out to find the exact mechanisms of the serotonergic system in MDD. --- ## Obturation Techniques in Primary Teeth using Endoflas as Obturation Material – A Systematic Review **Authors:** Ahsana Asif, Subramanian E M G **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3605 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Obturation Techniques, Primary Teeth, Endoflas, Systematic Review A pulpectomy is the treatment of choice for pulpally involved primary teeth. Pulp therapy prevents the premature loss of primary teeth which could result in loss of arch length, an altered pathway of the eruption of primary teeth, development of aberrant habits. It also restores the dentition to a functional state. Endoflas is a newer obturation material which has a proven clinical success rate. There are various obturation techniques available in the literature. The systematic review aimed to extract and systematically identify the existing literature, which compares different obturation techniques used in the root canal treatment of primary teeth using endoflas as obturation material. The search was done using the MeSH terms and keyword search in the electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane, LILAC, Sigle, Science Direct and Google scholar. A total of 13 articles were chosen after the initial screening of the title. Then based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the availability of the full texts, a total of 3 articles were included. This systematic review concludes that there is a need to update the existing literature to find out the beat ideal obturation technique which can provide void-free and ideal obturation of the root canal of the primary teeth using Endoflas. --- ## Formulation Design and Evaluation of Solid Lipid Micro-particles of Curcumin for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease **Authors:** Amin Mir M, Muhammad Waqar Ashraf, Maythem Mahmud **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3610 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Curcumin, Solid Lipid Microspheres, Span80, Alzheimer’s Disease Solid lipid microparticles reach the site of its action in a controlled rate and do show controlled release for a better therapeutic result. A good drug carrying and release system involve a controlled drug delivery that improves bioavailability, to enrich stability and to minimise the toxic effects followed with a targeted drug at the site of its action. The solid lipid microparticles of curcumin were prepared in a view to achieving high permeability of curcumin in the brain through blood-brain-barrier. The lipid microsphere solids were prepared by hot melts microencapsulation technique to formulate solid lipid microspheres. Twelve lipid formulations were prepared with varying concentration of surfactants (span 40, span 70, span 90 and Tween 100). The developed formulation was subjected to various parameters such as the particle size, % entrapment efficiencies, yield productions, % cumulative release, percentage yield and drug loading, based upon highest entrapment efficiency, drug release and % cumulative release, the F3 formulation was considered as the best formulation. The prepared microsphere was subjected to different evaluation parameters such as thin-layer chromatography, melting point, FTIR, solubility, compatibility study and In-vitro drug release. The developed formulation shows spherical and smooth surface. The percentage release of drug F3 formulation has been found highest of about 86.23% after 12 hr. --- ## Assessment of level of academic stress and stress coping style on impact of lockdown COVID 19 among nursing students at SRM college of Nursing, Chengalpattu (dt) **Authors:** Ramyarathidevi M, Ushapriya Mathiazhakan, Tamilselvi S, Priya V, Arifa Bee S, Kanniammal C **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3572 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Academic stress, stress coping style, nursing student, impact, lockdown As we all know that lockdown has been announced in the county due to coronavirus which has obstructed students in their studies. In today’s highly competitive world, students face various academic problems including exam stress, disinterest in attending classes, and the inability to understand a subject. Academic stress is becoming increasingly common and widespread among adolescents. This study investigated the academic stress and stress coping strategies on impact of COVID 19 lockdown experienced by the students at University. The sample was drawn through convenient sampling technique and consisted of 250 adolescents studying in the selected colleges at Kattankulathur. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation. Results showed that the correlation value -0.167 is highly significant since the p-value is less than 0.01 hence, we can say that there is a highly significant negative correlation between Academic Stress and Coping Strategies”. This study concludes that, if the academic stress score increases then the coping strategy score will be decreasing and vice versa. --- ## Design development and evaluation of novel ophthalmic nano lipid in situ gel-forming solution using timolol hydrochloride **Authors:** Mohd Azharuddin, Theivendren Panner Selvam, Maya Sharma, Jayesh Dwivedi **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3654 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Timolol Hydrochloride, In Situ Gel, Entrapment Efficiency, In-Vitro Release, Gelation Study, Ocular Irritation The present research work was aimed to design, develop and evaluate the nano lipid-based drug delivery system by incorporating timolol hydrochloride drug for ocular therapy and improve the release of the drug through the ocular route. Nanolipids in situ gels were prepared by film hydration method involving two steps. First nano lipids were formulated with the help of organic solvents, and then they were incorporated into a gel by using gelling agents. FTIR spectrum studies were carried out for drug and the formulations which reveal that there was no interaction between the drug and excipients used. The various formulations prepared were subjected for the different evaluation parameters, which showed good and effective results for visual appearance, pH, gelation study, viscosity and ocular irritation studies. It was further observed from this research work that formulation TF2 (HPMC K-15M 0.2%w/v and Carbopol 940 0.4%w/v) had a maximum entrapment efficiency of 97.30%, drug content of about 97.67% and drug release of about 84.29% for 10 hrs. Stability studies were carried out for TF2 formulation, and they found that they were stable throughout the study period. It was finally concluded from the present work that formulations prepared were more suitable and had good patient compliance compared to the eye drops. --- ## Antibacterial efficacy of commercially available activated carbon tooth powder: An in vitro study **Authors:** Padmaja Vangipuram, Ravishankar P L, Prem Blaisie Rajula M, Rajarajeswari S, Saravanan A V, Jasmine Vaidya **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3611 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Activated Carbon, Aggressive Periodontitis, Local Anti-Infective Agents, Natural Products There has been an indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobials in the previous decades, leading to emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria. This has become a frequent occurrence, so natural antimicrobial agents have grabbed attention of researchers as potential alternatives. Of particular interest is cow dung which has been shown to have antibacterial and antiseptic properties. It is known to be used predominantly in rural areas. This paper aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Goshala Activated Carbon toothpowder against three strains of periodontopathogennic and cariogenic bacteria. Standardized strains of Streptococcus mutans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were cultured in BHI (Brain Heart Infusion Broth) media and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Activated Carbon tooth powder was assessed by serial dilution method. Likewise, Amoxicillin, Metronidazole and Chlorhexidine were tested against the same pathogens. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were shown to be sensitive at an MIC of 50mg/ml, 25mg/ml and 0.8mg/ml for activated carbon toothpowder respectively. Given some limitations of this study, we can conclude that activated carbon powder presents a ray of hope in developing a targeted agent for aggressive periodontitis patients. --- ## Comparison between cosmetic and non-cosmetic users among the group of medical students to find the effect of cosmetics on their facial flora **Authors:** Uma Mageswari S S M, Akshita M, Shelina Nameirakpam **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3658 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bacterial Interference, Microbial Flora, Cosmetics, Skin Human skin is a complex ecosystem with various microenvironmental conditions and thus, the presence of resident microbial flora prevents colonization by pathogens. Some cosmetics like skin peels are known to cause deeper exfoliation of the skin and causes loss of skin flora. So, in the present study, the attempt was to find out the effect of cosmetics that are applied to the face on resident flora of the face of medical students who are exposed to the hospital environment. Out of 120 subjects, 60 were cosmetic users and 60 were non-cosmetic users. Swabs were collected from the face of subjects after washing the face with soap and water and processed using standard techniques. The colonies were counted, identified and statistically analyzed. The isolated colonies were Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CoNS), Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus species, gram-negative bacilli and Corneybacterium species from both the groups. It was found that regular cosmetics users 12(20%) yielded less isolates of CoNS as compared to non-cosmetic users 42(70%). It was found that the use of cosmetics thus decreases the normal resident flora of the skin, but larger studies with more subjects are needed to confirm the present result. --- ## Method Development and validating the Detection and Determination of Cinacalcet in bulk and its formulation using RP-HPLC **Authors:** Birendra Shrivastava, Sai Rajesh Kollapudi, Dinakar A **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3629 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cinacalcet, RP-HPLC, Mobile Phase, Retention Time, ICH Guidelines Cinacalcet (INN), a calcium mimetic drug that mimics the activity of calcium in the body. It expresses itself by activation of calcium-sensing receptor allosterically in different organs and tissues. The secretion of parathyroid hormone is regulated principally by calcium-sensing receptors that are present on the surface of the parathyroid gland. Cinacalcet is used in the treatment of hyperparathyroidism, which is the usual consequence of parathyroid cancers and CKF. There had been a rapid increase in the number of drugs that are adding to each class of drugs. These drugs are formulated into newer formulations either in a single or multi-drug dosage forms. These newer marketed formulations demand a new investigation for the estimation of the drug in the formulations. The existing analytical techniques for those drugs are available in the research literature, but not all the methods are stable and economical to use. The objective of this work was to develop an analytical RP-HPLC method for the estimation of cinacalcet in bulk and tablet formulation. The emphasis was given to the short time of analysis, and simplicity in the method. RP-HPLC analysis of the drug satisfies the peak integrity, suitability, recovery of the drug. LOQ and LOD of the drug were achieved with high sensitivity. The data shows the precision of the method and the accuracy of the method. Overall, the data suggest that the proposed analytical method can be used to analyse the drug in the formulation. This method can be recommended for the routine analysis of the drug in its dosage form. --- ## Maternal Factors Influencing Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices in the First Six Months of Infant Life in the Sudair and Al Zulfi Areas of Saudi Arabia **Authors:** Talal Shakas AlGhamdi **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3628 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breastfeeding, Exclusive Breastfeeding, Sudair Area, Al Zulfi Area, Saudi Arabia, Mothers This study aims to determine the prevalence of and maternal factors that are associated with exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in Sudair and Al Zulfi, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was undertaken by means of recruiting 522, mother-infant pairs with infants aged six months. These participants were attending the Well-Baby Clinics in Sudair and Al Zulfi from January 1st to April 30th, 2016, using a pilot-tested Arabic questionnaire. The EBF prevalence was determined via the “recall since birth” technique and regression analysis. EBF prevalence among mothers of infants (6 months) was 17.1%. Mothers’ insights of insufficient milk were the most recurrently reported reason (42.5%) for not practising exclusive breastfeeding. Saudi mothers (adjusted odds ratio: 10.06; 95% confidence interval: 8.46, 12.53), mothers aged 28–38 years (36.03; 1.96, 62.21), mothers who attended breastfeeding health education (90.52; 5.49, 134.8), multiparous mothers (67.25; 5.83, 122.8), and mothers with housekeeping availability (19.59; 1.36, 281.47) were more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding in comparison to their counterparts. EBF rates in both areas are far below the WHO recommended level. The mother’s nationality, age, parity, breastfeeding health education, and housekeeping availability were essential determinants to the practice EBF. Thus, aggressive multisectoral governmental interventions should be made to promote as well as support breastfeeding. --- ## In Vivo Antitumor Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Lepidagathis Pungens Nees Whole Plant **Authors:** Manoharan Dhanalakshmi, Subramaniam Ananda Thangadurai, Swaminathan Gomathi **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3614 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-Tumour, Lepidagathis, EAC Method, Dose Dependence Cancer is the most dreadful of all the diseases and is the major contributors to the mortality in the world. Out of all the population, almost 1.2 million patients die due to cancer and related problems. The rate and spread of cancer are wide and even in both women and men. It is presently as high as 3.5 million people who have cancer in India alone. There are many ways of treatment of cancer like the surgery, radiation therapy, cryosurgery and chemotherapy. A part of chemotherapy is the usage of a lot of chemicals and synthetic drugs. Due to the side effects of chemotherapy, patients often get symptoms due to the usage of drugs, and so the cancer treatment often is toxic. Because of this, herbal drugs are seemed to have no side effects, and non-toxic effects, and so this project deals with identifying the plant sources of the drugs that treat cancers effectively. The present study focusses on the extraction of the chemical constituents from Lepidagathis pungens whole plant and using the same to estimate the anti-tumour potential in EAC induced tumour induction method. The activity was tested in two doses 200 and 400 mg/kg of the extract. They showed a dose-dependent activity when estimated for the tumour parameters and other haematological measures like RBC, WBC counts. They showed similar activity when estimated for the antioxidant enzymes like SGOT, SGPT, Catalases, LPO and ALP levels. --- ## Full mouth rehabilitation of a patients with gastro-oesophagealal reflux disease - A case report **Authors:** Preetham Prasad Nittla, Deepak Nallaswamy V **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3663 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** GERD, Digestive Disease, Dental Complaint, Rehabilitation, Fixed Partial Denture Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disease caused by backwash (reflux) of stomach acid or contents into the esophagus or the oral cavity. Erosion of the teeth and subsequent wear is a common manifestation of GERD. This clinical report describes the dental rehabilitation of eroded maxillary and mandibular teeth along with other dental complaints in a 45-year-old female GERD patient. Full mouth rehabilitation of natural teeth together with metal-ceramic fixed partial dentures was selected as a treatment modality. Ideal occlusion, optimum esthetics, maintainable oral hygiene were all ensured for a favorable prognosis. --- ## A Study to Assess the Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation of Trunk in Improving Trunk Balance of Patients with Stroke **Authors:** Manjula S **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3609 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Stroke, Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF), Trunk Balance, Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) Stroke is a complex pathology with many clinical presentations with unique impairments and activity limitations. Physiotherapy has a massive impact on quality of life of a stroke survivor. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is a rehabilitation technique used to stimulate the neuromuscular system in an effort to excite proprioceptors (sensory organs in muscles, tendons, bones, and joints) in order to produce a desired movement. It has a greater impact on trunk control. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation of trunk in improving balance of trunk in stroke patients. Twenty stroke patients within the age between 60 to 70 years, were recruited for study. All patients were assigned proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation of trunk for 4 weeks. Pre and post test scores were analysed. Inclusion criteria are patients with 60-70 years of age of both the genders with stroke duration of at least 6 months. Exclusion criteria are recurrent stroke with severe spasticity, perceptual disorders and uncorrected vision problems, any symptomatic cardiac failure, patients with other neurological disorders or musculoskeletal problems, impaired cognitive function. Both pre-test and post-test measures were analysed statistically using the data analysis computed with SPSS. The outcome measures used is TIS. Statistical analysis showed significant improvement in trunk balance after the treatment of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation of trunk for 4 weeks in stroke patients. Result showed significant improvement in the PNF treatment in trunk balance after the treatment of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation of trunk. The study concluded that the trunk balance can be improved in stroke patients after performing the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation of trunk for 4 weeks. --- ## Cross-sectional study of cardiovascular disease awareness and therapy management among hypertensive patients in rural areas in the Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh State **Authors:** Ismail Y, Haja Nazeer Ahamed, Vijaya Vara Prasad M, Vadivelan Ramachandran **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3657 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** CVD, Consciousness, Hypertension, Management, Occurrence, Therapy Recent Indian study protocol designed for the supervision of cardiovascular disease instructed as well as better therapeutic achievement underneath the accustomed cardiovascular disease inhabitants. After all, a few people (25%) of heart-related problems inhabitants being conscious, 80% of the people were treated; besides just 20% were composed. This study was conducted as a cross-sectional study laminated arbitrary examine and inspected during the period of 4th Mar 2017 to 3rd July 2017 in the form of order. The model framework was put up pedestal scheduled, the portal system of the area inhabitants record as of inhabitants in the sequence of Nellore. Analytical clue, hypertension situation, and way of life behavior of the contributors were revealed. Hereby observed hypertension occurrence, consciousness, therapy, management, and drugs. The study appearance 57.2% of observed inhabitants to exist confidential the same as blood pressure living being conscious of their earlier analysis of blood pressure. This deliberation has been observed as a laminated casual inspect characterizing the Indian developed inhabitants in city areas of Nellore, India. As well as-discussed training procedure was attended with employing a definitive covenant and tool and makes certain the superiority of the fact compilation agenda. This hypertension wellbeing control can be taught the communal base and it prevents the public from cardiovascular disease avoidance plan may be effectual and humanizing to manage the blood pressure. --- ## Detection of diabetes mellitus using machine learning algorithms **Authors:** Ramya G Franklin, Muthukumar B **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3662 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Machine Learning, Diabetes mellitus, Diagnosis, Prediction The growth of technology has brought in sophistication in our day to day activities. This sophistication has brought in many health issues. One among the most important problems that has currently become a typical issue is Diabetics Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus has affected over 246 million people worldwide with a majority of them being women. The WHO reports that by 2025 this number is expected to rise to over 380 million. Prevention is better than cure. The health care data is large and complex. It is better to predict the disease at an earlier stage which may save the life and also have a preventive measure in controlling the diseases. In this paper, we have taken up a heterogeneous data to analyze the various factors which are affecting this disease. The various machine learning algorithms used in this paper help us to decide the attributes which play a major role in diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus. --- ## Awareness about Dental Hygiene Practices and Oral Health Among Salt Pan Workers in Tuticorin - A Survey **Authors:** Shunmugam Kumar Mangal C, Abilasha R, Vignesh Ravindran **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3566 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oral Health and Hygiene, Knowledge, Salt Pan Workers, Occupational Hazards Oral health & general health go hand in hand as one influences the other. The oral cavity can be called as the gateway to the body as it serves as an entry point to all forms of infection. To attain good oral health, one needs to have knowledge of dietary habits and oral hygiene practices. The extreme weather and hard labour conditions in the salt pans cause a lot of morbidities among the salt workers. These morbidities are aggravated if the salt workers do not protect themselves with personal protective measures. From the study, we can infer that the understanding of the mindset of daily wage workers can be key to providing them with dental treatment for their needs. The study aims to measure the knowledge and attitude about oral health maintenance and habits among salt pan workers in Tuticorin district. This survey was carried out among salt pan workers in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu to assess their awareness about common dental health problems and data was collected using a pre-designed questionnaire and samples were assigned using convenience sampling methods. Data were collected after obtaining informed consent and steps were taken to ensure confidentiality at all stages. A maximum of 10 people was asked to visit the clinic to take the survey. It was conducted over a period of 10 days. Both male & female workers were involved in the study. The data was collected and tabulated in an excel sheet. Then the raw data was later transferred to SPSS Software. Salt pan workers generally have dental problems, dermatological problems and musculoskeletal problems as the most common morbidities among them. This study showed that more than 50% of the salt pan workers in Tuticorin have good awareness towards oral health. --- ## Molecular screening of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins associated with samples of meat / Iraq **Authors:** Sura I A Jabuk, Eman M Jarallah **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3590 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** S. aureus, Enterotoxin, Food Poisoning Staphylococcus aureus secreted many types of toxins accompanying Intestinal poisoning resulting from eating food contaminated with bacteria or their toxins. Five hundred meat samples were collected from local markets, including fresh, frozen, canned, sausage and hamburger to investigate their contamination with S. aureus and then determined their ability of these isolates to secrete enterotoxins by using polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that the ratio of isolated S. aureus is 30 (6%) and the percentage of encoding genes for toxins is 30(100%), 0(0%), 3(10), 0(0%), 0(0%), 3(10), 2(6.7), 1(3.3), 0(0%) and 3(10) to sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, see, sei, sej and sel respectively. The result shows the S. aureus isolated from contamination meat able to produce different type to enterotoxins sea, sec, seg, see, sei, and sel and present the sea toxin is the most prevalence type of staphylococcus enterotoxins. --- ## Coronaviruses outbreaks — Then to Now **Authors:** Komal Bhombe, Vidya Baliga, Dhadse P V, Chitrika Subhadarsanee **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3571 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronaviruses, COVID-19, MERS-CoV, SARS-Cov, SARS-CoV-2 According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Viral diseases continue to evolve, posing a significant public health concern. Over two decades, several viral epidemics have been recorded wherein several strains of coronaviruses have been associated with epidemics causing severe respiratory complications and even death. Recently, a novel strain of this virus has come into the picture, eventually leading the world towards a pandemic. The situation today is similar to that witnessed earlier named as “SARS-CoV” and “MERS-CoV” which also affected the respiratory system. Current evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is propagating to humans via transmission from illegally sold wild animals in the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. Phylogenetically, it has been shown that SARS-CoV-2 is a new member of the Coronaviridae family and yet is distinct from SARS-CoV (79% identical) and MERS-CoV (50% identical). Knowing the origin of such a pathogen is essential to develop the means to prevent further transmission and effective vaccines. This starts a discussion about the very origin of these viruses that have fanned a global emergency in the name of COVID-19. Therefore, the focus of this review is the origin, evolution and emergence of CoV during “SARS-CoV”, “MERS-CoV” and “SARS-CoV-2” along with possibilities of future outbreaks. --- ## Efficacy of intralesional Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) in the treatment of multiple warts **Authors:** Venkatesh Lakshmi, Sathya Narayanan, Narasimhalu C R V **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3656 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Efficacy, Immunotherapy, HPV, Verruca Vulgaris Cutaneous warts are a common dermatological condition caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) strains 1,2,4 and rarely 57. Although it is a benign condition, it causes disfigurement, pain, discomfort, has a tendency to koebnerize, and can be transmitted to others. This makes adequate and timely treatment important. There are several conventional treatments available which include electrosurgery, cryotherapy and topical medications like imiquimod which show variable responses. Our study evaluated the effectiveness and associated side effects of intralesional PPD for the treatment of multiple warts in a group of 20 patients. This is done as a form of immunotherapy. It was administered at a dosage of 0.1ml into each lesional site every two weeks until the clearance of lesions or up to a maximum of 6 injections. We observed a marked response in 5%, moderate response in 75% and no response in 20 % of our study population with no complications. On comparison to previous similar studies, the accuracy of our observed results for efficacy and observed side effects was reinforced. Hence proves to be a modality of treatment that should be more widely used for the treatment of warts as it is cheap, safe, less stressful and comparatively more effective. --- ## Method Development and Validation of Fludrocortisone Acetate Tablets by Reverse Phase HPLC Method **Authors:** Vijey Aanandhi M, Elancheziyan K, Yamini R, Prakash Chand T, Aysha Jadeera K A, Binoy Varghese Cheriyan **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3652 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fludrocortisone Acetate, Method Development, Method Validation, Reverse Phase HPLC The purpose or intent of this current study was to establish a fast and sensitive HPLC technique for the perseverance of Fludrocortisone acetate and utilizing best frequently used HPLC technique. This method had been validated as per the ICH requirements to assure that the method consistently meets the predetermined specifications and quality attributes.Utilizing filtered and degassed pH 3.0 Phosphate buffer and Acetonitrile in the ratio 90:10 as a Mobile phase-A and pH 3.0 Phosphate buffer and Acetonitrile in the ratio 65:35 as a Mobile phase-B the established RP-HPLC technique was done. The separation was achieved by using Waters, X-Bridge Shield RP18, (150 X 4.6-mm), 3.5-µm column. Run time and Flow rate was set 45minutes and 1.2mL/min. Injection volume 100µL and wavelength was set 240nm.The correlation coefficient square for fludrocortisones acetate and Fludrocortisone Impurity was found to be 0.9991 and 0.99997. The SD and %RSD for Fludrocortisone Impurity was found to be 0.02 and 1.48 represents method precision. Following validated parameters lies within the limit. Hence, the developed method was precise, simple, fast and accurate. --- ## A review on zika virus: clinical aspects and therapeutic responses **Authors:** Jeneetta Jose, Rasmi S Nair, Meenu Vijayan **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3578 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** ZIKV, Aedes aegypti, Guillain Bare Syndrome, Microcephaly The Zika Virus (ZIKV) happens to be one of the recent infections investigated after the Ebola pandemic. It is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) within the family Flaviviridae class. ZIKV is an RNA virus with a single strand, enveloped, icosahedral, non-sectioned, positive sense. It is 40 nm wide and has an outer (E) envelope and a dense inner core. The ZIKV can be transmitted by two methods: human and human-to-human vectors. The vector transmission is by Aedes spp. Mosquitoes and diseases outside Africa are transmitted by Aedes aegypti. Originating in Nigeria in 1947 it was reported as a mild illness and from a rhesus monkey. With a certain passage of time earned significant attention from healthcare organisations for the human population. Many clinical symptoms in adults in French Polynesia have been recorded, ranging from mild illness to severe neurological problems such as Guillain-Barré syndrome. Other symptoms include encephalitis microencephaly, meningoencephalitis, myelitis, paraesthesia, vertigo, facial and ophthalmological paralysis (photophobia and hypertensive iridocyclitis) and auditory manifestations. In this review, the clinical aspects and other therapeutic responses are studied here to understand the approach more treating symptoms arising with the infection of the Zika virus. Various complications have been studied in this review and diagnosis have been performed to identify the presence in the human body and also take clinical measures on alleviating the symptoms of the infected patients. --- ## A concise review of oil pulling as a precautionary measure in COVID-19 pandemic **Authors:** Twinkal Mahakale, Gaurav Sawarkar, Vaishali Kuchewar, Pramod Khobragade **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4047 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Gandush, Oil Pulling, COVID-19, Oral Cavity COVID-19 pandemic situations generate myths that create doubt in society that things have to follow due to some misunderstanding and inadequate shreds of evidence ancient medicine lacking behind despite tremendous potential. Various modalities are in force to prevent a pandemic situation; the Dept of AYUSH is playing a very vital role in this condition. The dept. of AYUSH, Govt. of India giving rise to funding to various research institutes, private organizations, and deemed universities. Simultaneously, to combat pandemic situation AYUSH department focusing on Yoga, Pranayama, consumption of immunomodulatory drugs, herbal medicines, diet regimen and release protocol for COVID-19 mild, moderate and severe conditions. In Ayurveda the Kriyakalpa have mentioned: the therapeutic procedures used to cure the disease and practicably act with prescribed guidelines for specific disorders related to the eyes and ear. The Gandush (oil pulling), one of the types of Kriyakalpa, also can be useful to prevent airborne infections. This procedure helps for the oral cavity's excellent health, which can avoid diseases through the air, increasing the immunity power of surrounding organs and avoiding favorable conditions to get infected. It is readily responsive to clear nasal and oral route and decrease Kapha Dosha. This is a very cost effective and easily adoptable procedure having a negligible diet regime and precautionary measures. --- ## Development and formulation of itraconazole capsule by using reliable dispersion technique for solubility enhancement **Authors:** Anuj Kumar, Chirag Chugh, Sachin Chaudhry **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3598 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** In-Vitro Dissolution Testing, Itraconazole Capsules, Solubility, Solid Dispersion, Stability Testing Solid dispersions enhance the bioavailability and dissolution rate of the drugs by increasing the solubility of low soluble drugs. Different methods are employed in the preparation of Solid Dispersions such as kneading technique, co-precipitation technique, hot-melt extrusion technique, fusion technique, solvent technique, etc. Solid Dispersions has used various types of carriers to enhance the solubility of low soluble drugs. In this paper to overcome the drawback of adaptive solid diffusion methods and also to recover the bioavailability of itraconazole without crystalline change, we have used the following itraconazole, poloxamer, Sporanox, citric acid and PVP to prepare the solid diffusions. Itraconazole, poloxamer, Sporanox chemical are supplied by the various chemical supplier like Hemmi Pharma, BASF Chemical, Korea-Hanssen Pharm respectively. Solid diffusion the properties of carters on the solubility of itraconazole has experimented. Also, the dissolution and stability have been investigated and evaluated with commercial chemicals such as Sporanox which consist of 100 mg itraconazole. Hence it is crucial to show the changes in a crystalline form of the drug for a minimum of 6 months to shows the stability of the presented dispersion approach. Thus, developed formulation shows the importance of solubility without crystalline change by improving the bioavailability and increased the solubility of the drug. --- ## A comparison of efficacy and tolerablity of epidural Levobupivacaine 0.5% with 0.5% Racemic mixture Bupivacaine for lower abdominal surgery **Authors:** Ashok Kumar Balasubramanian **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3636 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Racemic Mixture Bupivacaine, Levobupivacaine, Epidural Anaesthesia, Lower Abdominal Surgeries This study was performed to compare the efficacy and tolerability of 0.5% racemic Bupivacaine and 0.5% Levobupivacaine, in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery. 56 patients, ASA grade 1 and 2, were randomized to receive an epidural injection of study drug (17 ml 0.5% racemic Bupivacaine in group R and 17 ml of 0.5% Levobupivacaine in group L). The time to onset of adequate sensory block (T10 dermatome), maximum dermatome reached, time taken to reach maximum dermatome, time for 2 segment regression, time taken to regress to T10 were comparable. Although the onset of motor block was comparable in both the groups, Group L showed earlier commencement of motor block at 5 min after zero time. (P value 0.002). The regression of motor block was faster in group L (p value 0.042). The time to obtain maximum level of motor blockade was found to be faster in L group. (p value of 0.043). The number of patient obtaining MBS score of 3 was 62.5% in R group and 37.5% in L group. The grade of motor block showed that, the L group had lesser grade than that of Racemic group (p value of 0.016). The duration of motor block was similar in both the groups. The need for rescue analgesics, total IV fluid requirement and ephedrine usage, MAP,HR and the time of request for post-operative analgesia were similar. Both local anaesthetics were well tolerated and effective in producing epidural anaesthesia for patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery. --- ## Design, development, in vitro evaluation and pharmcokinetic studies of bioadhesive buccal patches for pioglitazone and glimepiride **Authors:** Pandu Ranga K R, Prakash Rao B, Kalavathy D J **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3579 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Buccal Film, In vitro Studies, Combination of Pioglitazone HCl, Glimepiride The buccal film know-how has arisen as an advanced substitute to the other conventional types of drug delivery systems. The buccal mucosa is a suitable route of administration. In this study, a bioadhesive buccal therapeutic system using Glimepiride and Pioglitazone to prolong the residence time at its point of administration. The FTIR studies showed no chemical incompatibility between drugs and excipients. The DSC of the product showed two separate peaks for Pioglitazone and Glimepiride, indicating no potential incompatibility. It was found that the breadth of all buccal films ranges from 0.28 to 0.30 mm. In all formulations, drug content was determined to be in the range of 1.97 to 2.02 mg for glimepiride and 14.95 to 15.01 mg for pioglitazone. Total percentage of cumulative of drug released from all formulations are from 64.12% to 87.0% for glimepiride and 70.0% to 92.2% for pioglitazone. The predicted values by the model agree with actual values. The drugs were released for 12 h, and it was found to be Cmax for pioglitazone was 467.5 ng/mL and for glimepiride was 65 ng/mL. Tmax was determined for pioglitazone was three h and for glimepiride was 2.8 h. The drugs are released for 12 h AUC of pioglitazone is 4031.25 h ng/mL, and AUC of glimepiride is 505 h ng/mL. Buccal patch for glimepiride and pioglitazone was prepared successfully. --- ## Bechet's Disease and its association with Herpes Simplex Virus: Case Report of a rare Multisystem disorder with review of the literature **Authors:** Ghalaut P S, Meenal Babra, Harsha Kalra **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3574 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Bechet’s Disease, Genital Ulcers, Oral Ulcers, HSV DNA In the year 1937, A Turkish dermatologist Prof Hulusi Bechet described a syndrome based upon three cases. His first reported case in the year 1924 was a female who presented with recurrent aphthous ulcers of the oral cavity, genital ulcers, erythema nodosum and visual impairment which later lead to blindness. The second patient presented in 1930 with oro-genital ulcerations and scleral injection in the eyes. The third case was reported in the year 1936, a male which similar complaints, scrotal ulcers, loss of vision, scleral injection, fever and myalgia. Professor Hulusi Bechet grouped these clinical findings into a syndrome known as Bechet’s syndrome. Bechet's disease may present in several ways, and many patients' oral ulcers are the presenting complaints. Oral ulcers are usually underdiagnosed and often ignored by the patients. Later on, genital ulcers and complications such as Uveitis appear, which cause the patients to seek medical help. This is a rare disorder, but it must be considered as the complications may lead to a permanent impairment of vision. In many cases and studies, Bechet's disease is associated with the Herpes simplex virus. The evidence that we report is also found to have positive antibodies for Herpes simplex virus. Herpes Simplex Virus is a DNA Virus and is a causative agent in various ocular diseases such as conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration, stromal keratitis, scleritis iridocyclitis, Uveitis. On an average HSV Uveitis occurs at the age of 46 years. Herpetic corneal ulceration is a cause of blindness in these patients. Bechet's disease is also associated with Uveitis and has a dreaded complication of blindness. The patient that we report had both oral ulceration, genital ulceration, Uveitis and was found to have HSV antibodies. Management and treatment must reduce relapses. --- ## Gum colocasia-g-polyacrylamide: Microwave-assisted synthesis and characterization **Authors:** Loveleenpreet Kaur, Gupta G D **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3595 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Colocasia esculenta, Acrylamide, Microwave-Assisted Grafting, Box Behnken Design In the present investigation, an attempt has been made for grafting of acrylamide on the backbone of Colocasia esculenta by using microwave-assisted grafting method, which is a convenient and versatile route for the development of polysaccharide-based materials. The dried mucilage of colocasia was prepared from fresh rhizomes. The optimization was performed by using Box Behnken matrix design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) using design expert software. A series of graft polymers, varying in the amount of acrylamide, ammonium persulphate and microwave irradiation was prepared. The effect of Microwave time, gum concentration and power on percentage yield, percentage grafting and percentage grafting efficiency has been optimized and evaluated by 3D surface response graphs. It has been observed that power and irradiation time has a significant synergistic effect on % yield, % grafting and % grafting efficiency however gum concentration produce slight increment up to a limit after that the effect becomes almost constant. The selected optimized formulation is F8 with a percentage yield of 99.57%, percentage grafting of 634.33% and percentage grafting efficiency of 87.49%. Optimized formulation was subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscopy for characterization which committed the grafting of acrylamide on Colocasia esculenta. --- ## Electrolyte Imbalances in Preterm and Term Hyperbilirubinemic Neonates Following Phototherapy **Authors:** Swathi M, Jyothirmayi B, Kasthuri N, Vinodhini V M, Renuka P, Arul Senghor K A **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3585 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Calcium, Hyperbilirubinemia, Hypocalcemia, Hyponatremia, Jaundice, Phototherapy Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is the most frequently occurring disorder in neonates. Phototherapy is the most common treatment strategy practiced routinely in the management of neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Reviews on electrolyte variations post phototherapy are highly variable. Therefore our study was aimed to evaluate the effect of phototherapy on calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and liver enzymes in physiologically hyperbilirubinemic neonates before and after phototherapy. The study was carried out on 100 (45 preterm, 55 term) hyperbilirubenimic neonates who underwent phototherapy. The overall prevalence of hypocalcemia was found to be 7%, none in preterm, 12.73% in term, 12.12% in males, 13.64% in females, 2.56% in low birthweight and 11.11% in normal birthweight neonates. The incidence of hypomagnesemia was found to be 4.45% in preterm, 7.27% in term, 5.2% in males, 13.64% in females, 5.13% in low birthweight and 7.4% in normal birthweight neonates. We found the incidence of hyponatremia to be 12%, 11.11% in preterm, 12.73 % in term, 12.12% in males, 18.6% in females, 5.13% in low birthweight and 14.8% in normal birthweight neonates. Monitoring of serum calcium and electrolyte levels in neonates undergoing phototherapy will help to identify hypocalcemia and electrolyte imbalances to prevent complications. --- ## Yoga a Curative Therapy to Treat Multiple Sclerosis **Authors:** Gejalakshmi S, Harikrishnan N **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3653 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Yoga, Multiple Sclerosis, Remyelination, Physical Exercise, Balance Therapy, Destress Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterised as an autoimmune disease originated from Central nervous system affecting the neurons Greymatter no evidence for treatment. Many recent approaches as alerted for treating for disease-modifying therapies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis no remedy has occurred for complete curative for MS. In this review, the author has pioneered the measures to control MS from its symptoms by using physical exercise yoga therapy. Yoga therapy has a beneficial role in controlling MS. The best practice of breathing exercise which we all of us do every day without thought becomes a most powerful tool when we all can become aware of how your daily breathing affects every part of your body control. By learning how to focus awareness on your breathing, you can observe how your mind can feel calmer, and your body becomes relaxed. Hence Yoga practice can be the best medicine to treat multiple sclerosis. --- ## Cinnoline Derivatives as Antibacterial Agent and Antimycobacterial Agent: Synthesis, Microbial Evaluation and Molecular Docking Study **Authors:** Balamurugan K, Prashanthi Evangeline M, Prem Kumar P **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3588 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cinnoline, Anti-Bacterial, Docking Fourteen Novel cinnoline library compounds were designed, synthesized through a facile approach, and allowed for screening for anti-bacterial activity and anti-tubercular activity. The titled compounds were entirely synthesized by replacing alkyl groups, sulphonyl, halo groups in the 6th & 7th position of cinnoline moiety. The enlightenment of structure was done by FTIR HNMR along with elemental analysis and further docked for Structural activity. The newly synthesized Cinnoline Compounds were examined for their in vitro drug-sensitive M tuberculosis H37Hv strain. All the compounds have shown MIC between >100-12.5 μg /ml. In this investigation, we Evaluated all the compounds for Anti-bacterial activity. The main compounds were initially tested in vitro for Anti-bacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by using the Disk plate method. The most active Compound 10 exhibited 12.5 μg /ml inhibitions against drug-sensitive M Tuberculosis H37Rv strain. Among all synthesized compounds CN-7 was found to be a Hit compound with MIC value 12.5 ug/ml Against E Coli. --- ## Antioxidant Activity of Kiwi Fruit (Actindia Chinensis) **Authors:** Hemalatha C N, Mehurnisha K, Preethi B, Keerthana V, Harikrishnan N **Published:** 2020-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3637 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Actinidia chinensis, Kiwi Fruit, Phytoconstituents, Anti-oxidant Activity Actinidia chinensis (kiwi fruit), also known as golden fruit, has its origin in China. All the plant parts of Actinidia chinensis such as fruit, leaves, vine, and root were used in food products and also used as medicine in China. The Worldwide distribution of the kiwi (Actinidia chinensis) is due to its Nutritional property, economic value and the presence of the various phytoconstituents such as terpenoids, quinones, flavones, phenyl proteinoids and steroids. It is also rich in antioxidant and dietary fibres which are utilized for the production of cellulose and hemicellulose. The Nutritional composition of the Kiwi fruit has distinguishing amount of vitamin C and also several other compounds such as Minerals, Vitamin E and Carotenoids and these are used to protect DNA. It has a high amount of medicinal and Nutritional value and also provides various health benefits. In traditional medicine of China, Kiwi fruit is also used in the treatment of Edema, Pyorrhea, gingivitis, Hepatitis, maintenance of blood glucose level, asthma, fight against muscular degenerative diseases and reduces the risk of blood clots and also used in Cancer treatment. Recently researchers have updated that Kiwi fruit has beneficial Physiological effect on the human body through clinical studies. It has been proven that Kiwi has Anti-Oxidant property and relieves Oxidative stress which was the Major cause of Diseases. This article is an overview of kiwi fruit, its nutritional benefits and its antioxidant effect. --- ## A comparative study to assess the effectiveness of foot soak on decreasing blood pressure for hypertension clients with and without hypertensive medication **Authors:** Beautily V, Shanmugi J **Published:** 2020-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3730 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Blood pressure, Hypertension, Hypertensive medication Hypertension is one of the primary source of death and incapacity among grown-ups. Hypertension is an inert issue in numerous individuals as it has a long asymptotic stage. The difficult itself has no clinical signs and indications until organ harm has occurred. Hypertension is the most well-known condition requiring deep-rooted medicate treatment in the western world. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute of USA has assessed that half of the individuals with hypertension are unconscious of the condition. The present study aims are to assess the effectiveness of foot soak on decreasing blood pressure for hypertension clients with and without hypertensive medication in a selected community area. The quasi-experimental design was used as a research design. Convenient sampling technique was used to select samples. A semi-structured interview was used to collect demographic data, and the BP chart was used to monitor the blood pressure of the patients. For the patients in the experimental group, foot soak was given. After 20 mins, BP was checked and noted in BP graph. The investigation results show that after the organization foot soak there was a noteworthy decrease in the post-test level of systolic BP and diastolic BP among hypertensive patients with and without hypertensive drug was highly significant at p<0.001 level. Foot soak is the simple and financially savvy approach to decrease pulse among hypertensive patients with and without hypertensive prescription. --- ## Assessment of knowledge regarding environmental risk factors that are influencing the risk of Autism among Antenatal Mothers **Authors:** Mary Minolin T, Gayathri Devi S **Published:** 2020-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3734 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Autism, Environmental risk factors, Antenatal mothers Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) alludes to a scope of conditions portrayed by some level of debilitated social conduct, communication and language and a tight scope of interests and exercises that are both special to the individual and completed repetitively. ASDs starts in youth and will, in general, persevere into pre-adulthood and adulthood. As a rule, the conditions are apparent during the initial five years of life. People with ASD regularly present other co-happening conditions including epilepsy, depression, anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The study aims to assess the knowledge of environmental risk factors that influence the risk of autism among antenatal mothers. A descriptive survey design was adopted with 100 samples using a convenient sampling technique. The significant findings of samples are 26% had inadequate knowledge, 64% had moderate knowledge, and 10% had adequate knowledge. The demographic variable of maternal age, education and place of residents are statistically significantly associated with the level of knowledge at p<0.001 level. The study findings revealed that antenatal mothers had moderately adequate knowledge regarding awareness on environmental risk factors that are influencing the risk of autism. So the antenatal mothers should be aware of environmental risk factors of autism. Early identification and treatment of these risk factors during gestation may play a role in reducing ASD risk factors. --- ## Adequacy of Pictorial Instructional Module on Information Regarding Lifestyle Modification Among Renal Failure Patients Undergoing Haemodialysis **Authors:** Angelin Lavanya S, Kiruba J **Published:** 2020-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3732 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pictorial Instructional Module, information, Renal Failure, Haemodialysis, Lifestyle Medication Renal failure is analyzed when the kidneys are done working sufficiently to keep up the ordinary procedure. This results in imbalance in fluid electrolytes, calcium level, RBC creation and diminished disposal of waste items. The main purpose of this study adequacy of pictorial instructional module on information regarding lifestyle modification among renal failure patients undergoing haemodialysis. Quantitative approach and quasi experimental design used in this study. The sample size was 60 renal failure patients undergoing haemodialysis. Organized meeting was utilized to gather demographic data regarding lifestyle modification among renal failure undergoing haemodialysis patient used pictorial instructional module. Sample includes renal failure patient undergoing haemodialysis at saveetha medical college and hospital, who fulfils the inclusion criteria were chosen non-likelihood advantageous examining strategy. The assessment of level of information about renal failure patient among haemodialysis29 (48.33%) had moderately adequate and adequate information, 2(3.34%) had inadequate, 29(48.33%) adequate information regarding lifestyle modification of renal failure patients undergoing haemodialysis. The mean score of information among renal failure patient was 22.20 with standard deviation of 3.64. The calculated paired ‘t’ test value of t=17.218 was found to be statistically highly significant at p<0.001 level. The demographic variable, sex had shown statistically significant association with post test level of information regarding lifestyle modification among renal failure patients undergoing haemodialysis at p<0.05 level. This obviously construes pictorial instructional module managed to renal disappointment patients experiencing haemodialysis brought about a huge improvement in the post test level of information. --- ## Adequacy of Hand and Foot Massage on Post Cesarean Pain among Postnatal Mothers **Authors:** Beautily V, Sharmila R **Published:** 2020-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3727 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Foot massage, hand massage, post caesarean pain and postnatal mothers Pregnancy is a curious rousing and as frequently as possible upbeat hour in a woman’s life, as spots of interest the woman’s bewildering innovative and headway capacity while allowing a relationship with what’s to come. There is a wide range of techniques for labour. Vaginal delivery is one of the most widely recognized and most secure sorts of labour. At the point when vital in specific conditions, forceps and vacuum delivery might be utilized. Now cesarean delivery is fundamental for the most secure of mother and child. The cesarean segment is the most every now and again performed a medical procedure on the planet. The point of the Study is to the adequacy of Hand and Foot Massage on Post cesarean pain among postnatal moms. Exploration approach utilized for the investigation was the quantitative methodology. The examination configuration was semi trial plan (pretest and post test control group). A complete of 60 members were choosing with non- likelihood purposive inspecting procedure was utilized and factual strategy applied for the investigation. The investigation was directed in a government hospital at Thiruvallur. The mean pre-test score in the exploratory gathering was 6.4 and meant the post-test score was 3.5. The ’t’ esteem is 33.72, which was huge at p ≤ 0.05 level. Subsequently, it demonstrated that Hand and Foot Massage was viable in diminishing pain among post-cesarean moms in the experimental group. --- ## Adequacy of Video Assessting Educating Pogramme on Information With Respect To Baby Blues intrauterine Devices Among Antenatal Moms **Authors:** Angelin Lavanya S, Lavanya T **Published:** 2020-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3726 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Intrauterine Device, Antenatalmoms, Knowledge, Family Planning An Intrauterine device (IUD) is a little plastic device, as a rule, T-molded that is embedded into the endometrial hole to forestall pregnancy. Baby blues period is one of the significant and pivotal occasions when ladies and couples are profoundly energetic and increasingly open to family arranging techniques. Family arranging has expansive advantages for ladies and their families. The main goal of the examination is to evaluate the adequacy of video helped instructing program on information regarding postpartum intrauterine devices among antenatal moms. One gathering pretest and posttest configuration was utilized for this examination. The free factor in this examination is video assisting showing program on baby blues intrauterine devices. The needy factors in this examination are information. The investigation was directed at Thiruvalur Districts Head Quarters Government Hospital. The sample includes antenatal moms who satisfy the consideration measures were chosen by non likelihood convenient examining strategy. Examination of pretest mean score of information was 5.0 with standard deviation 2.04 what’s more, the post test mean score of information was 10.62 with standard deviation 2.66. The determined paired’ test estimation of t = 14.221 was seen as factually exceptionally critical at p<0.001 level. The analysis reveals that video assisting teaching programme was helpful to improve the knowledge regarding postpartum intrauterine devices among antenatal moms. --- ## Efficacy of Oxytocin Massage on Involution of Uterus Among Postnatal Mothers **Authors:** Jagadeeswari J, Prathap Mohan M **Published:** 2020-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3738 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oxytocin Massage, Involution of Uterus, Postpartum Hemorrhage, Postnatal Mothers After a lady has cautiously accommodated the physiologic adversities of pregnancy and three phases of work, the consideration of essentially everybody regularly goes to the baby. Absence of sufficient uterine withdrawals during the puerperium can repress the cycle of uterine involution leading to many complications. The study aim is to assess the efficacy of oxytocin massage on involution of the uterus in the experimental and control group among postnatal mothers. A quasi-experimental research design was conducted among 60 postnatal mothers who were selected by Convenience sampling technique. Semi-structured interview method was used to collect the demographical data and by measuring the length between the fundus of the uterus and Symphysis Pubis with a measuring tape. Oxytocin massage was given for 15 minutes from 1st- 5th postnatal day. Among 60 samples in the experimental group the level of involution among postnatal mothers in the experimental group, 6 had good involution, 14 had average involution and 10 had poor involution. In the present study, there was a statistically significant association in Postnatal vaginal bleeding and breastfeeding frequency which had shown statistically significant association with post-test level of involution of the uterus among postnatal mothers in the experimental group at p<0.05 level and the other variables had not shown statistical significance. This reveals that oxytocin massage is highly significant in the experimental group because oxytocin hormone which is secreted by the neurons of the hypothalamus during massage stimulates the contraction of uterine smooth muscle by increasing the sodium permeability of uterine myofibrils. --- ## A study on the Clinical profile of fever with thrombocytopenia **Authors:** Srikant S Kandagatla, Swati Aundhakar **Published:** 2020-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3765 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dengue, Liver function test, Platelet count, Thrombocytopenia Common manifestations during monsoon conditions in tropical regions are specified with fever and thrombocytopenia. With this, viral disease like dengue, chikungunya, malaria is more common. Hence it is important to evaluate and diagnose the manifestation thereby bringing in early treatment and reduced mortality. The present study was designed to evaluate the clinical profile of patients with fever and thrombocytopenia and its clinical outcome. Prospective non-interventional observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital with 160 patients by random sampling. Patients with fever were involved for the study, their clinical data (symptoms during presentation, signs of fever), laboratory examinations for platelet count, total leukocyte count, and liver function tests were performed. Follow-up was maintained until patients were discharged or with record of mortality. Data was analysed using Chi-square test and Cramer’s V test. Out of total 160 patients, majority were male with gender ratio of 7:3 (male:female0 and mean age was 32.53 ± 15.23 years. Majority of patients depicted that the total platelet count was in the range of 40001-60000/ccum and was significantly dependent on etiology (P=0.03198). Similarly, total leukocyte count was also significantly dependent on etiology (P=0.0004998). Fever and thrombocytopenia are the early manifestations of the major viral diseases. Hence it is important to systemically study the clinical and laboratory data to determine its etiology and early diagnosis for treatment. --- ## The quality of life of chronic kidney disease patients with hypertension treated with angiotensin system-related agents **Authors:** Mohammed Salim K T, Saravanakumar R T, Dilip C, Amrutha K P **Published:** 2020-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3573 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor, Angiotensin Receptor Blocker, Chronic Kidney Disease, Hypertension, Quality of Life The chronic kidney disease (CKD) co-exist with hypertension in approximately 80 to 85 per cent of patients. The CKD stages can be defined by glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the deterioration of kidney function or reduction in GFR has observed in those with uncontrolled blood pressure (BP). We had conducted a prospective study to analyse the impact of the angiotensin system-related agents on the quality of life of CKD patients with hypertension. The SF-36 questionnaire, direct patients interview and medical records were the sources for retrieval of information. We observed that male patients were more prone to CKD than female. Hypertension was the primary (77.8%) aetiology behind the incidence of CKD. The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) was responsible for very low (58%) and low (44%) health disabilities to the patients. In contrast, the angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) even though it has a limited adverse effect, the patients complained of medium (9%) and high disabilities than the ACEIs. The discontinuation of the antihypertensive drugs by the CKD patients was almost negligible (3.4%). The study concludes that a balanced diet and reasonable blood pressure control is essential to prevent the progression of CKD and to improve the quality of life. --- ## Progressive muscle relaxation combined with music on pain and stress **Authors:** Deepika D, Thenmozhi P, KalaBarathi S **Published:** 2020-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3735 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Abdominal surgery, Music, Pain, Postoperative, Progressive muscle relaxation, Stress Acute pain is an often unpleasant experience during the postoperative period after abdominal surgery causes diminish in physical functioning, which evokes stress. Hence, the study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation combined with music on the reduction of postoperative pain and stress among patients who have undergone abdominal surgery. The quasi-experimental research design was chosen to conduct the study with 40 samples matched with inclusion criteria. Samples were allocated into the experimental group (n=20) and control group (n=20) by convenience sampling technique. A pre-test was done by using a numerical pain scale and the perceived stress scale for both experimental and control group. The experimental group received progressive muscle relaxation for 10 minutes, followed by theme music for 5 minutes twice a day for three consecutive postoperative days. Control group received the routine care of the hospital. Posttest was done at the end of the third day for both experimental and control group using the same tool. There was a highly statistically significant (p<0.001) reduction in the level of pain and stress after Progressive Muscle Relaxation combined with music at the level of was observed within the experimental group and also found significant (p<0.001) difference between the experimental and control group by unpaired t-test. The study results concluded that progressive muscle relaxation combined with music is useful in the reduction of pain and stress. It is also a simple, cost-effective, and non-pharmacological method that can be used to complement pharmacological management during the postoperative period. --- ## Effectiveness of art therapy on pain and anxiety level among postoperative children **Authors:** Resmy V, Raj Kumar N **Published:** 2020-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3736 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Art therapy, Pain, Anxiety and Postoperative children As children grow, they learn each day, of how to live tomorrow watching the grace and disgrace that surround them. The utilization of imaginative strategies to treat mental issues and upgrade emotional well-being is known as art treatment. Art treatment is a strategy established in the possibility that inventive articulation can cultivate recuperating and mental prosperity. Craftsmanship, either making it or survey others’ specialty, is utilized to assist individuals with investigating feelings, create mindfulness, adapt to pressure, help confidence, and work on social abilities. Postoperative care may be an emotional and developmental set back to the child. It causes anxiety and pain due to imbalance between environmental and societal demands and child’s coping abilities. The present study aims to assess the effectiveness of art therapy on anxiety and pain level among postoperative children. A quantitative true experimental research design was conducted among 30 postoperative children by using a simple random sampling technique and 15 were divided in control and experimental group. The demographic data were collected using structured interview questionnaire. The pre-test was done to assess level of anxiety by five facial anxiety scale and pain by numerical pain scale for both the experimental and control group. The experimental group was given art therapy, the control group was given a routine care and then the post test was done. The study results show that the level of pain and anxiety was considerably reduced in the experimental group than the control group in the post test at p<0.005. This indicates SART therapy is effective non-pharmacological method and cost effective method to treat pain and anxiety among postoperative children. The result of the study is it was concluded that art therapy as no side effects and it is an easy and comfortable method which can be practiced to treat pain and anxiety. --- ## Design, Development and Optimisation of Carvedilol Microemulsion by Pseudoternary Phase Diagram and Central Composite Design **Authors:** Anand S, Kumar K R **Published:** 2020-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3569 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carvedilol, Microemulsion, Particle Size, Zeta Potential, Invitro Drug Release Aim of this study is to design and optimise carvedilol loaded microemulsion. Carvedilol microemulsion is prepared and optimised by Phase titration technique. The selections of material attributes for the formulation of microemulsion are chosen by building a pseudo ternary phase diagram with various concentration oils and surfactant. Optimisation of Carvedilol microemulsion formulation technique was carried out by Central composite Design with two centre points by using selected critical material attributes like the different concentration of oils, surfactants and evaluated for its effect on Critical quality attributes like PS nm, ZP mV, EE %, PI, RI, % Drug Content and Self emulsification time (sec). From this optimisation study data, selected Carvedilol Microemulsion is subjected to measure for its in vitro drug release studies. CM9 formulation showed promising result in particle size, poly dispersibility index, entrapment efficiency and drug release studies. All the above data, it has been accomplished that CM9 was selected as an optimised Carvedilol microemulsion formulation. --- ## Effectiveness of Tech Neck Exercise among adult smartphone user with Text Neck Syndrome **Authors:** Resmy V, Priyanka R **Published:** 2020-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3729 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tech Neck exercise, Text neck syndrome, Mobile users and Neck Pain A mobile phone is a gadget which is utilized for voice and information correspondence. Alongside the fundamental voice limit of a phone, current mobiles may support various additional features, for instance, text advising, email, gaming, camera, Whatsapp, Facebook, GPS and so on. The neck or cervical spine is a system which involves nerves, bones, joints, and muscles which are coordinated by the brain and the spinal cord. Besides, exacerbation along the nerve pathways can cause torment into the shoulder, arm and hand. ”Text neck” is the term used to depict the neck torment and harm bolstered from looking down at the cell phone, tablets or distinctive far off gadgets too constantly and for actually quite a while. So the current examination points are to survey the effectiveness of tech neck exercise among adult smartphone user with text neck syndrome. Quantitative experimental research was conducted among 60 adults. A convenient sampling technique was used to select the samples. Self-structured questionnaires were used to collect the demographic data and pain scale was assessed. The result of the study shows that among 60 samples, it was concluded that ”TECH NECK” exercise has no side effects and it is an easy and comfortable method which can be practised for a long time to adult within text neck syndrome. --- ## Effectiveness of Saline Washout Technique in the Management of Chemotherapy Extravasations Among Cancer Patients **Authors:** Parimala L, Nivitha W **Published:** 2020-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3728 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Effectiveness, Saline Washout Technique, Chemotherapy, Extravasations Cancer Patients Cancer cells display uncontrolled growth invasion and sometimes metastatic spread to other location in the body via lymph nodes or blood. Cancer affects people are mostly in elder ages peoples with risk for most type increasing with age cancer caused about 13% of all human death 2008(7.6million). While improved the cancer patients first important for administer the chemotherapy. But they may cause many of side effects in main side effects is “EXTRAVASATION in” extravasations is infiltration or leakage of intravenous chemotherapeutic agents. It mostly affected in extremities, into the local tissue surrounding the administration site may result of local tissue damage or extravasations. Drugs that is associated with severe necroes is when extravasations are known as vesicants. Whereas those associated with less severe burning or inflammation are known as irritation. The aim of the present study was conducted to assess the effect of saline washout technique in the management of chemotherapy extravasation among cancer patients. The present was conducted at SMCH with 100 male and female who come under inclusion criteria and they were selected by non-probability convenience sampling technique. The demographical variables was collected by using Semistructured questionnaire and extravasations was assessed by INS (Infusion nurses society) infiltration and extravasation scale. The result revealed the pretest results show that 30% had mild stage, 31% had moderate stage, 24% had severe stage and 15% had very severe stage on chemotherapy extravasation among cancer patients. The post-test data revealed that 35% had normal stage, 24% had mild stage, 21% had moderate stage, 14% had severe stage and 6% had very severe stage on chemotherapy extravasation among cancer patients. The result revealed that saline washout technique was more effective in the management of chemotherapy extravasation among cancer patients. --- ## Effectiveness of Billig’s exercise in reducing primary dysmenorrhea among young girls **Authors:** Mary Minolin T, Sivasakthi S, Subha E, Suganthi S **Published:** 2020-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3740 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Effectiveness, Primary Dysmenorrhea, Billig’s Exercise, Adolescents Girls Dysmenorrhea or agonising uterine cycle is one of the most common significant reasons for school non-attendance among young girls since it influences their scholarly presentation, school and sports exercises. Dysmenorrhea is the most well-known gynaecologic issue among youth girls, with a predominance of 60% to 93%. The examination planned for evaluating the adequacy of Billig’s exercise in diminishing dysmenorrhea among young girls. A quantitative methodology with the quasi-experimental design was embraced for the investigation. Sixty young girls with age between 12-17 years were enlisted by convenient sampling. The pain was surveyed by Numerical pain rating scale from both study and control gathering, After the pretest, Billig’s exercise was given to the study group on the day preceding period, day one and day two of uterine cycle, 5 — multiple times for 20 minutes every day. Following one month on next uterine cycle, Post-test was done to evaluate the degree of dysmenorrhoea among the two gatherings by utilizing the same numerical pain rating scale. The mean score of post-test pain level was 1.2 in the study group, and 2 in the control group and the determined ’t’ esteem was 5.03. This infers that there was a more critical distinction in the menstrual agony level after taking Billig’s exercise among young girls of exploratory gathering. This examination unmistakably expresses that there is a critical impact of Billig’s exercise in a decrease of agony during the monthly cycle among young girls. --- ## A study to assess the knowledge on psoriasis among adults **Authors:** Parimala L, Jothimeena B **Published:** 2020-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3733 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Assess, Knowledge, Psoriasis, Skin Problems and Adults Psoriasis was viewed as just as a skin issue; nonetheless, it is currently best portrayed as an intricate, multifactorial and inflammatory illness. Psoriasis is an interminable skin sickness and the epidemiology shows its event more a few nations than India. Psoriasis is thought to influence somewhere in the range of 2% and 4% of the populace in Westernized nations and in spite of the fact that not perilous, it is related with a noteworthy debilitation of personal satisfaction, influencing work, family and sexual relations, just as physical and mental prosperity. Both genders are influenced similarly and, for most of the patients (75%), psoriasis first presents between the ages of 15 years and 25 years, with the rest of those influenced encountering side effects between the ages of 55 years and 60 years. The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge regarding psoriasis among adults. Quantitative research approach with pre experimental research design was adopted for the study. Convenient sampling technique was used to select the 100 adults who attend dermatology outpatient in Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. The demographic variable data was collected by structured questionnaire, and the level of knowledge on Psoriasis was assessed by psoriasis knowledge scale. The pretest level was assessed by psoriasis knowledge scale, and then health education on psoriasis was given for seven days, followed by a posttest. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Additionally, Wilcox on rank sum test was performed to assess the effectiveness of the study. --- ## Active Cycle Breathing Technique on Pulmonary Complications After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft **Authors:** Thenmozhi P, Thamarai Selvi K, Vijaya Lakshmi M, Thilakavathi N K **Published:** 2020-11-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.3725 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Active cycle breathing technique, Breathing exercise, Coronary artery bypass graft, Post-operative complications, Pulmonarycomplications The most widely recognized postoperative complexities are watched and overseen after abdominal or cardiothoracic surgery are pulmonary complications and it is continue to contribute to patient morbidity and mortality. Hence, this study was conducted with the aim to determine the effectiveness of active cycle of breathing technique on pulmonary complications after coronary artery bypass surgery. Pre-experimental research design was adopted to conduct the study with 20 samples who met the inclusion criteria. Demographic variables were collected by using structured questionnaire and assessed the physiological parameters such as oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Followed by active cycle of breathing technique was administered to the participants twice a day for 3 days from the first post-operative day onwards. Pre and post assessment was done each day before and after the intervention and post-test value was taken for analysis. Post-operative complications were assessed at the end of 3rd day of intervention by using the checklist contains the pulmonary complications due to surgery. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical package. There was a significant improvement was observed in oxygen saturation, respiratory and heart rate at the level of p<0.05 and the percentage of complications also very minimal. The findings of the study concluded that active cycle breathing technique is effective in pulmonary function thereby prevent the pulmonary complications after coronary artery bypass graft. --- ## Prevalence of different methods of crown lengthening and its preference among dental specialties **Authors:** Sanjog Agarwal, Subhabrata Maiti, Subhashree R **Published:** 2020-11-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3562 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Surgical Gingivectomy, Electrosurgical Gingivectomy, Laser Gingivectomy, Crown Lengthening, Biologic Width, Coagulation Short clinical crowns often lead to poor retention form, leading to improper tooth preparation. Crown lengthening is carried out to increase the clinical crown length without violating the biologic width. Several techniques have been proposed for crown lengthening such as gingivectomy procedures. A Cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in a university, on randomly selected individuals. The study group consisted of patients getting treated at the Department of Prosthodontics from June 2019 – March 2020. 86,000 case sheets were reviewed, and samples were selected using simple random sampling. The two variables were compared using the chi-square test. Laser gingivectomy was the most common 55.9% form of crown lengthening procedure. Awareness of crown lengthening was found more among postgraduates at 78.7%. Among all the departments, crown lengthening was required more for periodontal procedures 42.3%. In this era of quickly developing technologies and innovative ideas, the requirement for faster treatment has not only become a requirement but a necessity. Treatment with lasers is well accepted by patients as it is less time-consuming and painless. Lasers have taken over a lot of procedures so is crown lengthening. Postgraduates know more about crown lengthening and hence do in more number of cases. There are various reasons to get crown lengthening done with periodontitis being the most common specialty for its need. --- ## A case report on bell’s palsy induced after uprooting mandibular lower molar **Authors:** Lakshmi Narasimha G, Reddy Santhosh C, Gnaneswari R V, Sunaina V, Kalpana P, Nissi Christina D **Published:** 2020-11-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3824 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Bell’s Palsy, Cranial Nerves, Dental Extraction, Neuropathy Bell’s Palsy or Facial Nerve Paralysis is an unusual form of neuropathy after maxillofacial surgery. Its incidence is about 23 per 100000 persons annually, and very few cases were reported in the literature. Dr Charles Bell discovered it in 1821 as complete facial paralysis. Various aetiologies associated with the bell’s palsy include trauma, pregnancy, diabetes, and neoplastic infiltrations. Apart from these recent kinds of literature report, surgical interventions like dental extractions are also a significant cause of this condition. With this, we report a case of 25 years old male presented to Government General Hospital with symptoms of drooping of eyebrow and incomplete eye closure with ringing sensation in the left ear. On investigation of his past medical history, he underwent tooth extraction before a month. Therefore, the condition was diagnosed as bell's palsy induced after the dental extraction. He was treated with prednisolone, acyclovir, and Betahistine for ten days. After the treatment, there is an improvement in the facial movements, and symptoms were normalized. Bell's palsy is common, but this condition after dental extractions is very rare. Hence this case signifies the rare occurrence of neuropathies after dental extractions and the need for early treatment procedures must be initiated to reduce the future neurological complications in post-dental operative patients. --- ## Environmental Risk Mapping for Dengue Fever Transmission in a Rural Area, Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Rajaseger Nirmal Kumar, Anantha Eashwar V M, Ruma Dutta, Nisha B, Gomathy Parasuraman, Yogesh Mohan, Timsi Jain **Published:** 2020-11-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3568 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mosquito, Ecological Factors, Vector Transmission, Rural Area Dengue is a systemic viral infection transmitted between humans by Aedes mosquitoes. Dengue is a viral infection which originates from mosquitoes. Dengue is caused by a virus called the dengue virus (DENV). Most notably, there are four major DENV serotypes. Therefore it is possible to be diseased by either four or all four of them. As seen in most cases, DENV infections usually cause a mild infection, but it can also lead to an acute flu-like illness. Occasionally this proliferates into a possibly deadly problem, called severe dengue. The Detection and mapping of Dengue risk areas is a multifaceted, tiring, complicated and extended task requiring evaluation of many criteria. It is not sure that always one single factor is liable for Dengue Fever transmission in all areas, but it differs with changing geographical location. The main objective of the present study is to prepare an environmental risk mapping for dengue transmission in a rural area, Tamil Nadu and access the level of risk the people of that area are in and how susceptible they are to dengue. A total of 40 houses were observed for risks of dengue using a questionnaire and by looking around the house for possible hotspots after screening for inclusion and exclusion criteria. There is hence a need for educational programs to facilitate awareness and promote sensible practices to avoid dengue. Every individual should also follow precautionary guidelines taking into consideration the risk dengue. This study serves to spotlight the possible current risk in contracting dengue due to poor household habits and lack of awareness in a rural area. --- ## Phytoconstituent Based Microemulgel: A Novel Topical Drug Delivery Approach **Authors:** Tanaji Nandgude, Snehal Patil, Nateque Syed, Ashwini Jadhav, Manish Wani **Published:** 2020-11-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3565 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Microemulgel, Microemulsion, Emulgel, Shelf Life, Emollient A huge amount of Indian medicinal plants are accredited with various pharmacological activities. Extract of medicinal plant and extracted oil have more or less pharmacological property, some natural penetration enhancers have advantages such as low cost, better safety profile hence they increase their acceptances in the formulation of microemulgel. Some of oil may assist the therapeutic action of API. It is convenient, cost-effective to use of herbal oil as oil phase or API, penetration enhancer, surfactant or other constituent in microemulgel formulation. Microemulgel is a microemulsion and gel combination with herbal ingredient, with small sized globule present in an emulsion. Microemulsion consists of delivering a drug dissolved in a mixture of one or more excipient like mono, di, and triglycerides, lipophilic and hydrophilic co surfactant. Microemulsion is formed when entropy changes in that dispersion is greater than the free energy require increasing the surface area between oil and aqueous phase of dispersion. Microemulgel has a dual action of micro-emulsion and gel. Emulsion based gel, the drug get entrapped in cross linkage network of gelling agent. In that small drug get entrapped and release in controlled manner. Microemulgel have other advantages like good uniformity, easily spreadable, greaseless as well as bio-friendly, detachable, non-staining, emollient, longer shelf-life, transparent, pleasant appearance, the ability of patients for self-medication, termination of medications will be easy. --- ## Awareness of the preventive measures against Covid -19 spread among small shop owners **Authors:** Muralidharan V. A, Gheena S **Published:** 2020-11-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3564 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Covid-19 spread, shopkeepers, preventive measures, Awareness, coronavirus COVID -19 is an infectious disease caused by the newly discovered strain of coronavirus. As there is no vaccine discovered, the only way to prevent the spread is through following the practice of social isolation. But prolonged isolation may also lead to psychological stress and problems. The objective of the survey was to assess the knowledge and awareness of preventive measures against Covid 19 amongst small shop owners. A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted amongst the small shop owners. A structured questionnaire comprising 15-17 questions had been put forth to assess the Covid 19 related knowledge and perception. The shopkeepers were contacted telephonically and responses recorded. The data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS statistics. Although the majority of the population had a positive perception about the preventive measures against the Covid spread, 36% of the shopkeepers were not aware of the preventive measures against the Covid spread. This study found optimal knowledge and perception of the preventive measures against Covid spread among the shopkeepers but misinformation and misunderstanding still prevailing. The shopkeepers are crucial in the prevention of the spread of Covid 19 and educating them might aid us in the fight against Covid- 19. --- ## Efficacy of Rasayan in the Prevention of Communicable diseases (Janapadhodhwamsa) **Authors:** Shanti Manyala, Shweta Parwe **Published:** 2020-11-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3558 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Holistic, infectious diseases, Janapadhodhwamsa, Rasayan therapy Ayurved is a holistic science which mainly emphasizes on the preventive aspect of diseases and ill- health. The concept of communicable disease is mentioned under the concept of “Janapadhodhwamsa”. Rasayan therapy plays a very key role in the prevention of communicable diseases. An attempt has been made to establish a co- relation between the Ayurvedic concept and the current most prevelant communicable diseases and their categorization under the pranavaha srotas, Annavaha srotas, Udakvaha srotas, Rasa and Raktavaha srotas. In the present scenario, increased urbanization and modified lifestyle has led to derangement of agni. This deranged agni has led to compromised immunity, which itself serves as a cause and provoking factor for many infectious diseases. In today’s context, the whole world is facing the communicable and infectious pandemic, termed Covid-19. No any specific treatment modality is been established till date. In the view of lack of any treatment modality and vaccine availability, focus is been given on enhancing the immunity and maintaining good health status is been laid .By maintaining good immunity and health, we can protect ourselves from this infectious disease and also prognosis of the patients will also be good, who are with co- morbid conditions. Thus now emphasis is laid to improve the immunity by techniques such as Rasayan Chikitsa. --- ## Assessment of ascorbic acid content and anti-oxidant activity in juices of selected fruits help in the prophylaxis of primary symptoms of COVID-19 **Authors:** Pankaj Nainwal, Amita B Sati **Published:** 2020-11-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3561 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID, Ascorbic acid, anti-oxidant activity, Reducing power Ascorbic Acid, a regimen claimed to use in the prevention of primary symptoms of COVID-19, is a hydrophilic anti-oxidant found plentiful in fruit juices, which also known to possess total anti-oxidant activity. Fruits play an essential part in our healthy diet. As many fruits contain anti-oxidant properties which means the presence of anti-oxidant constituents. In present study samples of the various fruit juices obtained from the local market were seek out for the ascorbic acid content and estimated for their anti-oxidant activity. For determining ascorbic acid content, the dichlorophenol-indophenol method was employed, while anti-oxidant activity was studied by employing Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay and reducing power assay method. As per the result obtained, the high amount of ascorbic acid was found in amla juice while bael juice was found for good anti-oxidant activity. The conclusion results out from the study that fruits rich in an appreciable amount of ascorbic acid possess good anti-oxidant activity. Those juices results in best anti-oxidant activity indicate the presence of phenolics, i.e. phenolic compounds. --- ## Digital Vision Syndrome (DVS) Among Medical Students During Covid-19 Pandemic Curfew **Authors:** Niveditha K P, Dheepak Sundar M **Published:** 2020-10-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3557 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Digital Screen, Digital Strain, Eye disease, Headache In the present era, mobiles and other digital display devices have become an essential part of our daily life. But due to the COVID-19 pandemic curfew, the use of digital gadgets has increased many folds, with direct proportion to increased health risks, especially eyes. In this study, we aim to assess the prevalence, risk factors and symptomatology of Digital vision syndrome (DVS) among medical students during the COVID-19 lockdown. This is a descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based study. The undergraduate medical students were asked to fill an electronic self-administered survey. The survey included questions regarding their digital device usage before and after the curfew and various factors related to DVS. Among 250 medical students during this lockdown period, it was observed the screen time or hours spent on using a digital screen by the respondents increased significantly in the 2-3 hours and 3-4 hours category and a significant difference (p=0.000) was observed in 1% level of significance in pre and post lockdown. No significant change was observed in the type and illumination of gadgets used. Around 60% of the students were in intensive lockdown, and up to 51% of the students felt the upsurge in DVS symptoms. Nearly 82.3% of students experienced one or more symptoms of DVS. The most commonly reported symptom was headache which shot up after the lockdown to 51.6% from 32.7%. It was followed by eye strain and dry eyes, which increased from 19.5% to 40.3% and 10% to 21% respectively after curfew. During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, there appeared to be an exacerbated increase in DVS symptoms among medical students, one of the leading reasons being increased screen time. A significant association was found between the rise in symptoms and intensive lockdown. --- ## Review on Efficacy of Herbal Antiviral Drugs against COVID-19 **Authors:** Pooja P. Thakre, Vinod Ade, Shweta Parwe **Published:** 2020-10-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3552 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** CoronaVirus, Herbal anti-viral drug, Anti-viral activity Coronavirus disease (CoViD-19) is an infection of the respiratory system caused due to various viruses affects the respiratory pathway, and it can spread from one person to another by coughing, sneezing or physical contact. Commonly include cough, cold, fever are the symptoms. Viral diseases increase worldwide concern, including emerging and chronic viruses. The invention of new anti-viral drugs from plants has implicit in the past. The Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) caused due to severe acute respiratory syndrome, which is a transmittable and pathogenic viral infection. Several traditional medicines of plant origin having antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties some have been studied for their anti-viral properties and immune-modulating effects. Herbal drugs are now in massive requirement in the developing countries for primary health care not because of their economical but also for better civilising adequacy, improved compatibility with the human body and significantly fewer side effects. This review gives an overview of some critical traditionally used medicinal herbs with anti-viral properties—the literature regarding the drugs of this group, collected from Ayurveda classics. Research articles are collected from published material and discussed per therapeutic actions. Most of the Herbs are with Katu Rasa (pungent) and Ushna Virya (hot potency). They are indicated in diseases, viz. Kasa (cough), Shwas (asthma), Krumi (worm/ infection). Krumihara property drugs which are correlated with anti-viral action helps to prevent against Novel coronavirus infection. --- ## Quarantine has its Impact on People Worldwide - A review **Authors:** Arokia Rajkumar Shancy Merlin, Anjali A K, Anitha Roy **Published:** 2020-10-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3553 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Quarantine, COVID-19, nCoV, Psychological impact, elderly, children, management, PTSD Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19), was first discovered in Wuhan, China which was then recognized by WHO as the novel coronavirus(nCoV). Since it is a highly communicable disease, it was declared as a pandemic, urging citizens to stay quarantined in their houses. Quarantine- isolation has led to many impacts in the people worldwide, being both advantageous and disadvantageous. It has encouraged the development of new skills, exercise to improve the immune system, de-stress, and have an altogether relaxed lifestyle. Some of the disadvantages may include the development of post-traumatic stress disorder, tension, depression, anger, confusion, financial loss, isolation, loneliness and these can prolong lifelong thereby threatening the life of the individual. Misinformation and loneliness can lead to individuals committing suicide or being affected by depression. Following the quarantine due to the nCoV, many countries have begun the implementation of emergency homeschooling due to school closure to prevent disease spread. The prolonged closure of schools and hence, the home isolation can stir a negative impact on the physical and mental health of children. Nonetheless, quarantine is of high importance during disease outbreaks, as it helps to curb the spread of disease and it is essential to overcome anxiety during these trying times by having a positive outlook. --- ## Analysis of various treatment modalities of herpetic lesions **Authors:** Indra G, Maragathavalli G, Deepika Rajendran **Published:** 2020-10-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3523 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antivirals, Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesics, HSV, Herpes Labialis, Herpes Gingivostomatitis, Systemic, Topical Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a debilitating infectious disease, often the root cause of all oral herpetic lesions. The oral herpes virus affects the individuals aesthetically, healthwise, and psychologically as well. The aim of the study is to analyze and evaluate the various treatment modalities practiced at the Department of Oral Medicine at Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai. A total of 64 participants were involved in the study conducted between the period of July 2019 - March 2020. The patients were receiving either of the following treatment: (i) Topical antivirals (ii) Topical anti-inflammatory or analgesics (iii) Systemic antivirals (iv) Systemic antipyretics (v) Supportive therapy if any. The result of the study conducted shows the prevalence of usage of 57% of topical antivirals, 12% of systemic antivirals, 12% of topical anti-inflammatory and analgesics, 13% of systemic antipyretics and 6% of supportive therapy. In conclusion, the topical antiviral drugs prescribed were of high prevalence. However, advising necessary supportive therapy can help in faster healing of the lesions. --- ## Assessment of knowledge of oral health hygiene among coastal guards in the port trust of south Tamil Nadu - A public health awareness survey **Authors:** Bianca Princeton, Abilasha R, Preetha S **Published:** 2020-10-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3560 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oral Hygiene, Coastal Guards, Mesothelioma, Lung Cancer Oral hygiene is defined as the practice of keeping the mouth clean and healthy, by brushing and flossing to prevent the occurrence of any gum diseases like periodontitis or gingivitis. The main aim of oral health hygiene is to prevent the buildup of plaque, which is defined as a sticky film of bacteria and food formed on the teeth. The coastal guard is an official who is employed to watch the sea near a coast for ships that are in danger or involved with illegal activities. Coastal guards have high possibilities of being affected by mesothelioma or lung cancer due to asbestos exposure. So, a questionnaire consisting of 20 questions was created and circulated among a hundred participants who were coastal guards, through Google forms. The responses were recorded and tabulated in the form of bar graphs. Out of a hundred participants, 52.4% were not aware of the fact that coastal guards have high chances of developing lung cancer and Mesothelioma. 53.7% were aware of the other oral manifestations of lung cancer other than bleeding gums. Majority of the coastal guards feel that they are given enough information about dental hygiene protocols. Hence, to conclude, oral hygiene habits have to be elaborated using various tools in the right manner to ensure better health of teeth and gums. --- ## Awareness on Washing Hands to Prevent Spread of Disease Among Common People **Authors:** Ranjeth Rajan K V, Keerthi Sasanka L, Lavanya Prathap, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3528 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Common People, Hand Washing, Online Survey, Public Awareness, Preventing Spread of Disease Proper and regular hand hygiene can reduce the spread of infection in the family of children raised at home. Alcohol-based hand disinfectants usually eliminate viruses associated with systemic infections like respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. The study aimed to investigate a multicultural factor that focused on the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers to reduce the transmission of diseases at home and further education in hand hygiene. The study was conducted to raise awareness among the general public about the importance of hand washing to prevent the spread of the disease. The survey was conducted among the people in Chennai using a standard questionnaire. The sampling method in the present study was a convenient sampling method. The minimum bias for sampling is done based on selection criteria. Internal justification is a group of pairs, which can normalize the pattern with similar external credibility and exposure. Data is collected and aggregated. The results of this study relate to individual behavior and perception of hand washing. However, the commitment to hand washing is low and needs to be increased. Although self-reporting has increased in the community with hand washing in the community, it is suspected that there is still a risk of developing the disease. --- ## Attitude towards cadaver demonstration among first-year dental students **Authors:** Sneka S, Yuvaraj Babu K, Gayatri Devi R **Published:** 2020-10-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3520 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anatomical Demonstration, Learning Anatomy, Dental Student Survey, Cadaver Demonstration Anatomical demonstration is one of the important parts of learning and understanding anatomy. It is considered an essential requirement in learning gross anatomy. It plays an important role in shaping medical and dental students attitude. The survey was conducted online. Questionnaires which consist of 18 questions were prepared and distributed through google forms. The study population consists of 100 first-year dental students. From the collected data, 73% of them have seen the cadaver, the remaining 26% of them had never seen the cadaver before. This study helps students to improve their attitude on cadaver demonstration. Cadaver demonstration is essential and indispensable in learning anatomy. This study helps in knowing the attitude of the students towards cadaver demonstration. From this study, it has been concluded that cadaver demonstration enhances the skill of thinking in a logical manner and also cadaver demonstration gives better results than cadaver dissection. --- ## Reason for tooth material loss among FMR patients - A retrospective study **Authors:** Swetaa A, Revathi Duraisamy, Jessy P **Published:** 2020-10-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3555 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Material Loss, Attrition, Age, Males, Abrasion, Tooth Surface Tooth wear is a general term describing the loss of dental hard tissues, from the surface of the teeth caused by factors other than dental caries, trauma and developmental disorders. Attrition, Abrasion and erosion usually cause alterations of the tooth surfaces and manifest as tooth wear. Tooth surface loss may be considered physiological or pathological. Physiological tooth surface loss occurs as a result of mastication and adjustment, which is required for the teeth to function correctly. Physiological tooth surface loss may also occur at interproximal tooth surfaces due to friction between the adjacent teeth. Inversely, pathological tooth surface loss represents unacceptable levels of dental hard tissue loss. It is characterized by abnormal destruction, which may require treatment. The aim was to assess the reason for tooth material loss among FMR diagnosis patients. A retrospective study sample of 65 cases was collected from DIAS (Dental Information Archiving Software). The data was converted into an excel sheet for tabulation and further statistical analysis were done in SPSS. The p-value was insignificant and the current study proves that the reason for tooth material loss is predominantly caused by attrition. Within the limits of the study, the reason for tooth material loss is due to attrition. --- ## Synthetic Vocal Tracts - A Review **Authors:** Kandhal Yazhini P, Yuvaraj Babu K **Published:** 2020-10-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3526 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Vocal Cord Disorders, Synthetic Vocal Tracts, Voice Restoration, Speech Synthesis, Tissue Engineered Larynx Synthetic vocal tracts are gadgets powered by a computer system capable of translating the brain activity into synthesized speech, by decoding the movements of muscles involved in vocalization, using advanced computer programming. New standardized method for the development of synthetic vocal tract is the 3D vocal tract model with the binary conversion. Few of the typical features considered while creating the synthetic vocal tract are fundamental frequency, perturbation measure, jitter and change in pitch. The tissue engineered larynx is the promising development in synthetic vocal tract treatment in case of patients with vocal fold repair and regeneration. The future of this interesting technology lies in using high speed video endoscopy based synthetic vocal cords. The review was done based on the articles obtained from various platforms. This review article elaborates about the principle of synthetic vocal tract. Quality of the article used was assessed using a quality assessment tool and graded as strong, moderate and weak. The aim of this study is to understand the concept of synthetic vocal tract and its significance. Synthetic vocal tract is a recently established biomedical tool that has come as a boon in treating patients with severe disabilities. Speech synthesis is evolving as a viable solution as more research is being carried out on this. To understand the full significance of this crucial technique, more research has to be carried out on this field of biomedical engineering and viable solutions need to be developed, so that this novel technique is fully utilized. --- ## Knowledge and awareness on the use of gold and silver nanoparticles in endodontics practice - A survey **Authors:** Jaya vabushana V, Lakshmi T, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-10-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3516 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Silver, Gold, Nanoparticles, Mechanical Strength, Dental Fillings, Endodontics To make mindfulness and teach professionals about the impact of consolidating gold and silver NPs on the shear bond quality in endodontics. Silver and Gold nanoparticles have uncommon attributes that settle on them as great decisions as fillers for dental caries filling. They could remain in nanoscale in the nearness of appropriate stabilizers which implies little collection or bunching and consistently dispersed particles. They have high synthetic dependability and make them simple to be integrated and controlled. Biocompatibility makes them nontoxic for living beings. Some considered the nearness of nanoparticles could redirect the miniaturized scale split and viably increment the protection from the applied force to diminish the clinical disappointments because of less bond quality composite. This study will be helpful. This overview assesses the information and mindfulness on the utilization of gold and silver nanoparticles in endodontic practice. An absolute number of 20 articles were chosen—period (or) term considered for reference articles 2000 to 2020. The information for this article was gathered from web search tools like Pubmed, Google Scholar, Mesh, Cochrane, Semantic Scholar. Through this examination, we have talked about the mindfulness utilization of gold and silver nanoparticles in endodontic practice. It makes professionals know about the benefits of gold and silver nanoparticles. --- ## Knowledge and Awareness of Artificial Food Colours and its Impact on Nutrition and Health Among Adolescent Population **Authors:** Ganesh S, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Jothi Priya A **Published:** 2020-10-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3521 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Food Colour, Permitted Colour, Adolescents, Health Problems, Nutrition Consumption Food serves as the primary factor for human survival. Various types of foods are consumed by different people of various localities. For children and adolescents, the food is consumed predominantly by its colour. Unfortunately, the natural colours of food are not maintained as such and are altered by using several non-permissible artificial food colour additives. A large body of laboratory research has demonstrated that changing the intensity/saturation of the colour of food and beverage items can exert a sometimes dramatic impact on the expectations, and hence on the subsequent experiences, of consumers (or participants in the lab). However, should the colour not match the taste, then the result may well be a negatively valenced disconfirmation of expectation. The study was designed to find the impact of colour of food in nutrition consumption among 100 participants. In our study, 58% male and 42% female participated, out of them 60% are undergraduates, 29% are graduates, 8% are postgraduates and 3% are uneducated. 75% of the population says colour of food affects nutritional consumption. 63% answered nutritional value of food is dependent upon its colour. The study found that the colour of food can cause an impact on nutritional consumption of health among the adolescent population. As prevention is better than cure, it is essential to implement certain rules or law to evaluate the frequency of using toxic non permitted colour as well as permitted colours and also to prevent ill effects on using both synthetic colour (non-permitted colours) and permitted colour above permissible law to improve health among the population. --- ## Prevalence of OSMF cases in various age groups correlating with habits and treatment outcomes in Saveetha Dental College: A prevalence study **Authors:** Aklesha Behera, Abilasha R, Pratibha Ramani, Gheena S, Hannah R **Published:** 2020-10-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3519 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Correlation, Age, Grade, OSMF, Interincisal Mouth Opening Oral submucous fibrosis is a chronic, progressive, scarring precancerous condition of the oral cavity seen predominantly in the Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia. OSMF is caused by consumption of areca nuts and tobacco products. Patients suffer from trismus and other related problems. Interincisal mouth opening ranges between 24 to 55 mm in this study, hence making the study groups between I to III. The aim of the study is to find a correlation between age, habits and treatment outcome in OSMF patients. Data was procured from patient records of 86000 patients who visited from between June 2019 and March 2020 and analysis was done. Age is between 21 to 64 years. Male preponderance is seen 92.4% pan chewing is common (35.9%). Interincisal opening is between 24 to 55 mm, making the OSMF grade I and II. OSMF affects people aged 21 to 64 years and the interincisal mouth opening is between 24 to 55 mm, making the grades I and II. --- ## Prevalence of Partial Edentulism in Patients Visiting a University Dental Hospital **Authors:** Subashri A, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3517 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Partial, Edentulism, Extraction, Oral Hygiene Status Oral health status of a population depends on edentulism (partial). Tooth loss has an impact in various aspects of quality of life of an individual. The prevalence and extent have been reduced in various countries because of advancing technologies. Various different classifications have been proposed in the previous literature for partial edentulism. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from the period of June 2019 to April 2020 between the age group 25-40 years for the population visiting a private dental college. Data collection was done and statistically analyzed using SPSS Software. Out of the 4829 population included in the study, 42.4 % were female and 57.6% of the males. Based on the age, 50.3% were within 25-30 years, 25.1% of them were 31-35 years and 24.6% of them between 36-40 years. Based on gender, Females were 42.3% and males were 57.6%. There was a significant association between the age, gender and missing tooth. It can be concluded that the prevalence of edentulism increases with age, thereby needing prosthodontic rehabilitation. --- ## Behaviour and perception of hand hygiene practice among dental students - A cross-sectional study **Authors:** Danisca U, Yuvaraj Babu K, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-10-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3522 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hand Hygiene, Hand Washing Technique, Infection, Dental Survey, Hand Disinfectant, Community Based Infections Hand hygiene is the act of cleaning one’s hands to remove oil, grease, microorganisms (or) other unwanted substances. Hand hygiene is considered as a primary practice which is used to reduce the risk and spread of infections to some extent. Washing hands with soap and water are considered the best way to remove germs. It helps in preventing diarrhea and uncomfortable intestinal diseases and reduces bacterial content on our hands. Health care professionals use alcohol-based hand disinfectant to prevent healthcare-associated infections and transmission of pathogens. Another widely used standard precautionary measure is wearing protective gloves. The main aim of this study is to assess the knowledge of hand hygiene practice of dental students. The present study is a cross-sectional study conducted among 100 dental students. The questionnaire consisted of 15 questions which were circulated among dental students through an online survey link. The questions were read carefully, and the answers were marked accordingly. The data was then collected and statistically analyzed. 93% of the participants think that hand hygiene is really necessary for day to day life. 88% of the participants think that maintaining proper hand hygiene helps us to be free from infections. The present-day dental students have very good knowledge about hand hygiene practice. --- ## Precautions and Importance of PPE - Assessment of Knowledge Among Dental Health Care Workers - A Questionnaire Based Study **Authors:** Preethi G, Abilasha R, Dinesh Premavathy **Published:** 2020-10-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3518 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Health Care Workers, PPE, Awareness, Infections, Masks, Gloves, Personal Hygiene Healthcare workers are at constant risk due to the infections which occur due to exposure of blood and other body fluids from infected patients. Standard precautions must be taken like maintenance of personal hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, etc. to stay safe. Thus, this study assesses the knowledge of health care workers on the importance of PPE in order to improve the awareness towards the usage of PPE during essential periods of risk. The study setting was done through an online survey among health care workers. The collected data were then analyzed in SPSS online software and the results were plotted in the form of bar graphs. From the data, it is inferred that knowledge of PPE among health care workers is well known in the majority of the responders. But more awareness must be created on the importance of PPE for the safety and welfare of all health care workers. Health care workers are at constant risk due to the infections which can occur due to exposure of blood and other body fluids. PPE plays a major role in protecting against these infections. Thus, it is important and mandatory to wear them on a daily basis for a safe and protective work environment. --- ## Age and Gender Predilection of Habits and Oral Cancer Among an Outpatient Population Visiting a Dental Hospital **Authors:** Anubhav Das, Gheena S, Ravindra Kumar Jain **Published:** 2020-10-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3547 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chromosomal, Carcinoma, Dysplasia, Epithelium, Gene, Mucosa, Mutation Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common neoplasm representing more than 80% of all oral cancer cases. Squamous cell carcinoma is defined as a “malignant epithelial neoplasm exhibiting squamous differentiation as characterized by the formation of keratin and/ or the presence of intercellular bridges”. Most of the epidemiological studies have revealed that heavy smoking and alcohol intake are the most important risk factors for oral cancer. Poor dental hygiene, accompanied by tooth loss, certain oncogenic viruses have been associated with an increased risk of cancer. The purpose of this study was to analyze the gender and age predilection of habits and oral cancer among an outpatient population visiting a dental college. This was a retrospective study (2019-2020) in which data on 34 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) were investigated. The patient records were reviewed and analysed between January 2019 and March 2020. All the 34 patient data were tabulated in excel, reviewed and was classified according to the border's grading system. Following which data was imported to SPSS software by IBM for descriptive statistical analysis and chi-square test was performed. A significant association between OSCC and age group (45-50 Years) was observed though it was statistically insignificant (p value=0.64). Males have a higher incidence of OSCC compared to females in the same age group. A significant association is observed between Gutka, Smoking and pan chewing with OSCC. OSCC is the most commonly occurring oral cancer and there is a high predilection of the OSCC with age, gender and habits. Dentists play a key role in screening, detection and treatment of oral malignancies and can help in educating the public to bring about more awareness towards prevention of Oral Cancer. --- ## Statin and Spirulina: Will it be an Effective combination in Management of Type 2 Diabetes and it’s Complications **Authors:** Anand Vijaya Kumar P R, Kokul Rajan P, Seema A, Balashanmugam K **Published:** 2020-10-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3563 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Diabetic Complication, Spirulina, Statin, Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Type 2 diabetes results from the body’s ineffective use of insulin. Type 2 diabetes comprises most people with diabetes around the world and is associated with various complications such as diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardio vascular diseases, depression, dementia, sexual dysfunction etc. Spirulina classified as a cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae which has been used for centuries as a food source in other countries. spirulina is also being promoted to prevent, treat, or cure several conditions, including high cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, depression, viral hepatitis, and malnutrition. A few assertions have been tested, but most trials have been small, poorly designed, or inconclusive. Statins suppress the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase via Melvonate pathway. The health advantage of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors is believed to expand behind their cholesterol lowering effects. Such pleiotropic effects of statins incorporate complimentary effects on endothelial function, systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. The above-mentioned effects were predicted to decrease the risk of diabetes, even though statins are supported by most patients, some study suggested it is affiliated with new onset of diabetes mellitus. Despite dispute discoveries, many studies suggest that different statins may relay distinct possibility of diabetes. The problem is, there's little or no scientific evidence to back up such claims. Hence this review is under taken to analyse the potential benefits if spirulina and statin in management of type 2 diabetes and its complications. Many previous studies were analysed thoroughly, and it was found that combination of spirulina and statin is found to reduce the diabetes and its complications. --- ## Prevalence, utilization and determinants of complete postnatal care services among rural women in northern Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Shivani G, Nisha B, Ruma Dutta, Timsy Jain, Ananth Eashwar **Published:** 2020-10-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3556 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Maternal Health, Post-Natal Care, 30 Cluster Survey, Utilization, Rural Area Postnatal care is the care given to the mother and her newborn baby immediately after birth up to first six weeks after delivery. Receiving 4 complete postnatal visits by healthcare workers helps to decrease the maternal and neonatal mortality rates. The present study was conducted with the aim of assessing the utilization and determinants of post-natal care among mothers who gave birth. This community based cross sectional study was conducted in the rural area of northern Tamilnadu with 210 mothers who delivered a year prior to commencement of study by “30 cluster sampling method”. A pretested, semi-structured data tool was used. Descriptive variables were presented as proportions and frequencies. Chi-square test was used to ascertain the associations. Only 78.1% had received their first postnatal care within 24 hours. The prevalence of complete postnatal care services was found to be 16.2%. The main reason behind it was lack of knowledge/ignorance about the benefits of postnatal services. The present age of the mother, family type, parity, postnatal care counseling and cultural beliefs were significantly associated with utilization of post-natal check-ups. As the prevalence and utilization of postnatal care is considerably low, development of health facilities, the promotion of service providers, sustainable maternal and child health programs and awareness-raising will further promote better outcomes. --- ## Selection of uric acid oxidizing-Lactobacillus plantarum isolates based on their genetic determinant and uricase kinetics **Authors:** Desi Meriyanti, Made Artika I, Novik Nurhidayat **Published:** 2020-10-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3559 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lactobacillus plantarum, uox Gene, Urate Oxidase, Uric Acid, Uricas Hyperuricemia is a condition characterized by abnormally elevated levels of uric acid in the blood. It has been a leading morbidity disease. Microbial uricase can be used to oxidize uric acid into allantoin and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of oxygen and therefore has the potential to play an essential role in reducing uric acid in the people suffering from degenerative disease of hyperuricemia. The present study aims to select uric acid oxidizing-Lactobacillus plantarum isolates based on their genetic determinant and uricase kinetics. A collection of Lactobacillus plantarum isolates were grown on a selective differential medium followed by measuring their uricase activity spectrophotometrically. Specific primers for detection of uricase gene were designed. The uricase coding gene (uox) was then detected in all of the selected isolates by using a qPCR method employing the designed specific primers. The uricase kinetics was determined by the Lineweaver-Burk method. Results showed that all isolates had uricase activity and 4 potential isolates were selected based on their superior uricase activity. The uox gene was detected in all of the selected isolates. The kinetics analysis, however, revealed that only the L. plantarum K-Mar-A2 show strongest substrate affinity and was considered a potential candidate to be developed as a source of therapeutic agent for hyperuricemia. --- ## Phytochemical and pharmacological assessment of leaf extract of Pedalium murex Linn herb **Authors:** Gomathi Swaminathan, Srikanth Jupudi, Sathish R, Roshan NS, Kalirajan Rajagopal **Published:** 2020-10-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3549 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Colorectal Carcinoma, Free Radicals, MTT Assay, Pedalium murex Linn, Phytoconstituents Herbal plants have been used to avert and to heal numerous ailments for thousands of years. There are reputable sources of active components using their health beneficial effects, and repeatedly, these sources are materials for gourmet food feastings. Specific bioactive components from the herbs have been established for their anti-neoplastic activities. The herbal plant Pedalium murex Linn (Family: Pedaliaceae) universally known to the world as “Large Caltrops”. The plant is rich in flavonoids, phenolics and glycosides. The key target of the contemporary research was to explore the free radical scavenging, in vitro anti-tumour potential of Pedalium murex Linn leaves in non-polar petroleum ether & polar ethanol solvent extracts. Preliminary phytochemical examination of extracts showed that this plant leaf contains alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids & tannins. This initial investigation proved that Pedalium murex Linn (95% v/v of ethanol extract) leaves (EEPM) were significantly reduced and inhibit the free radicals. IC 50 values were representing, EEPM possessed strong anti-oxidant activity when compared to petroleum ether extract of Pedalium murex Linn. leaves. In vitro anti-neoplastic activity of EEPM was studied on the two different cancer cell lines such as HCT116, HepG2 by MTT assay method. All the four different doses of EEPM (62.5, 125, 250 & 500 µg/ml) produced significant activity against HepG2 cell lines. It shows that phyto lead molecules such as flavonoids & phenolic compounds existing in the EEPM may be accountable for the anti-cancer activities. --- ## Case studies on the association of Iron Deficiency Anemia with Thrombocytopenia and Reactive Thrombocytosis **Authors:** Nalini Jeyaprakash, Sudha M **Published:** 2020-10-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3567 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** IDA, Thrombocytosis, Thrombocytopenia, Pearson’s Correlation Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent blood disorder. Iron deficiency stands as a major cause for most of the anemia cases in the country. So, suggestions and efforts are being made to signify the importance of iron in regular diet and in the form of supplementation. Iron deficiency can be addressed effectively but when untreated it can lead to other severe disorders. Thrombocytosis and Thrombocytopenia are two interlinked related to iron deficiency in most cases. Literature suggests that Reactive thrombocytosis (RT) is common in patients with iron deficiency. This study focusses on the retrospective investigations and correlation of the relationship between the ferritin content, anemia, platelet counts and normalization of the same with iron supplementation. Out of the 165 patients, 72 were fit for the study after subjecting to the exclusion criteria of inflammatory diseases, infections, neoplasms etc. These 72 were segregated on the basis of the diagnosis of Thrombocytosis or Thrombocytopenia to establish proper correlation. 61 of 72 patients were diagnosed with thrombocytosis which constituted about 84.72% of the selected patients. 11 of 72 patients were diagnosed with thrombocytopenia. In this study it is clearly evident that both reactive thrombocytosis and thrombocytopenia are resultant of IDA. The platelet levels were elevated in many patients and in few their levels were lowered . The determining factor of platelets count is ferritin saturation. The changes in the iron saturation resulted in both elevation and depression in the platelet count. The platelet morphology lead to the changes in the platelet parameters. it can be advocated that both the conditions are rare and can occur concurrently in patients with IDA. --- ## Evaluation of self abilities among people with advanced cancer **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3550 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Daily Living Skills, ADL, Cancer, Life-Threatening Illness Living with cancer can have adverse effects on the self. Various factors affect the person self in daily life. It is well documented that encouragement can provide hope and engagement for a person with cancer to engage in his activities of daily living. The support of family and friends helps the persons to lead his life along with the illness. Cancer rehabilitation is a rapidly evolving field all over the world, in large part because of increases in the number of cancer survivors. Everybody wishes to restore the function as resume their lives as usual. Few argue with the rehabilitation experts that treatment options differ from country to country, and does it affect the survival rate? Little research is done to explore how the self of the person suffering in advanced stages of cancer, and we aim to evaluate how people with cancer experience their sense of self. Thirty interviews were conducted with ten patients with advanced cancer, and grounded theory approach was used for statistical evaluation of data. Accepting self and reassessing self was the result of engaging the person in a specific occupation, which is considered to have a core in rehabilitating the person with advanced cancer. Engagement towards occupation influence the self of a person with advanced cancer. --- ## Evaluation of Aerobic Fitness among Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3542 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aerobic Fitness, Primary School Children, DCD, 6MWT, CSAPPA A characteristic hallmark motor in proficiency marks developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Children with DCD have low confidence in their physical abilities and lower perceived self-efficacy toward physical activities than their age-matched peer-group children without DCD. The study aims to evaluate aerobic fitness among children diagnosed with Developmental Coordination Disorder and to examine whether their lies any individual differences among children, who were suspects of DCD. Twenty children were enrolled in after baseline examination as DCD using DCDQ. Each child completed 6 Minute Walk test and Children’s Self-perception of Adequacy in and the predilection for Physical Activity (CSAPPA). When considering the individual differences among children with DCD, there occurs a different result and cardiovascular fitness trend in children with DCD. Fitness is related to the self-perception of ability among children. This study provides evidence that self-perception ability among children is an essential component that needs to be considered when planning therapeutic intervention to enhance cardiovascular fitness in children with DCD. --- ## Identification of Factor VIII Gene Mutations in Patients with Haemophilia A **Authors:** Maysoon Mohammed Hassan **Published:** 2020-10-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3531 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** FVIII Gene Mutations, Haemophilia A, Point Mutations, DNA Sequencing The study is aimed to detect the primary mutations of the FVIII gene among Iraqi patients using molecular analysis and to identify the relationships between these mutations and the severity of the disease. The study involved twenty-five patients with haemophilia type A, eighteen of those patients were males, and seven of them were mothers with disease carriers, from seven families but un-related. The extracted DNA determined by the concentration and purity and then after the amplification of selected parts of the FVIII gene involving intron 22 and exons 18, 22, 23, 24 were done. Sequencing of these exons and introns were done for all patients and control subjects. Sequencing analysis showed that the majority of mutations were "point mutations" in exons, mostly in exon 24. In contrast, the mutations in exon 18 were identified in one male in addition to one carrier mother. The mutations in exon 22 were identified in four patients, and the mutation in exon 23 was identified in two males in addition to two carrier mothers. The mutations in exon 24 were identified in twelve patients with haemophilia in addition to two carrier mothers. Moreover, the numbers of identified inversion mutations in the study were seven in hemophilic patients. The study showed there was a direct relationship between the severity of disease and the mutations in exon 24 and intron 22. So, the ultimate conclusion of this study showed that the most common mutations in Iraqi hemophilic patients were exon 24 mutations and followed by intron 22 mutations. The majority of these mutations occurred in severe cases of haemophilia. --- ## The medical laboratory prosecution of Covid – 19: pathogenesis and diagnosis **Authors:** Sophia Thomas, Akriti Jain, Divya P Mohan, Arzoo R Alagh, Shweta Pandey, Arvind Bhake **Published:** 2020-10-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3540 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid – 19 Virus, Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Laboratory Model The outbreak of Covid – 19 is now a pandemic affecting population pan continentally. It has challenged the health system at various levels such as case identification, diagnostic laboratory workup, management and treatment and the epidemiological aspects of preventive interventions. It is so because this viral infection has never ever been encountered in past. The coronavirus is a single stranded RNA virus with a few peculiarities of structure such as spike glycoprotein (S). This structural protein has been attributed to pathogenesis of Covid – 19 infections. The transmission of Covid - 19 is by droplets and aerosol. It primarily affects lungs, and its binding sites are cellular receptor of ACE II of pneumocytes. The morbidities and fatalities associated to Covid-19 infection are attributed to cytokine storm. It chiefly affects lungs producing pneumonitis. There are other manifestations of Covid – 19 infections. The diagnosis of Covid – 19 infection is by PCR of nasopharyngeal swab and samples from trachea and bronchi. The antibody (IgM and IgG) testing too is advised but as a auxiliary methods in support of diagnosis.The hematological manifestations and biochemistry of the blood helps in suspecting and predicting the course of Covid – 19 infection. The present review imbibes within it, the various scientific nuances of novel corona virus that introduces Covid -19 infection and explains the characteristics of the virus, pathogenesis and cytokine storm, immune evasion, lung injury, histological alteration, laboratory diagnosis, biosafety, parameters of significance in laboratory ,rRT-PCR of viral RNA and the proposed model of laboratory evaluation of Covid – 19 infection. The review provides a model for resource limited hospital at screening and confirmation of Covid – 19 infections which will simplify, augment and enable the necessary hospital services and corrective therapeutic interventions. --- ## Comprehending and Executing Aacharrasayana in the context of COVID 19 **Authors:** Priti Desai, Anita Wanjari, Deepali Giri **Published:** 2020-10-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3543 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Aacharrasayana, Code of conduct, COVID 19, Pandemic, Social Health The COVID 19 pandemic had disrupted the lives of all socio-economic groups of the global population. The lockdowns, social distancing, financial adversities, continuous fear of being a victim to the virus had left every individual desperate with a feeling of vulnerability. Irrespective of all possible efforts at the global level, no ultimate solution to get rid of this virus is available till date except for the preventive measures. Various medicines and formulations are into practice, which may boost one’s immunity to fight against the virus. This catastrophic scenario had resulted in an impact on the human being in all aspects, physical, mental, emotional, social and behavioural. Ayurveda, the science of life has encompassed all these aspects through its preventive and curative principles. Aacharrasayana, code of conduct or behavioural discipline is one such modality that entails perfect mental, physical, social and spiritual health of the human being. The execution of Aacharrasayana in this situation can immensely contribute in restoring mental, spiritual and social health. This review aims to interpret the implementation of various aspects of Aacharrasayanain context of COVID 19 and its utility in combatting the dreadful crisis. --- ## Neem (Azadiracta indica) a possible silver bullet in Covid 19 **Authors:** Pallavi Moreshwar Kanitkar, Shanmuga Subramanian, Neeta Deshpande, Shirish K, Meera Dhengale Patil **Published:** 2020-10-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3544 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Covid 19, SARS-CoV-2, Azadiracta indica, Cytokine storm, Immuno modulator In past few years, multiple new viral diseases like SARS,MARS and Ebola are emerging all over the world. Due to global warming and pollution, people are becoming more susceptible to all infectious diseases. Recurrent mutations in these viruses make it difficult to create vaccine. So again there is need of safer and natural remedies which can help to sustain health of the present world and which can be used without potential hazards. The recent pandemic of Covid 19 is one of the example of a global crisis emerged by SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is causing acute as well as silent chronic damage to various systems in human body. Neem (Azadiracta indica) is found to have following properties as per various studies- It has Broad spectrum antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiretroviral and antimalerial effect. It has proinflammatory cytokine inhibitor and immunomodulator effect. It has hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect. It has thrombolytic properties. It has ACE inhibitor action. As per its docking study, it has high inhibition against COVID-19 Main Protease. As Covid 19 is responsible for severe cytokine storm induced complications and coagulopathies, the Neem can be useful as a single Silver bullet in Covid 19 in both prophylactic and curative aspect. It can even be helpful in post Covid complications. --- ## Effectiveness of Motor Imagery Training for Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder Among Indian Children - A Pilot Study **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3534 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), Internal Modelling Deficit, Motor Imagery (MI), Motor Imagery Training, Cognitive Orientation to Daily Occupational Performance (COOP) Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) experiences difficulty in performing coordinated movement task as there is a defect in the internal modelling of movements. The aetiology of DCD has been examined in several studies which reveal several viable hypotheses including reduced processing speed, problems in executive functioning, poor cross-model integration and low perceptual-motor coupling. Researchers well documented that the predictive control of movements is impaired in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), it was examined that impaired control of movements was due to a deficit in the internal modelling of movements. Motor imagery training has been used to test this internal modelling deficit. Motor imagery training is useful for children with DCD as it focuses on internal modelling of movements. The current study aims to examine the effectiveness of Motor imagery training focused on mental imagery task to enhance the movement coordination abilities of children with DCD. By random sampling, 20 children with DCD were randomly divided into two groups, Group A received MI training, and Group B received COOP- Cognitive orientation to daily occupational performance. Both groups received intervention for nine sessions of 45 minutes. The results provided by the current study will help to describe treatment protocol for children with DCD with evidence. Both children and therapist will be benefited from the study. --- ## Anticancer potential of sclareol against human KB oral carcinoma cell line invitro **Authors:** Anandhi Nallu, Suresh Kathiresan **Published:** 2020-10-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3551 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sclareol, KB Cells, DNA Damage, Cell Viability, Anticancer Sclareol, a labdane diterpene phytochemical in the various genus Salvia of the herbaceous plant has been anti-carcinogenic properties on numerous human cancer cell lines. Till known the anticancer properties of sclareol on human oral KB cancer cells are not revealed. Therefore, we scrutinized the viability, nucleate damage associated with apoptosis in KB cells treated with sclareol. The cytotoxicity of KB cells displayed to sclareol was evaluated by hexosaminidase and trypan blue exclusion assay. Apoptosis was noticed by Hoechst staining and affirmed by nucleate damage. We discovered that sclareol treatment for KB cells with expressively lessened cell proliferation or viability and evoked cell death in a dose-dependent manner compared with untreated control. Sclareol stimulated inhibition of growing of oral KB cells came along to be induction nucleate damage. Our data proved that sclareol on stimulated apoptosis in human oral KB cancer cells through nucleate damage. These observations recommend the anti-cancer properties of sclareol. --- ## Covid-19: A Pandemic Situation — Review Article **Authors:** Sneha Chhapare, Roshna Sukhdeoji Bhutada **Published:** 2020-10-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3545 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, COVID-19 Disease, Respiratory Disease, Pandemic, Spread, Death Now COVID-19 has been declared as the pandemic disease, i.e. global health emergency by WHO. Till 13/4/20 number of people got affected is 18,64,629 and 1,15,286 death all over the world. Rate of infection is increasing with passing days not only in India but in other countries also. The viruses are zoonotic and causing severe respiratory diseases in human. In India till 13/4/20, infected people are above 9,352 and death pole crosses 324. Today everyone is known with the name of this disease, but simultaneously the detailed review and precaution measures should also be known to control or stop the further spread. To study COVID-19, the pandemic situations. To explore the origin and spread of the corona virus and COVID-19. The preventions and treatment on it. Interventions by government. Awareness about the disease and pandemic. The data was collected from different websites, news, books and articles. Even after the disease become pandemic, many people are unknown with the facts, the severity of global health outbreaks, precautions to take and importance of intervention by the government as about quarantine and lock down. This review study reaches up to all the facts regarding COVID-19, and it's pandemic to spread more awareness. --- ## The Combination of Lonicera japonica Thunb. and Other Herbs to Cure Common Diseases in Vietnam **Authors:** Huynh Tan Hoi **Published:** 2020-10-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3541 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lonicera japonica Thunb, Herbs, Oriental Medicine, Therapy Medicines from natural herbs are simple to use, easy to find, both with curative value while minimizing unwanted side effects. It's natural active ingredients help increase immunity, support treatment, and prevent diseases quite well. Knowing about these herbs will help us to take better care of ourselves and our loved ones. In current curative methods, traditional medicine methods are being trusted and used by many people because traditional medicine brings many health benefits, helps patients treat their diseases well and improve their health. The remedies from oriental medicine are derived from natural herbs, so they are very good for us. Surely everyone will know some types of plants in the family, in the garden, or just around the house such as ginger, lemongrass, etc. has an excellent healing effect. Therefore, the herbs available in nature can be turned into a cure without spending as much money as when using a Western medication. Currently, many patients are using natural herbal remedies for the highest effectiveness. In particular, many patients are suffering from dangerous and difficult to cure diseases who have sought to cure with traditional medicine and herbal medicine; they have seen better progress with these treatments. This paper mentions lonicera japonica Thunb as an excellent herb because of its effects, and by combining with other herbs successfully, these therapies can cure many diseases. --- ## What is needed to patients in palliative care - Review of the patients perspectives in palliative care **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3536 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Everyday Life, Occupational Therapy, Participation, Palliative Care Worldwide the prevalence reports documented that nearly 40 million people needed palliative care, but only 10% of the population receives palliative care treatment. Many have asked for the palliative care, but only a few receive it. It requires a team of professional to deliver good quality palliative support and care for the people who required it. It doesn't aim to cure any particular set of symptoms, but it aims at the quality of life of the people who were at the end of their life. It supports them physically as well as psychologically. Majority of the researchers in occupational therapy were aimed at analyzing the impact of intervention over the patients in palliative care. But there is a need to examine what patients in palliative care want to prioritize. The review aims to explore the needs of patients in palliative care, which are considered vital for them. The review was conducted with the specific criteria of articles selected from the year 2018 to 2020. Articles which were published in the English language were analyzed, and participants of age greater than 20 years were focused, and their experience was documented. Twenty articles were selected, and all these articles were used one to one interview method. The concept of "occupational therapy and its importance for people at the end of their life” is identified. The study concludes that continued occupational therapy is vital for everybody in palliative care. --- ## A green analytical method for estimation of letermovir in degradation studies **Authors:** Anusha Kota, Kumudha Valli M V **Published:** 2020-10-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3532 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Forced Degradation, Letermovir, Stability Indicating, U.P.L.C-M.S/M.S The present established analytical method depicts identification of degradation products of letermovir with the aid of U.P.L.C-M.S/M.S. Letermovir was subjected to hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis and thermal pressure, according to with I.C.H conditions. The analyte shows degradation in oxidative and photolysis stress conditions. The analyte elution was finished on an intersil ODS column (150 × 4.6 m.m; 5 μ.m) with polar eluent contains water and methanol (20:80%, v/v) in an isocratic elution mode at a flow rate of 0.6m.L/min. The eluents have been monitored through the use of a U.P.L.C-M.S/M.S and linearity range was obtained from 50-500 ng./m.L. The method was found to be stable and precision study was expressed in %R.S.D, ranged from 0.43 to 1.69. The developed method was validated as per I.C.H guidelines. No prior approach became made concerning degradation behavior of letermovir. The multiple reaction monitoring transitions were set at 573.31→381.12(m/z) and 288.10→176.10(m/z) for Letermovir and Tenofovir disoproxil respectively. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 50-550.00ng/ml with lower limit of quantification validated at 50ng/mL. The inter and intra-day accuracy values were below 15% at all quality control levels. The within run and between run precisions were within 15%, while accuracy ranged from 97.07 to 101.98. The degradation products were characterized by comparing their collision induced dissociation mass spectral data with that of Letermovir and the most possible degradation and fragmentation pathways were identified. --- ## The prevalence of developmental co-ordination disorder among primary school **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3538 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Prevalence, Developmental Co-ordination Disorder, Kancheepuram Developmental Co-ordination Disorder will have an impact in the gross motor, and the fine motor co-ordination of daily living activities of children and the academic performance of children with Developmental Co-ordination Disorder is low due to handwriting difficulty. There are also deficits in reading skills, working memory skills and mathematical skills. There may be problems associated with psychosocial aspects in relationship with peers and socialisation, low self-esteem, anxiety and low mood. The DCD prevalence in the United States is 5-8%, 5.6% in Egypt, 5.7% in Greek and 1.8% in the United Kingdom and 5.9% in Canada, 30% in Brazil and India it is found to be 1.6% in West India, 21.6% in Karnataka. In Tamil Nadu at Kattupakkam, it was found to be 3.22%, and Kattankulathur had 1.37%. Since there is no evidence of DCD prevalence in Primary schools at Tamil Nadu, the current study aims at finding the prevalence of DCD among primary school children at Kancheepuram. This Survey, with a cross-sectional study, was initiated. Two hundred children participated in the study. The Developmental Co-ordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ) was used to identify DCD in primary school children at Kancheepuram. Seventy children were identified as DCD, and it revealed that the prevalence rate was 120.20 in 1000 children. The prevalence estimate was high in boys than in girls. There is a prevailing estimate of 120.20 in 1000 children of Developmental co-ordination disorder between the age group of 5 and 11 years exists among primary schools at Kancheepuram. The study concluded the need for early identification and intervention to promote awareness among parents and teachers in a school setting about developmental co-ordination disorder. --- ## Impact of COVID 19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis **Authors:** Deepanshu Chawla, Pankaj Wagh, Saood Ali, Ulhas Jadhav, Babaji Ghewade **Published:** 2020-10-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3533 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Covid19, Tuberculosis, Pandemic, fomite, Social distancing Covid19 or SARS COV 2 is the most dreaded pandemic of the century, causing widespread mortality and morbidity. On the other hand, tuberculosis is an age-old disease killing billions around the globe every year. Both the diseases have caused a significant loss of human lives along with socio-economic constraints. While SARS Cov 2 is a very new disease, tuberculosis is known to humanity for thousands of years. Tuberculosis is an airborne infection while Covid spreads via droplet spread and through fomite as well. Tuberculosis and complications related to it may lead to increased mortality due to poor lung compliance. Moreover, Tuberculosis control programmed may get affected due to the ongoing pandemic. To decrease the adverse outcome of Covid19 on Tb strict measures like proper social distancing, hand hygiene, compliance to Anti Tubercular drugs, domiciliary Tb care and strengthening immune system may prove important. Measures like the use of masks, proper cough hygiene and repeated washing of hands may play a role in decreasing the spread of tuberculosis as well and might also play a role in the elimination of tuberculosis. The article also highlights the measures taken in a rural hospital in central India for the management of COVID 19 and Tuberculosis and the possible difficulties faced in the management of tuberculosis during the Covid pandemic. --- ## Effect of Cupping Therapy versus Continuous Aerobic Exercise on Lipid Profile in Hypertensive Men **Authors:** Aya M Mahmoud, Karim A Fathy, Ahmed Y Ali **Published:** 2020-10-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3537 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cupping Therapy, Aerobic Exercise, Lipid Profile, Hypertensive Blood pressure and lipid profile are strongly linked to function, particularly in patients with hypertension disease (HTN). That study was aimed to differentiate between the cupping therapy and continuous aerobic exercise effect on lipid profile in hypertensive men. Thirty volunteers male patient with primary hypertension selected from outpatients Desouk general hospital. Their age ranged between 40-50 years, they were divided into two equal groups: group (A) attended a program of cupping therapy one time per month for three months and group (B) attended a program of continuous aerobic exercise on a treadmill for 30 minutes, two times per week for three months. Analysis of the results revealed that there was a major decrease in blood pressure (systole and diastole) and lipid profile (Triglyceride LDL, and Total Cholesterol) and increase in HDL during the cupping therapy closely same continuous aerobic exercise. A major decrease post treatment compared with that pre-treatment (p > 0.05) in both groups, but there was no major difference between both groups (A, B) in pre-treatment and also post treatment (p > 0.05). Both cupping therapy, as well as continuous aerobic exercises, showed a significant decrease in blood pressure and lipid profile (Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride and LDL) and a significant increase in HDL post-treatment compared with that pre-treatment. --- ## Microbial Oxidoreductases: Biotechnological and Synthetic Applications **Authors:** Manas Ranjan, Aashi Thakur, Chirag Chopra, Reena Singh **Published:** 2020-10-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3535 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alcohol Dehydrogenase, Bioremediation, Enzyme, Hydrolases, Oxidoreductase, Oxidation-Reduction Reaction Enzymes are biocatalysts responsible for driving all biochemical reactions in the cells. The enzymes determine the physiology of a cell and together regulate the growth and proliferation of cells in response to various environmental signals. The ability of cells to adapt and respond to environmental conditions can be utilized for industrial applications. Hydrolases and oxidoreductases are the most common classes of enzymes used in various industries such as pharmaceutical, food and beverages, bioremediation and biofuels, among others. Oxidoreductases are the EC1 class enzymes that catalyze the biological oxidation and reduction reactions. They transfer electrons from one molecule (reductant that donates electron) to other molecules (oxidants those accept electron). Usually, the enzymes of this class are NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) or NADP (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)-dependent. The oxidoreductases are a diverse class of enzymes responsible for catalyzing highly stereo selective and regioselective reactions, because of which they are the enzymes of choice for synthesis of optically-active compounds. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is one of the most studied oxidoreductases. Generally, ADHs have narrow specificity towards their substrates. Here we are looking for ADH having high/ broad specificity towards the substrate. This review discusses the enzyme oxidoreductase, synthetic transformation with oxidoreductase and application of oxidoreductase in bioremediation. --- ## Healthcare workers novel coronavirus (nCOVID 19) life-threatening situation during the pandemic **Authors:** Shweta Dadarao Parwe, Avinash Sukhdeorao Ingle, Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha, Bharat Rathi **Published:** 2020-10-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3600 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Healthcare Workers (HCWs), nCOVID -19, Pandemic, Physical and Mental health, Risk Factors Healthcare workers (HCWs) are the professional workers directly acquired infection during this coronavirus outbreak. Coronavirus potentially severe acute respiratory infection caused by nCOVID-19 has been declared by pandemic on 11th March 2020 by Word health organisation (WHO). The previous study has reported high susceptibility of respiratory infection in the HCWs. The HCWs are at increased risk for severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. The spread of coronavirus became global public health event, threatening physical and Mental Health of HCWs. This study reviews the possible risk factors for being infected HCWs and avoid transmission of infection at the workplace. Spreading the coronavirus day by day is the life-threatening condition for Health care workers during a pandemic. The community should understand the HCW’s increased responsibility during this public health emergency and must provide the necessary social support as well. There should be enough protective and preventive measures for avoiding transmission in HCWs. Apart from heavy duties HCWs while using PPEs they also have physical and mental exhaustion along with the fear produced out of risk-specific exposures. --- ## Effects of COVID-19 on Sexual and Reproductive health **Authors:** Shazia Mohammad, Neema Acharya, Kiran Borkar, Shirin Mohammad **Published:** 2020-10-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4432 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Outbreak, Pandemic, Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) The outbreak of novel coronavirus disease was first reported in China in December 2019, and WHO declared the coronavirus pandemic on 11 March 2020. Since then, all the continents have observed a fast-growing upward trend in number of confirmed cases. During the epidemics, Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and rights became a monumentous public health issue. The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is new to humans and there is only some experimental data available to describe the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) effects of COVID-19 disease, including clinical appearance and consequences of COVID-19 infection during birth, or for people with STI (sexually transmitted infections) or HIV-related immunosuppression. We should not neglect the bearings at the level of the health system and delays or interludes in the routine availability of SRH facilities outside the therapeutic reach of SRH, such as pre-and postnatal tests, safe abortion, contraception, HIV/AIDS, and sexually transmitted infections. In addition, other factors warrant consideration, such as the possible rise in gender-based violence and domestic abuse and the consequences of COVID-19-related stigma and prejudice and their effect on SRH customers and health care providers. Therefore, the research community has an immediate requirement for the creation of all-inclusive clinical, epidemiological, and psycho-social behavioral ties between COVID-19 and SRH and the effects of rights. A comprehensive systematic literature search of the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Medline, Cochrane and MedRxiv, was carried out. --- ## A Comparative Study of Cross Match With and Without Centrifugation in Covid-19 Positive Blood Samples in Blood Bank of a Tertiary Care Center in North India **Authors:** Ragini Singh, Garima Panwar, Sucheta Malik, Meenal Babra, Ghalaut PS **Published:** 2020-10-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3530 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 2019-nCoV, Centrifugation, Crossmatch, Incubation period Centrifugation is a frequently employed technique in transfusion medicine used for compatibility testing, ABO and Rh typing and cross-matching. However, there is considerable evidence that it can lead to the generation of aerosol particles of size up to 5 μm. If the fluid being processed contains an infectious micro-organism like 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), there could be a hazard due to the aerosols in the laboratory with particles capable of penetrating and being retained in the lower respiratory tract. Considering this, we wanted to determine if reliable cross-match testing can be done without the use of a centrifuge and if there are safer alternative testing methodologies available to perform a compatibility test. This was a cross-sectional study that included blood samples received in the blood bank along with requisition of blood components from 30 patients with coronavirus disease who tested 2019-nCoV positive by PCR and were admitted at BPS GMC, Sonepat and SGT Medical College Gurgaon from May 2020 to June 2020. Of the 30 samples processed, ten samples were subjected to cross-match by Immediate Spin Cross Match Method. Rest 20 samples were cross-matched by Saline Cross Match Method. However, in comparison to a standard saline cross-match where the incubation period is generally of 30 min, a prolonged incubation period of 45 min was adopted followed by addition of 22% Albumin. After that, the sample was observed for hemolysis and agglutination. The results obtained from both the methods were noted, compared and statistically analysed. --- ## Comparison between conventional tube method and gel card technique for blood crossmatching: A study in a tertiary care center of north India **Authors:** Ragini Singh, Prachi Garg, Anoop Kumar, Sucheta A, Meenal Babra **Published:** 2020-10-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3529 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Crossmatch, Gel Card, Spin Tube, Anti-Human Globulin The cross-matching of blood can be performed by various methods like saline tube method and gel card technique. Saline tube method is most commonly used in blood banks, whereas the latest method used is Gel card technique for cross-matching. Both techniques have their advantages and disadvantages. The main aim of this study was the comparison of gel card and conventional tube test for sensitivity and specificity, time and efficacy. This prospective study was done at the Department of Blood Transfusion, BPS GMC Khanpur Kalan, Sonipat, Haryana. A total of 500 samples collected at the Department of Blood Transfusion, were cross-matched using conventional tube method (spin tube method) with and without using AHG and Gel card Method. 497 (99.4%) samples were compatible, and 3 (0.6%) samples were incompatible with Gel card method, but by test tube method 492 (98.4%) samples were consistent, and 05(1.6%) were false positive (FP). Incompatibility of those 05 samples (FP) disappeared after incubation with AHG reagent at 37°C saline tube method. The sensitivity and specificity of both gel card method and saline tube method with AHG methods is 100% whereas the specificity of saline tube method without AHG is 98.9%. The sensitivity and specificity of the spin tube method and the gel card method are comparable to each other. But the gel card method is easy to perform, rapid, reliable procedure and results can be recorded. In contrast, spin saline tube method is more time consuming, and results cannot be preserved. Thus gel card technique can be preferred over the spin tube method. --- ## Knowledge and Perception Regarding Clinical Trials Among Dental Students - A Questionnaire Based Study **Authors:** Thaslima Nandhini J S, Vignesh Ravindran, Jeevitha M **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3486 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clinical Trials, Knowledge, Perception, Undergraduate, Research Clinical trials play an important role in improvement of quality on healthcare practice. Good clinical practice is a backbone of conductance of trials. A lack of knowledge may translate to a negative perception towards clinical trials. The study aims to evaluate the awareness of clinical trials among undergraduate dental students in a private dental institute. We have quantified the knowledge and perception of clinical trials by a structured validated questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered to dental students from first year undergraduate to third year Postgraduate. The percentage of questions answered were calculated and tabulated in the excel sheet. Data were analysed using SPSS statistical software and the chi-square test was done. P valve was set as 0.05 as a level of significance. From statistical analysis, postgraduate students (59.2%) had better knowledge than undergraduate students (40.8%). Around (46.7%) had been involved in clinical trial training. Within the limitations of current study, students pursuing postgraduate had a better knowledge of clinical trial methodology than compared to undergraduate students. --- ## Knowledge, attitude and perception regarding intellectual property rights among general dental practitioners of Chennai **Authors:** Deeksheetha P, Sri Sakthi, Nashra Kareem **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3497 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Intellectual Property, Dentistry, Plagiarism, Research and Development The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and perception of intellectual property rights among general dental practitioners of Chennai, Tamilnadu. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) has piqued the interests of many dentists, due to the extensive amount of research being done in the field and as there are bounteous amount of competitors in the field, the dentists have turned towards IPR for the protection of their intellectual works such as patents and researches. This was a questionnaire-based study that was done using an online survey platform in the month of April. The questionnaire was circulated among the general dental practitioners of Chennai, Tamilnadu. A total of 150 dental practitioners took part in this survey. Of which 46% (69) were female dentists, while the rest 54% (81) were Male dentists. The dentists were categorized based on age into 21-30 years of age 13% (17). 31-40 years of age: 15% (23). 41-60 years of age: 43% (65). >60 years of age: 9% (14). The dentists were further divided based on the years of experience, 11% (17) dentists had less than two years of experience. 15% (23) dentists had 2-4 years of experience. 12% (18) dentists had 5 to 10 years of experience, and 61% (92) dentists had more than ten years of experience. 16.67% (25) of the female dentists had good knowledge on IPR, while only 12.67% (19) of the Male dentists had good knowledge on IPR.53% (43) of the Male dentists had a positive attitude while only 46% (32) of the female dentists had a positive attitude towards IPR. Male dentists had 48.67% (73) good perception while 37.33% (56) female dentists and good perception. --- ## Complete Blood Count as a Diagnostic Marker in Oral Lichen Planus **Authors:** Indra G, Maragathavalli G, Deepika Rajendran **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3510 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Complete Blood Count, Diagnostic Marker, Oral Lichen Planus, OLP, Premalignant Condition Oral precancerous lesions and conditions like oral lichen planus, leukoplakia, or oral submucous fibrosis have the potential to develop into oral cancer. Oral cancer accounts for approximately 3 % of all malignancies. Oral lichen planus is a premalignant condition occurring in the oral cavity due to various factors. Blood investigations are routinely done minimally invasive procedures carried out for various diagnostic purposes. The study aims to identify if the complete blood count (CBC) can be used as a pathologic diagnostic marker in an oral premalignant disorder like oral lichen planus. A total of 64 patients (38 female, 26 male) were taken into the study between the period July 2019 - March 2020. Each patient is exposed to blood investigations, and their results are studied. The results of the study show a minimal variation in the blood results. In conclusion, to determine if it can be used as a pathological diagnostic marker in premalignant disorders like oral lichen planus, further studies must be carried out in larger populations. --- ## Association between gender and deep pit and fissure among index age group 35-45 years **Authors:** Nurul Husniyah Binti Che Soh, Arthi Balasubramaniam **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3495 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gender, Pit & Fissure, Index Age, Association Dental caries is a well-known factor leading to various dental complications, affecting both the health and quality of life. Type of pit and fissures such as "V" and "K" are more susceptible to dental caries where mechanical cleaning becomes a challenge. This study is conducted to evaluate the association of gender with deep pit and fissure among the Index age group 35-44 years old. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the patient records of the University hospital. A total of 103 consecutive case records of patients who underwent pit and fissure sealant were retrieved and analysed. Descriptive statistics were done to find the prevalence and association of gender and deep pit and fissures among the index age group. The number of teeth with bottomless pit and fissures was higher in males (52.43%) than in females (47.57%). Also, individuals of age group 35-40 years had a larger number of teeth with deep pit and fissures (74.75%) than the age group 41-45 years. No significant association was found between gender and the number of deep pits and fissures (p>0.05). The proportion of deep pit and fissures was high in males compared to females. --- ## Prevalence of smoking in patients with aphthous stomatitis: A retrospective case-control study **Authors:** Sivesh Sangar, Jayanth Kumar Vadivel, Visalakshi Ramanathan **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3508 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aphthous Stomatitis, Prevalence, Recurrence, Smoking Apthous stomatitis represents one of the most common ulcerations occurring in the oral cavity. This ulcer has an exclusive predilection of affecting the non-keratinized mucosa only. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of smoking in patients with apthous stomatitis. Seventy-six patients with recurrent apthous stomatitis attending Saveetha Dental Hospital, Chennai were included in the study. The data gathered was entered into an excel table, and the data analysis was done in SPSS. The data analysis revealed that the mean age of the collected samples of 76 patients was 32.21 years, and 67.1% of the samples were males. Analyzing the clinical variants, 70 patients had minor apthous stomatitis, five patients had major apthous stomatitis, and one patient had herpetiform apthous stomatitis. Results showed that patients who are not smokers have a higher rate of recurrence of recurrent apthous stomatitis compared to patients who are smokers with 6.6% being the prevalence rate for smokers and 93.4% being the prevalence rate for non-smokers. Data analysis was done using a chi-square analysis between the clinical variants of recurrent apthous stomatitis and smoking habits (chi-square-1.132; df-2; p-0.05) we found the results were statistically significant (P=0.05) which implies there were less self-reported diabetics in this study Prevalence of smoking in patients with recurrent apthous stomatitis is significantly lower than patients who are not smokers. The reason for the decreased occurrence of apthous stomatitis in smokers may be due to the increased keratinization of the mucosa. --- ## Reasons for emergency dental visit – A retrospective study **Authors:** Sarvesh Kumar J, Mahesh Ramakrishnan, Arun M **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3501 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Emergency, Dental Visit, Extraction, Abscess Drainage, Pain Management, Trauma The irregular dental care can result in acute clinical problems that may lead to various emergency visits. Emergency dental visits are the care of patients who present oral problems. The aim of the study was to identify the reason for patients seeking treatment for dental emergencies among the Chennai population. The Participants were randomly selected for the study, inclusion criteria for the participants were the patients who reported between June 2019 to March 2020 to a private Dental College, and Hospital Chennai, the purpose of the visit was observed from the patient information given during the time of visit. Results showed that the reason for emergency dental visit patients was for abscess drainage in males is 13.33% and females are 8.89% for emergency extraction in males is 28.89% and females are 44.44% for emergency pain management is 2.22% female patient only for emergency trauma management is 2.22% male patient only. From the present study, we can conclude that the common reason for emergency dental visit among Chennai population was for extraction and abscess drainage. --- ## Association of type of file fracture and method of removal in a university setting **Authors:** Preethi Mariona, Delphine Priscilla Antony S, Sreedevi Dharman **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3509 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** File Fractures, Mechanical, Rotary, Ultrasonic Some mishaps tend to occur during treatment in the root canal system, for example, file fractures. The challenge of the removal depends on the type of file fractured and the method which is used to remove it, generally it is decided based on the level of the fracture. Any file can fracture inside the root canal which is based on the curvature, anatomy. Specific techniques and measures have been employed to remove this file from the root canal system. The aim of the study is to find the association of file fracture with the method of removal. The details of all patients who underwent a root canal treatment where noted and the details of 16 patients with file fractures during the procedure were shortlisted. The type of file fractures was analyzed, such as K files, rotary files, H files, other instruments. The method of removal was usually ultrasonic, mechanical, manual or combination of any of the above. Excel tabulation was done and imported to SPSS for results. Chi-square test performed. The most common and used file to fracture in the root canal system was rotary files which had a fracture incidence of 31% and most common method used to retrieve was using ultrasonic of an incidence of 37.5. Chi-square test shows p>0.05, which is statistically not significant. The study concludes that rotary files fracture the most and the method used to retrieve them was mechanical, but as a whole, the most common method used was ultrasonic. --- ## Awareness on Mechanical and Chemical Plaque Control in Children - A Survey **Authors:** Sneha Kannan, Lakshmi T, Ganesh Lakshmanan **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3483 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental Plaque, Plaque Control, Toothbrushes, Children, Dental Tartar Periodontal infections (gum disease and periodontitis) are viewed as incendiary maladies of microbiological starting points. Their most significant hazard factor is the amassing of a plaque biofilm at and beneath the gingival edge, which is then connected with an improper and ruinous host fiery insusceptible reaction Plaque control is the day by day expulsion of dental plaque, oral biofilm and furthermore counteraction of their collection on the teeth and different pieces of the oral pit. Mechanical plaque control is a viable strategy to dispose of gathering in the oral cavity. With opportunity a few changes came in toothbrushes to make mechanical plaque control progressively viable in everyday oral cleanliness practice. Cross sectional poll study was led. A sum of 104 individuals were made to respond to all the inquiries. The outcome will be examined utilizing factual investigation. In the examination, it was discovered that 72% of the population brush their teeth two times per day. 32% of the respondents feel stores in their teeth much in the wake of brushing. 72% of the individuals accept that brushing can forestall dental plaque. The point of the examination is to make mindfulness on the control of mechanical and substance dental plaque. The control of dental plaque is fundamental for developing kids with expansion of fluoride to mechanical plaque control before it solidifies to become dental tartar. --- ## An Observational Study on the Materials and Techniques Commonly Adopted by Pediatric Dentists for Single Visit Pulpectomy **Authors:** Maria Anthonet Sruthi, Vignesh Ravindran **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3478 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pulpectomy, Metapex, Zinc Oxide Eugenol, Endoflas, Pressure Syringe, Condensation The outcome of an endodontically treated primary tooth is affected not only by the biomechanical root preparation and disinfecting solutions, but also by the biocompatibility and resorbing properties of the obturating materials used through techniques that provide adequate fill and adherence of the material. The aim of the study is to recognise the most preferred obturating material and technique used by pediatric dentists for single visit pulpectomy. A total of 2496 pulpectomy procedures were obtained by reviewing case sheets and were analysed using descriptive statistics on SPSS Software. Among 2496 procedures, 96.6% utilised Metapex as the obturating material and 77.5% employed condensation technique for obturation. Metapex was the most common obturating material used and condensation technique was the preferred technique by which primary root canals were filled by pediatric dentists for single visit pulpectomy. --- ## Association of Age, Tooth related and Gender distribution in patients undergoing Prefabricated Metal Post **Authors:** Vaishnavi Sivakali Subramanian, Pradeep S, Aravind Kumar S **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3496 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Endodontically Treated Teeth, Metal Posts, Prefabricated Posts, Post and Core, Post Endodontic Restoration A root canal treatment will have a loss of coronal and radicular tooth structure. This will affect the anchorage of the teeth. Therefore, post- retained crowns are indicated to prevent fracture. The study aims to associate age, tooth-related and gender distribution in patients undergoing prefabricated metal post after root canal treatment. The details of the 86,000 patient records were reviewed and analysed from DIAS (dental information archiving system), out of which 451 case records of the patients who underwent prefabricated posts after root canal treatment were retrieved. The collected data were cross-verified and compiled together in an excel sheet. Compiled data were statistically analysed with the help of SPSS software (23.0). In this study, we can contemplate that there is a significant association between age and type of teeth underwent prefabricated metal posts, l8-30 yrs of age group patients had more posts after root canal treatment compared with other age groups (p<0.05). On comparing the gender to the type of teeth which had posted after root canal treatment, female patients had more number of posts compared to male patients. There is a significant difference seen (p < 0.05). Within the limitations of the study, maxillary premolars are predominantly used prefabricated metal post in females. Mandibular molars are commonly treated among male patients and maximum metal post are given after root canal treatment in less than 40 years of age as the masticatory forces are more, so to support the remaining tooth structure rigid posts are required after root canal treatment. --- ## Working Length of Maxillary Primary First Molars in Children Aged 2-6 Years **Authors:** Sruthi S, Deepa Gurunathan, Subramanian E M G **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3475 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Root Canal, Maxillary First Molars, Primary Teeth, Working Length An accurate and reproducible working length determination is a crucial aspect in pulpectomy. The cleaning, shaping and obturation cannot be adept precisely unless the working length is determined accurately. The determination of precise working length is one of the keys to accomplishment in endodontic therapy. Thus the aim of the study was to compare the working length of each root canal obtained for primary maxillary first molars in children aged 2-6 years. A retrospective study was carried out using digital records of 1,372 children who reported to the Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry from June 2019 to March 2020. A total of 380 records were finally included for the study evaluation, which included maxillary primary first molars (54,64) Patients between the age group of 2-6 years were included in the study. The following data were retrieved from the dental records: age, gender, working length of each canal and pulpal pathology. The records were examined and noted in a spreadsheet. The collected data were analysed by computer software SPSS version 21 using one-way Anova test with the level of significance set at 5%. The mean age was observed to be 4.14 years in the present study. The mean working length was found to be 9.82mm (MB canal), 9.79mm (DB canal), 13.28mm (Palatal canal) with respect to pulpal pathology such as pain, swelling, abscess and resorption (P = 0.00). The reported data may help clinicians to obtain a thorough understanding of the working length of the primary maxillary first molars. --- ## Incidence of potentially malignant oral disorders in patients attending a private dental hospital **Authors:** Harini Kumaran, Vivek Narayan, Nivedhitha M S **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3499 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Potentially Malignant Disorder, Incidence, OSMF, Leukoplakia, Lichen Planus Potentially malignant disorders are a heterogeneous group of lesions associated with the risk of malignant transformation to invasive cancer. Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are considered as the early tissue changes that happen due to various habits such as smoking tobacco, chewing tobacco or stress. The rate of oral potentially malignant disorder transformation to malignancy is 2%–3%. The present study is a retrospective study in which 1000 patient records were reviewed and details such as gender, age, presence or absence of PMD, type of PMD were collected. Details were tabulated in excel, and results were obtained using SPSS. Chi-square analysis was performed to find out the association between different variables. Out of 1000 patients, 1.3% of patients had potentially malignant disorders out of which 77% were male, 23% were female. OSMF was present more in males (53.85%) which is followed by leukoplakia in males (23.08%). Females showed a predilection for lichen planus. The current study concluded the incidence of PMD as 13 per 1000 per year, and OSMF was found to be highest among the various potentially malignant disorders in the study population. This can be attributed to areca nut chewing habits which are high in Southeast Asia. More awareness programmes on the detrimental effects of tobacco & areca nut are necessary for effective prevention of potentially malignant disorder. --- ## Knowledge Attitude and Practise of Gingival Retraction Among General Dental Practitioners in India **Authors:** Shreenidhi S, Venkatesh A, Vinay Sivaswamy **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3489 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gingival Retraction, Gingival Displacement, Cordless Method Marginal integrity is one of the major factors that contribute to the success of cast restoration. The procedure to expose the subgingival finish line of preparation is termed as gingival displacement or gingival retraction and gingival deflection. Retraction is the temporary displacement of gingival tissue. The development of cordless retraction is becoming popular. It displaces the gingiva by methods of its high viscosity when injected into sulcus. This study is conducted in order to study the knowledge and attitude and extent of cordless method of retraction among dental practitioners in India. To study the extent of knowledge, attitude and level of practise of cordless method of gingival displacement among practitioners. A set of questionnaires were developed in relation to the knowledge, attitude and practise on cordless method of gingival retraction among practitioners in India and was circulated. A total of 103 responses were collected. The data collected was compiled for analysis. The obtained results showed that dental practitioners do not follow gingival displacement and have less knowledge over cordless method of gingival retraction and further still prefer practising of traditional methods. The study concludes that dental practitioners are not aware of other cordless methods of gingival retraction and still prefer cord and various other generally practised methods. --- ## Prevalence of Root Stumps of Permanent Teeth in Pediatric Patients **Authors:** Shamaa Anjum A, Vignesh Ravindran, Delphine Priscilla Antony S **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3470 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Root Stumps, Permanent Teeth, Caries, Grossly Decayed, Pediatric Patients Tooth loss is the terminal event in the life of a tooth and is a frequent episode in individuals who are uncared and have neglected oral hygiene. Tooth loss has various ill effects on an individual such as impairment of masticatory function, bad phonetics, unpleasant aesthetics, TMJ disorders, psychological issues, social withdrawal which results from decrease in confidence level. It is evident that caries and periodontitis are the most common causes for tooth loss with caries being the commonest between them. Neglected oral health may result in caries progression, which will lead to formation of root stumps. The aim of the study is to find the prevalence and incidence of root stumps of permanent teeth in pediatric patients. The study was performed under a university setting where the data of patients with root stumps of permanent teeth was collected by reviewing patients records and analysing the data of 86000 patients. The collected data was compiled, reviewed, tabulated and entered in SPSS software for statistical analysis. The study shows that only 2% were extractions of root stumps of permanent teeth. Extraction of root stumps of permanent teeth were more prevalent in patients of 9 and 11 years of age (34%) with a female predilection with most common teeth being the maxillary second premolar (22.2%). This study indicates the negligence of parents regarding the oral health of the children and provides insight on parents’ care towards the oral health of the child. Preventive measures such as topical fluoride application and usage of denial fissure sealants should be encouraged to prevent caries. Thus, the preservation of the natural dentition should be the ultimate goal of the dental professionals. --- ## Biocompatibility of Dental Materials - A Review **Authors:** Gokul G L, Lakshmi T, Don K R **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3487 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biocompatibility, Dental Materials, Amalgam, Composite Biocompatibility helps in guaranteeing the soundness of patients and experts. Issues identified with it very well may be connected to the lawful obligation of dental specialists. Information with respect to the biocompatibility of generally utilized dental materials is significant so to fundamentally pass judgment on promoting claims by the producer. Poisonousness of material upon a situation in a patient's oral cavity triggers the resistant framework to clarify a fitting reaction. Along these lines, one of the numerous key obligations presented on the dental specialist is to shield patients from any untoward response. A plenty of dental materials are as of now accessible in the market. The material needs to propel a few tests so as to be securely presented for clinical practice. This survey features the range of tests routinely rehearsed for assessment of biocompatibility. --- ## Trismus and odontogenic infection - A retrospective study **Authors:** Mohamad Qulam Zaki Bin Mohamad Rasidi, Muthukrishnan Arvind, Dinesh Prabu **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3503 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Odontogenic Infection, Space Infection, Trismus, VAS Odontogenic infectionOdontogenic infections are polymicrobial, consisting of aerobic microorganisms, strict anaerobes and facultative anaerobes. It can either be localised or rapidly spread to the deep neck space causing space infection and need immediate emergency medical and surgical management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of odontogenic infection leading to trismus and its prevalence amongst patients visiting a university dental institution. 63 patients aged between 17 years old to 70 years old, whose details were obtained from the electronic database in Saveetha Dental College and Hospital from June 2019 till May 2020 were included in the study. All 63 patient records were assessed for the details such as age, sex, odontogenic infection type, odontogenic infection sources, space involved, and pain score (VAS). The right mandibular third molar is the most prevalent (25.4%) odontogenic infection source. Amongst space involved, Submasseteric space is the most common space infected (42.9%). When the pain score VAS is assessed, patients have a higher VAS score between 6.00 (33.5%) and 8.00 (38.1%), respectively. There is a positive correlation between pericoronitis and mandibular third molar teeth. There is also a positive correlation between pericoronitis and Submasseteric space involvement. In conclusion, our study revealed a positive association between odontogenic infection involving Submasseteric, Submandibular space and painful trismus. --- ## Awareness Regarding the Use of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Dentistry - A Survey **Authors:** Sharwini Baskar, Lakshmi T, Preetha S **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3485 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF), Caries, Hypersensitivity, Inexpensive Dental caries is a complex progression due to dietary sugars, bacterial metabolism involving demineralization, and organic degradation. Caries are more prevalent among young children which are mostly untreated due to dental anxiety, behavioural changes, and mainly due to expensive treatment. So innovative approaches are needed to treat caries, especially in children. Arresting caries without restoration is possible by silver diamine fluoride (SDF) which is inexpensive topical medication. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is used to treat caries and also prevents future caries development. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is also used to treat sensitivity. Before silver diamine fluoride (SDF) silver nitrate and silver varnish were used to treat dental caries. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) consists of silver, fluoride, ammonia, and water. Silver acts as an antimicrobial agent, fluoride as remineralization, and ammonia stabilizes high concentration. The study setting was an online survey. The number of participants involved was 129. A pre-tested questionnaire was circulated. The data was collected and analyzed using SPSS software. 41.9% of the population participated have heard of silver diamine fluoride (SDF), but 34% of the population are not aware of what it is used to treat. 37.2% of the population is also not aware of the method of application. From the studies, the participants are not aware of silver diamine fluoride (SDF), its uses, and its effectiveness. Oral education should be conducted to create awareness among people. --- ## Awareness about oral healthcare and disease prevention among Tiruvannamalai population **Authors:** Dhivya Sri E, Hannah R **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3482 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Oral health, Tiruvannamalai, Population, Health Care Oral health care is the foundation upon which preventive evaluation and dental care must be built to enhance the opportunity for life free of preventable and oral diseases. The purpose of the study was to determine the oral health care and disease prevention among the Tiruvannamalai population. Self - administered questions were prepared. The questions were distributed in google forms, and 100 participants participated. The data was entered and statistically analysed. In this study, 88% maintain oral health as an integral part of our everyday practice. 65.1% maintain good oral health by using a toothbrush and paste, and 11% are flossing their teeth daily. 33% are cleaning the teeth to prevent dental disease. Within the limitations of the study, we can conclude that oral health knowledge among the Tiruvannamalai Population was considerably lower than what would be expected. Still, they showed a positive attitude toward oral healthcare. --- ## Comparative analysis of the success rate of direct and indirect pulp capping procedures - A retrospective analysis **Authors:** Keerthana T, Sindhu Ramesh, Deepak S **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3515 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pulp Capping, Success Rate, Liner, Cavity Base, Direct Pulp Capping, Indirect Pulp Capping Treatment options of pulp exposure involve either extraction or root canal therapy, as latter involves multiple appointments and considerable expense. An alternate procedure is pulp capping, which is divided into two types- direct, indirect pulp capping. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the success rate of direct and indirect pulp capping procedures based on postoperative pain and patient's visit after pulp capping procedure. As it was a retrospective analysis, data collected from Saveetha hospital, Chennai, and it consisted of a total of 439 cases evaluated based on the type of pulp capping done. Inclusion criteria consisted of Patients aged 18 – 50 years who received direct, indirect pulp capping procedures. Patients who received deep caries management. Patients who have obvious carious lesions noted clinically, radio graphically and received either complete/ partial caries removal followed by placement of cavity liner. The collected data was imported to excel sheet, analyzed using SPSS software. In this study of 261 patients (99 are females, 162 are males with a mean age of 18-40) were included. It was observed that there was not a significant difference among the groups. Indirect pulp capping has a higher success rate over Direct pulp capping with a p-value greater than 0.05. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the indirect pulp capping has a higher success rate over the direct pulp capping procedures, although it's not statistically significant. --- ## Association between diabetes mellitus and periodontal health **Authors:** Santhosh T, Sankari Malaiappan **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3506 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL), Diabetes Mellitus, Generalized and Localized Chronic Periodontitis, Probing Depth (PD), Periodontal Severity Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease, highly prevalent almost around 10-15% of adults. Periodontitis is a group of chronic, progressive bacterial infections causing inflammation and destruction of supporting structures of teeth and has multiple factors affecting the quality of an individual's life. Diabetes is also a chronic inflammatory disease. Both diseases share a common platform in disease pathogenesis, a periodontal abscess is the sixth complication of diabetes, and there is clear evidence showing the relationship between periodontitis and diabetes Overall no clear evidence and studies which correlate diabetes and periodontal parameters. This study aims to compare blood sugar levels with demographic data age, gender and to assess the association between periodontal severity with diabetic status. Results: Periodontal severity was found to be greater in both male and female with diabetic Mellitus. 39 out of 52 subjects have generalized chronic periodontitis, and 13 was found to have localized chronic periodontitis. The age group of (50-70) years had high severity of clinical attachment loss. No significant difference between male and female on periodontal severity was found. Conclusion: This study concludes the age group of 50-60 years more prevalent among diabetes with periodontitis. The male is more affected by diabetes and periodontitis. The association between periodontal severity (CAL, PD) increases with an increase in blood sugar level was statistically significant. --- ## The Intriguing Course of Coronavirus and its Age Dependent Variation in the Disease Outcome - A Concise Update **Authors:** Swetha R, Abilasha R, Dinesh Premavathy **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3527 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, Immunity, Children, Elderly, Variation Coronavirus is part of a family of enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses that infect mammals. COVID-19 pandemic which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2] has affected hundreds of thousands of people worldwide with a rapid spreading and mutating strain of the virus. Morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 infections vary extensively from asymptomatic, mild to deadly and critical. Strangely, children were found to be protected from severe or deadly critical infections due to various reasons, on the other hand elderly with co-morbidities and immunocompromised adults were the most affected by this virus. Children with COVID-19 infection also present with similar symptoms as adults such as fever, dry cough, runny nose and nasal congestion, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, anosmia, abdominal pain and fatigue or may remain asymptomatic. Children have been found to harbour large amounts of virus and can probably transmit viruses even when they are asymptomatic hence can be a prominent carrier of the disease. Even though many studies have been conducted to ascertain the reasons for the differential consequences of the disease in adults and children, the present review was done to throw light and fill the gap on the age determined variations in the outcome of covid-19. --- ## Analysis of pre-prosthetic surgeries performed in a private dental institution **Authors:** Nurul Syamimi Binti Mohd Azlan Sunil, Santhosh Kumar M P, Revathi Duraisamy **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3504 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alveoplasty, Frenectomy, Pre-Prosthetic Surgery, Sinus Lift, Vestibulopathy Pre-prosthetic surgery is part of the oral and maxillofacial surgery, which concerns restoration of facial form and oral function. Pre-prosthetic surgery is a surgery done to obtain a better anatomic environment and to provide proper supporting structures for denture construction. The aim of this study was to analyse the various pre-prosthetic surgeries performed in a private dental institution. In this retrospective study, digital case records of all patients who underwent pre-prosthetic surgeries in Saveetha Dental College and Hospital from June 2019 to March 2020 were reviewed. Demographic details of patients and types of pre-prosthetic surgeries performed were recorded from digital case records. Retrieved data was analysed using IBM SPSS Software Version 23.0. Descriptive statistics and tests of association for categorical variables by Chi square tests were done and results were obtained. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. In this study, we observed that pre-prosthetic surgery was more commonly performed in the age group of 51-60 yrs (23.3%). Pre-prosthetic surgeries were done more in males than females. The most common type of pre-prosthetic surgery was valvuloplasty (62.2%), followed by frenectomy (20.7%). Statistically, a significant association was found between pre-prosthetic surgery and age group; pre-prosthetic surgery and gender; pre-prosthetic surgery and quadrant involved (p<0.05) Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that the most common pre-prosthetic surgery performed was valvuloplasty. Pre-prosthetic surgery was performed more in males and the age group of 51-60 years, mostly in the third quadrant. --- ## Prevalence of usage of stainless steel crown, strip crown and zirconia in anterior teeth for paediatric dental patients in different age groups **Authors:** Gayathri Karthikeyan, Vignesh Ravindran, Jaiganesh Ramamurthy **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3468 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aesthetics, Crowns, Stainless Steel Crowns, Strip Crowns, Early Childhood Caries Aesthetic treatment for primary teeth has been considered as the greatest challenge in paediatric dentistry today. While there is a considerable amount of literature available on the subjective influences of aesthetic in adults, little is known about esthetics in children. The knowledge of the children's aesthetic perception is relevant to pediatric dentists because children are conscious of their dental aesthetic appearance and that of the other children. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of usage of Stainless steel crowns, strip crowns and zirconia crowns in paediatric dental patients in different age groups. The study was conducted in a university setting. The most common type of crown used for the treatment of anterior teeth was found to be the strip crown (100 %). Based on gender, about 60.3% of males underwent treatment for strip crowns, whereas 39.62% of females underwent treatment for strip crowns. Among the strip crowns, 27.76% of the primary upper maxillary right central incisors, 20.86% primary maxillary right lateral incisors, 29.65% primary maxillary left central incisors, 21.77% primary maxillary left lateral incisors underwent treatment for strip crowns. 28.93% belong to the year of 4 years who underwent treatment for strip crowns. The p-value obtained after running the chi-square analysis for the correlation of the gender of patients treated and the tooth number was statistically insignificant (p = 0.803). --- ## Prevalence and management of oral submucous fibrosis and its implications on prosthodontic treatment: A retrospective study **Authors:** Vatika Agarwal, Subhabrata Maiti **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3498 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oralsubmucous Fibrosis, Premalignant Condition, Conservative Methods, Habits, Surgical Methods Oral submucous fibrosis is a chronic, premalignant condition that is prevalent in Asian countries like India, Pakistan and Srilanka. Oral cancer accounts for around 30% of the cancer cases in India. It is important to understand the prevalence of the disease for its effective management. The aim of the study was to understand the prevalence of the condition and the popularity of various treatment modalities used in its management, along with the prevalence of OSMF patients requiring prosthetic rehabilitation. Case sheets of around 23,000 patients were reviewed from March 2019 to June 2020 out of which 100 patients were affected by oral submucous fibrosis. To eliminate bias, all patients affected by the disease were included in the study. Epidemiological data of the patient along with their ongoing treatment, was collected and tabulated in MS Excel sheet. The data was then analyzed using IBM SPSS software version 23: The prevalence of OSMF in males was 92% while in females, it was 8%. The age group of 31-40 years was found to be most commonly affected, and pan chewing was observed to be the most common abusive habit amongst OSMF patients. The most common treatment modality used was non-invasive methods within which antioxidant therapy was the most popularly used modality. The increasing prevalence of OSMF amongst the younger population is a matter of great concern. The present study shows the prevalence of OSMF in males, especially in the young and middle-aged population. Thus it is important to increase awareness amongst the youth regarding the condition and to increase awareness amongst the dentists regarding the various treatment modalities to effectively prevent and clinically manage such conditions. --- ## Awareness of importance of research in undergraduate dental students **Authors:** Shifa Jawahar Ali, Yuvaraj Babu K, Gifrina Jayaraj **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3494 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Research, Research Aptitude, Undergraduates Research can be defined as a study on a particular topic in detail in a systematic and scientific method. The purposes of research are to find something new, to prove or support a theory, to contribute knowledge in a field, or to increase awareness about something. Medical research includes basic research to clinical research which leads to advancement in the pharmaceutical industry, to improve healthcare and public health. Research among undergraduate students will expand knowledge in their field, increases interest in their career and improves their resume for job search. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among undergraduate dental students to evaluate the awareness of the importance of research. The study population in the study are the undergraduate dental students with a sample size of 100. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions and was shared to undergraduate dental students using online survey platform. 80% of the participants college encourage students to do research, 11% of the students college does not and 9% of the students college partially encourages the students to do research. 48% of the participants said they would continue doing research, 17% said they would not continue doing research and 35% said they might continue doing research. From the results obtained, we can conclude that moderate to a good level of awareness is seen in undergraduate dental students. More awareness should be created and undergraduate students should be encouraged to do research and make the best use of their college years. --- ## Knowledge, attitude and practice based survey among dentists regarding the usage of CBCT in endodontics **Authors:** Swathi U B, Pradeep S, Delphine Priscilla Antony S **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3491 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** CBCT, Cone Beam Computed Tomography, Diagnosis, Root Canal Treatment, Survey Cone Beam Computed Tomography is a diagnostic imaging modality that provides high quality, accurate three dimensional (3D) representations. CBCT in endodontics not only gives a three dimensional evaluation of the region of interest but also an appropriate resolution of images that help give a detailed analysis of the tooth and the surrounding alveolar anatomy. It aids in deciding the treatment plan in various fields of dentistry. CBCT has been proved as an essential diagnostic aid for endodontic practice. Since the use of ionizing radiation involves the patient’s and clinician’s safety, adequate knowledge about the appropriate usage of CBCT usage should be considered as a necessity. In endodontics, CBCT is a useful tool that helps in the diagnosis of apical periodontitis, resorptions, perforations, root canal morphology, traumatic injuries, voids. This survey was conducted among dentists. Online google forms were distributed of which 307 participants took part in the survey and the questionnaire contained 19 multiple choice questions, based on the demographic data, knowledge, attitude, practice regarding usage of CBCT in endodontics. On analysing the response to the questionnaire, it was found that the participants have overall good knowledge and were well versed regarding usage CBCT for endodontic procedures. This survey provides the reader with a clearer understanding of the appropriate and unwarranted usage of CBCT for endodontic practice. CBCT can be a powerful tool for endodontic diagnosis as well as in treatment planning and follow up. --- ## Assessment of Commonly used Irrigants During Pulpectomy in Primary Teeth in a Hospital Based Setting - A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Chris Noel Timothy, Vignesh Ravindran, Suresh V **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3480 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Irrigant, Pulpectomy, Primary Teeth, Root Canal, Pulp Chamber, Pediatric, Biomechanical Pulpectomy is a procedure done for non-vital teeth which involves the extirpation of pulp from primary teeth and filling it with an inert substance. pulpectomy requires biomechanical preparation, but this biomechanical preparation alone is insufficient. Irrigants are used during this procedure for the purpose of lubrication, disinfection and washing away action. These irrigants penetrate the smaller accessory and lateral canals, thereby cleaning and disinfecting them. It is essential to eradicate the microorganisms and their by products from the root canal and pulp chamber. The collected data was further analyzed, recorded in Microsoft excel software and was subjected to statistical analysis using IBM SPSS statistics analyzer. The total sample size of the current study was 2400 cases. The most common age group of the patients who reported to the clinics were 0 to 5 years of age (69.1 %) (p < 0.05 - significant). The more common gender for using saline as an irrigant were male (57.7 %) (p < 0.05 - significant). We found that saline was the most commonly used irrigant (58.7 %), while sodium hypochlorite was the least commonly used (0.1 %). The most common visit for using saline as an irrigant were single visit (p < 0.05 - significant) followed by multi-visit. Within the limitations of the current study, saline was the most commonly used and sodium hypochlorite was the least commonly used for pulpectomy procedure in primary teeth. Saline was also commonly preferred for single visit in patients in the age group of 0 to 5 years. --- ## A Survey About Awareness of Oral Cancer Among the Undergraduate Dental Students **Authors:** Anushya P, Keerthi Sasanka L, Jothi Priya A **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3477 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oral Cancer, Early Diagnosis, Etiological Factors, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Dental Students Dentists have a crucial role within the best prevention measures, controlling etiological factors and early detection. Lack of general dentist carcinoma knowledge has been shown to be a serious factor to delays in referral and treatment. Dentists’ competence and confidence in detecting carcinoma could also be strongly influenced by their school of dentistry training. Hence, it's the responsibility of the school of dentistry to make sure the formation of a generalist with solid technical, scientific, ethical knowledge, promoting good oral hygiene and prevention of oral diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess dental student’s awareness, role in preventing and early detection of oral cancer. The study population included 100 dental students. The risk factors for carcinoma mainly described by the scholars were 44% for smoking and 8% for alcohol consumption. Most of the scholars considered that labial/ buccal mucosa was the commonest site in diagnosis of oral cancer. The early detection of carcinoma improves survival, which was suggested by 46% of scholars. About 59% of scholars reported that they need sufficient knowledge regarding prevention and management of carcinoma. In this present study, out of 100 Dental students who participated in awareness of carcinoma, majority of the dental students were aware and had better knowledge on preventive measures of oral cancer. This study also highlights the necessity for an improvement of the teaching program regarding oral examination. --- ## Awareness about the effect of stress on muscles among undergraduate students **Authors:** Shifa Jawahar Ali, Gayatri Devi R, Gifrina Jayaraj **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3493 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Stress, Effect of Stress, Muscle Pain, Muscle Tension, Undergraduate Students Stress affects the body in many ways and causes various damages to the body. Some of the effects include headache, heart problems, fatigue, reduced memory, asthma and insomnia. When the body is stressed, muscles tense up as a reflex action to protect the body against injury. Chronic stress will cause the muscles in the body to be in a state of constant guardedness and leads to stiffness of muscles. This causes muscle pain. The aim of this study is to analyze the awareness level about the effect of stress on muscles in undergraduate students. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among undergraduate students to evaluate the awareness about the effect of stress on muscles. The study population in the study are undergraduate students with a sample size of 100. The questionnaire consisted of 16 questions and was shared to undergraduate students using the online survey platform. The results were obtained and statistically analyzed through SPSS software. 82% of the participants said that they had experienced muscle pain, and the remaining 18% have not experienced muscle pain. 40% of the participants get headaches when stressed, 30% do not, and the other 30% sometimes get headaches when stressed. From the results obtained, we can conclude that a moderate level of awareness is seen in undergraduate students about the effect of stress on muscles. More awareness is required among students. --- ## Analysis of Panoramic Images of Orthodontic Patients **Authors:** Indra G, Maragathavalli G, Deepika Rajendran **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3507 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bone Loss, Dental Caries, OPG, Orthodontic Patients, Osteosclerosis, Panoramic Imaging, Root Resorption Panoramic imaging is the most widely requested radiographic technique in dentistry. In orthodontics, the clinical and radiographic examinations are routinely carried out along with dental and skeletal photographs as a part of diagnosis and treatment planning. The evaluation of radiographs of patients after orthodontic treatment is important in understanding the possible changes that tend to occur post-treatment. This study aims to analyze the incidental findings present in the radiographs of patients who previously underwent orthodontic treatment. A total of 30 patients (18 females; 12 male) were randomly selected from the Orthodontic clinic at the Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai. Two independent examiners analyzed the panoramic radiographs for anomalies and pathologies. The result showed the most common finding, which was periodontal pathology (Generalised bone loss, widening of periodontal ligament space, or both, loss of lamina dura) with a prevalence of 36.7%. All the patients taken into the study had at least one anomaly. In conclusion, the relevant findings were observed in all the radiographs & special care should be taken while evaluating them to diagnose alterations that may require other dental treatments. --- ## Prevalence of root stumps of primary teeth in paediatric patients **Authors:** Yuvashree C S, Vignesh Ravindran, Delphine Priscilla Antony S **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3472 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Extraction, Root Stumps, Primary Teeth, Paediatric Patients, Early Childhood Caries The purpose of this study is to find negligence of early dental treatment. This research fulfils by providing insight on parents' care towards the child. The aim of our study is to find the prevalence of root stumps of primary teeth in pediatric patients. The current study was a comparative, descriptive and retrospective study which was performed under a university setting where all the data of patients with root stumps of primary teeth were collected by reviewing patients records and analysed the data of 86000 patients between June 2019 to March 2020. The collected data were tabulated; statistical analysis was done by SPSS – IBM. The study showed that out of 2360 extractions, 35 (1.5%)was found to be root stumps of primary teeth. The root stumps were more prevalent among four years of age (42.86%) with female predilection (81.25%) and the higher incidence with maxillary 2nd molars (11.4%). The prevalence of tooth loss was found to be high in children as well as the adults so dental professionals should utilize the various measures and protocols available in preventive dentistry to minimise the effects of tooth loss. --- ## Knowledge about Brushing Simulator Among Dentists - A Survey **Authors:** Arunn Jaikumarr Ram, Jayalakshmi Somasundaram, Balaji Ganesh S, Anitha Roy **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3488 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Toothbrush, Teeth, Abrasion, Dentist, Brushing Simulator Brushing is an important activity in a day to day life. It helps to keep our oral cavity healthy. A brushing simulator is a machine that holds the toothbrush and helps to check various activities done with it. Brushing helps to clean the teeth, tongue, gums, and place a major role in maintaining dental hygiene. Dental plaque is removed by this process. This is a computer program mission where everything is done using the software. The aim of the survey was to assess the knowledge about the brushing simulator among dentists in Chennai. When comparing the awareness of brushing simulator with gender, it was shown that females had a higher level of awareness about the brushing simulator when compared with males (p = 0.029), which was statistically significant. When comparing the knowledge about the uses of brushing simulators with gender, it was shown that females had a higher level of knowledge about the uses of brushing simulators when compared with males (p = 0.013), which was statistically significant. When comparing the knowledge about the types of brushing simulator movements with gender, it was shown that females had a higher level of knowledge when compared with males.(p= 0.034), which was statistically significant. The knowledge and view varied for each question. Brushing force is usually higher for sonic toothbrush and with manual toothbrush dentin face the highest abrasion when compared to the enamel. People are aware of the simulation of brushing, but not about the brushing simulator machine. --- ## Recent Updates in Drugs Used in Management of Portal Hypertension **Authors:** Nivedha M, Lakshmi T, Don K R **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3469 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Portal Hypertension, Esophageal Varices, Gastric Varices, Ascites, Hepatic Encephalopathy Portal hypertension is an expansion in the weight inside the gateway vein i.e., the vein that conveys blood from the stomach related organs to the liver. The expansion in pressure is brought about by a blockage in the blood course through the liver. The advancement of gateway hypertension in a patient with cirrhosis can cause genuine clinical results which can be lethal if untreated and dynamic. Along these lines it is essential to analyze portal hypertension to postpone the movement and to treat the serious difficulties of gateway hypertension. This survey centers around the ongoing updates in drugs utilized in the administration of portal hypertension. --- ## Incidence of smoker’s palate in younger patients with smoking habits **Authors:** John Rozar Raj, Vivek Narayan, Nivedhitha M S **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3500 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Habit, Incidence, Smoker’s Palate, Younger Patients Smoker's palate is also known as nicotine stomatitis palatini. It is an asymptomatic lesion in heavy pipe and cigarette smoking people, especially people who do reverse smoking. The palate may appear as white with raised red dots in the centre of the papule. This represents the opening of the minor salivary glands, which becomes inflamed due to chronic heat produced during smoking. There were many studies about the incidence and prevalence of smoker's palate in the elderly population. The study aimed to assess the incidence of smoker's palate in younger patients with smoking habits. This is a retrospective study. The sample size was 1000 patients. Data of patients visiting Saveetha dental college between the age group of 18 to 30 years with a smoking habit was collected. Excel tabulation was done. SPSS results were obtained. Out of 1000 patients, 581 patients had smoking habits with a percentage of 58.1%. Out of 581 patients, 21 patients had smokers palate with a percentage of 3.60%. The incidence rate was 36.14 per 1000 per year. The present study shows a slightly rising incidence in smokers palate. --- ## Oral and Maxillofacial Pathologies — An Institutional Study **Authors:** Sam John Koshy, Madhulaxmi M, Siva kumar **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3502 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oral and Maxillofacial Pathologies, Oral Cysts, Infections, Pathologies Oral and maxillofacial pathology infers all the diseases of the mouth and structures related to the mouth inclusive of salivary glands, temporomandibular joints (TMJ), facial muscles and perioral skin. Management of oral and maxillofacial pathology remains one of the most universally performed procedures by oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Lesions of the oral and maxillofacial region are a group of heterogeneous diseases with a wide spectrum of clinicopathologic characteristics. Predictability of lesions helps in rightly predicting, diagnosing, treating and eliminating pathologies that arise in the oral cavity. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of oral and maxillofacial pathologies encountered in a single centre institution. This is a single centre retrospective study done from June 2019 – March 2020. Sixty-five patients who were diagnosed with a pathology pertaining to the oral and maxillofacial region were considered. Lesions were grouped as a cyst, tumors, infections, salivary gland pathologies and others for better understanding and interpretation. Out of a total of 65 patients considered with oral and maxillofacial pathological lesion requiring surgical management, the most common type of pathology was a cyst (40.0%) followed by tumors (21.5%). Gender predilection for oral and maxillofacial pathology was evident with greater incidence among males (63.1%) with p value = 0.049 < 0.05, by chi square test and in an age group of 21-30 years (30.8%) with p value = 0.044 < 0.05 by chi square test. This study concludes to establish the predominance of oral and maxillofacial pathologies that arise in the age group of 21-30 years with a gender preference to males over females. The most common pathology was cysts, followed by tumors with radicular cyst (53.8%) and ameloblastoma (35.7%) being most common in their respective pathological genre. --- ## Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-epileptic Activity of Thiohydantoin Derivatives **Authors:** Prakash G, Mohan S, Sundararajan N, Senthil Kumar C, Karpakavalli M **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3524 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-Epileptic Activity, Benzil-Benzilic Acid Rearrangement, MES, Thiohydantoin A vast number of biological properties have been recognised to Thiohydantoin derivatives, have attracted continuing interest because of their various biological activities, namely anticonvulsant, hypolipidemic activity, anti-thyroidal activity, and anti-microbial actions. In this look upon, multiple numbers of Thiohydantoin derivatives are synthesised besides anti-epileptic mechanisms have been investigated. A series of 3-substituted 2-thiohydantoin Derivatives were synthesised from Benzil via Benzil-Benzilic Acid Rearrangement, characterised and evaluated for their anti-epileptic activity by Maximal Electroshock Seizure (MES) model for the anti-epileptic activity of synthesised compounds was less when compared to standard. Among the activity, synthesised compounds 1 indicated more anti-epileptic activity. With this confirmation, we revised integrated a series of innovative 3-substituted 2-thiohydantoin derivatives with a different substituent on the construction and studied the structural activity relationship. The outcomes indicated with the purpose of all the tested compounds have displayed evident anti-epileptic activity. Among the series compounds, 1 shows more anti-epileptic activity than other synthesised compounds. --- ## Association of Age and Gender of Patients with the Type of Tooth Resorption Treated - A Retrospective Analysis **Authors:** Mulumoodi Rama Sowmya, Delphine Priscilla Antony S, Adimulapu Hima Sandeep **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3479 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Age, External Tooth Resorption, Frequency, Gender, Internal Tooth Resorption The aim of the present study was to assess the association of age and gender of patients with the type of tooth resorption treated. The data was retrieved from the patient records and analyzed the data of tooth resorption treated patients between June 2019 to March 2020, after approval from the Institutional Review board of Saveetha Dental College. It is an institutional based retrospective study. The data was tabulated into excel sheets under the headings age, gender, type of tooth resorption treatment, tooth number. The data was analyzed by Chi-square test using SPSS software. The probability value obtained after performing Chi-square test was P>0.05 indicating that there is a statistically insignificant difference between the age, gender, teeth of patients who have undergone treatment for tooth resorption. Within the limitations of the study, the frequency of internal tooth resorption cases was higher compared to external tooth resorption cases. Male population of the age group 20 to 25 years have most frequently undergone treatment for internal tooth resorption. --- ## Association between sleep-related breathing disorder and depression in young adults and aged population - A survey **Authors:** Srinisha M, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Hemavathy Muralidoss **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3492 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Depression, OSA, Young Adults, Aged Population The aim of the study was to create awareness about depression caused by improper sleep due to breathing disorder. It also aims in creating awareness about the necessity of treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep related breathing disorders refers to abnormal respiration during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea refers to recurrent episodes of partial or complete closure of the upper airway resulting in disturbed breathing while sleeping. It reduces the quality of life. Untreated OSA leads to cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease, stroke and atrial fibrillation. It is a survey based study conducted in an online setting, done among the Chennai population. The sample size is 100 people. Sampling method used is simple random sampling. Randomisation was done to minimise bias. Internal validity was a pre tested questionnaire. External validity was Homogenisation, replication of experiment and cross verification with existing studies. Data analysis was done in SPSS software. Statistical test used was the chi-square test. Dependent variables were demographics such as age, gender. Independent variables were sleep related breathing problems and depression. From this online based survey, it was found that 97% people were aware of OSA and 99% of people were aware that untreated OSA could lead to many complications. This survey aims in creating awareness among people about sleep related breathing disorder and depression in young adults and aged population. --- ## Evaluation of Perspectives of Life Quality of Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder Compared with Typically Developing Peers **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3525 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** DCD, Life Quality, Physical Impairment, Domains, KIDSCREEN-27 Rehabilitating the children and moving them away from impairment and focusing them towards changing body’s function and structuring the body will change the disablement and enhance the quality of life. Life’s quality is not a single component to attain and aim for, it is a multidimensional measure which aims to capture the subjective perception of well being for the child. The current study examines child and parents perspectives of life quality in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. Data was collected using KIDSCREEN-27. For child with DCD in group A total of 10 children and 10 parents were included and in control group in Group B, a total of 12 children and 10 parents were examined. Life quality dimensions were examined in 5 domains and children with DCD lies in a average range on all life quality domains and dimensions examined. On comparing parents and children with DCD, Children had higher score in physical impairment domain and parents considered that environmental steerers and personal habits negatively impact the child’s life quality. Children with DCD had poor life quality when compared with Peer group children. --- ## White Matter Biomarkers - A Review **Authors:** Hemaanhini Tamilmani, Yuvaraj Babu K, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3474 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** White Matter, Biomarkers, White Matter Biomarkers, Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers are indicators of a disease or the severity of a disease. For example, in the human body, antibodies can be termed as a biomarker. White matter is important to learn for understanding various topics such as the theory of mind, empathy, clinical disorders in terms of neuroscience. White matter can change depending upon traumatic experience. This research is seen as a scoping literature review. In seeking to identify the relevant literature from the past twenty years, we used common databases such as Pubmed, Google Scholars. Searches of the reference list from relevant review articles were also employed to identify further relevant studies. Search items included, 'white matter', 'biomarkers', 'white matter biomarkers', 'biomarkers used in neurology'. The obtained articles were later thoroughly read through and understood. A total of '45' articles have been selected and reviewed in this article. Biomarkers present in white matter help diagnose the various white matter related diseases which can help prevent further stages or increase of the disease. But accurate biomarkers for white matter disease are yet to be found. More research must be done in order to help prevent and treat white matter diseases. This study on white matter biomarkers still does not have an accurate answer and must be discovered in the future. There are many biomarkers that can serve for white matter, but none of them fulfils the desired features of a biomarker needed for diagnosing white matter diseases. Future studies are to be done for early prevention of diseases related to white matter and its complete use in humanity. --- ## A Comparative Evaluation of Grades Obtained for Placement of Stainless Steel Crowns on Maxillary Molars Among Post Graduate Students **Authors:** Pavithiraa Sankar, Subramanian EMG, Vignesh Ravindran **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3476 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Primary Maxillary 1st Molars, Postgraduates, Stainless Steel Crowns, Clinical Skill Success of any restoration depends on the material used and the skill of the operator. This study aims to compare the clinical efficiency of postgraduates of various years in placing stainless steel crowns in maxillary 1st molars and thereby finding how operator skills affect the placement by analyzing their grades. In this retrospective study the dental records of pediatric patients who had visited the dental hospital located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India from June 2019 to March 2020 were reviewed. Patients who underwent stainless steel crown placement of at least one primary maxillary 1st molar teeth under local or general anesthesia of 2-6 years of age by postgraduates were included in the study. Out of the 467 teeth treated 268 (57.38%) were of males and 199 (42.61%) females. The percentage of treatment done at various ages were at 2 years: 33(7.06%), 3 years: 110(23.55%), 4 years: 150(32.11%), 5 years: 102(21.84%), 6 years: 71(15.20%). The percentage of crowns placed by postgraduates of various years were 1st year postgraduates: 86(18.41%), 2nd year postgraduates: 170(36.40%), 3rd year postgraduates: 211(45.18%). Chi-square test was done and the association was found to be not significant( p-value = 0.139). The frequency of each tooth treated being primary right 1st molar: 164(35.11%), primary right 2nd molar: 56(11.99%), primary left 1st molar: 180(38.54%), and primary left 2nd molar: 67(14.34%). This data showed that the 3rd year postgraduates got the most number of high grades 211(45.18%). Chi-square test was done and the association was found to be significant (p-value = 0.000). There is a significant difference in the placement of stainless steel crowns among the various postgraduates. There was a gradual increase in the clinical performance with the 3rd years performing the best among the three years. --- ## Evaluation of brushing techniques taught by dental students in children with permanent dentition **Authors:** Jagadheeswari Ramamoorthy, Vignesh Ravindran, Geo Mani **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3484 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Brushing, Plaque, Caries, Gingivitis, Prevalence Tooth brushing is a crucial part of oral hygiene. It is essential to stop plaque formation and reduce the susceptibility to cavities. Brushing technique, frequency and duration of tooth brushing are important factors in plaque reduction. This is often quite difficult in children because it requires dexterity. Dental professionals need adequate information about children’s oral hygiene to teach them and their parents. There are six methods of tooth brushing techniques. They differ in a number of aspects and are recommended for various age groups. The aim of the study is to evaluate the commonly taught brushing techniques by Dental students for children with complete permanent dentition. The data of brushing techniques advised were retrieved from the case sheets of patients. The collected data were tabulated in Excel. The data is represented with the help of bar graphs and statistically analysed with the help of SPSS software. The statistical tests done were Chi-square tests and Correlation analysis. Modified bass is the most preferred brushing technique with a prevalence of 55.9%, followed by Fones technique with a prevalence of 36.5% for children with complete permanent dentition. The modified bass technique is most commonly preferred for males with a prevalence of 52.9%. According to the patient's age Modified bass technique is most commonly preferred for 16-17 years (60%) and Fones technique for 13 years (32.5%). Within the limitations of the study, it shows that the Modified bass technique is the most preferred brushing technique taught to the patients between the age group 13-17 years. --- ## Herbal formulation: Review of efficacy, safety, and regulations **Authors:** Sarojini K, Lakshminarayanan Arivarasu, Smiline Girija A S **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3467 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Herbal Formulation, Regulation, Safety, Efficacy, Traditional Medicine Herbal medicine has become a popular form of health care, globally. Herbal medicine is a preferred option nowadays even though few contrasts exist between herbal medicines and customary pharmacological medicines. Herbal formulations have been the most effective treatment for various disease conditions. Many studies have proved the efficiency of herb-herb combinations. In comparison with single drugs, drug combinations have shown a more promising effect in the treatment of disease. This drug combinations conception has been well established in many countries and extraordinary success has been reached. But not all the natural treatments are found to be inherently safe. A herbal formulation may carry risk. So, it is essential to know which herbal remedies do better than side effects and for which condition. Most herbal formulations are not properly standardized, and it lacks efficacy and safety for consumption. There has been numerous regulations and standard measure been taken in recent times to scrutinize the proper preparations of the herbal formulation will be effective and safe for consumption, with accordance to this it has paved the way for many advantageous benefits from the herbal formulation and curbing the non-beneficial effects of the available herbal formulations So, this review addresses the safety, efficacy, and regulations of herbal formulation. --- ## Association of patients with fluorosis who underwent vital bleaching - A hospital-based study **Authors:** Sadhvi B, Delphine Priscilla Antony S, Suresh V **Published:** 2020-10-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3481 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fluorosis, Vital Bleaching, Whitening, Bleaching, Staining Fluorosis staining is an esthetic problem, especially when in anterior. Numerous treatment approaches include Conservative approaches such as vital tooth bleaching, which is the most sought option to eliminate fluorosis staining as it is simple, low cost, noninvasive. Further, it is relatively rapid, no distortion of enamel and can be safely used for permanent teeth. This research emphasizes the association of patients with fluorosis who underwent vital bleaching to correct the staining and to obtain esthetically pleasing teeth. This is a comparative and descriptive study for which the data was obtained from DIAS (dental information archiving software). The data collection was from the Undergraduate and postgraduate clinics, Saveetha dental college, SIMATS. The data was collected and compiled, followed by its statistical analysis by using the SPSS software by IBM. Results revealed the incidence of Vital bleaching for fluorosis was 76.7%, and vital bleaching for other reasons was 23.3%; Out of the patients who underwent vital bleaching for fluorosis, males were 86.7%, and females were 13.3% with P-value < 0.05 statistically significant; patients from 1-34 years were 83.3%, 35-55 years were 10.0% and above 55 years were 6.7% with P-value < 0.05 statistically significant. The overall results show a Male predilection in vital bleaching for fluorosis and 1-34 years as the most predominant population for undergoing vital bleaching among fluorosis patients. --- ## COVID-19: Pandemic, People and Panacea **Authors:** Anjali Katkar, Waqar M. Naqvi **Published:** 2020-10-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3512 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** RT-PCR, Reinfection, Infodemic, Mortality Rate, COVID-19 The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 as pandemic on March 11 2020. Since then, there is a lot of unfolding of information daily, which is necessary to study to decide the course of action to contain the disease. Even after seven to eight months after the pandemic of COVID-19 struck, most of the details are still unravelling. Yet another news of possible re-infection somewhat shocked the global community and concerns raised over the current strategy. Besides, the misinformation is spreading like wildfire and adding to the woes of authorities and administration. The testing strategy also needs a relook, as the RT-PCR test missed some positive cases. The mortality rate is also on a downfall, even as cases are increasing rapidly. We are taking the stalk of these factors in this paper and analyse the possible challenges and solutions. Research is still ongoing, and there is a lot to unfold. Scientists have drawn behavioural pattern from previous outbreaks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) though both of them were much less severe in spread and mortality rate. Beside vaccines is still far from our sight prevention seems to be the only feasible option to avoid the spread. The psychological impact on health professionals and other front-line workers is must study as these are the important arsenals to fight the exponentially growing pandemic. Proper analysis of the trends emerging from the pandemic is necessary. The daily advancements in the field of COVID-19 related departments are necessary to be verified with proper empirical data and pieces of evidence. --- ## The Mystery of low COVID-19 Mortality rate in India **Authors:** Archana Sonone, Alka Hande, Madhuri Gawande, Swati Patil **Published:** 2020-10-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3586 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** COVID -19, Mortality rate, India The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged in December 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. It has ruined the global population by striking the health of individuals. It is an extremely contagious disease and has caused a high rate of mortality, specifically in high-risk individuals. The pattern of infection and mortality rates has been diverse considerably among countries. Unexpectedly, more affluent countries with greater healthcare facilities have been more affected by it and have seen higher mortality rates, compared to less affluent countries like India and other Southeast Asian nations. In India, the mortality rate due to COVID -19 is comparatively less (2.87%) as compared to the rest part of the world. (6.45%) There are various factors which are related to mortality in COVID-19 pandemics, such as age and immune status of the patient, food culture, geographical condition and status of vaccination. India’s health system has also come up with evidence-based guidelines that assisted in bringing in a resemblance of consistency in-patient care across the country. Association with private providers and improvement of testing modalities and guidance on isolation and quarantine, All these factors to be studied in detail which further may be used as therapeutics modalities to fight against the severity of COVID-19 from which we can save millions of life. --- ## Agnihotra-Yagya and numinous sound -Prototyping strategy for pandemic prevention **Authors:** Pratiksha P. Rathod **Published:** 2020-10-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3511 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Agnihotra, Electromagnatic waves, Mantras, Medicinal woods, Oblations, Offerings, Viruses, Yagnya Ayurveda management comprises of three categories, Yuktivyapashrya includes medication, Daivavypashray are Divine therapies and Satvavajay deals with mental health. Agnihotra -Yagya is one of the therapies of divine management. It is fire offering of medicinal herbs along with cyclic uttering of Sanskrit words by experts. Present study aims to provide prototype of strategy for pandemic prevention. Numinous sound in form of Mantra along with mechanical heating of Agnihotra produces shorter wavelength of electromagnetic spectrum range and set certain vibrations in presence of solar energy at tissue level which inactivate the viruses and other microorganism present in inner as well as outer environment. Relevant literature was searched and incorporated in the study. Agnihotra,Yagya, Mantra, electromagnetic waves and others were the main words used for the search.Putting medicinal substances in Agnihotra fire is a scientific method of transformation of matter into energy and the process may be referred as sublimation. It can be postulated that there is generation of electromagnetic spectrum under the influence of solar energy and sonic potential of Mantra, the numinous sound. Interaction between microwaves and biological tissues draws solution to inactivate airborne viruses thus creating certain vibrations converting the whole process into a scientific operation involving each tissue of human body along with minute particles of surrounding environment.Considering its multi-dimensional aspects, at small scale, Agnihotra can be recommended at homes, hospitals, public places in presence of experts on daily or weekly basis. By adapting this ritual with scientific perspective, pandemics can be prevented. It is difficult to test combined therapeutic effect of all medications used in Agnihotra. With the evidences suggesting antimicrobial, Neuro-dynamic and spiritual effects, Agnihotra cannot be ignored by young scholars. --- ## Novel Diagnostic Methods in Coronavirus Testing **Authors:** Taanya Imtiaz, Abilasha R, Kavitha S **Published:** 2020-10-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3505 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Diagnostic Methods, RT-PCR Tests, Swab and Serologic Testing Coronavirus Disease-19, an infectious disease caused by SARS-COV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome- Coronavirus-2) has begun at the end of 2019 causing a global pandemic. The number of cases are increasing exponentially and also so far there have been more than 3 lakh deaths. Some of the symptoms include common cold, respiratory distress and breathing difficulty. Some of the newly reported cases do not show any of the symptoms. Main diagnostic tests include RT-PCR and serologic tests, which are effective and quick. RT-PCR, ELISA (using different components), swab test, serologic test, nasopharyngeal aspirates, and chest-CT's are few of the diagnostic tests conducted to identify the state of the body. Preventative measures like self-isolation, social distancing, less interactions, mainly maintenance of good hygiene should be taken care. Due to advancement in various technologies, there is a constant search for different diagnostic testing methods to possibly find instant and accurate results, due to the drastic increase in the number of cases worldwide and has become a pandemic problem. Imaging using CT-Scan and radiographic modalities can also be used to consider the progression of the covid-19 caused by SARS-COV-2. The guaranteed treatment has still not been found but using few drugs show rapid or slow and unpredictable recovery rates. RT-PCR (Swab-test) and serologic tests are found to be instant and accurate. --- ## Pleural Fluid Cholesterol Level in Differentiating Exudate from Trasudate Pleural Effusion **Authors:** Babu Rajendran, Suwetha Babu, Sheju Jonathan Jha J **Published:** 2020-10-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3465 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pleural Effusion, Pleural Fluid Cholesterol, Exudate, Transudate Correlation of pleural fluid cholesterol level with light’s criteria to differentiate exudate from transudate pleural effusion. Classification of transudate and exudate clinically was done independently based on the light's criteria. Pleural fluid cholesterol levels of 100 selected patients were obtained. The cholesterol levels were compared with the earlier obtained data to study its specificity and sensitivity in differentiating exudate from transudate effusion. It was found that pleural fluid cholesterol in comparison to protein values in differentiating exudate from transudate showed a sensitivity of 79.55%, specificity of 91.07%, the positive predictive value of 87.50%, the negative predictive value of 85.00%, with a P-value of <0.001. Comparison of pleural fluid cholesterol with LDH values showed a sensitivity of 86.36% specificity of 94.64%, the positive predictive value of 92.68%, the negative predictive value of 89.83%, with a P-value of <0.001. Also, a comparison of pleural fluid cholesterol to light's criteria showed a sensitivity of 100% and 86.4% in the transudative group and sensitivity of 100% and 91.1 % in the exudative group, respectively. Routine measurement of pleural fluid cholesterol may serve as a valuable diagnostic indicator for differentiating exudate from transudate effusion. --- ## Need for Recognition of Pharmacists as Front Liners in Covid-19 Pandemic: An Indian Perspective **Authors:** Subhrojyoti Bhowmick, Asish Kumar Saha, Shubham Jana, Nipun Patil, Mohseenkhan Munshi **Published:** 2020-10-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3601 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Clinical Pharmacy, Frontline Healthcare Worker, Pandemic, Pharmacist Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 or Covid-19 Pandemic has become a globally recognized public-health phenomenon. As of September 2020, over 30 million people have been affected worldwide, and more than 1 million deaths have been registered. Healthcare professionals & researchers around the world are working hand in hand to find a vaccine or an efficient cure for this disease. Till then, a large part of the globe remains under lock down, and people are advised to follow certain guidelines like social distancing, practicing hand hygiene, etc. Pharmacists are one of the key healthcare workers who are working to fight this Pandemic. This commentary is an effort to describe their role in combating this Pandemic in a developing nation India. They are responsible for manufacturing/ supplying/dispensing of drugs to the ailing patients in the hospitals and community. In rural areas, pharmacists are expected to provide medical guidance. They play a vital role in medical information services within the hospital, along with providing Pharmacovigilance activities related to Covid-19 drugs. The essentiality of the presence of clinical pharmacists is being felt increasingly in India, where the healthcare workforce is limited. The safety of these caregivers during this Pandemic should be a priority so that this healthcare force can be efficiently utilized in managing the Pandemic in the country in the coming days. --- ## Post COVID-19 Potentials and Innovation: The Future Supply Chain **Authors:** Bindu Swetha Pasuluri, Anuradha S. G., Manga J, Deepak Karanam **Published:** 2020-10-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3461 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Lockdown, Supply chain, stigmatization, Mental health An unanticipated outburst of pneumonia of inexperienced aetiology in Wuhan, Hubei, China stated in December 2019. World health organization has recognized pathogen and termed it COVID-19. COVID-19 turned out to be a severe urgency in the entire world. The influence of this viral syndrome is now an intensifying concern. Covid-19 has changed our mutual calculus of ambiguity. It is more world-wide in possibility, more deeply impactful, and much more difficult than any catastrophe that countries and organizations have ever faced. The next normal requires challenging ambiguity head-on and building it into decision-making. It is examined that every entity involved in running supply chains would require to go through major compliances as employee, product, facility sanitization protocols, and transport would have to be in place. It is an urgent need of structuring to apply the lessons well-read for our supply chain setup. With higher managers now being aware of the intrinsic hazards in their supply chain, key take-aways and suggestions-recommendations will help to guide leader to commit to a newly planned, more consistent supply chain setup. Besides, the employees’ mental health is also a great concern. --- ## Efficacy of the Cognitive Orientation to Daily Occupational Performance in Indian Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3463 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Child, DCD, Motor Skill Defect, Occupational Therapy, Cognitive Therapy Participation restriction in sports and academic activities, which results from difficulties in performing all the activities of daily living in children with DCD. We aim to analyze the effects of cognitive orientation on occupational performance using COOP approach and to examine the transfer skills exhibited by children with DCD. Pre and post test design is adapted in the current study. Total of 8 girls aged 5-10 years were included in the study. Children participated in 12 COOP sessions at least twice a week and a trial session is delivered to all the children participated in the study, in order to gain orientation towards the protocol adapted in the study. COOP measure and performance quality rating scale were used as a outcome measure and in the perspectives of the evaluator all the children had attained a statistically and clinically significant improvement and 5 girls were able to transfer the learnt skill in many tasks which is new. This study adds evidence that COOP approach can be implemented in all the pediatric therapy centers in India. --- ## Visual motor integration in children with and without reading disability **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3466 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Visual Motor Integration, Primary School Children, Reading Disability, FRTVMI Where there are few occupational therapists in regular practice, and an educational psychologist and special educators conducted the majority of the assessment procedure and evaluation of children with visual-motor integration (VMI). They consider assessing children with VMI as similar to the assessment of children with research instruments, and the availability of the trained occupational therapist was limited. VMI is generally expressed as the ability of the child to integrate visual perception input and to coordinate it with limb movements for the execution of motor activities in sequential order. A child with impaired VMI skills fails to execute motor- based activity. We evaluated the visual-motor integration (VMI) in children with and without reading disabilities (RDs) in the primary schools of Mudichur. Full Range Test of Visual-Motor Integration (FRTVMI) was used to evaluate the visual-motor integration among children. A total of 20 children recruited from primary schools in Mudichur. Every parent of the children gave the willingness to participate in the study; 10 children were already diagnosed as having RDs, whereas the remaining 10 children were age-matched typically developing children. The results indicated that children with reading disability scored poor on the FRTVMI than the typically developing age-matched peer-group children. The results support the impairment in visual-motor integration is strongly related to learning disabilities, and the therapist should educate teachers of primary schools to refer children with learning disabilities. However, there is a need for strong assessment among children’s to quantify their skills in reading and writing, and it is vital to diagnose children in the early years to avoid academic failures. Teachers were in need to be educated to refer children are who are suspected of being at risk for RDs in school settings. --- ## Effects of Neuromotor Task Training (NTT) - A new approach for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in Indian context **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3444 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** NTT, DCD, MABC, TGMD-2 Developmental coordination disorder is gaining increased recognition among the researchers. Despite a high prevalence rate, the uncoordinated movements and performance difficulties in daily life activities in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder were gained increased recognition. Caregivers and parents were not aware of any such intervention and waste a lot of time and money over therapist and therapy, which are not appropriate for their children with DCD. NTT- Neuro-motor Task Training relies on motor control and motor learning. Treatment of each child with DCD requires a unique holistic approach, to examine the effects of NTT among Indian children with DCD, this pilot study was conducted in 10 children with developmental coordination disorder. Movement assessment battery for children was used to assess the gross and fine motor difficulties among children with DCD. NTT intervention was delivered for ten sessions. The total duration of the intervention is 30 minutes. Positive effects of NTT were reported in every child in the intervention group. Their performance enhanced in gross motor and fine motor task. MABC and TGMD-2 results were improvements following the intervention, and the present findings indicate that therapists can take children's behaviour into account to conclude the positive treatment effects of NTT. --- ## Prevalence of autism among children with intellectual disabilities **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3439 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Autism, Intellectual Disability, Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Primary School Children Autism is prevalent among primary school children, and these children exhibit difficulty in communication. They have reduced communication skills, problems with social relationship, especially they experience isolation by their family members, and they have persistence of stereotyped behaviours and have low social development. Children experience a high incidence of intellectual disability. We aim to estimate the prevalence rate of autism among children with a developmental disability. 50 children who have been diagnosed and underwent treatment for their intellectual disability were screened and assessed by direct observation method. Initially, every child was screened by using the DSM criteria for autism with the help of the caregivers and teachers as well as other therapists who previously treated children were also included selectively. The children after the screening programme, if found be diagnosed as autism in DSM criteria were reevaluated with the checklist appropriate for their age grouped. Indian Scale for Assessment of Autism was used to screen autism children. After the baseline assessment, the researcher collected the data and results were analyzed. Results conclude that 20 children out of the 50 children were found to have autism and the prevalence estimated as 40% among children’s in Kancheepuram district. We conclude that prevalence of children with autism was considerable increasing and these children were prevalent among children with other pervasive developmental disorder and especially the prevalence was high in children with mental retardation and the study highlights that all children with intellectual disability must be screened for autism. --- ## Coronavirus disease and diabetes – Interplay of two pandemics **Authors:** Chitrika Subhadarsanee, Prasad V Dhadse, Vidya Baliga, Komal Bhombe **Published:** 2020-10-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3443 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, COVID-19, Diabetes, SARS-CoV-2 “Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)” is induced by a novel enveloped virus having single-stranded RNA which was originated in Wuhan city of Hubei, province, China. The coronavirus has a protein envelope. On the outer surface, the virus has spike-like glycoprotein, which is responsible for the attachment and entrance inside host cells. It transmits rapidly affecting more than 160 countries globally, so, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced it as a pandemic. It is considered as a relative of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 is caused by a beta coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 that affects the lower respiratory tract and manifests as pneumonia in humans. It is an airborne disease as announced by WHO and the incubation period ranges from 2 to 14 days. The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 is heterogeneous, ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiple organ failure and death. Till now, so specific treatment is invented so, prevention plays a significant role. The current situation is only limiting the spread of disease. Coronavirus infection leads to the activation of adaptive and innate immune responses, resulting in massive inflammation (to so-called cytokine storm), which in turn can lead to damage to various tissues, septic shock and multiple organ failure. According to WHO, older individuals and people having associated co-morbidities like diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity, etc., are at higher risk of getting infected by the coronavirus. This review explains the renewed correlation between diabetes and COVID-19. It also highlights the potential mechanisms by which diabetes regulates the host immune response and host-viral interactions. --- ## Eutectic mixture of Local Anaesthetic (EMLA) an alternative for painful palatal nerve blocks: Randomised controlled trial **Authors:** Jones Jayabalan, Muthusekhar M R, Senthil Murugan P **Published:** 2020-10-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3438 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Eutectic Mixture, Local Anaesthesia, Injection-Free, Painless Extraction, Needleless Extraction The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of EMLA to Palatal nerve blocks in providing anaesthesia to the palatal soft tissues during extraction. Seventy patients who reported for extraction of maxillary premolar and maxillary molar tooth were included in this study. These patients were divided into two groups randomly. One group consisted of patients receiving EMLA (Eutectic mixture of Lidocaine and Prilocaine) over the palatal soft tissues adjacent to the tooth with a cotton swab, and the other group consisted of patients receiving 0.4 – 0.6 ml of 2% lignocaine with 1;2,00,000 dilution adrenaline slightly anterior to the greater palatine foramen with a syringe. The mean score VAS while applying EMLA cream in group A was 0.00. In contrast, while giving palatal nerve block in group B, it was 4.09 that was statistically significant using the independent sample t-test. Likewise, the mean VAS score while extraction in the EMLA group was 0.11, whereas in palatal nerve block group was 0.00 that was not statistically significant using independent sample t-test. EMLA may be advantageous in providing palatal soft tissue anaesthesia during prophylactic extraction, thereby avoiding painful palatal nerve blocks. --- ## Investigating the association between cephalosporin antibiotics use and urolithiasis: a case-control study **Authors:** Krishnakumar J, Santhoshkumar V **Published:** 2020-10-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4723 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** oxalobacter formigenes, calcium oxalates, urolithiasis, cephalosporins The study aimed to explore the association between cephalosporin antibiotics and urolithiasis, specifically focusing on Oxalobacter formigenes (O. formigenes) colonization. A total of 50 patients with kidney stones and 110 controls without stones were enrolled. O. formigenes, a bacterium known to metabolize oxalates in the gastrointestinal tract, was detected in 36 of the 50 kidney stone patients and in 97 of the 110 control participants. The analysis revealed that urinary calcium and oxalate levels were significantly higher in the kidney stone patients compared to controls, suggesting that these elevated levels may contribute to the formation of calcium oxalate stones. Given the sensitivity of O. formigenes to certain antibiotics, including cephalosporins, frequent antibiotic use may reduce O. formigenes colonization in the gut. This reduction could lead to increased oxalate absorption, as O. formigenes is not present to metabolize oxalates effectively, thereby heightening the risk of kidney stone formation. These findings suggest that the absence or reduction of O. formigenes colonization could be a contributing factor in calcium oxalate stone pathogenesis, especially when antibiotics like cephalosporins are prescribed frequently. Consequently, this study highlights the need for cautious antibiotic use to preserve beneficial gut microbiota, which may play a protective role against kidney stone development. Further research could confirm these associations and guide antibiotic stewardship practices to prevent disruptions in gut microbiome balance that might contribute to urolithiasis. --- ## Stepping up detection, response, preparedness and readiness measures for “COVID-19”- A Pandemic **Authors:** Khushbu Balsara, Deepankar Shukla **Published:** 2020-10-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3442 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Acute respiratory infection, COVID-19, Coronavirus, Emergency, Prevention and Control, Treatment In a very short period of time, “COVID-19” has seized the consciousness globally by making remarkable changes in our day to day living and has superintended as a public health emergency globally. It has high radar of transmission, affecting an individual at work to frontline workers. The measures and planning for a response plays a key role from drawing up an emergency committee and this follows an equation which broadly deals with epidemiological to clinical history of the patient, management steps from isolation, screening, diagnostic assays for identification and treatment. The application of an organized plan with secure structure aids in better performance, increases efficacy of management and saves time. Also saves time for a health care worker to g through routine levels of channels of administration if already a familiar way of operation is known for such situations. Thus, planning and developing a ‘blueprint of approach’ towards management of patient while facing such situation is a must. This review provides an insight to the measures for detection, response and preparedness of the hospital and health care workers should largely be inclusive of; also highlights the measures to be taken at every step after coming in contact with a positive case of “COVID-19”. --- ## Parental Acceptance of Silver Diamine Fluoride Treatment for Children **Authors:** Ahsana Asif, Deepa Gurunathan **Published:** 2020-10-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3436 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Early Childhood Caries, Parental Acceptance, Silver Diamine Fluoride, Children The present study aimed to assess the parental acceptance of silver diamine fluoride and to determine whether the acceptability level differs depending on the demographic factors and the location of dental caries. Demographic data and the opinion about the staining effect of SDF treatment on primary teeth were obtained through questionnaire from parents of 60 children aged between 2-5 years with ECC in Chennai, India. The opinion was obtained after showing clinical photographs of SDF treatment. Of the 60 participants, male parents with low socioeconomic status, tend to accept the SDF treatment more. To our knowledge, this is the first study to check for the parental acceptance and perception of silver diamine fluoride treatment in Indian populations. The results show that parent's gender, child's gender, socioeconomic status, level of education, number of children in the family plays an essential role in the acceptance of SDF treatment by the parents. Parents with high socioeconomic status accept SDF treatment to avoid treatment under general anesthesia. A significant difference between male and female and the anterior and posterior teeth (P < 0.05) was observed in acceptance ratings of SDF treatment. Though parents have a concern with the discoloration associated with SDF treatment, most of them prefer SDF treatment over treatment under general anesthesia. --- ## High Risk for Obesity in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3437 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Physical Activity, Green Land Play, Parents, Caregivers, Obesity Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is characterized by marked impairment in the acquisition of motor skill. The poor performance of movement skills marks developmental coordination disorder (DCD), and this defect affects the child's activities of daily living in innumerous ways. The ability of the child in the execution of the motor task is substantially below that expected for a child's chronological age and intelligence. DCD affects the child's ability in performing both gross and fine motor skills. Performing the Variety of motor tasks is impaired, and the child is isolated socially and emotionally. These children experience frequent academic failure because of their poor handwriting skill. Despite having IQ more significant than 70, these children experience academic failure. As because of their motor coordination difficulty, these children avoid peer group interaction. They were termed as clumsy and awkward, by their teachers and often by their peer group. Thus they were avoided by their peer group children. This recurrent isolation becomes permanent for children with DCD, and they tend to isolate themselves from everybody. As they become isolated, these children are more prone to psychological distress. As because of poor social interaction and participation in green land play along with peer group children, they were at high risk for obesity and other related disorders. Awareness of the importance of participation in a physical activity needs to be delivered for all the parents of children with and without DCD. Benefits of green land play need to be understood by the parents for further facilitation of children's engagement in physical activity sessions. --- ## Evaluation of Attention Towards Motor Task in Children with Developmental Co-Ordination Disorder - A Pilot Study **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3435 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Developmental Co-ordination Disorder, Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Mental Concentration, Rehabilitation Motor task execution capability again included in the writing task. The ability of the child to copy down the letters from the blackboard and the ability to listen to the dictated word and coordinate the writing task along with the listening task to complete the note-taking process. Lack of motor task execution capability will exclude the child from green land play. Playing demands attention skill as well as motor co-ordination. We aimed to compare the level of attention among children with and without DCD during their functional activities that demand motor performance. Ten children with and without DCD were included in the study. Their motor performance was assessed with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC), and a self-reported questionnaire evaluated attention during the tasks of the MABC. All children with DCD had higher MABC impairment scores and lower attention scores than their peers. It has been documented that children with DCD were less attentive to movements than their peers, and the positive reinforcement can modulate their performance by the parents or therapist. --- ## Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Alanine Derived Bioactive p-Toluenesulphonamide Analogs **Authors:** Melford C Egbujor, Uchechukwu C Okoro, Samuel A Egu, Pius I Egwuatu, Florence U Eze, Ifeanyi S Amasiatu **Published:** 2020-10-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3440 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alanine, p-toluenesul phonamides, Carboxamides, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Sulphonamides and carboxamides have great pharmacological importance. The purpose of the study was to synthesize alanine-derived bioactive sulphonamides bearing carboxamides and evaluate their biological activities. The reaction of p-toluenesulphonyl chloride with L-alanine afforded compound 1, which was acetylated to obtain compound 2. The chlorination and ammonolysis of compound 2 gave the carboxamide backbone (3) which was coupled with aryl/heteroaryl halides to afford the hybrid compounds 4, 5 and 6. Structures were confirmed by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectra and elemental analytical data. The in vitro antimicrobial properties were determined by agar dilution, and the antioxidant properties were also investigated. Molecular docking interactions of the analogues were determined using PyRx. Compounds 4, 5 and 6 exhibited excellent in vitro antimicrobial properties in the range of 0.5-1.0mg/ml while compounds 1 and 2 had half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.11±0.15µg/ml and 1.12±0.13µg/ml respectively. For the molecular docking studies, compounds 5 and 6 displayed the best antitrypanosomal activity with binding affinities of -13.95 and -13.51kcal/mol respectively while compound 4 showed the highest in silico antimalarial activity having binding affinity of -11.95kcal/mol. All the alanine derived sulphonamides were observed to be potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitrypanosomal and antimalarial agents following the biological activities studies. --- ## Use of stainless steel crowns and zirconia crowns in posterior primary teeth for children in different age groups **Authors:** Manthra Prathoshni S, Vignesh Ravindran, Visalakshi Ramanathan **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3473 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental Caries, Stainless Steel Crowns, Zirconia Crowns, Aesthetics, Early Childhood Caries Children are more susceptible to Early Childhood Caries and trauma. Post endodontic treatment, it is necessary for coverage of the treated teeth, and full crowns are considered to be the best option for the same. Preformed crowns for primary molars are available in many sizes and materials to be placed over decayed or developmentally defective teeth. They can be made completely of stainless steel, stainless steel with a white veneer cover or made wholly of a white ceramic material when aesthetics is concerned. The main aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of usage of stainless steel crowns and zirconia crowns in posterior teeth for pedo patients in different age groups. 89000 case sheets were reviewed between June 2019 - March 2020 for possible inclusion and exclusion criteria. Case sheets of 1496 pediatric patients who underwent stainless steel crown and zirconia crown placement in posterior teeth were obtained from a Private Dental Institute. Collected data were analysed using SPSS statistics software. Results showed that stainless steel crowns were more prevalently used among all age groups (99.54%) and were more prevalent among the age group 0-5 years (69.61%). Stainless steel crowns were also found to be more prevalent among male pediatric patients (57.80%). In Conclusion, stainless steel crowns were most prevalent among all age groups and are more prevalent among male pediatric patients. --- ## Patient reporting for anterior tooth alignment during ugly Duckling stage - A mishap **Authors:** Hema shree, Jessy P, Manjari Chaudhary **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3364 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ugly Duckling Stage, Age, Gender, Chief Complaint, Orthodontic Treatment, Self-Correcting Ugly duckling stage is a self-correcting anomaly seen during the mixed dentition period. It is characterised by the spacing between the upper incisors and proclination of teeth. It is seen that during this stage, parents take their child to the dentist to correct the malaligned teeth due to unawareness. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of pediatric dental patients reporting for tooth alignment during the ugly duckling stage. This retrospective cross-sectional study included patients who reported to saveetha dental college during June 2019 - March 2020. Case records of about 10,000 patients were reviewed and 3363 patients were recruited under 8 to 13 years of age. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 20.0. About 50.8% of patients who belonged to the age of 10 years reported for tooth alignment during an ugly duckling stage. Results were statistically significant for the association between age and chief complaint of anterior tooth alignment (p<0.05). Thus, the role of the dentists lies in making the parents aware that the ugly duckling stage is a self-correcting phenomenon and no orthodontic correction is required during this stage. --- ## Oral mucosal lesions in children with and without cleft lip and palate: a case control study **Authors:** Yashila Periyasamy, Vignesh Ravindran, Subhashini V C **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3370 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cleft Lip and Palate, Oral Mucosal Lesions, Soft Tissues Orofacial clefts are a major health problem affecting individuals worldwide. Affected children would be having functional and aesthetic problems, such as breastfeeding difficulties due to improper oral seal and nasal regurgitation. Hearing and speech difficulties are also associated with the aperture. Oral mucosal lesions are commonly missed due to higher concern over the cleft than the minority of these conditions. The purpose of the study was to assess the presence or absence of oral mucosal lesions in children with and without cleft lip and palate. A total of 89000 cases were reviewed between June 2019 to March 2020 for the incidence of oral mucosal lesions in individuals with and without cleft lip and palate only. The present study consists of 30 children divided into two groups: children with cleft lip and palate and children without cleft lip and palate. In both groups, the presence of oral mucosal lesions was noted. Absence of oral mucosal lesions in both children with cleft lip and palate and children without cleft lip and palate. In this study, there is no evidence regarding oral mucosal lesions in children with and without cleft lip and palate. --- ## Root morphology of maxillary and mandibular third molars - A potential cause for trans alveolar extractions **Authors:** Ditty J Mary, Senthil Murugan P, Nashra Kareem **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3420 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Transalveolar Extraction, Mandibular Third Molars, Maxillary Third Molars, Dilacerated Roots. Maxillary and mandibular third molars with dilacerated root forms and curvature play a significant role in the treatment planning regarding whether the tooth can be extracted normally or go for trans alveolar extraction. The aim of this study is to assess the association of root curvature and trans alveolar extraction of upper and lower third molars. Preoperative assessment reduces the surgical difficulty and is fundamental for treatment planning and extraction of impacted third molars. We reviewed the case records of the patients who underwent trans alveolar extraction and analysed the data of 94 patients from June 2019 to March 2020 and was tabulated in excel. The data analysis was done in SPSS by IBM, and output was generated as bar charts. In this study, we observed that out of the total 94 trans alveolar extraction performed, 50% of the incidence was below 45 years out of which dilacerated roots were present in 28.7% cases. Results were tabulated and represented as bar charts.so within the limitations of the study we observed that root morphology did not have a significant role in deciding about the treatment whether the teeth will go for open or transalveolar extraction. --- ## Prevalence of outflow of patients for esthetic rehabilitation through the maxillofacial surgical procedure - A retrospective study **Authors:** Nadhirah Faiz, Subhabrata Maiti, Iffat Nasim, Jessy P **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3454 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Esthetics, Gender Predilection, Orthognathic Surgery, Prevalence, Prosthetic Rehabilitation Dental esthetics is a field of dentistry concerned especially with the appearance of dentition as achieved through its arrangement, form and color. The type of malocclusion, the degree of malocclusion, age, patients’ esthetic desires, practitioners’ style of treatment as well as gender predilection can influence the final esthetic treatment the patient will be subjected to. From functional demands, over the years, patients’ demands have dynamically shifted to meeting the maximum esthetics possible. In older patients, it is difficult to treat the malocclusion by orthodontic procedures, hence bringing in the requirement of performing surgical treatment along with prosthetic rehabilitation. This will help maximize esthetics as well as provide a long term, sustainable solution for the patient. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of outflow of patients undergoing jaw-related surgery requiring prosthetic rehabilitation and its association with esthetic demand. A sample size of 1743 patients' information from SDC DIAS database of Saveetha Dental College was taken and a retrospective study was performed where the data collection was done using Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet and data analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0 software. It can be said that surgical treatment is done majorly due to esthetic desires. There is no significant association of the requirement of the treatment with age as well as the gender of the patient (P>0.05). There is a statistically significant association between Requirement of Prosthetic Rehabilitation and Age group (P<0.05). --- ## Awareness on self-medications practices among dental students **Authors:** Murali dharan, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Keerthi Sasanka **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3419 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Self-Medication, Dental Students, Awareness Self-medication is indeed a practice where patients select and use drugs for either the management of auto-diagnosed physically or mental health problems. It was defined as the ingestion of drugs without consultation with a qualified doctor. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the perceptions and degree of self-medication practice amongst first-year dental students. This questionnaire-based survey was conducted among 100 first-year undergraduate dental students in Chennai. The questionnaire had 11 questions eliciting the practice of self-medication patterns among the students. The responses were recorded and analysed. 61% of the respondents have the habit of self-medication. 43% said that they take for a headache, 21% said that for stomach pain, for fever 25% take self-medication and the rest said that they visit a doctor without taking any self-medication. 56% preferred allopathic medication, 9% preferred homoeopathy, 12% preferred Ayurveda and the rest 23% preferred the homemade medicines. 41% use antibiotic drugs, 47% use antipyretic drugs and the rest 12% use antihistamine drugs. Around 71% said that they were aware of a drug overdose and the rest 29% said they were not aware. Self-medication was primarily used by dental students mainly for minor ailments with over the counter drugs. From the survey, we can conclude that there is a large number of students 61% have the practice self-medication and so awareness must be created on it. --- ## Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Piezo Surgery among General Practitioners in Chennai **Authors:** Aathira C M, Vinay Sivaswamy **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3360 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Piezosurgery, Cavitation, Implants, Awareness Dentistry over a decade has undergone many significant advancements and has led to the evolution in various facilities in order to provide better and comfortable treatment to the patients. One among which piezosurgery is a novel innovation that contributes to the bone surgery and fulfills both biological and Technical criteria. It is a soft tissues bearing system for bone procedures with the use of low-frequency micro-vibrations. The survey was conducted online using google sheets, and a questionnaire consisting of 12 questions were circulated among 100 people of Chennai district. The responses were compiled and analysed using the statistical package in google sheets. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the general practitioners of India are unaware about piezosurgery and its applications. --- ## Prevalence and Risk Factors of Plantar Fasciitis Among Middle Aged Male and Female Population - A survey Based Study **Authors:** Devika B, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Vishnu Priya V **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3373 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Plantar Fasciitis, Middle and Old Age Population, Heel Pain, Risk Factor Plantar fasciitis (PF) is a commonly reported cause of plantar heel pain. The purpose of this study is to create awareness of the risk factors and/or events that leads to the development of plantar fasciitis. The identification of musculoskeletal factors related to plantar heel pain could lead to the development of intervention strategies and improve clinical outcomes. The aim of the study is to know the prevalence and risk factors of plantar fasciitis among middle-aged male and female population – a survey based study. A self-administered questionnaire containing about 16 questions was prepared and circulated through online survey google forms link. About 129 middle aged people responded to the survey. The responses were collected, tabulated and statistically analysed using SPSS software. Out of which 47.33% were females and 52.67% where males. 45.80% of the total population have a stabbing pain in the heel early in the morning and also with the long-standing while 54.20% of the population do not have this condition. 41.22% of the population experience mild pain early in the morning, 42.75% experience moderate pain, 13.74% experience severe pain and 2.29% experience very severe pain early in the morning. Plantar fasciitis is one of the causes of inferior heel pain in adults. The patient has a gradual occurrence of pain along the medial side of the heel. The pain is worse when arising in the morning, which becomes less severe after a few steps. --- ## Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Crystals from Egg Shells **Authors:** Rinki Susan George, Jayalakshmi Somasundaram, Balaji Ganesh S, Anitha Roy **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3422 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hydroxyapatite Crystals, EHAp, CHAp, Biomedical Appliances The aim of the review is to raise awareness to synthesise hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals from eggshells. The development of hydroxyapatite crystals shows a systematic approach towards the development in various biomedical applications. The economic approach of the synthesis of crystalline hydroxyapatite crystals from the eggshells is done using ultrasound assisted technology. The study demonstrates the use of biowastes such as egg shells which is a promising technique to develop hydroxyapatite crystals due to its mechanical and osteogenic properties. The hydroxyapatite crystals are synthesised using biowastes such as egg shells which are rich in calcium and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. This is a viable substitute for bone regeneration and orthodontic appliances due to its properties such as fracture toughness, mechanical strength, elastic modulus, osteoconductivity, bioactivity and differentiation. These minerals are similar to the inorganic content of the bone and are used widely for complete or partial bone augmentation, filling bone and teeth. They are used as coatings in orthopaedics and dental implants. The organic components of the matrix of the egg shells are mainly composed of mucopolysaccharides, proteins, mainly composed of chondroitin sulphate A and B, glucosamine, galactosamine, galactose, mannose, fructose and sialic acid. They are widely used as the matrix fibres have a strong influence on the mechanical strength of the entire egg shells. These crystals are characterised for bone tissue engineering due to the following properties such as biocompatibility, bioactivity and other mechanical properties without getting rejected by the immune system. --- ## Knowledge and Awareness about Recent Advances in HIV Diagnostics Among General Population - A Survey **Authors:** Thiru Kumaran, Gheena S, Gayatri Devi R **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3359 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HIV, ELISA, HIV Antibodies, Diagnostic Tests HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus which cripples the immune system and causes AIDS; with no effective cure. It can be diagnosed by many techniques like HIV-Antigen/antibody test, Nucleic acid test-CD4 T Cell count, viral load (HIV RNA)-drug-resistant, complications test, tuberculosis, hepatitis B or C-STIS, Liver or kidney damage. The aim of this study was to assess the popular perception about the advances in diagnostics of HIV among the general population. An online survey with a self-structured questionnaire was prepared based on the advances in diagnostics of HIV/AIDS. A questionnaire containing 10 questions was distributed among the general population through an online survey platform. Results were analyzed using SPSS software version 2.0. 37% of them were aware of the various HIV diagnostic tests and the majority were not aware. 92% of the population believed that Antigen/antibody test can also be a diagnostic test for HIV. 69% were familiar about the recent testing methods which have the potency to diagnose p24. Based on this survey, it was concluded that the general population was well aware about the recent techniques of diagnostics used in HIV. --- ## Awareness about Roxolid Implants among Dental Students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3409 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Roxolid Implants, Dental Students Roxolid implants are endosseous root form implants made of alloy comprising 85% Titanium and 15% Zirconium. This unique combination greatly improves the tensile and fatigue strengths of implants compared to the ones manufactured with commercially pure titanium and its alloys. The aim of the study was to assess the awareness about roxolid implants among dental students. This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional type of study comprising 100 dental college students in Chennai. A self-designed questionnaire contains ten questions based on the knowledge and awareness about Roxolid implant system among dental college students. Questionnaires were circulated through an online website survey planets questions explored the awareness of using Roxolid implants, their indications, contraindications and clinical advantages. After the responses were received from 100 participants, data were collected and analysed. 37% are aware of Roxolid implants. 33% are aware of the indications of Roxolid implants. 25% are aware of the contraindications of Roxolid implants. 23% are aware of the clinical advantages of Roxolid implants.3 %.use Roxolid implants. The awareness about Roxolid implant systems was moderate among dental students. Hence more intensive educational and awareness programs need to be initiated to improve the knowledge and application of Roxolid implants in clinical practice. --- ## Gingival Health Status in Patients With And Without Anterior Crossbite: A Case Control Study **Authors:** Kuzhalvaimozhi P, Vignesh Ravindran, Subhashini V C **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3455 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anterior Crossbite, Esthetics, Gingival Recession Anterior crossbite is an anteroposterior malocclusion resulting from an abnormal axial inclination of maxillary anterior teeth. Anterior crossbite can cause periodontal damage leading to gingival recession.To assess the gingival health status in patients with an anterior crossbite, and also compare with patients without anterior crossbite.The present study consisted of 56 patients divided into two groups: patients with anterior crossbite and patients without anterior crossbite. 89000 Case sheets were reviewed from the dental treatment records for DMFT index in children with and without anterior crossbite from June 2019 to March 2020. In both groups, the following parameters were recorded - Oral Hygiene Index - Simplified (OHI-S) and Plaque Index (Silness and Loe). Mean Plaque Index for case group (patients with anterior crossbite) is 0.89, and Mean Plaque Index for the control group (patients without anterior crossbite) is 0.68. Mean OHI-S Index for case group (patients with anterior crossbite) is 0.46 and Mean OHI-S Index for the control group (patients without anterior crossbite) is 0.45. On the Mann-Whitney test, the difference was not statistically significant (P-value - 0.088 and 0.096). In this study, gingival health status in patients with anterior crossbite is poor compared with patients without anterior crossbite. --- ## Suturing in single tooth Alveoloplasty wounds: A case-control study **Authors:** Kausalyah Krisna Malay, Balakrishna R N, Jayanth Kumar V **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3362 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Suture, Alveoloplasty, Simple Interrupted, Simple Continue, Wound Alveoloplasty has been defined as the surgical removal of a portion of the alveolar process. It has stated that some form of alveoloplasty is indicated in nearly every instance of multiple extractions and frequently even in single extraction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of suture techniques in single tooth alveoloplasty wounds. The purpose of this study was to analyse the sutures used for single tooth alveoloplasty. A study was carried out by collecting data by reviewing patients data and analysing the data of 86000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020 at the private dental institute. A total number of 26 case sheets were reviewed from intra oral photographs and additional supports. Photographs were assessed to determine the technique of suturing for patients undergoing single tooth alveoloplasty. The study was evaluated and approved by the ethical committee of the private dental institute Data was statistically analysed using SPSS 2.0, Chi Square Test was conducted. The results were recorded. The results showed majority of the dental students provided simple interrupted sutures post single tooth alveoloplasty wounds. Statistically, the difference was not significantly associated between tooth number and type of suture in single tooth alveoloplasty wounds as the p value was 0.404, (Chi Square test, p>0.05). Within the limitation of present study, the majority of the dental students provided simple interrupted sutures post single tooth alveoloplasty wounds especially in relation to tooth number 37. --- ## Commonly prescribed analgesics, post implant surgery - A retrospective study **Authors:** Reshma Harikrishnan, Arun Murugaiyan, Abhinav R P, Balaji Ganesh S **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3384 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Analgesic, Dental Implant, Pain, Postoperative, Prescription Postoperative pain management comes with any treatment done in dentistry. Pain is considered as a complex experience that's invoked by an external stimulus. Safe and reliable methods of managing acute dental pain can be done with the administration analgesics. Common analgesics include Diclofenac sodium, Ketrolac, Tramadol, Paracetamol, etc. Dental implants are biologically and restoratively driven. A retrospective study was done in an institutional setting. The data for the study were retrieved from the college's patient record management software. All patients who underwent implant surgery at a given time frame of June 2019- March 2020 were taken into consideration. The patients PID, Name, Age, Gender and Analgesic prescribed were retrieved and tabulated. The data was then analysed using software (SPSS). Results: A total of 592 patients were involved in this study, 351 being male patients and 241 female patients. Majority of the patients who participated in this study were between 39.9 ± 12.58 years of age. The commonly prescribed analgesics included: Aceclofenac Paracetamol + Serratiopeptidase (93.2%), Acetaminophen + Hydrocodone (5.2%) and Piroxicam (20mg) (1.5%). Piroxicam was prescribed the least in the age group of 17-30 years. Conclusion: The most prescribed analgesic for patients who had undergone implant surgery was a combination of Aceclofenac, Paracetamol and Serratiopeptidase. --- ## Acceptance Towards Smile Makeover Based on Spa Factor - A Myth or Reality **Authors:** Sanjog Agarwal, Subhabrata Maiti, Subhashree R **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3369 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dentogenic Concept, Dynasthetics, Esthetics, SPA Factor, Smile Design Maxillary anterior teeth are of utmost importance as their size and form play an important role not only in facial aesthetics but also dental aesthetics. Aesthetics is one of the primary concerns of patients seeking restorative treatment. Due to this reason, dentists restore maxillary anterior teeth in harmony with the facial appearance of the patients. The aim of the study is to evaluate the incorporation of SPA factor in Fixed dental prosthesis and prevalence of different personalities and its correlation with gender and age. A Cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in an institution, on randomly selected individuals. The study group consisted of adult patients who attended the outpatient Department of Prosthodontics from June 2019 - March 2020. Data collection was done and the Chi-square test was used to explore the relationship between two variables. 41% of males accepted treatment. 46% of females accepted treatment. 72% Treatment acceptance was found in the young age group S factor was not followed by 17.8% case, P factor was not followed by 17.3% case, A factor was not followed by 20.4% case SPA plays an important role in the esthetic outcome of the prosthesis, so it should be incorporated in the treatment. More awareness and knowledge is needed for implementation clinically in each and every case. Young adults are more likely to accept esthetic smile makeover treatment, whereas other age groups are not. Accepting maybe because of socioeconomic status or lack of awareness. So it's our responsibility to conduct health education and awareness programs at the society level for patients and also clinical awareness among practitioners to improve the smile quality. --- ## Awareness of ORAC assay among dental students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3378 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, ORAC, Dental Students The Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (ORAC) assay estimates the suppression of peroxy radical-mediated oxidation by molecules of concern. This calculates the quality as Trolox equivalent and provides both repression duration and the degree of oxidation suppression. This same test could be used to calculate the antioxidant capacity of nutrition. The survey was performed for assessing awareness of ORAC assay amongst dental students. This was a questionnaire implemented cross-sectional type of survey comprising 100 dental college students in Chennai. A self-designed questionnaire with 10 queries eliciting the knowledge and awareness about applications of the ORAC assay technique was distributed among dental college students. Questionnaires were circulated through an online website survey planet. The questions explored the awareness of ORAC assay technique, diagnostic indications of ORAC assay technique, limitations of ORAC assay technique and mechanism of ORAC assay technique. After the responses were received from 100 participants, data were collected and analysed. 67% of the respondents were aware of the ORAC assay technique. 52% were aware of diagnostic indications of the ORAC assay technique. 45%% were aware of the limitations of the ORAC assay technique. 35% were aware of the mechanism of the ORAC assay technique. The awareness about the ORAC assay technique and its applications were less among dental students. Increased awareness and educational programs should be initiated to spread knowledge about the ORAC assay technique among all students and clinicians. --- ## Pediatric dentists’ preference on usage of hand files or rotary files for pulpectomy of primary molars - A retrospective study **Authors:** Akshaya K, Vignesh Ravindran, Senthil Murugan Pandurangan **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3460 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rotary, Hand Files, Pulpectomy, Primary Molars, Nickel-Titanium Dental caries is the most prevalent chronic condition of the oral cavity. Excessive tooth decay can inflame pulp requiring pulpal intervention. One such endodontic procedure done to treat pulpitis is pulpectomy which is defined as complete removal of coronal and Radicular pulp. It can be done through hand or rotary filing techniques. A rotary filing system is better over hand filing that it gives more conical canal, reduces preparation time and thus enhances child cooperation. To analyse the preference of pediatric dentists in a private dental institution in using rotary and hand filing techniques during pulpectomy procedures in primary molars. All the cases reported between the month of June 2019 to March 2020 for pulpectomy in primary molars in paediatric patients were chosen for this study. Data of pediatric patients who underwent pulpectomy were shortlisted and the instrumentation techniques used were analyzed, tabulated and was subjected to statistical analysis. From the statistical analysis, it can be analysed that paediatric dentists had a higher preference towards rotary filing technique (85.7%), predominantly in male patients (57.2%) between the age group of 2 to 5 years (67%), primarily in mandibular molars (67.1%). Within the limitation of this study, the commonly preferred instrumentation technique by paediatric dentists for pulpectomy of primary molars is rotary over hand filing. --- ## Prevalence of Furcation Involvement Among Patients with Periodontitis: A Cross Sectional Study **Authors:** Jembulingam Sabarathinam, Arvina Rajasekar, Madhulaxmi M **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3457 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Furcation Involvement, Prevalence, Periodontitis, Prognosis A furcation is defined as ‘‘the anatomic area of a multirooted tooth where the roots diverge’’ and furcation invasion refers to the ‘‘pathologic resorption of bone within a furcation. Many classifications were derived to classify furcation. The aim of the current study was to assess the prevalence of furcation involvement among periodontitis patients. The retrospective study was done among the outpatients of saveetha dental college and hospitals, chennai from june 2019 to march 2020. Periodontal data of adult patients aged between 18-70 years, were collected from the patient records. The data then analysed and interpreted using ibm,spss software version 20, california. Male predilection was observed in relation to furcation involvement. the prevalence of furcation involvement among patients with periodontitis was 38%. Maxilla had an increased furcation involvement than the mandible. Grade I furcation was the most commonly observed type of furcation with 6mm loss of attachment approximately. Maxillary arch was more involved than mandible. --- ## Awareness of Ribavirin therapy among dental students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3410 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Ribavirin, Dental Students Ribavirin is another nucleotide analogue with a wide range of antiviral efficacy against multiple viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, measles, herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, Lassa fever, and hepatitis B and C viral infections. Ribavirin can indeed be delivered orally, intravenous infusion or via a nebulizer. This survey was initiated to study the awareness of ribavirin therapy amongst dental students. This was cross-sectional type research done with a questionnaire distributed among 100 dental college students in Chennai. A self-designed questionnaire with 10 items that elicit knowledge and understanding of ribavirin therapy amongst dental college students. Questionnaires were circulated through an online website survey planet. The questions explored the awareness of Ribavirin therapy, indications, contra indications, mechanism of action and side effects. After the responses were received from 100 participants, data were collected and analysed. 7% were aware of Ribavirin therapy. 5% were aware of the mechanism of action of Ribavirin therapy. 5% were aware of the indications of Ribavirin therapy. 3% were aware of the contraindications of Ribavirin therapy. 4% were aware of about adverse effects of Ribavirin therapy. The awareness about ribavirin in managing viral infections was less among dental students. Increased awareness and educational programs should be initiated to spread knowledge about ribavirin therapy. --- ## Chemoprevention of oral cancer using tretinoin biofilm - A review **Authors:** Harini M, Gheena S, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3348 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Chemoprevention, Oral Cancer, Tretinoin Biofilm, Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Oral cancer is a major disease prevalent all over the world. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a well-known disorder that accounts for more than 90% of all oral cancers. Five percent of all tumors occur in the head and neck, and approximately half of those occur specifically pertaining to the oral cavity. Tretinoin biofilm is a cost-effective alternative method used in the chemoprevention of oral cancer. All relevant search engines (google scholar, PubMed, etc.) searched for the literature pertaining to oral cancer, chemopreventive methods and the use of Tretinoin 'biofilm' in oral cancer prevention. The data was collected, and quality analysis of the collected data was done. The knowledge in the current point of time analysed and thus the consensus was established. Oral cancer has proved to be a major disease with major health issues leading to morbidity and mortality among the patients. The treatment for oral cancer is expensive and invasive and hence cannot be approached by everyone, leading to unfortunate consequences. This technique if successful, has the potential to be employed worldwide to treat oral cancer patients leading to the betterment of health and lifestyle. --- ## Dental Caries in Children With and Without Cleft Palate: A Case Control Study **Authors:** Sivesh Sangar, Vignesh Ravindran, Visalakshi Ramanathan **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3459 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cleft Palate, Dental Caries, Prevalence The lack of knowledge about oral hygiene maintenance among the general population with oro-facial clefts would lead to a poororal health. The aim was to determine the prevalence of dental caries status in children with cleft palate only. The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries status in children with cleft palate only. A study was carried out by collecting data by reviewing patients’ data and analysing the data of 86000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020 at the private dental institute. The sample size that was taken included 19 children with cleft palate and 19 children without cleft palate (control), who came to the private dental institute. Results showed that the mean DMFT score for the children with cleft palate was 1.74 while the mean DMFT score in children without cleft palate was 5.84. The prevalence of dental caries was compared for both case and control group were compared by Mann-Whitney U test, which gave a result of p=0.000. Within the limitations of the present study concluded that, dental caries status in children with cleft palate is significantly less than the dental caries status in children without cleft palate. --- ## Patient response to the usage of orthodontic appliance in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment - A survey **Authors:** Harini G, Sumathi Felicita A, Bala Krishna R N **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3368 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Orthodontic Appliances, Functional, Questionnaire To evaluate the patient perception of orthodontic appliances and their experience during orthodontic treatment. Patient data archived in the institution’s database were reviewed and data pertaining to patients undergoing orthodontic treatment was retrieved. 60 patients were identified randomly. A questionnaire was framed to record the patient's compliance to functional appliance therapy. The questionnaire survey was framed and sent to the patient by sharing the link of the survey planet that consists of necessary context. Chi-square, fisher exact tests were used for data analysis through SPSS software. It was found that patients needed more time to the orthodontic appliance. 66% of patients had eating difficulties, 63.3%. More than half of the patients encountered oral sores almost 57.7%. 64% of the patients using these appliances encountered breakage and displacement problems. A total of 54% of patients stated that they had difficulty in keeping the appliances clean and maintaining proper oral hygiene Individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment had more difficulty to perform routine activities. Care must be taken to overcome these difficulties. --- ## Pediatric dentist preference in using hand or rotary instrument in multi visit RCT in first permanent molars **Authors:** Maajida Aafreen M, Vignesh Ravindran, Deepa Gurunathan **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3379 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hand Instrument, Rotary Instrument, Pulpectomy, Paediatric Endodontics, Organic Debris Paediatric endodontics is an important clinical procedure used to manage pulpally involved or non-vital teeth. Endodontic procedures can be done using hand or rotary instruments for the canal preparation and removal of organic debris. The aim of the study is to evaluate the preference of hand or rotary instrument in multi-visit RCT done in permanent molars by pediatric dentists. The study was conducted in a university setting. A total of 300 samples were collected and the data was collected from the dental archives software. It was tabulated in an excel sheet and was analysed by SPSS software by IBM. The output was represented in the form of graphs and pie charts. A total of 300 cases were tabulated. 80.4% preferred rotary type of instrument. The most common gender preferred was male (p value=0.002) and the age was 17 years of age (p-value = 0.986). The most common type of tooth preferred was the mower molars( p value= 0.158). It can be concluded from the study that the Rotary instrument was the most preferred instrument in the permanent molars. The preference was more towards the male patient and mandibular molars with an age group between 16-17 years. --- ## Relationship of Malocclusion with Periodontal Status among Adult Population in Chennai - A Case Control Study **Authors:** Sushanthi S, Jayashri P, Arthi B **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3417 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Malocclusion, Periodontitis, Orthodontic, Gingivitis, Russell’s Index Malocclusion is defined as an irregularity of the teeth or an incorrect placement of the dental arches that is outside the ideal range. Besides this irregularity of the teeth or jaws, malocclusion may cause periodontal problems, disturbances of oral function such as mastication, swallowing, and speech, and psychosocial problems related to impaired dentofacial aesthetics. Hence this study was conducted to find the relationship between orthodontic malocclusion with periodontal status among the adult population visiting private dental college in Chennai. A retrospective study was conducted using case records of patients attending private dental college from July 2019 - March 2020. A total of 932 case sheets of patients who had recorded for Russell’s periodontal index were retrieved and used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics, chi-square and Pearson’s correlation was used to analyze the data. Out of 932 participants class I malocclusion-96.24%, class 2 Div I - 1.82%, class division 2, class 2 subdivision, class 3 malocclusion, class 3 subdivision was 0.32%, 0.42%, 0.855 and 0.32% respectively.10.73% of the study population have terminal disease which is a surprising finding when compared with other studies. The results of the study were subjected to statistical analysis. Negligible negative correlation was found between malocclusion and periodontal status and were statistically insignificant. No statistically significant association was found between orthodontic malocclusion and periodontal status and a negligible negative correlation was obtained, which shows that there was no relationship between malocclusion and periodontal status in this study population. --- ## Correlation Between Gonial Angle and Mandibular Symphysis Width in South Indian Dravidian Population **Authors:** Anjali Anna Thomas, Harish Babu, Remmiya Mary Varghese **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3353 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mandibular Growth Patterns (MGPs), Symphyseal Width, Lateral Cephalogram, Orthopantomogram, Gonial Angle Mandibular growth pattern (MGP) prediction plays an important role in orthodontic treatment planning. This study sought to assess the mandibular symphyseal width in adolescents with different mandibular growth patterns (MGPs) so as to see whether a correlation exists. This study was conducted on 90 lateral cephalograms of patients aged between 10 and 16 years. The subjects were divided into normo-divergent, hypodivergent and hyperdivergent subgroups based on the gonial angle. The symphyseal measurement included width or depth of the mandibular symphysis according to Akietal study. He suggested that a mandible with anterior growth direction was associated with a large depth of the symphysis. In contrast, a mandible with a posterior growth direction was associated with a small depth of symphysis. To assess the correlation between mandibular symphyseal width and mandibular growth pattern, Pearson’s correlation test was done. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2 tailed). A P-value which is less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mandibular symphyseal width was found to be strongly associated with the MGP. It can be inferred from the results that in vertical growth pattern, as the gonial angle increases, symphyseal width decreases and in horizontal growth pattern, as the gonial angle decreases, symphyseal width increases. Also, in vertical growth pattern subjects, the mandibular symphyseal width is narrower. In contrast, in horizontal growth pattern subjects, the mandibular symphyseal width is wider. --- ## Missing maxillary first molar in young adult and it’s replacement – A retrospective study **Authors:** Shreya Svitlana Anand, Ashok Velayudhan, Jaiganesh Ramamurthy **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3381 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Prevalence, Maxilla, Molar, Treatment, Implant, Temporary Partial Denture Retrospective research was performed among patients attending one of Chennai's private hospitals. The purpose of the research is to examine the incidence of missing maxillary first molar and its replacement in the young adult population. The patients were assessed using the records from the university between June 2019 and March 2020. The data were entered into Microsoft Excel and tabulated. Following which data was imported into the SPSS software by IBM. Data analysis was performed in the statistical software SPSS and data were analyzed by descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation. Patients belonging to the age group, 18-35 with missing maxillary first molar, were selected for the study. The patients undergoing replacement of the missing teeth were evaluated. In this study, we observed that a total of 358 patients had missing maxillary first molar. From a total of 358 patients, 95 patients (26.5 %) underwent replacement of the missing teeth, and 263 (73.46%) did not undergo replacement. The patients who underwent replacement treatment predominantly belonged to the age group 26 to 35 years. A maximum number of patients who underwent treatment belong to the male population (15.92%) [p-value > 0.05]. The type of replacement procedure underwent mostly Temporary partial denture (11.7%), followed by Fixed partial Denture. The maximum number of patients with missing maxillary first molar belongs to the male population of the patients aged 26 to 35 years (42.18%) [P-value ﹤0.05]. --- ## Gender and Age Predilection in Single Tooth Implants **Authors:** Gayathri K Rajpurohit, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Arthi Balasubramaniam **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3425 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Single Tooth Implants, Tooth Loss, Endosseous Implants, Caries, Aesthetics The ideal dentistry is not just to restore the function but also associated with esthetics and comfort of the patients is the reason why implants are gaining more popularity to replace the missing tooth. Implants work on the principle of bone healing, also called osseointegration that is a connection or a bond of the living bone with the implant both structurally and functionally. Implant placement can be affected by multiple reasons including the age, gender, Socioeconomic status, educational qualifications, health and knowledge about the treatment available. Thus, the present study evaluates the age and gender predilection for a single tooth implant placement. A total of about 260 patients with single tooth implants were assets, and the data were statistically analyzed using the SPSS software by IBM version 20. From the results obtained, it was observed that young adults of the age group 21-30 (36.2%) were the highest to undergo a single tooth implant. Male (65%) respondents were more when compared with the females (35%). Maximum single tooth replacement was done in mandibular posteriors mainly 36 (24.6%). From the above study, we could conclude that proper knowledge among the individuals is needed on the availability of the treatment. The treatment must be made more cost-efficient so that every individual in need for implants can access a better treatment of choice and lastly the prevalent group which are more prone for tooth loss must be screened and made aware of the future complications. --- ## Prevalence of Gummy Smiles in Leptoprosopic Patients and Various Treatment Modalities Employed in South Indian Population **Authors:** Lichi A Solanki, Harish Babu, Nivethigaa B, Navaneethan R **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3414 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gummy Smile, Intrusion, Leptoprosopic, Le-fort 1 Superior Impaction Patients with a vertical growth pattern have a tendency for a long face and gummy smile due to the clockwise rotation of the mandible and ensuing divergence of maxillary bases. A patient can be said to have a gummy smile when there is gingival exposure of 3mm or more while smiling. A gummy smile is unaesthetic and warrants correction. The common treatment modalities employed for correction are dental intrusion and surgery. The study aimed to determine the number of patients with leptoprosopic facial patterns having gummy smiles and the various treatments for its correction. The objective of this study was to determine whether all leptoprosopic patients have a tendency towards gummy smiles and the treatment plan most commonly used for its correction. Records from the Department of Orthodontics were retrieved and searched for the patients with leptoprosopic facial type. Only 42 patient records were eligible according to the selection criteria of which (n=22) were females and (n= 20) were males. Selection criteria included patients who had a long face with facial index between 90-94%, on cephalometric evaluation female patients with upper dental facial height >27.4+/-1.7 mm and male patients >30.5+/-2.1. The results showed that the patients with leptoprosopic facial patterns had a tendency towards gummy smiles and the treatment plan most commonly used for its correction in the Department of Orthodontics in Saveetha dental college was skeletal intrusion using dental mini implants and IZC. Other treatment modalities included Le-Fort Superior Impaction of maxilla in severe cases. Association between gender the various treatments employed for gummy smile correction was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). We can conclude that gummy smile and facial patterns have a positive correlation. --- ## Processing Errors in Complete Denture Fabrication - A Survey **Authors:** Farhat Yaasmeen Sadique Basha, Venkatesh Kommi, Raj S S **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3416 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Edentulous, Complete Dentures, Fabrication, Processing Errors, Defects There has been an increase in the incidence of complete edentulism among the elder patients. Complete dentures are the most common and preferred treatment of choice. Complete dentures help in masticatory function and restore the facial shape of the edentulous patients. Fabrication of the complete dentures is, therefore, a very important task for the clinician to ensure patient satisfaction. Errors may occur during the denture fabrication and these are called processing errors. It is a multifactorial process. The aim of the survey is to study the errors that occur during processing of a complete denture. It is a questionnaire based study conducted with a batch of 100 dental students. The questionnaire consisted of 16 questions focused on different fabrication techniques, timing, materials used, etc. by various students. The data collected was represented statistically and discussed. Dough technique was the most preferred method adopted by 39% of the students. Shorter curing cycles produced less defects, but majority of the students used longer cycles (41%). Most of them reported fractures (16%) and microporosities (11%) as defects. We can conclude that there are a few areas of error during the processing of dentures by the dental students. The incidence of these errors, however appears to be low. There is a scope for CAD/CAM complete dentures in the future to eliminate the possibilities of errors. --- ## Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus Among Complete Denture Patients **Authors:** Shreya Kothari, Rakshagan S, Balaji Ganesh **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3375 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes Mellitus, Edentulous, Complete Denture, Neuropathy, Retinopathy Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders with 1.82 times greater risk in edentulous patients than dentate patients. It is associated with complications like neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular problems and periodontitis. They complain of burning sensation of the mouth and multiple ulcerations in the mouth. All these problems contribute to the failure of retention of complete denture. The aim of the study is to find the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in complete denture patients. Case records of 89,000 patients who visited the hospital between June 2019 - April 2020 were retrieved and reviewed. This university setting study involved 351 complete denture patients. Data was tabulated with parameters - name, age, gender, medical history of diabetes or with other systemic diseases. Data was imported to SPSS for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were done. 26.5% of the complete denture patients had diabetes mellitus. Males were found to be slightly more prevalent than females. The most common age group affected was 60-75 years age group. Chi-square test showed no significance between age or gender with diagnosis of diabetes (p-value >0.05). Diabetes mellitus is associated directly with edentulism with 26.5% of prevalence with this disease. The most common age group prevalent was in the age group of 60-75 years and commonly seen in males. --- ## Prevalence of Gropers Appliance in Pediatric Dentistry **Authors:** Swetha Ilangovan, Vignesh Ravindran, Geo Mani **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3412 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gropers Appliance, Space Maintainers, Anterior Teeth, Aesthetics Space maintainers are used to minimise undesirable drifting of teeth in the dental arch. Using space maintenance after the loss of primary teeth restricts the creation of spaces. Space maintainers also prevent the development of malocclusion due to space. The primary teeth loss can lead to different dental malocclusions like midline shifts, space loss and also crowding of teeth. Gropers appliance is a space maintainer used for children who have lost their primary anterior due to accident or caries. Gropers appliance is a fixed partial denture used for aesthetic purposes. This is used to restore mastication and speech to prevent abnormal oral habit development and also for aesthetics. The aim of the study is to find the prevalence of Gropers appliance in Pediatric Dentistry. This was a retrospective study done under a University setting. All the patients' records were collected from June 2019 to March 2020 and were reviewed. The data included patients who required space maintainers. The data was tabulated and entered in excel and the data were analysed using SPSS package software. p<0.05 was considered to be the level of statistical significance in the study. The prevalence of Gropers appliance in Pediatric Dentistry was found to be 39.6%. There was a male prevalence of 55.6% in receiving a Gropers appliance. The common age who received it was 3 years old. Within the limitation of current study, the prevalence of Gropers appliance was 39. 6% with the common age of children being 3 yrs. --- ## Applications of Silver Nanoparticles in Dentistry **Authors:** Anu Iswarya Jaisankar, Rajeshkumar S, Ezhilarasan D **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3352 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Silver Nanoparticles, Dentistry, Titanium Coated Implants, AgNps Incorporated Porcelains, Endodontics, Orthodontics Nanotechnology is a booming field of research and innovation that aims at building materials on the scale of atoms and molecules. Essentially Nanotechnology is characterized as the plan, characterisation, creation and utilization of structures, gadgets and frameworks by controlled control of size and shape at the nanometer scale. It is a booming field of this 21st century. Silver Nanoparticles are known for their various physical, chemical and quantum properties that make them unique. They have got excellent antimicrobial properties that extend their applications nearly in every sphere of life. Apart from the antimicrobial property, they show excellence in their Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidation properties. Silver nanoparticles also have many optical, mechanical, biological and chemical properties that attribute to their enhanced performances in the evaluation and clinical assessments of mechanical devices and other biomaterials. Uses of Silver Nanoparticles in the field of dentistry is remarkable. Silver nanoparticles can be used in association with dental acrylic resins, intracanal medication and in implant coatings. The current study aims at discussing the applications of silver nanoparticles in various aspects of dentistry. --- ## Gender predilection in oral cancer - A university based study **Authors:** Preethi Mariona, Mahathi Neralla, Sreedevi Dharman **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3408 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gender, Oral Cancer, Prevalence, Risk Factors Oral cancer is said to be a malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity. It is defined as the uncontrollable growth of cells that invade and cause damage to the surrounding tissues. Oral cancer has a predilection for certain sites, most common being the lips, followed by the tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, hard and soft palate, sinuses, and pharynx. In general, a high male to female ratio of occurrence of oral cancer is seen. The main risk factors for oral cancer are smoking, alcohol, gutkha, paan and other factors such as cheek biting and sharp cusps also seem to influence the occurrence of oral cancer. The study aims at assessing the gender of patients who have been diagnosed with oral cancer to see if there is any predilection for oral cancer based on gender to occur. The study was done in a University set up in a Private Dental College, Chennai. This study was done retrospectively by analysing case records of patients who reported between the months of June 2019 to March 2020. Simple random sampling was done to minimize sampling bias. After reviewing, the case sheets were filtered based on the data required. The final sample size was 50 patients with oral cancer. The data pertaining to the gender of the patient was collected. It was observed that from those 50 patients with oral cancer, 78% of them were males and 22% of them were female. Chi-square test shows p>0.05, not significant. The study concludes that the males were affected more than females. --- ## Patient related compliance after different treatment techniques for endodontic - periodontal lesions - A single center retrospective study **Authors:** Siddharth Narayan, Arvina Rajasekar **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3346 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Patient Comfort, Patient Compliance, Endo-Perio Lesions, Periodontium, Flap Surgery Endo-perio lesions are one of the most common clinical presentations seen in dental clinical which are often misdiagnosed and treated purely endodontically or periodontally. The treatment for such lesions are primarily dependent on skill of dental operator based on adjunctive diagnostic aids such as radiographs, tooth vitality, clinical presentation of localised periodontal pockets. However patient compliance, comfort and chief complaint are often overlooked as the greater need of the individual is kept in mind ahead of his/her comfort levels. There is also a lack of evidence in literature relating patient compliance to treatment done for endo-perio lesions which is the rationale behind the present study. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immediate postoperative response from clinicians notes after treatment and 1 week after treatment using (i) Primary endodontic management (ii) Primary periodontal management (iii) Combined endo-perio management (iv) extraction of the same tooth over a period 9 months in a single centered university setting. Patient records from a dental college in Chennai were used for the inclusion of patients from 1st June 2019 till 1st March 2020 into the study. Patients with localised chronic periodontitis with a CAL of 5mm or greater confirmed using adjunctive aids like standardised radiographs, cold vitality testing were included in the study. Patient postoperative comfort and compliance were assessed immediately after treatment and 1 week after treatment recorded from clinician's notes. It was found that within the limitation of this study, maximal patient compliance was seen when endo-perio lesions were treated using root canal treatment as well as flap surgery as per clinicians records which was clinically significant but statistically insignificant (p<0.05). --- ## Knowledge and Awareness about Natural Immune Booster Among General Public **Authors:** Sree lakshmi S B, Geetha R V **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3358 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Natural Immune Booster, Immunity, Diseases, Synthetic Drugs The immune system plays a vital role in protecting the body against diseases, fighting against foreign bodies and does a remarkable job in defending against microorganism and distinguishing bodies' own health issues and protecting them from infectious agents. Natural immune boosters are the product, which helps in boosting the immune system. Even some pharmaceutical preparation includes medicinal plants as they are compound extract again is a variety of diseases. Ayurvedic theory states that balance between the humours of the body that is “vayu, pitta and kaffa” leads to healthy living. The bottom line Herbs have been used as natural remedies like mouthwash, toothpaste, etc. since ancient times. An online survey was conducted among 100 general public to assess their knowledge and awareness about natural immune boosters. The online survey includes 15 questions based on immune boosters. The Results said that about 97% are aware of immune boosters and also about 95% think it's important to boost immunity. A total of hundred people of Chennai, Kancheepuram and Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu attended this survey. In the study, we observe that about 97 % of them are aware of natural boosters, and 95 % say it is important to boost their immunity. Eating a low-fat, plant-based diet may help give the immune system to boost. The immune system relies on white blood cells that produce antibodies to combat bacteria, viruses, and other invaders. --- ## Knowledge, Prevalence and Risk factors of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Young, Adult and Middle-Aged information Technology Professionals **Authors:** Kethan Umakanth, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Smiline Girija A S **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3361 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Computer Usage, Flick Signs, IT Professionals, Median Nerve, Work-Related Health Problem Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is one of the most commonly reported nerve entrapment syndromes. There are almost 10 million cases present in India alone. It was also found women were more commonly affected compared to men. Higher prevalence rates of CTS can be found in certain occupational groups, for example, the construction workers. The present study was a cross-sectional study conducted among IT professionals (primarily females). The questionnaire consisted of 7-10 questions and was given to IT professionals. Different populations can be covered online. The sample size of this survey was 100. People seem to have a sufficient amount of knowledge on CTS. However, there is more on CTS that they should be made aware. 70% of people are aware of the carpal tunnel syndrome, but only around 50 % are aware of more information on CTS. Thus more research and studies must be further continued on this topic as it is a prevalent problem and millions of people are affected by it, and many might still be unaware of the problem in the world. --- ## Is Amoxicillin the Drug of Choice in Dentoalveolar Abscess - A Hospital based study **Authors:** Shreya Svitlana Anand, Hemavathy Muralidoss, Jaiganesh Ramamurthy **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3371 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amoxicillin, Antibiotic, Dentoalveolar Abscess, Resistance The aim of the study was to identify if amoxicillin is the drug of choice for dentoalveolar abscess. The retrospective evaluation was conducted using data provided by a private hospital. 86000 patients had reported to the outpatient department, a private hospital between June 2019 and March 2020, and the data was collected and analyzed. Patients diagnosed with dentoalveolar abscess were selected for the study. The antibiotic prescribed for treatment was recorded. A retrospective analysis was done based on the collected data. The retrospective study consisted of 27 subjects infected with Dentoalveolar Abscess. In this study we observed that 100% of the patients affected with dentoalveolar abscess were prescribed Amoxicillin and the most affected individuals among the study population belonged to the young adult population (age group 18-35 years) [51.85%], followed by patients aged 36-55 years [33.33%] and least affected belonging to age group 56-75 years [14.81%]. Around 74.07% of the population were prescribed Amoxicillin alone, 18.51% have prescribed a combination of Amoxicillin and Metronidazole, followed by 7.4% of the study population were prescribed the combination of Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid. Within the limits of this study, we find that the drug prescribed for Dentoalveolar abscess in a private dental hospital is predominantly Amoxicillin. Hence, we conclude that amoxicillin is the drug of choice for dentoalveolar abscesses. --- ## Assessment of Partial Edentulism Based on Kennedy’s Classification System **Authors:** Jembulingam Sabarathinam, Revathi Duraisamy, Madhulaxmi M **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3458 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Edentulism, Jembu, Kennedy’s Classification, Pattern of Edentulism, Removable Partial Denture Edentulism is the state of being edentulous without natural teeth in the oral cavity. Edentulism leads to impairment of normal function, aesthetics, Comfort and speech which is followed by sequelae of undesirable events which includes occlusal discrepancies, migration and spacing of surrounding teeth, loss of space, supra eruption of teeth and temporomandibular disorders. The Variation in the number and location of the edentulous spaces and its complex relation to the remaining tooth structure or the natural teeth constrains the need to classify the partial edentulous arches. The aim of the current study was to assess the frequency of partial edentulism according to Kennedy's classification system. The retrospective study was conducted among the outpatient department of Saveetha Dental College and Hospital from June 2019- august 2019. The patient data was assessed. The data were tabulated using MS-Excel. The data was then analysed using IBM SPSS software (version 20). Pearson's chi-square test was done. Male predilection (62%) was identified in relation to partial edentulism. The most frequently observed edentulism in maxillary and mandibular arch was Kennedy's class III (23% and 21% respectively). While Kennedy class I and II were observed in patients aged between 50-80 years (11% and 14% respectively), whereas Kennedy's class IV was majorly observed among patients aged between 20-30 years (5%) (p<0.05). There was an increased frequency of Kennedy’s class I and II pattern and a decline in Kennedy’s class III and IV with increase in age. --- ## Knowledge and awareness among college students about the importance of iron blockage in tuberculosis-A survey **Authors:** Naz Fathima Raj Mohamed, Gayatri Devi R, Yuvaraj Babu K **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3449 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Iron Mechanism, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cofactors, Metabolic Pathway, Mycobacterial Growth Tuberculosis threatens to destroy millions across the globe. There is an urgent need for new methods to prevent and treat the disease. Similar to most microorganisms, Mycobacterium tuberculosis - the causative agent of tuberculosis, requires iron for important metabolic pathways. Since iron is not readily accessible in the host, pathogens must compete aggressively to create an infection for this metal, but they must also carefully regulate the acquisition of iron, as excess free iron can be highly toxic. The aim of the study was to create awareness of iron blockage and stop tuberculosis among college students. A descriptive survey was conducted among various college students using questionnaires in google forms. The questionnaire consists of 16 questions were framed based on the knowledge and awareness of iron knowledge to stop tuberculosis and receive a response from 100 participants. In this survey, 67.53% were aware of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause tuberculosis in the human body and 59.74% were aware that bacteria which causes tuberculosis to need iron to survive but 27.27% were not aware. Majority of participants were aware that iron was capable of restarting replication and refractive to antibodies and trigger the state of persistence bacteria. Nearly 57.14% of participants Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a remarkable ability to persist in the absence of Fe, but 19.48% stated it does not survive. By this current survey, it can be evident that the majority of participants are educated about knowledge of tuberculosis associated with causes, main role and physiological mechanisms involved in it. --- ## Prevalence of type of Chewing Tobacco in Tobacco Users in Patients Reported in Private Dental Institution **Authors:** Anirudh B V M, Uma Maheswari T N, Nivethiga B **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3377 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tobacco, Chewing Tobacco, Cancer, Pan Masala, Gutka, Mawa, Hans Tobacco use is one of the leading preventable causes of early death, disease around the world. India has a high prevalence rate of tobacco consumption, both smoking and smokeless forms. There are many types of chewing tobacco such as pan masala, khaini, mawa, snuff, zarda, mishri etc. The aim of this study is to find the prevalence rate of the type of chewing tobacco in tobacco users in patients reported to, Chennai. It's a retrospective cross-sectional study in a university setting. Case records were collected and analysed the data of 41000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020 from the private dental institution. Data was then imported to IBM-SPSS v20 for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics was done for further analysis. Among types of chewing tobacco, pan masala was prevalent (55.7%), with male predilection being 92.3%. The common age group which was seen chewing tobacco was 18-30 years-28.4%, with type of habit being only chewing tobacco-87.1%. Within the limits of the study, prevalence was seen in males with 18-30 age group being the most affected. Pan masala was the most prevalent type of chewing tobacco followed by gutka. As pan and gutka are the most common types used in Chennai, it is more carcinogenic than other types of chewing tobacco and its usage is increasing among the youth. Precautions must be taken such as anti-tobacco intervention to decrease the consumption of tobacco which causes a decrease in chances of cancer formation. --- ## Prevalence of early childhood caries among preschool children - A retrospective study **Authors:** Farhat Yaasmeen Sadique Basha, Archana Santhanam, Raj SS **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3411 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Preschool Children, Early Childhood Caries, Cariogenic Diet, Prevalence Dental caries is one of the most common diseases affecting young children mainly caused by the streptococcus mutans when they act on sugary deposits on the enamel. The bacteria produces an acidic environment after breaking down the sugars, resulting in the onset of caries. When this affects children at a very young age, it is known as early childhood caries and it is a serious threat in developing countries. When left untreated it can affect the quality of life of a child. This study aims to determine the prevalence of early childhood caries among preschool children. A retrospective cross sectional study with a sample size 478 preschool children with early childhood caries who were randomly selected from June 2019 to March 2020 from the patients records. Data collected were tabulated with parameters: age, gender, number of affected anterior teeth, Number of missing teeth and number of filled teeth. The results were analysed using Chi-square test in SPSS software. The analysed data is represented as graphs. The most affected age group was five years [31.7%]. Boys seem to be affected more than girls [53.7% > 46.3%]. Affected anteriors were highest in age group 5. Average number of teeth affected were four. The most number of missing teeth was seen in children aged 5 years and the average number of missing teeth was 2. The average number of filled teeth in children aged 3 to 6 years was 5. This necessitates the need to implement preventive and curative oral health programs for preschool children. --- ## Incidence of dental traumatic injuries among teenagers and adults **Authors:** Swetha Ilangovan, Anjaneyulu K, Geo Mani **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3357 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental Trauma, Injuries, Accident and Emergency, Dental Fractures Injury to the teeth or any other hard tissue or soft tissue surrounding the teeth in the oral cavity is called as dental trauma. Dental trauma is sudden and accidental. It requires attention and immediate treatment. This is a major issue due to its rate of occurrence and its prevalence all over the world. Preventing dental trauma will reduce the cost of its treatment and adequate knowledge about it should be taught to the public. This study aims to find the incidence of dental traumatic injuries among teenagers and adults. This was a retrospective study done under a hospital setting. All the patients' records were collected from June 2019 to March 2020 and were reviewed. The data included patients who had a history of dental traumatic injuries and were above the age of 13 years. The data was tabulated and entered in excel and the data were analysed using SPSS package software. p<0.05 was considered to be the level of statistical significance, in the study. Within the limitations of the study, the incidence of dental traumatic injuries among teenagers and adults was found. It was higher in young adults. Incidence of dental trauma was seen more in young adults - 19 to 35 years, with Male predilection. The mean age for Dental Trauma being 28.58 ± 13.52 years. --- ## Role of Topical Anesthetics Versus Topical Steroids in The Management of Traumatic Ulcer: A Case Control Study **Authors:** Dhinesh Kumar S, Jayanth Kumar Vadivel, Visalakshi Ramanathan **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3451 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Topical Anesthetics, Traumatic Ulcer, Topical Steroids Traumatic ulcers represent one of the most common types of ulcers occurring in the oral cavity. The etiology for the causation of the traumatic ulcers might be due to mechanical trauma-which is the commonest, thermal and electrical trauma. The ulcers due to trauma are well circumscribed, most often deep with sloping margins and an erythematous halo around the ulcers. The management of traumatic ulcers usually ranges from the prescription of topical anesthetics, steroids to nutritional supplements.The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of traumatic ulcers and to analyse the frequency of prescription of topical anesthetics and topical steroids in the management of traumatic ulcers.The study sample consisted of 94 patients with traumatic ulcer.The patients with traumatic ulcers included 56 males with a predominance of cases in the 3rd to 4th decade of life. The number of patients who were treated with topical anesthetics is 68 and topical corticosteroids are only 9. A combination of topical steroids and local anesthetics were used in 17 patients. The results reveal that the single most common drug used in the management of traumatic ulcer is the prescription of topical anesthetics. The second most common agent used is corticosteroids. On analysing the results based on the age group to the type of therapy, there was no significance (P>0.05). The use of topical anesthetics is the commonest in the management of oral traumatic ulcers. --- ## Knowledge and Awareness on Risk Factors of Breast Cancers Among Homemakers **Authors:** Indumathi M, Kavitha S, Vishnupriya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3450 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast Cancer, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Early Detection, Awareness, Homemakers Globally the major cause of cancer associated death among women is breast cancer. Reports showed that all over world approximately 1.15 million women are affected by breast cancer. Lack of awareness and late diagnosis are the prime reasons behind the raising mortality associated with breast cancer. Breast cancer is becoming the principal cause of mortality worldwide and has greater impact in developing countries. The aim of the present study is to access the knowledge and awareness on risk factors of breast cancers among homemakers. About 150 participants were involved in the study. Self-administered questionnaire of close ended questions was prepared related to risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic modalities, prevention and treatment of breast cancer and distributed among homemakers through online survey forms. In the present study about 62.7% were aware of risk factors of breast cancer and 37.3% were not aware. Regarding the information source of breast cancer risk factors, most of the participants (43.3%) responded to from school or college education. The majority of the participants (60.7%) were aware that breast cancer is among the most prevailing cancers among women. Regarding the risk factors of breast cancer, 36% responded to obesity, 10% responded to advanced age and 54% responded to family history of breast cancer. The majority of the participants (56.7%) responded age as a major risk factor. In the present study, knowledge and awareness on the breast cancer, risk factors among homemakers is moderate. --- ## Risk Factors of Maxillofacial Trauma **Authors:** Aditya Reddy P, Abdul Wahab PU, Jagadish V **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3366 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Maxillofacial Trauma, Risk Factors for Trauma, Facial Region, Prevention Maxillofacial trauma is any physical damage to the facial area that maxillofacial surgeons typically experience and is often associated with high morbidity. Maxillofacial injuries in other areas of the body may occur as a single injury or may be associated with multiple injuries. The aim of this study is to assess the etiology of maxillofacial trauma at hospital in Chennai, South India, over a period of 1 year. Maxillofacial injury cases have been reported using the Department database and clinical reports. A total of 74 patients details were taken by reviewing patient records. The mean age of the patients was 30 ± 12 years. Road traffic accidents were the most common form of etiology for trauma. The etiology maxillofacial injuries reflect the trauma patterns within the community and can thus provide a guide to help design programs toward prevention and treatment. --- ## Prevalence of parents willingness to take up fluoride treatment for their children, the gender differences and common age of acceptance - A retrospective study **Authors:** Ramya G, Vignesh Ravindran, Jeevitha M **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3415 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fluoride, Tooth Decay, Pediatric Patients, Preventive Treatment Fluoride used as a chemotherapeutic agent for caries prevention has been widely researched and documented. The change in the prevalence of caries and advent of different fluoride formulations along with the desire to maximize the benefits and minimise the side effects has led to evoking guidelines for its use. Fluoride varnish, which is one of the most important materials to prevent early childhood caries, is easy to apply and well-tolerated by children. The study aims in assessing the perception of parents towards professional fluoride treatment, opinions, differences and evaluating the prevalent condition. The study was performed in the outpatient department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry. Data required for the study was procured by reviewing patient records and analysed data of 86000 patients between June 2019 to March 2020. The data was sorted in excel and statistically analysed using the IBM SPSS software analysis and the results interpreted in graphs and tabulations. The prevalence of fluoride treatment was found to be 37.7%. The study shows a female predilection (Chi-square test; p-value- 0.252) and age is found to be negatively correlating with fluoride type (p<0.01). It is imperative that regular professional fluoride treatment for pediatric patients is followed by parents to prevent and manage tooth decay effectively. --- ## Requirements of Back to Back Crowns in Children Aged 2 to 6 Years in Mandibular Arch - An Observational Study **Authors:** Ivan Obadiah, Deepa Gurunathan, Vignesh Ravindran **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3471 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Stainless Steel Crown, Dental Caries, Pulpectomy, Space Maintainer Pre-formed stainless steel crowns has been proved to be successful and efficient full coverage restoration in pediatric dentistry especially after pulp therapy and for restoring multi-surface carious lesions. The purpose of this study is to enumerate the need and requirements of back-to-back crowns in the mandibular arch of children aged 2 to 6 years. This cross-sectional observational study was carried out retrospectively by analysing the treatment done by providing back-to-back crowns in mandibular arch and thereby determining the requirement for the same. Out of 134 pairs of back-to-back crowns, 86.7% of the teeth required pulp therapy; 28.5% of the teeth had a class 2 carious lesion. Pulp therapy was the most common requirement for back-to-back crowns in the mandibular arch, followed by Class 2 restorations. --- ## Frequency and distribution of maxillary teeth treated by a single visit and multiple visit endodontics in an Indian population – A retrospective study **Authors:** Krisha Doshi, Raghu Sandhya, Delphine Priscilla Antony S **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3356 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Single-Visit Endodontics, Multi Visit Endodontics, Root Canal Treatment, Maxillary Teeth, Frequency and Distribution Controversy exists as to the completion of endodontic procedures in a single visit or in multiple visits. Analyzing the frequency and distribution of single and multiple visit endodontics carried out based on demographic data can give us an insight towards the success of the treatment. This retrospective study aimed to analyse the frequency and distribution of maxillary teeth treated by single or multiple visit endodontics in an Indian population. Data for the study were collected retrospectively. Patient records of 86000 patients that reported to the institution between June 2019 and March 2020 were reviewed. Excel sheet tabulations were made involving age, gender, tooth number and number of visits. Descriptive statistics were applied using SPSS software. Association between each demographic data and the number of visits was analyzed by Chi-Square Test. A total of 4493 RCT procedures were done, of which 48.6% were single visit procedures and 51.4% were multi-visit procedures. The age group of 18-30 years (31.7%) and 31-40 years (29.3%) underwent the highest number of procedures, followed by 41-50 years (21%) and >50 years (18%). 51% 0f the procedures were done in males and 49% in females. Statistically, a significant association was observed between age, gender and tooth with a type of treatment (single or multiple visit endodontics), p<0.05. A statistically significant association between age, gender and tooth was observed with the type of treatment (single and multiple visit endodontics). Younger age group, males and maxillary central incisors showed the highest predilection to multi-visit endodontics. In general, more multi-visit procedures than single visit procedures were done in maxillary teeth. --- ## Use of digital dentistry in clinical practice among dental practitioners - A review **Authors:** Surya C, Lakshmi T, Gayatri Devi R **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3423 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Digital Dentistry, Clinical Practice, Dental Technologies, Dental Procedures, Intraoral Camera The aim of the study is to find an opinion about the use of digital dentistry in clinical practice among dental practitioners. Digital dentistry is the use of dental technologies and devices that incorporate digital (or) computer controlled components that carry out dental procedures than using mechanical (or) electrical tools. A detailed study is done by reviewing several articles about digital dentistry in dental practice. Many dentists are focusing on advanced dentistry now-a-days, which causes them to take care of conventional issues with present day arrangements. The purpose behind this article is to analyze the idea of computerized dentistry, its focal points and restrictions, and offer expressions and perceptions on explicit areas of advanced dentistry dependent on research, understanding, and correspondence with clinicians around the world. It is expected to give a functional perspective on computerized dentistry, an improvement for more prominent selection of the areas that are concerned with digital dentistry, and quicker incorporation of new innovations. --- ## Dental caries experience in patients with and without anterior crossbite: A case-control study **Authors:** Kuzhalvaimozhi P, Vignesh Ravindran, Subhashini V C **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3365 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anterior Crossbite, Dental Caries, Oral Hygiene Measures Anterior crossbite is a type of malocclusion involving anteroposterior alignment, which results from an abnormal axial inclination of the anterior maxillary teeth. Dental caries is a chronic disease affecting patients and adults. Due to improper oral hygiene management in individuals with a crossbite, the incidence of caries could be higher. Hence a study was conducted to assess the dental caries status in patients with anterior crossbite and also compare with patients without anterior crossbite. The present study consisted of 56 patients divided into two groups: patients with anterior crossbite and patients without anterior crossbite. 89000 Case sheets were reviewed from the dental treatment records for DMFT index in patients with and without anterior crossbite from June 2019 to March 2020. In both groups, parameters such as Decayed- Missing - Filled (DMFT) score was recorded. Data were subjected to the Mann Whitney U test in SPSS software. Results showed higher DMFT score was seen in patients without anterior crossbite. Mean DMFT Index for case group (patients with anterior crossbite) is 2.04, and Mean DMFT Index for the control group (patients without anterior crossbite) is 2.93. The difference was not statistically significant (P-value - 0.072). Within the limitations of the study, dental caries status in patients with anterior crossbite is good compared with patients without anterior crossbite. --- ## Amount of Local Anesthetic Solution Used in Mandibular Third Molar Surgery - A Retrospective Analysis **Authors:** Dyna Albert, Muthusekhar MR, Kathiravan Selvarasu **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3424 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Local Anesthesia, Third Molar Surgery, Impacted Third Molar, Difficulty Index Mandibular third molar is the most commonly impacted teeth and surgical removal of them is the most common minor oral surgical procedure done under local anesthesia in the outpatient department. For a comfortable patient experience and best surgical results, emphasis should be made on a pain-free procedure. In this study, we aim to analyse retrospectively the amount of local anesthetic solution used during surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar and to find if any association between the amount of local anesthesia used and Pederson's difficulty Index (PDI) of the impacted teeth. Retrospective observational study conducted among patients reporting to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chennai for the surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar between the study period June 2019 to March 2020. 658 patients who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Data regarding patients demography, site of impaction, Pederson Difficulty Index of impacted teeth, amount of local anesthesia used were rewarded. The data were statistically analysed using descriptive statistics in IBM SPSS version 20 software. Study population included 58.4% males and 41.6% females, majority of them in the 3rd decade of life. (53.6%) with mean age 29.1 years. Of 658 impacted teeth analysed 54.4% were moderately difficult followed by minimally difficult 38.4% and very difficult 7.1% according to PDI. A significant association was found between the amount of local anesthesia used and PDI score of impacted teeth. In 64.7% cases 2ml of local anesthesia was sufficient to achieve anesthesia during the procedure. 2ml of local anesthesia is sufficient to achieve adequate anesthetic effect in surgical removal of impacted molar. As PDI increased, the amount of local anesthesia used also increased. --- ## Incidence of Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate - An Institutional Based Retrospective Study **Authors:** Inchara R, Archana Santhanam, Subhashree R **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3407 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate, Orofacial Defect Cleft lip or the palate is the congenital birth defect with which is characterised by complete or partial cleft lip or palate. The congenital cleft involving the facial structures may vary from trace of notching of the lip to a complete non fusion of lip and the palate. This study was done to determine the incidence of cleft lip and palate. It is a single centered retrospective study. Data was collected from the patient record system used in a private dental institution and following parameters such as gender, type of cleft lip and palate, unilateral or bilateral was recorded. 86000 patient details were analysed between June 2019 to March 2020 out of which 74 patients who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. The data was statistically analysed using SPSS software. In this study, it was observed that cleft lip was most commonly seen in males and cleft palate in females. Unilateral cleft lip is common in both males and females. Incomplete cleft palate is more common followed by complete cleft palate. Orofacial defects are most commonly seen at the time of birth. --- ## Awareness on therapeutic potential of stem cell among college students **Authors:** Mohamed Noufal Z, Vishnu Priya V, Archana Santhanam **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3347 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Stem Cell, Therapeutic Potential, College Students, Online Survey Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the ability to divide and give rise to identical and undifferentiated cells. Stem cells are most generally used in treating complicated diseases. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a life saving treatment for numerous diseases. This survey shows that there is a great importance towards stem cell therapies among college students.This study is done to create awareness on therapeutic potential of stem cells among college students. The present study consists of self structured questionnaire administered to 100 college students through online google forms link. The data was collected and statistically analysed using SPSS software. The majority of the study population was aware of stem cell therapies. 56.4% of the respondents have therapeutic potential knowledge on stem cells and 54.4% of the respondents have knowledge on existing uses of stem cells. From the survey we may conclude that most of the college students were aware and have prior knowledge of the therapeutic potential of stem cells in health and disease. --- ## Role of optogenetics in pain management **Authors:** Hemanth Ragav N V, Jeevitha M, Archana Santhanam **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3418 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Optogenetics, Neural Control, Chronic Pain Optogenetics is a biological technique that involves the use of light to control genetically modified neurons to express the channels of light-sensitive Ions. Optogenetics can also be referred to as Optical monitoring of neuronal activity in non-neuronal cells, and control of biochemical pathways. Optogenetics is less invasive than electrical stimulation response time in optogenetics is comparatively faster than other treatments. Chronic pain affects one-third of the population, and current treatments cause limited relief and serious side effects. An alternative approach to pain reduction would be the direct modulation of somatosensory pathways using optogenetics. Optogenetic treatment can be a very effective way to relieve chronic pain while avoiding conventional pain medicine's side effects. The use of optogenetics in pain management has greatly accelerated over the last decade. This review discusses the versatility of different optogenetic tools and its effective applications in the field of medicine. --- ## Association Between Tobacco Dependence and Quit Rate **Authors:** Hemashree J, Arthi Balasubramaniam, Manjari Chaudhary **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3456 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Association, Fagerstrom Scale, Quit Status, Tobacco Use Tobacco usage is a major cause of death from cancer, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary diseases. Nicotine addiction which causes physical and psychological dependency, might function as a barrier to smoking cessation. This study aimed to find the association between tobacco dependence and quit rate. A retrospective study was conducted using case records of patients visiting University hospital. About 100 case reports containing information on tobacco dependence and quit rate (in terms of a number of relapses) were retrieved and analysed. Descriptive statistics was done to present the sociodemographic details. Chi-square association to find the association tobacco dependence and relapse rate. Tobacco dependence was higher in males compared to females among all the age groups. It was seen that high nicotine dependence was noted among the subjects of the age group 51 - 60 years (3%). Quit rate with less number of relapses was noted among individuals with low tobacco dependence. There was a statistically significant association between tobacco dependence and quit status (p=0.000). Males (36.5%) had more relapse rate compared to females. About 44.4% of patients with medium dependence had a high number of relapses followed by patients with very low dependence (30.56%). Among 18% of patients with high nicotine dependence, 10% of patients had more number of relapses. Very low and low dependence have more number of relapses with no association between nicotine dependence and quit status. --- ## Prevalence of Non-tobacco Associated Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma - Retrospective Study **Authors:** Ushanthika T, Herald J Sherlin, Sivakumar M **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3376 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tongue, Dental Factors, OSCC OTSCC is the most occurring cancer diagnosed in the oral cavity worldwide. There has been a rise in the occurrence of carcinoma of the tongue, especially among non-alcohol and non-tobacco users. The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of non tobacco tongue OSCC and to correlate with the dental factors. The retrospective analysis data was collected from the dental hospital management system records of Saveetha dental college in OSCC patients without any habits from June 2019 to March 2020. The Clinical details, history and dental factors were tabulated and analysed using statistical software SPSS. Fifteen cases of OTSCC were found to be not associated with any tobacco or alcohol habits. The most prevalent age was from 51 to 60 years and more common in males. The most common site was the lateral border of the tongue. 73% of the patients were not associated with any dental factor and the most common histopathological grade was WDSCC 66%. 60% of the patients had been diagnosed with stage III OTSCC. Within the limits of this study, there is a high prevalence of WDSCC in tongue OSCC in the lateral border of tongue in male between the age group of 51-60 years commonly in males. There was not much association seen with dental factors. The present study underlines the importance of in depth analysis of other etiological factors in OTSCC, thereby facilitating a better understanding of the biology and progression. --- ## Different Types of Finish Lines, Gingival Retraction Methods and Impression Techniques Used During Single Crown Preparation **Authors:** Ahmed Hilal Sheriff K, Nivedhitha M S, Rakshagan V **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3363 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Finish Lines, Putty Wash, Gingival Retraction, Tooth Preparation Tooth preparation is part of the daily routine for dentists. Each step involved in the tooth preparation is important. This study focuses on three parameters, finish lines, gingival retraction methods and impression technique. Gingival retraction and impression technique go hand in hand, as retraction of the gingival sulcus is mandatory to expose the prepared finish line and record them accurately. This study aimed to determine various types of finish lines, gingival retraction methods and impression techniques incorporated during single crown preparation in Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. Case records were collected from DIAS (Dental Information Archiving Software). This university setting study involved a sample size of 812 patients. Data was tabulated with parameters of name, age, sex, finish line, gingival retraction, no. of cords, type of impression. The gingival retraction method used was a mechanical gingival retraction method which comprised 794 teeth and 554 of the gingival retraction was done using "2 cords (000+1)". 2 stage putty wash technique was commonly employed during impression taking in tooth preparation of 746 teeth. Chi-square test done for association between tooth no and finish lines, gingival retraction methods, no. of cords used and impression technique did not show any statistical significance (p>0.05) while association of finish line with no. of cords and type of impression showed statistical significance (p<0.05). --- ## Incidence of Oral Complaints Following Radiotherapy for Treatment of Oral Cancer **Authors:** Sindhu Priya Kuppusamy Sundara Murthy, Mahathi A, Suresh A **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3367 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Radiotherapy, Mucositis, Xerostomia, Osteoradionecrosis Radiation therapy is an important component in management of oral cancer. As a result, various uninvolved structures like salivary glands, oral mucosa, dentition, and jaws receive significant doses of radiation. Radiotherapy for oral cancer typically involves total doses of 6,000–7,000 cGy, delivered in daily fractions over 6–7 weeks and is known to cause a number of oral complications. These include oral mucositis, oral pain, hyposalivation, increased risk of dental caries, reduced mouth opening, and osteoradionecrosis. The aim of the study is to evaluate and identify the incidence rates of oral complaints following radiotherapy for oral cancer. Data samples required for study were taken from hospital records. All the collected data were cross verified and compiled together in an excel sheet. Compiled data were statistically analysed with help of SPSS software. In this study, a total of 51 patients of oral cancer underwent radiotherapy as a part of their treatment regimen. Higher percentage of patients reported back with no oral complaints of 58.82%. With an increase in age group, more patients had oral complaints after radiotherapy treatment, with p value of 0.114. More males had oral complaints compared to female patients with p value of 0.424. Within the limitations, it is significant that the maximum number of patients who underwent radiotherapy returned without any oral complaints. --- ## Prevalence of desquamative gingivitis in dermatological lesions - A retrospective institution based study **Authors:** Santosh Bala, Herald J Sherlin, Vivek Narayan **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3374 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Desquamative gingiva, Dermatological Lesions, Oral Lichen Planus, Pemphigus The oral cavity is considered to be the window to your body because oral manifestations accompany many systemic diseases. In many instances, oral involvement precedes the appearance of other symptoms or lesions at other locations. The aim of this study is to find the correlation of these formative gingiva along with dermatological lesions. Details of patients reported with dermatological lesions to the dental hospital with oral manifestations were obtained from a detailed patient record. The data collected is tabulated graphically via SPSS for statistical analysis. 24 patients were reported with various dermatological lesions. 70% of female predilection was observed, and maximum patients carried the lesion for about 12 months. Out of the 24 patients, 70% show the presence of desquamative gingiva clinically. Histopathological diagnosis shows that 75% of the dermatological lesions present in the oral cavity is lichen planus. According to the current study population, dermatological lesions are the common cause of desquamative gingiva. The prevalence of oral lichen planus was higher and commonly seen along with desquamative gingiva. --- ## Spectrum of Maxillary and Mandibular Fractures Among Patient Visiting Dental Hospital **Authors:** Vivek Babu B, Herald J Sherlin, Samuel Raj Srinivasan **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3421 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Maxillofacial Injuries, Fracture, Trauma, Cause, Treatment Fracture is defined as a break in continuity in the bone. The most common affected bone in the facial region is the mandible. Maxillofacial injuries present as one of the most important health problems worldwide. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the spectrum of mandibular and maxillary practice among patients visiting dental hospital. The study was a cross sectional retrospective study done under hospital setting. The population considered in this study was 64 individuals with maxillofacial fractures. This is an institutional retrospective study and data was collected from 86000 patients visiting Saveetha Dental College And Hospital, during the time period of June 2019 to March 2020 were reviewed and collected data were statistically analysed with the help of SPSS by IBM and tables and graphs well plotted. This retrospective clinical study with the population of 64 patients reveals the increased prevalence maxillofacial fracture in males and that is found to be 62.8% and the most commonly affected age group is a third decade (32.8%). The most common site of fracture is mandible and the prevalence of mandibular fracture was found to be 64.1 percentage. Out of many causes of fracture, the most common factor is due to road traffic accidents and the prevalence was found to be 48.4%. There is a high prevalence of maxillofacial fracture in the population under study and males were the most commonly affected age group in the third decade and common aetiology is road traffic accidents in Chennai city, India. --- ## Prevalence of patients requiring full mouth rehabilitation classified based on turner and missirlian classification and choice of treatment outcome **Authors:** Asha S Hariharan, Subhabrata Maiti, Rakshagan V **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3453 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tooth Wear, Full Mouth Rehabilitation, Turner and Missirlian Classification, Treatment Protocols To assess the prevalence of patients requiring full mouth rehabilitation based on the turner and missirlian classification and assess the choice of the treatment plan. The study was done in the institutional hospital setting of Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. Patients requiring Full mouth rehabilitation were assessed, data was obtained from filtering the college database to obtain 65 patients. The patients were classified by the Turner and Missirlian classification based on their extent of rehabilitation required and the treatment protocol used for them was also assessed. The obtained data was tabulated using an Excel sheet and statistical analysis was performed using Pearson correlation. Prevalence of Category 1 Of turner and missirlian classification was among patients above 60 years (36.8%), For category 2 it's among patients between 50-60 years (33.3%), and category III (36.4%) showed similar results as class I in terms of prevalence. The treatment preferred was mostly tooth supported FMR, Category 1 (52.6%), Category II (47.2%), Category III (54.5%). Full mouth rehabilitation involves extensive rehabilitation of oral structures requiring a meticulous interdisciplinary approach. The study shows the increased requirement of full mouth rehabilitation among elderly patients. Research analysing the prevalence of patients in need for such rehabilitation could give us a ground report on the oral health status of a population, and could prove to be valuable literature which could become the forerunner for research in analysing the treatment protocols. --- ## Cortical Implants in Cerebrum - A Review **Authors:** Rieshy V, Yuvaraj Babu K, Gayatri Devi R **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3355 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cortical Implants, Neuroprosthetics, Biocompatible Materials, Brain Interface The cortical implant is neuroprosthetic which is a direct bridging link to the cerebral cortex of the brain. It provides stimulation and has different benefits depending upon the type of design and the placement of the implant. It is a typical cortical with a microelectrode array, a small device that transmits or receives the neural signal. Its main goal is to replace the neural circuitry in the brain that no longer functions properly. It has a wide variety of potential uses from restoring vision to helping patients who suffer from dementia. These implants are placed on the prefrontal cortex. Prefrontal Cortex is helpful in restoring the attention that helps in decision making. These implants act as a replacement that replaces the damaged tissues in the cortex. This review was done based on the articles obtained from various platforms like PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar. They were collected with a restriction on a time basis from 2000 - 2020. The inclusion criteria were original research papers. In vitro, studied among various conditions and articles that contain pros and cons. Exclusion criteria came into account for review articles, retracted articles and articles of other languages. All the articles are selected based on cortical implants in the cerebrum. Cortical implants are placed to replace the neural circuitry in the brain that no longer functions properly. It helps patients with neurological disorders. It helps patients who have difficulty in complex sensory and neural functions. The biggest advantage of neuroprosthesis is that it is directly interfaced with the cortex. --- ## Immediate Implant Placement in Anterior Maxilla – A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Shreya Svitlana Anand, Ashok Velayudhan, Jaiganesh Ramamurthy **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3452 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Implant, Immediate Placement, Maxilla, Anterior, Tooth Tooth failure in the esthetic region more generally results in a lack of bone volume in the vertical and horizontal direction. On attempts to reduce this alveolar bone resorption to preserve periodontal construction, implant placement was advised immediately after tooth extraction. A retrospective analysis was performed for patients attending a private hospital in Chennai, India. The aim of the study is to study the prevalence of immediate implant placement in the anterior maxilla. Patients who have undergone immediate implant placement in anterior maxilla from June 2019 to March 2020 were included in the study. The data were entered into Microsoft Excel and tabulated. Following which data was imported into the SPSS software by IBM. Data analysis was performed in the statistical software SPSS and data were analyzed by descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation. Within the limits of the study, a total of 77 implants in the anterior maxilla were placed, out of which, 21 implants were immediate implants. From the 21 immediate implants placed, 6 [7.8%] were placed in the anterior maxilla region alone. Immediate Implant in the anterior maxillary region was placed most commonly among the age group 19 to 35 years (14.28%), followed by 9.52% among the age group 55 to 75 years. Immediate Implant in the anterior maxillary region was placed most commonly among the male population (23.81%). Analyzing the etiology of extraction for Immediate Implant Placement, decay (14.29%) was the most common cause of extraction, followed by trauma (9.5%). Replacement assessments can be patient-centred and guided by the patient's wishes. --- ## Prevalence of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Dental Patients in a Private Institution **Authors:** Nor Masitah Mohamed Shukri, Santhosh Kumar M P, Arthi Balasubramaniam **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3383 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Myofascial Pain, Prevalence, Temporomandibular Disorders, Temporomandibular Joint Temporomandibular joints (TMJ) are the bilateral synovial articulation between temporal bone and lower jaw, seen on each side of the jaws. Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) can be defined as the tenderness of the jaws and dysfunction of the associated muscles of mastication and the temporomandibular joints, which connect the mandible to the skull. The exact cause of TMD still remains mysterious and unclear. However, the possible attributes of TMD are arthritis, trauma or blow to the TMJ, excessive gum chewing and bruxism. Patients are usually treated with ice packs, gentle massage at the jaw area and prescription of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This study sought to evaluate the incidence rate, age and gender differences of TMD among patients reporting to Saveetha Dental College and Hospital. The following parameters were evaluated based on the dental records; age, gender and types of TMD. Excel tabulation and SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis. The prevalence of temporomandibular disorders was higher in female patients (51.9%) than male patients (48.1%). The most frequent age group affected by temporomandibular disorders was 31-40 years (36.7%). Disc-condyle disorder (75.9%) is the most frequent sub-type of temporomandibular disorders present in the patients. There was no statistically significant correlation between age and TMD (p=0.847); and gender and TMD (p=0.365). It can be concluded that within the limits of study, TMD was present in adulthood and was more common in women, with disc-condyle disorder being the most prevalent type. --- ## Analysis of amalgam restorations done in class 1 cavities in a private dental college - A retrospective study **Authors:** Rinieshah Nair R Baskran, Nivedhitha M S, Balaji Ganesh S **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3382 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amalgam Capsules, Amalgam Restorations, Class 1 Cavity, Tooth Number, Type of Base Amalgam is a very special type of alloy in which mercury is one of the components. It is a material of choice for dental restorations. There are various intriguing facts about dental amalgam that stand out from other materials—the dimensional changes of dental amalgam cause it to undergo initial contraction, expansion and delayed contraction. However, the usage is becoming lesser as the implementation of the dental composite material was introduced. Amalgam is usually indicated when aesthetics is of no concern and where occlusal contact is high. Mercury toxicity is the property which is considered negative as there have been debates and discussions of the hazards mercury can bring to health. There have been advancements in the dental amalgam to help improve its usage among restorative materials. Data collection was done in a university setting. One thousand cases were reviewed from the time period of June 2019 to March 2020. Excel tabulation and SPSS version 22 was used for data analysis. Chi-square test was used for the analysis of the data. There was no statistical significance between the variables that included types of base and the tooth number. (P-value>0.05). Zinc phosphate was the most commonly used base material in relation to lower molars, (p-value<0.05) which was statistically significant. The maximum number of amalgam capsules used were one capsule which showed high significance. --- ## Oral Hygiene in Patients Using Removable Prosthesis **Authors:** Preety Rajesh, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Manjari Choudary **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3413 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Removable Prosthesis, RPD, Denture, Oral Hygiene A properly designed denture is conducive to proper rehabilitation of edentulism. Regular good denture hygiene by individuals with removable partial dentures (RPDs) is an important component of oral health and in the prevention of further dental problems. These individuals should be provided with advice on the importance of denture care and be aware of this information so as to avoid problems related to the oral cavity in the future. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and hygiene of patients using a removable prosthesis. The study consisted of patients who wear removable prosthesis between the age of 25-50 years. Data were obtained from the DIAS and each case sheet was reviewed carefully by visual means and OHIS score was given for each individual based on visual observation. Data were obtained and tabulated. Data was exported to SPSS and output was obtained. Based on the average of OHIS score, the oral hygiene of all the patients was fair. The study concludes that the oral hygiene of all the patients wearing removable prosthesis of the sample size provided was fair. Females in this study showed better hygiene compared to men. --- ## Healing of Extraction Socket in Diabetic Patients- A Hospital based Retrospective Study **Authors:** Chidambaram Shathviha P, Herald J Sherlin, Mebin Mathew **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3448 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes, Wound Healing, Delayed Healing, Extraction Socket Diabetes is a common metabolic disorder which is an inability to regulate blood glucose due to insulin deficiency or resistance. During extraction, diabetic patients suffer various complications. One among them is most commonly seen delayed wound healing. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of delay in the healing process of extraction sockets in diabetic patients. This retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out in a hospital setting where all case sheets for six months were filtered from the patient management software. Samples of all patients with diabetes and the extraction treatment were filtered. Three hundred sixteen patients were used for this study. The data is collected and imported to SPSS for statistical analysis and results are obtained. Among 316 patients, 77 were diabetic and had undergone extraction treatment. Satisfactory healing was observed in diabetic patients undergoing normal extraction within the age group 60-70 years and with blood glucose level within normal range (54%). Unhealed sockets were observed in diabetic patients who underwent surgical extraction within the age group of 60-70 years and with high blood glucose level (10.2%). Majority of patients with normal blood glucose level have satisfactory healing and patients with high blood glucose level have unhealed sockets. Dentists should be aware that diabetic patients of poor glucose control undergoing traumatic extraction are prone to delayed healing processes which lead the patient to discomfort and infections. Patients should be advised to have a proper diet and controlled level of glucose to prevent oral complications. --- ## Gender difference in prevalence and incidence of mucosal lesions associated with wearing removable dentures **Authors:** Anirudh BVM, Keerthi Sasanka L, Venkatesh K, Nivethigaa B **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3380 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dentures, Lesions, Denture Stomatitis, Epulis Fissuratum, Traumatic Ulcer Denture users are vulnerable to changes in the oral cavity due to improper maintenance of dentures. Most common lesions due to dentures are denture stomatitis, epulis fissuratum, traumatic ulcers etc. The aim of this study is to find out the gender difference in prevalence and incidence of mucosal lesions associated with wearing removable dentures. Case records were collected and analysed the data of 41000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020 from saveetha dental. A total of 249 cases were recorded with patients who have a removable denture, and their data was tabulated with parameters such as age, gender, type of lesion, size of the lesion, type of denture. Data were then imported to spss for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used for further analysis. Total of 249 patients was recorded who had dentures in which 40.1% (n=100 patients) were affected with oral lesions, in which 53% were females, and 47% were males who were affected. The mucosal lesions were found to be more prevalent in age groups above 50 years. The most common lesion was denture stomatitis, where t the most common type of denture used was TPD (73%). Within the limits of this study, prevalence of mucosal lesions due to dentures was similarly seen in both genders, with denture stomatitis being the most common lesion associated with a denture. --- ## Prevalence and gender comparison of children requiring class I restorations in primary mandibular second molars - A retrospective study **Authors:** Sadhvi B, Vignesh Ravindran, Suresh V **Published:** 2020-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3372 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** GIC, Composite, Restorations, Second Molars, Prevalence Dental caries is a worldwide health problem and about 621 million children are affected around the world. The most common type of caries that affects the children are the class 1 caries, given by GV blacks classification. Pediatric restorations of the various lesions are commonly done using GIC and composite. Posteriors molars are more prone to caries when compared to the anteriors as they have deeper pits and fissures. This research aims on the assessment of prevalence of class I restorations using GIC and gender comparison of the class 1 restorations in the second molars of pediatric patients between 5-12 years. The study was performed in the outpatient department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry. Data required for the study was procured by reviewing the patient records visiting the dental college. The data was sorted in excel and statistically analysed using the IBM SPSS software analysis and the results interpreted in graphs and tabulations. Results revealed that prevalence of GIC restorations were 41.16% and Composite restorations were 58.54% in all the primary teeth. Distribution of GIC and composite restorations on the primary mandibular second molars revealed prevalence of GIC restorations as 57.27% and prevalence of composite restorations as 42.73%. Association of gender and types of restorations among children reveals distribution of GIC restorations as 55.11% among males and 44.89% among females and the distribution of composite restorations as 50.62% among males and 49.38% among females respectively. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.001). Within the limitations of the current study, glass ionomer restorations were higher in primary mandibular second molars when compared to composite restorations. On gender comparison, females received higher composite restorations when compared to males who received a Glass ionomer cement restorations. --- ## Hepatoprotective and antioxidant efficacy of ethanolic extract of Curcuma amada rhizome against paracetamol induced hepatic toxicity in experimental animals **Authors:** Raziuddin Khan, Madan Kaushik, Zeashan Hussain **Published:** 2020-10-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3433 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Curcuma amada, Paracetamol, Antioxidant Effect, Hepatoprotective The modern medicine gets up a massive hike in the treatment of various ailments but scarcely any drugs having to stimulate liver activity, offering tutelage to the liver from any harm or promote the palingenesis of hepatic cells. However, a variety of herbal drugs applied in the conventional system of medicine for liver efficiency. Therefore, rhizome of Curcuma amada (Family: Zingiberaceae) are selected to allocate the hepatoprotective activity in scientifically approbate experimental models. This study is an effort to explore the 50% ethanolic extract of rhizome of Curcuma amada (CAE) in a different experimental model for hepatoprotective activities and in vitro antioxidant. 50% ethanolic extract of Curcuma amada (CAE) (100 and 200mg/kg) hepatoprotective efficiency was examined against paracetamol (1000 mg/kg) induced hepatotoxicity, elevated hepatic enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin direct bilirubin content in the serum. Moreover, CAE induced antioxidant protection against hepatotoxic disservice of paracetamol was estimated by evaluating several antioxidative biomarkers such as reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the blood serum by using spectrophotometric analysis. It could be concluded that the rhizome of C. amada possesses an intense antioxidant property. Its active principle wipeout free radicals and strive a tutelary impact against oxidative harm induced to cellular macromolecules. 50% ethanolic extract of C. amada (CAE) is tenable to amplify and maintain the working of hepatic enzymes implicated in detention of ROS. --- ## Need of disinfection procedures after proper protective measures among the doctors handling COVID -19 patients - A review **Authors:** Yazhlini P, Anjali A K, Jayalakshmi Somasundaram **Published:** 2020-10-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3429 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, SARS-COV-2, Coronavirus disease, Prevention, safety, Transmission, Symptoms, Treatment The review aims to find whether there is any cross-species infection among doctors, even after proper disinfection and proper protective measures are handled while taking care of COVID 19 patients. Coronavirus is a serious illness that causes respiratory problems. It was first found at Wuhan, China and then resulted in a pandemic. Mild illness can cause the common cold, whereas more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID 19. Coronavirus can cause pneumonia, bronchitis and other intense respiratory conditions. The virus is mostly transmitted via droplets and close contacts, and spread through asymptomatic carriers is also possible. With the increase in the number of positive cases, and due to lack of antiviral treatment, all are eager to discover new alternatives to prevent the spread of the virus. From the review, it can be concluded that even after the doctors are disinfected and even after all the protective measures are taken, they are still infected while treating COVID 19 patients. --- ## Clinical Linkage of COVID-19 with Hypertension, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease **Authors:** Bimal Chhajer, Vikram Singh, Girija Kumari **Published:** 2020-10-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3441 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Hypertension, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, COVID-19, Prevention, Treatment The coronavirus outbreak caused by the pandemic Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is heart-rending millions live around the globe, and it is the foremost major human tragedy in history. World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a pandemic and global outbreak with a severe public health concern. This outbreak caused by a novel infectious coronavirus of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus- 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequences leading to an emergent crisis with significant loss of health and global economy. COVID-19 is more prone to exacerbate health concerns in hypertensive, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease patients, however, COVID-19 incidence outcomes are inconsistent. Prevention and control of the outbreak are very challenging due to the complex nature of the virus and its pathogenesis. WHO, CDC, and every national health authority are taking necessary actions to combat the contagious novel infection. The purpose of the review is to discuss potential mechanisms and clinical linkages between high blood pressure, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and SARS-CoV-2. We hope that we can identify information deficiencies that need more review and clinical evidence of the COVID-19 for hypertension and cardiovascular problems in patients with diabetes. This article will provide a comprehensive integrative strategy to control and manage of current outbreak and related mortality around the world. --- ## Role of Aerosols in the Spread of Covid-19- A Review **Authors:** Ashwini K, Anjali A K, Vinay Sivaswamy **Published:** 2020-10-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3430 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, aerosols, transmission, social distancing, pandemic, preventive measures The COVID-19 pandemic was identified in late 2019 at Wuhan, China. Its outbreak causes respiratory illness. It is considered to be a potential zoonotic disease and is asymptomatic or flu-like.SARS is a new clinical entity of the COVID-19 outbreak. The other symptoms are fever, sore throat, cold. They spread through droplets, saliva, or sneeze. They are also transmitted to the child by placental transmission. The airborne transmission is by aerosols where droplets are >5μm. They become bioaerosols and are found to travel more than 100 meters. In experimental work, it is found that the particles of COVID can be detected 3 hours after no clinical setting. The only way to stop the spread is appropriate preventive measures like PPE, respiratory etiquette, and social distancing. There are some recent advances in the field to stop the spread of COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the transmission and spread of coronavirus by aerosols and the various preventive measures used by medical practitioners to stop the spread of this pandemic. --- ## Awareness of symptomatic differences Covid-19, SARS, Swine Flu, Common cold among dental students **Authors:** Nivedha Valliammai Mahalingam, Abilasha R, Kavitha S **Published:** 2020-10-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3431 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Swine flu, SARS, Common cold, Symptoms Enormous successes have been obtained against the control of major epidemic diseases, such as SARS, MERS, Ebola, Swine Flu in the past. Dynamic interplay of biological, socio-cultural and ecological factors, together with novel aspects of human-animal interphase, pose additional challenges with respect to the emergence of infectious diseases. The important challenges faced in the control and prevention of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases range from understanding the impact of factors that are necessary for the emergence, to development of strengthened surveillance systems that can mitigate human suffering and death. The aim of the current study is to assess the awareness of symptomatic differences between viral diseases like COVID-19, SARS, Swine flu and common cold among dental students that support the prevention of emergence or re-emergence. Cross-sectional type of study conducted among the undergraduate students comprising 100 Subjects. A questionnaire comprising 15 questions in total were framed, and responses were collected in Google forms in SPSS Software statistical analysis. The study has concluded that dental students have an awareness of the symptomatic differences between infectious viral disease. The study concluded that the awareness of symptomatic differences between viral diseases like COVID-19, SARS, Swine flu, Common cold is good among the dental students who would pave the way for early diagnosis and avoid spreading of such diseases. A further awareness can be created by regular webinars, seminars and brainstorming sessions among these healthcare professionals. --- ## Synthesis and Comparative Evaluation of Traditional Herbomineral Nanoceuticals for Their Haemopoietic Activity **Authors:** Shebina P Rasheed, Shivashankar M **Published:** 2020-10-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3462 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Herbo - Mineral Nanoceutical, Ayurveda AAS, XRD, EDAX, SEM, TGA The traditional System of medicine comprises a wide variety of formulations for various ailments. It is essential to Standardize Ayurvedic drugs so that drugs having good quality can be used for better effect. Standardization is not only limited to the final preparation, but it also includes the materials used during the development and SOP adopted and the equipment used. The present study is an attempt to prepare anti anaemic herbomineral nanoceutical by two different processes, and to standardize and evaluate the haemopoietic effect of the prepared formulations and compare with a marketed formulation. Preparation was done based on Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia. Formulations were characterized by conventional methods and by AAS, XRD, EDAX, SEM, TGA, and IR. The toxicity and anti-anaemic effectiveness are evaluated by using albino Wister rats and histopathology and cytotoxicity studies. Products have a crystalline nature (XRD). TGA shows the decomposition temp of ferric oxide. SEM EDAX revealed surface smoothness and nano to the micro size of particles. AAS shows that the elements are within the prescribed limits. The in-process Standardization shows the effectiveness of adjuvants. There is an increase of haemoglobin and body weight on day 75 for first preparation than the Second and were comparable to that of standard. No toxicity in all rats and indicated no renal and gastrointestinal toxicity. The size, smoother surface, and the therapeutic effectiveness of the herbominerals prepared by the two methods can be attributed to the calcination steps and adjuvants. Thus, maybe dose reduction and rapid effect can be achieved. --- ## Risks of Dentistry in Covid 19 - A Review **Authors:** Apurva Choudhary, Anjaneyulu K, Smiline Girija A S **Published:** 2020-10-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3351 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID 19, Dentist, Dental procedure, Handpiece, Aerosol, Droplets, Communication, Contaminated surface The recent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its association has gripped the entire community and has caused widespread public health concerns. There are various dental procedures that cause spread of the infection. There are risks due to lack of PPE, risks during dental procedure, risks involving handpiece, aerosols, droplets, during communication and contaminated surface. Minimum 30 articles were collected from Pubmed, Google Scholar. We acknowledge that due to lack of PPE, infection can spread more easily, oral surgery drills also cause aerosol and can be transmitted to the susceptible individuals. Communication between the patient and dentist has a high chance of infection transmission. Contamination from spatter and aerosol dissemination remains a significant hazard to dental personnel when high speed dental equipment is used. Dental practitioners have to be more careful while doing dental procedures as there is a high chance of risks for dentistry during covid-19 and proper guidelines should be there while doing dental procedures. --- ## Formulation and In Vitro Characterization of Raloxifene Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Oral Delivery With Full Factorial Design-Based Studies Using Quality by Design (QbD) Approach **Authors:** Chintamani Panda, Sachinkumar Prabhubhai Chauhan, Krishnan Balamurugan **Published:** 2020-10-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3434 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Osteoporosis, Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs), Ultrasonication, Quality by Design (QbD), Factorial Design The main aim of the present study is to improve the dissolution rate of Raloxifene Hydrochloride by formulating nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) using Quality by Design (QbD) approach. The formulations of NLC-RH were prepared by the ultrasonication method using stearic acid as solid lipid, medium-chain triglyceride as the liquid lipid and polysorbate 80 as the surface-active agent. Two most critical quality attributes (CQAs) for NLC-RH were particle size and entrapment efficiency. The other attributes of medium influence identified includes dissolution rate, zeta potential and particle size didtribution. The Critical Material Attributes (CMAs) identified were solid lipid/liquid lipid ratio and surfactant concentration. The time required for ultrasonication was selected as a Critical Process Parameter (CPP). The 23 full factorial design was used to evaluate the relationship between the CMAs and CPPs variable. Based on the experiments, the composition of the optimal formulation is achieved with solid lipid/liquid lipid ratio of 7:3 and 7 % of surfactant concentration with 15 min of ultrasonication time. The optimized formulation of NLC-RH was found to be with a mean particle size of 146 nm with narrow particle size distributions. From the above results, it is concluded that a promising Raloxifene HCl loaded NLC could give a novel and potential therapy for osteoporosis. --- ## Prevalence of Drug-drug and drug-food Interaction in an Orthopaedics Department AND Clinical Interventions by Clinical Pharmacists in a Tertiary Care Hospital **Authors:** Vijaya Kumar S, Parimalakrishnan S, Prem Anand DC, Pradeep M **Published:** 2020-10-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4718 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drugs, Osteoporosis, Prescription, Hospital, Foods Drug-drug and drug-food interactions occur when the effects of one drug are modified by the simultaneous use of another drug or the intake of food orally. The clinical outcomes are influenced by various factors, including individual patient characteristics such as age, co-existing conditions, diet, and pharmacogenetics. The prevalence of drug-drug and drug-food interaction in an orthopedics department of clinical interventions by clinical pharmacists in a tertiary care hospital. This Prospective study was carried out from December 2019, among osteoporosis inpatient wards of the government tertiary care hospital and outpatient clinic of a private hospital at Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri. A total of 340 orthopaedics department prescriptions were assessed drug-drug and drug-food interaction prospectively in the tertiary care hospital. A total of 1489 drugs were prescribed with 4.3 drugs being prescription. The drug commonly prescribed more than two drugs was 144 (42%) followed by one drug prescribed was found to be 13 (4%) and polypharmacy >5 medications present in our prescriptions reported was 51 (15%) respectively. This study helps identify the factors associated with DDIs and drug-food interaction in the orthopaedic department for osteoporosis patients and it might helpful in the safe and effective use of drugs in hospitalized patients. --- ## Transmission of covid 19 through eyes — Review article **Authors:** Shivani Sanjay Ingole, Roshna Bhutada **Published:** 2020-10-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3406 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Conjunctivitis, fever, Nose, Respiratory disease, Single stranded RNA virus, Tears, Transmission of virus The Corona virus Covid19 is a severe respiratory disorder which is caused due to infection, previously known as 2019-nCoV. The infection is caused due to the contagious virus, which leads to a severe respiratory disease known as COVID-19. Patients who are suffering from conjunctivitis, fever, cough and shortness of breath and those who traveled from hots spot area of corona virus or their family members are suffering from corona virus come to an ophthalmologist could be the patient suffering from corona virus or may have an infection due to covid19. The corona virus is a contagious disease which spreads from person to person through their respiratory droplets of an infected person after their coughing and sneezing. A healthy person could be infected by corona virus if people touch an object or surface with virus present from an infected person, and then touch their mouth, nose or eyes. In some recent articles and reports, it is suggested that corona virus can cause conjunctivitis either as an early sign or during hospitalization during severe covid19. There are chances of spreading of corona virus to eyes through aerosols or due to hands to eye contact. Covid19 patients have single-stranded RNA virus throughout the body and also in the tears of eyes, but there is no evidence of corona virus cultured in the conjunctiva of eyes. Conjunctiva congestion and follicular conjunctivitis are found in patients having confirmed diagnosis of covid19. --- ## Coronavirus Pandemic- The real lessons are learnt in the time of crises **Authors:** Rathi Saurabh D, Nikhade P, Motwani N, Baror S, Jaiswal A **Published:** 2020-10-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3426 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, pandemic, healthcare, change in heathcare, India’s healthcare facility The world for every human has changed in the past few months, with one single reason for all- nCOVID-19. Coronavirus had left a significant impact on our life as an individual and as a nation. Every sector in the country is affected, and every situation deemed changed from the previous one. Post-Covid is a new era in itself. This pandemic had helped us to show our inefficiencies in different sectors and profession, including healthcare facilities. Change in the healthcare facility has to be focused. Indian health care facility is based on private care, whereas the pandemic requires public health care approach. The focus needs to be shifted from personal care to community-based care. The annual budget for health welfare is 1-2 per cent of the GDP, which in the future should be increased. More investment, more funds, and more number of doctors can help to combat with such crises efficiently. India has poor infection control standards and policies. Strict infection control measures, standard equipment and training of the paramedics and other healthcare workers are the areas that we can improve. This article highlights the lessons our healthcare facility can learn from this coronavirus pandemic and changes that await for our healthcare system. --- ## Sickle cell individuals are less vulnerable for Corona Virus Disease 2019 - An Enigma **Authors:** Archana Sonone, Alka Hande, Madhuri Gawande, Swati Patil **Published:** 2020-10-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3427 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** COVID-19, sickle cell, Malaria, immunity The “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)” caused by “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)” has emerged in December 2019 and was announced as a pandemic by “World Health Organization”. As of today, no specific therapeutics drugs are available for COVID-19. Thus patients have to rely on symptomatic adjuvant therapies. Iron is critical in various physiological processes like DNA/RNA synthesis and generation of ATP. In pathological condition, iron is vital for the host as well as the pathogen Literature search revealed iron chelation therapy is one of the promising and emerging treatment modality for COVID-19. In pathological condition, iron is essential for the host as well as the pathogen like viruses which require intracellular iron for replication and propagation. Sickle cell anaemia is hemolytic anaemia, where “Sickle haemoglobin (HbS)” is a structural variant of normal adult haemoglobin. Haemoglobin composed of heam and globulin molecules. An iron atom of heam helps in binding of oxygen molecules. In sickle cell individuals, haemoglobin concentration is reduced. Thus viruses do not succeed in replication and proliferation due to deprived iron concentration; they may be less vulnerable for COVID-19 due to reduced iron load. Another fact is that sickle cell individuals are immune to Malaria due to HbS. Some reports say that the incidence of COVID-19 is less in Malaria population counties. Thus it may be postulated that sickle cell individuals may also develop immunity to SARS-CoV-2, as evidenced by less incidence of COVID-19 in Malaria patients. --- ## Measures of Preventing Covid-19 Transmission **Authors:** Anam Aiysha Quazi, Manoj Patil **Published:** 2020-10-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3405 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Prevention, COVID-19, Measures, Transmission, Isolation Limiting the spread of coronavirus requires individual, social and international efforts. Even though the virus is highly contagious, simple measures like hand washing with Soap for 20 seconds or with alcohol-based Hand Sanitizer kills the virus. Masks act as a barrier to prevent inhalation of droplets. Similarly, gloves are also protective barriers, and these gears are called Personal Protective Equipment's (PPE). Though personal protection is essential, it is not enough. Hence, others measures are required like social distancing, quarantine facilities, prohibiting international as well as Local travelling, mandatory screening of suspected cases and screening those who have a recent travel history from a corona affected region. With the countries trying hard to recover the loss from the pandemic, The Schools, Colleges, Malls, Theatres, Religious places and all the places where mass gathering occurs are shut down. According to the 30th of June 2020, almost 10.1 million covid-19 cases are almost 50 thousand deaths. Indians are the Italians of Asia & vice versa & now it's among the countries leading with 2,15,239 cases of active & the number is still increasing. India adopted a multi prolonged surveillance strategy. Nowadays as unlock 1 is being proceeded in India commonly used in India is a Walk-Through disinfectant Tunnel for covid-19 prevention, it has 1% Sodium hypochlorite. From mask to gloves to PPE, all are protective barriers. Other measures: Quarantine, mandatory screening of recent travel history from a corona affected region, with the countries trying hard to recover the loss from the pandemic. Then recently WHO says that pandemic is from over as daily cases hit a record high with the countries trying hard to recover the loss from the pandemic & New Zealand ends and it's COVID free. --- ## The Therapeutic effect of MKA on Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced lipid peroxidation, cytosolic LDH leakage and mitochondrial membrane depolarization in RAW 264.7 Macrophages **Authors:** Poongodi T, Nazeema T H **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3306 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Malondialdehyde, Inflammatory, Flow Cytometry, Depolarisation The Polyherbal formulations are used as a potential target for treating various diseases due to its wide array of phytoconstituents with antioxidant potential. In the present study, the therapeutic effect of Polyherbal formulation (MKA) comprising of three plants Mimusops elengi L., Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn. and Artemisia vulgaris L. were studied in LPS induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Four different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 µg/ml) of MKA were tested against control, LPS treatment and standard Quercetin in LPS induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The rate of Lipid peroxidation was measured in terms of Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The cytosolic LDH leakage was determined by measuring NADH release at 340nm. The changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were studied by measuring red/green fluorescent intensity of JC-1 stained cells in the flow cytometer. It was found that MKA treatments significantly reduced the rate of Lipid peroxidation and LDH leakage compared to LPS treatment. The results of flow cytometry revealed that the JC-1 green fluorescent intensity decreased with increase in MKA concentration, in a dose-dependent manner. It is evident from the study results that, the MKA has a therapeutic effect on LPS induced RAW 264.7 macrophages by protecting the cells from lipid peroxidation, restoring the cell membrane integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential. --- ## Antioxidant activity of Cynodon dactylon mediated selenium nanoparticles **Authors:** Twinkle Francis, Preejitha V B, Rajeshkumar S **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3301 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Selenium Nanoparticles, Green Synthesis, Antioxidant Activity The nanoparticles are known to reduce toxicity, enhance bioactivity and improve targeting cells. The metal and metal oxide nanoparticles such as gold, silver, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, copper oxide, copper sulfide, selenium, hydroxyl apatite, and titanium oxide were used in several biomedical applications especially diagnosis of cancer, etc. The selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are explored due toits unique characteristics and various known therapeutic benefits such as anti bacterial, anti fungal and anti cancer activities. The selenium nanoparticles actively involved in the free radical scavenging activity and anti inflammatory activity. The antioxidant activities and reducing risk of cancer.In this present study, Cynodondactylon or Bermuda grass mediated synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and it was characterized using UV- vis spectrophotometer. And its antioxidant effect was analysed using DPPH assay. The plant extract of Cynodondactylon was prepared using distilled water and mixed with the sodium selenite solution. The solution was kept in a magnetic stirrer at 100 RPM for constant stirring while being observed for any colour change. The results showed that there was a significant antioxidant activity and peak confirm the selenium nanoparticles formation. Finally we conclude that the selenium nanoparticles can be used in various drug designing aspects in future. --- ## Effect of topical melatonin 10% on the healing of infected wounds after surgery **Authors:** Dalia Abdalkader Shakur, Mustafa G Alabbassi, Waad Mohameed Salih, Haider Raheem Mohammad **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3282 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Infections Wound, Melatonin, Health, Therapy Melatonin remarkably accelerates wound healing in full-thickness incisional wounds. The present study aims to examine the possible antibacterial effect of topical melatonin against wound infection after surgery. Fifty-nine patients had wound infection after surgery were included in this study. One gram of tissue culture contains more than 105 colonies/gram where investigated. The culture was done after five days of surgery. Two types of bacteria were isolated; Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. Three groups included in this study. Conventional therapy group (Fucidin 2% ointment) was considered negative control group, local melatonin 10% group, which was regarded as a positive control group and combination group of conventional therapy and local melatonin 10% groups. Treatment duration was six days; The majority hard work has been conducted to improve the antimicrobial actions of a wide range of topically used therapeutic agents, to ensure disinfection in wound sites, also, to increase wound healing processes and tissue regeneration mechanisms. The most significant cause for the manifestation and distribution of strains of bacteria which have resistant is the overuse of antibacterial drugs which initiate look for agents that may have antibacterial actions. Combination therapy gives 100% cured cases. This may be attributed to a synergistic effect between conventional treatment and melatonin therapy; therefore, the present study is to investigate the possible antibacterial effect of topical melatonin (10%) against wound infection after surgery. --- ## Determination of significant parameters and optimization production of virgin coconut oil using Neurospora sitophila, Lactobacillus Plantarum, and papain **Authors:** Futi Kusuma Hati, Safri Ishmayana, Ukun M S Soedjana Atmadja **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3285 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Virgin Coconut Oil, Lauric Acid, Plackett-Burman Design, RSM-CCD Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a processed coconut product that contains high lauric acid which proved to have a health beneficial effect. Fermentation is one of the means to produce VCO. Factors that affect fermentation can be optimized to increase VCO recovery. The objective of the present study was to determine factors that significantly affecting VCO recovery using Plackett-Burman design (PBD), optimization of a fermentation process using Response Surface Methodology-Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD), and determine characteristics of a product. The experiment was performed by growing Neurospora sitophila and Lactobacillus plantarum, isolation, and activity determination of papain from papaya sap. Nine factors were screened using PBD and the three most significant factors were further optimized using RSM-CCD. The optimum condition was applied to produce VCO and the product was characterized for its physicochemical properties and fatty acid content. The results indicate that papain activity, incubation temperature, and pH were the most significant factors that affect VCO recovery. Further investigation using RSM-CCD indicates that optimum condition for VCO production was 1042.4 U, 46.4°C, and 5.07 for papain activity, incubation temperature, and pH, respectively. The recovery of VCO was 45.06 ± 0.42% and the physicochemical properties of VCO comply to APCC quality standard of coconut oil requirement with 56.7% lauryl acid content. --- ## Mannitol Fermenting Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci Isolated From Diabetic Foot Infections **Authors:** Samira Fattah Hamid, Aza Bahadeen Taha **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3281 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coagulase-Negative, Staphylococcus, Diabetic Foot, Mannitol Detection of mannitol fermenting coagulase-negative staphylococci is frequently unnoticed when Staphylococcus aureus is screening in the laboratory. On the other hand, the emergence of coagulase-negative staphylococci as critical human pathogens need dependable methods for the identification of clinically significant coagulase-negative staphylococci to understand the epidemiology of infections caused by these bacteria. The study aimed to identify mannitol fermenting coagulase-negative staphylococci that assumed to be Staphylococcus aureus as they formed yellow colonies on Mannitol Salt agar plates. Samples were taken from eighty-four patients with diabetic foot infections. The specimen was cultured on Blood agar and Mannitol Salt agar. Mannitol fermenting coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates diagnosed through Vitek2 system then confirmed by detecting 16S rRNA gene and absence of the nuc gene. Antibiotic sensitivity and methicillin resistance were detected by Vitek2 system, then methicillin resistance was confirmed by Oxacillin Salt Agar Screen test and detection of the mecA gene. Out of 81 Staphylococcus isolated from foot and nose of diabetic foot patients, twenty isolates were mannitol fermenting coagulase-negative staphylococci, they related to following species; Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus galinarum and Staphylococcus saprophyticus). The majority of them (85%) were phenotypically methicillin-resistant and genotypically harbouring mecA gene. 80% were resistant to Erythromycin, 70% to Clindamycin, 35% to Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole, 30% to Gentamicin and Rifampicin, 15% to Levofloxacin and Teicoplanin. 30% expressed inducible clindamycin resistance. --- ## Knowledge and Awareness on Complications of Hypertension among General Population **Authors:** Akshaya A, Preetha S, Lavanya Prathap **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3292 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hypertension, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Disease, Hypertensive Patients, Arteriosclerotic, Retinopathy, Metabolic Disorder Hypertension is one of the common worldwide health issues prevailing among adults. It is prolonged elevation in the blood pressure than the normal range. Since it is an asymptotic and non-communicable disorder, it can't be easily diagnosed. Lifestyle modification plays a vital role in struggling against hypertension. This study is centred towards assessing the awareness of complications of hypertension among adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 individuals, which include both male and females of age group between 20-50 yrs. A survey is done in an online setting. This study shows that older age group peoples are more prone to hypertension and the knowledge about this disorder is comparatively high among people in the present generation. This study also assesses less attention regarding their lifestyle modification. About 66% of participants answered obesity, family hereditary, and smoking can increase the risk of hypertension. And also significant occurrence and evidence of hypertension are reported in developing countries, 81.3%. This study concludes people are more aware of major risk factors and complications, and they are unaware of minor complications. Education about them is vital to tackle this major issue. --- ## SARS-COV2 virus and Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) **Authors:** Mohamed J. Saadh, Bashar Haj Rashid M, Roa’a Matar, Sajeda Riyad Aldibs, Hala Sbaih, Saed Aldalaen **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3401 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Chloroquine, COVID- 19, SARS-COV2, Wuhan, Pneumonia SARS-COV2 virus causes disease (COVID-19) and represents the causative agent of a potentially fatal disease that is of great global public health concern. The novel (2019) was discovered in 2019 in Wuhan, the market of the wet animal, China with viral pneumonia cases and is life-threatening. Today, WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic. COVID-19 is likely to be . It is transmitted from bats as intermediary animals to human. Also, the virus is transmitted from human to human who is in close contact with others. The computerized tomographic chest scan is usually abnormal even in those with no symptoms or mild disease. Treatment is nearly supportive; the role of antiviral agents is yet to be established. The SARS-COV2 virus spreads faster than its two ancestors, the SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), but has lower fatality. In this article, we aimed to summarize the transmission, symptoms, , diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine to control the spread of this fatal disease. --- ## Design, Synthesis, Characterisation & Anticonvulsant Activities of Novel Heterocyclic Substituted Isatin Derivatives **Authors:** Kosaraju Lahari, Raja Sundararajan **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3392 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Isatin, Indole-2, 3-dione, Mannich Base, Schiff Base, Isoxazole, Pyrazole, Pyrimidine, Anticonvulsant, Neurotoxicity Twelve new isoxazole/pyrazole/pyrimidine substituted 5-nitrosation analogues were designed according to the requirements of the anticonvulsant drugs pharmacophore model and synthesised from indole-2,3-dione. Entire prepared compounds chemical structures were established from its IR, proton-NMR, Mass spectrum & microanalysis data. Anticonvulsant potency of final isatin analogues was assessed by MES technique & sc PTZ technique. Besides rotarod test was used to assess the neurotoxicity of all potent title analogues. Title compounds exhibited a varying degree of anticonvulsant potency ranging from mild to good. In the present study, it was concluded that pyrazole derivatives exhibited higher anti-epileptic activity than isoxazole derivatives. However, pyrimidine analogues displayed inferior activity than isoxazole analogues. 4-(2-(4-(1-((Dimethylamino)methyl)-5-nitro-2-oxindole-3-ylideneamino)phenyl) hydrazone)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-amino-1H-pyrazole-5(4H)-one 7c was established as the most active analog of this series. Hence this derivative can act as a pilot molecule for further progress of new effective anticonvulsant drugs. --- ## Effects of calisthenics on exercise capacity, symptoms and quality of life in COPD **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3342 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COPD, Calisthenics, Conventional Exercise Training, 6MWT Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the leading cause of death and disability in India. The study aims to evaluate the effects of CSC- COPD Sitting Calisthenics on exercise capacity, symptoms and quality of life. Twenty-five patients with COPD admitted in SRM Medical college hospital, and research centre (Department of respiratory medicine) were included in the study. After calculating the samples of 25 with excluding one drop outpatient, randomly assigned 12 patients in each group, group A (n = 12), group B (n = 12) and the patients in two groups received five sessions of intervention (CSC and CET) in the hospital stay. The results indicate that there is a significant improvement in exercise capacity in callisthenics group on day 5 (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference found for modified Borg's scale on day 5 in callisthenics group. QOL showed a statistically significant difference in Group A, and the current study concludes that callisthenics is effective in improving exercise capacity and QOL in patients diagnosed with COPD. --- ## Evaluation of health-related quality of life among parents of children with developmental coordination disorder **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3393 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HRQOL, Parents, DCD, BDI, BAI, SF-12 Developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is a vastly reported disorder with a prevalence estimated of 7-8% in children aged 5 to 10 years. There is a false perception of parents of children with DCD that their children will come out of the motor coordination defects as they age (Adults). This false perception affects the child directly, and they will not outgrow of the problem, however, becomes socially isolated. Motor difficulties reported in children with DCD are heterogeneous. When the HRQOL focuses on children's, it is mandatory to include the domains that elaborate the illness, mental health aspects, comfort ability of the child and also the effects on their parents. The study aims to evaluate the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among parents of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Thirty parents of children with and without DCD were enrolled in the study and HRQOL of the parents was examined using the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). When considering the HRQOL among parents of children with and without DCD, there occur different results among father and mother. However, parents of children with DCD had significantly lower HRQOL (p < .05). This study provides evidence that DCD significantly affects multiple HRQOL domains among the parents of children with DCD. --- ## In Silico Prediction Tool for Drug-likeness of Compounds based on Ligand Based Screening **Authors:** Ani R, Anand P S, Sreenath B, Deepa O S **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3310 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drug Likeness Prediction, Ligand-Based Virtual Screening, QSAR, Molecular Fingerprints, Machine Learning, Prediction Accuracy Drug Likeness prediction is a time-consuming and tedious process. An in-vitro method the drug development takes a long time to come to market. The failure rate is also another one to think about in this method. There are many in-silico methods currently available and developing to help the drug discovery and development process. Many online tools are available for predicting and classifying a drug after analyzing the drug-likeness properties of compounds. But most tools have their advantages and disadvantages. In this study, a tool is developed to predict the drug-likeness of compounds given as input to this software. This may help the chemists in analyzing a compound before actually preparing a compound for the drug discovery process. The tool includes both descriptor-based calculation and fingerprint-based calculation of the particular compounds. The descriptor-calculation also includes a set of rules and filters like Lipinski’s rule, Ghose filter, Veber filter and BBB likeness. The previous studies proved that the fingerprint-based prediction is more accurate than descriptor-based prediction. So, in the current study, the drug-likeness prediction tool incorporated the molecular descriptors and fingerprint-based calculations based on five different fingerprint types. The current study incorporated five different machine learning algorithms for prediction of drug-likeness and selected the algorithm, which has a high accuracy rate. When a chemist inputs a particular compound in SMILES format, the drug-likeness prediction tool predicts whether the given candidate compound is drug or non-drug. --- ## Evaluation of within and Between Role Experiences on Role-Balance Outcomes for working Sandwich Generation Women with a Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) Child **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3395 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sandwich Generation Women, Developmental Coordination Disorder, Role Balanced Outcome, Motor Impairment Developmental coordination disorder is marked by difficulty in participation in sports as well as in academic activities; they experience difficulty in planning any event, sequencings and implementing any motor tasks. Women engaged in employment as well as responsible for children with motor impairment were referred to as a sandwich generation. 5% of women were found to have a dual-role and it is expected that it is more common among urban localities. They experience difficulty in balancing work as well as home, and it is expected that they experience low quality of life. Literature review over the past ten years resulted with inconclusive evidence, and no documents exist in considering the role on balance outcomes for working sandwich generation women with a Developmental Coordination Disorder child. The aim of the current study was attained by the use of a questionnaire to 20 mothers in Kancheepuram district, and they should full fill the criteria as a working sandwich generation women. Data were summarized, and descriptive statistics, as well as correlation coefficient, was used to find out that they experience neither balance nor imbalance in their quality of life. It has been concluded that between role conflict and role interaction were the factors affecting role balance. --- ## Effectiveness of Visual Memory Training For Primary School Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3297 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Visual Memory, Reading Comprehension, Developmental Coordination Disorder, Reading Skills Developmental coordination disorder is a term that refers to a Motor coordination disorder manifested by significant unexpected, specific and persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of practical motor skills, which is most needed for academic performance among primary school children with DCD. This current research aims to determine the effectiveness of visual memory training in children with DCD- Developmental coordination disorder. Ten children with DCD (N=10) were recruited from the year 2016 June to December 2016 through convenient sampling. DCDQ was used to include the children in the study. Children were enrolled in a visual memory training programme of 24 sessions, one hour per session continued for thrice a week for eight weeks. Visual memory training revealed statistical significance on reading, visual memory and reading comprehension skills (t= -4.346; p<0.05; t= -3.356, p<0.05 and t= - 5.265, p<0.05 respectively) and also suggested a statistically significant difference and the association between reading skills, visual memory skills and comprehension skills (F=20.234, p= 0.000). The study concluded that visual memory training had a significant effect on visual memory skills which have an impact on academic performance. --- ## Method development and validation of droxidopa by HPLC technique **Authors:** Bharani Pandilla, Chitra K, Nalini C N, Ashok P **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3302 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Droxidopa, HPLC, Stability Indicating, Method Development, Validation The purpose of this work is to develop and validate stability, indicating reverse phase High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the rapid and precise determination of droxidopa in its pure form and formulations. A simple, fast, accurate and economical way has been developed and validated for the quantification of droxidopa by HPLC technique. The chromato graphic system was equipped with Shimpack column C18 ((250x 4.6) mm, 5µ) as stationary phase and UV detector at 220 nm, in conjunction with a mobile phase of phosphate buffer pH 2.0: acetonitrile (60:40,% v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The developed HPLC technique was found to be rapid as the retention time was 2.2 minutes for droxidopa peak to elute. The method was validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for specificity linearity, accuracy, precision. The developed method was selective with well-resolved peak. Linearity was observed over the concentration range of 25-150µg/mL for droxidopa. The recovery of Droxidopa was found to be 100.54% - 101.65%. Statistical techniques were employed for the validation of precision, linearity, accuracy, robustness and ruggedness and can be applied for routine analysis. Validation revealed that the developed method was specific, accurate, precise, reliable, robust, reproducible and suitable for the systematic quantitative review. --- ## Effectiveness of Two Task-Oriented Interventions Over Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Motor Performance in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) - A Pilot Study **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3400 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** NTT, WII, DCD, Primary School Children, Six Minute Walk Test Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is identified as a heterogeneous disorder of motor learning and functioning. Children with DCD avoid physical activities in school as because of low self-esteem; they perceive themselves less capable and avoids peer group interactions at school. They tend to isolate themselves from an academic task as well as from physical activity sessions. Neuromotor task training and WII training are task-based interventions designed to enhance motor performance among children with developmental coordination disorder. Aim of the study is to compare the effectiveness of two task-oriented interventions like NTT and WII on motor performance, isometric strength, the aerobic and anaerobic capacity of children with DCD attending primary schools in and around Chennai. Children of age 5-10 years were included and randomly assigned into two groups, Group A and B. Developmental coordination disorder questionnaire- DCDQ was used to screen children with DCD at the baseline. Dynamometer, functional strength assessment, sprint test and 6MWT – 6-minute walk test was used to assess the performance of children with DCD at baseline and after intervention with NTT and WII. Results of the study proved that no significant improvement was reported in both the groups for isometric strength development. However, the Motor performance was enhanced in group A treated with NTT. Wii training showed improvement in anaerobic performance. The study concludes by adding knowledge that both the interventions were safe to execute for children with developmental coordination disorder. --- ## Impact of Air Pollution on Respiratory Health in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3398 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Air Pollution, Dyspnea, Peak Expiratory Flow, DCD Air pollution is regarded as a significant global public health risk factor in cities around the world. It is considered as one of the highest-ranking environmental health challenges in the world, particularly in developing countries like India. Air pollution is a significant risk factor for the development of various lung disorders. World Health Organization (WHO) defined air pollution as the impurity in the environment in and around by the physical, chemical, or biological agent, which has changed the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. The environmental factors related to air pollution induces the risk of allergic asthmatic reaction and emergency intervention. According to the respiratory health investigation people who are exposed to vehicular pollution for a longer duration, are in a risk to develop asthma. The air pollutants rates were measured by using the application real-time air quality index in which the air quality rate is evaluated. We piloted ten children with DCD of age about 5 - 10 years were analysed with wrights’ peak flow meter. Results of the study predicted that there is a decrease in peak expiratory flow rate with the predicted value (.000) and increase in the shortness of breath questionnaire with the predicted value (.077) on comparing over air quality index. This study concludes that there is an impact of air pollution among children with DCD. --- ## Plant-derived alkaloids as anti-viral agents **Authors:** Nagasathiya Krishnan, Velmurugan Devadasan, Pachaiappan Raman **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3291 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antiviral, Alkaloids, Natural Medicine, Plant-Derived, Viral Pathogens Humans are prone to many viral infections, most of them not causing diseases, and some will do. The new pandemic situation in global development and comfort to travel have highlighted their protection as a crucial problem in people’s health and safety even though significant advancements are being made in the making of vaccines and drugs. The provenance of viral mutants generally threatens immunisation and effective anti-viral treatments. The discovery of novel anti-viral drugs is, therefore of paramount importance. The secondary metabolites from the plants with pharmacological activities are regarded as an exemplary repository for this diagnosis. An extensive study of phytochemicals and their mechanisms of action against the viruses might help in controlling harmful viruses. Many phytochemical entities, including terpenes, flavonoids, polyphenol, and phenolic compounds, have been studied for their anti-viral activity. Particularly in alkaloids, cutting edge study is making way to uncover innovative therapeutic strategies. Most of the alkaloids are being used as anti-viral agents, act against few prominent viral pathogens such as coronavirus (CoV), human immune deficiency virus (HIV), systemic acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and respiratory virus (RSV). In this review, we intend to summarise the medicinal use of plant-derived alkaloids utilised to cure viral diseases in the past four decades. --- ## Prevalence of overweight, obesity and body weight perception among women above 30 years in Tirumazhisai, Chennai **Authors:** Ragasudhin P, Anantha Eashwar VM, Ruma Dutta, Nisha B, Gomathy Parasuraman, Yogesh Mohan, Timsi Jain **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3307 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Obesity, Overweight, Body Weight Perception Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. A WHO study was done in 2016 states that around 21.6% of Indian female population was overweight. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among women above 30 years of age in Tirumazhisai. A cross-sectional study was done among women above and equal to 30 years of age residing in Tirumazhisai from January 2020 to March 2020. A total of 172 subjects were included. Data entered in MS Excel and analyzed using proportion and Pearson's chi-square test. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among women equal and above 30 years of age in Tirumazhisai is found to be 36.7%. Majority of the subjects belonged to the age group more than 45 (61.3%). Also, 60.3% of people with unhealthy weight status were illiterate. Only 4.8% of the subjects with unhealthy weight status were in the obese class 2 category. About 55.5% of the subjects with unhealthy weight status were overweight, and 39.7 % of them were obese class 1. Around 60.3% of the subjects with unhealthy weight status were not working or being a housewife. Overall satisfactory level of physical activity among the unhealthy subjects was 62%. There was a significant association between age more than 45 years and the prevalence of overweight and obesity (at p<0.05). As the age increase, the chances of becoming obese or overweight becomes high. 40% of the unhealthy subjects didn't acknowledge their unhealthy weight status and 37% of them ignored the fact of obesity as a co-morbid condition. Hence efforts should be made to bring awareness among women about unhealthy weight status and its consequences. --- ## Partha’s covid 19 protocol – A preliminary pilot study in Indian patients **Authors:** Parthasarathy S, Chandramohan T **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3403 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** protocol, contacts, covid 19, patients, drugs Covid 19 is a pandemic affecting many countries with countless deaths and morbidities. There are many drugs, and immune-boosting nutraceuticals developed to tackle the same. There are no strict guidelines still yet described. We propose a guideline or a protocol termed as Partha’s protocol to counter every type of patient and contacts. In our early preliminary pilot study of 76 patients which included contacts, all were segregated into groups and received the drugs according to the protocol from Categories A to D. The basic strategies like social distancing and face masks continued. We had 19 positive cases and the rest as contacts. There was a need for minimal oxygen in two patients. Otherwise, there was no mortality. Among the contacts, there were only a few people (4 in number) who turned symptomatic, and none turned swab positive. This protocol seems to look like polypharmacy, but all these drugs were being used for different indications safely for many years. Hence it's unlikely to encounter any significant side effects. We also advise taking antibody titre of IgG in the post-exposure group. If it turns out to be positive, we suggest avoiding repeated quarantine on recurrent exposures. We did not measure viral load as we considered early symptoms with exhaustion as a marker. To wait for evidence and then to tackle contacts and less sick patients may be detrimental to countries like India because of its vast population. --- ## Kinetic properties of glutamate metabolism in the nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus (L3) **Authors:** Syahirah Sazeli, Resni Mona, Jannathul Firdous, Noorzaid Muhamad **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3313 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Glutamate Metabolism, Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH), Glutamate Synthase (GOGAT), Haemonchus contortus, Kinetic Properties The key steps in cell metabolism of all organisms are the synthesis of both glutamate and glutamine because they denote the only means of incorporating inorganic nitrogen into carbon backbones. In this study, an assay for the activity of two key enzymes in nitrogen metabolisms such as glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glutamine synthase (GOGAT) was conducted using homogenates of L3 larvae of Haemonchus contortus. GDH was assayed both in the direction of glutamate utilisation and glutamate formation. GOGAT activity was monitored in the direction of glutamine utilisation. The present result showed that H.contortus had a high Km for ammonia (27.22mM) and glutamine (15.04 mM). The high Km for ammonia suggests a very low affinity for ammonia, meaning that in the reversible amination of 2-oxoglutarate to glutamate, the predominant direction is likely to be glutamate deamination and not the incorporation of ammonia. The activity of GOGAT was also demonstrated but with a high Km, which indicates a low binding affinity of glutamine to the enzyme. Nevertheless, the presence of the two key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism, i.e. GDH and GOGAT, may provide a potential target for anthelmintic action. --- ## Cephalometric standard values of Iraqi Arab population, a cross sectional study **Authors:** Hayder Kadhim A, Arkan Muslim Al Azzawi, Aymen Hameed Uraibi, Hasan Sabah Hasan **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3284 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cephalometric Landmark, Iraqi Population, Hard and Soft Tissue Point, Caucasians Cephalometric Norms Is to find the accurate stranded cephalometric norms among the most significant sample of Iraqi adult's population and to see the racial variability between the Iraqi population cephalometric normative values and their counterparts of Caucasians population. A cephalometric analytic studies of Iraqi adults for period confined between 1988 to 2017 was conducted—twenty-seven studies from ninety-two. Collected studies were met the inclusion criteria. The selected studies have involved the published master theses, all of them exhibit numerical data for both genders of the Iraqi Arab population who have class I skeletal pattern with normal occlusion. Selection of 35 parameters took place, included most used skeletodental cephalometric measurements to be evaluated and compared. Statistical tests were applied to describe the means and SD, also to find out the statistical ethnic difference between the Iraqis Arab and Caucasians population. Study show standard norms of many cephalometric parameters exhibited a significant gender difference in Iraqi adults' individuals, with higher linear hard tissue measurements in males, while non-significant gender differences appeared in facial soft tissue profile. On the other hands, most of the elected cephalometric parameters showed statistically significant differences between the Iraqi Araband Caucasians compares. Generally, the Iraqis had smaller craniofacial dimensions, maxillary and mandibular skeletal retrusion, and more convex profile. --- ## A Comparison of Pre-emptive Analgesic Efficacy of Aceclofenac and Piroxicam for Post-Operative Pain Management after third Molar Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Study **Authors:** Jones Jayabalan, Muthusekhar M R, Senthil Murugan P **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3293 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** NSAID’s, Aceclofenac, Piroxicam, Pre-Emptive Analgesia, Post-Operative Pain, Third Molar Surgery The study aimed to compare the analgesic efficacy of Aceclofenac 100 mg and Piroxicam 20 mg as a pre-emptive analgesic for preventing post-operative pain after third molar surgery. Fifty patients with impacted mandibular third molars who required surgical removal were included in the study. These patients were divided into two groups randomly. One group consisted of patients receiving Aceclofenac 100 mg as a pre-emptive analgesic, and the other group consisted of patients receiving Piroxicam 20 mg as a pre-emptive analgesic 1 hour before the procedure. The study findings show both the drugs were equally effective in managing post-operative pain following third molar surgery. On statistical analysis, there was no significant difference in pain experience among both groups A and B in post-operative period who underwent surgery. However, the study observes a highly significant difference in both the groups in terms of pain intensity scores at different times. Results show that there was a significant difference before, 3rd day and 5th day; Further study shows that the effectiveness of the drug was not confirmed in 24 hours to 3 days. It was observed both the groups shows a significant difference in trismus on the 5th and 3rd day. This comparative research of pain intensity shows after pre-emptive analgesia with Aceclofenac and Piroxicam in impaction of third molars, a pronounced pre emptive effect in the group treated with Piroxicam 20mg was seen. Still, there was no statistically significant difference noted in VAS before and 5th day of both groups. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of phenylephrine and amikacin nanoemulsion **Authors:** Mohamed Akram A, Mukilan R, Mukesh K, Umadevi S **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3394 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Phenylephrine, Amikacin, Nanoemulsion, Particle Size, Zeta Potential, Polydispersity Index The central perspective of this study is to formulate phenylephrine, and Amikacin loaded nanoemulsion by designing a pseudo ternary phase method. Selection of oils (castor oil, captex 200, ethyl oleate, triacetin) was made on the bases of the solubility studies. Captex 200 was chosen as the ideal oil phase for the formulation of emulsion due to its high solubility of both the drugs 1e., 106.54±3.84 mg/ml and 116.32±2.72mg/ml. The formulated Nanoemuslion was evaluated for thermodynamic stability, phase separation, transmission studies, percentage drug content, zeta potential(mV), Polydispersity index (PI) and particle size(nm). Among nine formulations of nanoemulsion, S6 formulation shows better and desired results like 95.27 ± 1.66% of drug content; 154.7nm of Particle size; 0.264 of PI and -44.5mV of zeta potential. Form the data. It was concluded that the reduction in particle size of S6 nanoemulsion might play a significant role in the enhancement of bioavailability of phenylephrine and Amikacin. --- ## Efficacy of hyaluronic acid gel in management of post-operative complications after removal of third molar - A Systematic review **Authors:** Divya Sanjeevi Ramakrishnan, Sudarssan Subramaniam Gouthaman, Janani Kandamani, Senthilnathan Periasamy **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3289 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Complications of Third Molar Removal, Healing of Extraction Socket, Hyaluronic Acid Gel, Third Molar Removal The surgical removal of third molar is the commonly performed procedure in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It takes several days to recover from the complications following removal of the third molar. The common postoperative complications are pain, swelling, trismus, alveolar osteitis after third molar removal. The aim of this systematic review was to thoroughly analyse the existing literature to evaluate the effect of intra socket versus extra socket application of hyaluronic acid gel in management of postoperative complications after third molar removal. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy of intra socket versus extra socket application of hyaluronic acid gel compared to placebo or no treatment in management of post-operative complications after removal of third molar. The data bases of PubMed, Cochrane and google scholar were searched for the related topics along with a complimentary manual search of all oral surgery journals till October 2018. The data collection form was based on analysis of included studies for their quality assessment and publication bias. The primary outcome measure was post-operative pain and the secondary outcome measures were post-operative swelling & post-operative mouth opening. Three articles were selected based on the inclusion criteria. The included studies were randomized controlled trials. The clinical evidence from this review shows hyaluronic acid gel application is found to be beneficial in reducing pain, swelling & trismus after surgical removal of third molar. After contemplating its pivotal role in various anti- inflammatory diseases, it is prudent to consider as an alternative in managing postoperative sequelae of third molar removal. --- ## Development and Validation of UV-Visible Method to Determine Gallic Acid in Hydroalcoholic Extract of Erythrina fusca Leaves **Authors:** Shivkanya Fuloria, Lau Tiew Wei, Sundram Karupiah, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Christina Gellknight, Yuan Seng Wu, Saminathan Kayarohanam, Neeraj Kumar Fuloria **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3386 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Erythrina fusca, Method Development, Total Phenolic Content, Validation, Gallic Acid Gallic acid (GA) inhibitory potential against oxidative stress and associated diseases, creates the importance for GA standardization in plant medicines. The present investigation was intended to quantify the amount of GA in Erythrina fusca leaves hydro-alcoholic extract (EFLHE) by the development of UV/Visible-spectrophotometric method and its validation. The study involved of EFLHE preparation via ethanolic maceration, followed by estimation of total phenolic content (TPC) or GA through the development of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent-based UV/Visible-spectrometric method and standard GA calibration curve. Developed method to estimate GA was validated using linearity, accuracy, precision, repeatability and ruggedness studies. The TPC analysis of EFLHE in concentration of 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0 µg/ml exhibited amount of GA as 98.0±8.71, 117.0±1.73, 217.1±3.45, 276.0±0.80, 289.1±1.11 and 295.2±1.19 GA equivalent (mg/g, dry weight) respectively. The linearity study revealed the range of GA from 0.5-10 µg/ml. The correlation coefficient for GA was found as 0.997 at 212 nm. Recovery analysis (accuracy) showed that little change in drug concentration could be accurately estimated. The precision study revealed low %RSD with the highest value of 0.43%, indicating substantial precision. The present study concludes that advanced method to estimate GA in EFLHE is rapid, simple, accurate, precise, and economic; and validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, repeatability and ruggedness. The study recommends that this method can be used for GA estimation in Erythrina fusca leaves extract. --- ## Treatment of Madhumehajanya Vrana (Diabetic Wound) of 57 Years Old Male Patient Based on Local Application of Ingudi (Balanites Aegyptiaca Linn. Delile) Seed Oil: A Case Study **Authors:** Sanjeev Kumar, Satyanam Kumar Bhartiya, Kamal Nayan Dwivedi **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3388 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Balanites aegyptiaca, Ingudi, Madhumeha, Vrana, Wound There is a sharp increase in the prevalence of diabetes and their complications across the globe. Madhumeha-janya vrana (Diabetic wound) has been a burden to society from ancient times. Diabetic Foot ulcers can deteriorate the complete health if left untreated. People who have madhumeha (diabetes) and develop an ulcer over the foot will end up having a lower limb amputation. These facts instigate researchers to develop new, cost-effective wound treatment for diabetic patients without side effects. This work aims to anticipate the clinical efficacy of Ingudi seed oil in madhumeha-janya Vrana (Diabetic wound) of Fifty-seven years old patient has developed a diabetic wound over the plantar aspect of the left foot. This oil treatment demonstrated compelling, and the injury mended totally inside 45 days. In any case, further assessment is needed to be finished by taking an enormous sample size to demonstrate its essentialness in treating Diabetic foot ulcer and evading lower appendage removal. The Ingudi seed oil has quick healing properties against diabetic wounds. The Ingudi seed oil is natural, safe and inexpensive for human chronic wound repair. --- ## Green synthesis of Selenium nanoparticles using Capparis decidua and its anti-inflammatory activity **Authors:** Janani K, Preetha S, Jeevitha G, Rajeshkumar S **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3298 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-Inflammatory Activity, Capparis decidua, Green Synthesis, Selenium Nanoparticles This in vitro study focuses on the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using Capparis decidua and its anti-inflammatory activity. Nanotechnology is the speciality associated with Material science and biology, rather than a particular field. It involves the formulation of particles at nanoscale known as Nanoparticles, where they have control over bulk macroscopic properties of the same material. Selenium, being a 'Drug nanocarrier', possesses strong antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-cancer as well as anti-inflammatory properties. As the medicinal plant Capparis decidua possesses a lot of phytochemicals, this study combined it to synthesise selenium nanoparticles, and anti-inflammatory properties were analysed. Synthesis of Selenium nanoparticles using Capparis decidua extract, collection of NPs using centrifugation, analysis of anti-inflammatory using UV spectroscopy and inhibition of Bovine serum albumin denaturation assay were performed. Biosynthesised selenium nanoparticles using Capparis decidua exhibit effective anti-inflammatory properties and act as an alternative candidate for steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. On account of performing the Green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles along with the combination of Capparis decidua, it is evident that Capparis decidua possesses effective anti-inflammatory with increasing concentrations up to 5muL. In future, we can encounter further efficacy by raising the concentrations by adding new formulations other than Capparis decidua. --- ## A pattern of Opportunistic Infections among HIV In patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Coastal Karnataka: A Retrospective Evaluation **Authors:** Guntur Aishwarya, Sunil Pai B, Priyanka Kamath, Rakesh K B, Priya Rathi, Swathi Jagadish **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3397 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antiretroviral Therapy, Opportunistic Infection, Adverse Drug Reaction Though the incidence of opportunistic infection (OI) is reducing with combination antiretroviral therapy. In this study we aimed to identify the pattern of the occurrence of opportunistic infections in HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) patients. This was a retrospective, case-record based, time-bound study over a four year period (2013-2016) which included HIV positive in-patients aged >18 years of age, of either gender on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). Demographic details, details of HIV infection including baseline and all available CD4 counts, details of the medications were recorded. Adverse drug reactions (ADR) were recorded by reviewing patient records. Among the files checked, 298 inpatients were on ART regimens recommended by the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), and were included in the study. Among them, 70.8% of patients developed atleast one OI, 29.8% developed two OIs, and 6.71% developed three OIs. The most common OI was pulmonary tuberculosis (48.3%). The most common ART regimen was a combination of Zidovudine + Lamivudine + Nevirapine. In our study, 70.8% of patients developed at least one OI, which suggests that despite availability of combination ART, OIs continue being a significant issue in patients with HIV in resource-limited settings. --- ## Review Paper on Iontophoresis **Authors:** Mumtaz Ahmad, Abdul Hafeez, Ajay Kumar, Isha Talwar, Shmmon Ahmad, Tejender Kaur **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4025 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Electroosmotic, Iontophoresis, Ketoprofen, NSAIDs, Thiocolchicocide The ongoing endorsement of lidocaine hydrochloride and epinephrine joined iontophoresis for confined agony treatment by FDA has empowered the picking up enthusiasm for iontophoresis tranquillize conveyance system for the transdermal conveyance of medications. This system of encouraged development of particles over a film affected by a remotely implied electric potential contrast remains one of utmost encouraging bodily skin infiltration improving strategy. The justification overdue utilizing this procedure remains the capacity of technique to build the foundational conveyance of great atomic weight mixes with precise information energy and least between topic changeability in any case accomplished just when parenteral course of organization is utilized. As of late, great saturation of bigger peptides alike insulin has had been accomplished by this method being mixed through concoction accompaniments. This audit quickly depicts the features that influence iontophoresis tranquillize conveyance and abridges the investigations directed as of late utilizing this procedure so as to accomplish higher foundational ingestion of the medications having low latent dispersion in any case. The impact of pervasion enhancers (synthetic enhancers) on iontophoresis motion of medications has likewise been depicted. Present survey additionally gives an understanding into invert iontophoresis. Different constraints that influence transdermal retention of medications by iontophoresis comparable medication fixation, extremity of medications, and pH of contributor arrangement, nearness of co-particles, ionic quality, and terminal extremity and so on have additionally been inspected in detail. --- ## Evaluation of Gait and Quality of Movement Analysis in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3387 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Developmental Coordination Disorder, Sensory Integration, Participation, Gait Analysis A Child with developmental coordination disorder will have a higher incidence of movement difficulties and challenges to participate in activities of daily living. There is no exploration of the Gait pattern and the quality of movement exhibited by children’s of developmental coordination disorder in Tamilnadu context. Children's of age 5 to 10 years were included, and after baseline screening with Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorder-5 criteria, children were allowed for further examination. MABC-2 and DCDQ were used to screen and rate the movement skill. Of the total sample of 100, 80% exhibited difficulties in Gait initiation, progression and integration of motor skills. Results proved that sensory integration difficulties experienced by the children with DCD were not related to motor coordination. One hundred children included in the study experiences difficulties in participation with a peer group, awareness of body position sense, balance, and activity integration and planning. The current study concludes and adds evidence that each child with DCD is unique but presented with difficulties in gait initiation and integration. --- ## Study of Fetomaternal Outcome in Premature Rupture of Membranes in Pregnancy More Than 34 Weeks **Authors:** Amruta Choudhary, Sudha Rani, Gunchoo Kundi, Arpita Jaiswal **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3287 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** PROM, Maternal Complications, Neonatal Complications, PROM Delivery Interval Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) affects approximately 10% of pregnant women. PROM, when unattended or mismanaged may lead to severe maternal and neonatal complications. The present study aims to study the subsequent course of pregnancy and evaluate the maternal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality in PROM patients admitted in our hospital. To study the outcome of PROM and assess the maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. It was a prospective observational study. All the patients of PROM admitted in hospital and considered based on inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. They were induced with either oxytocin or misoprostol depending on their Bishops score. In the group of patients, where PROM delivery interval >18 hours were found to have more maternal complications like puerperal sepsis, chorioamnionitis, wound gape, paralytic ileus, and more neonatal complications like jaundice, sepsis. In our study, maternal morbidity was directly related to the PROM delivery interval. Thus, women diagnosed with PROM should be hospitalised early or referred early to tertiary hospital and actively managed and followed up till delivery. Timely referral and timely intervention can further improve perinatal outcome. --- ## Assess the knowledge on home care management of autistic children among caregivers **Authors:** Alfred Solomon, Nasrin S **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3399 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Autistic Children, Home Care Management, Caregiver Autism is a developmental disability, with symptoms first observed during infancy. It is characterized by variants in communication abilities, personality, cognitive abilities and social skills. Typical behaviour in youngsters relies upon kid's age character and physical and enthusiastic turn of events. A kid's conduct is said to be average at his 7th year of age when he develops a concept of himself, begins to understand, gains respect for others, and develops a sense of responsibility. Children with autism tend to have poor social and emotional relationships with peers and are highly sensitive and perform ritualistic behaviours. As a primary responsibility and also an essential thing for the mothers/ caregivers is to understand their children's behaviours than mothers of typically developing children. Accurate knowledge of autism may aid parents in relating to their children's problematic behaviours. Accepting autism may promote feelings of parenting success. The present study aims to assess the knowledge on home care management of autistic children among caregivers. A quantitative non-experimental descriptive research design was conducted among 50 caregivers of autistic children. Non-probability convenient sampling technique was used to select samples. A self-structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic data, and their knowledge was assessed. The study results show most of the caregivers had moderately adequate knowledge regarding home care management of their autistic children and this emphasizes the need to educate them in understanding their children behaviour and their needs and improve the quality of life of their autistic children. --- ## Knowledge on COVID 19 among the healthcare professionals in South Indian states **Authors:** Deepalakshmi M, Ajay Samraj P, Vijay V, Jonna Venkatesh, Kamal Rathinam R S, Vahini B, Arun K P **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3402 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Survey, COVID-19, Healthcare Workers, Knowledge, South India As the COVID-19 has become a pandemic across the globe, the knowledge of healthcare workers (HCWs) about the diseases and its management is very vital to have a better control over the infection. This study was carried out to assess the knowledge of HCWs of the 5 south Indian states with higher rates of COVID-19 infection. An online survey with 25 validated questions about COVID-19 was administered to 385 HCWs across the study region. Prior to the administration, the questionnaire was validated for various standard parameters using Cronbach’s alpha score greater than 0.7. The responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA.p value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The overall knowledge about COVID-19 was found to be greater among the medical doctors, pharmacists and nurses from higher to lower scores with a mean value of78.81±13.45 compared to the other healthcare workers 63.6±24.3. The one-way ANOVA revealed that the difference in the knowledge levels among the HCWs significantly differed (p=0.0012). The answers to few of the questions were found to be highly dynamic as the advisory guidelines are highly dynamic. The present knowledge level of HCWs in south India about COVID-19 is relatively high. However, there is a need for continuous education about COVID-19 to the HCWs and the national organizations and authorities should provide a structured and reliable information to the HCWs in order to have a better control over the COVID-19 infection. --- ## Pharmacy students attitude towards academic research in south India **Authors:** Abdulkadir Abdu, Mohanraj Rathinavelu, Gamma Birir Mohamed Musa, Adam Abubaker Mohamed **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3304 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Academic Research, Attitude, Cross Sectional Survey, Pharmacy Students The current cross-sectional survey of six months duration was performed to assess pharmacy student's attitude towards academic research in self-financing private pharmacy institutions in south India. The study included students of both genders of all pharmacy programmes who showed their willingness by administering a standard validated questionnaire with a total of sixteen inventories. In our review of four hundred and thirty student responses, female (55.35%) students were female, and 90.93% student participants belong to the age group of 20-25 years. More than half of the students (53.49%) agreed. Research participation is a vital parameter in industrialised employment, research and pharmaceutical education. More than fifty per cent our study participants recommend proper financial and resource funding and timelines are the significant limitations in performing research activities. In our study, 62.32% of respondents recommended a fortified research centre establishment for academicians which could improve and integrate a sustained development in teaching-learning and practice of scientific research in graduating students for their education and career. In conclusion, the perspective of pharmacy students towards research investigated in our study was found satisfactory; and recommended a significant focus on financial grant or support, fortified research environment, and dedicated research curriculum for the sustainable development of academic research. --- ## Formulation and Evaluation of Microemulsion Based in Situ Gel of Acyclovir for Vaginal Delivery **Authors:** Sanjeevani Shekhar Deshkar, Rutuja Prakash Bokare, Suhas Ashok Todmal **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3389 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acyclovir, Vaginal Drug Delivery, Microemulsion, In situ gel, Poloxamer The purpose of the present study was to formulate and evaluate microemulsion based in situ gel of Acyclovir (ACV) for the vaginal delivery. The solubility of ACV in oils and surfactants and co-surfactant was evaluated to identify the components of the microemulsion. Microemulsion region was determined by using the pseudo-ternary phase diagrams for different formulations. Microemulsion formulation was prepared using Labrafil M1994C as oil phase, Cremophor RH40 as surfactant and Polyethylene glycol 400 and Transcutol P as co-surfactant and water. Microemulsion formulations were evaluated for pH, viscosity, conductivity and stability study. In situ gel of ACV, microemulsion was prepared using thermosensitive polymer, poloxamer.In situ gelwas characterized for viscosity, gelling temperature, the effect of dilution on gelling temperature, gelling ability, and in vitro drug release and release kinetics. The globule size of developed microemulsion was less than 100 nm with PDI in the range 0.307 to 0.641. The optimized microemulsion based in situ gel demonstrated shear thinning behaviour, the gelation temperature with and without dilution was in the range of 30-35ºC, and the drug release was sustained over eight hours. Mucoadhesive properties of microemulsion based in situ gel formulations were determined with a texture analyzer using a goat vaginal tissue, and the results indicated that the presence of microemulsion increased the mucoadhesion significantly. Microemulsion based in situ gel was successfully developed for vaginal delivery of Acyclovir. --- ## Design and Evaluation of Flurbiprofen Micro-Emulsion Based Gel **Authors:** Manish Wani, Akshay Baheti, Satish Polshettiwar, Tanaji Nandgude, Aarti Shastri, Yogita Ozarde **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3868 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Flurbiprofen, Microemulsion Gel, Tween 80, Propylene Glycol, Paw Oedema, Anti-Inflammatory Flurbiprofen via oral route has many side effects. Many inflammatory infections occur locally and close to the body's surface, so topical application of flurbiprofen is advantageous. Still, intact skin acts as a barrier and hampers skin penetration of the drug. Present objective of this work was to reduce the adverse effect of flurbiprofen and increase its bioavailability by formulating Flurbiprofen microemulsion based gel, evaluating it for its Physico-chemical properties and then finally conducting its in-vitro and animal studies to determine its efficiency. Arachis oil was selected as an oil phase as flurbiprofen showed maximum solubility in it. Microemulsion formulations (A1 to A9) were prepared by varying the qty of tween 80 (as a surfactant) and propylene glycol (as co-surfactant). Microemulsions which were found to give satisfactory results w.r.t microemulsion formation (F1 to F5) were converted to microemulsion gel using Carbopol 934 as gel base. The ability of different microemulsions to penetrate flurbiprofen through the skin was in-vitro evaluated. All the formulations were evaluated for their quantity of drug present in the formulation, pH, Viscosity, Spreadability, in vitro diffusion study. Formula F4, which showed good Physico-chemical properties, was subjected to anti-inflammatory study. Results showed that pH, spreadability, viscosity and amount of active ingredient present in formulations were in an acceptable limit. The standard calibration curve for flurbiprofen depicts the linear association between concentration and absorbance. The formulation F4 has the highest % release, 90.54% also showed a higher % inhibition of paw oedema after 4 hrs than marketed formulation. --- ## Assess the Effectiveness of Knowledge on Prevention of Osteoporosis Among Post-Menopausal Women **Authors:** Meena P, Marieswari B **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3396 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Assess, Knowledge, Prevention, Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Women Osteoporosis (OP) is an ongoing dynamic malady. It is characterized as a foundational skeletal illness described by blow bone thickness and small scale design crumbling of the bone tissue with a subsequent increment in a bone delicacy that incredibly increments the danger of breakage. It is a significant general medical issue. It is assessed that influence 200 million ladies Worldwide and cause more than 8.9 million breaks every year. In 2019 Around the world, it is assessed that 1 out of 3 ladies over the age of 50 will encounter osteoporotic breaks, just as 1 of every 5 men. Of total Women, 44.3% were postmenopausal (natural menopause) with 49.2+ 3.5 years as mean age at menopause. The study aims to decide the adequacy of pre-test and Post-test information about osteoporosis among postmenopausal ladies. A pre-test one gathering pre-test post-test structure with advantageous inspecting method was embraced to direct an examination among 50 postmenopausal ladies. Information was assembled by utilizing organized poll. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the procedure. Detailed and inferential insights examined the information. Among 50 postmenopausal women shows that the levels of knowledge regarding prevention of osteoporosis in the pre-test (42%) have inadequate knowledge, (30%) have moderate knowledge and (28%) have adequate knowledge. Whereas in post-test (36%) had moderate information, and (64%) had sufficient information. The examination shows that there is no vast relationship between the degree of information in regards to the anticipation of osteoporosis with segment factors like age, religion, instructive status, salary, occupation and dietary example. The discoveries of the examination uncovered that organized instructing program on prevention of osteoporosis helped to improve the level of knowledge among postmenopausal women. --- ## Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of the leaves extracts of Ehretia pubescens **Authors:** Krishnamoorthy Meenakumari, Giridharan Bupesh, Mayur Mausoom Phukan **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3308 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oxidation, Free Radicals, Assays, Antioxidant, Ehretia pubescens The foods from plants were known to ensure against degenerative diseases and maturing because of their antioxidant activity credited to their high polyphenolic content. Information on antioxidant activity of Indian medicinal plant is abundant. To the best of our knowledge, biological properties have not been accounted in the literature for this species of Ehretia. As a point, this is the first results to assess the anti-oxidant activity of the plant Ehretia pubescens Benth which belongs to the family Ehretiaceae. The antioxidant activity of Methanol, Hexane, Ethyl acetate and Aqueous extracts of E. Pubescens was determined using the DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity and reducing power assay. The DPPH scavenging activity showed higher activity observed in methanolic extract (63%) of E. pubescens than ethylacetate (54%), hexane (44%) and aqueous (30%). Similarly the ABTS assay showed highest inhibition in methanolic extract (58%) than ethylacetate (43%), hexane (38%) and aqueous (32%) extracts. The reducing power assay of different extracts was increased in methanolic extract (54%) than ethylacetate (40%), hexane (34%) and aqueous (28%) extracts. Overall, the methanolic and ethyl acetate extract had higher antioxidant properties than other extract. However, in this study, Ehretia pubescens Benth extracts exhibit great potential for antioxidant activity and may be useful for their nutritional and medicinal functions. --- ## A Review Paper on Pandemic Covid-19 **Authors:** Swarupa Chakole, Vaishnavi Jaiswal **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3404 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid-19, Immuno-Compromised, Sanitizers, Ventilators, Gynaecological Covid – 19 national disasters of India declared on 13 March 2020. The word Covid 19-means China originated virus in December 2019.Covid- 19 is emerging disease worldwide and perhaps a pandemic as declared by WHO on 11 March 2020, and came into existence from Wuhan China, Hubei province on 1 December 2019. Covid-19 which not only caused havoc but also lead to an economic crisis because of health care systems.Some advancement in health and its regulations. It has mainly affected elderly persons and immunocompromised patients; pregnant women have not shown more chances of infection until now. Patients mainly present with cough, fever, shortness of breath.patient are categorized as suspected and confirmed cases, high risk and.moderate risk. Here is a discussion on pathology, clinical aspects, gynaecological aspects, forensic aspects, diagnosis, management, prevention. Preventive measures include self-isolation, quarantine, wearing a mask, use of alcohol-based sanitizer and are discussed further. Its management has antiviral therapy, ventilators support. This has set an example of community spread. It is a concern of public health emergency. It has geared up hospitals for an increase in the number of beds, staff and an emergency. --- ## The Effect of Hordeum Vulgare L. Extracts on Blood Cholesterol Level and Lipid Peroxidation Activity in a Hypercholesterolemia Rodent Model **Authors:** Pang Jyh Chyang, Mawaddah A **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3305 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hordeum vulgare L, Antioxidant, Cholesterol, Melondialdhyde level Hordeum vulgare L. (Barley) is an ancient and essential cereal grain crop with the claim that it has the potential to reduce cholesterol level and to lower oxidation activity in the liver.However, it hasn’t been proven scientifically. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant activity (TAC) and liver peroxidation activity of barley aqueous and ethanol extractas well as assess the effect of ethanol extract on cholesterol level of high-fat diet rats. TAC of barley extract was determined by using ABTS (2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) assay andDPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) assay. Meanwhile, Total Phenolic Content TPC was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu assay. A total of 15 Sprague Dawley rats were tested for the lowering cholesterol properties in barley and its association with lipid peroxidation product (Melondialdhyhe level) by adding the barley into their daily diet. The result indicated that TAC and TPC value of ethanol barley extract was high. Barley ethanol extracts effectively lowering cholesterol level in Sprague Dawley rats. Meanwhile, the malondialdehyde level in the liver tissue was a significant difference between the high-fat diet group of rats and the high-fat diet group of rats treated with ethanol barley extract. Conclusion, ethanol barley extract possess more phenolic content, antioxidant component and reducing cholesterol level of high-fat diet rats. --- ## Hepatoprotective potential of Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa: in vitro and in vivo studies on CCl4 induced wistar albino rats **Authors:** Subburayalu S, Asha KRT, Deepa Somanath, Palavesam A **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3432 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Indigofera tirunelvelica, Antioxidants, Hepatotoxicity-CCl4, Hepatoprotective Activity The hepatoprotective efficiency of Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa whole plant against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity was examined. Rat hepatocyte monolayer culture and wistar albino rats were exercised as in vitro and in vivo screening models of protective agent for liver. In in vitro analyses, the whole plant ethanolic extract of Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa were inspected. Silymarin was chosen as a standard treatement drug. In vitro, free radical scavenging property was also evaluated. In animal studies, hepatotoxicity was produced in Wistar albino rats by dispensing CCl4. The degree of hepatotoxicity was examined by determining the ranges of serum enzyme. The antioxidant parameters such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, and malondialdehyde of the hepatocytes were also evaluated. In in vitro studies, ethanol extract of I. tirunelvelica whole plant was identified to be the most active than other assessed extracts. Besides, whole plant ethanol extract of I. tirunelvelica was noticed to be rich in phenolic and flavonoids. It exhibited expressive free radical scavenging property versus diphenylpicryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide ion radicals. In the animals studies, whole plant ethanolic extract of I. tirunelvelica at a ranges of doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) revealed considerable amount of protection against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity as evident by the protection of CCl4 induced changes biochemical parameters. The results of the present study suggested that the significant hepatoprotective property of whole plant ethanol extract of I. tirunelvelica against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity and intimates its use as a potential medicinal drug for liver diseases. --- ## Macroscopic-microscopic characteristics and AFLP fingerprint for identification of Erythroxylum novogranatense, E. cambodianum and E. cuneatum endemic to Thailand **Authors:** Somdet Katib, Kanchana Rungsihirunrat **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3288 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Genus Erythroxylum, Macroscopic Characterisation, Microscopic Characterisation, AFLP Fingerprint Erythroxylum novogranatense (Morris) Hieron, E. cambodianum Pierre and E. cuneatum (Miq.) Kurz in family Erythroxylaceae was traditionally used as an antipyretic, general stimulant and gastrointestinal diseases. Due to their morphological similarity, the correct identification was necessary for the quality control in herbal medicine. E. novogranatense (Morris) Hieron, E. cambodianum Pierre and E. cuneatum (Miq.) Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics evaluated Kurz endemic to Thailand according to WHO standard guideline and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprint. Morphological characters of E. novogranatense, E. cambodianum and E. cuneatum were similar in their flower, fruit and seed but different in stem and leaf. Microscopic characteristics from these three species, including constant leaf numbers, showed individual values. The stomata were classified as paracytic type. The midrib transverse section showed distinct characters of the epidermis, palisade cell, stomata, spongy cell, parenchyma, xylem vessel, phloem tissue and collenchyma. AFLP fingerprint showed highly polymorphisms 97.42% with the number of bands (349 bands) ranging between 50-750 bands. Primer E+ACG/M+CTT had the highest number of AFLP band (91 bands). The dendrogram generated from UPGMA could separate these three species. In summary, the combination of morphological characteristics, microscopic investigation and AFLP fingerprinting can be used to identify plant species and determine the genetic relationship among three Erythroxylum species. --- ## Integration of importance-performance analysis into testing of the relationship between hospital service performance, satisfaction and loyalty with PLS-SEM approach **Authors:** Prasojo Pribadi, Susi Ari Kristina, Suci Paramitasari Syahlani, Satibi Satibi **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3290 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Service, Hospital, Patient Satisfaction, Loyalty, PLS-SEM, Importance-Performance Improvement of service performance, customer satisfaction, and loyalty give a significant contribution to business performance and profitability. This study aims first to identify the most critical factors related to hospital service performance in predicting the patient's satisfaction. Second, to examine the effect of patient satisfaction on patient loyalty. This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach, involving 280 outpatients conducted in two hospitals. Finally, the partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach was performed to analyze the data. The result showed the lowest index performance is the outcome quality (49.84), and the highest is the quality of personnel (72.49). The calculation of the patient satisfaction index (PSI) is 67.48. Patient satisfaction is significantly influenced by the quality of personnel, outcome quality, social responsibility, administrative procedure, and physical aspect. Patients satisfaction has a significant effect on patient loyalty. However, health insurance, quality of medical care, and quality of pharmaceutical care have no significant effect on patient satisfaction. The map of importance-performance analysis (IPA) suggest the hospital institution needs to improve the physical aspect, administrative procedure and outcome quality. The overall patient are satisfied with the performance of hospital services. Patients are objective controls of an organization. Therefore, the focus of hospital managers on strategies for building relationships with patients. --- ## Evaluation of Ethnomedicine and Ethnobotany of Maerua triphylla A. Rich. (Capparidaceae) **Authors:** Alfred Maroyi **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3294 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Capparaceae, Indigenous Pharmacopoeia, Maeruatriphylla, Traditional Medicine Maerua triphylla A. Rich. is a shrub or small tree collected from the wild for its edible leaves and also used as traditional medicine. This study is aimed at evaluating the ethnomedicinal and ethnobotanical uses of M. triphylla. Results of the current study are based on data derived from several online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as scientific publications, books, dissertations, book chapters and journal articles. This study revealed that the fruit, leaf, root, stem bark and twig infusion and/or decoction of M. triphylla are mainly used as ethnoveterinary medicine, aphrodisiac and antidote for poisoning, and traditional medicine for rheumatism, boils, cancer, respiratory problems, snakebite, headache, migraine and gastro-intestinal problems. Phytochemical compounds identified from dried aerial parts and branches of M. triphylla include betaines and quaternary ammonium compounds such as 3-hydroxyprolinebetaine, glycine betaine, proline betaine and 3-hydroxy-1,1-dimethyl pyridinium. Preliminary ethnopharmacological research revealed that M. triphylla leaf extracts have acaricidal and cytotoxicity activities. Documentation of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of M. triphylla is important as this information provides baseline data required for future research focusing on ethnopharmacological properties of the species. Maerua triphylla should be subjected to detailed phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological evaluations aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties. --- ## Screening of Propyl paraben (PP) for control in situ populations of Aspergillus flavus and AFB1 contamination on stored chilli powder **Authors:** Diyaa Aljaza, Basim Turki Alyousif **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3283 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aspergillus Section Flavi, Inhibition, Aflatoxin, Propylparaben, Chilli Food spoilage and their contamination with mycotoxins are a significant issue for the food industry, leading to economic losses and a negative impact on public health all over the world. The objective of this study was to examine the preventive effect of different concentrations of Propylparaben (PP) for control of fungal populations and aflatoxin b1 (AFB1) contamination of stored chilli powder in both artificially and naturally contaminations. These treatments were examined at two different water activity (aw) levels (0.90 and 0.95 aw) in stored chilli powder at 30oC for 20 days. The total populations of A. flavus isolated from both artificially and naturally contamination of stored chilli powder at 30oC were significantly reduced by using PP treatments especially, with 2000 ppm. In additions, the AFB1 production was reduced when increased PP concentration compared to the untreated control. In conclusion, the economic and health impacts related to Aspergillus and AFB1 contamination could be minimised by adding PP as a food-grade preservative to stored chilli powder, Results show From a human health perspective, the use of PP is allowed as a food preservative by the (IARC) and (WHO). It must use according to legislation doses (0.1%) introduced by the law of (GRAS) regulations. --- ## Antiurolithiatic activity of Berberis asiatica by In vitro calcium oxalate crystallization methods **Authors:** Kishore Bandarapalle, Prasanna Raju Yalavarthi, Chandra Sekhar Kothapalli Bannoth **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3303 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Berberis asiatica, Crystal Nucleation, Crystal Aggregation and Crystal Growth The primary objective of this research was to investigate the antiurolithiatic effect of the aqueous Heartwood extract of Berberis asiatica (AEBA) on in vitro crystallization methods. The antiurolithiatic behaviour was carried out in the presence and absence of AEBA at the concentration range of 100-1000 μg/ml by employing crystal nucleation, crystal aggregation, and crystal growth assay methods. Standard drug Cystone was made use of positive control in the concentration range of 100-1000 μg/ml. Inhibition efficiency of AEBA on crystal nucleation, crystal aggregation and crystal growth was spectrophotometrically validated. The percentage inhibition rate of crystal nucleation, crystal aggregation and crystal growth by AEBA and standard drug cystone was endorsed to be dose-dependent in nature. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of standard drug cystone on crystal nucleation, crystal aggregation and crystal growth were estimated to be 415.30±21.35, 573.7±65.53 and 566.20±62.06 μg/ml, respectively, while the AEBA, IC50 values were reckoned to be 839±69.13, 927.10±69.98 and 851±86.60 μg/ml, respectively. The findings of in vitro crystallization study disclosed that an aqueous Heartwood extract of Berberis asiatica possesses calcium oxalate crystal inhibition activity on crystal nucleation, crystal aggregation, and crystal growth recommended it as a potent and promising antiurolithiatic activity. --- ## Analgesic effects of Mathan Thylam - A pharmacognostic review **Authors:** Kanimozhi S, Ponmalar E, Bupesh G, Mathiyazhagan M, Vasanth S, Sahoo U K **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3295 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Mathan Thylam, Datura, Analgesic, Topical Medicine, Scopolamine Mathan Thylam is a medicated oil which is widely used as a topical medicine. In native of Siddha system, this oil is prescribed to heal all types of ulcers and wounds. It is very effective in curing severe carbuncle ulcer of diabetes, diabetic foot ulcers. The oil has a wide variety of other therapeutic topical applications such as eczema, bedsores itches, weeping eczema, wounds, folliculitis, anal fistula, ear infections, per anal abscess, alopecia, non-healing of cut and burns wounds. The vital compositions of the mathan thylam are constituted with thurusu (copper sulphate), datura leaf and coconut oil. These active ingredients, present in mathan thylam acts to play a major role in healing ulcers. In this study, we aimed to prove the analgesic effect of mathan thylam. As a result of the presence of datura leaf, mathan thylam can be used as an unsurpassed analgesic than any other medicated oils. This oil is used to reduce pain as well as inflammation. The Phytochemical and GCMS analysis of a hydroalcoholic extract of the mathan thylam revealed the presence of coumarin, steroid, alkaloid, saponin, furan, quinine and triterpenoid. This comprehensive review includes information on botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and ethnomedical uses of datura, which is the key ingredient in mathan thylam to be used as a topical analgesic. --- ## A Study to assess the Correlation between Serum Alpha Fetoprotein and Radiological Image Finding in Patients with Malignant Liver Mass **Authors:** Annamalai T T, Yuvaraj Muralidharan **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3311 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP), Malignant Liver Mass, Multifocal Lesions Malignant liver mass remains a major health problem worldwide. Patients with chronic liver disease, the accuracy of ultrasound scan (US), spiral computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and malignant liver disease is assessed in this study. This study helps to find out the significance of serum alpha protein in patients with malignant liver mass. Retrospective cross-sectional study was done on patients with malignant liver mass. A total of 62 patients were diagnosed with malignant liver mass, out of which 44 are male, and 18 were female. They were grouped into three age groups 30-50 years, 51-70 years and above 70 years. In this study, out of the radiologically diagnosed malignant liver mass, HPE has proven hepatocellular carcinoma where 67.7% and liver secondaries where 29.03%. 55% of malignant liver mass has raised alpha feto proteins. 74% of HCC diagnosed and confirmed on biopsy have elevated alpha feto proteins. Only 11% of multiple malignant liver lesions have elevated alpha feto proteins. AFP receptors are expressed only in the AFP-positive HCC tissues. In the AFP-negative HCC, the rate of tumour growth would probably be expected to be relatively slow, and tumour staging might be lower than in AFP-positive. Based on this study, radiological imaging has been very useful in the diagnosis of various malignant liver masses in both elevated and normal AFP. --- ## A Cross-Sectional Study on Practise of Physical Activity Among Medical Students in Chennai **Authors:** Rakshana S, Anantha Eashwar V M, Ruma Dutta, Nisha B, Gomathy Parasuraman, Yogesh Mohan, Timsi Jain **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3299 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** BMI, Exercise, Obesity As defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO), physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure. Physical activity is split into exercise and non-exercise physical activity. Physical inactivity is associated with many chronic and non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, type II diabetes mellitus, carcinoma and mental health problems. According to the global statistical report of WHO, around 1.6 million deaths occur annually, and these deaths can be attributed to insufficient physical activity. This study would aim to assess the practice of physical activity among medical students and to study the factors associated with physical activity. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a private medical college between January 2020 and March 2020, 444 undergraduate students were included in the study, among which 401 responses were considered valid. A standard international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) was used. The data were entered in Microsoft Excel and analysed using Pearson’s chi-square test. The students belonged to 1st year 125(31.2%), 2nd year 128(31.9%), 3rd year 133(33.2%) and 4th year 15(3.7%). Majority of these students 233(58.1%) had an average Body Mass Index (BMI) and 184(45.9%) practised low level of physical activity. In comparison with the level of physical activity, batches (1st year, 2nd year, 3rd year, 4th year) and gender(males, females) were significant at p<0.05, but BMI was not significant at p<0.05. Comparing the level of physical activity with the BMI of the students, it can be concluded that the level of physical activity is not associated with BMI. --- ## Evaluation of Hand Strength, Handwriting, and Functional Skills in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3390 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hand Grip, Hand Strength, DCD, ADL, Functional Activity Dysgraphia and difficulty in activities of daily living skill are well documented in the research database as impairments affecting children with developmental coordination disorder. Pinch and grip strength has a predominant role in various activities of daily living skills, and a child can fulfil the playing skill only with good pinch and grip strength. To estimate hand strength evolution difference in children with developmental coordination disorder and to analyze the correlations in grip and pinch strength, handwriting and its components, and activities of daily living skills in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. Twenty children were selected and assigned into two groups, typically developing children and children with DCD. Each child was evaluated with pinch and grip strength, handwriting speed and legibility, pencil grip, and levels of performance in functional skills. When considering the strength development pattern, there exists a similar trend in children with and without DCD. Grip strength is having a perfect correlation with pencil control in both children with and without DCD. Handwriting is poor in the children with DCD but not in children without DCD. This study provides evidence that grip and pinch strength are important components when considering therapeutic intervention for enhancing handwriting skill in children with DCD. --- ## Evaluation of Multiple Interacting Factors Associated with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R **Published:** 2020-10-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3312 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** DCD, Primary and Secondary Factors, Intervention, Participation Restriction, DSM-5 Developmental coordination disorder is termed as a motor functioning disorder and it shows a major impact on motor learning and functioning. The aim of the current research is to have a critical analysis of the developmental coordination disorder using ICF model. However DCD is identified by functional limitations, there are associated factors which were left unattended. We discuss the participation restriction, body function and structural defects and other contextual factors associated with DCD. It has been highlighted that primary and secondary defects associated with developmental coordination disorder among children is due to the factors which depends on the cognitive and neurological structures. Personal and environmental factors associated play a major role in motor learning and acquisition. To design intervention for individual adult and children with developmental coordination disorder, there is need for consideration of the multiple interacting factors associated with developmental coordination disorder and understanding the primary and secondary factors that deteriorate the health of children with DCD needs attention. Psychological impairment is the factors which are identified at the front line. However while designing intervention sessions, there is a need to consider the psychosocial aspect of the individual with DCD. --- ## Anti-hyperlipidemic Activity of Lannea coramandelica Leaf Extract Against Experimentally Induced Hyperlipidemia in Rats **Authors:** Sekkizhar M, Jaikumar S, Asokan B R **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3170 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lannea coramandelica, Hyperlipidemia, Triton, High Fat Diet Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia are interrelated terms and the same course of disorders which raise the serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Herbs are used for treating diseases and used in the traditional systems of medicines like Ayurveda. As science is evolving, research to prove the pharmacological activity of the herbs and establishing scientific proof is also important. Lannea coramandelica is a native plant for tropical countries like India. It is considered one of the lifesavers of the area with abundant polyphenols, flavonoids, gums and other chemical constituents. Most of the antioxidant chemical components like flavonoids are potent in treating and lowering lipids in the body and reduces the oxidative stress in the human body to process fats. Lannea coramandelica has been proven to have vast amounts of flavonoids and antioxidant principles. Current research has been designed to confirm the hyperlipidemia controlling property of Lannea coramandelica extracts. The Lannea coramandelica extract showed a better hyperlipidemic activity at a dose of 500mg/kg in both the events. --- ## Adverse Drug Reactions and its Management Associated with Cancer Chemotherapy **Authors:** Sanija P, Nandakumar U P, Jayaram Shetty K, Bharath Raj K C, Vinay B C, Sharad Chand, Juno J Joel **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3232 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ADRs, Cancer, Chemotherapy, Causality, Management Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are the problem that adds extra burden in the global scenario. Anticancer drugs can lead to severe negative consequences due to these ADRs. This study was conducted to assess the causality, severity and preventability of the identified ADRs of chemotherapeutic drugs among hospitalized patients diagnosed with cancer and also to analyze its management. A prospective observational study was conducted among cancer patients for a period of eight months. A total of 120 hospitalized patients who developed at least one ADR due to chemotherapy were included in this study. Data were collected and documented in a well-designed data collection form. A total of 166 ADRs were detected in 120 patients. Anaemia 33 (19.8%), was found as the most commonly identified ADR. Patients administered with cisplatin as monotherapy were found to be reported with the highest number of ADRs (36). According to Naranjo’s scale and WHO causality assessment, 110 (66.2%) and 105 (63.2%) ADRs were found probable. Hartwig & Siegel scale of severity showed that 97 (58.4%) ADRs were moderate and Modified Schumock and Thornton scale revealed that 129 (77.7%) ADRs were not preventable. The patients prescribed with cisplatin, paclitaxel-carboplatin, epirubicin-oxaliplatin-capecitabine regimen should be strictly and continuously monitored for the symptoms of ADR. Early detection of ADR can decrease morbidity and mortality. --- ## Neuroprotective potential of Costus speciosus on neurotransmitters levels in noise stress condition in rats **Authors:** Saraswathi Ilango, Saikumar P, Sembulingam Kandhaswamy, Saikarthik Jayakumar **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3223 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Noise Stress, C. speciosus, Neurotransmitters, Neuroprotective Exposure to overwhelming stress could lead to development of mental disorders and worsening of existing ones. The impact produced by exposure to stress might be affected by the seriousness of the stressor, the time amid which it is connected (acute vs. chronic). In traditional practice of medicine, C. speciosus extract exhibits antistress action so we aimed to test whether this extract plays a vital role in maintaining the brain's chemical transmitters levels during acute noise stress conditions. The levels of Dopamine (DA), Norepinephrine (NE) and Serotonin (5HT) were analysed by reverse phase HPLC in cerebral cortex and hippocampus brain tissue of acute noise stress exposed, C. speciosus extract (250mg and 500mg) and fluoxetine treated rats. Norepinephrine and dopamine were found to be increased in contrast to 5-HT levels in stressed group of rats, whereas CSE 500 mg could alleviate the said alteration. This study highlights the importance of C. speciosus extract therapy to noise stress induced rats by testing the neurotransmitters levels in brain tissue to understand its therapeutic potential. --- ## MDCT Evaluation of Post-Operative Cranium: Spectrum of Normal Findings and Complications **Authors:** Ibrahim M Eladl, Rania M Hassan, Mona M Eladl, Asmaa A Alshamy, Hanan A Bahaaeldin **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3265 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cranial Surgeries, Postoperative Complications, Life Threatening States Imaging plays an essential role in the evaluation of patients after cranial surgery. Postoperative infection and hemorrhage are common complications after cranial surgeries. Life-threatening complications (like tension pneumocephalus and paradoxical herniation) must be identified rapidly at imaging to secure a favorable prognosis. This cross-sectional study included 250 patients who underwent varient neurosurgical operations and were imaged for the developed postoperative complications using Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) with and without contrast. We reviewed the common normal and abnormal findings in post-operative neurosurgical patients. The expected postoperative CT and MRI appearances of these procedures are discussed, followed by complications. These include hemorrhage, tension pneumocephalus, wound/soft tissue infection, bone flap infection and extradural abscesses. Complications specifically related to craniectomies include extracranial herniation, external brain tamponade, paradoxical herniation, and trephine syndrome. In our study165 male; 58 % and 85 female; 42 % were included; age range (6months-69 years), mean age 34.7 ± 2.9 years. 130 patients underwent craniotomy, infection (23%) was the most dominant complication followed by intra cranial hemorrhage (19%). So to conclude;radiologist must know how to recognize postoperative complications and differentiate them from expected normal findings because an early and accurate diagnosis is important for proper postoperative care.Computed tomography is fast, cost effective, and easily accessible for first-line imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging has higher sensitivity for detecting postoperative infection and ischemia. --- ## Studying the antihyperlipidaemic basis of ayurvedic formulations – Avipattikara churna and triphala churna **Authors:** Dixit Praveen K, Nagarajan K, Kumar Sokindra **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3202 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Avipattikar Churna, Triphala Churna, Hyperlipdaemia, Atherosclerosis Increased blood lipid profile (hyperlipidaemia) has been described as a significant risk factor, which is majorly responsible for making the coronary heart diseases more severe. Coronary heart disease, stroke, atherosclerosis and hyperlipidaemia are the primary cause of death. The increase in total cholesterol and total low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is described for its main risk factor, which is responsible for cardiovascular disease. The anti-hyperlipidemic drugs are used frequently for its lipids lowering potential to protect disorders which are induced by a condition like atherosclerosis. Still, these hypolipidemic agents also have various sorts of adverse events. Many plants and their derivatives and have been tested successfully for their anti-hyperlipidemic role. Almost 70 medicinal plants and more than this have been successfully screened for their significant anti-hyperlipidemic role. The significant increase observed in the use of medicinal plants in metropolitan regions of developed countries in the last decades. There are so many medicinal plants play a crucial role in lowering the blood lipid level. The most important advantage and popularity of traditional medicine system are because of effectiveness, safety, affordability and acceptability. This review focus on the anti-hyperlipidemic role of Avipattikar Churna and Triphala Churna used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia. --- ## Evaluation of the analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of Populus deltoides leaves in mice **Authors:** Vijay Bahadur Maurya, Vishnu Prasad Yadav, Vinay Kumar **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3252 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Analgesic, Alkaloids, Flavanoid, P. deltoids, Saponin, Steroid, Writhing The ethanolic leaves extract of Populus deltoides was tested for the presence of various phytoconstituents and designed to evaluate the analgesic activity in mice. The peripheral analgesic activity of ethanolic leaves extract of P. deltoides (250 and 500 mg/kg) was studied by using acetic acid stimulated writhing test and central analgesic activity of P. deltoides was studied by using hotplate process. The ethanolic leaves extract of P. deltoides professed the existence of a variety of chemical constituents like alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenes and steroids. Leaves extract of P. deltoides appreciably decreased the writhing actions in acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice and amplified the respond time in hotplate test. These results suggest that the extract may have NSAIDs like activity through the peripheral mechanism and central analgesic activities via opioid receptors. From our study, we endowed that leaves extract of P. deltoides has feasible to analgesic activity. This study reveals that it can be used in the management of pain and provide a scientific basis for its traditional use. --- ## In-vitro Anti-Inflammatory activity of Digera muricata Extracts **Authors:** Balaji Subramaniyan R, Jaikumar S, Sekkizhar M **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3220 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Invitro, Inflammation, Digera muricate Inflammation is a process that is generally termed for pain and redness, which includes swelling. But it is defined as a heterogeneous group of processes which result in the pain and increase in vascular circulation and denaturation of protein that results in tissue degeneration. There are many synthetic drugs available to treat and relieve the inflammation. They are potent and have many side effects too. So there is an increased search for alternative means of treatment option. Thereby there was a high focus on the medicinal plants and herbs. Digera muricate, which is used to treat many diseases like analgesic activity, antidiabetic activity and anticancer activity too, this plant has proven to possess the antioxidant potential also. So there is no enough work done to verify the inflammatory potential of the plant. This was the primary consideration for this research to select the plant to prove it has anti-inflammatory potential. Having in the account that the ethical problems in the usage of lab animals, the anti-inflammatory potential of the plant was evaluated in-vitro using enzyme inhibition assays. The in-vitro models of the inflammatory activity are used for testing the anti-inflammatory activity, and the results were not different from invivo models. The extracts showed a dose based rise in the action, and the plant process a better anti-inflammatory activity than the standard drugs. --- ## Medline diastema of orthodontic patients - Prevalence and Etiology in Erbil Population - A cross-sectional study **Authors:** Ayshan Kolemen, Hasan Sabah Hasan, Arkan Muslim Al Azzawi **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3262 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Prevalence, Midline Diastema, High Labial Frenum, Thumb Sucking To investigate the prevalence and etiological factors that contribute in midline diastema in Erbil population among different age groups and genders. A sample of (ex: 1021orthodontic patients (537 males and 484 females) were randomly selected from Erbil population attending to orthodontic department of khanzad polyclinic teaching center (General directorate of hawler / Ministry of health/ Kurdistan region- Iraq) during 2018-2019 period. Aged (13-35 years) with mean age ± SD was 19.6 ± 4.8 years, with a median of 19 years. The examination included patient history taking, intraoral examination, photograph, intraoral periapical radiography of incisors area and panoramic radiographic. Diastema consider positive when the space between central incisors is 0.5mm and more, width was measured clinically used digital Vernier calipers at one millimeter above the incisors edge. In this study the prevalence of midline diastema was 23.2%. location was in the maxilla (97%), in mandible (1.3%) and in both was (1.7%). The prevalence of midline diastema differs significantly between the age groups (p < 0.001). The highest prevalence (55.8%) was among patients aged ≥ 30 years, and it was also high (37.7%) among those aged < 15 years. The prevalence among females (26.4%) was significantly higher than the prevalence (20.3%) among males (P= 0.020). The main causes of midline diastema in females was thumb sucking and missing lateral incisors (14.1% and 12.5% respectively) and in males was high labial frenum and super numerally teeth (39.4% and 30.3% respectively). The prevalence of diastema in Erbil City (Kurdistan regional- Iraq) area was 23.2%, the location mostly in maxilla (97%). The prevalence of diastema in females more than males. --- ## Surgical Correction of Congenital Double Lip - A Case Report **Authors:** Janani Kandamani, Sudarssan Subramaniam Gouthaman, Divya Sanjeevi Ramakrishnan, Santhosh Kumar M P **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3263 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Double Lip, Developmental Anomaly, Surgery, Ascher’s Syndrome Lip provides an attractive and pleasing appearance to the face. Lip anomaly is characterised by the presence of a excess fold or redundant hypertrophic or hyperplastic tissue on mucosal side of the lip , which is referred as double lip. It can be either congenital or acquired and unilateral or bilateral. Such rare entity can affect either upper lip or lower lip or both as seen in Aschers syndrome which can be easily diagnosed clinically and rarely reports were published on congenital double lip. During growth and development, the upper lip possesses an outer cutaneous zone often referred as pars glabra and an inner mucosal zone which is known as pars villosa which are the two transverse zones. The non-inflammatory labial mucous gland hyperplasia of the pars villosa and unreasonable abundant areolar tissue results in double lip. Treatment should be carried out by an intraoral excision of the mucosa and sub mucosal tissue, without involvement of the underlying muscle. This article is a report of a 10 years old boy with this deformity who presented with the complaint of huge lips causing unaesthetic appearance of face and was surgically managed improving the appearance of the face aesthetically acceptable which in turn improves the confidence level of an individual. --- ## Aromatic spice Nutmeg attenuates memory deficits in Rotenone model of Parkinson's disease **Authors:** Muthuvel Vijayan K, Prabhu K, Rajasankar S **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3173 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-Cholinesterase, Memory, Myristica Fragrans Seeds Extract (MFSE), Neuroprotection, Nutmeg, Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Rotenone, Dopamine (DA) PD is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder with features such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability, and dementia. Neuropathologically, selective loss or death of dopaminergic neurons is the hallmark of PD. In PD, elevated oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation were reported. Rotenone (an isoflavone obtained from Fabaceae associated vegetation such as the jicama vine plant) induces oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and apoptosis in cell line and animal models. It was useful in the evaluation of neuroprotective properties on cell line and animal models of PD. Drugs with anti-oxidant potential helped to control the cellular stress, free radical formation, neurotransmitter level in PD animal models. Nutmeg, an aromatic spice exhibited memory enhancing, anti-oxidant, anticonvulsant properties. It is an excellent body detoxifier and stimulator of the brain due to the presence of pharmacologically active compounds such as eugenol, isoelemicin, isoeugenol, methoxyeugenol, myristic acid, myristicin, saponins and lignin. Macelignan (a compound present in nutmeg) having the low molecular weight and hydrophobic nature could pass beyond the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we explored the cognitive profile of rotenone-induced model of PD treated with MFSE extract (MFSE) by behavioural tests (Morris water maze test, T-maze test and Elevated plus maze Test). Rotenone was injected to male Wistar albino rats by intra-peritoneal route (2.5mg/kg daily) for 30days. MFSE treated rats showed significant improvement in cognition in rotenone-induced PD model. It might be due to its neuroprotective and anti-cholinesterase properties. --- ## Experimental evaluation of Streblus asper hydroalcoholic extract for antistress activity **Authors:** Sachin Neekhra, Himani Awasthi, Dharm Chand Prasad Singh **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3245 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Liver Function Profiles, Lipid Profiles, Organs Weight, Streblus asper Stress is the causative factor for various diseases and disorders faced by the majority of the diseased population. The leaves of Streblus asper (S. asper) are attributed to neuropharmacological properties as per literature. The S. asper hydroalcoholic extract as tested for antistress activity in animals. The study deals with the evaluation of S. asper hydroalcoholic extract for adaptogenic activity using cold immobilization stress. The S. asper hydroalcoholic extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) was administered to treatment groups 1 hour before stress methods for ten consecutive days. Induction of the stress procedure was repeated for ten days. Rats fasted overnight on 10th days, On 11th days the blood was collected from the retro-orbital vein for biochemical estimation under anaesthesia. Liver function profiles (SGOT, SGPT, and ALP), lipid profiles (TC, TG, HDL, LDL, and VLDL), differential leukocyte count (neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocyte, and monocyte), and organs weight (adrenal gland, spleen, liver, and kidney) were evaluation parameters of adaptogenic activity in the cold immobilization stress. The dose group 400 mg/kg p.o. of S. asper hydroalcoholic extract for adaptogenic activity in cold immobilization showed significant variation (P< 0.1) when is compared with the stress control group. Therefore, it was revealed that S. asper hydroalcoholic extract showed potential adaptogenic activity. --- ## SGOT and SGPT level of Wistar rat after the administration of Channa micropeltes extract **Authors:** Amy Nindia Carabelly, Deby Kania Tri Putri, Nadya Rezki, Maharani Laillyza Apriasari **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3169 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Albumin, Channa Micropeltes, Hepar, SGOT, SGPT Channa micropeltes is a local peatland water species which has been utilized as an alternative of Channa striata among South Kalimantan population to anticipate the scarcity of Haruan species. Channa micropeltes originate from the same family of Channa striata in which both fishes contain albumin. Albumin is proven to accelerate wound healing, thus can be produced as capsules. The capsulate form of Channa micropeltes extract will later be deployed as an alternative herbal medicine for the acceleration of mucosal wound healing. Nevertheless, a study of a hepatological profile is pivotal to assess the safety of its consumption. The present study aimed to analyze the effect of Channa micropeltes extracts capsulate oral administration at 0.7 g dosage on SGOT and SGPT level of Wistar rat liver. This was a real experimental study with post-test only and control group design. The samples comprised of 12 rats which were distributed into three groups namely a treatment group of 0.7 g Channa extract capsulate, a positive control group of 0.7 g Channa striata extract and a negative control group without any treatment for 28 days. The level of SGOT and SGPT were 19.41 IU/L and 29.52 IU/L in Channa micropeltes treatment group, 31.95 IU/L and 28.71 IU/L in the positive control group of 0.7 g Channa striata extract, 25.07 IU/L and 18.90 IU/L in the negative control group. Hence, there is no effect of Channa micropeltes extract capsulate oral administration at 0.7 g dosage on SGOT and SGPT level of Wistar rat liver. --- ## Role of mhealth in the management of Tuberculosis: A new approach to improve adherence **Authors:** Rajavardhana T, Rajanandh M G, Geethavani M, Sreedhar V **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3191 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tuberculosis, Mobile Health, mHealth, Medication Adherence, Mobile Apps Compliance with Tuberculosis (TB) treatment is essential in enhancing singly and public health as well. Nonadherence may come out with suffering, disease worsening, and mortality and also leads to increased economic burden to the patients. Through this article, we want to explore new ideas to strengthen medication adherence with the assistance of mHealth approaches to monitor and enhance TB patient's medication-taking behavior. DOTs have more success rates in particular parts, whereas its limitations in improving the adherence can be understood in the world health organization End Tuberculosis plan of action. To provide disease and treatment-related education to the patients, mHealth apps should be of educational worth to patients by delivering classified information, which is easily accessible to the patients and caregivers. Hurdles to TB treatment compliance are noteworthy and multiple. Mobile health accounts for an arising field with significant promises to locate barriers, thus enhancing every single individual and community health and health care systems planning. --- ## Evaluation of acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of Barleria cuspidata Heyne ex Nees **Authors:** Manohar Reddy, Raja Sundararajan **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3251 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acute Toxicity Study, Barleria cuspidate Heyne ex Nees, Biochemical Parameters, Histopathology, Sub-Chronic Toxicity Study The fundamental reason for this examination was to look at the acute and sub-chronic harmfulness investigations of chloroform and methanol extracts of Barleria cuspidata Heyne ex Nees (Acanthaceae) on creature models according to the OECD rules 407 and 425 respectively. In acute oral toxicity study a solitary oral dosages of 5000 mg/kg body weight of the individual chloroform and methanol extracts was given to rodents and watched them for two weeks for the discovery of acute changes and for its mortality any. During acute oral toxicity study period no mortality were seen without any denotation of intense changes. Further, it was executed the sub-chronic toxicity of extracts. Barleria cuspidata extracts (chloroform and methanol) were independently given every day at dosages of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight for 90 days to recognize the progressions any at sub-chronic poisonousness levels. Toward the finish of the experimentation by gathering the serum tests of trial creatures and watched for any progressions in hematological, biochemical and histopathological boundaries. All parameters of treated group were shown unaltered changes throughout the study period when compared with that of normal group. The outcomes propose that the oral organization of chloroform and methanol extracts of Barleria cuspidata didn't raise any huge poisonous impacts when contrasted with that of control animals. Hence the extracts may be safe for therapeutic use and as an alternative system of medicine. --- ## Recent advances in Nanocrystal **Authors:** Nikhil S Bhujbal, Binoy Varghese Cheriyan **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3227 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Poor Water Solubility, Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic, Nanocrystals The biggest challenge in the discovery and fabrication of drugs nowadays is low solubility. Many new chemical entities have major therapeutic effects, increased performance, but due to poor water solubility their clinical applications are limited. This is why Nanocrystal technology to solve the issue of low aqueous solubility was established. Nanocrystal technology improves the rate of dissolution according to the surface area of the active medicinal substance by reducing its particulate size to the nano size level, maintaining the pharmaceutical crystal morphology and enhancing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of different types of pharmaceuticals. Nanocrystals are prepared using the method down, up and down, spray drying and thus new techniques. Nanocrystals loaded as tablet or capsule. The obtained nanocrystal can be managed in different ways. Using freeze-drying or spray-drying to produce powder, which then is used for tabletting or other oral product, may usually be dried with nanocrystal. --- ## Preparation, characterization and in vitro wound healing activity of collagen-chitosan film **Authors:** Ragini B, Shree Rama M, Shaukat Ali S R, Siva S **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3182 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Collagen, Chitosan, Film, Fish Waste, Wound Dressing A rise in the incidence of skin burns and chronic wounds present a first health care problem. Hence collagen – chitosan-based wound dressing has been seen as a way to heal wounds without leaving a scar. Collagen is the most ubiquitous protein found in marine organisms. Here, chitosan plays a vital role in improving the stability of the collagen. The Collagen-chitosan films comprised of collagen derived from skins of Catla catla which were pretreated and lyophilized and confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Thus, in this new approach collagen has been hybridized with the naturally occurring bioactive material chitosan to improve the mechanical properties with enhanced stability, and it can be effectively utilized for the wound dressing in clinical application. Physico-chemical properties and surface morphology of the films were analyzed through SEM and FTIR. Mechanical stability of collagen – chitosan film showed increased tensile strength and elongation at break. The Anti-bacterial and Anti-inflammatory activity of collagen - chitosan films were performed. Also, the in vitro biocompatibility of collagen chitosan films was confirmed by wound scratch assay on fibroblast cells. It was concluded that this present study reveals that the preparation of collagen-chitosan films from a new source of natural collagen could be suitable for the application of wound dressings. --- ## An Overview of Risk Management and Risk-based Cleaning Validation **Authors:** Sumukha Krishna P, Gangadharappa H V, Nagendra S, Hemanth Kumar S **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3168 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cleaning Validation, ICH Q9 Guidelines, Quality Risk Management, Quality Policy, Risk Risk in general means exposure to harm or a factor that can contribute towards bringing harm to a system. Almost every operation in the pharmaceutical industry is susceptible to risks. There is a need to overcome risks and minimise them to prevent unwanted changes in product quality and safety. This prevention can be done by carrying out quality risk management (QRM) that facilitates the proper characterisation of risks, risk analysis, risk assessment to control and reduce risks. ICH Q9 guidelines explain quality risk management and its applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Cleaning validation is performed to verify and evaluate the efficacy of cleaning procedures used to clean the equipment after production and to prevent cross-contamination between products that are manufactured in the production facility. The current study focusses on reviews of quality risk management and cleaning validation policies. By incorporating QRM in the quality policy, companies can look to improve the modern Approach towards facing risks related to the issues that affect the product quality, safety and compliance concerning the cleaning of equipment used in manufacturing and supporting operations in the industries. --- ## Morphometric Analysis of Frontal Sinus Dimensions Using Digital Radiographs **Authors:** Pinki Rai, Amit Kumar Saxena, Namita Mehrotra, Prachi Saffar Aneja **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3267 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Frontal Sinus, Morphometric Evaluation, Symmetry, Caldwell’s View The present study was aimed to evaluate the importance of combined use of frontal sinus dimensions and evaluating possible implications. The study was retrospective and intended to measure dimensions on 60 digital radiographs (PA Caldwell's View) of age group 20 to 50 years. The Institutional Ethical Committee approved the research protocol. Inclusion Criteria was taken as radiographs with good image quality and absence of any artefact. Radiographs of individuals with bilateral complete frontal sinus development were included while radiographs are exhibiting pathology like, e.g. mucous retention within the frontal sinus, aplasia (unilateral and bilateral) or rudimentary frontal sinus excluded from the study. Parameters measured were maximum height, width on both sides and symmetry of frontal sinus. Out of 60 radiographs five were excluded from the study (2 frontal sinus aplasia and 3 unilateral frontal sinuses). The final study involved 55 radiographs (N=55) which constituted 28 males and 27 females. The mean values of maximum height and width were obtained. Symmetry was calculated using width. There were significant differences in average width and height of frontal sinus of males and females. The results of the study favour the radiographic evaluation and frontal sinus dimensions for identification in forensics and also it is useful for the management of sinus-related ailments. --- ## Syzygium samarangense: A Review on its Pharmacognostical, Pharmacological and Phytochemical Profile **Authors:** Greeshma G Nair, Sathianarayanan S **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3276 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Biological Activities, Morphology, Phytocompounds, Syzygium samarangense The objective of this review is to document briefly about the chemical constituents, pharmacognostical evaluation and biological activities of Syzygium samarangense belongs to the family Myrtaceae. It is generally called Java Apple, Wax Apple, Blume, Chambekka etc. Syzygium samarangense traditionally used as an astringent. It is also used to treat fever and halt diarrhea. The whole plant contains flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, gallic acid, ellagic acid, squalene, botulin, lupeol, sitosterol, mixture of cycloartenol stearate, lupenyl stearate, β-sitosterol stearate, vitamins and minerals which bearing anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, Immunomodulatory, CNS, Anti-diarrheal, anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities. In this review, different parts of the plant, their phytochemical constituents and their corresponding biological activities have been explored. The literatures reported that the fruit part contains carotene, anthocyanin and vescalagin which is used as antioxidant, anti-microbial and hypoglycemic effect. The leaf part contains myricetin, strobopinine, epigallocatechin, aurentiacin which bearing anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect. The alcoholic extracts of leaves, seeds, root bearing analgesic, anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide, antioxidant, cytotoxic activity against human colon cancer cell, the studies revealed that the extracts showed a potent anti-microbial activity against Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans etc. The aqueous extract of fruit prevents diabetes mellitus in rats. --- ## Mirabegron a novel approach in the management of overactive bladder **Authors:** Harshith N, Daniel Joseph, Kanakavalli K Kundury, Sujay Mugaloremutt Jayadeva **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3271 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Overactive Bladder, Mirabegron, Incontinence Episode, Micturition Frequency, Management, Clinical Practice Many prescriptions are available for the therapy of the overactive bladder, yet assessing and choosing the correct medication is essential. The study was carried to examine whether Mirabegron could be the drug that can be used effectively in treating overactive bladder. To assess the effectiveness of Mirabegron, the field survey for this project was conducted through a structured questionnaire form the doctors in Bengaluru for about two months with the Support of Micro Labs Pvt. Ltd by involving 44 leading Doctors in the City from February-March 2020. The Survey population was chosen based on convenient random sampling. The analysis was done based on the occurrence of overactive bladder observed in their clinical practice every month, the age group, and the gender, who are being affected. It evaluated Mirabegron as a treatment option for incontinence episode and micturition frequency. Results showed noteworthy improvement in the quantity of incontinence episode and the quantity of micturition recurrence by utilising Mirabegron. The study outcomes indicated that Mirabegron promising effect in the management of overactive bladder. --- ## Cervical spinal canal body ratio in normal individuals and Stenosis with Cervical Myelopathy: A simple but novel study using a graph paper over a plain X-ray lateral view of the cervical spine **Authors:** Elangovan D, Prem Gowtham E, Kanchana B, Karthikeyan D, Mohan S **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3161 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cervical Spinal Canal, Cervical Stenosis, Myelopathy, Sagittal Diameter, Focal Film Distance Cervical spine spondylosis is so prevalent in almost all because it is a degenerative disease. Cervical spine spondylosis is a condition caused by the narrowing of the space required for the spinal cord and the nerve roots that pass through the spine to the rest of the body. Suspected cases or warranted cases are advised to avoid trauma or stress to prevent a dreadful complication that is myelopathy. This research is to study and assess the Cervical Spine Canal Body Ratio in healthy individuals and also in patients with myelopathy. The cervical spinal canal and body with disc space ratio are measured using lateral view plain X-ray of the cervical spine, placed over a graph paper. This test was done both in healthy individuals from the age group of twenty-five to thirty-five of female and male. Out of these, twelve patients were with cervical myelopathy. Cervical Spinal canal stenosis may be either congenital or acquired. The content of the canal that is the Spinal cord is more likely to get compromised when the canal is shallow even a minimal trauma or degenerative arthrosis can precipitate myelopathy. In healthy individuals it is unit and when <0.85 it indicates stenosis. This simple, less expensive study can be done even in a peripheral set up. The healthy Canal Body ratio is 0.97 to 1.02. In myelopathy it is about 0.8. Corresponding sagittal diameter is 18 to 21 mm in normal and 9 to 11 mm in cervical stenosis. --- ## Comparative Study of Desogestrel - Containing Oral Contraceptive and Levonorgestrel - Containing Oral Contraceptive in Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding **Authors:** Swathi Suresh, Mariya Els Johny, Kiruba Shankari, Ahamed Irshath U, Yokesh M, Muddala Vara Prasanna Rao **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3210 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Combined Oral Contraceptives, Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding, Menstrual Blood Loss, Pictorial Blood Assessment Chart Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is a type of abnormal uterine bleeding where vaginal bleeding occurs outside of the menstrual cycle in the absence of any known pelvic pathology. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding can be treated safely with hormone therapy. Combined oral contraceptives help in increased menstrual cycle regularity and decreased blood loss. In this study, a reliable drug for the dysfunctional uterine bleeding with maximum effectiveness and minimal side effects were assessed. This study was conducted on 120 cases of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Patients who were diagnosed with dysfunctional uterine bleeding were randomly assigned into two groups. Group D and group L included patients who were given Ethinyl estradiol 0.02mg + desogestrel 0.15mg and Ethinyl estradiol 0.03mg + levonorgestrel 0.15mg respectively for the four consecutive 28- day cycles. Menstrual blood loss was assessed using the pictorial blood assessment chart (PBAC) score on 2nd and 4th months of recruitment. Side effects such as weight gain, acne and headache were assessed in both groups. This study shows 56.68% reduction in mean PBAC score in 2 months in desogestrel group whereas only 44.96% reduction in levonorgestrel group and 79.87% reduction in mean PBAC score in desogestrel group in 4 months whereas only 74.46% reduction in levonorgestrel group. Side effects like weight gain, acne and headache were more prominent in the levonorgestrel group than desogestrel group. Desogestrel containing combined oral contraceptive can be a useful and safe treatment for dysfunctional uterine bleeding. --- ## A synthesis and review of medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Schefflera umbellifera (Sond.) Baill. (Araliaceae) **Authors:** Alfred Maroyi **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3176 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Araliaceae, Ethnopharmacology, Indigenous Knowledge, Schefflera umbellifera, Traditional Medicine Schefflera umbellifera (Sond.) Baill. is an evergreen tree widely used as traditional medicine throughout its distributional range in southern Africa. Schefflera umbellifera is indigenous to Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. This study was aimed at providing a critical review of medicinal uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of S. umbellifera. Documented information on medicinal uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of S. umbellifera was collected from several online sources such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, Francis and Taylor and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as book chapters, books, journal articles and scientific publications obtained from the University library. This study revealed that the bark, leaf and root decoction or infusion of S. umbellifera are mainly used as diuretic, laxative, colic and protective charm, and traditional medicine for stomach ulcers, weaning infants, insanity, inflammation, rheumatism and malaria. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include 3-hydroxy-20(29)-lupen-28-ol, 7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin, betulin, ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid and oleanolic acid. Pharmacological research revealed that S. umbellifera extracts and compounds isolated from the species have antibacterial, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiprotozoal, larvicidal and cytotoxicity activities. Schefflera umbellifera should be subjected to detailed phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological evaluations aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with its phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. --- ## Formulation, characterization, evaluation and in vitro study of transfersomal gel medroxyprogesterone acetate for transdermal drug delivery **Authors:** Iskandarsyah A, Camelia Dwi Putri Masrijal, Harmita A **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3159 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Characterization, Formulation, Gel, In Vitro Study, Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, Transdermal, Transfersome A hormonal contraception progestin such as medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is used to helps regulate ovulation thus as a part of contraception hormone therapy as a method of birth control. This study aimed to formulate, characterized, evaluated transfersomal gel containing medroxyprogesterone acetate and to increased subcutaneous penetration of medroxyprogesterone acetate. In this research, three transfersomes formulas were prepared and optimized, e.g. F1, F2 and F3 with phosphatidylcholine: tween 80 concentration were 90:10; 85:15; and 75:25, respectively. F2 was the best formula with the highest entrapment efficiency 81.20±0.42 %, Average 81.35 ±0.78 nm, morphology of vesicles were spheres, indeks polidispersity 0.198±0.012 and zeta potential was -34.83±0.64 mV. The transpersonal gel (FGT) containing F2, and non-transpersonal gel containing MPA in methanol (FG) were prepared. In vitro penetration test were conducted to both of them using Franz Diffusion cells. Analysis of medroxyprogesterone acetate used a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with an ultraviolet detector on reversed-phase C18, 5µm; 150 x 4.6 mmcolumn; using acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid (60:40/v:v) and was detected at a wavelength of 240 nm with flow rate at 1.0 mL/min. Gel stability evaluation results showed that FGT was better than FG on pH stability, viscosity and rheological properties. Based on in vitro penetration study, cumulative subcutaneous penetration of medroxyprogesterone acetate from FGT was 2356.45 ± 197.73 ng.cm-2 and from FG 359.15 ± 13.60 ng.cm-2, respectively. Flux value for FGT and FG were 112.77 ± 6,47 ng.cm-2.hr-1and 17.99 ± 4.81 ng.cm-2.hr-1, respectively. It could be concluded that transfersomal gel medroxyprogesterone acetate for transdermal drug delivery increased cumulative transdermal penetration of medroxyprogesterone acetate by six times more than non-transfersomal gel dosage form. --- ## Clinicohistopathological profile of malignant and pre-malignant lesions of oral cavity **Authors:** Sunil V Jagtap, Jyoti Tele **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3217 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clinical, Histopathological, Pre-Malignant, Malignant, Lesions, Oral Cavity The present study on oral cavity lesions was a descriptive, analytical and observational study consists of total 173 cases, amongst which 38 cases were of pre-malignant lesions while 135 were of malignant lesions. A male preponderance was noted in both pre-malignant and malignant lesions. A maximum number of cases in pre-malignant lesions was from 50-59 years of age group while in case of malignant lesions a bit early age of presentation was noted, i.e. 40-49 years. Most of them were habituated to tobacco—the most common site of involvement for both, oral pre-cancer and cancer was the oral cavity. Leukoplakia was precancerous lesion (55.26%). The variant in the study was verrucous carcinoma. The predominant piece of the oral squamous cell carcinoma was a lot of isolated types. The current review was essentially indistinguishable with various examinations. The study noted a relatively late age of presentation of pre-malignant lesions. This delay could be explained by multiple factors like ignorance and lacking in medical facilities. In this scenario, many patients progress to full-blown malignancy. This examination reflects that there is a tendency to expose issues and instruct individuals concerning unfavourable impacts of liquor and tobacco usage, the significance of dental tidiness, oral self-appraisal and the openness of preventive services organizations. --- ## Analytical and Bio-Analytical Method Development and Validation of Dichlorvos Pesticide Using RP-HPLC Method **Authors:** Vaishnav lal C L, Chandan R S, Maruthi R, Gurupadayya B M **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3205 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** PDA Detector, RP-HPLC Method, Dichlorvos, Organophosphate Organophosphorus compounds were synthesised in the 1800s. Later they are used as insecticides in the late 1930s and early 1940s. The German scientist Gerhard Schrader is known for the creation of the basic chemical structure of anticholinesterase organophosphate compounds and development of the first commercialised Organophosperous insecticide. Such chemicals are anticholinesterase insecticide commonly used in agriculture and horticulture. To a lesser extent, they are used for domestic use. Due to the absence of bio persistence in organophosphates, most of the western countries opted to substitute organochlorines with organophosphates. Organophosphate pesticides are commonly used around the world, and contamination by these compounds is a serious public health concern in developing countries. Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of OP poisoning not only differ with path or level of exposure. But also the agent's chemical composition. Organophosphates are a group of pesticide that was developed in the 1940s in Germany and soon became an effective defence against agricultural pests. Dichlorvos which is a commonly used group of pesticide is a broad-spectrum organophosphate compound having insecticidal activity. Dichlorvos is a cholinesterase inhibitor exhibiting stomach, contact and systemic mode of action. Therefore, an accurate, fast, cost-effective and straightforward RP-HPLC technique for detecting Dichlorvos was developed. The RP-HPLC method is established by using ACN and Millipore water 50:50 v/v as mobile phase, the Flow rate is maintained at 1.5mL/minute. Detection of Dichlorvos was performed by using a PDA detector at 200nm. By this RP-HPLC procedure, RT of Dichlorvos was identified at 2.9 min. --- ## A new drug delivery strategy targeting mass population in combating epidemic crisis **Authors:** Aparna Mohan, Arathy Menon, James Chacko, Preethi Mohan **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3261 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Mass Drug Administration, Medicated Drumming, Nanotechnology, Ultrasound Ultrasound as an alternative model for mass prophylaxis to check outbreaks in epidemics is being proposed in this paper. The outbreak of communicable diseases and mass gathering are certainly related through the obvious risk of transmission of infectious agents. Either as the source or being susceptible, the gathering makes the disease spread rapidly challenging the medical community. To combat the steady rise in the incidence of disease, appropriate control measures need to be adopted. An alternative drug delivery model utilizing the potential of ultrasound through percussion – as medicated drumming is hence presented here taking the reference from Indian traditional system of medicine. In this model the herbal or herbo-mineral drugs applied over drum surface followed by drumming releases biochemicals of high bioavailability. Studies have shown the simultaneous production of ultrasound with audible frequency while playing musical instruments and the high affinity of herbal and herbo-mineral drugs towards it. The particle reduction technology through Bhasmikarana (producing herbo-mineral-metallic compounds in nano dimensions) and Bhavana (liquid-assisted trituration of drug powders) incorporates nanotechnology for better stability, bioavailability and targeted delivery. Sonication as such enables production of herbal drugs in sub-micron and nano-sized dimensions. Hence, this novel approach of medicated drumming integrating nanotechnology along with ultrasonic sound (corresponding to the nanotechnology coupled sonodynamic therapy with improved pharmacokinetics) could function as an efficient drug delivery strategy to check outbreaks. --- ## Virosomes: A groundbreaking revolution in novel drug delivery **Authors:** Sreeja C Nair, Sreelekshmi A S, Aslam Abdul Rahiman C A, Karthik Krishnan, Gopika G, Priyanka Nair T, Unnithan Gauri Ajit **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3230 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Application, Cell Uptake, Characterisation, Drug Delivery, Virosomes The site-specific action of the drug has been seen from the last eras of the revolution in drug delivery technologies. Drug delivery opportunities by the use of biomimetic nanoparticles like virosomes is a stimulating area of research & development as it demonstrates targeted action by fusion with the target cell. Virosomes are vesicular particles reconstituted from viral envelopes which are non-replicating “artificial viruses” that denotes a unique system for presentation of antigen directly into the host cell. Trials have been created to use them as vaccines or adjuvants moreover as a delivery system for medicine, nucleic acids, or genes. Various attempts have been made to use them as vaccines or adjuvants as well as a delivery system for drugs, nucleic acids, or genes as they are biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic and non-autoimmunogenic. The production of vaccines increasingly moved away from living attenuated or inactivated whole organisms to safely killed organism. A virus that is safely killed can be a promising vector because it does not cause infection, and the viral structure allows the virosome to identify different components of its target cells. Pevion's virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine technology, called virosomes, and its architecture is specifically designed to produce safe and efficient vaccine subunits. Virosome-based vaccination is effective in reliable regulatory and safety records as well as the feasibility of upgrading production and has been approved in more than 40 countries, including infants and older people. The prospect of drug delivery and targeting using virosomes is a vital area of research and development. This review pinpoints the various aspect of virosome and will be a milestone for the researchers in the field of drug delivery. --- ## Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Pharmacological Investigation of Some 4-Methylphenylsulphamoyl Carboxylic Acid Analogs **Authors:** Melford C Egbujor, Uchechukwu C Okoro, Sunday N Okafor, Ifeanyi S Amasiatu, Ugochukwu B Amadi, Pius I Egwuatu **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3157 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 4-methylphenylsulphamoyl, Carboxylic Acids Analogues, α-Amino Acids, Molecular Docking, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Compounds bearing sulphonyl and amino acid moieties are considered the basis for sulfa drug development. The synthesis of 4-methylphenylsulphamoyl carboxylic acids and the evaluation of their pharmacological activities are reported. The synthesis of these compounds was accomplished by the reaction of various α-amino acids and 4-methyl phenyl sulphonyl chloride in basic aqueous solution. Structures were confirmed by FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR spectra and elemental analytical data. Molecular docking interactions of the analogues were determined using PyRx. In the in vitro antimicrobial activity analysis, compounds 1, 3, 5 and 7 had antimicrobial inhibitory concentration range of 0.5-1.0mg/ml comparable with 0.1-2.0mg/ml of ofloxacin and fluconazole. In the in vitro anti-oxidant activity study compounds 1, 2 and 6 displayed half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 1.104±0.001 µg/ml, 1.159±0.002µg/ml and 1.240±0.001µg/ml respectively comparable with 0.999±0.002µg/ml of ascorbic acid. In the molecular docking study, compound 4 had a strong 2D binding interaction with plasmepsin II amino acid residue and compounds 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 had in silico antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, antitrypanosomal and antimalarial properties similar to their standard drugs. Considering the outstanding pharmacological properties and their strict compliance with Lipinski’s rule, the synthesized 4-methylphenylsulphamoyl analogues could be considered as antimicrobial, antimalarial, antitrypanosomal and anti-oxidant drug candidates. --- ## Review of phytochemistry, biological activities and therapeutic potential of Cleistochlamys kirkii **Authors:** Alfred Maroyi **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3197 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Annonaceae, Cleistochlamys kirkii, Indigenous Pharmacopeia, Traditional Medicine, Tropical Africa Cleistochlamys kirkii (Benth.) Oliv is a shrub or small tree widely used as a traditional medicine in the east and central Africa. Cleistochlamys kirkii is indigenous to Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. This study is aimed at evaluating the phytochemistry, biological activities and therapeutic potential of C. kirkii. Results of the current study are based on data derived from several online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as scientific publications, books, dissertations, book chapters and journal articles. This study revealed that the leaf and root infusion, maceration and decoction of C. kirkii are mainly used as traditional medicines for haemorrhoid wounds, rheumatism and tuberculosis. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include α,β-unsaturated lactone, acetogenin, benzyl benzoate derivatives, c-benzylated flavanone, heptanolide, an indole alkaloid, phenolics, polyoxygenated cyclohexene and derivatives, sesquiterpene and tetracyclic triterpenes. In vitro studies have confirmed the biological activities of C. kirkii crude extracts and compounds isolated from the species which include antibacterial, antifungal, antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity. Documentation of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of C. kirkii is essential as this information provides baseline data required for future research and development of health-promoting and pharmaceutical products. Cleistochlamys kirkii should be subjected to detailed ethnopharmacological and toxicological evaluations aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties. --- ## Molecular Detection of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases-Producer Serratia marcescens Causing Neonatal Sepsis in Iraq **Authors:** Zahraa A Sahan, Saad L Hamed **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3229 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Serratia marcescens, LuxS Gene, Antimicrobial Resistance, ESβLs Encoding Genes Serratia marcescens is an important nosocomial pathogen that causes a variety of infections, especially urinary tract and bloodstream infections. The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant Serratia marcescens producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases is a threat to public health worldwide at present. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESβLs) including TEM, SHV, and CTX-M are the predominant types that confer resistance to beta-lactam group of antibiotics. Many reports have been investigated ESBL-producing isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Iraq. However, there are few studies concerned about ESβL-producing Serratia marcescens particularly, detection of ESBLs encoding genes. Therefore this study aimed to identify ESβLs encoding genes in Serratia marcescens isolates from a neonatal intensive care unit. Fifty isolates were identified phenotypically using the VITEK® 2 compact system. A phenotypic confirmatory test for ESβLs producers was performed using a combination disc method. The ESβLs encoding genes, including blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M, were amplified using a PCR-based technique; the amplified products of some selected isolates were sequenced. Molecular detection of isolates using PCR-based amplification of the LuxS gene showed that all isolates possessed this gene. The patterns of antimicrobial resistance for isolates under study showed very high resistance to cephalosporins, while they were susceptible to carbapenem drugs and tigecycline. Findings based on the PCR technique showed that the prevalence of ESβLs encoding genes of isolates was 13 (26%), 31 (62%), and 46 (92%) for blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M respectively. In the present study, it was concluded that blaCTX-M gene was the most prevalent ESβLs-encoding gene among ESβLs producing Serratia marcescens isolates. --- ## Effect of Bronchial Asthma Education Program on Asthma Control among Asthma Patients **Authors:** Jagadeeswari J, Rangila R **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3181 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bronchial Asthma Education Program, Asthma Control and Bronchial Asthma Asthma attacks all age gatherings however it regularly begins in childhood age itself. It is a sickness depicted by irregular attacks of shortness of breath and wheezing, which move in earnestness and repeat from individual to person. In an attacks, the coating of the entries swell making the aviation routes limited and decreasing the progression of air all through the lungs. In an individual, this may happen from hour to hour and everyday too. The incidence is 5% in adult population and 10% in children. Incidence of asthma has considerably increased over last few decades so the present study aims to assess the effectiveness of Bronchial Asthma Education Program on Asthma control among Asthma Patients. A quantitative approach with Pre-Experimental research design was adopted to conduct the study among 30 Bronchial Asthma patients who were selected by Non- probability convenience sampling technique. Semi-structured interview method was used to collect the demographic data and level of knowledge regarding asthma among asthma patients was assessed by structured questionnaire. The Bronchial Asthma education was given with flash card which includes the details which controls Asthma. The results of the study shows that among 30 samples in the experimental group the pretest results reveal, 25 (83.34%) had inadequate knowledge, 4 (13.33%) had moderately adequate knowledge and 1 (3.33%) had good knowledge. Where as, in the post test, 20 (66.67%) had adequate knowledge and 10 (33.33%) had moderately adequate knowledge regarding Bronchial Asthma among asthma patients. This reveals the level of knowledge regarding asthma is highly significant in the experimental group because the level of knowledge is improved after health education. --- ## Optical characterization and concentration-dependent antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous Melastoma malabathricum extract against Staphylococcus aureus **Authors:** Irshad Ul Haq Bhat, Maisarah Binti Alias **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3160 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Green Method, X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), X- Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Antibacterial Agent The approach towards green synthetic methods has been enormously encouraged to synthesise nanoparticles for various uses. In this study, the one-pot synthetic method was adapted to synthesise silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Melastoma malabathricum (M. malabathricum) aqueous extract. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by observing the results obtained by optical characterisation methods. The plasma resonance band along with shoulder at 375 nm and 595 nm, respectively, in Uv-Visible spectra supported the conversion of silver (Ag) to AgNPs reduced by functional groups present in the plant extract. The size of AgNPs was 31 nm and cubic in shape as confirmed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) using Scherer equation. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) results also confirmed the presence of silver. The FTIR characterisation confirmed the presence of reducing functional groups. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was carried out by disc diffusion method with increasing concentration of AgNPs, and enhanced inhibition zone was observed. The AgNPs obtained can be further explored against different bacterial strains and can a potential candidate as an antibacterial agent using the green synthetic approach. --- ## The prevalence of risk for Obstructive Sleep Apnea among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients **Authors:** Muddala Vara Prasanna Rao, Vijay Kumar G, Chetlur Haripriya **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3193 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Berlin Questionnaire, Body Mass Index, High Risk, Low Risk, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Prevalence, Type 2 Diabetes mellitus Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common medical disorder and Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an endocrine disorder where both of them commonly coexist. T2DM will disturb sleep patterns and disturbed sleep may predispose to insulin resistance resulting in T2DM. The study aim is to evaluate the prevalence of risk for Obstructive sleep apnea among T2DM patients based on patient demographic variables (age, gender and Body Mass Index (BMI)) and Berlin Questionnaire (BQ). In this cross-sectional study a total of 111 patients were included and the prevalence of risk was determined based on the BQ categories and the percentage was calculated accordingly. In BQ, Category 1 includes five questions based on snoring, category 2 includes three questions based on daytime somnolence and category 3 includes two questions based on BMI. These categories were marked as positive if the responses for snoring or daytime somnolence indicate persistent symptoms (> 3-4 times/week). Third category includes the patient’s BMI greater than 30 kg/m2 (obese) indicates positive score. In this study, the patients above 61 years (100%) and obese (94%) were at a higher risk for OSA. Based on the BQ, more positive (89.19%) responses were observed in category 1 (snoring) when compared to category 2 (40.54%) and 3 (74.77%) which concluded that T2DM patients are at a high risk (HR) for developing Obstructive Sleep Apnea. --- ## A Review on Microsphere Based Topical Drug Delivery **Authors:** Mohanta Tanmay, Sujit Das **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3219 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Microsphere, Sustained Release, Controlled Release, Topical Delivery, Topical Gel The word "Microsphere" denotes that micrometer in size but the main motto is to deliver the drug and it depends on the routes of administration. Topical delivery of microsphere is one of the most important to deliver the drug into the body. This method has a significant effect on its efficacy. Microsphere can work as a transporter for the drugs in a sustained control release manner. Whereas the topical gel can be used in any part of our body like eyes, vagina, rectum, etc. Microspheres are using as a coating material where the polymeric compounds are incorporate and after that, it is using as a gel for topical administration. Here we can tell the microsphere as a vehicle where it transports the polymers, drugs as well as especially it is transferring the surfactant, co-surfactants, etc as a result it can easy to penetrate our skin and give the proper therapeutic activity. As a result, the slow result in the proper therapeutic efficacy of various diseases can give the suggested a blooming need for a multidisciplinary proposal for the delivery to the target place. As a result, it clears the potential of the effectiveness of active pharmaceutical ingredients through the barrier of skin by the help of penetration property and vehicle technology of microsphere. In this review, some basic and primitive features of microspheres in the form of topical delivery has been discussed. --- ## Antimicrobial activity of chitosan in combination with silver diamine fluoride against Streptococcus mutans - An in-vitro study **Authors:** Neethu Ann Preethy, Ganesh Jeevanandan, Rajeshkumar S, Subramanian EMG **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3255 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Silver Diamine Fluoride, Chitosan, Antimicrobial, Streptococcus mutans Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a recently introduced caries arresting agent. Some of its side effects include staining of teeth and cytotoxicity. Chitosan has an anti-cariogenic and plaque-reducing effect. Thus, considering the side-effects of SDF and the antibacterial efficacy of chitosan, the present study was done to evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of SDF and chitosan in combination against Streptococcus mutans. 60 sterile Petri dishes were sub-divided into five groups of 12 Petri dishes each: Group 1: 38% SDF, Group 2: 2% chitosan, Group 3: 3% chitosan, Group 4: 38% SDF + 2% chitosan, Group 5: 38% SDF + 3% chitosan. Three different volumes: 30 µl,60 µl,90 µl were used. The agar well diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity. The highest zone of inhibition was found in Group 1: 38% SDF at 90 µl and the lowest was found in group 3: Chitosan 3% at 30 µl. Group 1- 38% SDF showed higher antibacterial activity amongst all the other four groups under study. And a comparable antibacterial effect between group 1: 38% SDF at 30 µl and Group 5: 3% chitosan and 38% SDF at 30 µl. SDF at 38% showed higher antibacterial activity against S. mutans and a comparable antibacterial effect between group 1: 38% SDF at 30 µl and Group 5: 3% chitosan and 38% SDF at 30 µl. Thus, considering the side effects of SDF, further studies are required in this aspect to test the cytotoxicity of SDF and chitosan in combination. --- ## Obturation Techniques in Primary Teeth **Authors:** Ahsana Asif, Subramanian EMG **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3254 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Obturation Techniques, Pulpectomy, Primary Teeth Dental caries is a global concern affecting children and adults. A pulpectomy is considered to be the treatment of choice to preserve the pulpally involved primary teeth. Among the various factors determining the clinical success of pulpectomy, proper obturation of the root canals plays an important role. Different obturation materials are being used for the obturation of the primary teeth root canal, which includes zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide iodoform paste and combinations. These materials are available in different forms such as powder, powder and liquid, paste forms. Various techniques are available to introduce the obturation materials into the root canal systems. These techniques have been tried to create a three-dimensional fluid-tight seal of the root canals. This review article aims to highlight the different techniques that are being used for the obturation of primary teeth. Each technique has its advantages and disadvantages. Creation of voids within the obturation, underfilling or overfilling are the common problems that can be encountered during root canal obturation. These factors can compromise the clinical and radiographic success of pulpectomy treatment. With the current evidence, no definitive conclusions can be made to decide which is the best obturation technique in terms of clinical and radiographic success. The choice of technique selection depends on the clinician’s preference, cost-effectiveness, time consumption, ease of handling. --- ## Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards on Nail Tic Disorders **Authors:** Mohamed Arsath N, Gayatri Devi R **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3192 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nail Tic Disorder, Onychotillomania, Nail Bitting, Habit Nail tic disorder is one such disorder which has been reported in the nineteenth century. Nail tic disorder is a body focused repetitive behavior. Nail tic disorders are developed by individuals to cope up the stress and anxiety level. Nail tic disorder are effectively treated with the help of multiple aids like psychological methods, pharmacological methods. A cross sectional online survey was conducted between dentist and genital students with a self prepared questionnaire and the knowledge and awareness level among the participants about nail tic disorder was analyzed using online platform survey monkey. It is evident from the study conducted that most of the people develop this habit from childhood and it is practiced to cope up with stress levels and it is clear that most of them are aware about the consequences and treatment modalities of this disorder. Nail tic disorder is a example for overlap between dermatology and psychiatry. It is one of the problems that everyone practices in their life time but yet it is a poor studied topic and it is rarely understood. --- ## Design, Optimization and Evaluation of Snedds Based System for Orlistat: A Quality by Design Approach with 2^3 Factorial **Authors:** Amisha Vyas, Anupama Diwan, Rupali Sharma **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3186 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Obesity, SNEDDS, Orlistat, Magic Pills Obesity, as defined by WHO is an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Bodyweight is directly proportional to the resultant impact of genetic, metabolic, environment, behaviour and culture issues. The leading cause of obesity is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories exhausted. To design and optimize Orlistat SNEDDS formulation by the development of SNEDDS with an appropriate quantity of oil, surfactant and co-surfactant with the factorial approach. A series of SNEDDS formulations for Orlistat was prepared based on solubility studies, pseudo ternary phase diagram and visual observation. Orlistat was added inaccurately weighed amount of oil into a screw-capped glass vial and heated in a water bath at 40ºC. The surfactant and co-surfactant were added to the oily mixture and stirred with a magnetic bar. The formulation was further sonicated for 15 minutes and stored at room temperature. From the result of evaluation parameters such as emulsification time 6±1s, % transmittance 94.01±1.5%, drug Loading 99.89%±0.56%, Polydispersity Index 0.47±0.01 and 0.211±0.02, Globulesize 99±6 nm, Zeta potential -28.12 mV and -24.5 mV, the centrifugation, Freeze-thaw cycle, Heating-cooling cycle showed no signs of phase separation, Viscosity 132.4±0m Pa.s, drug release 99.25% within 90 minutes, drug release follows Korsmeyer-Peppas model mechanism, n value was found to be 1.083 hence it can be postulated formulation F-6 followed the non-Fickian or anomalous release and P-value for factors emulsification time, % transmittance and % drug release was found less than 0.0500 and hence it was concluded formulation F-6 an optimized formulation. --- ## Studying the Anti-Diabetic Basis of Ayurvedic Formulations–Avipattikara Churna and Triphala Churna **Authors:** Dixit Praveen K, Nagarajan K, Kumar Sokindra **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3196 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus, Epidemiology, Medications, Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Prameh, Avipattikara Churna, Triphala Churna Diabetes mellitus (DM), belongs to the class of metabolic diseases having the primary symptom associated with this disease is high sugar levels in the blood for an extended period. It can be categorized to the world's major diseases considering that affects the high population on the earth and presents two main types I and II. The prevalence of diabetes for all age-groups world-wide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and 4.4% in 2030. Diabetes complications include possible blindness, amputation of a lower limb, renal failure, and cardiac arrest or stroke. There are twenty types of Pramehas (Kaphaja-10 Pittaja-6, and Vataja-4) have been mentioned in the Ayurveda. ‘Prameha’ and ‘Diabetes’ are synonymous. Diabetes is one of the ‘Prameha’ which consists of two words, ‘Pra’ meaning abundant, and ‘Meha' meaning passing of large quantity of Urine. Incidentally, the term diabetes has been derived from the Greek term 'Diabainein' to mean 'to cross through a siphon' meaning the continuous free flow of water and applied to mean the elimination of large quantity of Urine. Till now, various kinds of synthetic and herbal formulations were made, and many are more frequently used to achieve desirable treatment. Patients prefer oral anti-diabetic medications since they are more comfortable to be administered, and for this reason, researchers focus their studies in this direction. This review aimed to explore the possibility of anti-diabetic treatment from herbal sources well mentioned in Ayurvedic Formulary of India that is Avipattikara Churna, Triphala Churna. --- ## Anticancer activity of ylang-ylang essential oil in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma cell-treated mice **Authors:** Ajay P Malgi, Vijaykumar P Rasal, Vishal Shivalingappa Patil, Priyanka P Patil, Shamanad P Mallapur, Vrushabh B Hupparage, Sathgowda A Patil **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3221 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ylang Ylang, Cananga odorata, Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma, 5-Fluorouracil, Anticancer Essential oils are secondary metabolites contains a complex mixture of terpenes with a diverse array of chemical structures, play a crucial role in the management of complex diseases like cancer via synergistic and antagonism effect. Ylang Ylang essential oil (YYEO) extracted from the flowers of Cananga odorata is renowned for its fragrance, contained more than 150 essential components within it, and utilized in various diseases and cosmetics. Traditionally YYEO is being used as an aphrodisiac, anxiolytics, antihypertensive, antiseptic, in food and beverages as a fragrance agent. Due to the presence of a complex mixture of essential components in YYEO, we aimed the current study to assess the anticancer potential against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) bearing mice. In vitro antioxidant, tumour growth, body weight, biochemical, haematological, and serum estimation was evaluated with subsequent histopathology of the liver. 5- Fluorouracil (5- FU) was used as a standard drug. YYEO showed potent antioxidant activity by DPPH assay. YYEO significantly reversed the Hb, lymphocytes, WBC, and RBC numbers in the treated group compared with the disease control group. YYEO administration has restored the imbalanced levels of antioxidant biomarkers such as MDA, GSH, and SOD activity. YYEO reversed the histopathology of the liver altered by the EAC in mice. In conclusion, a complex mixture of terpenes contained in YYEO could be the potent anticancer therapy in the future. Further studies are needed to identify the active principles and the mechanism involved in this anti-tumour activity. --- ## Clinical evaluation of the effect of Ayurvedic oil enema therapy in the management of Cervical Radiculopathy **Authors:** Shweta Dadarao Parwe, Vaishali Vasantrao Kuchewar, Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha, Dhiraj Singh Rajput **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3222 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cervical Radiculopathy (CR), Motor Nerve Conduction Velocity (MNCV), Ayurvedic Medicated Oil Enema (Matrabasti), Pain Cervical Radiculopathy (CR), a common cause due to nerve compression. CR occurs when one or more nerves are impaired. When the motor nerves are compressed, it causes pain in the arms. In the cervical radiculopathy, the problem occurs at the brachial plexuses; it also affects the cervical area of the spinal cord. However, the symptoms related to the cervical radiculopathy are radiated and expressed in arms. The treatment is available for cervical radiculopathy, but the medicine is not satisfactory. Hence, we prepared medicated oil with the help of some nerve nourishing herbs, and we used this oil through Ayurvedic medicated enema therapy (Matra basti) for the cervical radiculopathy. Enema of medicated oil (Matrabasti) was administered for 21 days. Motor nerve conduction parameter like latency, amplitude and Conduction velocity was 6.46, 3.95, 47.07 ms in the cervical radiculopathy patients. With the treatment of the medicated oil enema, it was 6.75, 6.97 and 60.41 ms respectively, which is a phenomenal increase. We concluded that, in the pain scale, it reduced which was 85.16%. In this study of 21 days, the Conduction velocity parameters, which was used to assess patients, showed considerable improvement. This study attempts to ascertain cervical radiculopathy may be successfully managed through the medicated oil enema (Matrabasti). --- ## Histochemical changes in Piper nigrum Linn leaves infected with galls caused by Diptera **Authors:** Asha Renjith, Payal Lodha **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3178 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gall, Diptera, Starch, Cellulose, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Lignin, Tannins and the Enzymes viz, Acid Phosphatase, Peroxidase and Polyphenoloxidase Piper nigrum Linn. (Black pepper) belongs to the family Piperaceae and an economically and medicinally important spice and is a native of Southern India. The gall tissues have shown various structural and physiological changes in the host tissues. The normal and gall tissue showed differential behaviour in terms of the metabolites and enzymes. The Diptera comprises a large group of insects including the common flies, mosquitoes, gnats and midges are characterised by the position of only the mesothoracic pair of wings. Some of them are predaceous, others feed on nectar or plant sap and decaying animal and vegetable matter and few others are blood sucking. When feeding on plant tissues these insects and mites inject or secrete a chemical substance into the plant that causes the plant to grow abnormally and produce a gall. Stimulus for gall formation is usually provided by the feeding stage of the insect. The remain in the gall as inquilines until the completion and maturity of their life stages and emerges from the exit holes. In present investigation, The intensity of starch, cellulose, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, lignin, tannins and the enzymes viz. acid phosphatase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase was observed in diseased leaf of Piper nigrum and estimated and the results have been discussed in the light of pathogenicity, induced by Diptera. --- ## Research of antibody titres to antigens of a low molecular fraction of C. albicans fungus disintegrate at preventing candidomicosis **Authors:** Mykola V Rybalkin, Tatiana V Diadiun, Olga S Kalyuzhnaya, Svitlana M Kovalenko, Olexandr S Kukhtenko **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3180 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antigen, Antibody Titer, Candidiasis, Fraction, Immunity, Vaccine The purpose of this work is the study of antibody titers of low molecular weight proteins fractions less than ten kDa with C. Albicans protein concentrations of 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/ml in the prevention of candidiasis. A low molecular fraction of C. Albicans proteins in concentration 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/ml were examined in white mice. The mice were intramuscularly injected into the upper part of the right hind paw 0.2 ml of the test fractions with the investigated protein concentrations. After 14 days, 0.2 ml of test fractions were injected again into the upper part of the left hind paw. Animals in the control group were administered saline. After one month for one group and after three months for the second group of experimental animals after the second injection, intraperitoneal infection of the animals was carried out. For this purpose, a suspension of C. Albicans fungi was used in the amount of 20 million cells in a volume of 1 ml. After 14 days, determination of the protective functions of the animal body by the titer of specific C. Albicans antibodies has been performed during enzyme-linked immunoassay. Studies have shown that the low molecular weight fraction of C. Albicans fungi cells antigens with protein concentrations of 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/ml at a double intramuscular injection of 0.2 ml does not provide activation of immune mechanisms. The low molecular weight fraction of C. Albicans proteins does not activate the body's defence mechanisms. --- ## Maerua juncea Pax and M. schinzii Pax (Capparaceae): A comparative analysis of their ethnobotany and ethnomedicinal uses **Authors:** Alfred Maroyi **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3266 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Capparaceae, Indigenous Pharmacopoeia, Maerua juncea, Maerua schinzii, Traditional Medicine Maerua juncea Pax and M. schinzii Pax have a long history of medicinal use in southern Africa. This study aimed to review the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of the two species. Results of this study are based on data derived from several online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as scientific publications, books, dissertations, book chapters and journal articles. The leaves, roots, stems or whole plant parts of M. juncea and M. schinzii are mainly used as protective charm and tonic, and traditional medicines for fever, heart problems, headache, earache, skin disorders, fatigue and respiratory problems. This study showed that betaines and quaternary ammonium compounds such as 3-hydroxyprolinebetaine, proline betaine and 3-hydroxy-1,1-dimethyl pyrrolidinium had been identified from the aerial parts of M. juncea. In contrast, alkaloids, bitter principles, coumarins, flavonoids, saponins and terpenes have been identified from the leaves of M. schinzii. The leaf extracts and compounds isolated from the species exhibited antibacterial, antifungal, anti-HIV and cytotoxicity activities. There is a need for extensive phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies of crude extracts of M. juncea and M. schinzii to establish the safety profiles of different preparations of the two species. --- ## The impacts of parenteral vitamin B1, B6, B12 on hemoglobin levels in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis **Authors:** Rizaldy Taslim Pinzon, Radian Adhiputra Antonius, Vanessa Veronica, Yosua Pither Parianto **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3171 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic Kidney Disease, Hemoglobin, Vitamin B, Hemodialysis Chronic kidney disease is a disorder of renal function and structure. The glomerular filtration rate was below the normal value and less than 60 ml/minute /1.73 m2 for more than 3 months. Patients with chronic kidney disease have erythropoietin in small amounts, and cause anemia. Vitamin B1 acts as oxidative decarboxylation reactions, B6 necessary to heme synthesis, and B12 converts homocysteine to methionine. This study aims to measure the impacts of parenteral vitamin B1, B6, B12 on hemoglobin level in chronic renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis at Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta and Panti Rapih Hospital Yogyakarta. The design of this study was one group pretest-posttest using secondary data from lab results from medical records. Data were collected from 117 patients using consecutive sampling methods at Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta and Panti Rapih Hospital Yogyakarta in March 2019. The treatment given was parenteral vitamin B1, B6, B12 twice a week with a dose of 2 ml. Vitamin B was given intravenously after each hemodialysis. Hemoglobin levels were measured 3 times on 1st visit (before vitamin B administration), 2nd visit (after vitamin B administration), and 3rd visit (after vitamin B administration). There were significant differences of hemoglobin levels on 2nd visit compared to 1st visit (p = 0,000); 3rd visit compared to 1st visit (p = 0,000) and 3rd visit compared to 2nd visit (p = 0.010). Parenteral vitamin B1, B6, B12 gave significant impacts on hemoglobin level and was safe for chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis. --- ## Comparison of twin mix and revamped twin mix in mandibular third molar surgery - A randomised controlled double blinded study **Authors:** Dyna Albert, Sudarssan Subramaniam Gouthaman, Muthusekhar M R **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3231 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Local Anesthesia, Lignocaine, Centbucridine, Duration, Latency, Mouth Opening, Facial Swelling, Visual Analogue Scale Mandibular third molar surgery is one of the most common minor oral surgical procedures performed by oral and maxillofacial surgeons. It is vital to provide the most comfortable postoperative phase to the patient and for this reason dexamethasone, a corticosteroid, is popularly used in various routes. The intraspace injection of dexamethasone mixed with 2% lignocaine and 4% articaine named, Twin Mix and Modified Twin Mix respectively is gaining increasing popularity. 0.5% Centbucridine is a safe alternative to 2% lignocaine with more cardio stable properties. In this study we aimed to evaluate the comparability of Twin Mix (TM) and Revamped Twin Mix (RTM) (mixture of dexamethasone and centbucridine) with respect to its anesthetic properties and its effectiveness in managing postoperative sequelae following mandibular third molar surgery. For this, a randomised controlled double blinded study was conducted among patients reporting to the Out Patient Department of a dental college. The sample size of the population studied was 32, 16 in Group A (RTM) and 16 in Group B (TM). The primary outcomes measured were facial swelling and mouth opening on postoperative day (POD) 1, 3 and 7. The secondary outcomes were VAS score during the surgical procedure, duration and latency of anesthesia. The data were analysed descriptively and using Student’s t Test. Representations were given in graphical and tabular forms. The mean postoperative mouth opening and facial swelling on POD 1, 3 and 7 were comparable and did not show any statistically significant difference. Similarly, the VAS score during procedure, latency and duration of anesthesia were comparable with no statistically significant difference. In conclusion, RTM can be used as an alternative to TM due to its comparable properties. --- ## Evaluation of medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Bersama lucens (Hochst.) Szyszyl. **Authors:** Alfred Maroyi **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3235 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Bersama lucens, Francoaceae, Indigenous Knowledge, Melianthaceae, Southern Africa, Traditional Medicine Bersama lucens (Hochst.) Szyszyl is a shrub or small tree with its different parts used traditionally to treat various diseases. Bersama lucens has been recorded in Eswatini, Mozambique and South Africa. The main aim of this review is to provide an overview and critical analysis of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of B. lucens. The information presented in this study was gathered using various databases such as PubMed, Taylor and Francis imprints, Springer, NCBI, Google scholar and Science direct, and review of books, journal articles and other scientific publications kept in the University library. The bark and root infusion or decoction of B. lucens are mainly used as a blood purifier, lice repellent and protective charm, and traditional medicine for stomach problems, leprosy, stroke, sexually transmitted infections, headache, infertility, nervous disorders, impotence and menstrual pain. The biological activities exhibited by B. lucens extracts include antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities. Documentation of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of B. lucens is vital as this information provides baseline data required for future research and development of health-promoting and pharmaceutical products. Future research should focus on detailed phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological screening, in vivo studies and clinical trials involving the crude extracts and phytochemical compounds isolated from the species. --- ## Immunodepressant and oxidant potential of standard leukaemia drug regimen **Authors:** Marwan M Merkhan, Ibrahim M Faisal, Dema Z Alsaleem, Omer M Shindala, Hani M Almukhtar, Imad A Thanoon **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3199 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** AML, Cytotoxic, Immunoglobulin, Oxidative Stress Chemotherapy improves cancer status but also could carry a risk of harmful side effects. In leukaemia patients, oxidative status and immune system are crucial parameters for patient improvement. The present study is aimed to assess the oxidative stress and the levels of immunoglobulin, including; IgG, IgA, and IgM in acute myelocytic leukaemias (AML) patients. A total of twenty-one patients with AML were enrolled in this study, alongside 24 healthy individuals as a control group. Initially, in both groups, the serum MDA, IgA, IgG, and IgM levels were measured. Then after a month of treatment with standard leukaemia therapy; the measurement of levels of these parameters were repeated for both the patients’ group and the control group for measuring immunoglobulin levels while analysis of MDA was done by the laboratory method. A highly significant rise in the serum MDA level was detected (P<0.001) in patients with AML after treatment with specific cytotoxic drugs was observed in comparison with the control. Moreover, there was a significant modulation in the serum concentration of Ig after starting cytotoxic drugs in comparison with the controls. The study revealed that AML was associated with elevated oxidative stress parameters following treatment with cytotoxic drugs as reflected by the rise in the serum levels of MDA. The decreased serum Ig levels indicate a reduction in immune response in patients with AML due to cytotoxic drugs. --- ## Posological review of dose extrapolation methodologies in animal studies, early-phase clinical trials and special populations **Authors:** Katharigatta N Venugopala **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3277 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Allometric Scaling, Dose-by-Factor, Dose-Extrapolation, Pharmacokinetically-Guided Dosing, Similar Drug Approach Identifying the right dose is arguably an essential step in the design of experiments related to drug discovery and development. Often, dose extrapolation is done to scale the doses of a drug from one species to another. However, posological literature is replete with cases that warrant against the careless and inadequate application of dose-extrapolation methodologies. Increasing costs of research and the development and ethical considerations of experimentation in animals and humans do not condone injudicious design of experiments. This call to caution forms the essential premise of the current review, which focuses on the methodology of the interspecies dose extrapolation and its place in early-phase clinical trials and animal studies. Furthermore, the review also provides an update on within-species dose extrapolation to address the issues of adapting adult human doses to pediatric and geriatric settings. --- ## Associations of Polymorphic Markers Aluins/Deli>D Ace T-786C Gene Enos3 in Diabetic Nefropate Progressing for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus **Authors:** Ozimboy O Jabbarov, Botir T Daminov, Kodirjon T Boboev, Laylo D Tursunova, Maxsuma X Tashpulatova, Lola I Maksudova **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3268 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetic Nephropathy, Type 2 Diabetes, ENOS3, Chronic Kidney Disease In the current study, the development of diabetic nephropathy identified the relationship between the polymeric marker of AC genes and the NS3 gene. One hundred twenty-nine patients with type 2 diabetes were tried. Patients in the principle gathering: 65 people with diabetes nephropathy preserved kidney function (33 patients), and kidney function weakness (32 patients), 64 patients with Diabetes were enduring more than 10-20 years, diabetic nephropathy preserved the chain of genotyping polymers carries out kidney function (31 patients). The study showed a link between eNOS3 genes in the development of diabetic nephropathy in Type 2 diabetes patients, supported by the ACE gene. --- ## The biofilm eradication activity of C-10 massoialactone against Staphylococcus aureus **Authors:** Hasyrul Hamzah, Triana Hertiani, Sylvia Utami Tunjung Pratiwi, Titik Nuryastuti **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3228 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biofilm, S. aureus, Antibiofilm, C-10 Masoaialactone, SEM C-10 massoaialactone is a major component of stem bark essential oils Massoia aromatica Becc, which has potential as antibacterial and antifungal but antibiofilm activity against S. aureus has never been reported. The discovery of anti-biofilm drug candidates is needed to overcome infections associated with biofilms. This study aims to determine the eradication activity of C-10 massoialactone against S. aureus biofilms. Antibacterial testing and eradication activity of S. aureus biofilms was determined using the microtiter broth method. The effectiveness of C-10 massoilactone against S. aureus biofilm was analyzed by calculating the value of minimum biofilm eradication concentration. The mechanism of action of C-10 massoilactone against S. aureus biofilms was tested using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). C-10 massoilactone 1% gives antibacterial activity of 86.80% ± 0.01 and can eradication S. aureus biofilm by 68.98% ± 0.01 and not much different from the eradication activity of chloramphenicol drug control. The results also provide evidence that C-10 masoaialactone can damage the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix and S. aureus biofilm morphology. Therefore, C-10 masoaialactone is very potential to be developed as a candidate for a new antibiofilm drug against S. aureus biofilm. --- ## Transdermal drug delivery an emerging approach for antipsychotics **Authors:** Akash Tekawade, Tanaji Nandgude **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3200 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Microneedle (MN), Psychotropic, Penetration Enhancer, Transdermal Delivery Strategies Transdermal drug delivery system is one of the leading technology which gives extensive benefits compared to other dosage forms. In the case of drugs having a first-pass metabolism problem, small doses of drugs can be delivered. Oral drug delivery is associated with several problems like pain interrelated with the use of injections, needles, and the researchers mainly focus on the development of the transdermal route. The aim is to provide a rationale for improvement of the transdermal system of antipsychotics by highlighting the antipsychotic formulation and safely delivering medications across the skin. The present review emphasis on the latest advances in a transdermal delivery system which acts as a platform for effective transdermal delivery of antipsychotic. By using this technique, the pharmacotherapy of patients who have psychosis can be improved. There are numeral physical methods, and the skin penetration enhancement techniques have been developed that helps in delivering drugs through the skin. This technique helps to alter the barrier properties of skin and improves the penetration of the drug. It majorly highlights the possible role of microneedle in the transdermal system and acts as a different carrier in delivering several therapeutic agents effectively. This article summarizes thenovel transdermal delivery approaches, advantages, and the choice of antipsychotropic drugs. --- ## Functional Outcome and Mortality Assessment Following Proximal Femoral Nailing in Inter Trochanteric Fracture **Authors:** Prabhakaran A, Selvakumar Pandiyan, Pradeepkumar T, Thayumana Sundaram G, Dharav Parikh, Agrawal Vishal Ravindra **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3172 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Proximal Femur Fractures, Nailing, Mortality Intertrochanteric fractures constitute one of the most typical fractures of the hip. The incidence of fractures in the trochanteric area has risen with an increase in numbers of the older person with osteoporosis. Mortality, morbidity ratios are increasing in patients with inter-trochanteric fractures. Advanced age and associated co-morbidities are two primary added source for high mortality in trochanteric fracture patients. We conducted this study to assess the mortality rate and the functional outcome in inter-trochanteric fractures after proximal femoral nailing. This is a prospective study, in which 60 Intertrochanteric fractures of femur patients who came to our hospital EMS. Inclusion and Exclusion criteria were included in this study and were done from a period from January 2014 to July 2017. They were evaluated on each follow-up clinically using Harris Hip score and radio-logically using RUST score. The overall mortality rate at the end of the 3-year follow-up in our study is 13.3%. The factor which significantly influenced the mortality rate was Coronary artery disease. Four patients had implant-related complications. One patient developed non-union, which was later revised with Bipolar Hemi-arthroplasty. One patient developed screw back out, and two patients developed screw breakage. Results of our study concluded that elderly patients of age group 75-89 years of age were at higher risk for intertrochanteric fractures. Associated comorbid condition plays a significant role in the mortality of this fractures. In our study, coronary artery disease had a significant influence on the mortality rate for intertrochanteric fractures with a 4.63 fold rise in the mortality rate for these patients. --- ## Significance of accessory opening of maxillary air sinus **Authors:** Shashikant Mane, Ashwini Desai, Rajiv Desai, Priya Roy **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3258 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Accessory Opening of Maxillary Air Sinus, Lateral Wall of Nose, Middle Meatus, Maxillary Air Sinus, Nasal Cavity Maxillary air sinus opens in hiatus semilunaris of middle meatus of the nasal cavity. Drainage of sinus should happen through a natural orifice. That is mandatory because there are cases where there is an additional opening of sinus posterior to the hiatus semilunaris. In this case, there may be recirculation of mucus between natural and accessory opening leading to complications and recurrence of the patient’s problem during various endoscopic procedures. So noting this high significance of accessory opening, the present study was conducted. Total of 50 specimens (27 were from the right side, and 23 were from the left side) was studied. Presence of accessory opening of maxillary air sinus was noted. Position of the opening was noted. The shape of the opening was noted. The diameter of the accessory opening was measured using Sliding Vernier Caliper. Observations on the above parameters show the accessory opening of maxillary air sinus was present in 21 specimens out of a total of 50 specimens (42%). Typical Shape of the opening on the left side was Circular and on the right side was Oval. The average diameter of the opening on the right side was 24mm and on the left side was 46mm. So definitely significance of the accessory opening of maxillary air sinus was found. That’s why surgeons, especially, Otorhinolaryngologists, should note and explore the exact position of the accessory opening of maxillary air sinus, during various sinus surgeries. --- ## Gardenia ternifolia Schum. & Thonn. (Rubiaceae): Review of medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities **Authors:** Alfred Maroyi **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3238 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Gardenia Ternifolia, Ethnopharmacology, Herbal Medicine, Indigenous Pharmacopoeia, Rubiaceae, Tropical Africa Gardenia ternifolia Schum. & Thonn. is a shrub or small tree widely used as a traditional medicine throughout its distributional range in tropical Africa. Gardenia ternifolia is widespread in tropical Africa, extending from Senegal eastwards to Ethiopia and Kenya, through the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) southwards to Namibia, South Africa and Mozambique. This study was aimed at providing a critical review of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of G. ternifolia. Documented information on the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of G. ternifolia was collected from several online sources which included Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct. Additional information was gathered from pre-electronic sources such as book chapters, books, journal articles and scientific publications obtained from the university library. This study showed that the species is widely used as an aphrodisiac and protective charm, and traditional medicine for headache, migraine, respiratory infections, sore eyes, hypertension, diabetes, gastro-intestinal problems, erectile dysfunction, malaria, convulsions and epilepsy. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include alkaloids, anthocyanins, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, quinones, saponins, steroids, stereoisomeric neolignans, tannins and terpenoids. Pharmacological research revealed that G. ternifolia extracts and compounds isolated from the species have antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antileishmanial, antioxidant, antiplasmodial, antisickling, antitheilerial, hepatotoxicity, larvicidal and cytotoxicity activities. Future research on G. ternifolia should focus on detailed phytochemical evaluations, including toxicological, in vivo and clinical studies to corroborate the traditional medical applications of the species. --- ## Comparative study of maternal and fetal outcome in patients with Vaginal Birth after caesarean section and elective repeat caesarean section **Authors:** Poonam Kalburgi, Sanjaykumar Patil **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3179 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Caesarean Section, Vaginal Birth, Maternal, Perinatal Outcome Women after delivering her first baby by caesarean section have a choice about mode of delivery for her second baby. The study was planned to compare maternal and perinatal outcome between VBAC and repeat elective LSCS in patients with prior one LSCS and their complications. A prospective observational study was carried out in department of obstetrics and gynaecology. Total 180 cases of previous LSCS who were eligible for vaginal delivery were recruited 90 in each group as per consent given by them. Group 1: Vaginal Birth after caesarean section; Group 2: elective repeat caesarean section. It was observed that majority of the patients group 1 (51.1%) and group 2 (47.8%) were in age group of 25 to 30 years. More than 25kg/m2 BMI was found in 18 (20%) cases of VBAC group and 30 (33.3%) cases of LSCS group. Inter pregnancy interval was significantly lower in LSCS group compared to VBAC group. Mean birth weight was 2.832 kg to 2.917kg in both group. However with improved maternal care, close fetal monitoring and institutional delivery for a previous one caesarean section, VBAC is considered safer than repeat elective caesarean section in carefully selected patient. --- ## A synthesis and review of ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of Antidesma venosum E. Mey. ex Tul. (Phyllanthaceae) **Authors:** Alfred Maroyi **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3225 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antidesma venosum, Ethnopharmacology, Indigenous Knowledge, Traditional Medicine Antidesma venosum is an evergreen to semi-deciduous tree used traditionally to treat various human and animal diseases. This review aims to provide an overview and critically analyze the ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of A. venosum. The results of the current study are based on literature survey conducted using various search engines such as Elsevier, Pubmed, Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, Science Direct, Taylor and Francis, and pre-electronic sources such as books, book chapters, scientific journals and other grey literature. The bark, fruit, leaf, root and stem bark decoction or infusion of A. venosum are mainly used for magical rituals, as anthelmintic and ethnoveterinary medicine, and traditional cure for epilepsy, hernia, malaria, skin infections, oral candidiasis, snakebites, sexually transmitted infections, abdominal pains, menstrual problems, respiratory infections, infertility, and gastrointestinal infections. The chemical constituents identified from A. venosum include essential oils, isoquinoline alkaloids, triterpenoids, lactones, phytosterols, saponins, cardiac glycosides, tannins and flavonoids. The species possesses a wide range of biological activities which include antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antischistosomal, mutagenic and cytotoxicity activities. Antidesma venosum is a valuable medicinal plant species, and future research should focus on animal experiments aimed at assessing toxicity and clinical efficacy of species extracts. --- ## Learning Needs and Its Associated Factors among Elderly Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention **Authors:** Eman Shokry Abd Allah, Sherihan Awadallah Abdelaziem Ali, Hassanat Ramadan Abdel-Aziz **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3233 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Elderly Patients, Learning Needs, Associated Factor, Coronary Angiography, Percutaneous Coronary Interventions Coronary Angiography and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention consider corner stone for diagnosis and treatment of CAD today. The previous studies that evaluated cardiac patients learning needs didn’t shed light on the unique needs of patients undergoing coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention. The current study aimed toassesslearning needs and its associated factors among elderly patients undergoing coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention at Zagazig University Hospitals. Descriptive design was utilized to conduct this study. A purposive sample of 155 elderly patients undergoing Angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention at cardiac catheterization units in Zagazig University Hospitals a structured interview questionnaire consisted of three parts (demographic characteristics, health profile and habits of the studied elderly) anda modified Cardiac Patient Learning Needs Scale. The present study revealed that 61.3% of studied elderly patients had high learning needs, 29.7% had moderate learning needs. High level learning needs were found in males, married, those with low educational level, those didn’t receive instructions preoperatively and those didn’t have a history of previous coronary intervention. The studied elderly patients' learning needs were high in all domains. There were statistically significant relations between total learning needs and gender, marital status, educational status, receiving instructions previously, and previous cardiac catheterization. Continuously assessing the learning needs of patients undergoing coronary angiography and PCI. Develop a comprehensive health education program that is focused on these needs to enhance their knowledge and improve the outcome of their disease. --- ## Formulation development and evaluation of antiacne activity of ethosomal gel prepared using Plumbago zeylanica root extract **Authors:** Sandhya P, Snehalata J **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3185 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-Acne, Ethosome, Lecithin, Plumbagin The objective of present research work is, to develop an ethosome, as a carrier system for Plumbago root extract, its incorporation into gel formulations and to characterize the developed gel formulations by estimation of plumbagin content and study of antiacne activity. Roots of Plumbago zeylanica L (Plumbaginaceae) contains Plumbagin and is used for skin infections and intestinal worms. Topical therapy for acne includes comedolytic agents, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. The excessive use of antibiotics has led to the increased resistance of acne-causing bacteria. In this research work, plumbago roots have been screened for their potential use for the treatment of acne and hydroalcoholic extract of the roots was found to be effective. Seven batches (EF1-EF7) of ethosomes were prepared using soya lecithin (1-3%) and ethanol (10-45%) and the hydroalcoholic extract. The range of entrapment efficiency varied from 17.12 to 80.82%. The ethosomes EF6 having highest entrapment efficiency was incorporated into gel formulation. Carbopol 934P (0.5 -2%) was used to prepare ethosomal gel and evaluated for physicochemical properties, drug content and diffusion characteristics. The pH of the gel was in the range of 6.87 to 7.03. Viscosity was between 5600 - 9800 centipoises. The % drug content was in the range of 95.91% to 100.7%. The ethosome, in their gel formulation, showed good physicochemical properties, drug content and diffusion pattern. The anti-acne activity of F3 showed good zones of inhibition comparable with standard Clindamycin. The present study suggested ethosomal gel as an efficient carrier for plumbago root extract for antiacne activity. --- ## Andrographis Paniculata – A Review **Authors:** Sadhana H M, Suresh Joghee, Hamsa lakshmi **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3162 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ethnobotany, Andrographolide, Common Cold, Chemical Constituents Andrographis paniculata (AP) is commonly known as creat or green chiretta belongs to the family Acanthaceae. It is also known as Kalmegh and popularly called as King of bitters. It was widely used in the traditional system of medicines such as Siddha system, Ayurvedic system and Chinese medicine for the regular treatment of a common cold. Some of the reported health benefits are Antidiabetic, Antipyretic, Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant, Antimalarial, Anti-cancer, Antityphoid, Anti-diarrhoea, antioedema, etc. Whole plant possesses medicinal property and leaves are explicitly used for therapeutic care. The plant contains four major diterpenoids such as andrographolide, neoandrographolide,14-deoxyandrographolide, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide and also includes other phytoconstituents such as flavonoids sesquiterpene lactones, etc. Andrographolide is found as major constituent in the leaves and reported for a wide variety of pharmacological activities. The purpose of this review is to brief the plant's literature survey via internet sources such as google scholar and PubMed providing a medium to explain the plant's ethnobotany information on conventional usage, essential chemical constituents and selected plant pharmacology activities are obtained from existing research articles to frame the review. The present analysis also illustrates the pharmacological and phytochemical characteristics of Andrographis paniculata from which researchers may get benefited for further qualitative research. --- ## Determination of transverse diameter and longitudinal axis in patients with cholecystitis and cholelithiasis by computed tomography to rule out gallbladder carcinoma **Authors:** Vishram Singh, Durgesh Singh, Ashutosh Tandon, Yogesh Yadav, Richa Tiwari **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3204 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cholecystitis, Cholelithiasis, Transverse Diameter, Longitudinal Axis, Predictive Value The aim of the article is to the determination of transverse diameter and longitudinal axis in patients with cholecystitis and cholelithiasis with the help of CT scan in the north Indian population for the estimation of epidemiology. Patients with cholecystitis and cholelithiasis of ages between 17-80 years irrespective of gender were included in the study (cases). All patient's cases (100) and controls (100) were advised the night before that did not eat or drink. Control groups (Normal Gallbladder) were collected when patients are comprised of other abdominal disease diagnosed by computed tomography. The mean age of controls and cases was 47.24±11.57 and 45.20±16.22 years, respectively studied by computed tomography. More than half of cases (62%) and 50% of controls were females. The transverse diameter was significantly (p=0.0001) higher among cases (36.42±15.52 mm) than controls (24.12±9.11 mm) studied by computed tomography. Longitudinal axis was significantly (p=0.0001) higher among cases (33.23±14.73 mm) than controls (21.75±8.69) studied by computed tomography. Transverse diameter>25 correctly predicted cholecystitis and cholelithiasis by CT in 38.5% cases with sensitivity and specificity of 77% (95%CI=68.8-85.2) and 74% (95%CI=55.7-74.3%) respectively. Longitudinal axis >25 correctly predicted cholecystitis and cholelithiasis by CT in 34.5% cases with specificity and sensitivity of 69% (95%CI=59.9-78.1) and 71% (95%CI=62.1-79.9%) respectively. We concluded in this study, increased transverse diameter and longitudinal axis were observed. Good sensitivity and specificity of these two parameters were also found in predicting cholecystitis and cholelithiasis by computed tomography. --- ## The Relationship Between Child Eating Behaviour with Body Mass Index among Toddlers Aged Two to Four Years Old **Authors:** Nor Eyzawiah Hassan, Asmat Mat Arepen, Faizul Helmi Addnan, Nur Fariha Mohd Manzor, Nizam Baharom, Mohd Dzulkhairi Mohd Rani, Norsham Juliana, Nazefah Abdul Hamid **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3166 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Children, Eating Habit, Growth Development, Malnutrition, Nutritional Status, Obesity, Preschool, Overeating Children eating behaviour was hypothesised as one of the factors associated with growth development as well as malnutrition among toddlers. This study aimed to explore the relationship between child eating behaviour among toddlers aged two to four years old and their respective Body Mass Index (BMI) or BMI for Age Z (BAZ). A cross-sectional study was conducted among parents and caregivers with toddlers between two to four years old, in the Klang Valley. The validated Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) was used to measure their child eating habit and behaviours. A total of 96 parents or caregivers of toddlers participated. Girls had lower BAZ than boys (-1.20 vs -0.15, p=0.030), and significantly higher satiety responsiveness and food fussiness scores (3.14 vs 2.80, p=0.005 and 2.83 vs 2.44, p=0.005 respectively). Emotional overeating had opposite effects on BMI and BAZ between genders. In this study, girls aged two to four year old had lower BMI and BAZ than boys; and demonstrated higher food avoidance behaviour. Emotional overeating is associated with opposite effects on BMI and BAZ between boys and girls. Among all toddlers, satiety responsiveness and food fussiness were associated with lower BAZ. --- ## Image processing for early detection of Alzheimer's disease using Iridology **Authors:** Asuntha A, Sai Kalyan Reddy R, Vamshikrishna K, Premsagar N **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3190 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** CNN, Alzheimer's, Image Processing, SVM, Iridology Chart Alzheimer's disease is caused by genetics, personal lifestyle and other environmental factors. It is an irreversible disease that slowly destroys the brain memory cells. There are no specific methods for the detection of Alzheimer's disease. The primary symptoms of Alzheimer's disease are memory loss, difficulty in thinking, a problem in writing and speaking and others. Iridology is alternative research that has gained more popularity in recent years, which studies the alterations of the iris in correspondence with the organs of the human body. The combination of digital image processing with Iridology gives an excellent opportunity to explore and learn about different neuronal diseases, specifically Alzheimer's disease. In this work, MATLAB software is applied to determine the colour, pattern and other factors that show the existence of Alzheimer's disease. The noise in the iris image is removed by the Gaussian filter, followed by histogram analyses and cropping. The Hough circle transform is used to identify the region of interest and to convert the circular iris image into rectangle form. In the training methods, the SVM and CNN classifiers are used to classify whether the person has Alzheimer's disease. Finally, the results are compared with the real-time images. --- ## Antibacterial activity of Acmella paniculata extracts against Streptococcus mutans **Authors:** Nur Syahirah Binti Salehuddin, Rohazila Binti Mohamad Hanafiah, Siti Aisyah Abd Ghafar **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3218 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Streptococcus mutans, Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, Acmella paniculata Acmella paniculata, also known as 'Subang nenek' in Malaysia, has been used to treat diseases such as toothache and gum infections. People called it a toothache plant, and it has been widely used as traditional medicine. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the antibacterial activities of A. paniculata leaves and flowers extracts towards Streptococcus mutans by using disc diffusion assay, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. Besides, the anti-biofilm activity of all the extracts also been determined by using a crystal violet assay. As the results, n-hexane and methanol extracts from leaves showed the highest inhibition zone towards S. mutans when compared to DCM and acetone extracts. Meanwhile, for the flowers extract, n-hexane and DCM showed the highest inhibition zone towards S. mutans compared to methanol and acetone extracts. The best results were then tested for MIC and MBC tests. As for the MIC values of n-hexane and methanol leaves extracts were 25 mg/mL, respectively, and the MBC values were 50 and 100 mg/mL, respectively. Whereas MIC values for n-hexane and DCM flowers extracts were 12.5 mg/mL, respectively, and the MBC values were 50 mg/mL, respectively. Biofilm formation of S. mutans showed decrement up to 70% after exposure to both leaves extract (n-hexane and methanol) and n-hexane flower extract. Still, it differed when exposing to DCM flower extract, and the result showed that the biofilm activities of S. mutans were inhibited at 80% after treated with DCM flowers extracts. In conclusion, n-hexane leaves extract, methanol leaves extract, n-hexane flowers extract, and DCM flowers extract of A. paniculata demonstrated bactericidal properties against S. mutans. --- ## Development and validation of colorimetric method for the determination of pregabalin in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations **Authors:** Areej Abdelmonim Mohamed, Tilal Elsaman, Mohammed E Adam, Elrasheed A Gadkariem, Shaza W Shantier **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3246 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ascorbic Acid, Pregabalin, Spectrophotometric, Validation A simple, accurate and precise colorimetric method was developed for the quantification of pregabalin (PGN) in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The method was based on the production of a colored complex by reacting PGN with ascorbic acid in DMSO solvent. The resultant complex exhibits absorption maxima at 390 and 532 nm. The factors that affect the complex development and stability were studied and optimized. The reaction stoichiometry of drug: reagent was found to be 1:2. The method was then validated according to ICH guidelines. Regression analysis of Beer's plot showed good correlation (r2 value more than 0.998) within a concentration range of 5-30μg/ml. Linearity was confirmed by standardized residuals versus fitted value plots using Minitab14 software. The limits of detection and quantification at 390 and 532nm were 1.34μg/ml, 1.09μg/ml and 4.05μg/ml, 3.294μg/ml, respectively. Added recovery measurements were found to be 100.04±2.07% and 99.58 ±1.98% at 390nm and 532nm, respectively, which reflect the accuracy of the method and freedom from interference (relative standard deviation values were less than or equal 0.2%). The average assay for the commercial capsule preparation (PGN 150mg/capsule) was found to be 101.373±0.49 and 101.812±0.73 at 390 and 532nm, respectively. The developed method is an inexpensive, extraction free and can be applied for routine analysis of PGN in most of analytical laboratories. --- ## The Prognostic Significance of Global Histones Deacetylation in Colorectal Cancer Patients Treated with Fluoropyrimdine Therapy **Authors:** Mariam A Fouad, Salem S E, Hussein M M, Zekri A R N, Hafez H F, Shouman S A **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3214 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Colorectal Cancer, Fluoropyrimidine Therapy, H3 Acetylation, H4 Acetylation, Subgroup Analysis, Survival Analyses To study the impact of fluoropyrimidine (FP) - therapy on the acetylation level of histones (H3 and H4), and its correlation to treatment outcome in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Total histone protein was extracted, and the level of global histones (H3 and H4) acetylation was determined in the peripheral blood of 66 CRC patients before treatment with FP therapy, and also in 48 and 32 of those patients after 3 and 6 months of treatment, respectively. Clinicopathological stratification of patients was conducted for subgroup analysis. After three years of follow up, event-free survival (EFS) and the hazard of recurrence and progression were determined by Kaplan – Meier and COX regression analyses, respectively. Baseline CRC patients showed global H3 hyperacetylation by 160%, but H4 hypoacetylation by 87% relative to healthy control. FP therapy significantly reduced global H3 and H4 acetylation levels especially in subgroups of CRC patients > 45 years, females, with right colon tumours, with normal baseline levels of CEA and CA19.9, with negative lymph nodes and negative metastasis, and also in the patients who showed no signs of recurrence or progression after three years of follow up. Survival analyses showed decreased median EFS time and increased the hazard of recurrence and progression in patients with high CEA (HR= 3.38, P= 0.023), positive metastasis (HR= 1.16, P<0.001), and H4 hypoacetylation <87% (HR= 1.55, P=0.014). FP therapy-induced reduction in the global level of histones acetylation declared in subgroups of CRC patients with excellent prognostic features. --- ## Inspiratory muscle training versus Aerobic training: Improvement on pulmonary function, exercise capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness in females with hypothyroidism **Authors:** Apoorva Bhatnagar, Sonia Pawaria, Sheetal Kalra **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3207 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cardio Training, Cardio-Respiratory Fitness, Exercise Capacity, Hypothyroidism, Inspiratory Muscle Training, Pulmonary Function The effect of hypothyroidism on the respiratory system is proven in various studies. The study is aimed to compare Inspiratory muscle training and Aerobic training on lung functions, exercise capacity & cardiorespiratory fitness in females having hypothyroidism. This comparative study was executed on 66 subjects based on the criteria of the study, which were randomly divided into Group A & B. Subjects in Group A received Inspiratory Muscle Training. Still, subjects in Group B received Aerobic Training for four weeks. Spirometry assessed pulmonary functions, exercise capacity was evaluated by the 6-Minute Walk Test, and cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by Step Harvard test. All measurements were taken at the baseline, on the last day of 2nd week and final day of 4th week. Independent t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data. More significant improvement in terms of pulmonary functions, exercise capacity and Cardiorespiratory fitness was observed, in group B who received Aerobic training in contrast to group A that received Inspiratory muscle training. Results of this study showed Aerobic training to be more effective and beneficial in improving pulmonary functions, exercise capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness than Inspiratory Muscle Training. --- ## Clinicopathological study of renal tumours in surgically excised specimens **Authors:** Pranita Warhate, Jagtap S V, Sujata Kanetkar **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3154 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clinical Pathology, Renal Tumours, Surgically Excised Specimens A study on Clinicopathological Study of Renal Tumours in Surgically Excised Specimens was conducted for two years from June 2016 to May 2018. The study was on twenty-eight surgically excised specimens of renal tumours in the Department of Pathology of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences at Karad District in Satara, Maharastra, India. The observed results stood as 75% of Radical Nephrectomy, 17.85% of renal biopsies and partial Nephrectomy in 7.14% cases. The reading revealed 28.5% of cases, that is, a maximum number were found in their 6th decade of life. The rest of the cases, 21.42% were either septuagenarian or quadragenarian. The male preponderance was noted with Male: Female ratio 2.5:1. Out of 28 cases of renal tumours, 50% of cases had flank pain, 28.57% cases with flank pain associated with hematuria in A maximum number of instances had issues that were involving the left-sided kidney. The most common site for tumour involvement was upper pole comprising of 35.71% followed by the lower pole in 28.57% of cases. In a maximum number of instances, grossly the size of tumour ranged from 0-4 cm. Out of all malignant tumours, Renal Cell Carcinoma-RCC was the most common tumour comprising (75%). The majority (42.10%) of renal cell carcinomas were of Fuhrman nuclear grade II. Majority of cases (56.5%) were at TNM stage I. A detailed histopathology examination and routine H and E staining help - to diagnose accurately and to determine the various histological type, subtype. It also helps to evaluate other histopathological determinants. The clinical results shifts as per the histologic subtypes. --- ## Clinical trial for comparison of clinical performance of I-Gel with LMA-proseal in elective surgeries **Authors:** Amit B Kadam, Jamale P B **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3156 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** I-Gel, LMA-Proseal The I-gel is genuinely interesting second era supraglottic aviation route gadget with delicate gel like non inflatable sleeve. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the ease of insertion and number of insertion attempts, airway sealing pressure, and fibrotic evaluation of device position and occurrence of complication. A Total 70 adult patients were allocated to either i-gel group or P-LMA group with 35 patients in each group. Both i-gel and P- LMA were introduced with standard technique. The outcomes measured were ease of insertion, number of insertion attempts, airway sealing pressure, haemodynamic changes, fibrotic evaluation of device position and complications. For the i-gel group the success rate at ease of insertion was greater (97% vs 72% respectively; P=0.012). Airway sealing pressure was lesser (24.72±1.37 cm H2O vs 30.09±2.64 cm H2O respectively; P=0.0003). The incidence of postoperative sore throat was lower (2.8% vs 25.7% respectively; P=0.01). Changes in haemodynamic parameters were not clinically significant. The i-gel is easier to insert than P-LMA however with a lower airway sealing pressure. It has a lower incidence of postoperative complications. --- ## Effect of ethanolic extract of cashew leaf (Anacardium occidentale L) on edema, hyperalgesia and malondialdehyde levels of the rat foot of an inflammatory model compared to diclofenac **Authors:** Dwintha Lestari, Indrati A, Anggun Rafisa **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3188 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cashew Leaf, Diclofenac, Edema, Hyperalgesia, Malondialdehyde Inflammation is a body tissue reaction to the damage caused by foreign object. One of the plants that the community uses to eliminate inflammation is cashew leaf (Anacardium occidentale L). This research aimed to find out if the guava extract has an anti-inflammatory effects compared with diclofenac. This was an experimental study using 30-tails Wistar strain, which is divided into 6 groups that every 1 hour later induced lambda-carrageenan. Group I and IV are given ethanolic extract of cashew leaf 300 mg/kg BW. Group II and V were given cellulose (CMC) 1% as a control. Group III and VI were given diclofenac 4.5 mg/kg of BW. Edema volume from hour 1 to 6 and MDA levels of foot tissue in the hour 6 were measured in group I, II, III. Hyperalgesia was measured in group IV, V and VI. All research results were statistically tested with ANOVA test followed by the Newman Keuls test. Ethanolic extract of cashew leaf 300 mg/kg BW inhibited the formation of edema volume, preventing hyperalgesia significantly (P < 0.05) compared to a group of control and diclofenac. Measurement of MDA levels between groups with ethanolic extract of cashew leaf, control, and diclofenac was not significantly different (P > 0.05). Ethanolic extract of cashew leaf has an anti-inflammatory effect based on inhibition of edema volume, hyperalgesia. --- ## Assessment of knowledge on hand hygiene among final year medical undergraduates **Authors:** Khaja Moinuddin S, Kavita Y, Manibalan V, Thiru maran, Karthi keyan **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3195 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hand Hygiene, Hospital-Acquired Infection, Inadequate Knowledge, Infection Control Inadequate hand hygiene remains one of the main reasons for the spread of hospital-acquired infections, and now it is regarded as a key element of infection control activities. Hand hygiene practices are faulty in most healthcare settings. The present study was aimed to determine knowledge on hand hygiene among final year medical undergraduates. This was an institution-based descriptive cross-sectional study. The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital and medical college in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology after obtaining ethical clearance from the institution. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. All participants were given self-reporting questionnaires to fill. The questionnaire form contained questions based on hand hygiene knowledge assessment (obtained from the 2009 Global patient safety strategy initiative WHO guidelines). A total of 110 medical undergraduates were included in the study (male, 47 (42.7%), female, 63 (57.3%)). A total of 14 participants scored less than 50% and accounted for 12.7%. Seventy-eight participants scored between 50-74, which accounted for 70.9%. It was noticed that good knowledge (≥ 75) on hand hygiene was least and accounted for 16.4%. In the present study, knowledge on hand hygiene was found to be a moderate level in the majority of final year medical graduates. --- ## A synthesis and review of medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of Markhamia zanzibarica **Authors:** Alfred Maroyi **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3260 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Bignoniaceae, Indigenous Knowledge, Markhamia zanzibarica, Traditional Medicine, Tropical Africa Markhamia zanzibarica (Bojer ex DC.) K. Schum.has been used in herbal medicine in tropical Africa since ancient times. Markhamia zanzibarica is indigenous to central, eastern and southern Africa. This extensive literature review synthesizes the information currently available on the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of M. zanzibarica. The University library and electronic search engines Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect and PubMed were searched for pertinent information on the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of M. zanzibarica. Traditionally, the species has been used as anthelmintic, and traditional medicine for backache, female reproductive problems, sexually transmitted infections, respiratory infections and gastro-intestinal problems. In vitro studies have confirmed the biological activities of M. zanzibarica which include antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity. Various phytochemicals such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, fatty acids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, saponins, sterols, tannins and triterpenes have been isolated from M. zanzibarica. Documentation of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of M. zanzibarica is essential as this information provides baseline data required for future research and development of health-promoting and pharmaceutical products. However, further pharmacological studies including phytochemical, toxicological, in vitro and in vivo experiments are needed to provide evidence for the clinical effectiveness of remedies prepared from the species. --- ## Obtention, yields, chemical-microbiological properties and amino acids profile in a flour from Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis l.) **Authors:** Priscilla Mora-Aguirre, Luis Romero-Hidalgo, Edgar Landines-Vera, Roberto Ordoñez-Araque, Mario Valdez-Díaz **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3215 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sacha Inchi, Flour, Amino Acids Sacha inchi seed (Plukenetia volubilis) has long been used for its high protein content and for its essential fatty acids (omega 3, 6 and 9). After obtaining the oil, a by-product called dry cake is generated, recent studies have shown that this cake, which is generally wasted, has a high protein content. In this investigation, the residue from the oil extraction from the Sacha Inchi seed was used, this dried cake was subjected to several treatments (dehydration, grinding and sieving) to obtain fine flour. To this product, chemical physical analyzes were performed (moisture, proteins, lipids and ashes), microbiological (microorganisms and mycotoxins) and amino acid profile. The flour had 47% of proteins, 10% of lipid fraction and 20% of fiber, the microbiological result showed that there was no presence of microorganisms due to bad manipulation or pathogens (E. coli), no presence of mycotoxins (furosin, ochratoxin and zearalenone), the most interesting result was found in the amino acid profile, the total amount of non-essential amino acids present in the flour was 601.32 g.kg-1, while in essential amino acids the presence of threonine, valine, leucine and phenylalanine (77, 35, 40 and 50 g.kg-1 respectively). These results allow us to determine that sacha inchi seed can not only provide its benefits with its oil, dry cake represents an interesting unconventional raw material because of its high protein content and can be used in the food industry to enrich different food products low in this macromolecule. --- ## Approach Towards Kushta (Psoriasis) with Ayurveda - A Case Study **Authors:** Sourabh G Deshmukh, Trupti I Thakre **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3189 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Kushtha, Eka Kushtha, Vamana, Chronic Plaque Psoriasis Psoriasis is an autoimmune papulo-squamous disorder of the skin, characterized by sharply defined erythemato- squamous lesions covered with silvery scaling. It is chronic and is well known for its course of remissions and exacerbations. The worldwide burden of psoriasis is 2%, and the prevalence of psoriasis in India ranges from 0.44% to 2.8%. There is no radical cure for psoriasis due to its autoimmune nature. It can be correlated with Eka Kushtha, one of the types of Kshudra Kushtha. In Ayurveda, Vamana and Virechan karma are indicated in Kushtha, which results in the elimination of vitiated Doshas. The effect of Shodhana Chikitsa can be increased if it is followed by shaman Chikitsa which include both Antaparimarjan and Bahiparimarjan Chikitsa. So here a 41 years old female patient had complaints of whitish silvery plaques, itching, burning sensation and scaling since one year was successfully treated with Vamana and Virechan Karma, followed by Shamana Chikitsa like Gandhaka Rasayana, Vetapalli oil, S-kin powder, Padachira ointment for external application and Avipattikar Churna-3gm twice a day before food with water for 15 days. The Vamana Karma and Virechan followed by Shamana Chikitsa orally, and local application is highly effective in patients of Eka Kushtha (Chronic Plaque Psoriasis). --- ## Potential Factors Related to BMI Among School Going Adolescents of Madurai District, Tamil Nadu, India **Authors:** Bhuvaneswari B, Parameshwari S **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3174 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Eating and Snacking Habits, Physical Activity, BMI, Overweight, Obesity and Adolescents This study aims to recognize essential aspects (related to lifestyle, eating and sedentary behaviours) of overweight and obesity among school-going adolescents of Madurai District, Tamil Nadu. Data were elicited on the physical activity patterns, sedentary practices at home, sleep duration and lifestyle behaviours such as habits of snacking, skipping breakfast, eating in front of television and frequency of eating out. Among 7660 subjects, 514 samples were found to be overweight and obese and analyzed with the suitable statistical tools such as percentage analysis, chi-square test to check the level of significance. 74.4 per cent of obese adolescents were found to have the habit of consuming snacks. The prevalence of Overweight 95 (18.48%) and obese 315 (61.28%) was more significant in Nuclear families. However, there was no statistically significant association between family type and BMI (χ2 = 2.575, p > .05). No statistical association was found between the BMI and snacking and eating patterns of school-going adolescents. Majority of 364 children expenditure towards snacks are less than Rs.25. --- ## Antimicrobial-stewardship Knowledge, attitude, and practice among professional physicians in Saudi hospitals **Authors:** Abdulrahman Hadi Almutiri, Abdul Bari Mohd, Tahani Mohammad Al Rahbeni **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3208 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Drug Resistance, Antimicrobial-Stewardship Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is of vital significance to tackle the antibiotic resistance. Insights of physicians is important for implementation of AMS. Therefore, present study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding antibiotic stewardship programme among professional physicians in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted among professional physicians between January 2020 to April 2020 in clusters of Saudi hospitals. The self-administered and closed ended questionnaire encompassed of informed consent, demographics information and questionnaire which included 7 items for knowledge, 10 for attitude and 8 for practices. Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test was performed to assess the relationship of knowledge, attitude and practices with gender and medical specialty of the study participants along with descriptive statistics. A p value below (p<0.05) was considered significant for all the statistical purposes. A total of 413 medical practitioners participated in this study. Most of the participants were male 280 (67.8%), aged 31-40 years 163 (39.4%). The term antimicrobial stewardship was known to 55.9% of participants and 65% of participants knew the difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antimicrobial agents (AMAs). 71.9% participants opined that superinfections can be prevented by using specific AMAs. 89% of participants do not prescribe AMAs on demand of patients. Health professionals should be adequately trained regarding usage of antimicrobials and their consequences to curb the menace of quickly developing AMA resistance. --- ## Evaluation of functional outcome following ORIF of bimalleolar fractures of the ankle-A prospective study of 30 patients **Authors:** Yeshwanth Subash, Vishnu S, Damo dharan **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3272 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** AOFAS Score, Bimalleolar Fractures, Functional Outcome, ORIF Bimalleolar fractures are common injuries, and stable fracture patterns can be treated conservatively, while complicated, unstable fractures would require surgical intervention. This study aimed to evaluate the functional outcome following ORIF (Open reduction and internal fixation) of these fractures. This was a study of 30 patients with bimalleolar fractures who presented between January 2013 to January 2016 treated with ORIF with a follow-up period of 3 years. Functional outcome was performed with the AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and ankle society) score. The mean age of the patients was 41.6 years. There was a female preponderance seen in our study with the left side being more commonly affected. The mean time to fracture union was 12.13 weeks, and we had excellent outcomes in 18 patients, good in 10, while two patients had a fair result. We did not lose any of our patients to follow up. All of our patients were happy with the functional outcome achieved. No significant complications were seen in our study. ORIF in bimalleolar fractures enables restoration of the ankle mortise to an anatomical position and facilitates early mobilization of the ankle resulting in good functional outcomes. --- ## Study on Quality Indicators of Pharmacy in a tertiary Care teaching hospital, Kozhikode **Authors:** Sujay Mugaloremutt Jayadeva, Harshith N, Nashid K P **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3273 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Quality Indicators, Prescription, Dispensing Errors, Wastage of Drugs, Patients, Pharmacy Quality Indicators in pharmacy is essential to address the Prescription errors and other quality-related problems in the pharmacy. Quality indicators can be used, adopted in every aspect and even to the staff. An average of 5000 Prescriptions was analysed for four months in a tertiary care teaching hospital at Kozhikode. Total of 64 staff was chosen for the study which comprised of pharmacists, patients and other staff members. The analysis carried out on the dispensing errors and also the wastage of drugs happening in the pharmacy. There were significant dispensing errors and wastage of drugs happening in the pharmacy which can not only affect the patients but also could bring the financial loss for the pharmacies due to wastage of drugs. The study recommends for the enhancement in the quality of pharmacies as these quality indicators are required for the better public health care and also to avoid the wastage of the drugs causing financial loss to the pharmacies. --- ## Physicochemical Characterization of the Siddha Metallo Mineral Drug - Veera Aya Chenduram (VAC) **Authors:** Sridevi J, Madhavan R, Prasad V V P, Kanakavalli K **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3278 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Herbo Mineral Drug, Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Siddha Medicine, Veera Aya Chendhuram Veera ayachenduram (VAC) is a metallo-mineral drug cited in Siddha text literature KannusamiyamparambaraiVaithiyam. The study aimed to standardises the VAC by evaluating its physicochemical characters such as colour, ash value, pH value analyses the heavy metal composition in modern instrumental techniques. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and to find out the particle size through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and. The total ash value was found to be 7.7% w/w, acid-insoluble ash value is 1.25% w/w, water-soluble ash value is 25.32% w/w, and The pH value is 6.5. The ICP-OES reveals that heavy metals such as mercury, lead, arsenic, and cadmium are within the limit. High-resolution SEM analysis of the drug indicated the existence of nanoparticles. --- ## Molecular effects of mutated amino acids involved in Transmembrane and Domain regions on the BCR oncogene protein using In silico techniques **Authors:** Anuradha Manogharan, Regina Mary Rathina Samy, Ramadevi Mohan **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3234 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, BCR Gene, Transmembrane, Insilico, 3D Structure Prediction, TMRPRED, Discovery Studio BCR gene is expressed in patients with Philadelphia-positive Leukemias, known as chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Here, we focus on how the intramolecular domains and transmembrane segments are involved in the mutated sites of BCR. In this research work, we thoroughly analysed the transmembrane segments and the functional domains and predicted the 3D structure. We applied two kinds of techniques in our work. One is sequence-based, where we proved that the transmembrane segments in the functional domains contain the mutated sites. The second technique is structure-based, where we predicted the 3D structure of BCR gene-coded protein and visualised the transmembrane segments, which included the mutated sites. By using advanced molecular visualisation tools, the molecular structural properties of the respective transmembrane regions of amino acids will be determined. Both the techniques involved the use of advanced insilico tools and database. Our results elucidated that both the sequence and structure-based outcomes represented the identified transmembrane segments in the functional domains, which are potential candidates for drug docking studies. Hence, we finally concluded that this research work would play a vital role in clinical oncology and structure-based drug designing. Our research work is the first attempt to prove that potential drug binding sites are present in BCR oncogene-protein using insilico techniques. The results of this research investigation form a basic foundation for structure-based drug designing. --- ## Effectiveness of amikacin administered by autoinjector compared to manual injection on infected excision wound model of Wistar rats **Authors:** Anitha Roy, Geetha R V, Anitha Magesh, Senthilkumar Sivanesan, Vijayaraghavan R **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3213 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amikacin, Wound Infection, Autoinjector, Excision To evaluate the effectiveness of amikacin administered by autoinjector compared to manual injection on infected excision wound model of Wistar rats. Randomly bred 14 Wistar rats of either sex weighing 180 to 230 g were used for the present study. The study has the approval of the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used for infecting the wounds. 1 mL of blood was withdrawn aseptically from the orbital sinus under isoflurane anaesthesia, and the biochemical parameters were carried out. All results were expressed as mean ± SEM, and the results were compared statistically by one-way ANOVA using Sigma Plot 13. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The biochemical parameters in the study was more or less similar. The infected rats treated with amikacin showed faster wound contraction compared to control. This study concludes the effectiveness of amikacin administered through autoinjectors and manual injection in infected excision wound model as similar. Therefore, amikacin autoinjector is a better choice to manual injection to overcome from wound infections if it is administered at the right time in case of emergency or whenever required. Injury and wound infection are common in natural and manmade disasters. Serious bacterial wound infections are a potential threat to open injuries. As accessibility to the primary health centre or hospital may not be easy or possible during disasters and to overcome such a situation, an antibacterial autoinjector would be useful. --- ## Sexual obsession compulsive disorder: 11 case studies **Authors:** Shabnam A, Neelam Mishra **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3248 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Sexual Obsession, Case Study Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a long-lasting disorder characterized by cyclic feelings and compulsive behaviors which lead to momentary relief. One of the recognized feature in obsessive-compulsive disorder is sexual obsessions. Compulsive sexual behavior has not yet received wide consideration from researchers and clinicians. Till date, there have been dearth of formal studies of sexual behavior in OCD. In spite of the scarcity of research, many patients with sexual obsession do present for the treatment and mental health professionals in any setting are likely to come across patients with this disorder. The present study aims to affirm that sexual obsessions are prevalent clinical features in OCD that arise sex based symptoms. For that purpose, the data was composed from 11 patients, in which the symptoms were existent for more than 1 year. The data was collected in the form of history taking Structured Clinical Interview, that has been a part of case study method. It was found that the patients display an obsession with the sexual acts and feel discomfort if unable to control their urges which later affect their personal and social functioning. So this paper will focus and summarize sexual behavior in OCD with the help of case studies. --- ## Evaluating the effectiveness of antiplatelet therapy of the patients with kidney disease **Authors:** Nodir N Sultonov, Maksud O Sabirov, Mahsuma H Tashpulatova, Lola I Maksudova **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3269 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic Kidney Disease, Antiplatelet Therapy, Allthrombosepin, Dipyridamole The study has evaluated the effectiveness of antiplatelet therapy of patients with chronic kidney disease. The patients were divided into two groups when treating the disease, the first group was given allthrombosepin as antiplatelet therapy, and the second group was given dipyridamole. The research work was monitored for ten days, during which the amount of urea in the blood was 9.6% compared to healthy people and a decrease in the amount of creatinine to 7.52%. Aggregation of thrombocytes was observed in the first group by 10.23%, and 9.6% was in the second group. As can be seen from the results obtained, it has been proved that dipyridamole did not lag in effectiveness, which was taken from the factory as an antiplatelet therapy and was used with the locally developed allthrombosepin, as traditional treatment, while treating chronic kidney disease (CKD). --- ## The effectiveness of Acacia oral gel on wound healing in rabbits clinically and histopathologically **Authors:** Sara Taha Ismail, Eman Abdullah Sulaiman, Noor A Sulaiman **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3257 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acacia Arabica, Acacia Efficacy, Oral Gel, Wound Healing Oral mucosa considered as one of defensive mechanism of oral cavity, it is important in oral functions as eating, swallowing and even talking. Any wound or discontinuity effects on these functions so speeding the healing process with less inflammatory reactions is crucial, many herbs were used at different eras to reach this goal one of these herbs is Acacia plant. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of acacia oral gel extract on the wound healing. In materials and method This study include (twenty-one) male rabbits, (seven) for each group used for this study, two incisions of one centimeter length were made on buccal oral mucosa bilaterally one is treated by acacia oral gel while other left for normal healing, the follow up of the wound at twenty-four hours, three days and seven days clinically and histopathological examination were done. In result of this study, The study shows decrease in inflammatory reaction after seventy-two hours of the wound and increase in re-epithelialization rate in wound healing of acacia nilotica gel group, So it is concluded from this study that the acacia plant gel extract has anti-inflammatory effect and accelerate the wound healing of oral mucosa in rabbits. --- ## Cussonia natalensis Sond. and C. zuluensis Strey (Araliaceae): A comparative analysis of their medicinal uses and pharmacological properties **Authors:** Alfred Maroyi **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3280 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Araliaceae, Cussonia natalensis, Cussonia zuluensis, Indigenous Pharmacopeia, Traditional Medicine Cussonia natalensis Sond. and C. zuluensis Strey have a long history of medicinal use in southern Africa. The aim of this study was to review the medicinal uses and pharmacological properties of the two species. Results of this study are based on data derived from several online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as scientific publications, books, dissertations, book chapters and journal articles. The bark, fruits and roots of C. natalensis and C. zuluensis are used as emetic, purgative and protective charm, and traditional medicine for diarrhoea, fever, stomach ache and swellings. This study showed that pentacyclic triterpene acids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins and steroids have been identified from the leaves, roots and twigs of the species. The leaf extracts and compounds isolated from C. natalensis and C. zuluensis exhibited antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antiprotozoal and cytotoxicity activities. Documentation of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of C. natalensis and C. zuluensis is important as this information provides baseline data required for future research and development of health-promoting and pharmaceutical products. There is need for extensive phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies of crude extracts of C. natalensis and C. zuluensis to establish the safety profiles of different preparations of the two species. --- ## Study of Clinical Profile of Neonatal seizures in a NICU of Rural Central India **Authors:** Varma A, Meshram R J, Darvhekar N, Patel Z, Damke S G, Taksande A **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3198 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Neonatal Seizures, Etiology, Clinical Profile Seizures are common neonatal illness amongst neurological disorders. The study was conducted to determine the clinical profile of neonatal seizures. A hospital based prospective observational study was undertaken in the NICU of a rural set up in central India. A total of 82 neonates admitted with seizures or who developed seizures later during the stay in NICU were subject population of the study. Of 82 neonates with seizures, the overall mean for duration of stay was 14.34 (±10.41) days and the interquartile range was 1-32 days and male predominance. Majority of neonates included were extramural deliveries (62.19%). The distribution of neonates in the study according to their gestational age, birth weight, route of delivery & MSAF was found to be statistically insignificant (p Value >0.05). The vaginal route of delivery was more common than the caesarean section among neonates with seizures in the study. The overall mortality rate was 17.07% (14/82). In most of the cases, the causes of neonatal seizures were present. Birth asphyxia was the main etiology identified. The antenatal services and intrapartum monitoring is important. --- ## Clinical evaluation of Nitya Virechana in Hepato cellular Jaundice – A Case Study **Authors:** Shweta Dadarao Parwe, Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3247 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Nitya Virechan, Kamala, Hepatocellular Jaundice, Panchakarma, Pittakarahar, Yakrit Plihari Lauha Kamala is a Vikar of the pittapradoshja. The symptoms are analogous to those of jaundice. Hepatocellular jaundice is an infectious condition which affects the liver. Due to lifestyle modification, society can't follow these concepts about ‘Aahar’&Vihar’ (Diet and behavioural regime) (e.g. fast food, Chinese style food, late-night sleep and day sleep. So now the maximum people in a day are going to suffer from GIT problem. Pittakar-ahar likes Vada-Pav, highly spiced food and propensity to consume alcohol is also rising gradually. Ayurveda has historically been highly proficient and has been treating liver disorders for centuries, and the drug toxicity tends to be lower than conventional medicine. Therefore the case study, like NityaVirechana, is based on Ayurvedic Medicine and Purification Therapy (Panchakarma Procedure). Acharya Charak stated the Classical Virechana is management, but the patient was lean, and his strength was not as much of, so incapable of performing classical virechan. His body structure and his strength and working pattern kept in mind, we planned Nityavirechan (daily purgation) and got a very good outcome and also saved his time for hospitalisation. --- ## Review of phytochemistry, biological activities and therapeutic potential of Brachylaena discolor **Authors:** Alfred Maroyi **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3201 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Asteraceae, Brachylaena Discolor, Compositae, Indigenous Knowledge, Traditional Medicine Brachylaena discolor DC. is a shrub or tree widely used as herbal medicine in southern Africa. Brachylaena discolor is indigenous to Botswana, Eswatini, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. This study was aimed at reviewing the phytochemistry, biological activities and therapeutic potential of B. discolor. Information on phytochemistry, biological activities and therapeutic potential of B. discolor was collected from online sources such as Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as books, book chapters, theses and journal articles obtained from the University library. This investigation revealed that the bark, leaf, root, stem and twig infusion or decoction of B. discolor are mainly used for magical purposes and as anthelmintic and tonic, and traditional medicine for female infertility, skin infections, renal problems, diabetes, gastro-intestinal problems and respiratory infections. Chemical compounds identified from B. discolor include alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, phlobatannins, saponins, sesquiterpene lactones, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. Ethnopharmacological review showed that B. discolor and phytochemical compounds identified from the species have anticancer, anthelmintic, anti-hyperglycaemic, antibacterial, cytotoxicity, antifungal, antidiabetic, antioxidant and leishmanicidal activities. Advanced ethnopharmacological research on B. discolor should focus on the possible biochemical mechanisms of both the crude extracts and identified phytochemical compounds including toxicological, in vivo and clinical studies to corroborate the traditional medicinal applications of the species. --- ## Rational design of cyclic tetra and pentapeptides as therapeutic agents for dengue NS2B/NS3 protease using structure-based molecular docking (MOE and AutoDock 4.2) **Authors:** Nadeem Abdalsatar Abdalrazaq, Ezatul Ezleen Kamarulzaman **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3184 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cyclic Peptides, Dengue NS2B/NS3 Protease, Molecular Docking, Rational Design Dengue virus infection is one of the health problems in tropical and subtropical countries. Although this disease is common, unfortunately, until now no licensed vaccine or relevant drugs available in the market. The first objective of this study is to design potent and selective peptidic inhibitors by studying the interactions between the designed peptides and the dengue NS2B/NS3 protease using computational docking technique and secondly to compare the quantitative and qualitative docking results using two independent docking programs (MOE and AutoDock 4.2). The proposed peptides were designed based on literature reviews and previous findings on the interaction between dengue NS2B/NS3 protease and reported peptides, thus, we designed ten cyclic tetrapeptides and twenty cyclic pentapeptides. The results demonstrated that most of the proposed peptides were connected to the protease binding pocket and made interactions with the protease catalytic triad residues (His51, Asp75 and Ser135). Based on quantitative and qualitative docking results from the two docking programs, it showed that two cyclic tetrapeptides (1-C4 and 4-C4) and four cyclic pentapeptides (4-C5, 16-C5, 20-C5, and 6-C5) are the best potential inhibitors with the lowest free energy of binding and the high number of interactions with protease. In conclusion, the two independent docking programs could give almost the same results based on its quantitative and qualitative docking results. Thus, these potential peptides could serve as promising inhibitors for dengue virus. These findings will be further continued for the synthesis of these cyclic peptides and in vitro biological assays to confirm their activity. --- ## Effect of short-term memory and working memory in diabetes with comorbidities condition **Authors:** Anand Vijayakumar P R, Seema A, Kokul Rajan P **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3158 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cognition, Dementia, Hippocampal Damage, Memory, Type 2 Diabetes Cognitive function refers to the ability of humans to function normally which includes physical as well as mental interpretation like ability to focus, concentrate, learn, plan, determine, execute, manipulate and problem solving. Etiologic of cognitive dysfunction includes AD, depression, anxiety and vascular dementia, hippocampal sclerosis etc., Diabetes associated with cognitive decline are related to short fall of learning and memory. Cognitive impairment/dysfunction in diabetic patients has been divided into three stages, stage one, stage two and stage three. Stage one, occur in all groups of different ages and it is characterized by mild and subtle changes in cognition. Deficit in short-term memory and working memory leads to major problems like Alzheimer disease and dementia. The pathophysiology of cognitive decline associated involves microvascular injury, hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Diabetes associated with comorbidities condition leads to decrease in short-term memory and working memory. From this review we observed short term memory retains small amount of data in cognizance which are readily available state for short period of time whereas working memory manipulates the information through visual and auditory storage and it is important in understanding and improving the memory. Conclusion of this review is that, there is a decrease in short-term memory and working memory in type 2 diabetes patient condition. But there is no evidence of which type comorbidity condition affects more in short-term memory and working memory. So, further research study to be carried out. --- ## Proton Pump Inhibitors Adversely Induce Selective Changes in the Bone Mineral Density Detected by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry in Postmenopausal Women **Authors:** Saleh Y S, Al-Nimer M S M **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3175 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Proton Pump Inhibitors, Osteoporosis, T-score, Postmenopausal Women Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is a universal tool that can detect bone loss and diagnose osteoporosis. Long term of using certain drugs contributed to the etiopathology of bone loss. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) users are at risk of developing osteoporosis. This study aimed to prove the selectivity of PPIs in inducing bone loss in postmenopausal women by determining the T-score of the axial spine and femur bone. A total number of 215 menopausal women were recruited from a Teaching hospital and private clinics from August 2018 to November 2019. The participants were grouped into Group I, n=150 (had no PPIs treatment) and Group II, n=65 (had treatment with PPIs). All the participants were subjected to DEXA investigation. Group II patients showed significantly lower T-score of the femur bone, while Group I patients showed a significantly lower T-score of lumbar vertebrae. The percentage of Group II patients had a T-score – 2.5 in femur ward bone is 35.4%, while the percentage of Group I patients had a T score -2.5 in the lumbar-3 vertebrae is 35.3%. Moreover, PPIs users showed an acceleration of bone loss despite the age, duration of menopause, body mass index, and waist-to-height ratio. We conclude that PPIs users are at risk of developing bone mass loss in the femur more than in the lumbar vertebrae. --- ## Anti-atherosclerotic and Anti-Biofilm properties of Pleurotus ostreatus Metabolites **Authors:** Priya B, Vijayachitra A **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3187 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Metabolites, Pleurotus ostreatus, Anti-Biofilm, Drug Release, Atheroscelrosis To investigate the anti-biofilm and anti-atherosclerotic properties of metabolites from a mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus was selected as the main objective of present study. The study involved the following series of steps to meet the objective. Coating the metal stents with fungal metabolites and vitamin-E, to study the anti-biofilm properties against biofilm producing bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), to determine the drug release behaviour from the coated stents, and to investigate the cytotoxic assay and biocompatibility of the coated stents using MTT assay method. Anti-biofilm activity of the developed Metabolite-Vitamin E (MVE) combinations showed significant activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis (0.5mg/ml) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.75mg/ml). Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus expressed respective anti-biofilm values of 0.5mg/ml, 0.25mg/ml and 0.5mg/ml. Drug release behaviour analysis revealed controlled and sustained release of fungal metabolites from the stents coated with Metabolite-Vitamin E mixture. In vitro MTT assay revealed that Metabolite-Vitamin E did not inhibit the growth of L929 fibroblast cells; indicating the biocompatibility of the coated stents. Mushrooms producing pharmacologically significant metabolites could be exploited in treating cardiovascular diseases in human beings to a greater extent. Future analysis could be useful in identifying the significant chemical compounds present in the metabolites. --- ## Haematological profile in clinically suspected cases of neonatal Sepsis **Authors:** Rashmi L Sonawane, Mahendra A Patil, Sujata Kanetkar **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3155 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Haematological Profile, Clinically Cases, Neonate, Sepsis Neonatal septicemia is one of the major factors contributing to the high perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in newborns and is recognized as global health challenge. Study was aimed the changes in hematological profile along with blood culture and C-reactive proteins in clinically suspected cases of neonatal sepsis. The present study were included 108 neonates clinically suspicious to have sepsis and admitted in NICU. Avacutainer, Glass slides, Leishman’s stain, Automated Hematology analyzer, Staining Kit was used. Maximum number of neonates i.e. 80 (74%) were less than 2 days old. 70 (64.82%) were males and 38 (35.18%) were females. Maximum number (53.70%) were preterm, respiratory distress seen in (76.11%) Premature rupture of membranes was observed in 39 (36.11%). The clinical suspicion of sepsis, 24 (22.22%) had proven sepsis. Rodwell’s hematological score of > 3 identified 23 out of 24 (95.83%) proven sepsis group neonates, 24 (88.89%) probable sepsis group neonates. Of the 108 neonates with clinical suspicion of sepsis, 24 (22.22%) had positive blood cultures. The most common pathogen isolated in the blood culture was Klebsiella pneumonia in 12 (50%). Leucocytosis was seen in 4 (16.6%). The total WBC count has low sensitivity (37%) but a high specificity (96%) as indicator of sepsis. Elevated immature PMN count was observed (79.2%) Elevated. Thrombocytopenia was noted in 9 cases (37.5%) proven sepsis. Rodwell’s hematological scoring framework is a straightforward, speedy, financially savvy instrument which can be utilized as screening test for early conclusion of neonatal sepsis. --- ## Effectiveness of DFMC chart versus Caardiff Ten Count chart on mother’s perception among antenatal mothers **Authors:** Jagadeeswari J, Prasanth K **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3183 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** DFMC, CARDIFF TEN COUNT Charts, Antenatal and Mother’s Perception Pregnancy is considered as a very precious event in every women`s life. It is filled with happiness, joy and surprises. Every parents hopes for a healthy baby, but may sometimes become sorrowful when danger sets in either to the mother or to the fetus. Pregnancy links mother and fetus together and is the basis for regeneration and the generation. In high-risk pregnancies, the mother may sometimes escape death but fetus and neonates often become the victim so the present study aims to assess the effectiveness of DFMC chart and Cardiff count ten charts on mother’s perception among antenatal mothers. A quantitative approach with Pre-Experimental research one-shot case design was adopted to conduct the study among 30 antenatal mothers who were selected by Non- probability convenience sampling technique. The semi-structured interview method was used to collect the demographic data and the level of the mother's perception among antenatal mothers was assessed by a structured questionnaire. The results of the study shows that among 30 samples in the DFMC group, 9(60%) had good perception 5(33.33%) had very good perception and 1(6.7%) had poor perception. Whereas in the Cardiff Ten Count, 10(66.7%) had good perception and 5(33.33%) had very good perception on fetal movement among antenatal mothers. This study proves that DFMC and CARDIFF chart on mother’s perception is an effective method to prevent any fetal complication during pregnancy and also it helps the mothers to improve to the knowledge and to provide the better quality of life to maternal. --- ## Prophylactic Effects of Tomato and Lemon Juices on Castrated Healthy Local Male Rabbits **Authors:** Muntaha Mahmoud Al-Kattan **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3211 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Juice, Tomato, Male Rabbits, Testicle, Lemon This study was performed to determine the Prophylactic effects of both lemon and tomato juices on some physiological and biochemical features of healthy castrated male rabbits. The study included 30 male rabbits divided into 6 groups with 5 rabbits/ group; the first group which is the control group were given physiological solution, the second were given (4ml/ kg of body weight) lemon juice, the third were given (3ml/kg of body weight) tomato juice, the fourth were castrated and given physiological solution, the fifth were castrated and given (4ml/ kg of body weight) lemon juice and the sixth were castrated and given (3ml/kg of body weight) tomato juice. The results showed positive effects in the groups treated with the juices regarding the Adiponectin hormone, T3, T4 and TSH, as well as a reduction in concentration of TC, LDL-c, atherogenesis index and an increase in HDL-c concentration. We concluded that castrated groups was the opposite where there was a reduction in the concentrations of the Adiponectin hormone, T3, T4 and TSH, and an increase in the concentrations of TC, LDL-c, the atherogenesis index and a reduction in concentration of HDL-c. --- ## Comparative Evaluation of Different Irrigation Techniques with Conventional Irrigation Technique for the Removal of Double Antibiotic Paste from Root Canal-An in vitro study **Authors:** Samrudhi Khatod, Anuja Ikhar, Pradnya Nikhade, Manoj Chandak, Kaustubh Khatod, Akshay Jaiswal, Madhulika Chandak, Chanchal Rathi, Nidhi Motwani **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3194 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Double Antibiotic Paste, Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation, EndoVac, Conventional Syringe Irrigation Complete removal of infection, rendering root canal free of an organism is the prime aim of endodontic treatment. It cannot be achieved alone by biomechanical preparation due to the complexity of root canal treatment. Therefore the use of intracanal medicament is a must. The antibiotic paste is frequently used intracanal medicament, usually in regenerative cases. Hence the aim of the is to compare different irrigation technique for removal of double antibiotic paste from root canal through a stereomicroscope. 36 single-rooted were standardized to root length of 12mm then instrumented by Protaper rotary file up to size F4. Irrigation was done using sodium hypochlorite in between instrument change. The root canal was dried using paper point and filled by DAP and then randomly allocated to 3 groups (n=12) according to irrigation system used: conventional syringe irrigation (CSI), Passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), EndoVac (EV). Roots were then longitudinally sectioned using the diamond disk and studied under a stereomicroscope using a scoring scale. Data were evaluated using one way ANOVA and Tukey test. Among all experimental group CSI was least efficient. PUI and EV showed greater efficiency but no significant difference between PUI and EV, but a significant difference between CSI and PUI, EV (p< 0.05). Use of irrigation activation system results in efficient removal of DAP compared to CSI. --- ## Effect of Hypervitaminosis D3 on Liver, Kidney Functions in White Rats **Authors:** Haitham L Al-Hayali **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3212 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vitamin D3, Toxicity, Rats, Liver, Kidney The research was undertaken to evaluate the effects of vitamin D3 on the liver and kidney functions through some haematological and biochemical parameters. The results illustrate that high doses (30000 and 50000 IU) of vitamin D3 significantly reduce the rats' body weights in about 46% additionally much of symptoms like weakness, the rigidity of limbs, neurological irritation, difficulty in movement, respiration and deaths occurrence. The results also showed that the high doses vitamin D3 has a significant decreased in Red Blood Corpuscles (RBCs), Hemoglobin (Hb), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), White Blood Corpuscles (WBCs), Lymphocytes (Lymph), Monocytes (Mono), Granulocytes (GRA) and Platelets (PLT) compared with the control group. In contrast, the Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) and Platelet Distribution Width (PDW) significantly increased after 20-30 days of treatment. Besides, the results demonstrated a significant decrease in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Total Protein (TP), Creatinine (Cr) and increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Urea. While albumin did not give any significant differences. As well the study proved significantly increase in serum vitamin D3 concentration compared with the control group after 20-30 days of treatment. Since vitamin D3 can be beneficial for the organisms, but the overdoses of the vitamin can alter some parameters in the body. --- ## Phytophotodermatitis: A Case Report **Authors:** Asish Kumar Saha, Asem Veeves Singh, Shekhar Sanjayrao Deshpande, Anand Vijaya kumar **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3239 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Phytophotodermatitis, Psoralen, Hyperpigmentation, Furocoumarin, Skin Inflammation A rare phototoxic dermatological reaction seen in Indian Sub-continent, known as Phytophotodermatitis, occurs with exposure to ultraviolet light after contact with certain plant chemicals. Phytophotodermatitis named from the terms ‘phyto’ means plant, ‘photo’ means light, and ‘dermatitis’ means skin inflammation. The signs and symptoms of Phytophotodermatitis typically initiated 24 hours after comes in contact with skin, and the peak is reached between 48 to 72 hours. The indications may be from mild or severe. The signs are redness, tenderness, burning sensation, pain, inflammation, itching, blistering, thickened layer of skin after blisters rupture. The area of blisters is usually asymmetrical in shape. These are seen in the areas of the skin, that were exposed to the chemical. For example, the drip form of blister seen in the skin if it is exposed to fruit juice. If the skin were brushed against a plant, it would show streaks like pattern. Though the early symptoms subside, within 7-14 days, signs of blackening of the skin may show hyperpigmentation. This stage of Phytophotodermatitis is known as post-inflammatory pigmentation and might last for many months. In some cases, the affected person will have a very mild inflammatory reaction, if they are exposed to sunlight, while some may not even know that they experienced a reaction. The hyperpigmentation is the initial sign to know that they have got Phytophotodermatitis. Initial symptoms get aggravated because of wet skin, sweat and heat. Darkening of skin-colour is observed in the persons while they are exposed to sunlight. In this case, we are reporting about a patient having this condition and the cause for the occurrence. --- ## A Selective and Sensitive Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Genotoxic Impurities in Penciclovir drug substance and its dosage forms using UPLC-MS/MS **Authors:** Rao P Y G, Sreenivasa Rao B, Suresh Reddy K V N, Sudhakar CH **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3224 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Penciclovir, UPLC-MS/MS Development and Validation, Quantification, 2-Amino-6-chloro purine, Bromo Compound A selective, rapid and sensitive method was developed for the determination of genotoxic impurities (2-Amino-6-chloro purine and Bromo compound) in Penciclovir drug substance using RPUPLC-MS/MS. The chromatographic separation was performed on Kromasil C8 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) maintained at 45°C using 0.1%formic acids in water as buffer and acetonitrile through gradient programme. The flow rate was maintained at 0.5mL/min with an injection volume of 10 μL. For the quantification of genotoxic impurities, positive-electrospray ionisation (ESI) mode was selected. Penciclovir and its impurities were well separated within the shortest run time of 16min. The chromatographic method was developed, and the results of all validation parameters showed that the technique is well confined to the limits of ICH guidelines. The method has high sensitivity, and the limit of detection was found to be as low as 0.15 and 0.30 ppm for 2-Amino-6-chloro purine and Bromo compound. The recovery of 2-Amino-6-chloro purine and Bromo compound are found in the range of 80-120%. The linearity of peak area versus concentration was demonstrated in the range of LOQ - 150% level of impurities with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The method has proved too robust by introducing minuscule changes in the chromatographic parameters. The method was successfully validated and applied for Penciclovir drug substances and their dosage forms to determine the mentioned genotoxic impurities. --- ## Correlation between selected anthropometry parameters among female adolescent nursing students - Indicators of health **Authors:** Silambuselvi K, Abirami P, Jayabharathi B **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3209 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Body Mass Index, Body Fat Percentage, Female Students, Healthy Weight Anthropometric measures are important indicators of health status. The present research was conducted among selected female nursing college students to analyse the correlation between body mass index and body fat percentage. This Quantitative Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 203 female nursing students at SRM College of Nursing, Kattankulathur, Chennai, using a non-probability convenient sampling technique. Body mass index was analysed using the formula, and Omron body fat analyser (HBF-306) was used to observe body fat percentage. Body mass index (BMI) results showed that the majority of samples 115 were found to have healthy BMI, 62 students were underweight, 24 samples were overweight. Body fat percentage results showed that 126 samples had healthy body fat percentage, 29 samples had too high body fat percentage,38 study samples had too low body fat %, and 10 students had obese body fat %. The correlation was observed to be positive and significant among body mass index and body fat percentage in total. Correlation among body mass index and per cent body fat based on BMI Classification also showed a significant positive correlation among underweight, normal and overweight individuals. Still, a negative correlation was found in obese samples. Since the number of obese samples was less, a similar correlation study among large samples was recommended. --- ## Method Development and Validation of Famotidine Oral Suspension by RP-HPLC Method **Authors:** Prakash Chand T, Elancheziyan K, Yamini R, Aysha Jadeera K A, Vijey Aanandhi M, Binoy Varghese Cheriyan **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3250 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Famotidine, Method Development, Method Validation, Reverse Phase HPLC For perseverance of Famotidine a simple, fast and selective procedure were developed in drug substance and its pharmaceutical preparations. In the proposed project, a successful attempt has been made to develop a simple, accurate, economic and rapid method for the estimation and to validate the method. As a result, a simple, economical, precise and accurate method was developed and validated by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). The main objective for that is to improve the conditions and parameters, which should be followed in the development and validation. The developed Reverse phase HPLC technique was done utilizing filtered and degassed pH-6.0 Acetate buffer as a Mobile phase-A and pH-6.0 Acetate buffer and organic mixture in the ratio of 30:70 as a Mobile phase-B. By using waters X-Bridge C18 (150*4.6mm), 3.5µm column chromatographic separation was achieved. The flow rate and run time was 0.8mL/min and 45minutes. The detection wavelength was 265nm.The average percentage recovery for Famotidine related compound-C was found to be 94.3%, 95.9%, 96.0% represents the accuracy of the method and for Famotidine related compound-D was found to be 95.8, 95.4 and 96.4. The %RSD for Famotidine related compound-C was found to be 5.576 and for Famotidine related compound-D was found to be 1.588 represents the precision of the method. The correlation coefficient square for Famotidne, Famotidine related compound-C and Famotidine related compound-D was found to be 0.999999, 0.9992 and 0.9991 respectively. Respective parameters met the acceptance criteria, from the results concluded that the developed method was precise and accurate. --- ## Managing pediatric haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in a resource limited setting-A 3 years experience **Authors:** Sanjay Kumar Sahu, Palash Das, Jyoti Ranjan Behera **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3256 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HLH, Children Hemophagocytosis, SoJIA Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare and fatal entity in children with fever, organomegaly, cytopenias, liver dysfunction and coagulopathy and does not respond to conventional therapies. It is categorized into two types: Primary (inherited) and Secondary (associated with infection, malignancy, autoimmune diseases, etc.). Prognosis of primary HLH is poor, whereas in secondary HLH outcome depends upon the underlying disease. This study is a retrospective analysis of case records of children admitted with a diagnosis of HLH from January 2016 to December 2019 in the Pediatrics department of a teaching hospital in Odisha, India. It describes the clinical features, laboratory findings, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of children with HLH.Thirteen children were diagnosed as HLH for 36 months in the age range from 1 month 11 days to 14 years. Fever and splenomegaly were present in 100% of cases while hepatomegaly in 69.2% and rash in 15.3% of cases. Anaemia, hyperferritinemia were detected in 100% whereas neutropenia in 76.9% and thrombocytopenia in 38.4%. Bone marrow aspiration was done in 7 patients out of whom 6 revealed haemophagocytosis. Serum fibrinogen was low in 8 cases. Out of 13 cases, 7 patients received corticosteroid, and 3 of them also received Cyclosporine along with Steroids. Two cases left against medical advice, 7 had infectious aetiology, and 3 cases were diagnosed as Systemic onset Juvenile Idiopathic arthritis (SoJIA). Seven patients required ICU care. Ten cases recovered, and one died as HLH is a rare entity and has a high chance of fatality early diagnosis and prompt therapy results in a better outcome. --- ## Screening for Phytochemicals and Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous extract of Tridax procumbens **Authors:** Momanyi Kerubo Rachael, Rajiv P, Sugapriya Dhanasekaran **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3226 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Phytochemicals, Screening, Antimicrobial Activity, T. procumbens The plants are producing different types of secondary metabolites and are employed either indirectly or directly in the pharmaceutical industries. The chemical constituents of secondary metabolites improve the primary health and physiological activity in human systems. Tridax procumbens is belonging to Asteraceae family. T. procumbens is classified as a weed. In traditional medicine, the leaves, root, and stem of T. procumbens were used to treatment of stomach pain, diarrhoea, colds, inflammations, hepatopathies, bacterial and skin infections. The main objectives of present study were to screen the phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of weed plant (T. procumbens). The phytochemical screening was carried out using the stranded methods. The evaluation of antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract of T. procumbens was done by agar well diffusion method using bacterial and fungal pathogens such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Fusarium oxysporium and Trichoderma reesei. All the phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, phenolic groups, glycosides, tannin, alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids and steroids were present in the extract of T. procumbens and were confirmed by phytochemical analysis. The aqueous extract has not shown antibacterial and antifungal activity against tested pathogens. Other evaluation process is to be done on isolation of phytochemicals and chemical structure determination of bioactive compounds. --- ## A Clinicopathological study of uterine cervical lesions in a Tertiary Care Centre **Authors:** Sujata Kumbhar, Sujata Kanetkar, Avinash Mane, Akanksha Gore **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3236 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bethesda Categories, Cervical Cancer, Clinical Presentation, Correlation, Histopathology, Pap Smear Pap test is a simple yet effective screening method to detect cervical cancer in its early stage, and thus it helps to reduce morbidity and mortality from cancer. A total of 430 cases were studied after taking ethical clearance. The cytological diagnoses were made by Cytopathologist using Bethesda 2014 system for categorization of cervical smears. Cytological results were correlated with clinical features and histopathological results wherever biopsy was available. The total of the 430 cases studied 24 (5.58%) were inadequate to report, excluding these, of the total 406 cases 260 (64.04%) cases were symptomatic, and 146 (35.96%) were asymptomatic. Cytologic diagnoses were NILM –normal- 140 (55.23%)with a mean age of 38.48 years, NILM- inflammatory 128 (47.76%) with a mean age of 35.96 years, ASC-US 36 (8.86%) with a mean age of 36.69 years, ASC-H 18 (4.43%) with a mean age of 45 years, LSIL 42 (10.34%) with a mean age of 41.90, HSIL 22 (5.42%) with a mean age of 51.22 years, and invasive cancer 20 (4.92%) with a mean age of 61.8 years. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of Pap test were 89.79%, 95.34%, and 95.65%, 89.13% and 83.33% respectively. Pap smear test is a simple, rapid, economical, still practical screening test to detect cervical intraepithelial lesions and cancer. --- ## Targeting the antiurolithiatic activity by entrapping the bioactive compounds of Asparagus racemosus in chitosan nanoparticles on ethylene glycol induced renal calculi in Wister albino rats **Authors:** Kishore Bandarapalle, Prasanna Raju Yalavarthi, Chandra Sekhar Kothapalli Bannoth **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3237 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antiurolithiatic Activity, Asparagus racemosus, Chitosan Nanoparticle, In vivo Antioxidant Parameters, Nanotechnology, Serum Parameters, Urine Parameters The objective of our research is to investigate the antiurolithiatic intervention of bioactive compounds of Asparagus racemosus loaded Chitosan nanoparticles (BACARNPs) on ethylene glycol engendered renal calculi in male Wister rats. The efficiency of bioactive compounds of A. racemosus (BACAR) at 800 mg/kg p.o and BACARNPs at 800 mg equivalent weight of BACAR/kg p.o was validated in ethylene glycol 0.75% (v/v) and ammonium chloride 1% (w/v) mediated renal calculi in rats. Cystone (750 mg/kg, p.o.) has been used as a standard drug. Urinary variables comprise calcium, magnesium, oxalate, phosphate, uric acid, creatinine, urine pH, urine volume, and Creatinine clearance; Serum parameters include creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium and uric acid; calcium and oxalate deposition in the kidney were assessed. In vivo antioxidant parameters include lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione were determined and histopathological studies were also examined. In both control groups, a substantial increase in urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate, and their intensification in the kidney; enhanced amounts of phosphate, uric acid, and reduced magnesium levels in urine; elevated serum creatinine, BUN, calcium and uric acid; Creatinine clearance was declined were observed and normalized in treated groups. In vivo antioxidant parameters and histopathological variations reinstated to conventional form. Chitosan serves as a ligand to renal epithelial cells leads to improved agglomeration of BACAR in kidney compared to BACAR administered solitarily results in increased antiurolithiatic activity. --- ## ORIF with orthogonal plating in the management of complex distal humerus fractures - A prospective study of 30 patients **Authors:** Yeshwanth Subash, Vishnu S, Damo dharan **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3275 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Distal Humerus, MEPS, ORIF, Orthogonal Plating Fractures of the distal humerus are quite challenging to treat due to the intraarticular nature of the fracture. They are compounded by factors such as gross comminution and osteoporosis, especially in the elderly age group. This study was performed to evaluate the functional outcome following ORIF (Open reduction and internal fixation) of these fractures with orthogonal plating. Thirty patients with complex intraarticular fractures of the distal humerus who presented between April 2011 to April 2014 were managed with ORIF with orthogonal plating. They were followed up for three years. Functional evaluation was performed using the MEPS (Mayo elbow performance score) and the DASH score (Disabilities of arm, shoulder and hand). The right elbow was more commonly affected, as seen in 16 patients, and the most common mode of injury was road traffic accidents. The average time to fracture union was 11.6 weeks. The mean MEPS score was 88.5±11.6 with 85.6% of patients having a good or excellent outcome, and the mean DASH score was 23.2 points. ORIF with orthogonal plating of complex intraarticular distal humerus fractures provides a stable fixation construct and gives good functional outcomes to the patient. --- ## Cissampelos capensis L.f. (Menispermaceae): Review of its medicinal uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties **Authors:** Alfred Maroyi **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3253 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cissampelos capensis, Indigenous Knowledge, Menispermaceae, Traditional Medicine Cissampelos capensis L.f. is a perennial climber widely used as a traditional medicine in South Africa. This study was aimed at providing a critical review of medicinal uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of C. capensis. Documented information on the pharmacological properties, phytochemistry and medicinal uses of C. capensis was collected from several online sources such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as book chapters, books, journal articles and scientific publications obtained from the university library. This study revealed that leaf, rhizome and root infusions and decoctions of C. capensis are mainly used as a blood purifier, and traditional medicines for respiratory problems, ulcers, sores and wounds, skin and stomach cancers, snakebite, sexually transmitted infections, skin diseases, diabetes and gastrointestinal problems. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins and tannins. Pharmacological research revealed that C. capensis extracts and compounds isolated from the species have anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antimalarial, hepatotoxicity, spermatozoa and cytotoxicity activities. Documentation of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of C. capensis is vital as this information provides baseline data required for future research and development of health-promoting and pharmaceutical products. There is a need for extensive toxicological evaluations of crude extracts and compounds isolated from the species since C. capensis contains potentially toxic compounds. --- ## Postoperative Regional Scalp Block versus Intravenous Fentanyl for Postsupratentorial Craniotomy Analgesia in Adult Patients under General Anesthesia **Authors:** Ahmed Beniamen Mohamed Hussien, Zaki Taha Saleh, Hala Abdel Sadek Al attar, Yasser Mohamed Nasr **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3270 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Postoperative RSB, Standard Analgesia, Supratentorial Craniotomy Majority of patients undergoing craniotomy experienced moderate to severe pain in surgical site after the procedure, and there is a reluctance to manage this pain with systemic opioids that is understandable as it may impair neurological assessment, that is crucial in the postoperative period. In addition to that, evidence concerning alternative analgesia techniques to manage post craniotomy pain is deficient. This research aims at evaluating the effect of postoperative regional scalp block (RSB) versus intravenous fentanyl for postsupratentorial craniotomy analgesia in adult patients under general anaesthesia. Patients were automatically divided into two groups with 15 patients in each, Group B: postoperative RSB was done after the end of skin closure and before emergence from general anaesthesia, Group C: control group: in which standard intraoperative analgesia was given in the form of intravenous fentanyl with no block. This study included patients with Supratentorial brain tumours were admitted to Zagazig University Hospitals. We gathered the cases in the time between March 2018 and March 2020. Results: the results displayed highly significant differences between RSB group and control group. Postoperative RSB showed advantages over standard analgesia in the point of more significant reduction of hemodynamic response to pain in the form of heart rate and blood pressure postoperatively, decrease opioid consumption, lower Visual Analogue Score (VAS), Postoperative RSB can be performed easily in a short time with very high success rate allowing better postoperative control of haemodynamics, less postoperative pain. We recommend using postoperative RSB in supratentorial craniotomy as a gold standard in our hospital to get the advantages as mentioned above. --- ## Development, Validation and Verification of a Self-Assessment Tool to Estimate Sadhaka Pitta (Mental Strength) **Authors:** Vijay Laxmi Gautam, Singh T B, Sangeeta Gehlot, Hari Hridaya Awasthi **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3249 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Brain, Mental Functions, Mental Strength, Questionnaire, Sadhaka Pitta The holistic approach of Ayurveda, treating the patient as a whole, meaning intervention targeted toward complete physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being. Sadhaka Pitta is the factor responsible for mental health and mental strength (weak and strong Sadhaka Pitta functions) assattva. It is the sub-dosha of pitta among the five types. The primary objective of the study was to develop and validate a self-assessment tool to estimate Sadhaka Pitta. The developed tool was evaluated for its reliability and validity by administering to 50 healthy volunteers of either gender belonging to 21 to 50 year age groups. Besides confirming the statistical validity and reliability, the applied utility of the newly developed tool was evaluated by mental health based on Sadhaka Pitta functions parameters of all the volunteers. The results show that the mental functions controlled by brain, vary significantly according to functions of Sadhaka Pitta. The tool therefore can be used to screen normal population to look for possible susceptibility to certain behaviours. --- ## Assessment of the influence of cilostazol on learning-memory and motor co-ordination by rodent models **Authors:** Sadgunottama Goud Kamparaj, Kudagi B L, Muthiah N S, Pravin Kumar R **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3345 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cilostazol, Diazepam, Learning & Memory, Motor Co-Ordination Dementia is a set of symptoms that include worsening of the routine of cognitive tasks, learning, reproducibility, and gait disturbances beyond typical aging. Activated c AMP can produce anti-apoptosis activity, neuroprotective activity, motor improvement, and cognitive enhancement activity. Cilostazol can increase c AMP levels, so this study aimed to evaluate the influence of cilostazol on learning-memory and motor coordination by rodent models. The rats were divided into 5 and 6 groups with 6 rats in each to test the hypothesis respectively. Before MES seizure induction the rats were trained for conditioned avoidance response for 14 days and the best one was selected for assessment. The performance of intervention treated groups to determine the memory retention effect was measured by applying a fixed number of shocks. The intervention treated groups were tested for motor coordination performance by rotarod test (4-45 RPM accelerating speed for 5 min) after 30 and 60 min. The latency time of each rat falls off from the rod for the first time was noted. The results were presented as Mean ± SD, tested by ordinary two way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test. Cilostazol 100 mg/kg p.o demonstrated a significant memory enhancement activity in the conditioned avoidance response technique. Cilostazol 20mg/kg i.p alone and along with diazepam 2 mg/kg demonstrated a significant motor coordination performance in both sessions. The present study concludes that cilostazol has improved the learning & memory and motor coordination performances. --- ## Invitro Efficacy of antioxidant activity in ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Andrographis paniculata Nees and Rhinacanthus nasutus Kurz **Authors:** Akilandeswari G, Bupesh G, Vijaya Anand A, Saradhadevi K M, Mayur Mausoom Phukan, Meenakumari K **Published:** 2020-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3344 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Andrographis paniculata Nees, Rhinacanthus nasutus Kurz, In vitro, Antioxidant, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, SOD Plants are adundantly and are very promisive to be used as source of drugs in many diseases or infections and also it is a main agents of antioxidants which prevents the oxidative stress that are caused by the free radicals. There are numerous studies based on the pharmaceutical and classification of medicinal plants throughout the world. Leaves, fruits, roots are most frequently plant parts used in many research and studies. Here the present study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of Andrographis paniculata Nees and Rhinacanthus nasutus Kurz. Antioxidant is a substance which is used to prevent some types of cell damage in the body. Determination of their in vitro antioxidant activity were carried out by using methods such as DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl assay), ABTS (2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazolin 6-sulfonic acid assay), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power assay) and SOD (super oxide anion scavenging) assay, H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging) assay. Moreover the ethanolic leaf extracts showed best antioxidant activity than the aqueous leaf extracts. Experimental results reveals that the leaves of A. paniculata have potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity than R. nasutus. Further investigation must be done for these two medicinal plants for the discovery of the bioactive compounds. --- ## A Review on Safety Endodontic Management in Pregnancy **Authors:** Chanchal Rathi, Manoj Chandak, Madhulika Chandak, Pavan Bajaj, Pooja Chandak **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3126 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Analgesics, Antibiotics, Endodontic Treatment, Local Anaesthesia, Pregnancy, Radiographs, Safety The dental practitioner provides dental treatment to pregnant women to maintain their oral health. This is known as Intrauterine Dentistry. Dental treatment neither is cancelled nor be obstructed after confirming the pregnancy. Precautions should be taken while performing a dental procedure. During pregnancy number of physiologic and hormonal changes are taking place. Due to this, the oral cavity is more prone to infection. Also, increased consumption of carbohydrates leads to more acid formation. Also, vomiting and saliva are reduced. Also, pregnant women are always at high risk for caries than non-pregnant women. So proper dental health care of a pregnant patient is utmost necessary. Endodontic treatment comprises the use of radiographs, local anaesthetic agents, intracanal irrigants, intra-canal medicaments, and drugs. While performing an endodontic procedure, a radiograph should be taken with minimal exposure and only when it is required. Also, local anaesthesia has been chosen depending upon its effects on the baby and pregnant women. Antibiotics like amoxicillin and cephalosporin are considered to be safe in pregnancy. Also, it is stated that the second trimester is the safest period for performing any dental treatment. Analgesics are also used when a patient is in pain condition. Whenever analgesia is required paracetamol is always used safely in pregnancy. It is the drug of choice for pain relief. Only plain paracetamol is indicated. So this review discusses endodontic consideration and possible risk while performing a dental treatment. --- ## Maerua edulis (Gilg & Gilg-Ben.) DeWolf: A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties **Authors:** Alfred Maroyi **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3106 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Capparaceae, Indigenous Pharmacopoeia, Maerua edulis, Traditional Medicine Maerua edulis (Gilg & Gilg-Ben.) DeWolf is collected from the wild for its edible fruits and also used as traditional medicine. This study is aimed at evaluating the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of M. edulis. Results of the current study are based on data derived from several online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as scientific publications, books, dissertations, book chapters and journal articles. This study revealed that the bark, fruit, leaf, root and tuber infusion and decoction of M. edulis are mainly used as a thirst quencher and ethnoveterinary medicine, and traditional medicine for eye infections, stomach ache, infertility in women, wounds, fungal infections, rheumatic swellings, cough and tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include agmatine, betaines, cardiac glycosides, fatty acids, flavonoids and quaternary ammonium compounds. Ethnopharmacological research revealed that M. edulis extracts and compounds isolated from the species have acaricidal, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antifungal, antiproliferative and insecticidal activities. Future research on M. edulis should focus on the possible biochemical mechanisms of both the crude extracts and identified phytochemical compounds including toxicological, in vivo and clinical studies to corroborate the traditional medicinal applications of the species. --- ## Effect of premedication with oral clonidine on intraoperative blood loss during rhinoplasty surgery - A systematic review **Authors:** Sudarssan Subramaniam Gouthaman, Janani Kandamani, Divya Sanjeevi Ramakrishnan, Abdul Wahab P U **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3128 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bleeding, Blood Loss, Clonidine, Haemorrhage, Hypotensive Anaesthesia, Nasal Surgery, Rhinoplasty Rhinoplasty is one frequent surgical procedure of many technical variations that only a few surgeons are considered to have mastered its broad scope. Operative site bleeding is considered to be an exasperating issue in the surgical procedure of rhinoplasty. Over the past few decades, the strategy of lowering patient's blood pressure during anaesthesia or "Hypotensive anaesthesia" has been practised to reduce the blood loss during surgeries. Clonidine is an antihypertensive drug and is suggested to have advantageous effects in controlling the intraoperative blood loss. The objective of this systematic review was to explore and study the existing literature and determine the efficacy of oral clonidine as a premedication in reducing the intraoperative blood loss in rhinoplasty surgeries. Data was gathered from electronic databases like PubMed, Medline and Cochrane central library. An additional manual search was performed with various journals to look for available articles to include in the systematic review. Only those studies which met the criteria for inclusion were selected. All studies and reports that evaluated oral clonidine with placebo in reducing bleeding during rhinoplasty surgery were included. Pertinent literature abstracts and full-text articles pertaining to the query were analysed. Two articles in total were taken in for qualitative analysis, both of which were randomised clinical trials. Oral clonidine shows significantly more efficient in reducing intraoperative bleeding than the placebo group. Premedication with oral clonidine is significantly effective in controlling blood loss during the surgical procedure of rhinoplasty. --- ## Anti-diabetic activity of diphenhydramine in diabetic rats **Authors:** Pang Jyh Chayng, Nurul Ain, Kaswandi Md Ambia, Rahim Md Noah **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3102 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetic Rat, Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride, Glibenclamide, Streptozotocin The purpose of this project is to study the anti-diabetic effect of diphenhydramine on a diabetic rat model. A total of Twenty male Sprague Dawley rats were used and it randomly distributed into four groups which are Group I: Glibenclamide, Group II: negative control, Group III: Diphenhydramine and Group IV: Diphenhydramine and Glibenclamide. In vivo diabetic model were induced with Streptozocin via intraperitoneal injection at the dosage of 65mg/kg. Bodyweight and FBG (Fasting Blood Glucose) level of diabetic rats were assessed every three days. Blood was collected via cardiac puncture at day 21 after the induction of treatment. Insulin level of the rats was assessed with the Mercodia Rat Insulin ELISA kit. FBG level of group I (12.16±3.96, p<0.05) and group IV (11.34±3.67, p<0.05) were significantly decreased. Meanwhile, the bodyweight for all rats did not show any significant increase. However, the insulin level was escalated in group IV (0.74+0.25, p<0.05) significantly. The present study shows that the diphenhydramine and the combination of diphenhydramine and glibenclamide lowered blood glucose level and enhanced insulin secretion. --- ## Physical intervention to relieve pain in women with primary dysmenorrhoea-A new perspective **Authors:** Sujatha B, Jagatheesan Alagesan, Tinu Priya R, Sarumathi S **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3103 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Primary Dysmenorrhoea, Exercise Technique, Strengthening Exercise, Isometric Exercise, Stretching Exercise Dysmenorrhoea is menstruation with pain involving abdominal cramps. It can affect females daily life activities and productivity. Aim of the study is to find the effectiveness of exercise and various stretching techniques used as a treatment protocol for primary dysmenorrhoea. Forty-five students were selected based on a questionnaire. Out of this, 38 subjects were selected and divided into two groups as the control group (n=19) and the experimental group (n=19). Each group were given separate exercise protocol. The post-test value will be taken after eight weeks (2 menstrual cycles). The exercises were performed from the sixth day of the menstrual cycle. The results were determined from the statistical analysis. It has been revealed that there is a significant improvement in the experimental group than the control group. In the control group, the pre-test mean is 7.84, with the standard deviation being 1.30 and the post-test mean 5.10 with a standard deviation of 1.96. P-value in the control group was less than 0.0001. In the experimental group, the pre-test mean is 7.52, with the standard deviation being 1.54 and the post-test mean being 4.57 and a standard deviation of 2.19. P-value in the experimental group was less than 0.0001. The overall results show that there is a significant improvement in pain (VAS) in both treatment groups. The results obtained suggested that both strengthening and stretching techniques have a positive effect on the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea. The improvement is more significant in the experimental group. --- ## One-piece Lefort osteotomy versus segmental procedure for maxillary skeletal deformities - A retrospective study **Authors:** Kalyani P, Madhulaxmi M, Santhosh Kumar M P **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2946 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Skeletal Deformities, malocclusion, Osteotomy, cephalometric analysis, technique Maxillary skeletal deformities can occur in all three planes and are corrected by orthognathic surgery. Osteotomies form the basis for orthognathic surgeries. One of the most commonly used osteotomy techniques for maxillary skeletal deformities is the LeFort osteotomy. The aim of this study was to compare the application of One Piece LeFort Osteotomy and Segmental Osteotomy procedures in the treatment of maxillary skeletal deformities. The institutional study involved analysis of case sheets of patients who underwent surgical correction of maxillary skeletal deformities in the stipulated time frame and assessment based on the parameters: Demographic data, type of cephalometric analysis, cephalometric values, type of skeletal deformity, and technique of Osteotomy. Statistical analysis was calculated by chi-square test. A p-value<0.05 was considered significant. Maxillary skeletal deformities were more prevalent among females (60%) than males (40%). Anterior maxillary segmental osteotomies were more commonly performed (60%), followed by LeFort 1 osteotomy (26.7%). The prevalence of posterior osteotomy technique was 13.3%. A statistically significant association was revealed between the type of skeletal malocclusion and technique of Osteotomy used, with a p-value of 0.008<0.05. The type of malocclusion dictates the technique of Osteotomy is used. In a skeletal Class II, segmental malocclusion procedure was more preferred for maxillary deformities. --- ## Effects of Adenosine A2A Receptor Agonist on Histopathology of Some Oral Tissues in Rabbits **Authors:** Faehaa Azher Al-Mashhadane **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3122 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adenosine, Tongue, Salivary Glands, Rabbit Adenosine is a protective regulator that act endogenously to restore equilibrium of cellular energy in response to tissue trauma. It can perform such function of different systems in the body by activation of adenosine receptors. Study the effects of systemic administration of the adenosine on tongue and salivary glands tissues in the rabbit model. Thirty male rabbits of body weight of 1.5 ± 0.25kg were included in the study. In control group (15 animals), one ml of distilled water was injected intraperitoneally while in treatment group (15 animals) were injected by adenosine intraperitoneally at a dose of one mg/ml, All animals were sacrificed after 30 days. Serum samples were separated and used for analysis of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and glutathione (GSH). Tissue samples sections from tongue and salivary glands were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and examined under a light microscope for histological changes by a blinded pathologist. Histological sections in treatment group showed congestion of blood vessels and infiltration of inflammatory cells with mild hemorrhage among acini of salivary glands. Increased level of adenosine in the body microenvironment may affect tongue and salivary glands tissues by modulating some processes including inflammation and blood vessels. --- ## Inhibition Strength of Free Radicals of DPPH and Staphylococcus aureus by Ethanol Extract of Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L) **Authors:** Mustofa Ahda, Aisah Erna Wanti, Rizki Dwi Mantoro **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3135 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** DPPH Inhibition, S. aureus Inhibition, Ethanol Extract, Papaya Leaves The DPPH and Staphylococcus aureus inhibition by ethanol extract of papaya leaves has been evaluated. This research focussed on the use of papaya leaves extract as one potential herbal to be applied in cosmetics as an ingredient. Papaya leaves were extracted using the maceration method with 70% and 96% ethanol for 24 hours. Both ethanol extracts of papaya leaves showed that they could inhibit the free radicals of DPPH and S. aureus bacteria. Their activity related to its active compounds in phenolic compound form. The total phenolic content of 70% and 96% ethanol extract of papaya was 65.27±1.21% and 12.64±0.27% respectively. This total phenolic content was significantly different. The 70% ethanol extract of papaya has higher total phenolic content than 96% ethanol extract. Therefore, both 70% and 90% ethanol extract of papaya also resulted in different activity in S. aureus bacteria and DPPH inhibition. Antioxidant activity of both extracts possessed low ability to inhibit free radicals of DPPH. In contrast, their bacteria activity showed that 70% and 96% ethanol extract of papaya on the concentration of 8 mg/mL could inhibit the S. aureus bacteria growth around 1.47±0.05 mm and 1.37±0.05 mm, respectively. Based on these properties, papaya leaves extract can be applied for cosmetic ingredients in high doses to maximize its activity. --- ## Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards menopause among postmenopausal women - A Cross-sectional study in an urban slum of Eastern India **Authors:** Saswatika Beura, Lipilekha Patnaik, Manisha Sahoo, Sumitra Pattanaik, Trilochan Sahu **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3117 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** KAP Study, Menopausal Symptoms, Climacteric Stage Majority women attain menopause without having adequate knowledge and approaches to cope with the menopausal changes. So, they face many physical and psychological disorders during their menopause. Awareness, positive attitude and healthy practice towards menopause can help women to reduce their menopausal symptoms. Women who are had menopause more than 12 months were included in the study. In this study, 80.8% women had poor knowledge and 73.1% women having positive attitude towards menopause. But none of the participants reported healthy practices in their menopause. 44.2% women had knowledge that postmenopausal bleeding was abnormal, 36.5% women said that menopause is associated with many chronic diseases and 32.7% said that menstruation does not stop suddenly at the time of menopause. In our study 90.4% of participants positively accepted their menopause. Knowledge score was significantly associated with age and education. The perceived poor knowledge and practice towards menopause require more efforts for creating mass awareness about this issue. --- ## The Infection of Leukemia in Children with Hormone Variation in Baghdad Patients **Authors:** Abed H Baraaj **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3142 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Childhood Leukemia, Erythropoietin, Prenatal Accidents, Childhood Cancer, Childhood ALL The purpose of the current study was to find out the reasons that lead to a continuous Increase in the injury of children (0-14 years) with leukemia. There is no information to support the mother s exposure to prenatal accidents or the extent 0f their impact on the fetus. Therefore, the study suggested the effect of some environmental factors such as pollution in Baghdad and them are genetic. The study was conducted on 30 children with acute leukemia divided into two subgroups 15 male and 15 females, the control group also consisted of 30 children and divided into two subgroups 15 male and 15 females. The results showed a large numbers of acute lymphoblast leukemia B-cells (ALL)in the peripheral blood smear of infected children with leukemia. The level of erythropoietin showed significant variation in the groups that were included in the study where the EPO level in the infected children was (82.476±7.435mIU/ml), while the EPO level in the uninfected children was (12.321±1.315mIU/ml). the study also Show that there were significant differences in the levels of EPO in children from males with an infection (85.672±1.127 mIU/ml) compared to children of uninfected males (12.869±1.623mIU/ml). This also applies to children of infected females (72.351±9.216mIU/ml) compared to Children of uninfected females (11.672±0.632 mIU/ml). --- ## Concept of Dhoopan Chikitsa (Medicinal Fumigation Therapy) and Its Importance in Prevention of air-borne diseases–A review **Authors:** Minakshi A Urkude **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3113 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Auopasargika Rogas, Communicable Diseases, Dhoopan Chikitsa, Janpadodhwansaj Vikar, Samarikvishaprayog A person could spread infectious diseases to another person or an animal to person. Most of the contagious diseases are airborne, air borne diseases spread by tiny pathogens in the air. Bacteria, fungi or viruses transmit them. These diseases are spread by sneezing, coughing and phlegm. Airborne diseases are the most widespread, and complete prevention is complicated. These pandemic conditions had occurred in ancient times, which were described in Ayurveda text such as Janpadodhwansaj vikar (mass destruction of population) and infectious diseases (Auopsargika rogas) and Samarikavishaprayoga.Janpadodhwansaj vikar, communicable diseases (Auopsargika rogas) and Samarikavishaprayoga spread by four routes – air, water, region, time. At that time, Dhoopan Chikitsa (Fumigation therapy) had been mentioned for treating these types of airborne diseases spread by air. Dhoopana is one of the measures suggested for the maintenance of the internal and external environment of man. Dhoopana is a method by which drugs of herbal, herbo-mineral or animal origin are used for fumigation. Herbs belonging to Plant origin possess kushthahara krimihara and kandughna properties, Animal products like horn, hair, nails etc. have also been used for fumigation and Mineral like sulphur compound viz, Hartal (Arsenic trisulphide) and Manashila (Arsenic disulphide) have been used as a disinfectant for Dhoopa Chikitsa or medicinal fumigation therapy. The nose is the best route for the administration of drugs to the patient. Dhoopan Chikitsa is very easy to administer, and it can fumigate the environment also. --- ## Antibacterial Activity of Metal Nanoparticles Produced by Streptomyces spp. Isolated from Soil Samples **Authors:** Samer M Al-Hulu **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3097 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Streptomyces, Metal Nanoparticles, Production, Characterization Twenty-five soil samples were collected from Hilla city. (10) Actinomyctes isolates were isolated. Five Streptomyces spp. Late was diagnosed. Isolates positive for a gram and having grey Aerial Mycelium and yellow-green Substrate mycelium on yeast-malt extract medium. All Streptomyces spp. olates d for nanoparticles production. Streptomyces spp.2 was able for producing of omyces spp.2 was, grey aerial, yellow-green substrate mycelium, unable for in producing, having the ability for using glucose, sucrose, mannitol, negative for fructose and mannose, negative for indole, and vogas Proskauer, positive for methyl red test and citrate utilization, negative for catalase and urea test. UV spectrum for ZnO particles showed maximum absorption at 418 nm. FT-IR spectrum for ZnO nanoparticles represented absorption peak at 3425.58 cm-1 is O-H group, 2360.87 cm-1 is CΞC , 1678.07 cm-1 is C=O group, 1388.75 cm-1 is C-H group,1089, 78 cm-1 is C-O bending, 1006.84 cm-1 is C-O stretching, 615.36 cm-1 is C-H, and 545.86 cm-1 is C-cl stretching. SEM shows the ability of Streptomyces spp.2 for spherical ZnO nanoparticles synthesizing with size (78.96) nm. Streptomyces spp.2 ZnO nanoparticles were having a great effect on E.coli, with inhibition zone (20 mm) and (15,18) mm against S.aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia. --- ## FTIR spectroscopic analysis and effect of Diplotaxis Acri's flower extract on pro-inflammatory cytokines in THP-1 human macrophages **Authors:** Nasser Fahad Alotaibi **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3145 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Brassiceae, Ethanolic Extract, Immunomodulatory, Inflammation, Natural Compounds Plants and natural compounds are extensively reported for diverse biological activities, including their effects on the inflammation pathway. The annual winter herb Diplotaxis acris (D. acris) is found only slopes of sandy and stony valleys in the desert. This research is intended to make a contribution to the literature regarding the employment of the species of plant ethnomedicinally by undertaking FTIR spectroscopic analysis and examining several concentrations of the plant's extract for anti-inflammatory activity in vitro with activated THP-1 human macrophages to examine its mediating effect on inflammation. Cell viability was also evaluated, and there was no severe cytotoxic effect from D. acris extract with any of the concentrations being assessed on cells. ELISA was used to assess the pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemo kines that were produced. It has been noted that the plant extract led to a significant decrease in levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines indicates the anti-inflammatory trends of D. acris. This plant can be investigated further by isolation of natural compounds from the extract and effects of these compounds can be evaluated on the same inflammatory markers to show the main active constituent responsible for anti-inflammatory activities. --- ## Role of Capping in Peptide Synthesis **Authors:** Deepshikha Verma, Pillai V N R, Giriraj Tailor **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3134 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** SPPS, DMF, IPA, Kaiser’s Test, Fmoc Protecting groups like Fmoc and coupling both steps are essential to monitoring the Fmoc SPPS (Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis) reaction completion. Reliable methods are used to detect the unreacted number of amino groups for monitoring these two essential reaction steps of coupling and cleavage. The ability to detect the complete coupling, incomplete coupling or failure of coupling we use many colour tests in the laboratory and based on this the Fmoc peptide chemistry allows the control of the completion of the Fmoc cleavage. The most important test used is the Kaiser test and highly recommended to monitor the coupling and cleavage steps. If the result of colour tests is positive after coupling, then the second coupling should be performed. Then again use the colour test to detect the level of coupling. If the result is still slightly positive, repeat coupling with the smaller modification of reagents such as used PyBOP instead of HOBT AND HOAT. These colour tests help in revealing the presence of unreacted amino-functional groups. Thus, we need to block these free N-terminal of amino-acids which help in avoiding the making of deletion of sequence. --- ## FTIR, GC-MS and HPLC Analysis of Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell. Arg. **Authors:** Sushma B K, Raveesha H R **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3101 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** β-sitosterol, Bioactive Compounds, Biomass, Callus Induction The present work is aimed to determine the chemical constituents in Baliospermum montanum methanolic extracts. An in vitro regenerated procedure was developed for the induction of callus from stem explant cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with various concentration and permutations of 2, 4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid, 1-naphthalene acetic acid, 6-benzyl amino purine and gibberellic acid. FTIR & GC-MS analysis was done according to standard procedure. The quantitative estimation of β-sitosterol was done by HPLC method. Maximum fresh and dry weight of callus was estimated in the combination of GA3 (0.5 mg/L) + NAA (2 mg/L) compared to other concentration. The FTIR analysis showed various functional compounds with different characteristic peak values in the extracts. Major bioactive constituents were recognized in the GC-MS analysis. Root extract revealed the existence of 1-hexadecanol, pentanoic acid, 2-(aminooxy)- and 1-hexacosanol. Leaf extract showed the presence of propanoic acid, 2-oxo-, trimethylsilyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (z,z)-, trimethylsilyl ester, docosane, 1,22-dibromo- and pentatriacontane. Stem and stem derived callus exhibit the presence of 1,6,3,4-dihydro-2-deoxy-beta-d-lyxo-hexopyranose, n-hexadecanoic acid and pentanoic acid, 2-(aminooxy). The methanolic extract of leaf exhibited 0.2149 % of β-sitosterol content. There were no peaks observed in the root, stem and stem derived callus. Further studies are necessary for the isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from B. montanum. --- ## Production and Nutritional Quality of Traditional Indian Millet Mixture of Rice, Pearl Millet and Urad Dal **Authors:** Caroline Jeba R, Priyanka S, Priyanka M **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3104 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Millet Mix, Organoleptic Test, Nutritional Content, Microbial Analysis, Phytochemical Analysis, Enhancing Nutritional Value, Cost-Efficient Millet mix was prepared for its traditional values. The prepared sample was analyzed for its chemical and nutritional value, and by using the cost-efficient method, the nutritional content of the final product was enhanced. The improved sample was checked for its nutritional content. The objective is to make a comparison between standard and enhanced samples. Three ingredients were prepared in a powdered form of a sample in four different ratios. The standardized ratio of the ingredients used to make the samples were found by using organoleptic tests. In the standardized ratio normal (S1) and nutrition enhanced (S2) samples were prepared using the three ingredients. For nutrition enhancement, the method of sprouting was used. Various tests were conducted for the standardized sample to verify its nutritional content, commercializing ability, microbial analysis, phytochemical analysis etc. The nutritional content Analysis of the normal and nutrition enhanced samples (S1) and (S2) was done. The sample (S2) was nutritionally rich when compared to the normal sample (S1). All other test had more or less coinciding results for both the samples (S1) and (S2). By comparing the nutritional content, a conclusion arrives that the sample (S2) is nutritionally rich when compared to (S1). Microbial and Physical properties results show that the product is efficient to be commercialized and stored to a specific period without microbial contamination in powdered form. The nutrient-rich mass is suitable for all age group. --- ## Preclinical evaluation of the impact of cilostazol on anti-depressant activity of fluoxetine **Authors:** Sadgunottama Goud Kamparaj, Kudagi B L, Muthiah N S, Karikal H P, Pravin Kumar R **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3107 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-Depressant Activity, Cilostazol, Fluoxetine, Forced Swimming Test, Tail Suspension Test The current anti-depressant agents have limitations like the slow onset of action, moderate efficacy, withdrawal symptoms, incompliance of treatment, and instabilities in circadian rhythm. Their therapeutic use is quite restricted and produces inadequate or partial symptomatic relief of depression which may lead to treatment- resistance depression. In the view of a new strategy, second messengers (cAMP, cGMP) and their signalling pathways are emerging as novel targets for anti-depressants. The present study conducted to evaluate the augmentation property of cilostazol on the anti-depressant activity of fluoxetine. Traditional anti-depressant models like forced swimming test and tail suspension test were employed. Mice were randomly grouped into six groups, with six rats in each. Each group was treated, as mentioned in the study. The reduction in immobility period of each mouse was noted. These results were analysed by ordinary one way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Cilostazol at a dose of 20 mg/kg i.p significantly reduced immobility period when compared to cilostazol 10 mg/kg i.p and normal saline. Cilostazol 10 mg/kg i.p also decreased immobility period significantly when compared to normal saline by forced swimming test. Fluoxetine 20 mg/kg i.p + cilostazol 20 mg/kg i.p produced a highly significant reduction in the immobility period in comparison with all groups except with fluoxetine 20 mg/kg i.p + cilostazol 10 mg/kg i.p in forced swimming test. This study concludes that cilostazol has produced dose-dependent anti-depressant activity. This study also emphasises cilostazol can augment the anti-depressant activity of fluoxetine. --- ## Intracranial and Intraorbital Rosai Dorfman Disease **Authors:** Sivapriya G Nair, Jina Raj, Sajesh K Menon, Suhas Udayakumaran, Roshni P R **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3125 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Rosai Dorfman Disease, Proptosis, Sphenopetroclival Lesion Rosai Dorfman disease is a rare histiocytic disorder. It is also known as Sinus Histiocytosis. It is with massive lymphadenopathy involves an overproduction of a type of white blood cell. The disease is rarely associated with intracranial and intraorbital involvement. Intracranial Rosai-Dorfman can mimic meningioma. Other pathologies also underline its pathologies. Here, we report a nine-year-old boy with a history of proptosis of the right eye and presenting with multiple skull lesions. Histopathological study revealed Sphenopetroclival lesion, which features that of Rosai Dorfman Disease. His MRI scan of the brain was taken, which showed evidence of right optic nerve meningioma with sella and suprasellar extension, causing severe proptosis. The child underwent right frontotemporal craniotomy with petrosectomy and Transylvanian, subtemporal approach to multicompartmental Rosai-Dorfmans lesion. After four months, the patient had a recurrence of the disease on which chemotherapy and steroids were started, which also did not show much response while taking an MRI scan. A corticosteroid is a useful option in the Central Nervous System Rosai Dorfman disease treatment. But this patient showed a negative outcome to the treatment. --- ## Exploring Molecular Docking algorithm for Lung Cancer Drug Discovery – A Case Study with RET Protein **Authors:** Shristi Chaturvedi, Megha Vinod P I, Gargi Mosha, Ramanathan K **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3127 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Argus Lab, AutoDock, AutoDock Vina, Lung Cancer, PatchDock, RET Protein Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths across the globe.1.33% of all NSCLC cases occur due to an alteration in RET protein. Commonly occurring RET fusion partners include KIF5B, CCDC6, NCOA4, and TRIM33. Numerous multikinase inhibitors are active against rearranged RET. However, mutations in the RET-fusion protein can result in adverse effects in terms of drug resistance against NSCLC. In this context, molecular docking algorithm is certainly important to support the drug discovery pipelines. However, availability of huge number of algorithms in the literature limits the researchers to proceed further in drug discovery development. Thus, the present study focuses on finding the best docking algorithm among ArgusLab, PatchDock, AutoDock 4.0 and AutoDock Vina for drug discovery process against RET fusion cancers using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. We believe that our study will be a valuable source of information for carrying out further computational studies on RET fusion cancer, both mutant and wild type. --- ## The Effect of Black Cumin Extract Cream (Nigella Sativa) on Melanin Pigment Level in Rats (Rattus Norvegicus) Exposed with Ultraviolet-B Rays **Authors:** Yuli Marlina Tobing, Linda Chiuman, Sahna Ferdinand Ginting, Chrismis Novalinda Ginting **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3133 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Black Cumin, Melanin, Sunscreen Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun may cause photo aging which is characterized by uneven pigmentation and brown spots. Melanin acts to protect the skin against DNA damage due to UV radiation. Sunscreen is a cosmetic preparation that can reflect sunlight, especially in areas with UV wave emulsions. This study aims to determine the effect of black cumin extract cream on the amount of melanin pigment in rat skin exposed to ultraviolet-B rays. An experimental post-test only control group study was conducted from October 2019 - February 2020. A total of 30 rats were divided into 6 groups, namely the KN group (without treatment), P1 (basic cream), P2 (black cumin extract cream 0.25% ), P3 (0.5% cream), P4 (0.75% cream) and KP (Parasol sunscreen cream). Rats in group P4 showed significantly lower amounts of melanin (41.5 ± 10.4) than other groups (KN 41.5, P1 86.0, P2 84.7 and P3 78.7; p <0.05). However, the least amount of melanin pigment was found in the KP group (10.0 ± 1.82). It can be concluded that the topical black cumin extract cream can topically reduce the amount of melanin pigment. --- ## A study to assess the risk factors of surgical site infection among mother underwent cesarean section **Authors:** Parimala L, Prathiba P **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3137 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Assess Cesarean Section, Risk Factors, Surgical Site Infection Surgical site infection (SSI) is the second most normal irresistible inconvenience after urinary tract disease following cesarean section (CS). Surgical site infection after a cesarean area is related with expanded maternal horribleness, delayed emergency clinic remain and expanded clinical expenses. The hazard for creating SSI has noteworthily diminished over the three decades, fundamentally inferable from progress in cleanliness condition anti-infection prophylaxis, sterile methodology and other practice. Despite this decrease, the occurrence of surgical site infection is expected in the continuous rise in the incidence of cesarean delivery. A quantitative approach with descriptive study design was chosen to assess the risk factor of surgical site infection among mothers who underwent cesarean section at Saveetha Medical College Hospital. Sixty mothers who fulfil inclusive criteria were selected by purposive sampling technique. Sociodemographic variables were collected by semi-structured questionnaire, and the risk factors were assessed by surgical site assessment scale. The result of the study shows that 22(36.6%) of the mothers were obese, 34 (56.6%) were anaemia, 22 (36.6%) had hypertension, 7 (11.6%) had diabetes mellitus, 37 (61.6%) were prolonged hospitalized, 9 (15%) of study subject had previous surgery and 18 (30%) of study subject had emergency surgery. The surgical site assessment scale reveals that 31 (51.6%) comes under the no-risk category, 29 (48.3 %) comes under the risk among preoperative mothers, and 22 (36.6%) comes under no risk, 38 (63.3 %) comes under risk among post-operative mothers who underwent cesarean section. Thus the factors such as anaemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, prolonged hospital stay, previous surgery, and emergency surgery increase the risk for surgical site infection among mothers who underwent cesarean section. --- ## A study to assess the risk factors of bronchial asthma in children below 10 years of age **Authors:** Kalabarathi S, Kavya K Nair **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3138 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Risk Factors, Bronchial Asthma, Children Children are profoundly powerless against the negative wellbeing resulting in numerous ecological exposures. Children get proportionately more significant portions of natural toxicants than grown-ups, and the way that their organs and tissues are quickly creating makes them especially vulnerable to synthetic abuse. Asthma is a constant fiery infection of the aviation routes at present influencing over 300 million individuals around the world. The risk factors of asthma include genetic predisposition, irresistible respiratory contamination, allergens, environment, workouts, medications, additives, and occupational stimuli. The descriptive research design was used with 100 samples, which matched Non- probability convenience sampling techniques selected the inclusion criteria. Demographic variables were collected by interview method followed by assessed the risk factors of bronchial asthma in children (below ten years of age) by using a self-structured questionnaire. Out of 100 samples, 50(50%) risk factor of heredity, 71(71%) have problems in taking asthma medications, 44(44%) only use zipped pillow covers, 34(34%) do not use gas stoves in the kitchen, 10(10%) have moisture in the walls, 6(6%) have cases of asthma emergencies, 56(56%) find helpless in dealing with an asthma child. --- ## Prevalence of transfusion transmissible infection in blood donors at tertiary care centre of Eastern Uttar Pradesh **Authors:** Sandip Kumar, Neeraj Dhameja, Satendra Kumar, Sunil Rao, Lalit Prashant Meena, Satyendra Kumar Singh, Neelam Singh **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3139 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Blood Bank, Sero-Prevalence, TTI, Voluntary Blood Donation, Replacement Blood Donation Microbiological safety is very important aspect of blood transfusion services (BTS). Viral infectious agents possess a great risk of transfusion transmitted disease. On the one hand, blood or component transfusion is a lifesaving modality but on the other hand it can cause great mortality or morbidity in recipient if not used judiciously. The main aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis and Malaria amongst all types of donors donated at blood bank of Sir Sunderlal Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi during the year 2017. This was a retrospective study. Total donation during that period was 22255 units. A detailed questionnaire was given to the donors for registration. A total of 226 units (1.01%) were seropositive. The sero-prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, and Syphilis were 0.9% (21), 0.79% (177), 0.09% (22), 0.02% (6) respectively. No cases of malaria were detected. TTI can be reduced by motivating maximum voluntary blood donation, reducing replacement donation, public information and donor education awareness programme, stringent donor screening criteria and vigilance of error. --- ## Effectiveness of home-based cognitive training program on a cognitive level, the activity of daily living among elderly persons with mild cognitive impairment in selected community settings of Puducherry **Authors:** Govindakumari R, Vijaya lakshmi, Sai Sailesh Kumar Goothy, Vijay Raghvan **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3149 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Home-Based Cognitive Training Program, Cognition, Elderly Aging is a physiological process that leads to both biological and psychological changes. The brain undergoes structural changes as a part of aging. According to the investigator's best knowledge and based on the extensive review, no structured study was conducted in India to test the effectiveness of cognitive training program. Hence, the present study was conducted to test the effectiveness of a home-based training program on select outcomes. A total of 314 elderly participants were recruited for the study after obtaining the written informed consent. After recruiting, the participants were randomly grouped into two groups, that is control and intervention groups, with 157 participants in each group. The intervention was administered to the experimental group. The present study results suggest that the home-based cognitive training program is effective in improving cognitive functions and daily life activities. The study recommends further detailed and multi-centered studies in this area to recommend the implementation of the program in the management of the cognitive impairments of the elderly. --- ## Insitu Opthalmic Drug Delivery Systems **Authors:** Mani Dineshkumar, Vyshnavi Tallapaneni, Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3151 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Insitu Gel, Ophthalmic, Eye, Drug Delivery Systems Eyes are considered as one of the most important organs of the body. The main hurdle for achieving effective ocular treatment is the maintenance of adequate quantity of drug at the site of action within the eye. Maintaining the concentration of drug in the eye is a difficult task as the anatomy and physiology of the eye leads to the draining of the drug from the eye. This leads to poor ocular bio availability and there by poor ocular therapy. The ocular bio availability can be improved by increasing the ocular retention time of the formulation. Insitu gel formation technology is a promising technique to prevent the lacrimal drainage of the drug rapidly from the eyes. Insitu gel preparation will be in liquid from when prepared, they are administered into the Cul-de-sac of the eye. Due to the environmental characteristics of the eye such as temperature, pH, Ionic concentration etc. the liquid formulation changes to gel form. This will increase the residence time and contact time of the drug with the mucosa of the eye. Insitu gels can increase the ocular bioavailability of the drug .The primary requirement of a successful control release product focuses on increasing patient compliance, good stability and bio compatibility. Insitu gels are used now a days as vehicles for both local and systemic drug therapies. This review deals with the study of a novel insitu gel approaches as a means to localize and prolong drug activity at its site of action. --- ## Simultaneous stability indicating HPLC method development and validation for the estimation of selected antiviral agents in bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulation **Authors:** Anil Vikas Yamana, Chandra Sekhar Kothapalli Bonnoth **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3123 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Abacavir, Dolutegravir, Lamivudine, ICH Guidelines, Mobile Phase, Retention Time Present research work aimed to develop a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography method for the estimation of selected antiviral agents like abacavir, dolutegravir and lamivudine in bulk and its formulation. Ascentis C18 150 x 4.6 mm, 3.7m column was used. Photodiode array detector was used to detect the analytes. Mobile phase containing Water: Methanol (60:40) was pumped at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min was selected. The retention time of abacavir, dolutegravir and lamivudine were 2.112 min, 2.545 min and 3.254 min. The linearity was obtained from 75-450µg/ml for abacavir, 6.25-37.5µg/ml for dolutegravir and 37.5-225 µg/ml for lamivudine. Precision studies were carried, and the % RSD was found to be less than 2% for three drugs. The percentage of drug recovery was good with the developed method. The developed method was statistically validated according to the International Council on Harmonization guidelines. All the validation parameters were performed, and the results were present within the acceptance limit. The stability-indicating studies were conducted under various stress conditions. Degradants did not interfere with the retention time of the analyte and were present within acceptance criteria. The current method was economical and rapid when compared to past reported works. --- ## RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for the Estimation of Midostaurin in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form **Authors:** Narayanaswamy Harikrishnan, Gejalakshmi Subramanian, Hemalatha C N, Pavankumar V **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3114 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Midostaurin, Accuracy, Linearity, Precision, Specificity An elementary, Valid, speedy and decisive strategy was developed to determine Midostaurin quantitatively in a fixed dosage form. Effective Chromatographic separation of Midostaurin was achieved by using Hypersil C18 Column (250 mm X 4.6 mm internal diameter, five μm particle size) using a mobile phase composed of Methanol and Buffer in the proportion of 75:25(by volume). The Mobile phase was siphoned using a gradient HPLC system at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and quantification was based on peak area measurement at 270 nm. RT (Retention Time) for Midostaurin was 2.142 min, and dimensionality of Midostaurin was found to be linear with a statistic value of 0.999. The acceptance criteria of precision were relative variance should be less than 2.0%, and also the strategy showed precision 0.3 for Midostaurin, which shows that the tactic was precise. The full Recovery was found to be 99.96 %. Detection Limit and Quantitation Limit values for Midostaurin were found as 0.439 & 1.466. The exactness and authenticity were assessed by evaluation of validation parameters like linearity, precision, specificity, accuracy, LOD, LOQ values as per ICH guidelines. The proposed strategy has been applied to the formulation without additives interference and specific for the estimation of Midostaurin. --- ## Current Trends of ESRD Patients with Ozonedialysis: Ozone “The Wonder Therapy” For Dialysis **Authors:** Kavitha D, Jeyalakshmi S, Sridevy S, Baby Caroline **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3150 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ozone Therapy, Diseases, Medicine Ozone therapy is known to be the current successful method of dialysis which is first taken up in Germany. Medical oxygen known to be an ataxic generator is used to generate medical ozone, ensuring the inert contact of all the materials related to ozone. Surprisingly this useful and effective therapy is not recognised in our country like India but is widely accepted and practised in the countries like South America, Europe, Russia, Thailand, Bulgaria, Indonesia, Cuba, etc.; since over 70 years it is used as a successful method of treating various illnesses; like used to halt the progression of diabetes, Kidney diseases, detoxification of the body, coronary artery disease, etc.; Ozone is prepared freshly "on-site" just before starting the session, as it should be administrated immediately after its generation. They should be accurate, reliable and should project the ozone concentration (1-80μg/ml) as reproducible measurements by using a suitable device. Ozone Therapy has learnt to be an effective therapy for ESRD patients irrespective of the stages of disease dealt. The importance and the applications of Ozone therapy in the current medical field are discussed and emphasised in the present review. This review may help the researchers in planning further research to improvise the therapy or to sophisticate the method of implementation, and it also helps in delivering details of the therapy for better understanding of the medical practitioners. --- ## Maranta arundinacea root mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles and its enhanced antibacterial activity **Authors:** Akshaya R, Rajeshkumar S, Anitha Roy, Lakshmi T **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3143 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, Arrow Root, Nanotechnology, Green Synthesis, Oral Pathogens The nanomaterials and nanoparticles are called as a wonder of the modern medicine. The zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnoNPs) have also used as the antimicrobial applications (the disease causing microbes isolated from different clinical samples and plant disease samples), agriculture, and anticancer therapy. The production of ZnO NPs increased day by day and increased the applications in exposure to humans and animals. The main aim of this present study is to observe the enhanced antibacterial activity of Maranta arundinacea root mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles. The Zinc Oxide nanoparticles is synthesized using Maranta arundinacea root and the enhanced antimicrobial activity was checked with the addition of antibiotics. The root extract of Maranta arundinacea react with zinc sulphate solution and forms zinc oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles formation was preliminarily confirmed using visual observation and followed by UV-vis spectroscopic analysis. In this study, we found that the zone of inhibition is well seen in oral pathogens such as Lactobacillus sp and Streptococcus mutans, the values are found to be increased as the zone of inhibition increases. Based on our results the arrow root mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles are the better drug of choice for the control of S. mutans a major causative agent in the oral diseases. --- ## Cardioprotective activity of Piper betle juice in isoproterenol induced hypertrophic rat models **Authors:** Doss VA, Suruthi Arumugam, Dharaniyambigai Kuberapandian **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3132 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Piper betle, Isoproterenol, Cardiac Hypertrophy, Serum Electrolytes Impaired electrolytes (preferably Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-) is one of the key fundamental complications associated with cardiac hypertrophy (enlarged heart) mediated heart failure. Piper betle (P. betle - family Piperaceae) due to its potent antioxidant activity is used in various pharmacological applications. The present study evaluates the cardioprotective (anti-hypertrophic) potential of aqueous (juice) extract of P. betle in restoring electrolyte homeostasis, thereby its ability to curb the fundamental progression of hypertrophy. Isoproterenol (ISO - 10 mg/kg b.w., i.p., 7 days) induced cardiac hypertrophic rats were developed that were simultaneously treated with the standard drug losartan (50mg/kg b.w., orally., 7days) and aqueous juice extract of P. betle (30mg/kg b.w., orally., 7 days). The biochemical estimation of glucose, protein, cholesterol, cardiac marker enzymes like SGOT, SGPT, LDH, enzymatic antioxidants namely SOD, catalase, GPx and electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl- and bicarbonate) in serum were statistically performed along with the histopathological analysis of left ventricles (H&E stain). The present study showed increased levels of glucose, protein, cholesterol, cardiac marker enzymes, reduced enzymatic antioxidants with reduced electrolytes during cardiac hypertrophy (ISO) that were reflected in a histopathological analysis by thickened abnormal myocardial architecture which was reversed similar to normal in plant juice administered rats. Hence, this study demonstrated the beneficial effect of P. betle (aqueous juice) on electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-), thereby imposing an interventional effect against cardiac hypertrophy. --- ## Analyses of In-vitro antioxidant and anticancer activity of Cissus quadrangularis stem extract in osteoblastic cell line-UMR-106 **Authors:** Suchitra M R, Abinaya P, Sampathkumar P, Sumathi S, Poornima A, Parthasarathy S **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3148 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cissus quadrangularis, Bone Cancer, Cell Line, Antioxidant Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide with an estimated 7.8 lakh deaths in 2018 in India. Osteosarcoma, a primary tumour of the bone is the second highest cause of bone cancer related death in young people. It is treated with chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery which cause side effects. Certain traditional plants may have antitumour activities. This research aimed to evaluate the invitro antioxidant and apoptosis induced activity of stem extract of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) on osteoblastic cell line (UMR-106). Various extracts of CQ was subjected to phytochemical screening and antioxidant studies. Ethanolic extract of CQ showed maximum phytoconstituents and better antioxidant activity for both DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) and FRAP(Ferric reducing antioxidant potential) assay. The UMR-106 cell line was treated with different concentrations of the extract ranging from 25μg to 400μg for varying time periods. The dose and time optimization of the ethanolic extract was evaluated in the osteoblastic cell line (UMR-106) using MTT assay (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) which showed IC50 value with 200μg/ml at 24 hours. There was a reduction in the percentage of cells by 50% in the treated group by SRB assay showing the cytotoxic potency of the extract. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that the extract of CQ induced apoptosis in UMR-106 cell line. Ethanolic extract of CQ has antioxidant effects, also inducing G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis in osteoblasts, suggesting that this might represent a novel and effective agent against bone cancer. --- ## Functional Strength Training in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy **Authors:** Sathish G, Swarnakumari P, Mridhula K Abraham **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3120 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cerebral Palsy, Functional Strength Training, Spastic Hemiplegia, Functional Activities To find out functional strength training exercise on improving gross motor function among the children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy children. Single group pre-experimental research design. The most common cause of movement disability in infancy is cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy patients have impairments such as spasticity, low muscle strength and selective motor control in their body function. Such deficiencies may limit activity performance and participation in everyday life. Improving and optimising activities and involvement are crucial treatment objectives. Functional strength workouts are vital to overcoming obstacles to improving the functionality of children with neurological issues. 92 subjects of spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsied aged 4-8, male and female with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy were selected under purposive sampling technique and received functional strength training exercise for a period of ten weeks. To assess the gross motor function (functional independence) pre and post the exercise program, Gross motor functional measure was used. The pre and post measurements shows significant changes in the gross motor function among children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy. The results of the post-test mean values show improvement in gross motor functions after functional strength training program (p<0.05). The functional strength training program proves that increased gross motor function and thereby improvement in functional abilities among children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy after ten weeks of intervention. --- ## A Study on Norm Scores-Box and Block Test for Children Age with 6-10 Years Among Indian Population **Authors:** Christopher Amalraj Vallaba Doss, Palanivel R M, Syed Mohamed Sadath, Muhil Sakthivel **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3115 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Box and Block Test (BBT), Manual Dexterity, Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), Functional Laterality, Right Dominance, Left Dominance and Motor Skills, Cerebral Palsy (CP) The study aims to compare the scores of dominance and non-dominance in developing children that are important in clinical practice. The capacity to perform complex muscle and nerve acts that produce development; fine engine aptitudes are little developments; net engine abilities are enormous developments. An observational quantitative study was conducted to establish the new developmental norms for children on the Box and Block Test. This study included 400 volunteers’ 221(55.25%) males and 179(44.75%) females with the age of 6 to10 years. The signed parental consent before participation was obtained in this study. Out of 400 total populations, the male’s right dominance is 20(93.6%) is a difference from left dominance 14(6.4%). The female right dominance is 171(95.5%) is more than that of male dominance and used to compare the left dominance 8(4.5%). The Block and Test Box are easy, simple, and suitable for children. This test aids the therapists to evaluate the efficacy of the interventions tailored to improve manual dexterity. These kids may profit essentially from early mediation focusing on the improvement of handwork. --- ## Effect of Deep Cervical Flexor Training on Respiratory Functions in Chronic Neck Pain Patients with Forward Head Posture **Authors:** Sonia Pawaria, Sheetal Kalra **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3146 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Deep Neck Flexor Training, Faulty Mechanics, Craniovertebral Angle, Forward Head Posture, FVC, Pulmonary Functions Protruded chin posture is one of the commonly seen postural problem associated with patients having chronic neck pain. It is also known by names Forward Head Posture (FHP) or anteriorly translated head posture. The FHP causes an alteration in mechanics of rib cage which leads to a reduction in mobility of thorax and abdomen, decreased movement of the diaphragm, reduced ventilatory effectiveness of diaphragm and reduced efficacy of abdominals and intercostals muscles during respiration. Therefore this study was executed to check the effectiveness of deep cervical flexor exercises on Craniovertebral angle and pulmonary functions. It was a comparative experimental study design. Based on the study's selection criteria, the total numbers of 100 subjects were taken and divided into Experimental and Control groups. The baseline measurement was taken on day one of the studies. The digital camera assessed the Forward head posture by measuring Craniovertebral Angle (CVA). Spirometry determined pulmonary functions (FEV1 & FVC). All measurements were repeated at the end of the 6th week. The baseline measurement and measurement at the end of 6th week were compared by using the t-test. Considerable improvement in Craniovertebral angle and functional status of the lung, resulted in subjects who were given in-depth cervical flexor training along with the conventional Physiotherapy treatment (p<0.05). Therefore it is suggested that deep cervical flexor exercises improve the head posture and also correct the biomechanics of respiratory muscles. Deep neck flexor training can be considered as an efficient technique in lessening protruded chin posture. --- ## PEG-SO3H promoted one pot grinding method for the synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromene-3-carboxylates **Authors:** Mahesh S, Balaji G L **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3152 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Green Synthesis, PEG-SO3H, 4H-Chromenes There is a crucial medical need for the synthesis of 4H-chromene compounds via simple efficient methods. 4H-chromene compounds are stated to have a wide range of medicinal applications such as anti-bacterial, anti-cancer (EPC2407 and MX58151), antimalarial, antifungal, anti-rheumatic and anti-viral properties depending up on the substituents which is present on the heterocyclic compounds. Nowadays multi component protocols shows a better advantages such as better yield, less reaction time and no usage of different solvents for synthesis of biological important heterocyclic compounds over other synthetic approaches. The operational simplicity and applicability of this protocol to various analogues make it an alternative to previous reported methods.Therefore, this work was to prepare a series of 4H-chromene analogues via simple method with short time. Here, we reported the synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromene-3-carboxylates using green solvent (water) under grinding method by one pot three component reaction of substituted aldehydes, dimedone and cyano acetates. This reaction was catalysed by catalytic amount of PEG-SO3H at room temperature. This catalyst proved the efficient for synthesis of many heterocyclic compounds. This reaction proceeds with very short time i.e. 5 mins. The 2-amino-4H-chromene derivatives (4a-i) was obtained with excellent yields (85-94%). --- ## Investigation of Arthritis Suppressing Potency of Chloris Paraguaiensis on Freund’s Adjuvant Induced Arthritis in Rats **Authors:** Somasundaram G, Jaikumar S, Balaji Subramaniyan R **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3098 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** C. parageuansis, Arthritis, Indomethacin Arthritis is a widespread disorder that occurs in elderly patients currently in the world. It is one of those disorders that affect the joints and is classified as an inflammatory disorder that is a result of immune system malfunctioning. Taking into consideration the side effects of immune suppressants that are used to treat arthritis; generally, plants are being investigated for the chemical constituents to treat the diseases. It is proved that moieties obtained from herbal sources are relatively safer and potent too. The economical methods of treating illness are using plants, and so the herbs are investigated for the treatment of arthritis. Chloris paraguaiensis Steud., is one of the members of grass family which is grown wildly in tropical countries all around the world. It usually grows like a weed and can be employed for many pharmacological problems. Traditional claims are there to treat DM, Rheumatism and diarrhoea. Chemical constituents like flavonoids, tannins and phenols have been isolated from the plant earlier. Cloris was selected as a subject to investigate its anti-arthritis potential in vivo using experimental animals following the folklore claims that the plant can be used to treat arthritis. It may be due to the presence of flavonoids and polyphenol-rich chemical constituents in the plant. The exact mechanism of action is to be established and the extracts in this current study showed a significantly comparable activity with that of the standard drug indomethacin. --- ## Effect of vitamin C supplementation on autonomic function tests in smokeless tobacco chewers **Authors:** Jaywant Thorat, Anand Joshi, Ajit Sontakke, Kanchan Wingkar **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3099 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cotinine, Sustained Hand Grip, Sympathetic Nervous System, Valsalva Ratio According to World Health Organization (WHO) report, tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death all over the world. Use of Smokeless Tobacco (ST) increases level of nicotine and autonomic effects throughout the day that are similar to smoking. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of ST on valsalva ratio, Sustained Handgrip test (SHG), serum Cotinine (CTN) level and serum Vitamin C (VC) in ST chewers. Total 338 participants aged between 31 to 60 years were divided in two groups, ST chewers and ST non chewers (controls). ST chewers were further classified with respect to Smokeless Tobacco Chewing (STC) duration (years), frequency (times/day) and quantity (/day). Participants were asked to consume 1000 mg of vitamin C for 45 days. Valsalva ratio, SHG, serum CTN and serum VC levels were measured at the baseline study and after supplementation of VC. Valsalva ratio (p= 0.006), DBP rise in SHG (p=0.002) and serum VC (p<0.001) levels were significantly decreased however, serum CTN (p<0.001) level was significantly increased in ST chewers as compared to controls. VC supplementation did not show any significant change in valsalva ratio and SHG however, serum CTN (p<0.001) level was significantly decreased and serum VC (p<0.001) level was significantly increased in ST chewers as compared to baseline values. Increased STC duration, frequency and quantity did not show any significant change in valsalva ratio and DBP rise in SHG in ST chewers. The use of ST is associated with decreased sympathetic activity and serum VC level as well as increased serum CTN level in tobacco chewers as compared to controls. --- ## Validated stability indicating HPLC method to quantify lamivudine and dolutegravir in tablets **Authors:** Rama Kumar Kandula, Raja Sundararajan **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3105 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Dovato Tablets, Lamivudine, Dolutegravir, Analysis Dovato tablets (lamivudine and dolutegravir combination) are full therapy regimen for the Type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection in adults without history of antiretroviral therapy. The aim of present research focused on development of validated stability indicating method for the quantification of lamivudine and dolutegravir in combined dosage form.The separation was achieved on a Cosmicsil C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid (pH 3.5) – acetonitrile (50:50, v/v). Photodiode array detector was used to detect the analytes at 258 nm. The method performance was validated in compliance with the recommendations of the International Conference on Harmonization. The method was validated with selectivity, limit of detection (0.262 μg/ml for lamivudine and 0.238 μg/ml for dolutegravir), linearity (150-450 μg/ml for lamivudine and 25-75 μg/ml for dolutegravir), limit of quantification (0.874 μg/ml for lamivudine and 0.793 μg/ml for dolutegravir), accuracy (percent recovery was nearer to 100%), precision (percent relative standard deviation was less than 2.0%) and robustness (system suitability values are within limits). The stability indicating method was performed by under the various stress conditions. Degradants did not interfere with lamivudine and dolutegravir detection. The developed method can suggest that quantification of lamivudine and dolutegravir in quality control of analytical laboratories. --- ## Assessing the impact of quercetin isolated from Ammi majus seeds upon Candida spp. isolants isolated from different sources **Authors:** Shifaa T. J. AL-Assaf, Maha A. Al-Rejaboo, Ayad-C.AL -.Daody **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3118 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Candida spp, Quercetin, Ammi majus, Inhibition, Antifungal, Vaginal Infection, Mouth Infection, Urinary Tract Infection Quercetin has been extracted from Ammi majus plant using ethanol via soxhlet system. Further, the substance was diagnosed by three binary and mono-layered chromatographical devices beside chronographical quantitative separation. Total of 45 patients was inflicted with mouth infections and urinary tract in both genders. The momentary vaginal infections among different ages of people settled in different regions of Nineveh district / Iraq were considered for the study. The study patients were identified using microscopic testing, selective differential medium (CHROM candida agar) and Vitek system. The isolation results inferred that the mouth infection is caused by most yeasts such as Candida parapsilosis (the most frequent). The urinary tract infection is concerned, and most of the infections were reportedly caused by C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. albicans with regards to the vaginal infections cases, C. albicans fungus has been the most frequent. Bio chemical tests were conducted using Vitek for the isolants studied, in which there were differences in the study results. Quercetin was extracted from Candid spp. The increase in the inhibition of quercetin is noted, whenever its concentration is increased. With regards to the anti-fungals Nystantin, for the concentration of 100IU/ml.and Clotrimazole 30mg/ml had inhibited the yeast Candid spp. --- ## Mutation in microtubule-associated protein tau MAPT coding gene and its correlation with Alzheimer's disease **Authors:** Sabah Subhi Ismael, Sarab D Al-Shamaa **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3119 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alzheimer Disease, MAPT Gene, PCR Technique, Tau Protein Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive irreversible neuronal dysfunction characterized by progressive memory loss along with neuropsychiatric symptoms and a decline in daily activities. Disturbances in microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene expression result in disruption of the neuronal cytoskeleton and formation of neurofibrillary tangles. The study aims are to highlight the correlation between MAPT gene's exons mutations and AD. Beside the possibility of utilizing serum's tau protein concentration as an indicator for AD due to the accumulation of intracellular neurofibrillary filaments of highly phosphorylated Tau in AD patient's brain. DNA had been extracted from participant's blood that divided into three groups 30 participants in each, AD patients, Positive family history and healthy or control groups. The results of this research showed that serum's Tau protein concentration in AD patient group was significantly higher than healthy control and positive family history group and according to this result serum's tau concentration could be utilized as a good indicator for AD .Beside mutation in each 1,9 and 13 exons had been identified by PCR product analysis utilizing specific primers for each , Amplification PCR products in exon (1) showed 428bp band in AD patients group does not exist in 26.66% and in positive family history for AD group does not exist in 23.33%, In exon (9) PCR product of 604bp band in AD patients group does not exist in 53.33%, and in positive family history group does not exist in 43.33%. While amplification PCR product of exon 13 showed 299bps band in all healthy control and positive family history but not in AD patient group instead it band in 263bp had been appeared in 36.66%. These results confirmed the important role of tau protein and its coding gene in the pathology of AD. --- ## Evaluation of Remineralisation Potential of Zingiber officinale Roscoe-Apis Mellifera, and Chitosan as compared to control using QLF on white spot lesions: An in-vitro study **Authors:** Shefali Kaul, Brinda Suhas Godhi, Raghavendra Shanbhog, Chanchala H P **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3144 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Reminereralisation, Deminereralisation, Chitosan, QLF, Ginger-Honey, WSL Early detection and treatment of white spot lesions (WSL) is pivotal in caries control. Several commercially available products are available for WSL reversal. However, the majority of them are either synthetically derived or are not a hundred percent efficient. Thus there is an ever constant need to find newer, more efficacious products for the same. One of the parameters to quantify de and remineralization is by Quantitative Light Induced Fluorescence (QLF). Thus this study aims to evaluate and compare the remineralizing potential of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger rhizome), Apis Mellifera (Manuka Honey) mixture and chitosan on artificial demineralized human enamel using Quantitative Light Induced Fluorescence. 45 human enamel samples were randomly divided into a control and two test groups. An Area of Interest (AOI) measuring 4x4 mm on the buccal surface of each tooth was formed and all the samples were subjected to demineralization process for a period of 96 hours. Remineralization regime was then carried out with twice daily application of respective interventional agents for a period of 21 days. QLF readings were recorded at the end of demineralization (Baseline), Day 7, Day 14 and Day 21 and fluorescence images were analysed using QLF InpektorTM propriety software. The remineralization action of chitosan was found to be the highest with a statistically significant reduction (p<0.001) seen at the end of 7th, 14th and 21st day. Ginger- honey mixture also showed reduction in fluorescence levels but only after the 14th day. The current study showcases the dramatic ability of chitosan to almost completely reverse artificially formed WSL at each subsequent week. Ginger honey on the other hand showed a significant remineralization between 2nd and 3rd week which may be attributed to a possible slower mechanism of action. --- ## Current prescription status of anti hypertensives in cardiology **Authors:** Shaik Faizan Ali, Mahaveer Singh, Birendra Shrivastava, Konda Ravi Kumar **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3116 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cost Analysis, Prescription Pattern, Treatment, Anti Hypertensive, Economic Burden The main of our study is to determine the prescription pattern and perform cost analysis of the patients who were visiting the cardiology department of the multispecialty hospital. Anti hypertensive drugs has vast classification and most of the studies suggest that cardiovascular events are one among the most leading contributor to global patients in regards to mortality and morbidity. Cardiovascular events are also considered as silent killer because most of times its symptoms are unpredictable. Hence antihypertensive should be prescribed properly. So we have undergone a prospective observational study which shows mean age of 60.13 + 9.22. We found that there is no much difference in gender for exposure of cardiovascular events. We observed dual therapy was effective in management for most of patients. We found total average of direct medical cost was Rs.5641.12 and indirect medical cost was Rs.677.27. The patients prescription was analysed and documented to know the level of polypharmacy and compliance with guidelines. The economic burden experienced by the patients were analysed to know the rational use of drugs and to lay a way for further research related to economics. --- ## Knowledge and Attitude of People towards using Complementary and alternative medicine in Riyadh city - A questionnaire study **Authors:** Misfir Theeb Alqahtani, Abdul Bari Mohd, Tahani Mohammad Al Rahbeni **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3121 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Herbal Medicine, Traditional Therapy The practice of CAM use is influenced by psychosocial, cultural and religious factor; it becomes essential to explore the prevalence and perception on a regular basis. Therefore, aim of this survey was to assess the knowledge and attitude of consumers towards Alternative Complementary Medicine in Riyadh city. A cross sectional questionnaire based survey was carried out in Riyadh city from Dec. 2019 to April 2020 on the residents above 18 years. Details of type of CAM practiced and its source of information and questions on the perceptions of participants regarding use of CAM like Is it safe to use alternative medicine, Less expensive/ more effective than modern medicine were asked. The responses of perceptions were on 3 point likert scale-Agreed, neutral and disagreed. Chi-square test was applied to find association different types of CAMs and perceptions with demographic variables. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of (n=381) subjects responded to the CAMs questionnaire. Most of the study subjects reported social media (51%) as the main source of information for the CAMs and used herbal medicine (72.70%). Females and participants between 51-60 years showed significantly higher use of CAMs (p<0.05). Almost 40.70% and 54.4% of the study participants agreed that the CAMs is safe and less expensive than modern medicine, respectively. Researches in the area of CAM by focusing each practice separately should be encouraged so that sufficient evidence exists to use or refute any CAM practice and physicians must advise patients to consult the respective experts and work in an integrated approach for the well-fare of the patients and the society. --- ## Effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding the management and prevention of complications of Gastro-Esophageal Reflux disease among patients with GERD **Authors:** Dayana B A A **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3141 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease, Structured Teaching Programme, Management, Prevention and Knowledge Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the common gastrointestinal complaints presented in developing and developed countries. Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma are the major complications of GERD. A Quantitative research approach, pre-experimental one group pre-test post-test design was used to conduct the study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding the management and prevention of complications of Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) among patients with GERD. A total of 60 Samples were selected by non-probability purposive sampling technique. A pretest was done using a semi-structured questionnaire, followed by which, a structured teaching programme was provided. A post-test using a same semi-structured questionnaire was given to the same samples. Before STP, 76.7% of the subjects had an inadequate level of knowledge score, and none of them had an adequate level of knowledge score. But after the pedagogical way of effective STP, none of the patients had an inadequate level of knowledge score, 16.7% of them had moderate and 83.3% of them had an adequate level of knowledge score. Elder and graduated subjects were significantly associated with their post-test level of knowledge score regarding management and prevention of complications of GERD. The study proved that STP was immensely effective for the patients with GERD (c2=58.00 at P=0.001 level of significance) attending the Gastroenterology outpatient department at RGGGH, Chennai. --- ## An Invitro Study on Predicted Glycemic Index and Bioactive Component of Fortified - Bread Using Senna Auriculata **Authors:** Gomathi Kannayiram, Antony Xavier Bronson F, Arun Kumar J, Sandhya A, Gayathri S, Emiyal D **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3140 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Senna auriculata Fortified Bread Sample, Antioxidant, Bioactive Compounds, Glycemic Index, Starch Resistant Bread is an affordable staple food available world wide. People demand for the high quality breads for consumption. Bread is considered to be a daily diet food for most of the people around the world. Foods with reduced glycemic index shows less risk of some chronic diseases like diabets and stroke. Senna auriculata a plant compound which is a potential inhibitor of diabetes. Low concentration possessed high radical scavenging activity, 90% of radicals were scavenged at lower concentrations. It further proved to have the anti-hemolytic effect. The extract inhibits the alpha amylase and alpha glycosidase activity. The bread contains large amount of digestible starch which leads to glycemic index. The foods with higher glycemic index leads to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Incorporation of Senna auriculata in bread is the effective method to produce low glycemic index foods. This study was aimed to evaluate digestability of starch and glycemic index in bread through the incorporating Senna auriculata as fortified bread sample. At 60 mins of dialysate, the concentration of resistant starch of bread sample with Senna auriculata exhibited to be low when compared with the control. The Senna auriculata fortified bread sample is compared with the control which the regular bread based on their crust, colour, symmetry, texure, eating quality, and overall quality of the bread. Bread with 6% of extract was sensory evaluated. Bioactive components like phenolic, flavonoid found to be retained in fortified bread sample. Based on the biofunctional properties developed the evaluation is analysed at the retention time of the process. The sample has higher resistant starch and lower glycemic index. This overall invitro findings gives us a promising result that due to the lower glycemic effect the Senna auriculata fortified bread sample is situable and recommended for diabetes patients. --- ## Coagulation profile in cases of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia **Authors:** Anup N Gosavi, Oswal R M, Sanjay Kumar Patil **Published:** 2020-10-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3153 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coagulation Profile, Preeclampsia, Eclampsia Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH) is a syndrome of hypertension with or without proteinuria (Preeclampsia) proteinuria and oedema. With additional symptoms like coagulation abnormalities and liver function abnormalities. Preeclampsia is a severe multi-systemic pregnancy-specific, hypertension disorder usually occurring after 20 weeks of gestation, characterised by new onset of hypertension and proteinuria, and it regresses after delivery of the concepts. The present cross-sectional case-control study was carried out in the Department of Pathology of a tertiary care hospital. Study of Coagulation profile in Preeclampsia and Eclampsia comprised of 258 cases which were categorised as preeclampsia, eclampsia and control group with 86 cases in each group. Results-Majority of occurrences were noted in 21 to 25 years of age group, i.e. 45 patients of Eclampsia (52%), Eclampsia (67.44%) and Severe Preeclampsia (63.95%) were found to be more common in Primigravida patients. In Eclampsia group, 40% had mild thrombocytopenia. In Severe preeclampsia group, 37% had mild thrombocytopenia. In Mild preeclampsia group, 67% (32/48) cases showed platelet counts within a healthy range. In Eclampsia group, (13/86), i.e., 15% had prolonged bleeding time (>9 mints). In Severe preeclampsia group, (3/38), i.e. 8% had prolonged clotting time (>11mins). In Mild preeclampsia group and control group, none had prolonged clotting time (> 11mins). In Eclampsia group, (37/ 86), i.e., 43% had prolonged prothrombin time. Study concluded that coagulation profile could help to assess the severity of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia and thus can help to reduce complications if treated early. --- ## Influence of circadian rhythm on individual differences in morningness-eveningness scale among normal healthy subjects **Authors:** Akifa Begum, Sridevi G **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3003 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Circadian rhythm, morningnesseveningness scale, health The circadian rhythm is a biological rhythm that produces physical, psychological and behavioural changes in a living organism, and it follows a daily cycle. This cycle depends on the response of the organism to light and darkness in the environment. The aim of the study was to analyse and evaluate the influence of circadian rhythm on individual differences in morningness-eveningness attitude among the normal healthy subjects. Morningness eveningness questionnaire is a standard tool to assess sleep, wakefulness alertness, self-awareness and best time activity of the individual either in the morning time or evening time. This questionnaire was self-administered, and it consisted of 10 questions and was circulated via google forms. The results revealed that a majority of 85% of the participants are evening types of persons and the significance level was a p-value < 0.05 of the chi-square test. The present study assessed the influence of the circadian rhythm on the morningness-eveningness scale, and results revealed that most of the participants were alarm dependant, had difficulty in waking up. They were very active in the evening and went to bed very late. So, the study concluded that the majority of participants were evening type of person. --- ## Awareness about Using Becks Depression Inventory among Dental Students in Clinical Practice **Authors:** Lakshya Rani, Ashok Velayudhan, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3338 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Depression, Dental Students Depression is seen as a response or symptom of life stress or physical change and is not usually considered to reflect a mood disorder. There are many reasons for depression- Familial and Genetic influences. It is the tendency which makes people bring them into a negative behaviour. The aim of the study is to assess the awareness about using Becks Depression inventory among dental students in clinical practice. A cross-sectional study was done with a self-administered questionnaire with ten questions circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about depression, the clinical manifestation of depressive illness, psychological stress etiology of oral mucosal diseases, usage of BDI questionnaire in practice. The responses were recorded and analysed. 54% were aware of depression, and 46% were not aware of depression. 26% were aware of the clinical manifestation of depressive illness. 32% were aware of physiological stress etiology of oral mucosal diseases. 0 % use BDI questionnaire in practice. The awareness of BDI questionnaire usage in clinical practice among dental students was found to be low in this study. Our findings emphasize the importance of incorporating several educational and training programs to dental students to sensitize them to look for psychological etiology of certain orofacial diseases. --- ## Association between Implant Primary Stability and Operator Experience - A Retrospective Hospital Based Study **Authors:** Azima Hanin S M, Marian Anand Bennis, Hemavathy Muralidoss **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3325 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Primary Stability, Clinicians Experience, Insertion Torque Value, Osseointegration, Implant Stability, Peri-Implant Bone Loss Primary stability plays a major role in determining the success of implant therapy. The main aim of this study was to investigate the association between primary stability and operators experience. This retrospective study was conducted among operators who placed implants in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. Data were reviewed and collected from 86,000 patient records over ten months from June 2019 to March 2020. Data collected was assessed and tabulated using Microsoft excel. The study included 990 implant sites from 476 patients with a mean age of 42.5 years and a gender distribution of 293 males and 183 females. Implants were placed by 125 operators who belonged to different years of study. The gender distribution of the operators included 73 males and 52 females. Data collected was then exported to Microsoft Excel 2010. The collected data were then subjected to statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The most frequently obtained primary stability value was 30-40 Ncm with 53.8%. It was observed that clinicians with four or more years of experience place more implants when compared to others with 69.7% of the total study sample. Clinicians with four or more years of experience attain the optimum insertion torque value of 30-40 Ncm. Within the limits of the study, the implants were most frequently placed by students with four or more years of experience and the most frequent primary stability value observed was 30-40 Ncm. Insertion torque value of 30-40 Ncm was obtained by students with four or more years of experience. --- ## Awareness of Medical Applications of Gingko Biloba Among Dental Students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3053 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Gingko biloba, Students, Dementia Herbal medicines reflect a significant portion of new interest in alternative therapies and Ginkgo biloba (GB) features significantly throughout this regard. The GB concentrate and any of its constituents are already thoroughly researched in terms of its impact on behavioral, physiological and psychological consequences linked with neurological and vascular conditions. The purpose of this survey was for assessing the awareness of medical applications of Gingko Biloba amongst dental students. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a self-administered questionnaire with 10 queries circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about Ginkgo bilobatherapy in medical applications, their anti-dementia properties, anti alziemer properties, anti-ageing activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and its mechanism of action and side effects. The responses were recorded and analysed.8% of the respondents were aware of the medical applications of Gingko Biloba therapy. 6 % were aware of the anti-dementia activity of Gingko Biloba therapy, 5% were aware of anti alziemer properties of Gingko Biloba therapy, 6% were aware of anti-ageing properties of Gingko Biloba therapy, 5% were aware of anti-inflammatory properties of Gingko Biloba therapy, 5% were aware mechanism of action and side effects of Gingko Biloba therapy. The awareness about the usage of Ginkgo biloba therapy in medicinal applications is low among dental students. Increased awareness programs and sensitization and continuing dental education programs along with greater importance to the curricular modifications, can further enhance knowledge and awareness about Ginkgo biloba therapy. --- ## Awareness of medicinal applications of alternanthera sessilis among dental students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3332 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Alternanthera sessilis, Dental Students Alternanthera sessilis is a yearly or perpetual prostate weed, found all through the more smoking piece of India, climbing to a height of 1200 m. The plant has been scientifically demonstrated to comprise of substance constituents like α-and β-spinasterols, lupeal disconnected from roots. The aim of the study was to assess the awareness of medicinal applications of Alternanthera sessilis among dental students. A cross-sectional study was done with a self-administered questionnaire with 10 questions circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about Alternanthera sessilis therapy in medical applications, their wound healing properties, anti glycemic applications, memory enhancement applications, anti-ulcer, diahorreal and anti-inflammatory activity. The responses were recorded and analysed. 91% of the respondents were not aware of medicinal applications of Alternanthera sessilis therapy. 85% were not aware of the wound healing properties of Alternanthera sessilis therapy. 87% were not aware of the anti glycaemic properties of Alternanthera sessilis therapy. 85% were not aware of memory enhancement properties of Alternanthera sessilis therapy. 89% were not aware of the anti-ulcer properties of Alternanthera sessilis therapy. 83% were not aware of ant diahorreal of Alternanthera sessilis therapy. 89% were not aware of the anti-inflammatory properties of Alternanthera sessilis therapy. The awareness about the use of Alternanthera sessilis therapy in medical applications is low among dental students. Increased awareness programs and sensitization and continuing dental education programs along with greater importance to the curricular modifications can further enhance knowledge and awareness about Alternanthera sessilis therapy. --- ## Knowledge and awareness of cardiovascular risk factors among young adults **Authors:** Roshan A, Kavitha S, Sridevi G, Vishnu Priya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3030 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Risk Factors, Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, Physical Activity, Awareness, Young Adults Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are becoming a major cause of death worldwide. Understanding the risk factors for CVD could provide important perception towards the etiology, course, prevention, and treatment for this key health problem. Aim of the survey was to create awareness on the cardiovascular risk factors among young adults. A self-administrated questionnaire was prepared and circulated via an online platform. The data were analysed and the results represented as a bar graph. The data were analysed with SPSS software (SPSS). In this survey, about 52% of the young adults were aware of cardiovascular risk factors, about 57.4% of subjects agreed that smoking is a risk factor of cardiovascular disease, but 42% were not aware of it. 65.3% are aware that elevated blood pressure is also a risk factor for CVD. 56.4% knew that obesity increases a person's risk of cardiovascular disease, but 44% did not agree with that. The survey concluded that there was moderate awareness among young adults about the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, and hence more health awareness should be created for common cardiovascular diseases. --- ## Awareness on usage of iodized salt and its treatment effect among dental students **Authors:** Praneeksha Ravichandran, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Keerthi Sasanka **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3033 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Dental Students, Iodine Iodised salt is table salt mixed with minute amounts of the element iodine. The ingestion of iodine prevents iodine deficiency. Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects about two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual and development disabilities. To create awareness among dental students on the iodizied salt and its treatment effect on iodine deficiency. The questionnaire was based on the observational cross-sectional type of study comprising 100 dental students from the Saveetha Dental College. A self-administered questionnaire was given to the students. It was designed to collect data on the use of iodized salt among dental students through an online survey mode containing a set of 10 questions about the use of iodized salt and is a yes or no type. The results were evaluated based on the answers given by the participants. 84% of the dental students use iodised salt, which is more than half but still, the rest of them did not use iodized salt. 26% of dental students have an iodine deficiency. 83% of the students use iodized salt for cooking. 61 % of the students think that iodised salt is healthy. 32% students have answered that sea salt and 7% Himalayan salt is healthy. 65% of the dental students were aware of average salt consumption per day. Majority of the dental students were aware of iodized salt and its treatment effect on iodine deficiency. However, more needs to create on its adverse effects and its role in dietary intake of iodine. --- ## Ayurveda dietary guidelines during Covid-19 Pandemic **Authors:** Ishwari Gaikwad, Priyanka Shelotkar **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3697 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid-19, Diet, Ahara, Health, Food, Nutrition, Pandemic The current world situation is both frightening and alarming due to the massive disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The next few days are censorious as we need to be very precautious in our daily regimen as well as dietary habits. Ayurveda offers knowledge about food based on certain reasoning. Indecent food custom is the chief cause for the rising development of health disorders in the current era. In classical texts of Ayurveda, the concept of diet explained well, ranging from their natural sources, properties and specific utility in pathological as well as physiological manner. In this work, the review of the relevant literature of Ahara (Diet) was carried out from Charak Samhita and other texts, newspapers, articles, web page related to the same. Every human being is unique with respect to his Prakriti (Physical and mental temperament), Agni (Digestive capacity), Koshtha (Nature of bowel) etc. For that reason, the specificity of the individual should be kept in mind. Ahara, when consumed in the appropriate amount at the right moment following all Niyamas (Guidelines) given in Ayurveda texts, gives immunity and keeps the body in a healthy state during pandemics such as Covid-19. Ultimately, this will help the human body to maintain its strength for life. This article reviews the concept of diet viz. combination of foods, their quantity and quality, methods of preparation and processing, which are to be followed during pandemics and are essential in maintenance and endorsement of health and preclusion of diseases. --- ## Awareness of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Among Dental Students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3056 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Hand Foot Mouth Disease, Dental Students Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFM) is often a potentially infectious condition primarily caused through enteroviruses. Clinical manifestations involve erythematous papules mostly on arms, legs, and even in the oral cavity, followed by prodromal effects such as myalgia, moderate fever, and abdominal distress. This survey was conducted to assess hand, foot, and mouth disease awareness among dental students. This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional type of survey comprising 100 dental college students in Chennai. A self-designed questionnaire containing ten queries based on the knowledge and awareness about Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) among dental college students. Questionnaires were distributed through an online website survey planet. After the responses were received from 100 participants, data were collected and analysed. 47% are aware of HFMD. 34%are aware of the clinical manifestation of HFMD. 31% are aware of the mode of transmission of HFMD. 26% are aware of the preventive measures against HFMD.18%. Are aware of the incubation period of HFMD. 24%aware of treatment measures for HFMD. This study found the dental students displayed less knowledge and understanding of HFMD. Even, there are few differences in knowledge and behaviours that require enhancement. Large-scale health awareness initiatives of HFMD should be implemented by professional associations in order to fill these gaps and improve awareness in order to positively impact their attitudes. --- ## Awareness on harmful effects of smoking in middle school children **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3039 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Smoking, School Students Consumption of cigarettes and similar tobacco items and tobacco smoking are the world's largest common preventable of death. Multiple studies have observed that the overall life expectancy of a person dying from tobacco-related illnesses is 15 years quicker than those dying from natural deaths. Hence this study was done to assess the awareness on harmful effects of smoking in middle school children. This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional type of study comprising 100 middle schools aged between 10-15 years in Chennai. A self-administered questionnaire containing 10 questions eliciting information on the awareness of the harmful effects of smoking among middle school students were circulated. The collected responses were tabulated and analysed.95% of students are not smokers and 5% smoke to get pleasure. 94% of students are not aware that smoking causes cancer and it is injurious to health. 68% feel the parental influence and 32% feel peer influence to be the reasons for smoking. 86% were not aware of smoking cessation therapy. The results of this study illustrate the need to increase understanding of the health consequences of smoking in middle school students. In order to promote quitting, especially in rural areas, where rates of education and health literacy are lower and where health services are less available, educational programs are an essential way to increase awareness. --- ## Multidisciplinary approach in full mouth rehabilitation treatments in university based setting- A retrospective study **Authors:** Ashwin Shravan Kumar M, Revathi Duraisamy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3006 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** rehabilitation, multidisciplinary, multicentre, diagnosis, systemic health issue Full mouth rehabilitation seeks to convert all unfavourable force to induce normal oral health. The restoration of normal shape, form, the function should always remain the prime goal in such an approach. The main aim of the study is to evaluate the role of multidisciplinary- approach in the treatment of full mouth rehabilitations. A retrospective data collection was done by analysing and reviewing the patient records from total 86000 case sheets from Saveetha dental college with the period between June 2019-march 2020. Inclusion criteria & exclusion criteria were available. Parameters were tabulated and analysed using SPSS software. There were totally 66 patients treated for full mouth rehabilitation in the study period. Among these, 22 were males and 44 were females .66% of both the population irrespective of age and gender had been treated with the involvement of 4 departments which includes periodontics, endodontics, oral surgery and prosthodontics. Chi-square t-test was performed, and the p-value was found to be 0.018 and the results show a significant relationship between age and the multidisciplinary treatment as p-value is <0.05. This study is in consensus with existing literature that full mouth rehabilitation treatment is to be done by a multidisciplinary approach rather than a single approach. Whether systemic health issues or socioeconomic reasons played a role in the acceptance of choice of treatment needs to be further evaluated with larger sample size and multicentre studies among our population. --- ## Knowledge and awareness about indigenous knowledge system in dental practice - A survey **Authors:** Hariprasath T K, Lakshmi T, Gayatri Devi R **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3043 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Indigenous, Herbal, Prevention, Dental Diseases, Traditional, Healers Indigenous information frameworks structure the fundamental comprehension of conventional culture and aptitudes. These are old ways of thinking created by social orders and networks long accounts back. Nature and mountain encompassed individuals, as a rule, have the nearby clinical information and dealing with and settling on choices which are key in everyday life which is being known by everybody and being drilled. The point of the overview is to examine general information on Indigenous frameworks in Dental practices. Cross-sectional overview utilizing a poll of 12 inquiries which were embraced and changed from past investigations and structured in a less difficult inquiry led among the Undergraduates and Postgraduates of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. Among the absolute understudies, the dominant part of them know about the Indigenous Knowledge System (75%) and remaining need some more mindfulness projects and battles in Indigenous Knowledge System. The reports from the review presumed that Indigenous Knowledge Systems have a significant job in Dental practices and from the outcomes we can see that individuals are happy to utilize the customary plants and follow the conventional strategies in a day by day life. --- ## Knowledge and awareness of breast cancer among working women **Authors:** Vamshi Ram V, Kavitha S, Preetha S, Vishnupriya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3028 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast Cancer, Risk-Factors, Awareness, Working Women Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women in the world. The age-standardised incident rate for breast cancer is of 39 per 100,000, which is twice that of cancer in the second position. In India, also breast cancer is becoming an increasing health problem. The study is aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness of risk factors associated with breast cancer. A questionnaire composed of 15 questions were circulated through an online platform google forms. The results were collected and data were analyzed using SPSS software. The awareness of breast cancer among working women comprising 75% aware and 25% not aware. The awareness about risk factors of breast cancer comprising 80% aware and 20% not aware. The percentage of the risk factor of breast cancer comprising 28% family history of breast cancer, 22% of advanced age, 9% obesity and 41% choose all the above. The overall awareness of all subgroups was fair reporting correct answers. The awareness among working women was moderate and more awareness should be created. This study concludes that awareness and measures have been taken towards risk factors of breast cancer. --- ## Awareness About Spinal Anaesthesia Among Dental Students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3336 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Spinal Anaesthesia, Dental Students Spinal anaesthesia is administered in the lumbar spinal region and utilized for surgeries, including the lower midsection, pelvis and lower extremities. Spinal anaesthesia is acted in the lumbar region, explicitly the mid to low lumbar levels to maintain a strategic distance from harm to the spinal cord and furthermore to forestall intrathecally-administered drugs from having any action in the upper cervical and thoracic areas. The aim of the study is to assess the awareness about spinal anaesthesia among dental students. This was a questionnaire based cross-sectional type of study comprising 100 dental college students in Chennai. A self-designed questionnaire contains ten questions based on the knowledge and awareness about spinal anaesthesia among dental college students. Questionnaires were circulated through an online website survey planet. The questions explored the awareness on spinal anaesthesia, indications, contraindications, mechanism of administration and side complications. After the responses were received from 100 participants, data was collected and analysed. 18% are aware about spinal anaesthesia. 15% are aware of the mechanism of administration of spinal anaesthesia. 13% are aware of the indications of spinal anaesthesia. 11% are aware of the contraindications of spinal anaesthesia. 9% are aware of the complications of spinal anaesthesia. The awareness about spinal anaesthesia was less among dental students. Increased awareness and educational programs should be initiated to spread knowledge about applications of spinal anaesthesia. --- ## Awareness on Nut Allergies Among School Students **Authors:** Trisha S, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Keerthi Sasanka **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3327 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Nut Allergy, School Students The role of the immune system is to protect the body from germs and diseases. A food allergy is the overreaction by the immune system to a food protein. People are allergic to many kinds of food, majorly nuts. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that comes on quickly and could even cause death in certain cases. The aim of this study was to assess awareness on nut allergies and to study the already existing knowledge on the topic among school students. Self administered questionnaire was created based on the awareness of the presence of nut allergy, their signs and symptoms. The questionnaire was distributed by person as fill out sheets at a nearby school. The study population included 200 school students belonging to the age group of 8 to 16 and years. The questions were carefully studied and corresponding answers were marked by the participants. The data was collected and statistically analysed. According to the survey results, about 81% of the total school population were aware about the presence of nut allergy. About 85% voted prevention is better to manage nut allergy. 70.8% were aware of signs and symptoms of nut allergy. 63% said their family members or friends have some kind of allergy to various nuts. Most of the school students had the knowledge and were aware about the presence of nut allergies, but more awareness has to be spread as the allergies could turn out to be very serious or even fatal and can only be controlled only through prevention. --- ## Effect of Wet Field on the DE Torque Values of Abutment Screws **Authors:** Pravinya Sam, Suresh Venugopalan, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3034 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Abutment Screw, Detorque Values, Torque Values, Screw Loosening, Wet Field Screw loosening is amongst the most prevalent mechanical problems in dental implant prosthetics. Clinicians will know if the reverse Detorque values are compromised by contamination of the implant abutment screw hole either by blood , saliva or saline. Research have shown that the drying of the implant cavity may decrease the preload value when the abutment screw is closed and thereafter increase the likelihood of abutment screw loosening. Mobility of the prosthesis, or screw fracture and increase the risk of peri-implant soft-tissue inflammation. This study aims to assess and compare the effect of wet and dry fields while torqueing the abutment screws on the DE torque values. 40 Nobel bio care implant analogues mounted in plaster models were used in this study. The samples were divided into four groups dry abutment screws, artificial saliva, blood and normal saline. All the abutment screws were tightened till 20 Ncm and left aside for 15 minutes. After 15 minutes the abutment screw were DE torqued, and the DE torque values were noted for tall the groups. When analysed using paired sample t-test there was no significant difference with artificial saliva (p=0.269). There was statistical difference with blood (p=0.00) and with saline (p=0.00). Based on this study, the presence of saliva decreases the DE torque values of the abutment screws, whereas Blood and saline increase the DE torque values of the abutment screws. The presence of blood clot might be the reason for the increase in DE torque values which might decrease once the clot disintegrates. Clinicians should prevent contamination of the screw hole by blood and saliva; if contamination arises, sanitation of the infected screw and also the screw hole until final tightening is advised. --- ## Engineered Cell Based Therapeutics **Authors:** Joseph George Kallivayalil, Kavitha S, Vishnupriya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3019 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Engineered cell, immunotherapy, autoimmune disease, synthetic biology, therapeutics Engineered cell-based therapeutics is having a great commitment in the field of treatment of human diseases. Scientific studies revealed that cell-based therapeutics play a key role in the treatment of cancers which can be an alternative for traditional immunotherapy. Even though there have been promising results, and the potential side effects resulting in mortality forced the scientists to impart regulations in the current therapies. These are evident in the growing frame of the literature of synthetic biology. Synthetic Biology empowered these new approaches to several applications in the medical field, including the development of bioengineered cell-based immunotherapies, peculiarly T-cell engineering with tumour-targeting receptors and the Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cells. The specific applications of this bioengineering of cells include direct injection of cells, merging the cells with a biomaterial scaffold in an in vitro or situ condition, or the biomaterial scaffold implantation alone which can induce surrounding cells leading to tissue restoration. Hence the aim of this review article is to highlight the various aspects of engineered cell-based therapeutics. --- ## Preference of technique for measurement of width of attached gingiva in abutment teeth for fixed dental prosthesis - A retrospective study **Authors:** Neppala Gowtham, Nabeel Ahmed **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3038 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Attached Gingiva, Iodine, Roll Technique, Anesthesia Attached gingiva is the distance between the mucogingival junction to a projection of the external surface of the sulcus or the periodontal pocket. There are mainly 3 methods for evaluating attached gingiva functional method (roll technique), the visual method with or without histochemical staining, anesthesia method. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the most commonly used technique for measuring the width of attached gingiva among patients. The study group consists of Adult patients who attended the outpatient Department of Prosthodontics from June 2019-March 2020. 86,000 case sheets were reviewed and sampling was done using simple random sampling. A chi-square test was done to evaluate the correlation between age, gender and Profession with Technique for measurement of Attached gingiva. From the study, we can see that most of the students used Roll technique to find Attached gingiva and some used Balloon technique to find attached gingiva. However, there is no significant correlation between age, gender and Profession with Technique of width of attached gingiva. --- ## Prevalence of midline diastema and its correlation with high Frenal attachment **Authors:** Shivanni S S, Sumathi Felicita A, Balakrishna R N **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3035 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Midline Diastema, High Frenal Attachment, Generalised Spacing, Periodontal Disease The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of midline diastema in the South Indian population and to find its correlation with high frenal attachment. The study includes patients visiting the department of orthodontics. The data was collected from the digital archives of the institution. Intraoral photos were assessed. A total 305 patients who reported to the department of orthodontics from June 2019 to March 2020 were screened. The causes of diastema namely presence of high frenal attachment, generalised spacing and periodontal disease, were evaluated. The results were statistically analysed using chi-square tests and graphs were tabulated. A total of 305 patients were screened, among which midline diastema was present in 22.3% (68) of the cases. High frenal attachment was found in 52%, generalised spacing in 36% and periodontal disease in 12% of the cases. The mean age of the patient was 23±5.25 years. The incidence of midline diastema was found to be 22%. High frenal attachment was found to be the most common etiology. --- ## Assessment of Knowledge about Lefort I Fracture Among Dental Students **Authors:** Pravinya A, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Subhashree Rohinikumar **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3012 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fracture, Maxilla, Mandible, Pterygoid plates Fractures of the middle third of the face have increased in number over the past two decades. Trauma to the facial area results in injuries not only to dental structures but also maxillomandibular fractures. In addition, these injuries frequently occur in combination with injuries of other parts of the body. The etiology of these fractures have various causes, such as traffic accidents, falls, assaults, sports, and others. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge and awareness about LeFort I fracture among undergraduate dental students. A custom made questionnaire comprising of 10 questions to assess the knowledge about LeFort I fracture was formulated and circulated among 100 undergraduate dental students. The responses were then subjected to statistical analysis. Among 100 undergraduate dental students, 52% of them were aware of the types of maxillofacial fractures, and LeFort I fracture is a maxillary fracture, 34% of them have reported that Le Fort I fracture causes disruption of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone,35% of them reported that LeFort I fracture might be associated with cerebrospinal fluid leak and 25% of them were still unaware that floating palate is the typical clinical presentation of LeFort I fracture. Also, only 30% were aware that intermaxillary fixation is the management of LeFort I fracture. The present study suggests that among undergraduate dental students, the knowledge about the clinical presentation and the management of LeFort I fracture is inadequate. --- ## Awareness of Drug Abuse Among Dental College Students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3318 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Substance, Drug, Abuse Drug abuse has been a serious medical concern worldwide. Given mortality, substance misuse is still liable for serious illness and also the marketing of illegal substances has a significant effect on the community. This study was conducted to determine the awareness of drug abuse amongst dental college students. A cross-sectional survey was done with a self-administered questionnaire comprising of ten questions pertaining to the awareness about drug abuse. The samples chosen for the study were 100 dental undergraduate students. The responses were collected and analysed. 82% of the respondents were aware of the dangerous effects of drug abuse .68% said drug abuse is because of stress, 8% said because of peer pressure and 20% said because of family problems and 4% said because of pleasure seeking. 76 % feel deaddiction therapy can reduce drug abuse. 5% of the respondents have used some kind of drugs, .85% said they are aware of health risks associated with drug abuse. There is a high level of awareness among dental students regarding the abuse of drugs and associated health risks. However, more intense and wider community outreach programs should be initiated to spread awareness about drug abuse among the general public and the student community. --- ## Awareness on disposal of liquid waste in dentistry among dental students **Authors:** Kaviyaselvi Gurumurthy, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Keerthi Sasanka **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3047 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Waste, Disposal, Dental Despite the advancing technological methods to prevent diseases, outbreaks become more common due to the ineffective waste disposal methods followed in dental clinics. In the safe and effective disposal of wastes, the key step is the separation or segregation of the wastes produced depending on its nature and composition. The present study aims at determining the awareness of safe disposal of liquid dental waste among undergraduate dental students. For the study, a pre-tested questionnaire consisting of 10 questions assessing the awareness and knowledge about waste disposal of liquids in dental clinics was prepared and circulated to a total of 100 undergraduate dental students of varying age groups via an online survey planet link. In addition to this, the requirement to layout a proper apprehension on the same was monitored. 94 % of the population are aware of the waste produced in the dental industry, 72.% of individuals believed that more than 2 litres of liquid waste is produced on an average daily basis. 53% of the population were aware that mercury was one of the essential components of liquid waste. 85%, who felt that the wastes produced had to be separated before disposal. 89% of the population were aware that dental wastes affect the people living around the disposal area and 71% felt that dental wastes could be recycled. The knowledge and awareness levels among dental students were adequate on the different types of liquid wastes produced in dental clinics and the effective solution to minimize this waste and dispose of them safely. Further, the results of the survey conducted were educated the need and necessity to inculcate the correct management techniques of dental wastes and to make dental students realise the importance of this subject. --- ## Gingival health status in patients with and without anterior open bite: A case-control study **Authors:** Kuzhalvaimozhi P, Vignesh Ravindran, Subhashini V.C **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3009 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anterior, Esthetics, Open bite, Periodontal disease Open bite is the absence of vertical overlap of lower incisors by upper incisors when posterior teeth are in occlusion. An anterior open bite can cause periodontal damage which leads to gingivitis and periodontitis. To assess the gingival health status in patients with anterior open bite and also compares with patients without an anterior open bite. Retrospective data collected from 89,000 case records from June 2019 to March 2020. The present study consisted of 76 patients divided into two groups: patients with anterior open bite and patients without an anterior open bite. In both groups, the following parameters were recorded - Oral Hygiene Index - Simplified (OHI-S) and Plaque Index (Silness and Loe). OHI-S index and plaque index was similar in patients with and without an anterior open bite. Mean Plaque Index for case group (patients with anterior open bite) is 0.76, and Mean Plaque Index for control group (patients without the anterior open bite) is 0.78. Mean OHI-S Index for case group (patients with anterior open bite) is 0.51, and Mean OHI-S Index for the control group (patients without the anterior open bite) is 0.53. The difference was not statistically significant (P-value > 0.05). In this study, gingival health status in patients with and without an anterior open bite is low. --- ## Awareness About Medicinal Uses of Costus Pictus Plant Among Dental Students **Authors:** Sai varshine, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Keerthi Sasanka **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3021 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Costus, dental students, diseases Costus igneus, typically known as searing costus, is native to South America ordinarily known as the insulin plant. It is typically grown in gardens mostly as a decorative herb in South India and is further out of control in other areas. It is used in India to combat hyperglycaemia and many other diseases. This survey was performed with the purpose of assessing the knowledge and the awareness about the Costus pictus medicinal plant amongst dental students. A cross-sectional survey was performed with a self-administered questionnaire with ten questions circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about Costus pictus plant, their medicinal uses, antidiabetic activity, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The responses were recorded and analysed.93% of the respondents were not aware of medical uses of Costus pictus .95% were not aware of antidiabetic activity of Costus pictus .97 % were not aware of the antioxidant activity of Costus pictus. Again 97% were not aware of the antimicrobial activity of Costus pictus. The knowledge and awareness about the medicinal Costus plant were less among dental students and awareness was created about its medicinal uses. --- ## Awareness of Medicinal Applications of Rice Bran Oil among Dental Students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3050 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Rice Bran Oil, Dental Students In the process of polishing rice, a specific vegetable oil high in antioxidant is generated first from the outermost surface of rice designated Rice Bran Oil (RBO). Experiments across the world have verified the antilipidemic activity owing to the presence of special nutritional supplement in this oil recognized as oryzanol or tocotrienols. Raw rice bran product is usually made up of glycerides phospho and glycolipids as well as free fatty acids. The purpose of this survey was for assessing the awareness of medicinal applications of Rice bran oil among dental students. A cross-sectional study was performed with a self-administered questionnaire with 10 queries circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about Rice bran oil therapy in medical applications, their anti lipidemia properties, antioxidant applications, hormone regulation applications and immune enhancement activity. The responses were recorded, and analysed. 94% of the respondents were not aware of medicinal applications of Rice bran oil therapy. 87% were not aware of anti lipidemia properties of Rice bran oil therapy. 85% were not aware of the antioxidant properties of Rice bran oil therapy. 84% were not aware of hormone regulation properties of Rice bran oil therapy. 89% were not aware of immune enhancements properties of Rice bran oil therapy. The awareness about the use of Rice bran oil therapy in medical applications is low among dental students. Increased awareness programs and sensitization and continuing dental education programs along with greater importance to the curricular modifications, can further enhance knowledge and awareness about Rice bran oil therapy. --- ## Awareness of medical applications of Modafinil therapy among dental students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3322 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Modafinil Therapy, Dental Students Modafinil was initially evolved by a French neurophysiologist Professor Michel Jouvet. Modafinil started with the late 1970s creation of a progression of benzhydryl sulfinyl mixes, including adrafinil that was used in the management of narcolepsy in 1986. Modafinil is fundamentally utilized for its antisomnic function. The aim of the survey is for assessing the awareness of medical applications of Modafinil therapy amongst dental students. A cross-sectional study was done with a self-administered questionnaire with 10 questions circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about Modafinil therapy in medical applications, their medicinal uses, antisomnic activity, mechanism of action and side effects. The responses were recorded and analysed. 94% of the respondents were not aware of medical uses of Modafinil therapy. 83% were not aware of antisomnic activity therapy. 90% were not aware of the mechanism of action of Modafinil therapy. 85% were not aware of the side effects of Modafinil therapy. The awareness about the use of Modafinil therapy in medical applications is very less among dental students. Increased awareness programs and sensitization and continuing dental education programs along with greater importance to the curricular modifications should be incorporated to improve the awareness levels. --- ## Awareness of Vinca alkaloids among dental students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3048 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Vinca Alkaloids, Dental Students Vincristine along with vinblastine are dual indole-based conjugated Vinca alkaloids formed from the foliage of the herb Catharanthusroseus, traditionally known as Vincarosea vincristine, that have been effectively prescribed as a single treatment and also in conjunction with other medications in hematological and stable malignancies chemotherapy for tumors. The purpose of this survey was to assess awareness of medical use of vinca alkaloids among dental undergraduate students. A cross-section study was performed with a self-directed survey questionnaire containing 10 queries distributed among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about vinca alkaloids, their medicinal uses, anticancer activity, mechanism of action and side effects. The responses were recorded and analysed. 94% of the respondents were not aware of medical uses of vinca alkaloids. 95% were not aware of anticancer activity of vinca alkaloids. 97 % were not aware of the mechanisms of action of vinca alkaloids. Again 97% were not aware of side effects of the vinca alkaloids. This study concluded the awareness about the medical use of vinca alkaloids among dental students was poor. Majority of them are not aware of the anticancer activity of vinca alkaloids. --- ## Herbal remedies in the management of atherosclerosis and hypertension **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3036 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cardio Vascular Disease, Herbs, Atherosclerosis, Hypertension Traditional ethnomedicine, characterized as culmination of traditional systems of medicine adopted by different ethnic groups, areas antique as cultural civilization. Nature helps in discovering new medicines that can contribute to the treatment of illnesses. While herbs are commonly used both in traditional and modern medicine. Traditional Medical care has traditionally depended on biological resources as medicines. Their impressive restorative capabilities, herbal treatments are incorporated with evidence-based medicines for the prevention and management for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). These pretty efficient compounds are the key components of cardiovascular disorder medications. --- ## Assessment of oral health behaviour and knowledge among dental and engineering undergraduate students **Authors:** Sundar R, Yuvaraj Babu K, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3337 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental Student, Engineering Student, Oral Health Behaviour, Brushing Habit, Dental Floss Oral health status is directly proportional to a person's oral health behaviour. Oral health of a person can be determined by their regular oral habits like brushing, flossing, smoking and regular dental check-up. Maintenance of poor oral health can lead to severe dental problems. The aim of the study is to create awareness about oral health and behaviour among the dental and engineering undergraduate students. The self-administered questionnaire prepared about oral health behaviour, distributed to 100 dental and engineering graduate students through online google link and data is collected and analysed. From the collected data, 87.18% of dental students brush daily, and 84.62% of engineering students use dental floss to clean the gap between the teeth. This survey helps to bring knowledge on the awareness of oral health behaviour among the dental and engineering students. From this survey, we have concluded that dental students have good oral hygiene when compared to engineering students. --- ## Preference of patient opting for implant vs FPD **Authors:** Pavithra H Dave, Rakshagan V, Mahesh Ramakrishnan **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3055 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Implant, FPD, Gender, Missing Teeth, Prosthesis Managing the demand, prevalence, and the design of partial tooth loss is imperative to recognize the prosthetic necessities of the patients. A factor that may affect prosthodontic work is the patients' awareness of the most advanced technologies in aesthetic dentistry. The choice of prosthetic replacement is largely defined by the patient's choice and budgetary status, accessible technology and expertise, as well as the number of missing teeth. The aim of this study was to identify the preference of treatment choice from implant and FPD for the patients treated at a private dental hospital. The sample size consisted of 1122 patients who had FPDs or implants. The case sheets of patients were obtained from the patient record system. The data of each patient was obtained and tabulated. In our study, 54.46 % of patients were male, 45.45 % of patients were female, and 0.09 % belonged to the transgender population. 3.21 % patients belong to the age group of less than 20 years, 54.06 % patients in the age group 21-40 years, 35.5 % patients in the age group 41-60 years and 7.2 % patients in the age group above 60 years. The overall FPD were 809 across all age groups with the maximum in the age group 21-40 years (40.59%). Overall implants were 312 across all age groups with the maximum at 21-40 years (13.47%). It was concluded that there is a significant difference in the preference of patients opting for implant vs FPD, in which FPD was highly opted by the patients. Although removable partial dentures extended to play a significant role in prosthetic teeth replacement, the use of FPDs and dental implants showed an increase in number. --- ## Awareness of interferon therapy among dental students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3054 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Interferon Therapy, Dental Students Interferon is perhaps the term given to antiviral material formed by many vertebrate cells in reaction to viral infections. Research has established a number of mechanisms involved, in therapeutic benefits of interferon together with antiviral, innate immunity-enhancing and cytostatic functions. This survey was performed for assessing the awareness about interferon therapy amongst dental students. A cross-sectional survey was performed with a self-administered questionnaire with ten queries circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about Interferon therapy, their medicinal uses, anticancer activity, mechanism of action and side effects. The responses were recorded and analysed. 91% of the respondents were not aware of medical uses of Interferon therapy. 93% were not aware of anticancer activity of Interferon therapy. 93 % were not aware of the mechanism of action of Interferon therapy. 96% were not aware of side effects of Interferon therapy. The awareness about the use of interferon therapy is very less among dental students. Increased awareness programs and sensitization programs should be conducted to improve the awareness levels. --- ## Knowledge and Awareness on air pollution as a risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia- A Survey **Authors:** Hemaahini Tamilmani, Gayathri Devi R, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3004 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Air pollution, Dementia, Elderly People, Particulate matter, Knowledge Dementia is a syndrome where the memory deteriorates, thinking changes, behaviour changes, etc. It can get developed from Alzheimer's disease and mainly affects elderly people. The fine particulate matter present in the air can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems which can lead to dementia. The main aim of this research is to understand the knowledge and awareness of people on the topic of air pollution linked to dementia. A survey was designed to analyse the result. The questionnaire was prepared in Google Forms- website and was distributed to 100 participants. The questionnaire was based on dementia and air pollution and its relation. The data was then collected and statistically analysed using SPSS software. 71% of the participants were aware that both air pollution and dementia are increasing factors of global risk. And only 77% of the participants were aware of the term ‘dementia’. Awareness must be spread on dementia and its link with air pollution, especially among elderly people. Awareness must be created on a larger scale of population, and also the public's opinion on dementia and its link with air pollution must be known for further future studies. --- ## Knowledge among Dentists about the usage of Opioid analgesics in Dental Practice **Authors:** Ashik Ahamed, Subhashree Rohinikumar, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3027 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pain, Knowledge, Opioid Analgesics, Usage in Dentistry The treatment of pain is very common in dental practice. Analgesics is the safest way to relieve pain. Conventional analgesics are known as opioids and nonopioids, although the old words "narcotics" and "non-narcotics" continue to be used interchangeably. Dependence and resistance are well recognized characteristics of daily use of opioid analgesics, but this does not automatically hinder use in palliative care.The dentist should have a clear knowledge in prescribing opioid drugs to the patients. To assess dentists regarding knowledge, attitude and opinion on prescribing opioid analgesics in dental practice. A close ended questionnaire comprising of 10 questions regarding knowledge, precautionary measure, indication, guidelines in prescribing opioid analgesics in dental practice will be distributed to 100 dental practitioners. Data was tabulated and analysed by computing the percentage response for each question. Majority of the practitioners (83%) were aware and some of them (17%) were unaware regarding the usage of opioid analgesics in dental practice. Most of the respondents in this study knew the background of opioid drugs, indication, contraindication and their usage in dental practice. However, dentists should be cautious in prescribing any form of drugs to the patient. --- ## Chyavanprash: Choice of Drug for immunity boosting and health supplements during COVID -19 pandemic **Authors:** Bharat Rathi, Renu Rathi, Vinod Ade, Akshay Pargaonkar **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3638 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Chyavanprash, immunity, health supplements, COVID-19 Chyavanprash a known Ayurvedic formulation formulated by sage Chyavan to impart youth, charm, strength & prolonged life. It is very much valued for possessing numerous health benefits with respect to the preventive, curative and promotive aspects of health. Chyavanprash can be consumed throughout the year. Several scientific evidences support its wholesome and safe healthy tonic status that is favorable for all age groups and genders alike. In modern days, it has gained mammoth popularity throughout the world. CP is prepared with Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) as a prime drug with other nutrient rich herbs help to preserve stamina, strength and vitality. Various pre clinical (in vivo & in vitro), Experimental, Analytical and clinical studies conducted on CP and its individual components revealed its various pharmacological activities most of which are suggestive of immunity enhancer and health supplements. Hence an attempt is made in the present paper to find out and explore the scientific evidences based on therapeutic potential of CP with respect to immunity and health supplements and make evidences available to the common people to combat the COVID-19 menace effectively. --- ## Awareness of Cryo Electro-Tomography among Dental Students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3333 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Cryo Electro Tomography, Dental Students CryoElectronomography (CryoET) is indeed an imaging method used to create high resolution (~1-4 nm) three-dimensional viewpoints of specimen, usually physiological macromolecules as well as cell lines. CryoET is really a highly specialized implementation of scanning electron microscopy cryomicroscopy whereby the specimen are scanned since they are tilted, triggering a series of Image data which can be processed to create a 3d image, analogous to 3D images, similar to a CT scan of the human body. This survey was done for assessing the awareness of Cryo electro tomography amongst dental students. This was a questionnaire oriented cross-sectional type of survey comprising 100 dental college students in Chennai. A self-designed questionnaire comprising ten questions based on the knowledge and awareness about Cryo-electron tomography amongst dental college students. Questionnaires were circulated through an online website survey planet. The questions explored the awareness of using Cryo-electron tomography as a tool to study various biological applications. After the responses were received from 100 participants, data was collected and analyzed. 7% are aware about Cryo Electro-tomography. 3% are aware of the mechanism of action of Cryo Electro-tomography. 5% are aware of the diagnostic applications of Cryo Electro-tomography. 3% are aware of the limitations Cryo Electro-tomography. 91% are willing to learn about Cryo Electro-tomography. This study concluded that dental students showed less knowledge and awareness toward Cryo Electro-tomography. There are large gaps in the knowledge and attitudes requiring strong remedial measures. --- ## Association and treatment of diabetes in patients affected by Covid-19 **Authors:** Syed Yasir Afaque **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3591 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, Covid-19, Diabetes, Association, Risk Factors, Outcome In December 2019, a unique coronavirus infection, SARS-CoV-2, was first identified in the province of Wuhan in China. Since then, it spread rapidly all over the world and has been responsible for a large number of morbidity and mortality among humans. According to a latest study, Diabetes mellitus, heart diseases, Hypertension etc. are being considered important risk factors for the development of this infection and is also associated with unfavorable outcomes in these patients. There is little evidence concerning the trail back of these patients possibly because of a small number of participants and people who experienced primary composite outcomes (such as admission in the ICU, usage of machine-driven ventilation or even fatality of these patients). Until now, there are no academic findings that have proven independent prognostic value of diabetes on death in the novel Coronavirus patients. However, there are several conjectures linking Diabetes with the impact as well as progression of COVID-19 in these patients. The aim of this review is to acknowledge about the association amongst Diabetes and the novel Coronavirus and the result of the infection in such patients. --- ## Awareness on nootropic herbs among dental students Herbal nootropic agents **Authors:** Denesh Raj, Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3040 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Nootropic Drugs, Dental Students Nootropics herb constitutes of compounds that enhance cognitive performance by increasing mental functions memory, creativity, motivation, and attention, eventually causing individuals to be many alerts and focused. These nootropic herbs tend to enhance brain performances. To assess the awareness on nootropic herbs among dental students. A cross-sectional study was done with a self-administered questionnaire with 10 questions circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness on pharmacological properties, traditional uses, medicinal uses and memory-enhancing function of the nootropic herbs from ayurvedic pharmacopoeia. The responses were recorded and analysed. 17% were aware of nootropic herbs. 5% were aware of their pharmacological properties. 3% were aware of traditional uses. 3% aware of medicinal uses. 12% were aware of memory-enhancing function. The awareness of nootropic herbs usage in clinical practice among dental students was found to be low in this study. Our findings emphasize the importance of incorporating several educational and training programs to dental students to sensitize them to look for alternative and herbal medicines in the treatment of diseases. --- ## Association of Snoring and Cardiovascular Symptoms - A Survey **Authors:** Malavika Pradeep, Sridevi G, Kavitha S **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2997 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Snore, sleep disturbances, underlying problem Snoring is a loud sound that can be produced when air across the relaxed tissues of the throat. The causes of snoring include age, being overweight or out of shape, the way you are built, nasal and sinus problems, sleep posture, alcohol, smoking and medications. The present study was performed to find the association between the habit of snoring and health problems like hypertension, breathlessness, fatigue and chest pain among genders. A self-developed questionnaire to assess the snoring habits of the participants with their underlying health problems. The study was conducted on an online platform and the responses were collected. The datas were collected and analysed with the help of statistical software SPSS version 22 and chi-square test was used as a statistical analysis to find how snoring habit affects the participants based on the gender. The results revealed that male respondents who have the habit of snoring are more related to problems like breathlessness, hypertension, fatigue and chest pain compared to females. This result can be justified by the fact that females have strong hormonal support offered by estrogen that protects them from cardiovascular and respiratory disorders. --- ## Awareness about Regenerative Therapy with of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) among Dental Students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3058 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Platelet Rich Plasma, Dental Students Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP), serving as a vehicle and wellspring of development factors, is a homologous plasma formulation with congregated platelets broadly studied for its applications as a bioactive scaffold in cell-based intervention and tissue engineering. The aim of the study was to assess the awareness about regenerative therapy with platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) among dental students. A cross-sectional study was done with a self-administered questionnaire with ten questions circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about PRP regenerative therapy in surgical applications, their endodontic uses, periodontal applications, impant surgical applications and bone healing. The responses were recorded and analysed. 82% of the respondents were aware of surgical applications of PRP regenerative therapy. 73% were aware of endodontic uses of regenerative therapy. 77% of the respondents were aware of periodontal applications of PRP regenerative therapy. 75% of the respondents were aware of surgical implant applications of PRP regenerative therapy. 78 % of the respondents were aware of bone healing properties of PRP regenerative therapy. The awareness about the use of PRP regenerative therapy in dental applications is high among dental students. Increased awareness programs and sensitization and continuing dental education programs along with more significant importance to the curricular modifications, can further enhance knowledge and awareness about PRP regenerative therapy. --- ## Pediatric Dentists Preference on Using Hand or Rotary Instruments in Single Visit Permanent Molars **Authors:** Rachel Paul, Vignesh Ravindran, Deepa Gurunathan **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3331 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental Caries, Hand Instruments, Rotary Instruments, Pediatric Dentists, Molars The main purpose of instrumentations in primary procedures of primary teeth is the removal of the organic debris. The success of the root canals therapy is based on the quality of instrumentations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the preference of hand or rotary instrumentation in single visit permanent molars. The study was conducted in a university setting. A total of 80 samples were collected and the data was tabulated in excel, which was later exported to SPSS software for the statistical analysis. The output was represented in the form of graphs and pie charts. A total of 80 cases were collected. The mea gae calculated was 13.8 years. Gender distribution in the patients were 51.2% females and 48.78% males. The age group commonly seen was 14 years (p-value = 0.219). Most common tooth number was found to be the upper left first molar. Rotary instrumentations were the most preferred technique for root canal treatment in permanent molars. The preference was more towards female patients and mandibular molars with age between 14-15 years. --- ## Awareness of Ludwig’s Angina Among Dental Practitioners **Authors:** Reshma Thirunavakarasu, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Subhashree Rohinikumar **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3319 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Ludwigs Angina, Dental, Infection Ludwig's angina is life-threatening cellulitis. It is primarily seen involving the submandibular space followed by secondary involvement of the submental space. This disease has an aggressive character and spreads rapidly causing a compromised airway with little warning. The aim of the study is to determine the level of knowledge and awareness of dental practitioners regarding Ludwig's angina and its management techniques. A total of 10 multiple choice questions were formed and distributed to 100 dental practitoners with more than five years of experience. All ten questions assessed the knowledge of dental practitioners regarding Ludwig's angina and awareness of the various management techniques. After all the participants have given their response, their responses were noted and tabulated. All the respondents were aware of the cause and causative factors of Ludwigs, angina. 78% said it is cellulitis. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are the choice in 78% of the respondents. 80% are aware this condition involves multiple space infections and 64% said they can diagnose this condition based on clinical features. The awareness of management techniques of Ludwig's angina was high among dental practitioners. The importance regarding knowledge of various disease which mainly affects the head and neck region is crucial for dental practitioners. Thus it is essential for the dental practitioners to have knowledge of the conditions and be aware of the management of these conditions. --- ## Awareness of Herpangina and its Management Among Dental Students **Authors:** Reshma Thirunavakarasu, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Subhashree Rohinikumar **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3335 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Herpangina, Dental Students Herpangina or otherwise known as hand-foot and mouth disease is caused by enteroviral infection and are two common related clinical syndromes. These diseases are mostly seen in the paediatric population. It is occasionally seen among adult patients. Herpangina is caused by one particular strain of coxsackievirus A and Enterovirus -A71. The aim of the study was to determine if dental students are aware of the various managements done for herpangina.A survey with nine close-ended questions and three multiple-choice questions were formed and distributed to 100 dental students, respectively. Their responses will determine the level of awareness of students regarding the management of herpangina. The questions elicited awareness on the various aspects of Herpangina disease among dental students. These responses to these questions were tabulated and analysed. 55% of the respondents said Herpangina affected people aged between 3-10yrs. 75% respondents said Herpangina is caused by Group A coxsackieviruses followed by 20% said Streptococcusand 5% said Staphylococcus are responsible. 83% of respondent prescribed antivirals, followed by analgesics. 15% and 2% used antibiotics to treat Herpangina. The awareness about the management strategies of Herpangina among dental students was moderate. Awareness of dental students can always be enhanced by promoting more educational programmes regarding various diseases such as herpangina. It is important as they will play an important role in delivering better health care in the future. --- ## Association of age and gender distribution of patients undergoing class 2 amalgam restorations in maxillary premolars **Authors:** Vaishnavi Sivakali Subramanian, Pradeep S, Aravind Kumar S **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3042 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amalgam Restoration, Class 2 Restoration, Disto-Occlusal Caries, Mesio-Occluso-Distal, Mesio-Occlusal Amalgam is the most versatile restorative material in dentistry. It constitutes 70% of all restorative material. Dental amalgam accounts for various advantages and disadvantages. Among the disadvantages replacement of the amalgam restoration has been a major concern due to various reasons like recurrent caries, esthetics and fracture of non-functional cusp among class II, fracture of non-functional cost is mostly documented. The aim of the study is to evaluate the association between age and gender distribution undergoing class 2 amalgam restoration in maxillary premolars. In this retrospective study, the details of the 86,000 patient records were reviewed and analyzed, out of which 303 patients who had undergone class 2 amalgam restoration in maxillary premolars between June 2019 to March 2020 were included in this study. The details like age, gender, tooth number and the surface of restorations were evaluated and entered in SPSS, version 23. The data were analyzed through a chi-square test. More number of restorations were done in the age group of 31-40 years. It was observed that there is no significant association between age, and surface distribution in mandibular premolars (p>0.05) and analyzing the association between gender and tooth surface, no significant difference seen (p>0.05). Disto occlusal restoration was predominantly done in both the genders and both the maxillary premolars. In general female patients underwent more restorations compared to male patients. --- ## Prevalence of TMD in patients visiting private dental institution - A retrospective study **Authors:** John Rozar Raj, Uma Maheswari, Nivedhitha M S **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3052 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clicking Sound, Pain, RDC Criteria, Restricted Mouth Opening, TMD Temporomandibular disorder is a collective term for a group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions. Patients will complain of pain in the TMJ region and the fatigue of the Cranio cervico facial muscles. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of TMD in patients visiting a private dental college. This was a retrospective study. Samples were collected from June 2019 to March 2020. The sample size was 55 patients. Data of Temporomandibular disorders were collected. Excel tabulation was done. Chi-Square test was performed and results were obtained using SPSS software. Out of 55 patients, the prevalence of group I of RDC criteria was 34.5%, prevalence of group II of RDC criteria was 62% and the prevalence of group III of RDC criteria was 3.5%. From the present study, it can be concluded that the prevalence of TMD in patients visiting a private dental College was very less. Group II of our RDC criteria was found to be high, with a percentage of 62%. --- ## Medical Emergency in Dental Clinic - An Update **Authors:** Aksha Sharen Arul Edwin, Lakshmi T, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3031 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental Clinic, Emergency Drugs, Emergency Equipment, Medical Emergencies In general, one of the convincing methods to tackle an emergency is to be well-organized and prepared priory. The intention of the study is to analyze the availability of medical emergency procedures and equipment in dental clinics. Also, the aim is to determine the level of awareness, knowledge, perceptions, individual experiences and preparedness of the dental practitioners and dental students for the management of medical emergency situations in their hospitals or clinics. A cross-sectional survey based study was done from April to May, 2020 among 100 dental students in Chennai. The self-structured well-designed questionnaire containing the protocols and emergency procedures followed in their clinic. The questionnaire forms were circulated online through Google forms. The data from all the participants were collected and analyzed through SPSS software. In the present study, it was inferred that the majority of the population are aware about the medical emergencies in dental clinics (99%) and the remaining 1% of the population are not aware of it. The conclusion of this study is that the above statistical analysis about knowledge awareness on recent advances in the treatment of medical emergencies in dental clinics has provided an alarming situation about the capability of dentists to deal with such conditions for the betterment of patients in future. --- ## Frequency and Distribution of Mandibular Teeth Treated by Single Visit RCT and Multi Visit RCT in an Indian Population- A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Mulumoodi Rama Sowmya, Raghu Sandhya, Adimalupu Hima Sandeep **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3002 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** frequency, mandibular teeth, multi-visit root canal treatment, single visit root canal treatment The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and distribution of mandibular teeth treated by single visit root canal treatment (RCT) and multi-visit RCT in a group of the Indian population. With the approval of the Institutional Review Board of Saveetha Dental college, the data of 3887 patients between June 2019 to March 2020 were retrieved and analysed. Data was collected from 3887 patients and were divided into the criteria of a single visit and multi-visit RCT. The data were tabulated into excel sheets under the headings age, gender, teeth, type of treatment. It was an Institutional based Retrospective study. It was observed that there was a statistically significant association in the age and gender of patients who underwent single visit and multi-visit RCT in mandibular teeth. The probability value P<0.05 was obtained after performing a Chi-square test, showing that multi-visit RCT cases (59.9%)were higher than single visit RCT (40.56%). Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that the frequency of multi-visit RCT was higher in mandibular teeth compared to single visit RCT. Frequency of multi-visit RCT was higher in mandibular molars followed by second premolars in comparison to single visit RCT. The frequency of multi-visit RCT was higher in both males and females compared to single visit RCT. --- ## Awareness About Oral Cancer Among Dental Students **Authors:** Nishanthi R, Ashok Velayudhan, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3044 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Oral Cancer, Dental Students Oral cancer affects people in the 6th and seventh many years of existence with a background marked by smoking tobacco and, or liquor utilization. Early acknowledgement and referral are basic as less treatment is required to decrease mortality and morbidity. Past examinations have demonstrated that oral cancer can be quiet in symptoms with attention to primal signs being increasingly advantageous in diagnosis. To assessing oral cancer knowledge and awareness among undergraduate dental studentsA cross-sectional survey was done with a self-administered questionnaire with 10 questions circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about oral cancer, their risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management strategies. The responses were recorded and analysed. 96 % of dental students were aware of oral cancer. 95% said smoking and tobacco-related products are the major risk factors of oral cancer. 85% were aware of clinical manifestation of oral cancer. 71% were aware of the diagnosis of oral cancer and 65% were aware of management strategies for oral cancer. Greater part of the responders in this investigation had satisfactory information about clinical indications of oral cancer. Efforts ought to be made to develop inspirational disposition towards avoidance of oral cancer. There is a necessity to present instructions on counteraction, early referral and demonstrative techniques for oral cancer. --- ## Radiographic bone formation after indirect sinus lift using transcrestal osteotomy with simultaneous implant placement **Authors:** Sneha Gada, Thyianeswaran Nessappan, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3316 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Indirect Sinus Lift, Osteotome, Tenting Technique, Bone Gain Dental implants really have transformed the reconstruction and strategic planning of fixed prosthodontics in the edentulous posterior maxilla. Increased bone volume via elevation of sinus membrane enables dental implants to be positioned in dysplastic maxillary ridges. The purpose of the research was to determine retrospectively the volume of hard tissue height acquired through a transcrestal method to sinus lifting utilizing osteotomes, together with the concurrent positioning of implants. Documents from the previous 2-year span of partially edentulous cases checked at Saveetha Dental Hospital were searched for patients undergoing implantation to substitute teeth missing in a posterior edentulous maxillary area with inadequate vertical osseous height. The inclusion criterion, sinus lift operation, was performed without bone grafts. A maximum of 42 people was selected. Among these patients, 35 were classified as cases recommended for indirect sinus lift while 45 were given implants. The implants being used are 3.5 mm or 4.5 mm diameter and 10.5, 11 or 13 mm length. The average survival rate for implants was 97.78 per cent. The mean bone height estimated from alveolar crest to the base of the implant just at the time of implantation was 6.79 mm ± 1.35 mm. Measured mean bone height at the six-month follow-up period was 11.4 mm ±0.88 mm, which was significant (p < 0.05). Transcrestal osteotomy with implants tenting sinus membrane without extra graft material might show a substantial mean osseous height increase of 4.6 mm. --- ## Oral health related quality of life of complete denture patients treated by UG students - A university hospital based study **Authors:** Priyadharshini Suresh Babu, Marian Anand Bennis, Geo Mani **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3343 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Complete Denture, Under-Graduate Student, Oral Health Oral health status of the elderly people is booming as a wide interest in dentistry. Complete dentures are the most common treatment for rehabilitation of total loss of teeth. Denture replacing the teeth helps in patients mastication, communication and aesthetics. This study aims to assess the oral health quality of patients wearing complete denture treated by undergraduate students. A questionnaire was prepared to assess the oral health-related quality of life among 107 complete denture patients who were treated by undergraduate students at Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. The questionnaire was administered to 107 respondents via telephonic conversation. The complete denture patient list was obtained by reviewing and analysing 86,000 patients record who visited the Saveetha Dental College during the time period of June 2019 to March 2020. Based on the data collected from the questionnaire, the results were tabulated and statistically analysed via the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). In this study, it was observed that the complete denture patients on the whole experienced positive outcomes with 73.8% patients with no allergy, 36.4% with no difficulty in phonetics, 45.7% reported occasional difficulties in mastication and 46.7% reported occasional food sticking to the denture. In this study, it is observed that the complete denture patients treated by the under-graduate students, on the whole, were satisfied with their dentures. --- ## A Review on Methods of Face Masks Sterilization for Reuse Owing To Crisis During COVID-19 **Authors:** Pradyuman Singh Rajput, Asish Kumar Saha, Insiya Gangardiwala, Anand Vijayakumar Palur Ramakrishnan **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3604 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID19, Pandemic, face masks, PPE, Sterilization methods The COVID-19 pandemic initially started from the Wuhan capital city of Hubei Province in the People's Republic of China had now led to a severe public health hazard across the globe, the recorded death is approximately 958 thousand globally and counting. With the enormous amount of spread of the disease, a severe crisis for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is being noticed across the globe. Face masks being the first line of defence for all the healthcare workers as well for the common public. It became mandatory to wear face masks before entering the patient care area. The countries who are not manufacturing it locally had to depend on other countries for the procurement. As there is a severe supply chain disruption due to the lockdown measures taken by all the countries to contain the disease, so it had become difficult to procure the face masks from the manufacturing countries. The price for these PPEs is also rising at an alarming rate with the increase in the COVID-19 cases and the huge rate of consumption by the healthcare and other sectors. Therefore, with limited resources, the hospital has to run its services. The CDC, WHO and ICMR have released several guidelines from time to time for sterilization and reuse of face masks. This article will discuss the various methods that can be utilized to sterilize the face masks and reuse of it. --- ## COVID -19: Emerging out of the Pandemic Situation **Authors:** Sakshi Kumeriya, Bharat Rathi, Renu Rathi, Mujahid Khan **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3670 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronavirus outbreak, COVID-19, virus transmission, treatment protocol The novel SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus that emerged in the city of Wuhan, China, last year and spread all over the world countries and caused the worst ever pandemic situation. This deadly virus held the entire world to be in high alert. Considering its seriousness, the World Health Organization declared a public health emergency of international concern. Govt. of India and its all allied organizations are working together and trying hard to control it and avoid the situation of community transmission. Nationwide lockdown helped to control the transmission but after unlock it transmitted speedily in the community, which is the alarming sign for everyone. In this review, the attempt is made to focus on published research articles on coronavirus disease, mode of transmission and disinfection measures, the current state of research, treatment protocol so those common people can understand its gravity and follow the measures stringently. --- ## Knowledge and Awareness about Right Brain Thinkers Among Undergraduate Students A Survey **Authors:** Pravalika A, Gayatri Devi R, Gifrina Jayaraj **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3022 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Right Brain, Innovative, Creative, Experience, Knowledge, Awareness Many dental and medical students are aware that educating our patients with accurate information is essential. They must be more innovative to provide them with the experience of a positive outcome. This new era is all about design. They have to grow with the times. Exercising the right brain, developing innovative ideas within our practices, and the ability to make great leaps of thought are the common denominators. The survey aims to study knowledge and awareness among undergraduate students about right-brain thinkers. A self-structured questionnaire comprising about 15 questions was prepared and circulated through online-based, i.e., Google forms. The results were obtained and statistically analysed through SPSS software. Majority of them were aware that right-brain thinkers are creative and innovative. Even most of them knew that right-brain thinker could not focus on a particular thing for an extended period. The Creative age of the 21st century will highlight Creative thinkers, those who can deliver the competence of leading-edge dentistry along with the experience of patients. The too much-left brain will lead one never to leave the ground with endless execution and no magic. The awareness about right-brain thinkers and their abilities must be known and to know about their unique traits and develop knowledge. --- ## Awareness of intraoral photography among dental students **Authors:** Ravi Teja Maddula, Abby Abraham, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3330 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Intraoral Photography, Dental Students Precise shade matching is one of the most testing parts of dental restorations and stylish dentistry. Because of the incredible assortment of regular tooth shading accomplishing a nearby shade match of a fake rebuilding with normal dentition is a mind-boggling process. Photography has been utilized for a long time trying to improve correspondence among dental specialists and dental professionals. The aim of the study was to evaluate the awareness of intra oral photography among dental graduates. This was a questionnaire based cross-sectional type of study comprising 100 dental college students in Chennai. After the responses were received from 100 participants, data were collected and analysed. 76% of dental graduates stated the intraoral photographs were taken in automatic mode and only 24% of dental graduates set the camera in manual mode to capture the intraoral image. 97% of Dental graduates use the grey card as the contrast to the subject taken, and 98% of dental graduates are unaware about the use of white balance in-camera setting, and 1% of dental graduates are only aware of the 18% grey card and the use of grey card to pre-set the white balance. 100% of the people recommend the intraoral photography courses included in the dental course. 33% of the graduates have attended the photography courses to learn the technique to capture the intraoral photographs. The awareness of intraoral photography among dental students is moderately adequate. More than 30 of the graduates have attended the photography courses to learn the technique to capture the intraoral photographs. The documentation of the clinical cases is being encouraged in dental schools, but the proper training for the intraoral photographs is not being met. 100% of graduates recommend the photography courses be included in the dental curriculum. --- ## Knowledge and Awareness of Precision Attachments Among Dental Students **Authors:** Rushabh Kamdhar, Subhashree Rohinikumar, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3023 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Precision Attachments, Patrix, Matrix, Removable Partial Denture Significant reconstruction of damaged teeth requires a great deal of new and traditional treatment methods, and the design of attachment retained removable partial dentures is one such therapeutic approach in prosthodontics. Customized semi-precision fittings with partial dentures provide strength and enhanced aesthetics in situations with limited space. The objective of the study was to determine the knowledge and understanding of precision attachments amongst dental students. A descriptive survey was conducted among undergraduate and postgraduate dental students using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire gathered information on the respondent's knowledge regarding the use of precision attachments among dental practitioners in dentistry. Out of the 100 students,60% of them believed that based on the geometric configuration and design of the attachment precision attachments can be classified as the key lock, 20% believed that they were classified as latch type attachments and the rest 20% believed that they were classified as ball and socket attachment. Out of the 100 students who took the survey, 80% believed that the advantages of using precision attachments were all except increasing the stress to abutment and 20% believed that the advantages were all except decreasing torsional forces. All the students who had taken part in the survey had moderate knowledge about the use of precision attachments in dentistry. More intensive educational and awareness initiatives should be undertaken to increase the awareness levels about precision attachments among dental students. --- ## Knowledge and Practice towards Management of Space Infections among Dental Practitioners **Authors:** Ahmed Hilal Sheriff, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Subhashree Rohinikumar **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3059 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Odontogenic Infections, Dental Practitioners An odontogenic infection is an alveolar, jaw, or facial infection that is caused by a tooth or its supporting structures and is one of the most common infections. Dental caries, heavy restorations or unsuccessful endodontic treatment, pericoronitis and periodontal infection are by far the most likely reasons for odontogenic infections. Infections are typically clustered around teeth and may stay concentrated to the region where it began, and may propagate to neighbouring or distant locations. The questionnaire included questions regarding essential knowledge and understanding of the Management of odontogenic space infections. Responses were obtained, and the data were analyzed. 72% of the respondents have said streptococcus viridans is the most common microorganisms in odontogenic infection, 57% said they would give antibiotics, incision and drainage for canine space infection, 63% said they would give antibiotics, incision and drainage for submandibular infection space infection, 57% said their first choice of antibiotic in managing space infection is Amoxicillin, and 53% said clindamycin is the choice of antibiotics in patients allergic to Amoxicillin. Most of the dental practitioners in this study did not have complete knowledge regarding the new generations of cephalosporins rather; they were aware of the 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins. More education and understanding will improve the effectiveness of use and solve the difficulties faced in dentistry. --- ## Knowledge and attitude on the effects of dermatoglyphics among dental students **Authors:** Praneeksha A, Keerthi Sasanka, Gayatri Devi R, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3011 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dermatoglyphics, Palm, Sole, Crime Scenes, Fingerprints, Disease prediction Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of fingerprints, lines, mounts and shapes of hands, as distinct from the superficially similar pseudoscience of palmistry. Dermatoglyphics also refers to the making of naturally occurring ridges on specific body parts, namely palms, fingers, soles, and toes. These are areas where hair usually does not grow, and these ridges allow for increased leverage when picking up objects or walking barefoot. Learning new things and being an informative person have always been the goals of human beings, so coming to know about the human hand was also new information and created a great interest in individuals of various fields. Palms and soles of feet are covered with distinct classes of marks, So the study of fingerprints is called dermatoglyphics. Palmistry is called dermatoglyphics. The fingerprints patterns do not change throughout the lifetime. There are three types of significant fingerprints, Arches, loops, whorls. Dermatoglyphics is majorly used in an investigation. It also helps find a person’s uniqueness and helps in personalised education. The study aimed to assess the knowledge about dermatoglyphics among dental students. A questionnaire was designed online using google docs which consisted of 15 questions eliciting knowledge on dermatoglyphics. The study population included dental students. The responses were collected and statistically analysed. The results were partly biased, but on the whole, the dental students were aware of the basic details of dermatoglyphics. The survey concluded the dental students were partly aware, but at the end of the survey, they had got a clear idea about dermatoglyphics and its uses in different fields. --- ## Awareness on oral hygiene practices among rural primary school teachers **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3041 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Oral Hygiene, Rural Teachers Oral disease can be viewed as a general medical issue because of its high pervasiveness and huge social effect. Interminable oral ailment ordinarily prompts tooth loss and has a physical, psychological and monetary impact. This survey was done to assess the awareness on oral hygiene practices among rural primary school teachers. A closed-ended questionnaire, consisting of 10 components, was distributed among rural primary school teachers in the Madurai district of Tamil Nadu, India (n=127). The questionnaire elicited knowledge and practices of oral hygiene, their brushing habits, use of toothpaste, powder, use of mouth rinses, the practice of night brushing and tongue cleaning. The responses were collected and analysed. 100% of the respondents practice regular tooth brushing. 42% of them brushed both during the morning and night and 58% brushed in the morning, 96% used toothpaste and 4% used tooth powder. 34% used mouth rinses. 16% used tongue cleaners. The findings of the study indicated that the awareness and knowledge of oral hygiene among primary school teachers in the rural district of Salem was good. Teachers, nevertheless, need educational programs, workshops and symposiums on oral health issues to further empower them to educate the students. --- ## Awareness on rabies among dental students **Authors:** Subaraman A, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Keerthi Sasanka **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3037 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rabies, Awareness, Dental Students Rabies awareness in dental students is very important and is very important in creating effective preventive measures in public. Rabies Is a fatal viral disease that can infect all the mammals, but dogs are the main source of human infections. To evaluate the knowledge and awareness of rabies among dental students. This was a questionnaire-based observational cross sectional type of study. The study population consisted of dental students from Saveetha Dental College. A self-designed questionnaire of 10 questions was framed based on the knowledge and awareness of rabies given the dental students using an online survey mode. The survey contained a set of 10 questions eliciting awareness about rabies. The responses were collected and analysed. 83% of students were aware that the rabies is fatal once the symptoms appeared .74% of students were aware that the rabies is a viral disease.68% of students were aware that the rabies is primarily transmitted through saliva.69% of students were aware that rabies is more common in dogs. 41% of students were aware of the incubation time. 73% of students were aware of the symptoms of rabies. The study concluded that the knowledge on the awareness of rabies among dental students is moderately adequate. --- ## Awareness about Precision Medicine among Dental Students: A Survey **Authors:** Sabaritha A, Kavitha S, Sridevi G, Vishnu priya, Gayathri M **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3340 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Precision Medicine, Awareness, Dental Students, Treatment Precision medicine is a method of prevention and treatment which is based on biological databases. Precision medicine has been used in existence for more than a century. More than one million people have contributed their data to precision medicine. This study focuses especially to evaluate the knowledge on characteristics of precision medicine. The aim of this study is to create awareness of Precision medicine among dental students. Based on a cross-sectional study, a survey was conducted among dental students on precision medicine. The questionnaire was distributed through an online survey link (i.e.) google forms. Nearly 150 students participated in it. Data was circulated, results were collected and statistically analysed through spss software. 97.6% of the people are mostly aware of precision medicine, where 47% are male and 53 % are female. 77.1% of the people are aware that the precision medicine treatment is based on DNA and it’s genetic variations. 75.3% of people feel that precision medicine is not affordable by everyone. This study was made to improve the awareness and knowledge of precision medicine in dentistry. --- ## Awareness of Medicinal Applications of Piper nigrum among Dental Students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3051 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Piper nigrum, Dental Students Black pepper includes the many commonly used ingredients upon this planet, remarkable for some of its potent component piperine. White pepper is made with closely related species, while black pepper is prepared by fast processing and wind drying of underripe natural products, white pepper is made from dried, regular and ready-mixed seeds. Piperine has been the conventional biologically active conjugate of Piper nigrum and Piper longum, having been taken into consideration for therapeutic effects. The purpose of this survey was for assessing the awareness of medicinal applications of Piper nigrum amongst dental students. A cross-sectional survey was done with a self-administered questionnaire with 10 questions circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about Piper nigrumtherapy in medical applications, their immunomodulatory properties, antipyretic properties, antispasmodic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and its mechanism of action and side effects. The responses were recorded and analysed. 16% of the respondents were aware of the medical applications of Piper nigrum therapy. 11 % were aware of the anti immunomodulatory activity of Piper nigrum therapy. 9 % were aware of antipyretic properties of Piper nigrum therapy. 13 % were aware of antispasmodic properties of Piper nigrum therapy. 10 % were aware of anti-inflammatory properties of Piper nigrum therapy. 6 % were an aware mechanism of action and side effects of Piper nigrum therapy. The awareness about the use of Piper nigrum therapy in medicinal applications is low among dental students. Increased awareness programs and sensitization and continuing dental education programs along with greater importance to the curricular modifications, can further enhance knowledge and awareness about Piper nigrum therapy. --- ## Awareness of Medical Applications of Ozonated Water Therapy Among Dental Students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3324 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Ozone Water Therapy, Dental Students Ozone (O3) happens to be a triple atomic particle that comprises three oxygen iotas with an atomic load of 47.98 g/mol. Ozone is a thermokinetic coseismal particle which, contingent upon framework conditions like temperature and weight, has a short half-life and breaks down into sub-atomic oxygen (O2). Ozone is utilized as medication in many conditions. The study aimed to assess the awareness of medical applications of ozonated water therapy among dental students. A cross sectional study was done with a self-administered questionnaire with 10 questions circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about ozone water therapy in medical applications, their medicinal uses, antiinflammatory activity, mechanism of action and side effects. The responses were recorded and analysed.87% of the respondents were not aware of medical uses of Ozone water therapy .73% were not aware of antiinflammatory activity of Ozone water therapy.83 % were not aware of the mechanism of action of Ozone water therapy .85% were not aware of side effects of Ozone water therapy. The awareness about the use of Ozone water therapy in medical applications is very less among dental students. Increased awareness programs and sensitization and continuing dental education programs along with greater importance to the curricular modifications should be incorporated to improve the awareness levels. --- ## An assessment of various factors in patients who underwent full mouth rehabilitation in a university hospital set up **Authors:** Ilankizhai R J, Revathi Duraisamy, Madhu Laxmi M **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3008 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Attrition, Full mouth rehabilitation, Gender, Sex predilection, tooth wear The best treatment option available for treating any generalised tooth structure loss is to undergo full mouth rehabilitation. Full mouth rehabilitation aims at restoration of form and function of masticatory apparatus to nearly as normal condition as possible. The aim of the study was to report on the gender distribution and most common cause for full mouth rehabilitation among patients with FMR in a private dental college over six months of period. A retrospective study was done using the case records of patients visiting University hospital from June 2019 - March 2020. Case sheets with information on full mouth rehabilitation were retrieved and analysed using SPSS 20.0 software. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were performed. The results reported that there were no particular differences in gender distribution. Both females and males had equal predilection(50 % - males, 50 % - Females). Majority of the males who are diagnosed with FMR were in the age group 59 to 68 years whereas females diagnosed with FMR were in the age group 49 to 58 years which was found to be statistically significant as determined by chi-square tests(p value< 0.05). The most common reason in males for full mouth rehabilitation was attrition whereas in females multiple missing teeth, however, there was no significant association between the genders and cause of full mouth rehabilitation as determined by Pearson's chi-square test (p value> 0.05). Within the limits of the study, it can be concluded that Full mouth rehabilitation was done in both genders equally and females underwent FMR at a much younger age than males. --- ## Awareness of cryotherapy in sports medical applications among dental students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3341 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Cryotherapy, Dental Students Cryotherapy is the use of cold for either the management of injury or illness, has become common across sports medicine. It remains a well-established procedure for managing serious soft tissue damages. However, there is the disparity between both the theoretical evidence for cryotherapy in clinical trials. This survey was performed for assessing the awareness about cryotherapy in sports medical applications amongst dental students. A cross-sectional study was done with a self-administered questionnaire with 10 questions circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about cryotherapy in sports medical applications, their medicinal uses, anti-inflammatory activity, mechanism of action and side effects. The responses were recorded and analysed. 87% of the respondents were not aware of medical uses of Cryotherapy. 73% were not aware of the anti-inflammatory activity of Cryotherapy. 83 % were not aware of the mechanism of action of Cryotherapy. 85% were not aware of the side effects of Cryotherapy. The awareness about the use of cryotherapy in sports medical applications is very less among dental students. Increased awareness programs and sensitization and continuing dental education programs along with greater importance to the curricular modifications in sports dentistry should be incorporated to improve the awareness levels. --- ## Awareness Among Patients Regarding Implants as a Treatment Option for Replacement of Missing Teeth Among Rural Population **Authors:** Madulla Ravi Teja, Padma Ariga, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3329 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Implants, Rural Population Regular oral conditions have been appeared to substantially affect prosperity and quality of life. The loss of at least one common teeth often brings about incapacity, as basic day by day living exercises, for example, talking and eating are hindered, and furthermore in a handicap, for instance, by diminished social communication as a result of humiliation related with dental replacement wearing. The primary characterization of prosthodontics is the restoration of function following tooth loss. The study aimed to understand awareness among rural patients about implants for replacing missing teeth. This survey was done among 100 subjects in rural zones using a self-administered questionnaire. The mean age of the participants of 36.5yrs. Information pertaining to awareness of dental implants, reasons for replacement, and information sources over dental implants were obtained. The collected data were collected and analyzed. Out of 100 subjects, 55 were males and 45 females. Around 35% of the subjects were aware of dental implants. 64% seeked replacement for masticatory reasons,32% for esthetic reasons, and 4% for phonetics. Dentists were the primary source of information about implants (73%) followed by mass media (15%) and friends (12%). The greater part of the participants were not having awareness with respect to implants and not many had undergone implant treatment. It additionally demonstrated the requirement for giving more information to patients regarding this treatment modality. --- ## Awareness About Wegeners Granulomatosis Disease Among Dental Students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3339 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Wegeners Granulomatosis, Dental Students Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG) is a systemic disease characterized by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract, glomerulonephritis, and vasculitis. The clinical manifestations and laboratory findings suggest an autoimmune disease resulting from a hypersensitivity reaction to some environmental agent. The purpose of the survey is for assessing the awareness about wegeners granulomatosis disease amongst dental students. A cross-sectional survey was done with questionnaire comprising a total of ten multiple-choice questions which were distributed to 100 undergraduate dental students. The questions elicited awareness about the etiology, clinical features, diagnostic tests, treatment methods and complications of wegeners granulomatosis. The responses were collected and analysed. 7% were aware of etiology of Wegeners granulomatosis, 9% were aware of clinical features of Wegeners granulomatosis, 5% were aware of diagnostic tests of Wegeners granulomatosis, 5% were aware of the treatment of Wegeners granulomatosis, and 4% were aware of complications of Wegeners granulomatosis. The awareness of Wegener's granulomatosis among dental students is inadequate. Granulomatosis of Wegener is a relatively uncommon, autoimmune condition of unknown origin. Without medication, thus many patients would then inevitably die of those same illness. Therefore, awareness and education initiatives must be pursued to enlighten students about this illness. --- ## A Retrospective Analysis of the Correlation Between the Type of Pulp Exposure and the Choice of Pulp Capping Agents **Authors:** Vignesh S, Iffat Nasim, Arvina Rajasekar **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3046 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Calcium Hydroxide, Dental Caries, MTA, Pulp Capping, Pulp Exposure The aim was mainly to determine the correlation between the type of pulp capping method and the material of choice in this study. Pulp capping in the carious teeth has been considered as unpredictable and they mainly have a lesser success rate. The pulp capping can be mainly done in two methods; they are direct and indirect pulp capping, which can be mainly done with the help of different materials of choice like calcium hydroxide, MTA etc. The study was conducted in Saveetha Dental College. The data collection has been done from the department of Conservative dentistry and Endodontics for patients undergoing pulp capping treatment. The results were obtained and tabulated, the type of pulp capping method was 67% of indirect pulp capping and 33% of direct pulp capping method in which 81% of calcium hydroxide, 8% of MTA and 11% of RMGIC were used as the materials of choice. Among which indirect pulp capping method was most commonly used than the direct pulp capping method with calcium hydroxide as the material of choice for the treatment (p < 0.05, which is statistically significant). The pulpal exposure was mainly due to dental caries and mechanical preparation of the tooth. Within the limits of the present study, the most common type of the pulp exposure was due to dental caries and mechanical exposure during the cavity preparation of the tooth and the most common method of pulp capping was the indirect method with calcium hydroxide (CaOH) as the most common material of choice. --- ## Assessing the mastery of local anesthesia by students by evaluating the amount used for single tooth extraction **Authors:** Balaji V, Mahathi A, Sreedevi Dharman **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3016 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Extraction, Local anesthesia, Recommended dose, students, Technique sensitive, University study Local anesthesia is more commonly used in dentistry to facilitate a painless treatment experience for a patient during surgical procedures involving bone and soft tissue. Hence, to facilitate a painless treatment experience for a patient should know ideal requirements before administering a dose. This study aims to assess the mastery of local anesthesia by students by evaluating the amount used for single tooth extraction. In this retrospective study, data were obtained from hospital records. The data was obtained from the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery from June 2019 - April 2020. A total of 2100 patient details were evaluated. The collected data were tabulated and statistically analysed using SPSS software (Version 21: IBM Corporation NY USA). Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were calculated to explore the general features of the data. Pearson chi square test was done to statistically analyze the data. Patients of all age groups were included in this study. Around 14.5% of the patients were below 30 years, 40.7% of the patients were between the age of 30-50 years, and 55.2% of the patients were above 50 years old. Around 95.9%, 3.1%, 0.9% and 0.1 % were administered with 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml respectively, of which 55% and 45% were male and female patients respectively. Within the limits of this study, 95.9% were administered with 2ml for extracting a single tooth. 95.9% use ideal recommended dose and concentration for performing a single tooth extraction. --- ## Assessment of brushing techniques taught by dental students to children in mixed dentition stage - A retrospective study **Authors:** Bharathi R, Vignesh Ravindran, Senthil Murugan P **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3315 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Brushing Technique, Age, Mixed Dentition, Plaque Control Dentists play an important role in the primary prevention of dental problems in young through preventive treatments, risk assessment and anticipatory guidance for parents regarding oval development, caries prevention and overall oral health, including brushing techniques, fluoride toothpaste, brushing twice a day. The aim of this study was to evaluate the commonly used brushing technique by dental students during the mixed dentition stage. Data were retrieved from the dental records. Data of brushing techniques used in pediatric dentistry was collected from the patient management records of the Department of Pediatric Dentistry. Patients of 6–12 years with mixed dentition were shortlisted. Data obtained was tabulated in excel and analyzed using statistical software. Age distribution of this study was 6 years (6.2%), 7 years (15%), 8 years (19%), 9 years (16.4%), 10 years (15.3%), 11 years (13.6%), 12 years (14.2%). Gender distribution of this study was males (57%) and females (43%). Most commonly taught brushing technique by dental students during the mixed dentition stage was Fones brushing technique (73.5%) followed by the Modified Bass technique (19.1%) (p<0.05- significant). We can conclude by saying that the Fones brushing technique was the most commonly taught brushing technique by dental students during the mixed dentition stage with male predominance, and it was statistically significant. --- ## Awareness about ELISA technique among dental students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3024 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, ELISA, Dental Students, Diagnostics The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be used to recognize proteins, peptides, antibodies as well as hormones. Often known also as an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), ELISA is used as a diagnostic test in the field of biomedicine and science. This study was conducted to determine the understanding of the ELISA technique among dental students. This survey was performed for assessing the awareness about ELISA technique amongst the dental students. This study was a questionnaire oriented, cross-sectional type of survey comprising 100 dental college students in Chennai. A self-designed questionnaire with 10 questions eliciting the knowledge and awareness about applications of ELISA technique among dental college students. Questionnaires were circulated through an online website survey planet. The questions explored the awareness on ELISA technique diagnostic indications, Direct ELISA, Indirect ELISA, Sandwich ELISA, Competitive ELISA and mechanism of ELISA technique. After the responses were received from 100 participants, data were collected and analysed.67% of the respondents were aware of the ELISA technique .52% were aware of direct ELISA technique. 45%% were aware of the indirect ELISA technique. 42% were aware of the sandwich ELISA technique, 38% were aware of the competitive ELISA technique. 35% were aware of the mechanism of the ELISA technique. The awareness about the ELISA technique in diagnostic medical applications was less among dental students. Increased awareness and educational programs should be initiated to spread knowledge about the ELISA technique among all students and clinicians. --- ## Awareness about harmful effects of aerosol contamination among dental students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3020 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Aerosol, Dental students Possible mechanisms for the transmission of disease in the dental office include close communication with body fluids of patients, interaction with surfaces and instruments which have already been besmirched by the patient, and also interaction with unavoidable particles from patient which have been dispersed airborne. This survey was performed with purpose of assessing the awareness about harmful effects of aerosol contamination in clinical practice among the dental students. A Questionnaire containing ten questions about the awareness and attitudes of dental students toward the harmful effects of aerosol contamination in clinical practice. Then this questionnaire was piloted and distributed to 100 dental students, and information about the opinions and attitudes of dentists aerosol contamination.salivary transmission of aerosols, procedures causing aerosol contamination, use of rubber dam in preventing contamination and use of personal protection equipments were obtained. The collected data were statistically analysed. 87% of the students were aware of harmful effects of areosol contamination.78% were aware of the salivary transmission of aerosol contamination. The awareness about harmful effects of aerosols is adequate among dental students. It is conceivable to limit the hazard with generally basic and reasonable safety measures. --- ## Indian Lifestyle With Ayurveda Perspective During Covid-19 Pandemic **Authors:** Disha Bhatero, Punam Sawarkar, Gaurav Sawarkar **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3668 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid-19, Ayurveda, Prevention, Dincharya, Rutucharya, Immunity Covid-19 is an infectious disease caused by novel Coronavirus. The overall prevalence rate of Covid-19 in Worldwide ( 9.94M )& it is (529 K) & (153 K) in India and Maharashtra. This situation can be considered under JanapadodhwansaVyadhi in Ayurveda. The primary purpose of Ayurveda is the prevention of the disease in healthy individuals and eradication of disease, which are curable. Immunity comes under the Vyadhikshamatva. Further, Covid-19 infection is correlated with Vataj-Kaphaj Jwara. In Ayurveda Rasayana therapy to boost up immunity (Bala & Vyadhikshamatva). The present study aimed to explore the concept of infectious disease and its prevention through different lifestyles described in Ayurveda. The above need-based information is collected from various Ayurvedicliterature (Laghutrayee, Bruhatryayi) along with numerous research articles from databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar. All collected data were depicted in narrative form and tabular manner under different heads. Considering the above aspect in the prevention of Covid-19, the role of Ayurveda intervention may be proved more beneficial in Covid-19. Further, adoption of code of conduct may efficiently overcome the current pandemic situation by maintaining good immunity & implementation of Ahar, Vihar Vidhis, Dincharya, and Rutucharya& Sadvritta for improving disease resistance. --- ## Assessment of factors affecting parent’s preference of general anesthesia for performing pedodontic procedures in a university hospital set up **Authors:** Geethika B, Jessy P, Manjari A **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3049 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Behaviour Management, Below 5 years, General Anaesthesia, Parents Approval Dental practitioners should use their knowledge and skills and be able to identify and effectively treat dental diseases in children. The child’s and family’s response should be taken into account for providing safe and effective treatment for the pediatric patients. The present study aims to analyze the preference of GA by parents for children under 5 years of age. This retrospective study was conducted among the pediatric dental patients under 5 years of age visiting Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. The collected data was statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS Software (20.0). The results proved that the majority (72.08%) of the parents did not accept the GA procedure. Parents of 3 year old children were the most accepting (44.2%) of GA procedure. Among gender, parents of female children show a slightly higher percentage of acceptance (51.2%) when compared to the parents of the male children (48.8%). Most common reason for acceptance was parents of children undergoing full mouth rehabilitation procedures(55.8%). Majority of the parents who accepted the GA procedure were educated (83.7%) which shows that educational qualification plays an important role. Therefore, it is important to bring the positive attitude among parents for delivering safe and quality dental treatment. --- ## Engine of Consciousness in Brain - A Review **Authors:** Aldrin Joshua A, Yuvaraj Babu K, Gifrina Jayaraj **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2998 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Consciousness, Anaesthetic drugs, Psychedelic drugs, Alzheimer’s disease Consciousness is the cognitive faculty which is evolved by natural selection and it has designed a sense of ourselves and our surroundings. The cerebral cortex is ‘the seat of consciousness’ in humans and mammals. The salient features of consciousness, they are human consciousness exists, involves short term memory, it occurs independently of sensory inputs, it displays steerable attentions, has capacity for attentive interpretations of complex or ambiguous data, consciousness disappears in a deep sleep and finally, it harbours the contents of several basic modalities within a single unified experience. The consciousness depends on the ascending projections from the dorsal brainstem that form the ascending reticular activating system. The engine of consciousness depends mainly on the brain's activity of sustaining rich dynamics in neural activity. The aim of the present review is to study the neuroscientific aspects of consciousness and thereby, the present scope of retrieving people out of consciousness and to consciousness disorders. This research was conceived as a scoping literature review. This review has accessed existing reviews and researches in the last decade mostly, through PMC database, MeSH, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Medline, CrossRef. Considered research was limited to manuscripts related to English, to consciousness, anaesthetic drugs relations, and Alzheimer's disease. This review excluded non-english researches, other neurological disorders not related to consciousness, physiological impairment of consciousness. Quality of articles used was assessed using Quality assessment tools and graded as strong, moderate and weak. The description of the included studies for the review is tabulated. --- ## Assessment of role of consanguinity in formation of cleft lip and cleft palate **Authors:** Joshini Shanmugam, Senthil Murugan P, Suresh V **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3328 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Consanguinity, Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate Consanguinity is considered a significant factor in autosomal recessive diseases; it has also been associated with congenital anomalies such as hydrocephalus, polydactilia and Cleft Lip and Palate deformities. The risk of congenital conditions is higher in subjects born of first degree consanguineous parents compared with those of non-consanguineous marriages. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of consanguinity with formation of cleft lip/ cleft palate formation in Tamil, Telugu population. This is a retrospective study. The details of 86,000 patient records were reviewed and analysed, out of which 76 patients who had undergone surgical treatment for cleft lip and cleft palate deformities between June 2019 to march 2020 were included in this study. The details like age, gender, family history and cleft diagnosis were evaluated and entered in SPSS and analysed through a chi-square test. It was observed that 11% of patients reported with history of consanguineous marriages which was associated with formation of cleft lip/palate. Within the limits of the study, it was concluded that consanguinity had a significant role in formation of cleft lip/cleft palate. --- ## Prevalence of dental caries in patients with type II diabetes mellitus **Authors:** Sahil Choudhari, Deepika Rajendran, Jaiganesh Ramamurthy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3010 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Caries, HbA1C, RBS, Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus, a common disease of the 20th century, has been linked with a higher risk of incidence of caries, gingivitis and periodontal disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries in patients with type II diabetes mellitus and to compare them to those recorded in a control group with no systemic illnesses. Eighty-six thousand patient records were reviewed between June 2019 to March 2020. A total of 200 diabetic patients and 200 control group patients (without any systemic illness) with age group between 30-60 years were included in the study. Cross verification of data was done using RBS values and the patient's medical history. The collected data were tabulated using Microsoft Excel and analysed using SPSS. Incomplete data were excluded from the study. Statistical analysis was done using a chi-square test. In our study, we observed that diabetic individuals had a higher number of caries than control groups. (p<0.05) Individuals above 50 years of age had a higher number of active caries compared to other groups. (p>0.05) The males affected were higher in number than females. (p>0.05) Most individuals with active caries fell in the RBS range of 200-250 mg/dl. Within the limits of the study, diabetic patients showed an increased number of active caries when compared to the control group. There was no significant association between age, gender and RBS values. --- ## Awareness of Risk Factors associated with obesity among Homemakers **Authors:** Akifa begum, Kavitha S, Sridevi G, Vishnupriya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3018 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Obesity, risk factors, awareness, homemakers, physical activity Obesity is a condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health. There are many reasons why a person becomes obese, and in case of homemakers, the main cause of obesity can be their sleeping habits, or the type of food they eat regularly, or lack of physical exercises. There are many risk factors of obesity which the homemakers should be aware of to reduce the chances of obesity and keep their lives healthy. The aim of the study was to create awareness on risk factors of obesity among homemakers. A questionnaire was prepared and circulated via an online platform. The data were collected, tabulated and analysed using SPSS software. Descriptive analysis and chi-square association test was performed. According to the results observed, an average of 83% of the participants is aware of the risk factors of obesity. 75.6% of the participants are aware that obesity causes heart diseases and digestive problems. The conclusion is that the majority of the homemakers are aware of the risk factors of obesity. --- ## Knowledge, attitude and practice of biomedical waste management among undergraduate dental students of a private dental institution in Chennai **Authors:** Deeksheetha P, Sri Sakthi, Nashra Kareem **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3007 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental waste, infection control, waste collection, waste disposal, waste segregation To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of biomedical waste management among undergraduate dental students of a private teaching hospital in Chennai. Biomedical wastes are all wastes that are being generated during diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings in the testing of biologicals and it's contaminated with human fluids. The waste generated by the healthcare workers during the treatment of patients is the most dangerous of all wastes and has a higher potential for infection and injury. This was an online questionnaire-based study, conducted on an online survey platform in April. The questionnaire was circulated among the Undergraduate dental students (third and fourth years and interns) of Saveetha dental college and hospitals, Chennai. The responses were collected and tabulated using the excel sheet and were exported to the SPSS software by IBM for statistical analysis. Among the interns, 85% had good knowledge and practice of biomedical waste management. 85% had a positive attitude towards the management of BMW. Amongst the final years, 80% had good knowledge, only 65% had a positive attitude and only 18% of the final years practice good BMW management. In the third year, 50% had good knowledge, 58% had a positive attitude and 58% had a good practice of biomedical waste management. The interns had good knowledge, a more positive attitude and good practice of biomedical waste management compared to the third and final years. --- ## Awareness on hyperthyroidism among dental students **Authors:** Nauma Hafiz, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Subhashree Rohinikumar **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3326 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Hyperthyroidism, Dental Students Thyroid disease is a global health issue and is amongst the most common endocrine disorders prevalent worldwide. The prevalence rate of thyroid diseases depends on the geographical location, age group, ethnicity, and most importantly, the iodine intake of the population Dentists should be aware of its oral manifestations prior to starting treatment. Hence there is a need to understand and bring about awareness regarding hyperthyroidism. To assess awareness on hyperthyroidism among dental students. An online survey with pretested and validated questionnaire consisting of 10 questions testing awareness of hyperthyroidism was circulated among 100 undergraduate dental students. The Questions regarding adverse effects and clinical tests and symptoms of hyperthyroidism and its awareness were included in the survey. Data was collected, analysed and tabulated. 83% consider TSH, T3 and T4 to be important in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. 33% of the volunteers were aware of TSH levels in hyperthyroidism. 50% felt hypothyroidism is evenly distributed between both genders. 17% consider osteoporosis of the jaws to be the major oral manifestation. It is found from this study that there is acceptable knowledge on hyperthyroidism amongst dental students however, there is need to increase the recognition and management of the condition. Dental treatment modifications may become necessary for patients who are under medical management for thyroid disorder and follow-up for a thyroid condition even though there are no direct life threatening condition. --- ## Occurence of Number of Canals in Maxillary Second Molar in South Indian Population - A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Swarna S K, Subash Sharma, Haripriya S **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3320 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Canal Variations, Maxillary Second Molar, Number of Canals, Root Canal Anatomy, Root Morphology Maxillary molars contain various anatomical variations with diverse shapes and forms. The variations in root canal anatomy may be due to developmental patterns or may have a genetic influence. The root morphological studies have led to a better understanding of canal morphology that contributes to successful cleaning and shaping of the root canal system. This study was done to assess the prevalence of the number of canals in Maxillary second molars and to determine its association with age and gender in a South Indian Population by evaluating post- operative periapical radiographs. A total of 384 case sheets of root canal treated maxillary second molars were reviewed and analyzed. The patients undergoing root canal treatment for maxillary second molars were screened, and cases selected for the study were in the age group of 18- 65 years. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. Out of 384 teeth, 211 were male and 173 were female patients. Number of canals had no significant correlation with age but had significant association with gender (p=0.085). There were 3 canals in most of the cases. Within the limitations of the study, the maxillary second molars consisted mostly of 3 canals in both male and female patients. There was significant association between gender and number of canals. --- ## Association of age and gender of patients who underwent amalgam restoration in mandibular premolars with class 1 dental caries **Authors:** Yuvashree C S, Delphine Priscilla Antony S **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3317 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental Amalgam, Dental Restoration, Dental Treatment, Class 1 Cavity, Mandibular Premolars, Dental Caries The presence of dental caries is the main reason for the placement and replacement of restorations. Maintaining restorations to a satisfactory clinical condition is a big challenge for the practitioners. The aim of the study is to associate the age and gender of the patients who underwent amalgam restorations in mandibular premolars with class 1 dental caries. This was a descriptive study, where all the patients data were collected by reviewing patients records and analysing the data of 86000 patients reported from June 2019 to March 2020 to the Department of conservative dentistry and endodontics, Private Dental college and hospitals, Chennai. Data was collected and tabulated, statistical analysis was done by SPSS – IBM. In this study, we observed that there is a significant difference between the age, gender and tooth number of patients who underwent amalgam restoration in mandibular premolar with class 1 dental caries. Amalgam restoration has served the profession well, and it is very useful in restorative dentistry. Thus the use of amalgam can be continued as a material of choice if esthetics is not a concern. --- ## Awareness about antioxidant activities of chlorogenic acid among dental students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3015 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, chlorogenic acid, dental students Chlorogenic Acid (CA) is the formation of an ester established among caffeic and quinic acid. CA contains hydroxyl based groups over an aromatic moiety and exhibits very effective anticancer, antimutational and antioxidant activities. This survey was performed for assessing the awareness about antioxidant activities of CA amongst dental students. A cross-sectional survey was performed with a pretested questionnaire with ten questions disseminated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about CA therapy, their dietary sources, medicinal uses, antioxidant activity, anti ischaemic activity and free radical scavenging effect of chlorogenic acid. The responses were recorded and analyzed. 7% were aware of dietary sources,5% were aware of medical uses, 5% were aware of mechanisms of antioxidant activity, 4 % were aware of the anti ischaemic activity, and 5% were aware of the free radical scavenging effect of chlorogenic acid. Awareness about the usage of CA therapy is very less among dental students. Increased awareness programs and sensitization programs should be conducted to improve the awareness levels. --- ## Analgesic prescription practice for pulpal pain — An institution-based retrospective study **Authors:** Cinthura C, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Arvina Rajasekar **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3314 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aceclofenac, Analgesics, Diclofenac, Pain, Paracetamol, Pulp, Pulpitis Analgesics are prescribed for various surgical and non-surgical treatments in dentistry; however, they are commonly given for relieving pain. This study is aimed at determining the current analgesic prescription pattern in Chennai to help ascertain that these medications are recommended only when absolutely necessary. The patient records from the Department of Endodontics, Saveetha dental college, Chennai from June 2019-April 2020, and patients who were prescribed analgesics for pulpal pain - pretreatment purpose, pain management, pulp capping, endodontic emergencies and multi-visit RCTs were identified by non- probability sampling method. Data regarding their age, gender, analgesic prescribed and clinic treated were collected and then subjected to statistical analysis. The results of the study show that among the patients for whom analgesics were prescribed for pulpal pain, individuals within the age group of 35-55 years (48.5%) were common and those above 75 years (0.3%) were uncommon. Undergraduate clinics had prescribed the most for patients (85.57%). Male predominance was observed among the patients (52.3%). Majority of the patients have prescribed paracetamol (72.9%), followed by paracetamol and Aceclofenac together (10.9%) whereas tramadol, paracetamol and ketorolac combinations were rarely prescribed (0.1%). Analgesics prescribed and the type of clinic was found to have a strong association (p=0.000). The study draws attention to the fact that there was a lack of uniformity among the dental students, both undergraduate and postgraduate courses regarding use of analgesics in different clinical situations. --- ## Awareness of herpetic neuritis among dental practitioners **Authors:** Aparna M, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Subhashree Rohinikumar **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3057 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental Practitioners, Herpetic Neuritis, Herpes Zoster, Lesions, Shingles Herpetic neuritis is indeed a painful infection that damages both the nerve fibers as well as the skin. This is a shingles side effect. It is also the resurgence of varicella-zoster virus, or chickenpox virus, that has been latent in the sensory root ganglia of the neural system from early life. The purpose of the survey was for determining the knowledge, awareness and management practices of herpetic neuritis in a dental clinical setup among dental practitioners. A total of 100 dental practitioners were randomly enrolled in the study and voluntarily completed a questionnaire consisting of 10 close-ended questions. The questionnaire consists of questions based on demographic characteristics, knowledge on risk factors, causes, signs and symptoms, various diagnostic aids, management of herpetic neuritis etc. Questionnaire data was gathered by sharing the survey planet link to the selected population. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel sheets and statistically analysed. Around 99% of dental practitioners are aware of symptoms of herpetic neuritis. Almost all the dental practitioners attended the survey are aware of the various risk factors of herpetic neuritis and its most important and common diagnostic factor. About 91.1% of the population are aware of the primary prevention of herpetic neuritis about 96% of the participants were aware of the various diagnostic aids and management practices of herpetic neuritis patients and implement them in their clinical practice. The knowledge and awareness among dentists about herpetic neuritis patients in a clinical setup are adequate and some of the dentists had a negative attitude towards the management practices. Organising seminars and additional classes about herpetic neuritis and its management protocol may help to gain more knowledge about the disease. --- ## Traumatic oral mucosal lesions in elderly dental patients - An institutional study **Authors:** Aishwarya Reddy B, Herald J Sherlin, Nivethigaa B **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3334 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Trauma, Lesion, Elderly Population, Mucosal Oral trauma in elderly population constitutes an increasingly recognized problem. Aging results in a progressive decline in cellular function, which leads to loss of their capacity to respond to an injury. The aim of the study is to check the prevalence of traumatic oral mucosal lesions in elderly population/patients visiting a dental clinic. Elderly patients with oral mucosal lesions reported to dental hospitals were selected. Data from 86000 patients visiting Saveetha Dental College during the time period of June 2019 to March 2020 were reviewed, and the data was collected. This is a single centred retrospective study conducted in a private dental institution, Chennai. The collected data were tabulated and analysed using SPSS software by IBM. Out of 80 patients, 56.3% of the patients were of age 60 to 65 years. 42% of the patients had Denture stomatitis which was the highest among all the traumatic oral mucosal lesions. Males were more prevalent to oral mucosal lesions with 57.5% than females. The most common site with oral mucosal lesions is palate with 44%. The overall prevalence of traumatic oral mucosal lesions in the elderly population is high. Denture stomatitis is the most commonly occurring oral traumatic mucosal lesion among elderly patients visiting the dental clinic. --- ## Evaluation of Short Term and Working Memory Status in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus **Authors:** Kirthick Kumaran A S, Sridevi G, Archana Santhanam **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2999 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperglycemia, Cognitive Function, Memory Loss Type 2 diabetes is a disease which is lifelong and which restricts the body from the usage of insulin. Although many problems are associated with diabetes mellitus, cognitive function and intellectual capacity are also affected. The study involves participants who were diagnosed with Diabetes mellitus type 2 for a period of 5 years before the study. The subject design is an observational study that uses a questionnaire that assesses immediate recall, repetition, and a memory function questionnaire was used to study the memory-related changes in type 2 diabetic Mellitus. SPSS VERSION 22 was the statistical software equipped in the study, and the statistical test used was a chi-square test. Results revealed that about 50.5% of the population always forget what people say to them, 37.6% of the population sometimes forget what people say to them and 11.9% of the population never forget what people say to them. Speed information processing, working memory and some attention impairment occur during acute hyperglycemia. Subjects also reported reduced energetic arousal and increased anxiety after hyperglycaemia. Relatively low cognitive function and decreased neuronal activity were relevant to Alzheimer's disease. The study concluded that people with type 2 diabetes mellitus are overwhelmingly affected by cognitive and higher intellectual function with decreased short term and working memory status. --- ## Knowledge, attitude and practise of usage of MTA and bio dentine as direct pulp capping agents - A questionnaire study **Authors:** Sudarsan R, Balaji Ganesh S, Anjaneyulu K **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3014 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biodentine, Calcium hydroxide, Direct pulp capping, MTA Direct pulp-capping is a procedure in which exposed vital pulp is treated by placing a dental material over dental pulp to maintain vitality and to facilitate reparative dentin formation. The most commonly used pulp-capping material for decades is calcium hydroxide. But due to a number of disadvantages, there is a need for an alternate ideal pulp capping material. Recently MTA and Biodentine have been suggested as promising candidates for use in direct pulp capping procedures. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practise of usage of MTA and biodentine as direct pulp capping agents. An online questionnaire consisting of 15 questions which included demographic details, and questions regarding their knowledge and awareness of direct pulp therapy and the properties of MTA and biodentine. Data was collected from filled questionnaires and analysed using SPSS software. Majority of the respondents (40.1%) chose calcium hydroxide as the material of choice for direct pulp capping and only 30% of the study population chose both MTA and biodentine as a direct pulp capping agent, which was statistically significant (p=0.000). 52% of the respondents were not aware of the major drawbacks of MTA. Knowledge regarding properties of biodentine in comparison to MTA was higher. Within the limits of the study, it shows that the knowledge in regard to the use of MTA and biodentine as direct pulp capping was poor despite recent studies showing a growing number of advantages over calcium hydroxide. --- ## Association between increasing age, obesity and heredity with osteoarthritis of knee joint among middle aged and old aged population **Authors:** Harita Ravikumar, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Don K R **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3017 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Age, awareness, heredity, knee-joint, obesity, osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is one of the major problems that are faced by the people in developed countries but also present all over the world. There are so many factors that affect the cause of osteoarthritis, majorly it is found to be age, sex, occupation and much more. The increase in BMI can increase the probability of development of osteoarthritis. The study has been conducted among the Chennai population involving 100 participants. Self-administered questionnaire is circulated through online mode and the responses have been collected. It was observed that the majority of the people participated were aware of osteoarthritis and many think that obesity, heredity and age are the major cause of osteoarthritis of the knee joint. It is concluded that people though have awareness of osteoarthritis, the knowledge about the risk factors, the effects and future problems caused by knee joint osteoarthritis remains sparse among the population. Hence the probable risk factors of knee osteoarthritis such as age, sedentary lifestyle and obesity, unhealthy diet and heredity seems to play a key role in knee OA and has to be considered seriously for the prevention and management of this disease. Upon considering these aspects people can have a good approach towards the disease and its management which serves as the basic requirement of proper lifestyle for betterment of life. --- ## Effect of decreased haemoglobin concentration on audio visual reaction time **Authors:** Amrithaashri S, Sridevi G, Archana Santhanam **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3000 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Haemoglobin, visual reaction time, Auditory reaction time, impaired nerve conduction Anaemia is defined as the decrease in the blood with haemoglobin concentration and has also been a very important public health issue that extremely affects the middle-income countries. The present study was planned to investigate the association between haemoglobin concentration with audiovisual reaction time. The study was conducted among I year BDS female student population of saveetha dental college and hospital. Based on Haemoglobin values, the study population was divided into two categories. Group 1- Female subjects whose haemoglobin concentration was above 10 G %. Group 2(anaemic group)- Female subjects whose haemoglobin concentration was below 10 G%. Audiovisual reaction time was determined by the audio visual meter. The student's test was used to analyse the relationship between haemoglobin level and audiovisual reaction time The effect of age above and below 20 years also were analysed for haemoglobin and ART, VRT association. Pearson Chi square test was used to analyse the difference between normal and anaemic individuals in the age group above and below 20 years. The results of the analysis revealed that haemoglobin concentration was inversely proportional to Audio visual reaction time. The association analysis done between age groups with audiovisual reaction time in normal and anaemic participants did not show significant change. Thus, the present study concludes that haemoglobin concentration is inversely related to audio visual reaction time. This may be attributed to lower neural activity and impaired nerve conduction produced by anaemia. --- ## Awareness about primary teeth and their care among General Dentists - A Survey **Authors:** Samrithi Yuvaraj, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3045 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Children, Primary Dentition, Health Knowledge, Child Care, Primary Teeth Often the oral care of children is overlooked because of the fact that primary teeth are replaced by permanent dentition. Proper knowledge and awareness about primary dentition and its care among practicing dentists are essential to educating parents about the importance of oral care from a young age. This study aims to assess the awareness about primary teeth and the care of primary teeth among general dentists. One hundred dentists currently doing their internship in Chennai were surveyed using a multiple-choice questionnaire. Responses obtained were tabulated, and the results of the questionnaires were computed in percentages. 83% of the dentists surveyed said it was sufficient to brush once,17% of the dentists surveyed felt it was essential to brush twice. 12% felt that chocolates were the chief cause of decay, 6% felt that prolonged bottle-feeding predisposed children to caries, 7% felt that improper brushing technique could be the cause of decay, 75% of the dentists surveyed felt it was a combination of all the other factors that led to decay. This study found that the majority of dentists screened did have sufficient knowledge and awareness about the care and treatment of primary teeth. Any void in knowledge indicated by this study is a worrying concern and must be rectified by highlighting and stressing the importance of primary teeth during undergraduate education. --- ## Awareness about Anti-microbial Applications of Ocimum sanctum Herb **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.3013 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Ocimum sanctum, dental students Ocimum sanctum happens to be an aromatic shrub belonging to the basil family Lamiaceae. This herb has originated in central India and grown throughout the eastern part of the world. Ocimum sanctum is recommended as a treatment for a wide range of both infectious and non-infectious diseases. This survey was performed for assessing the awareness about antimicrobial applications of Ocimum sanctum herb. A cross-sectional study was done with a self-administered questionnaire with ten questions circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about Ocimum sanctum therapy in medical applications, their anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-parasitic and anti-ulcer activity. The responses were recorded and analysed.83% of the respondents were not aware of anti-microbial applications of Ocimum sanctum therapy .74% were not aware of anti-bacterial properties of Ocimum sanctum therapy .85% were not aware of anti-fungal properties of Ocimum sanctum therapy. 69% were not aware of the anti-viral properties of Ocimum sanctum therapy. 73% were not aware of anti-parasitic activity Ocimum sanctum therapy. 76% were not aware of anti-ulcer activity of Ocimum sanctum. The awareness about the use of Ocimum sanctum therapy in antimicrobial applications is low among dental students. Increased awareness programs and sensitization and continuing dental education programs along with greater importance to the curricular modifications, can further enhance knowledge and awareness about Ocimum sanctum therapy. --- ## Effectiveness of Structured Exercise Protocol on Functional Performance in Subjects with Covid-19 **Authors:** Rakesh Kumar Sinha, Saumi Sinha, Varadharajulu G **Published:** 2020-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3608 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Structured exercise protocol, Physical Functional performance It is a well-established fact that patients of Covid 19 have musculoskeletal dysfunctions in addition to cardiorespiratory and psychosocial problems. Musculoskeletal system is amongst the most common systems found to be affected in patients admitted in ICU for prolonged periods and some patients of Covid 19 do have to spend a reasonably long period in ICU’s. Prolonged hospital stay may be needed in Covid 19 patients having ARDS or pneumonia and symptoms of fever, cold and cough to monitor their recovery. This may result in musculoskeletal dysfunctions as demonstrated in some studies. Thus, treating the musculoskeletal system becomes a vital part of the regimen to be followed during the patients stay in the ICU which needs to be followed up even after the patient is shifted from the ICU by keeping a track of Physical Functional performance of the subjects after discharge. This experimental study was done on 150 Covid-19 positive subjects to see the long term effectiveness of a structured exercise protocol on the Physical Functional performance of Covid 19 patients. The results of the study were analysed statistically and both the outcome measures FIMS and POMA showed significant changes with p value <0.05 and <0.05 respectively. The study thus shows that the structured exercise protocol helped in maintaining the Physical Functional performance of the subjects through-out the hospital stay and also after discharge during follow up. --- ## Awareness about low back pain among Dentists **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2979 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, low back pain, dentists Musculoskeletal disorders have increased progressively due to various etiological factors. Several occupational factors have been accepted as causatives to these disorders. In dentists, constrained and inconvenient spinal position for back pain, repetitive posture for neck and shoulder pain, and stress are considered as the common causative factors for back, cervical and shoulder complaints. Lower back pain (LBP) is a serious occupational hazard affecting the dentists. This survey was performed with the purpose of assessing the awareness of lower back pain and their remedial measures among dentists. A cross-sectional survey was done with a self-administered questionnaire with ten questions circulated among 100 middle-aged dentists aged between 35-50 years. The questionnaire involved information on lower back pain. The responses were recorded and analyzed.89% of the respondents were aware of the dangerous effects of lower back pain .60 % said lower back pain is because of excessive bending,6% said because of wrong sitting posture and 34% said because of wrong standing posture during treatment .84 % feel four-handed dentistry can reduce the incidence of lower back pain .65% of the respondents have some low back pain.45% said analgesics as a treatment for lower back pain,30% said physiotherapy and 25% said exercise as the management for lower back pain. There is an adequate amount of awareness among dentists regarding low back pain. Many are suffering from it, increased therapeutic programs should be undertaken to treat this problem. --- ## Awareness of Use of Implant Coated with Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial Properties **Authors:** Blessy Pushparathna S, Jayalakshmi Somasundaram, Balaji Ganesh S, Muralidharan NP **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2990 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Implant Coated with Nanoparticles, Antimicrobial Property, Nanodentistry, Aspects of Nano Dentistry, Dental Implants Nanoparticles are nowadays widely used in dentistry. They have an essential role in the prevention diagnosis and treatment of the patients. There are different types of novel approaches in the use of nanoparticles in dentistry. Introduction of nanorobots has wider benefits and has consequently led to other major uses of nanoparticles in different aspects of dentistry. Nanomaterials have further been used in delivering oral fluid or drugs, preventing and curing some oral disease and maintaining oral health care up to a great extent. The objective was to review their use in nanocomposites, implant coatings, its antimicrobial activity against cariogenic pathogens, periodontal biofilm, fungal pathogens and endodontic bacteria and other applications such as treatment of oral cancer and local anaesthesia. This survey consisted of 200 participants, and the structured questionnaire was circulated through online access. A set of 15 questions about the basic idea, knowledge and awareness about the implant coated with nanoparticles was prepared and circulated, and the results were analyzed. Development of modified nanoparticles is surely going to help in our practice. Therefore it is essential to create awareness about the implant coated with nanoparticles with antimicrobial activity. This article summarises the benefits of using implants coated with nanoparticles over the conventional implants and its awareness among the practitioners. --- ## Knowledge, prevalence and risk factors of rheumatoid arthritis among middle-aged and old aged population **Authors:** Sachin Aditya B, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Vishnu Priya V **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2976 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, chronic disease, joint pain, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic disorder and affects the lining of joints and functioning of various other vital organs like the heart, kidneys and lungs. It is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system attacks its tissues. Most patients experience a chronic fluctuating course of a disease that, despite therapy, may result in progressive joint destruction, deformity, disability, and even premature death. Joints most commonly affected are those with the highest ratio of synovium to articular cartilage. It is more common in women than in men. Its symptoms include tender and warm joints which may lead to joint deformities in extreme cases. This study involved 100 participants of age ranging from 16-55 years. A well-structured questionnaire based on personal, socioeconomic information along with symptoms and treatment of RA was prepared and circulated online through Google forms among the participants. The results showed that most of the participants were aware of the common symptoms of RA and their risk factors and more than 60% of participants were students, over 90% of respondents said it is genetic. Smoking can increase the chance of attaining it. Disability from RA causes major economic loss and can have a profound impact on families. However, it can be managed treated and even remitted in some cases if proper habits like exercise are followed. It should be diagnosed as early as possible for better chances of remission. --- ## Awareness on Risks of Sedentary Lifestyle among college students **Authors:** Shivapriya Raje Bhonsle A, Kavitha S, Dinesh Premavathy, Vishnupriya V, Gayatri R **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2993 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** sedentary lifestyle, risk factors, college students, physical inactivity A sedentary lifestyle is defined as a type of lifestyle where an individual does not receive regular amounts of physical activity. A sedentary lifestyle is found more common among college students. Physical inactivity is associated with the risk of many diseases like diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases etc. The present study is to investigate awareness of the risks of a sedentary lifestyle among college students—a cross-sectional type of study conducted among the college people comprising 150 subjects. A total questionnaire of 15 questions was framed and responses were circulated and collected with the help of an online platform google forms. The results were analyzed using SPSS software. The survey showed that 45.21% of the respondents are doing regular physical activity in a daily basis, 53.42% of the respondents are following a proper diet, 54.1% are following proper sleep cycle. Regarding the awareness of risks of a sedentary lifestyle, 63.5% were aware and 36.5% were unaware. The Pearson Chi-square analysis showed that there is no significant correlation between gender and awareness on the sedentary lifestyle among college students. Hence the study can be concluded that awareness on risks of sedentary lifestyle among college students is moderate. --- ## Knowledge and awareness of mercury disposal among health care providers **Authors:** Preethi Shankar, Kavitha S, Preetha S, Vishnupriya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2972 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mercury, spill management, awareness, healthcare provider Mercury is considered to be a powerful neurotoxin which leads to mercury poisoning. Mercury can harm us in many ways. Mercury vapour can harm the nervous system in newborn babies and can further lead to cough, tremor and irritability. Being a healthcare provider, it is necessary to know about mercury spill management. To assess the awareness and knowledge of mercury spill management among healthcare providers, an online based survey was created using google forms. The students were asked to answer 10 questions based on mercury spill management and its usefulness. 100 students actively participated in the survey. Correlation analysis was done by chi square test using SPSS software. The results were analysed by Spss software. From the correlation, only 18% of the students in first year, 6% of the students in second year, 2% of the students in third year, 4% of the students in fourth year and 5% of the students in final year were aware of the side effects of mercury with the p value of 0.879 which is statistically insignificant . Similarly, 26% of the first year students, 7% of the second year students, 4% of the third year students, 8% of the fourth year students and 7% of the final year students were aware that hypochlorite solution is used to wipe the mercury spill with p value of 0.323 which is statistically insignificant. On analysing the data it was found that healthcare providers had only little knowledge on mercury spill management. Many healthcare providers were aware of the side effects of mercury and some students were aware of its management. This survey in the current scenario is of utmost importance to reduce exposure of mercury among healthcare providers. --- ## Awareness about Intrathecal Drug Administration among Dental students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2977 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, intrathecal, drug, dental students Intrathecal administration includes the immediate infusion of the medication in Cerebro Spinal Fluid(CSF) internal to the intrathecal space of the spinal column. The intrathecal course permits direct medication organization to the CSF by evading the blood-cerebrum hindrance. It permits conveyance of small medication dosages, and the event of adverse effects are decreased compared with systemic courses of medication administration. This survey was performed for assessing the awareness about intrathecal drug administration among dental students. A cross-sectional study was done with a self-administered questionnaire with ten questions circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about intrathecal drug delivery in medical applications, their medicinal uses, drugs administered, mechanism of action and side effects. The responses were recorded and analysed.17% of the respondents were aware of medical uses of intrathecal drug delivery, 13% were aware of the drugs used in intrathecal drug delivery .10 % were aware of the mechanism of action of intrathecal drug delivery .7% were aware of side effects of intrathecal drug delivery. The awareness about intrathecal drug administration among dental students is not adequate. Increased awareness programs and continuing dental education programs in intrathecal drug delivery should be initiated to improve the awareness levels. --- ## Age and gender based distribution of Edentulous Ridges based on Siebert’s Classification among FPD patients - A retrospective study **Authors:** Vignesh S, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Arvina Rajasekar **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2983 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alveolar defect, Edentulous ridges, Fixed Partial Denture, Ridge Augmentation, Siebert’s classification The long term edentulous space among the patients can lead to the alveolar ridge defect that mainly occurs due to the injury, trauma, denture wears and the periodontitis. Based on the seibert's classification they are classified into 4 classes ; Class I (buccolingual loss of the tissue),class II (apicoronal loss of the tissue), Class III (Both loss of the tissue), Class IV (Normal). According to the classification, a proper treatment plan and alternative can be determined for the successful outcomes. The main aim of this study is to determine the age and gender based distribution of the edentulous patients according to seibert’s classification. The study was conducted in Saveetha Dental College. Statistical analysis was done by using chi-square test with SPSS software version 23. Based on the results , the age group distribution was about 18-35 years(43%), 36-54 years (42%) and 55-83 years (15%), the distribution of the Seibert’s classification of class I (78%), Class II (6%), Class III (6%) and Class IV (10%), the gender distribution was about males (58%) and females (42%). The most prevalent type of edentulous ridge type is Class I among the age group of 36-54 years which has the higher male predilection. They are statistically significant (p=<0.05). The prevalence of Siebert’s Classification of the edentulous ridges helps in the suggestion of the various management techniques and the treatment planning to the patient to ensure the prognosis and the treatment outcomes to be successful. --- ## Comparison of angular and linear mandibular measurements done using orthopantomogram and Lateral cephalogram in class I subjects with vertical growth pattern **Authors:** Abirami S, Ravindra Kumar Jain, Remmiya Mary Varghese **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2994 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Orthopantogram, Lateral Cephalogram, Mandibular Measurements, Skeletal Class I Malocclusion Certain mandibular measurements which are routinely done on a lateral cephalogram can also be done on an OPG. Since an OPG is taken on a routine review visit for most of the patients, these measurements, whenever required, can be done. The purpose of this study is to compare the mandibular measurements made on OPG with the lateral cephalogram in skeletal class I pattern with vertical growth. OPG and lateral cephalogram of 10 patients were selected randomly. This retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Orthodontics in Saveetha Dental College. Linear measurements (body length and ramus height) and angular measurement (gonial angle) were assessed both in lateral cephalogram and OPG. The paired t-test was done to compare the measurements between the right and left sides made on OPG and independent t-test was done to compare the measurements between lateral cephalogram and OPG. No statistically significant difference was found in ramus height and gonial angle when compared between OPG and lateral cephalogram (p>0.05), while Statistically, a significant difference exists for body length between OPG and lateral cephalogram(p=0.003). No statistically significant difference was found (p>0.05) between right and left sides of OPG for all variables. The present study concludes that panoramic radiographs are as reliable as lateral cephalogram for vertical and angular measurements of the mandible, but they are unreliable for measuring horizontal measurements such as body length of mandible. --- ## Knowledge and awareness about high temperature increase the cardiovascular mortality rate **Authors:** Kandhal Yazhini P, Gayatri Devi R, Yuvaraj Babu K **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2971 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adverse effects, Cardiovascular disorders, Cold weather Mortality, Temperature The relation between climatic changes and health is the major concern in the healthcare system; cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death worldwide. Both extreme hot and cold temperature can cause deaths associated with cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study is to analyse the awareness and knowledge on the effect of extreme or high temperature in increased heart-related death rate. A survey with a set of 10 questions was prepared. The questions were administered to 100 participants through google docs by sharing the link. The questionnaire consists of questions related to temperature and heart-related death rate. The study populations were dental students. Majority of the population (i.e.) 91% of the students are aware, and 18% of them aren't aware about the effect of temperature on heart-related deaths. When gender was compared with awareness on extreme or high temperatures in CVD mortality rate, and it was not statistically significant. Hence females were more aware that extreme temperature increases CVD mortality rate than male. Extreme heat and cold temperature have been associated with a higher mortality rate in cardiovascular diseases and conditions like strokes and dysrhythmia. Cardiovascular disease is already the deadliest medical condition and mortality rate related to cardiovascular disorders may triple in extreme heat environments. --- ## Radiographic evaluation of permanent second molar development based on nollas stage of tooth development in 9-11-year-old male children **Authors:** Nithya karpagam G, Bhagya Lakshmi T, Dinesh Prabhu **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2968 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Calcification, Development, Maturation, Nollas stage, Second molar The aim of this study is to radiographically evaluate the second molar development based on the NOLLAS stage of tooth development in 9-11-year-old male children. For this, a total of 400 orthopantomography (OPG) images were collected from the database record of Saveetha dental college. Of these 40 OPGs were selected based on the age group between 9 to 11 years old male children. The dental age of the 2nd molar was calculated based on the NOLLAS loss stage of tooth development. After data collection, statistical analysis was done in the SPSS software. Among the study population, 33.90% were nine years old, 33.90% was ten years old, and 32.20% were 11 years old. Considering the distribution of teeth assessed majority were lower left second molar - 37 (32.20%) and least were upper left second molar-27(16.95%). Majority of the teeth attained maximum development at stage 9 (pink)-25.42%, least maturation assessed at stage 7-6.78%. The association between nollas stage and age was statistically significant (P-value of 0.000, p < 0.05). The association between nollas stage and tooth number was statistically not significant (P value of 0.106, p > 0.05). Majority of the children in the age group of 9 years had 'crown almost completed' in second molar (Stage 5), majority of 10-year-old children had 'two-third root completed' in second molar (Stage 8) and majority of 11-year-old children had ' root completed with open apex' in second molar (Stage 9). --- ## Comparison of incidence of dental caries in the mandibular first molar in teenagers versus adults **Authors:** Sathvika K, Anjaneyulu K, Leelavathi L **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2995 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mandibular First Molar, Teenagers, Adults, Incidence, Dental Caries The mandibular first molars are one of the first permanent teeth to erupt; thus, it remains the longest in terms of exposure to cariogenic pathogens. Also, its anatomical location and structure make it a prime location for dental caries (DC) but hard to access for cleaning. Thus, we aim to compare its incidence in adults and teenagers because the identification of the most susceptible age for tooth decay is key in prevention and prophylaxis against the same. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing and analysing the data of 86,000 patient records from June 2019 to April 2020. Patients with treated mandibular first molars were selected from the age group of 13 and above. A Microsoft Excel 2016 data spreadsheet was used to collect data and was later exported to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows (Version 20.0, SPSS). The number of males with DC in their mandibular first molar (59%) was higher than that of the females (41%). The highest number of cases were reported to prevail in the 'Young Adults' group, with 56.7%, followed by the 'Middle Adults' with 26%. This shows that adults have a higher incidence of DC in their mandibular first molars than teenagers. Also, there was a clear incidence of 46 having a higher incidence than caries in 36. (52.5% > 47.5%). There is an association between age and incidence of dental DC as proved by our Chi-Square Test, where we obtained a 'p' value of p<0.05, making it statistically significant. Once lost, our teeth cannot be naturally replaced, making prevention imperative. Thus, identifying the age in which we are most prone to decay is a great leap forward. But since the study does present with limitations, further research needs to be done to confirm the same. --- ## Analysis of Resective Osseous Surgical Procedures- A Retrospective Hospital Based Study **Authors:** Induja M P, Jeevitha M, Surendar S **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2984 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Periodontal therapy, Resective osseous surgery, Osteoplasty, Ostectomy Resective osseous surgery is a procedure to modify osseous support either by reshaping the alveolar bone to achieve physiologic form without removal of supporting bone (osteoplasty) and by the removal of some alveolar bone (ostectomy). The aim of this study is to analyse the prevalence of resective osseous surgical procedures performed in the outpatient department of Saveetha dental college and hospitals. Overall, 100 case sheets were reviewed which were dated between June 2019 to March 2020. The data was collected by the patient records of a dental college hospital. From this study, we observed that resective osseous surgical techniques were done in 60% of male patients and in 40% of female patients and the most frequent technique performed was osteoplasty which was 68% Within the limits of this study, the most common techniques used were osteoplasty and frequent anatomical site was upper first molar and male patients underwent more resective osseous surgery than that of females. --- ## Association of work related risk factors on the development of the neck and upper extremity pain among adult and middle-aged population - A survey based analysis **Authors:** Aarthi Muthukumar, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Hima Sandeep A **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2988 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Attitude, Awareness, Knowledge, Neck pain, Upper extremity pain, Work stress The aim of the study is to create awareness about neck and upper extremity pain caused by work related risk factors. Work related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) are defined as injuries or disorders of musculoskeletal tissues associated with workplace related risk factors. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are also known as cumulative trauma disorders, repetitive strain injuries or overuse injuries. Work related musculoskeletal disorders of the neck are more common among people who spend a great deal of time using computers. Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common causes of long term sick leave and disability pension in several industrial countries. A questionnaire was created with a set of 19 questions related to their type of occupation, amount of stress, any musculoskeletal disorders due to stress, and about the awareness of musculoskeletal disorders. 100 random participants of adults and middle aged population were selected for the study. Random sampling method was done. The participants were asked to fill the questionnaire in an online site using Google forms. 12% of the participants experience neck or upper extremity pain very often which is followed by 24% experiencing it often. 63% of the respondents agree with the fact that a small walk every 40 minutes between work will reduce work related neck or upper extremity pain. This survey aims in creating awareness among people about work related risk factors on the development of neck and upper extremity pain in the adult and middle aged population. --- ## Knowledge, Awareness, Prevalence and Frequency of Daily Physical Activity and its Association with Stroke in Young Adult Population **Authors:** Sai Sanjith A, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2974 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, daily physical activity, frequency, knowledge, stroke, young adults Stroke is a medical condition affecting the brain. It occurs when the blood supply to the brain or part of the brain is stopped or reduced, preventing the brain cells from getting oxygen. As the neurons are the most sensitive cells in the body, they tend to die after cessation of oxygen supply for a very few minutes. Several remedial measures are available for this medical emergency at the time of stroke and even after that. It is believed that the stroke recurs after time and thus preparatory and cautionary steps to be carried out for survival. Among that daily physical activity seems to have a greater positive approach towards stroke survivors. In general, physical activity is an essential part of human life which many people neglect. But it has an underlying significance for human life and healthy well-being. It maintains the body's health condition free of certain diseases too. Thus, this study attempts to analyze the awareness and to knowledge the people about the association between stroke and daily physical activity. --- ## Awareness on the wound healing effects of curcumin therapy among dental students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2981 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Curcumin, Therapy, Dental students Turmeric also known as Curcuma longa is a rhizome used commonly in traditional medicines for decades to treat a number of inflammatory disorders and other ailments. Its therapeutic properties were primarily attributable to curcuminoids. The purpose of the study was for assessment of awareness of Curcumin's wound healing effects amongst dental students. A cross sectional study was done with a self-administered questionnaire comprising of 10 questions circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about wound healing effects Curcumin therapy, their effect on collagen expression, the effect on neovascularization, effect on reepithelization and effect on free radical scavenging. The responses were recorded and analysed.78% of the respondents were not aware of the wound healing effects of curcumin therapy. 84% were not aware of the effect of curcumin in collagen expression. 88% were not aware of the effect of curcumin on neovascularization. 80% were not aware of the effect of curcumin on reepithelization. 94% were not aware of the effect of curcumin on free radical scavenging. The awareness about the use of Curcumin therapy in wound healing applications is very less among dental students. Increased awareness programs and sensitization and continuing dental education programs along with greater importance to the curricular modifications should be incorporated to improve the awareness levels. --- ## Self etch adhesives - An update **Authors:** Nishanthana Murali, Balaji Ganesh S, Anitha Roy **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2967 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bond strength, One-step, Self etch, Two-step Self etch adhesives are one of the most recent advancements the field of dentistry has seen recently. Adhesive frameworks today are either an "etch and rinse or total etch" or "self-etch" approach, which contrast by the way they interact with the tooth structures. Total etch frameworks include phosphoric etchants to pretreat the dental hard tissues before the ensuing use of a bonding agent. Self-etch type of adhesives are generally consisting of acid type monomers, that perform the actions of etching and rinsing the tooth structures at the same time. The former type of total etch adhesives are consistent with step frameworks, contingent upon the primer and bonding agent being independent or joined in a solitary container. Thus, self etch systems seem to be easily accessible as they are a couple of phase framework. Both the framework systems structure a mixed layer because the resin is infiltrating the permeable dentin or enamel. In spite of current patterns leaning in the direction of less straightforward clinical application steps, one-step holding frameworks seem to have lower bonding qualities and appear to be less foreseeable than multi-step etch and rinse, or self etch systems. They have a variety of advantages and disadvantages which are discussed in this article. They are more popular nowadays, and this review also includes its advantages over the etch and rinse system and as well as its disadvantages compared to the etch and rinse system. It also includes the types of self etch adhesives based on the steps and range of acidity as well as some of its properties. --- ## Association between Gender and Prevalence of Pit and Fissure Caries among Patients Visiting Private Dental College - A Retrospective study **Authors:** Indumathy Pandiyan, Raj S S, Arthi Balasubramaniam **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2985 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Occlusal Pit and Fissure caries, Gender, Prevalence, Association Oral health contributes to personal well being and overall quality of life of an individual. Adequate knowledge regarding oral health is mandatory as it is directly related to general health, so the Aim of our study was to determine the association between Gender and Prevalence of Pit and Fissure caries among the patients visiting Private Dental College. A retrospective study was conducted among the patients visiting private dental colleges using their case records in the electronic information management system. The subjects were selected randomly from the digital data entry and the data required was collected. The records were collected from the month of June 2019 to March 2020, with a total of 24,525 case sheets were retrieved. Age of the patients was categorized into 18 to 25 years, 26 to 35 years and 36 to 45 years. Case sheets which recorded Class 1 occlusal pit and fissure caries and gender of the patients were used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics, chi-square statistical tests were conducted using the SPSS software version 23.0. In our sample, 60.4% of males had 7-12 occlusal pit and fissure caries, and 58.3% had 4-6 Occlusal Pit and Fissure caries followed by 58.4% had 0-3 occlusal pit and Fissure caries. Comparatively the females had a lesser number of occlusal Pit and Fissure caries, and there was no statistically significant association between gender and occlusal pit and fissure caries (P<0.05) in our study. In conclusion, the prevalence of occlusal Pit and Fissure caries was higher among males compared to females with the highest distribution in the age group of 18 to 25 years. --- ## Knowledge and Attitude of UG Dental Students about Nanotechnology in Dentistry **Authors:** Mabbithasri A, Yuvaraj Babu K, Gayatri Devi R **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2973 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nanotechnology, nanoparticles, nanorobots, nanodentistry, composites, nanotools The term nano is derived from a Greek word ‘nannos’ which means dwarf. Nanotechnology is the science that deals with physical, chemical and biological properties of structures at the nanoscale. Nanotechnology is used in science, biotechnology, computer technology, electronics, agriculture, household as well as dentistry. Nanotechnology was used in dentistry in the early 1970s in microfilled composites comprising particles less than 100nm diameter. In recent times the composite particles are used that range from 20-600nm. In dentistry it is mainly used in restoration, orthodontic treatment and injecting local anesthesia and has many other uses. The main aim of nanotechnology in dentistry is to prevent any oral disease rather than treating it. The aim of the study is to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of UG dental students about nanotechnology in dentistry. A cross-sectional prospective survey was created in google docs with a questionnaire containing 15 questions, and the link was shared to 100 UG dental students. The results were analysed and represented as a pie chart and bar diagrams. Majority of (60%) of them were aware about nanotechnology, and few were not aware (40%). 46% of students were aware of the use of nanotechnology in dentistry, and 52% of participants felt it nanomaterials was not affordable. From the results obtained, the knowledge and attitude among Undergraduate dental students about nanotechnology in dentistry was found to be average. --- ## Awareness on the medical facility available in the management of oral cancer among the residents of the Dharmapuri district **Authors:** Selva priya, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Keerthi Sasanka **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2978 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oral cancer, residents, rural, medical facilities Health care system is the establishment of institutions, people and wealth that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target residents. There is a broad variation of health systems on all sides of the world, with as numerous histories and organizational structures as there are nations. However common elements in almost all health systems are public health measures and primary healthcare. To assess the awareness of rural population in Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu in India about the medical facilities available for oral cancer treatment in their area. Questions on medical facilities available in the management of oral cancer and awareness of oral cancer were prepared to survey the residents of the Dharmapuri district, Tamilnadu, India. The survey instrument employed was a self-administered questionnaire comprising 15 questions and the responses were recorded. 83% are not aware of hospital in Dharmapuri district for oral cancer. 56% of people say oral cancer is caused by tobacco chewing, 24% of people says oral cancer is caused by smoking and 18 % of people say oral cancer is caused by using snuff and 6 % by other factors. The people in the rural parts are not aware of medical facilities available in management of oral cancer . They are moderately aware about the causative factors of oral cancer and people require the specialized units for a proper treatment. --- ## Association between osteoporosis and gender, age, hypothyroidism, sex hormones among the middle-aged and old-aged population - A survey-based analysis **Authors:** Helen Reshma K, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Vishnu Priya V **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2986 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Age, awareness, gender, osteoporosis, sex hormone, thyroid hormone Osteoporosis is a bone disease that results in weakening of bones and breakage of bones in severe cases. It means porous bone. It is most commonly seen in elderly people of both the sexes. In the early stages of bone loss, there are no symptoms. But once the bone gets weakened symptoms such as back pain, stooped posture, loss of height over time and easy breakage of bones can be seen. Age, sex, family history, sex hormones, thyroid problems are the risk factors of osteoporosis. Dietary factors such as low calcium intake and eating disorders are also the risk factor in osteoporosis. Sedentary lifestyle, excessive alcohol consumption and tobacco use can increase the risk of osteoporosis: good nutrition and regular exercise help to keep our bones healthy throughout our life. A self-administered questionnaire containing about 15 questions were prepared and circulated through online survey Google forms link. About 100 middle-aged and old-aged male and female people responded to the survey. The responses were collected, tabulated and statistically analyzed using SPSS software. 54% of the total population was male. 53% of the participants have responded that they have back pain. 38% of people responded that their parents or siblings suffer from osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is more common among elderly people and in postmenopausal women. Also, not only women but men also suffer from osteoporosis. A proper healthy diet and weight-bearing exercises can prevent osteoporosis. Prevention from fractures is the primary goal in osteoporosis. --- ## Association between shoulder osteoarthritis with age, exercise and work related damage among middle aged and old aged population - A survey based analysis **Authors:** Obuli Ganesh Kishore S, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Jothi Priya A **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2996 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Age, exercise, pain, restricted movement, shoulder osteoarthritis, work Shoulder osteoarthritis can be defined as the disease in which the joint of the shoulders get worn down and makes movement very hard. It can be defined as the disease associated with age and genetic factors. This study was done to assess the association between age, exercise and work-related damage with shoulder osteoarthritis among middle-aged and old aged men and women. The study population consisted of 100 men and women of middle age group and old age group. A questionnaire was circulated online through the Google forms link, and the responses were recorded. The data was collected and was statistically analyzed in SPSS software. The results were represented in the form of pie charts and graphs. The association between age, exercise and work related damage with shoulder osteoarthritis among middle-aged and old-aged male and female population was analyzed. It was seen that only less than 60 percent of the population were aware of the term osteoarthritis. This survey can be used to diagnose and treat shoulder osteoarthritis at the earlier stages in an effective way. --- ## Association between Tobacco Dependence and Tooth Loss among Patient Visiting Private Dental College and Hospital-A Cross-Sectional Study **Authors:** Indumathy M, Arthi Balasubramaniam **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2987 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fagerstrom scale, Nicotine dependency, Tooth loss Oral health contributes to personal well being and quality of life. Use of tobacco in smoke or smokeless form is one of the driving reasons for global mortality. Also, it plays a major role in causing morbidity of major non- communicable diseases, including tooth morbidity in the form of periodontitis and tooth mortality. Therefore, the aim of the study is to find out the prevalence and association of nicotine dependence and tooth loss. A retrospective study was done using the case records of outpatients attending a private Dental College and Hospital. One month case records with a total of 100 case sheets of current smoker males were retrieved. Case sheets which recorded nicotine dependence using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the number of tooth loss were used for data analysis. Descriptive and chi-square association were the statistical tests done. Patients of age more than 45 (27%) have a lesser dependency for the tobacco of 22.2% when compared to 15 to 30 years (39%) have tobacco dependency of 50%. In between lies the age group of 30-35 years (34%) had tobacco dependency of (27.7%), and there was no statistically significant association between level of nicotine dependency and tooth loss (P>0.05). Patients with high nicotine dependency of age 15-30 years had minimum tooth loss than patients of age more than 45 years with a low level of nicotine dependency. --- ## Awareness About Medical Applications Of Ql-47 Among Dental Students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2980 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, QL 47, dental students QL47 a Bruton Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor is a host-targeted, small molecule antiviral that inhibits steady-state viral protein expression. This small molecule broadly inhibits both viral and host protein synthesis and targets a translation step specific to eukaryotic cells and has the potential to be used as an antiviral medication. The aim of the study was to assess the awareness about medical applications of QL-47 among dental students. This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional type of study comprising 100 dental college students in Chennai. A self-designed questionnaire with ten questions eliciting the knowledge and awareness about QL 47 therapy among dental college students. Questionnaires were circulated through an online website survey planets questions explored the awareness on QL 47 therapy, indications, contraindications, mechanism of action and side effects. After the responses were received from 100 participants, data were collected and analysed.5% were aware about QL 47 therapy. 3% were aware of the mechanism of action of QL 47 therapy. 4% were aware of the indications of QL 47 therapy. 3% were aware of the QL 47 therapy.3%.were aware of the side effects of QL 47 therapy. The awareness about QL 47 in medical applications and managing viral infections was less among dental students. Increased awareness and educational programs should be initiated to spread knowledge about QL 47 therapy. --- ## Awareness on Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Working Women - A Questionnaire Survey **Authors:** Kamalli M, Kavitha S, Sangeetha A, Vishnupriya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2992 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cardiovascular diseases, Risk factors, Working women, Awareness Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are becoming a serious health issue across the world and conventional risk factors are associated with lifestyle behaviours in all age groups. According to WHO, heart diseases are rapidly increasing in India and it is noted that CVD is not having any boundaries in terms of sex, socioeconomic or geography. The present study is aimed to determine the awareness of cardiovascular risk factors among working women. Self-administered questionnaire was prepared based on cardiovascular risk factors and circulated through an online survey link. The sample size was about 109 working women. The purpose of the study was explained in detail to the participants. The collected data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software. 89.9% of the population thought that working women are more prone to cardiovascular risk factors and 10.1% thought that working women are not prone to CVDs. 60.6% of the participants responded that PCOS could be a risk factor and remaining 39.4% responded that it is not a risk factor for CVD. The entire population answered that a healthy lifestyle and diet could reduce the risk of CVD. The Pearson Chi-square analysis showed that there is no association between the age group of the respondents and awareness of cardiovascular risk factors. To conclude, the awareness of the cardiovascular risk factors among working women was satisfactory. --- ## Awareness of Asperger's syndrome among College Students **Authors:** Shilpa Merlyn Jose, Keerthi Sasanka, Jothi Priya A **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2989 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Asperger’s syndrome, developmental disorder, college students To determine the awareness of Asperger's syndrome among college students. Asperger’s syndrome is a developmental disorder affecting ability to socialize and communicate. It is an autism spectrum. People affected with this syndrome have problems in understanding others point of view. People affected with this syndrome have intense focus on a particular area or subject. The symptoms of Asperger’s syndrome varies from behavioural aggression to depression. People affected with Asperger’s syndrome generally have higher brain functioning than others. This syndrome can be acquired during life time or from birth. There is neither particular diagnostic criteria nor treatment for this syndrome. It may sometimes last for life long. Preparation of self structured questions and circulated through online survey link-Google forms. From the results We can conclude that awareness of Asperger's syndrome among college students was good but it was often considered as autism which is a neurological disorder. --- ## Knowledge and Awareness of Mercury Spill Management Among Dental Students **Authors:** Ashna Yuvaraj, Kavitha S, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2975 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** mercury, spill management, occupational hazard, awareness, contamination Dental professionals get exposed to mercury as an occupational hazard which is still unaddressed by the public health system in India. Mercury is very toxic to the human nervous system and its exposure leads to adverse health effects when it is exposed for a prolonged time. This study was conducted to assess work practices involving mercury and bring awareness of mercury spill management among dental students. A self-administered questionnaire was prepared to analyze the knowledge and awareness of mercury spill management among dental students and it was circulated through an online platform google forms. The collected data were analysed using SPSS software. The results of the survey showed that about 41% of the respondents were aware of the mercury spill management, 59% of the students performed amalgam restoration, 39% of the respondents were using mercury spill kit to avoid mercury exposure. Most of the students participated in the survey were not aware of the corrosiveness of mercury. The Pearson chi square analysis showed that the majority of the first and second-year students and all the intern students were aware of mercury spill management. The knowledge and awareness among dental students on mercury spill management is moderate. Hence, awareness should be created at the primary level for the students from the initial years of dentistry. --- ## Alcoholism among Dental Students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2965 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alcoholism, dental students, risk, abuse College students are at a specific stage to experience more freedom in making personal choices about their health behaviours than earlier or later in life—some forms of risky behaviours such as alcohol consumption peak in this age group. Alcohol use is broadly reported among university students. To evaluate the pattern of alcohol consumption among dental undergraduate students and associated factors with alcohol consumption. This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional type of study comprising 100 dental college students in Chennai. A self-designed questionnaire contains 10 questions based on the knowledge, awareness on the harmful effects of alcohol among dental college students. Questionnaires were circulated through an online website survey planet. After the responses were received from 100 participants, data was collected and analysed. 92% of students are not alcoholics. 90% of students are aware that alcoholism is injurious to health. 76% of students were aware that alcoholics get a risk of hepatic cancer if they drink alcohol. 60% of students consuming alcohol said they drink because of family problems,35% because of work-related stress and 5% because of peer pressure. The alcohol consumption rate is less among dental students and the majority of them are aware of the harmful effects of alcoholism. However, more intense awareness programs should be initiated to discontinue the use of alcohol. --- ## Gut Brain Interaction - A Review **Authors:** Shabbarish Chockalingam, Yuvaraj Babu K **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2970 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Gut brain axis, Gut brain interaction, Microbiota, Gastrointestinal microbiome The gut brain axis is a bidirectional system which is highly complex and fragile and is an integral part of the functioning of the human body as it develops the human being. There are various diseases, disorders and factors revolving around this axis and this review looks into said factors. This axis is highly sensitive and is known to play a key role in the development of the brain as well as in the development of disorders such as obesity, depression, diabetes, autoimmune disorders and anxiety among others.The primary component of this axis is the gut microbiota.Its postulated that Gut microbiome can promote and aggravate neurogenerative disorder.Impact of core microbiome on the gene level affects the metabolism. The aim of the study is to analyse the impact made by the studies analysed in this report. 35 articles were taken from various databases and were reviewed for their effect on the topic. This study reviews the articles that discuss the various effects of the gut brain axis. These articles when studied together point at the same fact that there is a lot of potential in this field. This review is an attempt to update recent advancements in Gut-Brain axis, further research is in need of the hour about its complete use to humanity. --- ## Awareness on Applications of Potodynamic Therapy in Dentistry Among Undergraduate Dental Students- a Questionnaire Survey **Authors:** Saivarshine S, Gheena S, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2991 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Photodynamic therapy, Awareness, Dentistry, Photosensitisers Photodynamic therapy is a light-based therapy that uses photosensitizers as an activating substance which has an inducing and therapeutic effect. It can be used to treat many periodontal and orthodontic problems in dentistry. It is used widely in treating many problems related to periodontics, oral lesions and to treat cariogenic bacteria. The aim of the study was to analyse the awareness on applications of photodynamic therapy in dentistry among undergraduate dental students. A questionnaire was prepared and administered to 100 participants through Google forms - an online survey platform. The study population included undergraduate dental students. Results were collected and generated in SPSS software. The results showed that the majority of participants were aware about the photodynamic therapy and its various uses in dentistry to treat patients. Photodynamic therapy is a light-based therapy which is used to treat various periodontal problems and it is used in gingival curettage and melanin pigmentation removal in dentistry. Within the limitations of the study, we conclude that the undergraduate dental students were well informed about the various uses of photodynamic therapy in dentistry. --- ## Knowledge and awareness on hand washing technique and hand hygiene on health care providers **Authors:** Sarvasri T, Kavitha S, Vishnupriya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-10-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2982 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Handwashing, hand hygiene, infection, knowledge, health care providers Hand washing is an effective way to avoid the spread of infections. The good hand hygiene involves cleaning the hands in between patients or between examining an infected site and clean body site. The aim of the study is to find out Whether the health care providers are knowledgeable about hand washing techniques and aware of the healthcare-associated diseases. A cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted among 202 health care providers Through the online survey website, Google forms. About 14 questions have been distributed among the health care providers. The results were analysed by SPSS software. The 65.35% of the healthcare providers were aware about the hand hygiene practices, whereas 34.65% were not aware. 57.92% of the healthcare providers were aware of the materials used in hand washing techniques. The Pearson chi-square analysis showed that males are more aware than females on the hand hygiene practices among healthcare providers. This study concludes that the awareness and knowledge of the healthcare providers on the hand washing techniques and hand hygiene are slightly moderate. --- ## Obesity and Weight Control During the Covid-19 Pandemic: An Overview **Authors:** Purusotham Chippala, Dhanesh Kumar K U, Yadala Srivalli, Pallavaram Aishwarya Rani, Rashmitha A P, Yogitha Hatmode **Published:** 2020-10-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3596 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Behavioural Modification, COVID-19, Diet, Obesity, Physical activity Obesity is a global epidemic. A rise in obesity has been fueled by the COVID–19 enforced lockdown, having a massive impact on health, leading to over-eating and poor diet and sleep, as well as a reduction in physical activity and exercise and loneliness, as there is a need to stay healthy, fit and stronger and rebuild some of the healthy habits. It is related to improved risk of illness and death with ideal body weight. Physical activities with modifications of exercise and calorie intake together are considered as cornerstones in the prevention and management of obesity. Genetic factors, lifestyle factors such as financial status, home, and working environment and social relationships, play significant roles in developing and modifying weight control. Periodic weight gain is common during such times as holidays, the COVID-19 lockdown, and winter months. This review includes the most important aspects of obesity management were discussed, such as diet and nutrition, physical activity and exercises, lifestyle and environmental changes. Adherence to lifestyle measures with healthy eating habits and more physical activity, around the home to be encouraged among people, to offset the resultant obesity is what we recommend them and also discover new ways of raising the spirits while isolated. --- ## Prevalence of Mandibular Third Molar Pericoronitis among Smokers and Evaluation of its treatment outcomes - A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Pooja Umaiyal M, Jaiganesh Ramamurthy **Published:** 2020-10-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2963 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Operculum, Pericoronitis, Smokers, Third molars Pericoronitis is an infectious disease affecting the operculum overlying a semi-erupted or erupting tooth. Pericoronitis occurs mainly or particularly on the lower third molars. It is painfully debilitating at times and it's a common periodontal emergency found for many diseases, with tobacco being the major modifiable risk factor. It has a negative impact over oral health and oral hygiene. The aim of this study is to analyse the prevalence of pericoronitis among smokers. Patients included in this retrospective study were those with a diagnosis of pericoronitis from July 2019 till March 2020. Socio-demographic and clinical data of all the 109 patients collected such as age, gender, tooth or teeth affected by pericoronitis and treatment undergone were retrieved from the recorded details of the patients. This data was tabulated inel and then imported to SPSS software for statistical analysis. During the study period, 109 patients presented with pericoronitis. The peak age for the prevalence of pericoronitis was 20-25 years accounting for 75.2% of the patients. The prevalence of lower left third molar (54.1%) being affected with pericoronitis was higher than the lower right third molar being affected (45.9%). Extraction (95.4%) was the frequently performed treatment for pericoronitis. Pericoronitis occurs more often in 20-25 years of age patients who are smokers. While the lower left third molar being the most common tooth involved in pericoronitis and extraction of the affected teeth was the treatment of choice among the majority of the population. --- ## Association Between Cervical Abrasion and age and its Influence on Gender - A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Nur Liyana Hannah Binti Izham Akmal, Adimulapu Hima Sandeep, Revathi Duraisamy **Published:** 2020-10-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2961 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Brushing habits, Cervical abrasion, Non-carious cervical lesions Cervical lesions are often characterized by defects seen in the gingival third of a tooth crown which may be in the facial or lingual surface. Pathological loss of tooth structure caused by factors other than dental caries such as cervical abrasion is referred to as non-carious cervical lesions (NCCL). Cervical abrasion is an example of NCCL in which a constant exposure of the tooth to mechanical forces leads to pathological wearing away of the hard tissues. In most of the cases, cervical tooth lesions are revealed to be more common as the age increases. Several studies have reported the difference in the prevalence of cervical abrasion between males and females. Many reports suggest that cervical abrasion is commonly associated with improper tooth brushing habits. To evaluate the prevalence of cervical abrasion between genders and its influence on age. It is a retrospective study conducted using the case records of Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India from June 2019 to March 2020. Data including the patient’s name, patient’s identification number (PID), age, gender and presence of cervical abrasion were retrieved from the patients’ case records. A total of 742 consecutive case records were retrieved and analysed. Cervical abrasion was observed in 371 individuals of this study. High prevalence of cervical abrasions was seen in males (70.9%) compared to females (29.1%). Most of the cases were observed in individuals within the 41-50 years age group (28.8%), and the least was seen within the 11-20 years age group (0.3%). Within the limits of the study, most of the cervical abrasion cases are recorded in individuals within the 41-50 years age group with higher predilection in males. There is a statistically significant association of cervical abrasion with age and gender. --- ## Association of tobacco dependence and oral hygiene status **Authors:** Kiruthika Patturaja, Arthi Balsubramaniam, Iffat Nasim **Published:** 2020-10-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2951 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Association, Fagerstrom Nicotine, Oral Hygiene, Tobacco Dependence Tobacco use has a major public health concern that results in significant morbidity and mortality. Tobacco use has an injurious effect on oral health such as oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders like leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis. Tobacco use has been found to have a strong, chronic and dose dependent effect on periodontal tissues due to poor oral hygiene caused by increased deposit of debris and calculus among tobacco users. This study aimed to find the association between oral hygiene status and tobacco dependence. A retrospective study was conducted using the case records of patients in University hospital. Data on tobacco dependence and oral hygiene status from 150 patient records were collected and analysed for association. Descriptive statistics and chi-square association was done. The mean age of patients in the records was 35 ± 12.44 years and males (14%) had severe tobacco dependence. The mean Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHIS) score was found to be 2.03 ± 1.009 which is interpreted as fair. There was no statistically significant association between oral hygiene status and tobacco dependence (p= 0.157). Tobacco dependence has no role in the oral hygiene status of an individual. --- ## Affordability versus willingness for dental treatment - A survey **Authors:** Pravinya Sam, Suresh Venugopalan, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-10-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2964 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Affordability, insurance, dental, spending Financial barriers are an important reason for not being able to see a dentist. Still, lack of information and awareness about dental treatment acts as a barrier in getting quality dental treatment even among financially strong individuals in our country. This study aimed to analyze the awareness about dental treatments and willingness to spend on dental treatment among patients as an important factor in determining the treatment plan. A structured questionnaire was framed to evaluate the buying capacity of individuals towards comfort and gadgets and their buying capacity when it comes to dental treatment, and the responses were collected using an online surveying tool. Only 20% visit the dentist on a periodic basis for checkups, and the other 80% were unaware of the concept of regular dental checkups and visited the dentist only when they had dental complaints. 45% visited dentist only after getting pain.33% received fillings and root canal. Of the 25% who underwent extraction only 10% replaced the extracted teeth.20% only received consultation and medications and didn't turn up for other treatments. Even when the dentist offered different treatment plans, 46% of the patients chose the cheaper option. 76.3% of the surveyed people had health insurance and among them, and 36.3% were not aware of the fact whether their health insurance covers their dental treatment. People are more willing to spend for gadgets and comfort than the basic dental needs. Most of them are unaware of the fact about regular dental visits and visit the dentist only on getting pain or other severe problems and show negligence towards spending for other crucial treatments even when the dentist educates them about the need for the treatment. --- ## Association between deleterious oral habits and its effect on dentition among 5-15 years children **Authors:** Reshma T, Mahesh R, Balaji Ganesh S **Published:** 2020-10-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2953 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** children, dentition, malocclusion, oral habit Oral habits in children is considered to be one of the most common etiology for orthodontic malocclusion, the prolonged effect of these habits can result in alternation of orofacial structures. Habits are acquired by automatism, represented by an altered pattern of muscle contraction with complex characteristics. In very young children some habits are considered to be a normal process of development at least till 3yrs of age. Oral habits could be parafunctional or functional. It has been observed that there has been an ascending trend in the prevalence of oral habit in children. Thus the aim of this study is to determine the effects of oral habits on dentition. Completed case sheets were collected from a private dental college. Case sheets were taken from June 2019 to April 2020. Data was retrieved and evaluated by 2 reviewers. Once the data was collected, it was then tabulated based on the parameters which are habits, molar relation, malocclusion, age and gender. Correlations between the parameters are determined. The study showed that a total of 50 children ages from 5-15 years old had oral habits. Tongue thrusting was found to be the most common oral habit (44%) Class II Div I malocclusion was mostly seen in thumb sucking patients (31,6%). The 9 year old children were found to be the highest number of children with oral habits. In this study, we observed that children with habits may result in malocclusion if they persist with the habit. --- ## Incidence of oral white lesions in patients attending a private dental hospital **Authors:** Sarvesh Kumar J, Vivek Narayan, Murugaiyan Arun **Published:** 2020-10-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2959 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Age groups, Gender, Incidence, Oral cavity, White lesions The oral cavity is vulnerable to a limitless number of environmental insults; white lesions are common findings in the oral cavity. White lesions in the oral cavity may be benign, premalignant or malignant. Early determination is the most significant single factor in battling oral malignancy and improving endurance rate. So white lesions occurring in the oral mucosa are promptly needed to be identified and treated. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of oral white lesions occurring among patients visiting a private dental hospital. A total of 10,000 patient data were selected for the study; patients who reported to the dental college between June 2019 to March 2020 were included for the study. This was a retrospective study, and the data were obtained from patient case records, and the data were reviewed for the presence of white lesions. White lesions coexisting with other types of lesions such as red lesions, vesiculoerosive lesions, pigmented lesions etc. have been excluded from the study. The overall incidence of white lesions was found to be 7.3 per 1000 per year. The number of oral white lesions was 0.65% in males and 0.08% in females. The number of Leukoplakia was 26.03% in male, and 1.37% in female, OSMF 24.66% in male and 4.11% in female, Tobacco pouch keratosis 31.51% in males and chemical burn 4.11% in males and 2.74% in females, candidiasis was 2.74% in both male and female. From the present study, we can conclude that the typical white lesion in the oral cavity is tobacco pouch keratosis and most of the lesions belong to the category of potentially malignant disorders hence the timely diagnosis of these lesions is paramount and can minimize the progression of oral cancer. --- ## Prevalence and associated factors for mandibular Premolar impaction in various malocclusions **Authors:** Hemashree J, Ravindra Kumar Jain, Manjari Chaudhary **Published:** 2020-10-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2954 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Impaction, Malocclusion, Mandibular premolar, Prevalence Teeth which fail to erupt to the level of the occlusal plane even after ⅔ rd root formation is completed are termed as impacted teeth. Prevalence of impacted teeth can vary from one person to another and also among populations. This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of mandibular premolar impaction in various skeletal malocclusion patients. This retrospective study included case records of 886 subjects who visited the orthodontic department of Saveetha Dental College from June 2019- March 2020. OPG and intraoral photographs of all the subjects were analysed to find the prevalence of mandibular premolar impaction. The present study reported the prevalence of impacted mandibular premolar at 0.5%. Out of the total 4 cases in which mandibular premolars were impacted, three patients had skeletal Class I malocclusion. The prevalence of premolar impaction was higher in females than males. No significant association between gender and premolar impaction was noted (p > 0.05). To conclude, though the prevalence of mandibular premolar impaction is low, it is important to diagnose early to avoid complications and plan treatment. --- ## Relationship Between TMJ Disorders and Malocclusion **Authors:** Oviya V J, Saravana Dinesh S P, Deepa Gurunathan **Published:** 2020-10-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2957 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** TMJ disorders, malocclusion, orthodontic treatment, pain, clicking Temporomandibular disorders are a class of degenerative and musculoskeletal conditions associated with morphological and functional deformities. It is prevalent among all age groups causing various symptoms, including pain, discomfort, even limiting the functions. Malocclusion is one of the predisposing factors causing TMJ disorders. Hence the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between TMJ disorders and malocclusion. A retrospective study was conducted. Data was collected through reviewing records of 86000 patients visiting a dental hospital in Chennai. A total of 294 patients who had reported with TMJ problems were evaluated. Data such as age, gender, symptoms, associated with TMD, presence of malocclusion, patient's profile were noted. The data collected were analysed statistically through IBM SPSS software. A total of 294 patients reported with TMJ disorders in all age groups from June (2019) to March (2020). TMJ disorders were prevalent more in the age group of 20-40years (57.4%) and more among males (52.58%). About 54.79% of the patients with TMD had malocclusion. In this study, TMJ disorders and malocclusion were significantly associated with each other. --- ## Applications of green tea in dentistry **Authors:** Reethega L, Balaji Ganesh S, Geetha R V **Published:** 2020-10-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2950 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Dental Caries, Green Tea, Halitosis, Infections, Oral Cancer, Polyphenols Tea is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. Majority of people consume black tea more than green tea. Green tea is prepared from the dry leaves of Camellia sinensis bush. The extent of oxidation of the leaves determines the type of tea prepared. Green tea is made from the un-oxidised tea leaves and is a type of less processed tea. Therefore, it contains the most number of antioxidants and beneficial phenols. These polyphenols prevent the acid production of bacterial species like Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, which are solely involved in the development of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Around 30 articles from Pubmed and other Scopus indexed journals were collected and the data was extracted from them. The articles were selected based on their relevance to the topic and characteristics. The review methods, applications of green tea in various systems, applications of green tea in dentistry and their risk and side effects were discussed. The above topics were discussed accurately and the data was selected accordingly. The topic was discussed to see whether green tea can be used in dentistry. --- ## Prevalence of smoker’s palate and smoker’s melanosis among patients visiting a private dental college **Authors:** Nor Syakirah binti Shahroom, Manjari Chaudhary, Iffat Nasim **Published:** 2020-10-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2952 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mastication, Oral mucosal lesion, Smoker’s palate, Smoker’s melanosis, Tobacco Tobacco consumption including smoked or smokeless type is harmful for the oral mucosa as it promotes the development of oral cancer and oral mucosal lesions such as leukoplakia, smoker’s palate (nicotinic stomatitis), smoker’s melanosis and other types of lesions. A retrospective study was conducted in a dental hospital from July 2019 till March 2020. A total of 146 patients diagnosed with smoker’s palate, smoker’s melanosis or both were included in this study. The data variables including socio-demographic and patients diagnosed with smoker’s palate and smoker’s melanosis were recorded and analyzed using SPSS Statistical software Version 20. Smoker’s palate and smoker’s melanosis were prevalent in 50-59 years and predominant in males. In this present study, smoker’s palate (53.4%) was more prevalent followed by smoker’s melanosis (24%) and smoker’s palate and melanosis (22.6%). There was statistically insignificant association between the age and types of oral mucosal lesion (p>0.05). It can be concluded that smoker’s palate was more prevalent followed by smoker’s melanosis and both in which 50-59 years age and male group were more predominant. --- ## Pulpectomy in Maxillary First Molars With Distal Caries **Authors:** Mohamad Qulam Zaki Bin Mohamad Rasidi, Bhagya lakhsmi T, Dinesh Prabu **Published:** 2020-10-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2962 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Distal caries, Maxillary first primary molar, Prevalence, Pulpectomy Dental caries is having the most prevalence of the chronic disease in pediatric patients. It is considered as the most unmet health care for society with the lowest socioeconomic status. If dental caries is not treated with proper treatment, it may develop more complicated consequences in various aspects such as dental, medical, social, and life quality. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the pulpectomy procedure in maxillary first primary molars with distal caries in the Chennai population visiting the Outpatient Department of Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai based on their gender and age. A total of 199 patients details aged between 4 and 11 years old obtained from patients records to assess pulpectomy treatment done with distal caries involved, with their gender and age. Data analysis was done with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows (version 20). Chi-square test was used to determine the association of occurrence pulpectomy with distal caries involvement in a maxillary first primary molar, gender, and age. In this present study, the prevalence of male patients was 56.8% and for females was 43.2% with p>0.05 (statistically insignificant). Males patients more prevalent for pulpectomy due to distal caries. Patients in the age group between 4 and 5 years old have a higher prevalence (55.7%) with p>0.05. The most prominent teeth number affected by distal caries was left maxillary first primary molar-64, with 52.8% prevalence. Within this limit of this study, this study showed that the prevalence of pulpectomy in maxillary first primary molars due to distal caries was more in males than females, and higher incidence for age between 4 and 5 years old, with the most affected tooth was left side, 64. --- ## Smart restorative materials used in dentistry - A review **Authors:** Praveen Kumar S, Balaji Ganesh S, Vinay Sivasamy **Published:** 2020-10-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2958 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Biodegradable, Composite, Glass ionomer cement, Smart restorative material The expression "Smart restorative material" alludes to those that can be changed in controlled style for example, stress, temperature moisture, pH and electrical or attractive fields. The need of great importance is to present dental materials that have biomimicking properties of regular tooth structure. Different biocompatible materials have been presented and generally utilized in numerous fields of dentistry. Smart restorative behaviour of substances occurs while it detects a few improvements from the overall circumstance and responds to it in a helpful, reproducible and for the maximum element reversible way. A key component of smart conduct incorporates its capacity to come back to the first state. A portion of these materials utilized are altered glass ionomers, calcium phosphate discharging pit and fissure sealants, smart composites, smart ceramic, compomers, orthodontic shape-memory alloys, amalgams, smart impression materials, smart sutures, smart burs, smart endodontic files and so forth. These materials have changed the dentistry and are the start of another part in Biosmart Dentistry. --- ## Correlation between Age, Gender and Habits among Children - A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Sanjana Devi, Revathi Duraisamy **Published:** 2020-10-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2956 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, nail-biting, mouth breathing, parafunctional habits Oral health influences the overall health of an individual. Hence, when oral health is affected the general well-being of the individual is unbalanced. Habits are repetitive actions done automatically. They represent an altered pattern of muscle contraction, done unconsciously and on a regular basis. Some habits are helpful, whereas other habits are deleterious over the long run. Habits can be either functional or non-functional. Functional habits include repeating normal functions unnecessarily like swallowing, chewing and nasal breathing. Whereas non-functional habits are unnecessary extra functions like thumb-sucking, nail-biting and lip sucking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between age, gender and habits. A retrospective study was conducted in the Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, India. Ethical clearance was obtained from the SRB committee, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, India. The clinical portion of this retrospective study was conducted over nine months, i.e., between June 2019 to March 2020. Data were collected from a total of 86000 patients who visited the Saveetha dental college between Jun 2019 to March 2020. Chi square test was done to evaluate the association between age, gender and habits. In the present study, there was 35.3% were males, and 64.7% were females. 15.6% were four years of age, 9% were five years of age, 11.3% were six years of age, 10.7% were seven years of age, 17.6% were eight years of age, 12.7% were nine years of age, 0.6% were ten years of age, 10.7% were 11 years of age. 16.8% have tongue thrusting, 36.1% have thumb sucking, 25.7% have nail-biting, 21.4% have mouth breathing. Within the limitations of this study, there was no significant association between habits and age [P=0.086] and gender [P=0.102]. --- ## Association of Age and Gender distribution in Patients undergoing Onlay Restoration **Authors:** Sahil Choudhari, Subash Sharma, Jaiganesh Ramamurthy **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2947 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Onlay, Indirect Restoration, Cuspal Coverage, Ceramic Onlay In order to reinforce a weakened cusp, a restoration covering the cusp is done to reduce the incidence for fracture and the failure of the tooth. There are multiple options to perform posterior restorations, which include direct materials like amalgam and composite and indirect materials like ceramic and metal. The aim of the study was to find out the association of age, gender and tooth number in patients undergoing onlay restoration. 86000 patient records at a private dental college were reviewed between June 2019 to March 2020. Our study included all the people who had undergone onlay restoration. A total of 49 onlay restorations were done. The collected data was tabulated using Microsoft Excel and analyzed using SPSS. Incomplete data was excluded from the study. Statistical analysis was done using a chi-square test. In our study, we observed that the age group below 30 years (p>0.05) reported the most for onlay treatment with a higher incidence of males (p>0.05). A maximum number of onlay treated teeth was 46. (p>0.05) Metal ceramic was the most common type of material used for onlay fabrication. (p>0.05) Within the limitations of the study, no significant difference was found between age, gender, tooth number and type of material used for onlay fabrication. --- ## Influence of Gender in Selecting Fixed and Removable Prosthesis **Authors:** Abigail Ranasinghe, Keerthi Sasanka, Raghu Sandhya **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2925 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tooth loss, Fixed prosthesis, Removable prosthesis, edentulism, gender influence Tooth loss is a common dental problem. Impairment of oral functions and masticatory efficiency is a result of tooth loss. The negative effects of tooth loss can be managed by the fixed and removable prosthesis. This study was conducted to determine the influence of gender in selecting prosthesis. This study was a retrospective observational study conducted in a university hospital in Chennai. Data collection was done with the help of the electronic dental record of the university- Dental information archiving software (DIAS). It records all patients data from initial visit to last visit chronologically. This was followed by Excel tabulation. Data was analysed using SPSS Software. The association of study variables was calculated using the Chi-Square test. Within the limits of the study, female patients were willing for replacement of teeth than male patients (55%). There was a significant difference in choosing the type of prosthetic treatment. It was seen that fixed partial denture was chosen over removable prosthesis (59.8%). --- ## Incidence of Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate in a University Hospital Setting-A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Monisha K, Senthil Murugan P, Aravind Kumar **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2945 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** CLP=cleft lip and palate, unilateral, bilateral, incidence, prevalence Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is one of the most prevalent malformations occurring in the head and neck region. Cleft lip and palate is the second most birth defect in the US after club foot. The incidence of Cleft lip and cleft palate is also very common in Indian Population with the rate of 1 in 700 births approximately. In India, the main reason for the formation of Cleft Lip and cleft palate is consanguineous marriage due to less awareness among people. Cleft lip can be unilateral or bilateral and may involve alveolus or palate. Again it can be further classified as Complete or Incomplete cleft lip and /or Cleft palate. Most of the patients were deprived of treatment, mainly due to their unawareness and their lower socio-economic status. Cleft patients need comprehensive, cleft care management. So the aim of this study is to find the incidence of bilateral cleft lip or palate in patients who reported to Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai. This study is done with 76 patients,(40 males, 36 females)who visited a Saveetha Dental College during one year between June 2019-April 2020. All available data were extracted from patients case sheets and results were obtained through SPSS analysis. In this study, we observed that 90.5 % of patients reported with unilateral cleft lip and palate, where only 9.1% of patients reported with bilateral cases. Males were having high prevalence with 52.6 % and females 47.4%.In conclusion, male patients had higher cleft lip and palate compared to females. The incidence of bilateral cases seen among cleft lip and palate is fewer in males. --- ## Miniplate Removal in Mandibular Trauma Patients - A Single Institution Retrospective Study **Authors:** Sohaib Shahzan M D, Madhulaxmi M **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2935 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** miniplate, mandible trauma, open reduction, internal fixation, titanium, stainless steel Fractures of the facial skeleton have become common with increased road traffic accidents and other injuries. Functional osteosynthesis using miniplates have become the standard of care in the management of maxillofacial trauma. It has been suggested that they are suitable as permanent implants because of their biological compatibility. Nevertheless, mini plates also have a complication rate, which varies between different studies, thereby requiring removal. The aim of this study is to evaluate the frequency of plate removal post-treatment for mandibular trauma. This is a retrospective study. We reviewed patient records and analysed the data of 86000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020. A total of 35 patients underwent treatment for mandibular trauma during this period. Each of those case sheets were reviewed and telephonic cross-verification done to account any cases of plate removal and plate related complications among these patients. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 20 by IBM. The results were analysed using chi-square test. In this study, we observe that the number of plates placed in the mandible for trauma in one year are 35. The incidence of trauma are more in males than females. Among this only one plate was removed in one year with an implication of only 0.02% of the incidence of plate removal in one-year time post mandibular trauma. Within the limits of the study, the incidence of plate removal post mandibular trauma is 0.02% in one year period of time. This shows that miniplates removal can be minimized if proper surgical and post-surgical care are followed. --- ## Knowledge and awareness of ozone therapy among dental professionals **Authors:** Kaushik Vishnu Rajkumar, Jeevitha M, Sangeetha S **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2931 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ozone therapy, Ozone, Dentistry, Dental practitioners, Knowledge, Awareness Ozone is a form of oxygen made up of triatomic molecules, which is considered to be having a great positive effect on the field of medicine and dentistry. Ozone therapy involves mainly the use of ozone gas for the treatment. It is mainly used for the treatment of arthritis, or any viral diseases like HIV or SARS. It is also used as a disinfectant and it also helps in stimulating the immune response of the body and cancer therapy. It will help as sanitary techniques such as irrigation with antiseptic. The study aims to assess the knowledge and awareness of ozone therapy among dental practitioners. An online based questionnaire was distributed to all the participants. The participants were well informed about the online survey and it was answered with full potential. Then the results were collected and were analysed statistically. 60.4% of the study population were aware of the use of ozone therapy in dental applications, and 57.5% of the study population was aware that ozone prevents tooth decay. From the analysed data it was observed that the majority of the participants were aware about the usage of ozone therapy in dentistry. --- ## Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Protocol After Needle Stick Injury among Medical Students **Authors:** Shreejha M V, Kavitha S, Vishnupriya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2937 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Knowledge, Awareness, Needle Stick Injuries, Precautions, Diseases Needle stick injuries are more prominent among health care professionals, and it can be defined as a wound of percutaneous piercing by a needle point or other sharp instruments and objects. Needle stick injury (NSI) is a significant risk towards the transmission of pathogens and diseases. This present study was aimed to assess the knowledge, awareness and prevalence of NSI among medical students. This is a cross-sectional study conducted among the medical students (104 student). The questionnaire was distributed through an online survey google forms among medical students to assess their knowledge and awareness towards the NSI. SPSS software was used to analyze the collected data. The Pearson Chi-square test was done in association with the year of study of the respondents. The survey results showed that 60.7% of the students were aware of the disease caused by the NSI, 35.5% students were aware of the measures to be taken when NSI occurs, 63.6% of the students said single handed technique is safe for needle recapping. The chi-square analysis showed that there is no association between the year of study and awareness on the protocol to be followed after NSI. The study revealed that knowledge about NSI and the preventive measures among medical students was inadequate. Hence, it is utmost important to make the medical students aware of the protocol for NSI and to train them on that. --- ## Analysis of Patients with Skeletal Malocclusion Undergoing Orthognathic Surgery Along with Fixed Orthodontics in a Dental Hospital Setup **Authors:** Pooja Umaiyal M, Saravana Dinesh S P, Jaiganesh Ramamurthy **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2949 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental malocclusion, Skeletal malocclusion, Fixed appliance, Orthodontics, Orthognathic Surgery Lately, people have become more conscious about their physical appearance. Orthodontic treatment has no doubt in providing a significant effect on facial aesthetics. Commonly treated dental and skeletal malocclusion includes class II and class III, skeletal malocclusions might need orthodontic fixed appliance, orthognathic surgery or a combination of both for its correction. The aim of this study is to analyse the prevalence percentage of patients with skeletal malocclusion undergoing orthognathic surgery along with fixed orthodontics. We reviewed and analysed the data of 86000 patients who visited a dental institutional hospital between June 2019 and March 2020. A total of 60 patients were chosen to be included in this retrospective study. They were diagnosed with either class II or class III malocclusions. Socio-demographic and clinical data of all the 60 patients were collected, such as age, gender, type of skeletal malocclusion, treatment suggested and treatment undergone were retrieved from the patient records provided by Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. This data was tabulated in excel and analysed using SPSS software. Chi-Square test was performed, and the p-value was determined to evaluate the significance of the variables. Among the patients, 51.7% were males with the peak prevalence of reporting for skeletal malocclusion treatment at the age of 10-30 years (85%). Most predominant dental malocclusion being class II division 1 (38.3%) followed by class III(23.3%). Proclination (40%) and crowding (60%) were other common dental alignment issues in the maxillary and mandibular arches, respectively. --- ## Association of age and sex of patients undergoing class 2 amalgam restoration in mandibular premolars **Authors:** Aishwarya S, Pradeep S, Suresh V **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2941 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amalgam Restoration, Class 2 amalgam restorations, Disto-Occlusal (DO), Mesio-Occlusal (MO), Mesio-Occluso- Distal (MOD) The most versatile restorative materials in the field of dentistry are dental amalgam which constitutes 75% of all restorative materials used by dental practitioners. Due to its excellent load-bearing capacity and low costs, it is still the top priority for many dentists. In this retrospective study, the details of the 86,000 patient records were reviewed and analyzed, out of which 160 patients who had undergone class 2 amalgam restoration in mandibular premolars between June 2019 to March 2020 were included in this study. The details like age, gender, tooth number and the surface of restorations were evaluated and entered in SPSS, version 23. The data were analyzed through a chi-square test. It was observed that there is no significant association between age, and surface distribution in mandibular premolars (p>0.05), however, on analyzing the association between gender and tooth surface, the statistical significance between gender and tooth surface was found ( p <0.05). Within the limitations, the mandibular second premolars had undergone more class 2 amalgam restoration than the first premolar. Disto occlusal restoration was performed in higher numbers, followed by mesio occlusal restoration in both genders. --- ## Association between overuse of Social Media with Mental and Physical Health-is sitting the New Smoking **Authors:** ThanaLakshme S P, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Vishnu Priya V **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2928 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Social media, endemic, technological development, better communication, impact, physical and mental health Social media being endemic in prevailing society, has a larger positive impact on humans and society. Also, led to greater technological development and made people closer from different walks of life and various parts of the world. Social media even influences an individual mentally by keeping them entertained and enhancing their creativity and explorations. But on the other hand negative impact had been the greatest talk for time. The negative impact can be experienced on overuse or addiction to it. On being overused social media imparts stress and depression which was proved by the result of our survey study. This study comprises 100 participants of the Chennai population. A self-structured questionnaire was distributed among the targeted population and data were collected. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software and presented as pie charts and bar charts. The result of the observed population concluded that long exposure to social media or sitting on social media apps has the negative impact indistinguishable from the effect caused due to smoking. --- ## Genetic Architecture of Grey Matter - A Review **Authors:** Naz Fathima Raj Mohamed, Yuvaraj Babu K **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2929 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Grey Matter, Genetic Influence, Genetic Factors, Cortical Thickness, Brain Mapping Genetic architecture explains about characteristics of different types of genetic variants which affect the traits for heritable variability. The present review is to document the deeper understanding of the genetic architecture of grey matter obtained from reliable sources of information which are associated with grey matter density and volume, cortical thickness, surface area, genetic variants, genetic heritability and genetic effects including Alzheimer disease, Huntington disease and some various diseases. The literature search on genetic architecture was carried out for papers published by google scholar and PubMed with the intention of retrieving all original reports that were relevant to it. The quality assessment of selected studies was conducted for 77 collected articles. This review is an attempt to update recent advances and provide a deeper understanding of the genetic architecture of grey matter which benefits scientists and geneticists. --- ## Neurolink - A Review **Authors:** Pratheebha C, Yuvaraj Babu K, Gifrina Jayaraj **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2936 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Artificial Intelligence, Brain-machine Interface, Neurolink, Neural Implant Neurolink is the work product from Musk in the year 2016, which was about to develop an implantable and high-brain -computer interface (BCI). The treatment for the sensory and motor activities Brain-machine Interface (BMI) is also used for the treatment of neurological problems. The aim of this review is to explore some detailed information regarding the recent advances in Neurolink project - the benefits, merits as well as the demerits it has. This concept that is a project with neuro link was completely a new idea, and the modern world needed equipment like this, to help people with neurological disorders since the turn of the century. This new invention has a three stated goal, the first and most predominant one was for treating any kind of neurological disorders, and the second one is for the people who met with an accident and last and final was to create BMI. For example, a paralyzed person can use a BMI to move a mouse cursor or a robotic arm. Such options let them retain more independence. This idea of developing BMI of Musk was completely a new idea, and it was positive towards people, and cost-effective means of delivering neurosurgical care to underserved areas are the conclusions from the initial experience of this new project. This review is an attempt to update the recent advance of Neurolink project; further research is the need of the hour to know about its complete use for human beings. --- ## Incidence of Temporomandibular Disorders in Patients in a University Hospital Setting **Authors:** Sagana M, Senthil Murugan P, Jeevitha A **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2924 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Temporomandibular disorder, Pharmacotherapy, TMJ surgery, Arthrocentesis Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) is one of the most common musculoskeletal pain disorders. TMD is defined as a heterogeneous group of psychological disorders, commonly characterized by orofacial pain, difficulty in chewing or both. It is one of the commonest problems affecting common people. This is also one of the most common undiagnosed disorder due to its varied vague signs and symptoms, which makes the common dentist to diagnose wrongly, which ultimately led to wrong treatment. The etiology of temporomandibular disorders is complex, the foremost normally cited factors are emotional tension, occlusal interference, genetics, teeth loss, postural deviation, masticatory dysfunction, internal and external changes in TMJ structure, either alone or both The disorders of TMJ, masticatory muscles and associated structure sometimes occur throughout childhood and adolescence, however with less intensity than in the adult population. Throughout adolescence, TMJ presents with mild or moderate signs and symptoms. So a study of this disorder is needed to create awareness among general dentist. This study aims to evaluate the incidence of temporomandibular disorders in patients reported to Saveetha Dental College. A total of 77 patients who underwent treatment for TMD were included in this study. From the analysis, females were more prevalent than the male population. The most common treatment undergone by patients diagnosed with temporomandibular disorders is pharmacotherapy. Females are shown more prevalent than Male. A detailed examination should be done for better diagnosis and prognosis. --- ## High Frenal Attachment - As a risk Factor of Midline Diastema **Authors:** Nadhirah Faiz, Subhabrata Maiti, Iffat Nasim, Jessy P **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2948 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Prevalence, Esthetics, Midline Diastema, Retrospective Study, High Frenal Attachment Dental esthetics is a field of dentistry concerned especially with the appearance of dentition as achieved through its arrangement, form and color. The type of malocclusion, the degree of malocclusion, age, patients’ esthetic desires, practitioners’ style of treatment as well as gender predilection can influence the final esthetic treatment the patient will be subjected to. From functional demands, over the years, patients’ demands have dynamically shifted to meeting the maximum esthetics possible. In older patients, it is difficult to treat the malocclusion by only utilising orthodontic procedures, hence bringing in the requirement of performing a multidisciplinary approach of dental treatment to provide the maximum esthetics for the patient. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of high frenal attachments as a risk for midline diastema. A sample size of 272 patients' information from the Dental Information Archiving Software database of an institutional setup in Chennai was taken, and a retrospective study was performed followed by data analysis using SPSS version 20.0 software. Within the limits of the study, it can be said that 13.6% of the midline diastema cases are caused by high frenal attachments. No significant association between age, gender and frenal attachments associated with midline diastema was confirmed in this study. P-value associated with high frenal attachment and age was 0.28, and P-value associated with high frenal attachment and gender was 0.39. --- ## Primary stability achieved during implant surgery and bone loss at recovery in patients of a private dental institution — A retrospective analysis **Authors:** Shebi S, Suresh A **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2943 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Implant, Primary stability, Crestal level, Bone loss, Osseointegration Implant stability plays a critical role for osseointegration, without osseointegration long term success cannot be achieved, primary stability occurs from mechanical attachment with the cortical bone. It is the gold standard for success of implants. This is a descriptive clinical study carried out in saveetha dental college and hospital, Poonamallee, Chennai. All the patients who underwent single or two-unit implant surgery were selected. The study setting was done from university predominantly south Indian populations and data with regard to primary stability at placement, level of the implant with bone, crestal bone loss at stage 2 recovery were retrieved from the digital case sheets. Data were entered using SPSS software, and Chi-square test was used for inferential analysis, with a P-value < 0.05 was said to be statistically significant. The results obtained indicate more implants are placed with primary stability in 30-40 Ncm(49.8%). More frequently placed crestal relation is equi crestal region (84.4%) and crestal bone loss was less than 1-2mm is seen(87.3%) at stage 2 recovery. The results were subjected to statistical chi-square test, and it is observed that primary stability at 30-40 Ncm or greater did not have any significant association with crestal bone loss. An equi crestal placement of the implant was preferred irrespective of implant type. --- ## Management of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children and Treatment **Authors:** Anu Iswarya Jaisankar, Raghu Nandhakumar, Ezhilarasan D **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2933 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Autism spectrum disorder, Treatment, Management, PRT, Sign language, Occupational Therapy, Speech therapy Autism spectrum disorder is mainly characterized by impaired social function and disruptions of communication in a variety of Neurodevelopmental disorders. Symptoms involve conflict, loss of comprehension, intense emphasis on one task. Discussing the indications, Influenced youngsters to experience the absence of social correspondence and communication practices, for example, making conflicting eye contacts, not having the option to tune in and comprehend individuals around them, Rarely sharing happiness regarding items or exercises by pointing or demonstrating things to other people, Being delayed in reacting to their names or some other verbal endeavours to pick up consideration; Having outward appearances, developments and signals that don't coordinate with the circumstance; Having a surprising manner of speaking. It can have different etiological causes such as anatomy, maternal and perinatal influences, neuroanatomic anomalies, and environmental factors. As we examined the intricacy in the etiology and indications of the confusion, we may comprehend the trouble in the board intercessions and treatment ways to deal with the disorder. However, different specialists throughout the world had worked enthusiastically in building numerous intercession models that help in lessening the indications and in improving the social-relational abilities of the influenced. The review addresses various clinical, scientific, psychological, family-based and recovery strategies. --- ## Trends of Implant Placement in Relation to Crestal Bone Level in a Private Dental Institute **Authors:** Rinieshah Nair R Baskran, Rajendra Prabhu Abhina, Murugaiyan Arun, Balaji Ganesh S **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2944 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental Implants, Marginal Bone Level, Subcrestal, Equi-crestal, Supra-crestal Dental implants provide a strong foundation for fixed or removable prosthetic teeth that are made to match natural dentition. It has become an ideal method of oral rehabilitation after missing natural dentition has been recognised as a reliable tool for dental reconstruction and aesthetics. Marginal bone loss is characterized by a reduction in bone loss is characterized by a reduction in bone level both vertically and horizontally. The levels at which dental implants are placed include sub-crystal, equicrestal, and supra-crestal. The crestal levels affect bone height significantly. Failure to do so will lead to peri-implant bone loss which will affect the implant function and ultimately implant failure. A retrospective study was conducted based on a university setting. 615 patients with 1141 implant sites were reviewed from June 2019 to March 2020. Excel tabulation and SPSS analysis were done for data analysis. There was a statistically significant difference between the variables that included tooth region, crestal relation and site (jaw)—[p-value<0.05] The most common crestal relation of implant placement is equi-crestal implant placement. The assessment of trends of implant placement in relation to crestal bone level shows that equicrestal implant is the most preferred crestal relation of implant placement in Saveetha Dental College. --- ## Ketamine derived Nasal Spray for Depression- a review **Authors:** Kiran Srinivas B, Yuvaraj Babu K **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2926 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ketamine, phencyclidine, bioavailability, nasal spray, antidepressants, intravenous injections Depression is a mood disorder; it affects a person's life in all terms of his daily life. Normally depressions are mood swings exposed as feelings which may be sadness, loss, anger, even laughter. Depression now stands first than any other psychological illness is causing increased mortality in the population. Major depressive disorders [MDD] is one of the major causes of mortality in the population. So, antidepressants are used which could relieve the subject from the effects of Depression. Ketamine is a recently developed drug to fortify the qualities of an antidepressant. This article is the review of previous research articles that were done on ketamine and its effects on Depression as a nasal spray. A systematic review is done on various aspects of ketamine on Depression. Efficiency, effects and a few other factors are analyzed in a comparative manner. Depression should be considered as a global issue. Ketamine being efficient as an antidepressant than many other drugs should be brought into the medicinal market as a nasal spray. Intranasal ketamine was directed into the body passing biphasic stage 1. It avoids most of the inhibitory pathways. Their effects are stronger and more effective in the form of a nasal spray. Short term and long-term effects should be analyzed. Further research is the need of the hour many more animal and clinical trials should be done to know about its complete purpose to humanity. --- ## Malocclusion in Children with and without Cleft Palate -A case -Control Study **Authors:** Thiviya Raaj, Vignesh Ravindran, Sri Sakthi D **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2932 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Malocclusion, cleft palate, prevalence, oral health There is a principle agreement that malocclusion is a major health concern as it is the third most common oral disease, next only to dental caries and periodontal disease. As it is a major challenge for even normally abled children to handle these problems, questions arise as to the difference in the extent or severity of manifestation of malocclusion in the oral cavity of patients with cleft palate. The study aims to determine the prevalence of malocclusion in children with and without cleft palate. A sample size of 18 case sheets was reviewed for malocclusion in children with cleft only. The data was obtained from record management software of a private dental institute. Data was analysed using SPSS software, and Mann-Whitney was done. The results were recorded. Children with cleft palate showed higher incidence of malocclusion when compared to children without cleft palate. Within the limitations of the present study, children with cleft palate (case) showed a higher incidence of malocclusion than the control group. --- ## Association of age with dental plaque score- A record based analysis **Authors:** Preetha Parthasarathy, Leelavathi L, Sreedevi Dharman **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2938 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Age, plaque, gingival, periodontal, biofilm Dental plaque is a soft deposit that forms the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surface in the oral cavity including removable and fixed restoration. It can either be a supragingival or subgingival plaque. The standard plaque index followed is Silness and Loe’s index (1964). The study is done in order to find a correlation between age and dental plaque score. To evaluate the association between age and dental plaque score. The study was conducted in a university set up in a Private Dental College, Chennai. The standard index used in the study is Silness and Loe’s plaque index. The data was collected from the hospital digital database by reviewing and analysing the case sheets of patients who visited the hospital between June 2019 to March 2020. The sample size was 1235. Tabulation and results were generated using SPSS version 19, chi-square test was performed. The age group 18 to 35 years had 52.3% of good plaque score, 42.6% of fair and 5% of poor plaque score. The age group 36 to 50 years had 40% of good plaque score, 49.9% of fair and 10.1% of poor plaque score. The age group 51 to 70 years had 32.2% of good 50% of fair and 17.8% of poor plaque score. P value was found to be significant <0.05. Within the limits of the study, it was observed that the age group 51 to 70 years had notably higher prevalence of fair and poor plaque scores when compared to other two age groups. This study can be used as a reference for understanding the pattern of age wise distribution of dental plaque. --- ## Marginal Leakage Around Fixed Dental Prosthesis - A review **Authors:** Ritya Mary Jibu, Keerthi Sasanka, Geetha V R **Published:** 2020-10-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2934 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Prosthesis, restoration, leakage, bonded, space Marginal leakage is the intrusion into the space between all the restorative materials and cavity walls of fluids, bacteria, and ions. It can cause irritation of the pulp, change of color in the tooth and secondary caries, and may also result in restoration failure. The freshly placed prosthetic margins invariably leak. As time goes by there is a rise in marginal leakage associated with the manufacture of corrosion products and the expansion of other materials into the space between the tooth and the prosthesis. Dental researchers have been interested in the efficacy of the restorative materials to seal cavity margins against the entry of salivary constituents for some time. Some studies have shown that normal dentin would allow the penetration of dyes into human teeth's dentinal tubules. An analysis of later micro-leakage studies reveals that the structure of the dentin is permeable to the diffusion of fluids by natural and acquired defects. Because the enamel surface contains natural cracks and lamellas that allow the fluid to penetrate, the enamel can also have areas of hypo calcification, hypoplasia, chemical breakdown, abrasion, and carious lesions that increase penetration. However, dentine enables the transportation of fluids by odontoblastic processes. Cutting dentin with dental pressure increases the exposed surface area and thus increases the amount of tubules available for fluid transfer into the pulp chamber. While ionic charge and chemical reactivity of diffusing fluids lead to marginal leakage, the physical and chemical character of restorative materials, and the operator's clinical skills are equally essential. --- ## A Retrospective analysis of Oral Hygiene status among Geriatric Patients **Authors:** Dharahaas C, Jeevitha M, Mahathi N **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2896 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Elderly, Geriatric, Oral hygiene, Oral hygiene index simplified Geriatric patients need adequate oral health care which can greatly influence their overall general health. A large population of the elderly patients due to poor oral hygiene suffer from periodontal disease and root caries which can lead to edentulousness. The present study analysed the oral hygiene status among geriatric patients visiting dental hospital in an institution. A total of 86000 patient records were reviewed from June 2019 - April 2020. 233 geriatric patients were included in the study. The gender, age and Oral Hygiene Index- Simplified (OHI-S) of the patients were recorded and statistically analysed. The study consisted of 233 patients out of which 66 patients (28.6%) were females and 165 (71.4%) were males. The results showed that 31% of the patients had good oral hygiene, 60% showed fair and 9% of the patients showed poor oral hygiene. 34.6% of the females had good oral hygiene and 57.5% had fair oral hygiene. 30% of the males showed good oral hygiene and 60% had fair oral hygiene. Within the limits of the study, it was evident that most of the geriatric patients had fair oral hygiene status. --- ## Association between osteoarthritis of knee joint with gender, diabetes and work related diseases in middle aged and old aged population - A survey **Authors:** Moulishree Ramesh, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Don K R **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2900 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Age, Awareness, Gender, Diabetes, Knee joint, Osteoarthritis, Work related diseases Osteoarthritis is a common musculoskeletal disorder where thinning of cartilage fibers occurs in the joints which causes stiffness, pain, and impairment. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder where the blood sugar level is not maintained properly at normal range. Knee joint osteoarthritis is one of the commonest arthritis. Age is said to be an essential risk factor for diabetes and arthritis. A well-structured set of self-evaluable questionnaires were circulated among the south Indian population. The data was collected by the survey planet link, the questions were verified by the institutional review board and the data was collected and analyzed. The variables were randomized to reduce bias. The data collected were manipulated and statistically analyzed. The awareness level and the suggestions regarding the relation between age, gender, diabetes, and knee joint arthritis were questioned and the opinions discussed. It was found that about 61.9% of the population suffers from osteoarthritic conditions. 46.4% of the population are sure and 43.3% population somewhat believe that onset of osteoarthritis is due to their diabetic condition. About 25.8% sure and 34% somewhat agree with the other risk factors of osteoarthritis. 43.3% of the population strongly agrees, 23.7% agree that obesity is a risk factor for both diabetes and osteoarthritis. About 47.4% of the populations are sure about the association between osteoarthritis and diabetes. The response shows that there is a relation between osteoarthritis and diabetes. So further studies should be made over the relation between diabetes and knee joint osteoarthritis among the middle and old aged population and the mechanism behind it and spread awareness about the same. --- ## Impact of fast foods on developing cardiovascular diseases in adolescent population **Authors:** Santhanam Panneer Selvam, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Raghu Sandhya **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2923 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Adolescent, Cardiovascular disease, Fast food, Nutrition, Obesity Fast foods are foods which are easily prepared, processed food served in snack bars and restaurants. Industrial foods such as canned foods or snacks may also be considered as fast foods. The aim of the study was to show the impact of fast food consumption and awareness on developing cardiovascular diseases especially in adolescents. Several other researchers had given an overall picture about the impact of fast food; this study focuses only on the adolescent population. To check the awareness level among the adolescents population a questionnaire containing 15 questions was prepared. This survey was carried between the months of June 2019 to March 2020 among the adolescent population living in Chennai. This survey was carried under an online platform where the participants responded to their answers. The result showed almost 88% participants are aware that over consumption of fast food can cause adverse effects in the cardiovascular system like cardiac arrest and remaining 12% participants are not aware about the impact caused by fast food- developing cardiovascular disease. So considering the growing interest in out-of-home meals and high prevalence of fast food consumption, food policies with an emphasis on providing healthy foods, and making nutritional information at fast-food restaurants may help consumers to order more healthful or lower-calorie foods. --- ## Crucial role of physiotherapy in treating COVID-19 patients Abstract **Authors:** Poonam Thakre, Waqar M. Naqvi, Trupti Deshmukh, Nikhil Ingole, Sourabh Deshmukh **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3300 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Physiotherapy, COVID-19, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Novel corona virus, Acute respiratory distress syndrome The emergence in China of 2019 of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2) previously provisionally names 2019-nCoV disease (COVID19) caused major global outbreak and is a major public health problem. On 30 January 2020, the WHO declared COVID19 to be the sixth international public health emergency. This present pandemic has engrossed the globe with a high rate of mortality. As a front line practitioner, physiotherapists are expected to be getting in direct contact with patients infected with the virus. That’s why it is necessary for understanding the many aspects of their role in the identification, contains, reduces and treats the symptoms of this disease. The main presentation is the involvement of respiratory system with symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, sneezing and characteristics of pneumonia leads to ARDS(Acute respiratory distress syndrome) also land up in multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. This text describes and suggests physiotherapy management of acute COVID-19 patients. It also includes recommendations and guidelines for physiotherapy planning and management. It also covers the guidelines regarding personal care and equipment used for treatment which can be used in the treatment of acute adult patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. --- ## Clinical Spectrum of Angiomatous Granuloma and Inflammatory Fibrous Hyperplasia- A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Rithanya P, Archana Santhanam, Subhashree R **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2907 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** IFH, Clinical Diagnosis, Histopathology Reports, Angiomatous Granuloma Angiomatous granuloma is a reactive tumour-like lesion commonly seen in the oral cavity. It generally occurs due to proliferation of capillary blood vessels. Whereas, inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (IFH) refers to gingival enlargement, which is the current terminology for an increase in the size of the gingiva and is a common feature of gingival diseases. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to analyse the clinical spectrum of angiomatous granuloma/ IFH in a private dental hospital. This study was carried out in a hospital setting (single centred study). The data of the study subjects was collected after a complete analysis of data of 86000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020. The data of the patients, including age, gender clinical diagnosis and histopathological reports, were collected and analysed using the Chi-square test to find the association between the clinical and histopathological reports in the study. In the present study, angiomatous granuloma(55%) had a higher prevalence compared to IFH (40%) with higher gender predilection among the female population (61.5%) and generally in the age group ranging from 20 to 40 years. (57.5%) [p value= 0.329] statistically not significant. Similarly, IFH was also found to be higher in the female population of about (38.4%), in the age groups between 20 to 50 years (41.3%). The knowledge of various clinical presentations and histopathological characteristics the lesion is necessary for proper identification and treatment planning. --- ## Frequency, distribution and obturation technique of root canal retreatment among patients attending a teaching dental hospital in Chennai - A retrospective study **Authors:** Krishna Kanth Jaju, Raghu Sandhya, Mahalakshmi Jayaraman **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2919 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Endodontics, Retreatment, Root canal treatment, Age, Gender, Teeth no, Obturation Technique The aim of the study was to determine frequency, distribution and obturation technique of root canal retreatment among patients attending a teaching dental hospital in Chennai from June 2019 to March 2020. Three hundred seventy case records of endodontic retreatment were obtained, 262 met inclusion criteria. Patients above 18 years of age, patients who visited from June 2019 to March 2020 and patients who have already finished root canal treatment and had complaints of pain were included. Data were tabulated into excel sheets under the headings age, gender, teeth no, obturation technique. Then data were analyzed using SPSS software (23.0). The statistical analysis of the data was performed using chi-square test. Out of the 262 case sheets analysed, 64.9% were male and 35.1% were female. Most commonly affected age group was 18-30 years (38.5%), the least affected age group was above 60 years (6.9%). Most commonly affected teeth were 11,21 (26%,11.8%), least commonly involved were 17,27,32,33 (0.4% - 0.8%). Matched taper single cone technique was most commonly used (57.6%) followed by lateral compaction (40.5%), least commonly preferred technique was warm vertical compaction (1.9%). Overall results of the study are statistically not significant (P>0.05). Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that the prevalence of retreatment cases was high in upper anterior teeth followed by lower posterior. Whereas the association of retreatment cases was least in upper posterior and lower left lateral and canines. Incidence of retreatment cases in relation to root canal treated teeth was higher in male among the 18 - 30 year's age group. --- ## Functional modifications of denture base resin - A review **Authors:** Allour Vaishnavi, Balaji Ganesh S, Anjali A K **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2920 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Acrylic resin, Dentures, Methacrylate, Properties In the year 1930s, acrylic resins were established. The materials used for denture base are vulcanite, celluloid & phenol-formaldehyde. The limitations were founded those were high coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal shrinkage, poor colour stability of self-cured resins, porosity, crazing, warpage, poor adhesion to metal and porcelain retention. Denture base resins are widely used till date as it has its own significance. But recently there has been much advancement in the denture base resin field to control and to invent a new denture base resin. Methyl methacrylate chemical compound of denture base resins was changed with many monomers to attain higher physicomechanical properties while not compromising the biocompatibility. However, there is not any consensus on the most effective strategy to attain the best changed chemical compound, to identify and evaluate the variations within the properties between typical and changed monomers and to verify the effect of many variables on the properties of dental plate base acrylic. The present review shows the different advancements in the area of denture base resins. --- ## Association of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Dental Health - A Mini Review **Authors:** Sheetal Kumari, Vijayashree Priyadharsini J, Dinesh Premavathy **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2902 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Rheumatoid arthritis, pain, biological markers, Mediterranean diet, antirheumatic drugs Autoimmune disorders represent a cluster of diseases related to dysregulation of the immune system or misrecognition of self from non-self. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory condition involving the joints. It is one of the most common forms of inflammatory arthritis reported globally. The incidence rate of RA is found to be the highest among middle-aged women. There happens to be a close relationship between RA and dental health. The inflammatory processes triggered by microbes and other endogenous factors affects the bone health resulting in the resorption of bones. This condition is observed in aggressive and chronic periodontitis. The main objective of the present literature review was to evaluate the association of rheumatoid arthritis with dental health such as gingivitis, tooth loss and periodontitis. Furthermore, the present literature review throws light on the common markers which might be associated with both the disease conditions. The current review identified novel markers that were associated with rheumatoid arthritis which were implicated in dental health also. Hence management of rheumatoid arthritis might as well reduce the damage caused by bone resorption and could aid in the prevention of premature tooth loss. --- ## Comparative Evaluation of The Type of Sealer Used For Obturation of Single Visit Root Canal Treated Maxillary and Mandibular Posterior Teeth- A Retrospective Analysis **Authors:** Srujana Hemmanur, Delphine Priscilla Antony S, Sowmya K **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2910 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Endodontic therapy, Obturation, Root canal, Sealer, Single-visit Single visit root canal therapies are indicated when no periapical changes are appreciated. The final stage of the root canal treatment deals with the filling of the canal system with a biocompatible material. Obturation comprises a core filling material and a sealer. The study aimed to evaluate the type of sealer used for obturation of posterior teeth treated in a single visit and to correlate the sealer use with factors like tooth, gender and operator qualification. The study was a retrospective analysis. A total of 86,000 case sheets were reviewed and necessary data was extracted. The type of sealer used for the obturation was assessed and tabulated along with details like age, gender and tooth. The data was exported to IBM SPSS Software 20. Frequency distribution tables were created and a Chi-square test was performed to check for the correlation of the type of sealer used with various parameters. A total of 1209 molar cases were treated out of which 34.5% were maxillary first molars. The endodontic sealers that have been reported to be put to use are zinc oxide based, resin-based, calcium hydroxide based, medicated, 3 sealer, 4 sealer & others. Maximum cases (53.5%) were treated with a resin-based sealer. A positive correlation (p-value <0.05) is found between the use of sealer and operator qualification. Within the limitations of the study, a variety of root canal sealers were found to have been used for obturation and a positive correlation between the operator qualification & type of sealer used for obturation of molars in single visit RCTs was found. --- ## Awareness of Silver Nanoparticles and its Biomedical Applications among Undergraduate Dental and Medical Students - A Survey **Authors:** Saivarshine S, Keerthi Sasanka L, Gayathri R, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2904 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Silver nanoparticles, Biomedical applications, Medical students, Dental students Silver, which is considered as a noble metal, can be synthesised into nanoparticles which can be widely used in biomedical applications questionnaire was prepared and administered to 100 participants through Google forms - an online survey platform. The study population included all the undergraduate dental and medical students. The results were collected, and data were generated using SPSS software students (undergraduates) in the field of dentistry and medicine on a maximum amount were aware of that widespread biomedical applications of silver nanoparticles. The survey analysed the awareness of Silver nanoparticles and their biomedical applications among undergraduate medical and dental students. --- ## Knowledge of Antibiotic Prescription Habit among Dental Students **Authors:** Hanshika Ravi, Dinesh Prabu **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2897 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibiotics, dentists, prescription habits Antibiotics are commonly prescribed by almost all dental practitioners. The prescription habits of dentists vary among different groups of practitioners which can lead to various complications. This study aims in assessing the knowledge and practice on antibiotic prescription among the undergraduate students of a private dental college in Chennai. This study was conducted as a questionnaire based online survey in a private dental institute in Chennai. The data collection was done through google forms. Data was analysed using SPSS software.A correlation test and chi square analysis was done. On chi square analysis, the results showed p value 0.692. (> 0.05), does not have significant association. Most of the dentists preferred amoxicillin as their choice of antibiotics (82.35%). Majority of the dentists prescribed antibiotics for a period of 3-5 days (52.94%) and they prescribed antibiotics based on the symptoms of the patients. Thus, it can be concluded that the dentists had good knowledge on antibiotic prescription which is in contrary to many other studies, which may be attributed various limitations. --- ## Awareness on the Risk factors of Atherosclerosis among adults **Authors:** Nandita R, Kavitha S, Sridevi G, Vishnu Priya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2905 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular disease, Hypertension, risk factors, Diabetes mellitus, Obesity, Awareness Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a main source of death for generally racial and ethnic gatherings of United States blacks and whites and represents 1 of every 4 passings. Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease and it involves solidifying and narrowing of arteries. It can put the bloodstream into danger and supply routes get blocked. Self administrated questionnaire was designed based on risk factors of atherosclerosis. The questionnaire was distributed through an online survey link. The questionnaire was completed by 100 participants, and the data were analysed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics and Pearson Chi square test were done to analyze the results of the survey. Majority of the participants are aware of the term atherosclerosis. Most of the participants were aware that hyper cholesterolemia, diabetes, family history and chronic stress are major risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. The Chi square test showed that the respondents at the age group of 18-25 were more aware of the risk factors than the respondents of other age groups. --- ## Common Irrigants used by Pediatric Dentists for Permanent molar root canal therapy **Authors:** Vaishnavi Devi B, Vignesh Ravindran, Delphine Priscilla Antony S **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2908 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Endodontic therapy, irrigants, root canal, primary teeth Common irrigants used by pediatric dentists for permanent molar root canal therapy Maintenance of the deciduous teeth before exfoliation is necessary. The two most common oral diseases are caries and periodontal disease, and they often begin in childhood. Root canal treatment is the best treatment of choice for extensively carious teeth. Endodontic therapy with proper biomechanical preparation, irrigation, and obturation helps in removing the bacterial biofilm and preventing the loss of primary carious teeth. To effectively clean and disinfect the root canal, remove the smear layer, and irrigants are necessary. The main objective of the present study is to know the common irrigants used by pediatric dentists for permanent molar root canal therapy.All the cases reported in Jun 2019 to Mar 2020 for permanent molar RCT in pediatric patients, was chosen for the study. Information was collected from the dental hospital management system, and the result data was tabulated in excel and imported to SPSS for correlation and association. P<0.05 was considered to be the level of statistical significance in this study. The result - Within the limits of the present study the results obtained are, saline is the most preferred root canal irrigant in both single(53%) and multi-visit RCT(63%) with female preference in single visit RCT and equal gender preference of saline in multi-visit RCT and most commonly preferred in the age group of 11 to 14 years in both single and multi-visit root canal therapy. The knowledge about the proper choice of root canal irrigant will help in the canal disinfection and paves the way for the success of endodontic therapy. --- ## Concept of dhoopana and its role in prevention of air born infection during covid -19 outbreak **Authors:** Ashlesha Gopal Gond, Roshna Bhutada **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3279 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Disinfectant, Fumigation, Purification, Sterilization Diseases that is caused by pathogens comes under airborne diseases. It can be transmitted through the air. It travels over a particular time and distance in the form of small particles. They may be viruses, bacteria or fungi. It may spread through breathing, talking, sneezing, coughing , etc which generate droplets in the air. Dhoopana Chikitsa (medicinal fumigation ) is one of the important faculties in Ayurvedic treatment. It is an example of drug delivery through the inhalation route. Due to its advantages like easy administration, potential to penetrate blood brain barrier, higher bioavability its effect are more compare to other form. It is used in various ailments and many dhoop yogas (formulations of fumigation) are found in Ayurvedic samhitas. Reference of dhoopana can be traced to vedic period and has been rooted in our traditions. Modern researches have also verified its ability as purifying ,disinfecting and sterilizing medium. Dhoopana is said to be extremely effective in preventing as well as curative aspects, yet, there remains an ample scope in this area as its practice is seldom in use. Kashayap Samhita has mentioned number of dhoopana formulations and present study is an effort to assess the efficacy of the same. --- ## Evaluation of carious primary teeth that causes swelling in children visiting a private dental institute - an observational study **Authors:** Ivan Obadiah, Subramanian EMG, Vignesh Ravindran **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2914 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental caries, Infection, Lesion, dmft The worldwide incidence of ECC was found to be 1.76 billion. If left untreated, these carious lesions have high possibility to progress into oro-facial swellings. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the carious teeth in primary dentition, which causes oro-facial swelling. This observational study is carried out by observing the oro-facial infection in children and describing the associated carious teeth using GV Black's classification, ICDAS Criteria for carious teeth and also categorizing the caries index of the patient using dmft index. A total of 189 case sheets were reviewed, and cross-verification was done by photographs. Among the 189 case sheets, a total of 70 cases were selected after proper review. Out of 70 patients, 51 patients had Class 1 carious lesion, and 19 had Class 2 carious lesion all the teeth were categorized under ICDAS score 5 and 6, the mean dmft score was 8.64. Class 1 carious lesions with visible dentin were most commonly associated with Oro-facial Swelling in children. The carious teeth, which were ICDAS-6, were treated by extraction and which were ICDAS-5, were rendered pulp therapy. --- ## Evaluation of possible reasons for not opting for fixed dental prosthesis: Patient and Practitioner Perspective **Authors:** Keshav Krishnaa P, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Adimulapu Hima Sandeep **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2916 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fixed, dental, practitioner, patient With recent trends towards oral hygiene practices, the need for prosthetic rehabilitation has increased. There has been an increased spread of knowledge regarding the same as well as an increase in treatment options for the same. Epidemiological studies have shown that the anterior mandibular teeth usually are retained for the longest period, and the canines are the most persistent. Prosthetic rehabilitation of extracted teeth is important, and the choice of appropriate prosthesis is even more critical. There has been an increasing trend in the usage of removable options. The study aims to assess the different reasons to opt for a removable prosthesis than a fixed prosthesis. Retrospective data of 186 patients were obtained and segregated. Inclusion criteria included that they should be between 18 – 40 years, undergone removable denture therapy and should have visited during the period of the study. The data were tabulated, and the same was analyzed using SPSS by IBM version 20. The frequencies and cross-tabulations were performed, followed by correlation and association using the chi square test to check the correlation between the different variables. The results, thus obtained, were analyzed. Males (54.8%) undergo removable therapy more than females. Most common arch is upper arch (59.1%), the most common reason is to use a temporary denture (37.6%) Correlation seen between Arch and reason for not opting for FPD (p <0.05). The present study has revealed a lacuna in knowledge among patients and practitioners—further studies and programmes to be done to improve knowledge and help society. --- ## Effectiveness of Curcumin in Oral Diseases: An Update **Authors:** Dhivyadharshini J, Ezhil arasan, Jayalakshmi Somasundaram **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2913 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Curcumin, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, periodontitis, anticancer Oral diseases play a serious challenge to public health around the world. When left untreated, both the mouth and also the remaining the body would be adversely affected by oral diseases. Different treatment modalities are available for various dental diseases, but the most downside of those modern drug treatments are the frequent side effects related to their use. This has contributed to renewing interest in the development of novel plant-derived anti-infective natural compounds. Curcumin is an anti-inflammatory agent that occurs naturally, with different biological and medicinal properties. It has proven anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepato-protective, immuno-stimulant, antiseptic, and anti-mutagenic properties. Due to these properties, it is especially useful in dentistry for the treatment of periodontal diseases and oral cancers. Turmeric can also be utilized in alternative treatments as a pit and fissure sealant, mouthwash and subgingival irrigant. Its gel form can even be used as a local drug delivery system. It is evaluated with a view to mitigate the human diseases, particularly in cancer and its potential to reduce cancer risk. Curcumin has only negligible side effects such as diarrhoea, diarrhoea, allergic skin reaction, gastric pain. The objective of this article is to review the efficacy and therapeutic properties of curcumin in maintaining oral health. --- ## Prevalence of Removable Functional Appliance Usage in the Management of Class II Malocclusion **Authors:** Jagadheeswari Ramamoorthy, Remmiya Mary Varghes, Geo Mani **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2898 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Malocclusion, Functional Appliances, Musculature, Growth, Prevalence, Twin block appliance A Removable functional appliance is composed of polished acrylic shields and stainless steel wires prescribed for patients with more pronounced class II malocclusion or open bite. These appliances work comfortably with a patient’s inherent growth to produce the desired Skeletal or Dental development. It can be achieved by dentoalveolar effects, alteration of soft tissue and utilisation of greater Mandibular growth potential. The commonly used Removable functional appliances are Twin Block appliance, Activator, Bionator, Frankel appliance, etc. This study aims to assess the frequency of the usage of removable functional appliances in a hospital based set up. The data of patients undergoing Removable functional appliance therapy was retrieved from the case sheets of the patients.The collected data was tabulated in Excel and statistically analysed with the help of SPSS software. From the results obtained, Twin block appliance was the most prevalent Removable functional appliance with a frequency of 60.6%. Frankel appliance and Activator each had a frequency of 9.1%. Based on the age, Twin block appliance was preferred for the age group 10-15 years, Frankel appliance for 5-10 years, Activator and Other appliances for 10-15 years. Therefore, within the limits of this study, we observed that Twin block appliance was the most preferred Removable functional appliance used in the management of Class II malocclusion and the most common age group receiving appliance therapy is 10-15 years. --- ## Gene Therapy for Neurological Disorders-A Review **Authors:** Pravalika A, Yuvaraj Babu K, Gifrina Jayaraj **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2922 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Gene therapy, Neurological disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease This review article is based on improving knowledge on gene therapy which treats many neurological disorders. 150 articles were obtained, and 36 articles were filtered. Gene therapy is one of the most important treatments in the future as well as in the present. It has high chances of reducing many disorders in future. Many neurological disorders have been cured, but still many more researches are being done to express the potential of gene therapy to its maximum. Gene therapy improves the motor system in mouse models. Few neurological disorders that can be treated are Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. This review is an attempt to update recent advances in gene therapy. --- ## Gender variation in the prevalence of class III dental caries in mesial and distal aspects of teeth: A hospital based retrospective study **Authors:** Pranati T, Iffat Nasim, Adimulapu Hima Sandeep **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2921 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anterior restorations, Caries prevalence, Gender, Age variations, Proximal caries Dr Greene Vardiman Black in the year 1896 classified dental caries into VI classes based on the site of occurrence, among which class III and class IV are exclusively associated with anterior teeth. There are very minimal studies in the literature emphasising on the prevalence of dental caries in the anterior teeth region. Caries involving the anterior teeth significantly affects aesthetics and which in turn affects the confidence levels of the affected person. Grossly decayed anterior teeth also affect phonetics and mastication. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and gender variations of class III dental caries among patients who have visited Saveetha Dental College and have undergone treatment for the same. A Retrospective study was conducted, and data collection was done from dental archives pertaining from June 2019 to April 2020. Data consisted of all the patients who underwent therapeutic procedures for class all dental caries. Data was imported to IBM SPSS Version 20 for statistical analysis. Results were tabulated. Prevalence of class III dental caries was more among females as compared to males. Maxillary anterior are more affected than mandibular anterior. Prevalence was more among patients belonging to the third and fourth decade of life. There was a statistically significant association between age, and proximal surface –majority of mesial caries decreases with age and distal caries increases with age. As the age increases, the number of decayed surfaces increases (not statistically significant). This study was conducted in a single centre. Extensive multi-centre studies need to be done. --- ## Cancer Stem Cells-Role in Oral Squamous Carcinoma - A Review of Literature **Authors:** Deepthi Sogasu, Devaraj Ezhilarasan, Smiline Girija AS **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2906 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cancer cells, tumorigenicity, metastasis, stem cells, cancer stem cells, oral cancer, oral squamous cells The cancer stem cells (CSC) are responsible for the growth of cancerous tumours. The renewal of cancer stem cells is considered synonymous with that of normal cells. The cancer cells are considered a progeny of specific and designated stem cells. The identification of these cancer stem cells has proven to be more difficult than anticipated due to the specific niches they are present in, within the tumour. Oral squamous carcinoma is the Sixth most common cancer constituting up to 2–4% of all malignancies worldwide and with poor prognosis. Tumour size and extent of lymph node metastasis are the most important predictors. The CSC works on the mechanism of bulk tumour cell formation and treatment resistance. But there are increased studies under this topic as it has been found that specifically targeting these cells can curb cancer. This review compiles information about the role of CSC in oral squamous cell carcinomas, the applications of CSC, and their use in the development of novel treatment options for oral cancer. --- ## Comparison of group function occlusion and canine guided occlusion among partially edentulous patient – A retrospective study **Authors:** Thirumagal K, Revathi Duraisamy, Ravindra Kumar Jain **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2911 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Canine guided, group function, occlusion, predilection, comparison Group function occlusion, as well as Canine guided occlusion, are important in the field of prosthodontics. The study about the occlusion includes not only the static relationship of teeth, but it also includes the functional interrelationship and all the components of the masticatory system. The aim of the study is to compare group function occlusion and canine guided occlusion among partially edentulous patients. The study was conducted in the outpatient of Dental College and Hospital. The data was reviewed and analysed from the total number of 86000 patients between June 2019- March 2020. The data includes both group function occlusion and canine guided occlusion patients with a partially edentulous condition. Then the data was manually verified by 1-2 reviewers and finally tabulated, and SPSS imported and got the results. 522 Data was included in that males are 55.7% and females are 44% and 0.1% transgender. In that majority of them belong to the age group (31-40) yrs. The group function occlusion is 59.5%, and canine guided occlusion is 40.42%, This shows that Male predominant is seen with group function occlusion. Overall, the results showed that in partially edentulous conditions, the canine guided occlusion is more prevalent in male gender when it is compared with group function occlusion. --- ## Evaluation of female to male ratio in receiving conventional complete denture prosthesis — a retrospective study **Authors:** Cibikkarthik T, Revathi Duraisamy, Jessy P **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2915 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Complete Denture, Age, Gender, Edutenluous, Missing Tooth A complete denture is defined as a 'dental prosthesis which replaces entire dentition and associated structures of the maxilla and mandible'. Functions of complete Dentures include restoring aesthetics, mastication, and speech. When all the teeth within a jaw have been lost and need to be prosthetically replaced, and it is an exclusively tissue-supported prosthesis if implants are not indicated. Tooth loss can occur due to many reasons, such as Dental caries, Periodontal disease, Trauma and Congenital disorders. So the aim of the study was to evaluate the ratio between the female and male patients in receiving the complete denture in Saveetha dental college and Hospitals. Data of 423 patients records were analysed and retrieved from total data of 86000 patients who visited between June 2019 and March 2020. The study parameters such as age, gender and patients who received complete denture were recorded and converted into excel sheets for tabulation, and the collected data were entered in SPSS and analysed through Chi-square test. Results from the study revealed that prevalence among the males was 59.8% and among the females was 40.2%; distribution of complete denture among various age groups revealed 85.1% above 50 years and 14.9% below 50 years. The association between the age groups and the frequency of gender revealed Pearson Chi-Square Value-0.005;p<0.05 Hence statistically significant. The study showed that male patients and patients above 50 years were more likely to be delivered with a complete denture. The study revealed the male predominance due to their poor oral hygiene. --- ## Association Between Type of Tooth and Number of Walls Present in Teeth Undergoing FRC Post - An Institution Based Retrospective Study **Authors:** Cinthura C, Iffat Nasim, Arvina Rajasekar **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2901 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fibre-reinforced composite posts, Fracture resistance, Metal posts, Modulus of elasticity Bondable fibre reinforced composite posts have gained popularity over the years for reinforcement of endodontically treated teeth. Success rate of these posts has been attributed to their low elastic modulus, resistance to high fatigue, excellent light conductivity etc. This study aimed to evaluate the Fibre-reinforced composite posts among different teeth and to know its association with the number of walls remaining. Data of 233 patients for whom FRC posts were placed at the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics was obtained from the Dental archives of Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. The type of tooth and number of walls present among age groups and gender were studied retrospectively. The results of the study showed that the use of FRC posts had a male predilection (53.65%) and 31-40 years was the most common age group among patients. A most common tooth was 21 (22.3%), followed by 11 (20.6%) and the least preferred teeth for FRC posts were 52 and 53 (0.4% each). It was observed that tooth type and the number of walls present had no association (p=0.261). Most prevalent number of coronal walls remaining in the tooth that underwent FRC were 2 walls (51.5%). The study draws attention to the fact that use of FRC posts has gained popularity over the years and there is a significant evolution for newer post systems to reduce the failure rate of post endodontic treatment with post and core systems. Since fibre-reinforced systems are incorporated into clinical practice more frequently, there is a need for various clinical studies evaluating the success rate despite the high number of laboratory studies pertaining to the characteristics of fibre posts. --- ## Association of Tobacco Habits with Severity of Gingivitis among 18-35-year-old's attending a Private Dental College in Chennai - A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Lalitha Rani Chellappa, Jayashri Prabakar **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2903 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gingivitis, Tobacco, Smoking, Gingival index, Periodontal disease Gingivitis is a reversible periodontal disease which does not destruct the supporting tissues. Studies have shown the relationship of smoking with gingivitis. There is no solid evidence of the same parameters in the Chennai area. Therefore, the focus of the current study is to find the interrelation between tobacco habit with the severity of gingivitis among 18-35-year-old adults attending a private college in Chennai.This retrospective study included all gingivitis index recorded patients in the age of 18-35-year-old adults. The data was obtained from the patient records in the college from June 2019 to March 2020 and examined by 2 examiners. Gingival index (1967) was used to measure the severity of the gingivitis. Descriptive statistics were expressed by means of frequency and percentage, chi-square was done to assess the association between age, tobacco use and gingivitis. Pearson correlation tests were done to identify the relationship of tobacco use and severity of gingivitis. In the present study with a sample size of 997, 62.19% males and 37.81% females were present. Prevalence of tobacco users in the study population was 25.77%. 52.66% had mild gingivitis, 40.92% had moderate and 6.42% had severe gingivitis. A significant positive correlation was observed between tobacco use and severity of gingivitis using Pearson correlation statistical test. With the results of the current study, it can be presumed that the severity of gingivitis was found to be more among tobacco users. --- ## A Concise Review on Targeted Therapy for Oral Cancer **Authors:** Thariny E, Ezhilarasan D, Brundha M.P **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2895 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Oral cancer, targeted therapy, treatment, anti-cancer drugs, growth factor inhibitors Oral Cancer has become a center of attraction in the world, causing health problems. Carcinoma that involves the lip, tongue, mouth surface, palate, and throat is also serious if not diagnosed and treated. Current treatment strategies involve surgical removal, using chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation therapy. The event of targeted therapy aid in medicine together with oral cancers is that the basic dependence of neoplasm cells on biological pathways which might be coupled to medicine that inhibit those pathways. The resistance of tumor cells to anticancer drugs is a known method which is investigated experimentally at the molecular level. Immunotherapeutic agent resistance is thought to affect the efficacy of anticancer remedies. The induced or intrinsic drug resistance has a strong effect on the survival and cancer growth prognosis by suppression of cancer-associated cell signaling pathways of cancer patients. Targeted therapy also has a significant inhibitory ability, thus demonstrating the high quality of treatment. Hence this concise review discusses the implementation of molecular targeted therapy in the treatment of oral cancer. --- ## Comparative analysis of various obturation techniques in mandibular molars - A retrospective clinical outcome study **Authors:** Swathi U B, Sindhu Ramesh, Delphine Priscilla Antony **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2909 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Root canal therapy, Obturation techniques, Mandibular Molars, pulp canal space, Endodontic therapy The primary objective of root canal treatment is the ability to remove irritants, to clean, shape and fill the root canal system three-dimensionally and prevent recontamination from bacterial irritants. Various Obturation techniques used for filling the root canals include lateral condensation, vertical compression, and thermoplastic gutta-percha techniques. The retrospective study aimed to evaluate the various obturation techniques used in mandibular molars. For this retrospective study data collection was based on patient records of Saveetha Dental College, Chennai and consisted of a total of 1903 cases evaluated based on the obturation technique within the time frame of 10th June 2019 to 1st March 2020. In this study, the obturation technique was evaluated based on the patients age, gender, procedure and based on the tooth in which obturation was done. Inclusion criteria consisted of the tooth that underwent endodontic treatment in patients within the age group of 18 to 60 yrs, a tooth with irreversible pulpal disease or chronic apical periodontitis, permanent tooth and mandibular molars. Exclusion criteria consisted of patients above 60 years, primary tooth, teeth in which root canal treatment was not undertaken, teeth with the presence of huge periapical lesions, severely calcified canals etc., severe periodontal disease, teeth apart from mandibular molars. All the values were then statistically analysed. In this study, 1930 patients (848 are females, and 1055 were males with a mean age of 24 years) were included. It was observed in this retrospective study that there was a significant difference between the various types of obturation technique used in mandibular molars. Single cone obturation technique has advantages over other techniques of obturation due to the fewer stress forces implied apically, thereby preventing an excess of sealer extrusion. --- ## Smoking and COVID-19: Renin-Angiotensin System the Hidden Link **Authors:** Amar Prashad Chaudhary, Adna Nelson K, Jamuna T R **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3244 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, SARS-COV-2, Smoking, ACE2, ACE, Renin-Angiotensin, System, SARS-COV The emergence of COVID-19, the global pandemic is originated from the Nobel member of the coronavirus family, i.e. SARS-COV-2 initially seen at Wuhan city of China since December 2019 have deeply impacted the lives of people and changed the way of our living. The pandemic has led to the death of thousands of people mostly seen in old age people, people having co-morbidity like cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, kidney disease, etc. and cigarette smokers. It is found that cigarette smokers are more prone to the COVID-19 infection and have more severity of the disease when infected. From various studies, it has been revealed that there is increased pulmonary ACE2 expression in ever smokers and virus leading to an imbalance in the RAS appears to be an important cause for cigarette smokers which is being impacted more in this pandemic. This review article explains the underlying mechanism why smokers are more prone to COVID-19? and why higher severity of the disease is higher in them? --- ## Fixed Partial Dentures vs Implants in Replacement of Single Missing Tooth in University Hospital Setting - A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Ashwin Shravan Kumar M, Revathi Duraisamy **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2918 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Implants, Fixed Partial Dentures, Anterior, Replacement, Gender The goal of prosthetic treatment is to restore the normal function, contour and comfort of the teeth. In replacement of anteriors enormous effort is required to bring up aesthetics whereas in posterior teeth replacement effort to replace the function should not be compromised. This study aims to evaluate the preference of FPD and implants in replacement of single lower anterior teeth. A retrospective data collection was done by collecting and reviewing 86000 case sheets of the outpatients department. The study period was about 10 months. Inclusion criteria & exclusion criteria were available. Parameters were tabulated and analysed using SPSS software. There were totally 667 patients treated for replacement of a single missing tooth in the study period. Among these 346 were males and 321 were females.90% of both the population irrespective of age and gender had been preferring fixed partial dentures in replacement of single missing tooth. This study is in consensus with existing literature that fixed partial dentures are widely used for the replacement of single teeth. However, though not statistically significant,10-20% of our study group still preferred to be treated with conventional fixed partial denture treatment. Whether systemic health issues or socioeconomic reasons played a role in the choice of treatment needs to be further evaluated with larger sample size and multicentre studies among our population. --- ## Eyesight problems in adolescent population: is it genetic or lifestyle or both - A survey-based analysis **Authors:** Yoshita Guntupalli, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2917 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adolescents, diet, eye disorders, eyesight problems, modern lifestyle, gene The eyes are the windows to our soul. We have been gifted with the beautiful power of eyesight to see the wonders in front of us. The eyes are the second evolved or developed unique sense organ next to olfaction in animals. For animals, it serves to locate food, and also to spot the approaching predator or prey. Apart from these aspects as far as the humans are concerned, their eyes serve several purposes apart from the said purposes. Eyes are unique and specialized to accommodate both light and dark fields, black/white and colour images, near and far objects etc. Since it is extensively used, it can become less functioning or even worse, depending on several conditions. Sadly, the eyesight problems are very common disorders which affect all age groups. There are many reasons for their occurrence. The purpose of our study is to find out the cause of eyesight problems among the adolescent population. A self-prepared questionnaire comprising ten questions was prepared and circulated among the participants. The results were collected and analyzed. 64% of participants had eyesight problems, while 36% did not have any such problems. 31% had eyesight problems since birth. Upon analyzing the results, it can be said that the prevalence of eyesight problems among adolescents is pretty high, and they are mostly caused due to lifestyle patterns. --- ## Association between geographic location and periodontitis **Authors:** Sarojini Ramya Pillay, Arthi Balasubramaniam, Remmiya Mary Varghese **Published:** 2020-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2899 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Periodontitis, rural population, urban population, association Periodontitis is one of the major reasons for tooth loss among adults globally, affecting their oral health-related quality of life. Ethnic and cultural variations play a major role in their oral hygiene practices which in turn reflects the oral health status.The present study aimed to find an association between geographic location and periodontitis. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using patient records from September 2019 to April 2020. Consecutive digital case sheets with recorded periodontal index scores were used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics was done to present the results. Among 100 case records diagnosed with periodontitis, 64% were males, and 36% were females. Periodontitis was most prevalent in urban (58%) places. Among them established destructive periodontitis was most prevalent (46%). There found to be no statistically significant association between geographic location and periodontitis (p>0.05). This study concludes that periodontitis is more prevalent in urban males than rural males. It can be concluded that there is no role of geographic location on periodontal disease. However, there is a need for awareness of oral hygiene at this high time. --- ## An effectiveness of training program on COVID-19 among healthcare students: A cross section study **Authors:** Kurvatteppa Halemani, Merlin Cheema, Shabana Khatun, Yadidya A, Bhumika Singh, Vinod Kumar Gupta, Auchitya Sharma **Published:** 2020-09-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3613 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Intervention, BSc Students, Knowledge The pandemic COVID-19 is a highly infected disease caused by a novel coronavirus or SARS-Cov-2. The virus was reported for the first time December 2019 in, China's Wuhan province. Later the virus has broken down into the world and claimed millions of lives. In India, the disease was reported for the first time in Kerala on 30th January 2020. A cross-section one group pre-test & post-test research design was used among the 40 final year BSc nursing students, College of Nursing SGPGIMS, Lucknow India. Samples were selected based on purposive sampling technique and sample criteria. An instrument, the first tool included demographic characteristics Similarly, second instrument used for knowledge assessment. After pre-test assessment, a teaching session was held at the seminar room, college of nursing SGPGIMS Lucknow, India. Subsequently post assessment was held after intervention. A total of 40 participants responded to the study. Demographic variables like 30(75%) participants had less than 22 years of age, 22(55%) were girls, 14(35%) families income found INR 10000-15000, and the majority of participants obtained COVID-19 related knowledge from news paper16(40%). A gender was found significant with pretest knowledge, and other variables weren't found significant (P=0.05). Knowledge mean & standard deviation in pre & post-intervention, 11.90±2.16 vs15.82±1.39. The mean difference was found in a pre-test & post-test-1 & post-test-2, 3.9, 5.02, & 1.1, respectively. The effectiveness of the training program was checked by paired t-test -10.20 & -13.93, P=0.00. The study revealed that the teaching session was efficient in the COVID-19 program among BSc nursing students. --- ## A comparative Cross-Sectional study of Two Aesthetic Restorative options for class III caries in primary Anterior Teeth **Authors:** Maria Anthonet Sruthi, Deepa Gurunathan, Vignesh Ravindran **Published:** 2020-09-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2894 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Composite restoration, strip crown, class III caries, primary anterior teeth Early childhood caries shows its first signs of manifestation in maxillary anterior teeth which poses as a hindrance to esthetics and may induce psychological complications in young children. Though esthetic restoration of anteriors in the primary teeth is challenging, all efforts must be taken to restore the tooth to its normal form and function. This study aims to infer a suitable treatment option exclusively for class III caries in primary teeth by comparing two restorative techniques, namely direct composite restoration and strip crowns. The database searched was Dental Information Archiving Systems and a total of 297 restorative procedures were analyzed using descriptive statistics on SPSS Software. Among 297 treatment procedures, 76.1% of the anterior teeth were restored as direct composite resin restoration and 23.9% were restored with strip crowns. Direct composite resin restoration was considerably used to restore class III caries in primary teeth. However, owing to recent trends in esthetics, strip crown restoration may be an ideal choice. --- ## Root canal sealers in dental practice **Authors:** Vinaya Swetha T, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Kiran Kumar **Published:** 2020-09-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2892 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sealers, Zinc Oxide Eugenol, Resin-Based, Root Canal, Methacrylate Root canal sealers are important materials commonly used in endodontic treatment. Endodontic treatment for cleaning the root canal and removing the pulp and filling with manmade materials. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge and attitude of the practitioners regarding root canal sealers in endodontic treatment. It is an online-based questionnaire study in which ten questions were circulated through an online forum through google forms and results were analysed using SPSS. In this study, it was observed that private practitioners most commonly use zinc oxide eugenol based sealers (50%), but it shows that methacrylate resin-based sealers (50%) are most effective in sealing. It shows that private practitioners are more aware of root canal sealers and its uses, and about its properties. --- ## Rosehip Neuron - A Review **Authors:** Keerthana B, Yuvaraj Babu K, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-09-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2890 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Neurons, Rosehip neurons, Newly discovered neurons, Inhibitory GABAergic neurons Rosehip neuron is a special type of neuron present only in humans. It has inhibitory actions over other cells. It is present in the first layer of the human cerebral cortex. These neurons have an inhibitory action over other neuronal cells. This research is seen as a scoping literature review. In seeking to identify the relevant literature from the past twenty years, we used common databases such as Pubmed, Google scholar online websites. Nearly 30 reference articles are collected related to the topic. The obtained articles were later read thoroughly and understood. Rosehip neurons are unique neurons and can treat neuronal disorders. It can also maintain the activities of other neuronal cells. It is concluded that more research has to be done on the actions of rosehip neurons and about its functions. This review is an attempt to understand the various functions of Rosehip neurons in humans. Further research is needed to know about its full use of humanity. --- ## Awareness of Precision Medicine Among Medical Students **Authors:** Harini P, Kavitha S, Abilasha R, Vishnupriya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2020-09-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2891 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Precision medicine, Medical students, Awareness, Personalised medicine Precision medicine is a medical model that proposes the customisation of health care, with medical decisions, treatments, practices, or products being tailored to the individual patient, instead of a one‐drug‐fits‐all model. In precision medicine, diagnostic testing is often employed for selecting appropriate and optimal therapies based on the context of a patient’s genetic content or other molecular or cellular analysis. Tools employed in precision medicine can include molecular diagnostics, imaging, and analytics. The main aim of the study is to create awareness of precision medicine among medical students. The survey was conducted through an online platform, Google forms. A self-administered questionnaire of close-ended and yes or no questions were prepared and circulated among the medical students. The analysis of data was done by using the SPSS software version 20. The Pearson Chi-square analysis was done in comparison with the gender of the respondents.The results showed that 56.9 % of the students are familiar with the word precision medicine. 57% of the students felt that including precision medicine in their curriculum is worth, and 81.1% responded that precision medicine enhances their practice in future. The Pearson chi-square analysis showed that there is no correlation between the gender of the students and awareness of precision medicine. To conclude, the study showed that the awareness of precision medicine among medical students is moderate. --- ## Correlation of age and gender with the site of occurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma **Authors:** Casilda Sushanthi L, Hannah R, Pratibha Ramani, Gheena S, Abilasha Ramasubramaniam **Published:** 2020-09-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2893 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oral squamous cell carcinoma, age, gender, site of the lesion Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most occurring cancer of the oral cavity showing changes based on-site, sex, age and habits of the population. The purpose of the study is to correlate the occurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma at specific anatomical sites with age and gender. The present study is a retrospective study, including data from June 2019 to April 2020. Data of 50 OSCC patients including age, gender, site of the lesion, the onset of symptoms, treatment done, were collected, tabulated and then statistically analyzed. Results revealed that buccal mucosa was the most common site of occurrence in males (61.50%): Correlation of gender with the location of oscc was statistically not significant with a p-value higher than 0.05. Regarding the association of age with a site of oscc occurrence, buccal mucosa was the common site of involvement in individuals below 50 years of age (54.50%), followed by tongue 23.50% and 21% in above 50 years of age. Correlation of age with the site of oscc occurrence was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Within the limits of the study, it can be concluded that the site of occurrence of OSCC is more governed by habits involved than age and gender itself. But an investigation involving a larger population would give a more comprehensive outcome. --- ## Fighting Covid-19 Strength and Challenges of Community **Authors:** Nayana Rathod, Pradnya Dandekar **Published:** 2020-09-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3674 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Fighting Covid-19, Community Strength, Challenges of Community, Infectious Pandemic In this 21st century, the whole globe is facing the pandemic of Covid- 19. This infectious disease has extended its clutches over all the nations. This is a novel virus, which has no any definite treatment modality till date. Many nations have implemented Lockdown measures, to prevent and cut down the chain of spread of this infectious pandemic. On one hand, the medical fraternity is fighting with this disease and on the other hand, the scientists are tirelessly involved in the development of a definitive medicine or vaccination for the disease. The whole world is following the golden principle of "Handwashing, Wearing masks and social distancing "to prevent the spread of the disease. This is the time when the whole humanity is thriving hard to improve the overall immunity to safeguard them from this Pandemic. This article is focussing on an overall view of the pandemic – Covid-19, its origin, its manifestations, precautionary measures, treatment modalities used and preventive measures. Thus a wave of awareness can be generated among the common man regarding this global Pandemic. --- ## Immunomodulator dietary foods as a promising preventive tool against infectious diseases such as COVID-19 **Authors:** Rucha Selkar, Dhirajsingh Rajput **Published:** 2020-09-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3673 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Dietary food, Immunity, Nutrition, COVID-19 The pandemic crisis of COVID-19 has brought significant attention towards increasing natural defense mechanism i.e. immunity in order to fight emerging new species of micro-organism. Natural ways to improve immunity include two major components, regular exercise and nutrient diet. The former is physical process and also demand the later and hence healthy nutritional diet can be claimed as basis for improving natural immunity. There are numerous plants and vegetables which can be used in diet however, few vegetables are most common around the globe. These immunomodulator dietary vegetables used as foods can be a promising preventive tool against infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Present work was undertaken in view of a review to present the commonly utilizable 17 vegetables and their nutritional information. The study was done based on gist of selected previous works and established nutritional facts related to selected dietary vegetables, their nutrition profile and its relation with immunity. The 17 vegetables are rich source of Calories, Carbohydrate, Protein, Vitamins such as A, D, B12, C, and B6; micronutrients such as Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Iron, and Magnesium. All these vegetables have very less fat and no Cholesterol, which insures their health stimulating effect. Based on availability, use of these vegetables in alternate way can help to ensure supplementation of essential nutrients to boost natural immunity. --- ## Review on utility of preferred drugs from Dashanga lepa as herbal hand sanitizer intended for pandemic COVID 19 **Authors:** Akshay Sudhir Pargaonkar, Bhagyashree R. Jibkate, Prashant Umate **Published:** 2020-09-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3640 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Herbal Hand Sanitizer, COVID 19, Dashanga lepa, Antimicrobial activity Today the global attention warranted by the condition which has been posed by covid 19 virus which spreads coughing or sneezeing of an infected person through droplets of saliva or nasal discharge.Person to person contact is to be the main method of transmission for this virus according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Unfortunately, there is no specific vaccine or efficient antiviral treatment for coronavirus at present. Thus prevention is only the solution at present time. As hands are the prime modes of spread of microbes and infections, so hand hygiene is mainly an essential measure to keep away the infections. Several studies suggested that 99.9% of the bacteria on hands were killed by the sanitizers. Now to strengthen the prevention and to control activities, it is the time turning to alternative medicine stream like Ayurveda. A polyherbal preparation called Dashanga lepa is used to treat many skin disorders. In this review we summarize the antiviral, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal effects reported for herbs present in dashanga lepa. Considering this, an attempt has been made to screen classical literature for the herbs of Dashanga lepa which can be used in ready-made herbal hand sanitizer. --- ## A Review on Etiology of Janpadodhwans (pandemic) according to Ayurveda and contemporary sciences with special reference to COVID-19 **Authors:** Meenakshi Jaiswal, Anita Wanjari, Bharat Rathi, Mujahid Khan, Dhirajsingh Rajput **Published:** 2020-09-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3646 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Ayurveda, Epidemiology, Pandemic, Janpadodhwans, Etiology There have been so many pandemics since human civilization. COVID-19 is currently causing a world pandemic, and the pandemic related crises have caused enormous negative impacts on both wealth and health globally. Ayurveda, an ancient medical treatise of human civilization, describes some basic principles as tenets of Pandemics in the name of its causes, the effect on human's health and its management which are same as contemporary science. There is no specific text as epidemiology in Ayurveda, but according to contemporary theories of epidemiology the principles described in it can be compiled, analyzed, and interpreted. Internet-based search engines revealed that there is very little work done in the field of Ayurveda for epidemiology. Hence, an attempt has been made to analyze basic principles of Ayurveda and epidemiology which can cause pandemics and thus interpret their contemporary significance. This article will also explore the literature for the basic concepts and history of pandemics in the light of Ayurveda and contemporary sciences. --- ## Challenges in embalming in Covid-19 pandemic **Authors:** Preeti P Thute, Bhaurao C Bakane **Published:** 2020-09-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3241 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Dissection, Embalming, Medical education, National Funeral Directors Association (NFDA), WHO guidelines Cadaveric dissection is the most important and significantly contribute to learning anatomy by understanding the 3D relationships of all body structures and their variations so also to a future professional career. Nowadays even though some institutions stopped the dissection of cadavers and started the use of virtual dissection table for the study of human anatomy but still, the knowledge gained in didactic lecture is believed to be reinforced and elaborated by the dissection of cadavers. So undoubtedly the cadaveric dissection facilitates learning of the 3D structure of the human body through observation, but at the same time, it is expensive, time-consuming and potentially hazardous. The current outbreak is unpredictable. Even though the scientists around the world learnt much about coronavirus and Covid- 19 in a short span but still there are many grey areas, and guidelines are evolving based on new information and different issues regarding embalming dead bodies of Covid-19. India is in the phase of cluster spread but not having a community-transmission. But this will also have an impact on body donation. To deal with the continually changing epidemiology and new information related to body donation and embalming issues, guidelines should be regularly updated. This review cites the safety precautions for embalming the dead bodies of Covid-19 victims and the challenges in procurement of the cadavers for medical education in times of highly hazardous Covid-19 pandemic. --- ## Ayurveda and Vyadhikshamatwa (Immunity) During Covid 19 **Authors:** Jagruti N Chaple **Published:** 2020-09-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3639 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Ayurved, Oja, Vyadhikshamatwa (Immunity): Rasayan COVID-19 which has been declared as pandemic by WHO has harsh impact globally. No treatment protocol has been mentioned yet; main public advice mainly focuses on frequently hand hygiene and social distancing. This concept is mentioned by Acharya Charaka in Janapadodhwansa. Of Rasayana is based upon the immunomodulation. It boosts up the immunity and help to keep the body and mind in the best of its health. Rasayandravya has been first line of defence for Janapadodhwansa (Epidemic Condition). Dhatusarata, balanced state of dosha, health of srotas and agni must be maintained with proper diet and regimen to maintain immunity. This article aims to provide information about the role of Rasayanadravyas (Gudhuchi, Amalaki and Haridra) which can be in cooperated in day to day life and act as immune modulators. Bala is leading factor of all dhatus and its capacity to perform physical work. Physical strength depends on kaphadosha and high-quality dhatus. As ojas is essence of all dhatus, bala ultimately depends on ojas. Modern immunity matches with AyurvedicVyadhiksamata. Capacity to prevents the spread of diseases in the body and capacity of body of blocking the diseases in its primary stage is called as immunity. Ayurveda are significantly helpful in strengthening the immune system and thereby offers a natural way for the prevention of pandemic diseases. --- ## Osteogenesis imperfecta and physical therapy: A review of recent trends during the COVID-19 pandemic **Authors:** Abeeshna Ashok, Dhanesh Kumar K U **Published:** 2020-09-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3243 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Congenital Bone Deformity, Physical Rehabilitation, Whole-Body Vibration, COVID-19, Physical Therapy Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disease affecting the bones. The main feature of the disease is bone fragility and low bone density. Between 6 and 7 in 100,000 people are affected by the disease. The clinical features are painful bones, bowlegs, short stature, enlarged head, bone fractures, hearing loss, and scoliosis. It is classified into four types: I to IV. Subgroups have been identified, whereby types V, VI, and VII are not associated with collagen mutation. Many patients experience deformities resulting in reduced mobility and difficulty to carry out daily activities. COVID-19 is defined as "a mild to severe respiratory illness that is caused by a coronavirus, is transmitted chiefly by contact with infectious material (such as respiratory droplets) or with objects or surfaces contaminated by the causative virus, and is characterized especially by fever, cough and shortness of breath and may progress to pneumonia and respiratory failure". During the lock down, OI patients suffer from reduced physical activity. Home exercise programmes/physical therapy and the number of clinical visits is also reduced. Rehabilitation sessions should include strengthening, developmental exercises, positioning, standing, and walking, whole-body vibration exercises, and aerobic exercise. Continuous physiotherapy is recognized as one of the essential conservative treatment options. A search was carried out of databases, including CINHAL, Embase, Cochrane, Pubmed, and Google Scholar. This was used to answer the following research questions: What is OI? How is it being treated? How did rehabilitation change during the COVID-19 pandemic? This is the first extensive review of research on the topic. --- ## Concept of Rasayana: Unique Ayurvedic Approach in Preventing Infectious Diseases with Special Emphasis on COVID-19 **Authors:** Amit S. Deshmukh, Renu Rathi, Bharat Rathi **Published:** 2020-09-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3216 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Rasayana, Antioxidants, COVID -19, Viral Infections Rasayana is one of the unique branches of Ayurveda & it is suggested to increase ojas. Modern scientific observation’s on Rasayana shows that rejuvenating drugs can protect the body against detrimental effects of the atmosphere in which we survive, by augmenting the individual’s capability to fight against disease-carrying organism through stimulating the immune system. The Rasayana therapy improves the merits of rasa, build up to it with nutrients so one can attain prolonged existence, memories, intellect, freedom from diseases, quality in lustre, complexion and voice, optimal improvement of physique and all sense organs. Rasayana is very useful to increase the immunity of the person to keep him away from disease. Rasayana herbs have antioxidant properties which prevent the damage caused by free radicals. According to Ayurveda, Rasayana brings about proper nourishment, growth & enhanced function of all sevens dhatus (tissues). Rejuvenation therapy affects body & mind at the same time it checks the effect of early ageing on both, and enhance the body’s resistance to disease. Considering the grave situation of COVID -19 where effective medicine is yet to be invented, one should develop a healthy immune system for survival. Rasayana drugs provide nutritional supplementation along with enhancing immunity to fight against viral infections such as COVID -19. --- ## Pre-eminence of Moderate to Robust Physical Activity in Battling COVID-19: A Narrative Review **Authors:** Tasneem M. Lakkadsha, Kiran Kumar, Waqar M. Naqvi, Pratik Phansopkar **Published:** 2020-09-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3203 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Pandemic, Physiotherapy, Telerehabilitation, Physical Activity In January 2020, we met with COVID-19 (aka SARS-Co-V-2 and/or Corona virus) on our news channels all the way from china. Little did we know that it would shake up our lives in such a manner that we had heard only in a movie or read in history books. Currently we are all in some sort of lockdown, be it in hospital/home or in our minds. Being there, most of us are facing certain kind of misery, be it emotional, mental, physical or social. To be expansive the most common stresses that have been addressed by people on mass media platform are feeling of depression and isolation caused by being away from family and friends, some are complaining of losing their enthusiasm, some of gaining weight, some of losing it and many more. Going through a pandemic is also helping people in some or the other way, one of which is being concerned about their health and habits to keep themselves fit and away from serious comorbidities which can stem out from physical inactivity and heightened stress levels. There are many ways to stay fit at home without any complex gym equipment, but far less is known about it. Thus, an understanding of methods through which one can become physically active with least complexity, easy availability, and appropriate utilization is need of the hour --- ## Role of Ayurveda for Poor and Pandemics (Covid19) – A Review article **Authors:** Anuradha Kishor Ingale, Pooja Shrivastav **Published:** 2020-09-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3163 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Immunity, Rural, Sedentary life, Urban, Virus The goal of Ayurveda is prevention is better than cure. There are a total of 9152 COVID-19 cases reported in India (till April 13, 2020), 308 people were died because of this disease, and 856 patients were treated successfully in our Country. This virus can easily affect or harm those individuals who have an infection, less immunity and especially who all have been aged more than sixty. Most of the countries are worried only for their people's life (health). In contrast, the developing countries like India that has a large population have to consider about the livelihood for people like Below Poverty Line (BPL) or those living in slum areas, equally with their life. The main aim of the article is to aware the people not only Urban but also among Rural and needy individuals to adopt the Ayurveda lifestyle during Covid19 outbreak. For this to study various methods which are described in Ayurveda for boosting immunity among various individuals. This study is a review type of article. All information and references have been collected and compiled from various available Ayurvedic classics texts. Research articles are also searched from various websites related to Covid19 outbreak and its effect on needy individuals. All matters have been analysed for some discussion, and an attempt has been made to rule out some conclusions. During this lockdown, people are mostly living a sedentary lifestyle which not only weakens their immune system but also make them more susceptible to infections. Hence Ayurveda is a science of life that is mainly focusing on strengthening persons by boosting their immune system through improving our lifestyle by using medicines, diets, meditation and activities like Yoga. This article will give insights about poor people and effective strategy to threat COVID-19 through Ayurveda in India. --- ## Cucurbitacin: As a candidate against Cytokine Storm in Severe COVID-19 Infection **Authors:** Alka Hande, Akhilesh Agrawal, Archana Sonone, Amol Gadbail, Madhuri Gawande, Swati Patil **Published:** 2020-09-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3164 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** SARS-CoV-2, Cytokine Storm, Cucurbitacins The severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is marked by elevated cytokines and chemokines levels like interleukin 6 (IL-6), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), IL-2 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1. This hyperactive pro-inflammatory response identified as the Cytokine Storm (CS) complicates the disease leading to extensive damage of the host tissue, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), which further result in multiple organ failures. CS is very critical for the disease progression and is responsible for high death rate in an infected patient. Accordingly, various therapeutic modalities are currently investigated for their effectiveness in subsiding the hyper-inflammatory syndrome either using immunomodulatory agents or anti-inflammatory therapies. Phytochemical (herbal) compounds are demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial or antioxidants properties. Various signalling pathways and molecules exacerbating the inflammation state complicate the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Cucurbitacins are tetracyclic bioactive phytochemical compounds found in cucurbitaceous plants. More than 100 species of cucurbitacins possess various pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory. Cucurbitacin E and R have shown to be down-regulated the expression of TNF alpha and IL-1beta. Cucurbitacin II B also alleviates the expression of TNF-α as well as IFN-γ and IL-6. Cucurbitacin1 has the potential to reduce the oxidative stress-induced with the reactive oxygen species, and thus prevents cardiovascular damage. Thus cucurbitacins may be pharmacologically manipulated to establish its clinical efficacy in minimizing the disease state and improvising the prognosis of the patients. --- ## Repercussions of mass gathering: COVID-19 Pandemic **Authors:** Purva Gulrandhe, Arti Sahu, Charul Dandale, Waqar M. Naqvi, Pratik Phansopkar, Kiran Kumar **Published:** 2020-09-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3242 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Pandemic, Mass gathering, Repercussions, Physiotherapy COVID-19 is a pathogen which is transmitted by the respiratory route may be sufficient enough to prove that mass gatherings, mass migrations and other types of clusters play a menacing role in the spread of contagious diseases. Globally, the source of several infectious diseases includes mass gatherings for sports events, religious events, concerts etc. People participating in such clusters as religious pilgrims, Olympic spectators and others becomes a carrier for leading to spread of disease. So any social gathering relating to religion or any other should be banned—guidelines developed by WHO are vital data for central organizations for formulating the multitude planning for a cluster. Risk evaluation, response, and monitoring are the basis of preparation; the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 31000 is a well-accepted risk management methodology. In India, control and preparedness are dependent on the state Government because of Nipah virus which was experienced by Kerala in 2018. Hence this state can maintain low mortality because of the use of contact tracing, social distancing and avoiding clusters. All the pandemic has made us realize the need to respect the species, social and environmental relationships to live and flourish. The epidemiological investigations should be carried out timely to confirm the cluster belonging to a particular family, workplace or public area. The strategies such as the reversal of social gatherings (such as work from home and home-schooling), social distancing and cancellation of social events can prevent mass gathering and a global threat of an epidemiologic expansion of disease outbreaks. --- ## The Link between Smoking and Covid 19 — A Short Review **Authors:** Swapnaja Gosavi, Sunita Shrivastav, Ranjit kamble, Pallavi Daigavane, Suchitra Gosavi **Published:** 2020-09-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3165 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Smoking, Coronavirus, COVID-19 Smoking is always said to be a risk factor in many of the health conditions. Smokers are always at a higher risk. COVID 19 is a whole new chapter of its own. Recent research has stated that in COVID-19 smokers are 14 times more prone to death. Awareness in Indians is lacking, and they do not know the effects of smoking. Literature refers to the comorbidities like smoking, cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diabetes etc. as "pre-existing conditions”. The term coronavirus is used because of their appearance to a crown-like structure having long spikes of transmembrane glycoproteins. The link between coronavirus and smokers is still unknown. the role of angiotensin in smokers and its link-up with coronavirus needs to be understood. However, clarification regarding the casual link of these comorbidities to COVID-19 does not exist in the present literature. This article focuses on the link between smoking and COVID 19 and its effects. It provides detailed knowledge regarding the link between coronavirus and smokers, which is the need of the hour as awareness is necessary for the present condition. This article focuses on the present condition as well as the link between smokers and the coronavirus. --- ## Concept of Rasayana Therapy in Covid 19 **Authors:** Tikeshwar Darwate, Shamli Hiware **Published:** 2020-09-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3093 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Covid 19, Dhatu, Dosha, Rasayana therapy An Ayurveda is an ancient system of medicine. The primary purpose of Ayurveda is to maintain the health of healthy individuals and cure the disease of the diseased one. 'Rasayanchikitsa’ plays a vital role in keeping the health of an individual. Rasayanchikitsa also plays an essential role in infectious disease which spreads directly or indirectly from man to man, animal to animal or from the environment to animal or man. Rasayana promotes physical health, improve dhatus (tissues), acts as immunomodulation and rejuvenate the system. Rasayana, by its name, means obtaining good qualities of rasa & nourishing the rasadidhatus (tissues). The excellent quality of rasa directly governs the state of health of individuals. Rasayana therapy deals with the delaying process of ageing, prolongation of life and curing the disease. Acharya Sushruta says, "for better results, Rasayan therapy should be done after Panchakarma procedures like Vaman, Virechan and Basti depending on the individual's Vata, pitta and Kapha predominance. Strength, improving complexion, prolongation of life, energy, enhancing memory, immunity booster, etc. is obtained from Rasayan therapy. Rasayan drugs help by modulating the neuro-endocrine-immune system and also a rich source of antioxidants. Review of the role of rasayan in the prevention of new infectious disease like Covid 19. --- ## Management of Pandemic Crisis: COVID-19 **Authors:** Jayati Mehta, Sudhindra Baliga, Nilima Thosar, Nilesh Rathi, Shreyans Jain, Rashi Srivastava, Rutuja Waykar **Published:** 2020-09-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3110 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Pandemic, Crisis, Health Care Workers No The world is threatened with a novel corona virus (COVID-19) which has posed an unpredictable challenge to the public health workforce. It originated from the Wuhan City of China and spread across the globe creating havoc among the public and healthcare workers which led to WHO declaring it to be pandemic. Transmission of this virus is through symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in the form of fomites produced while coughing or sneezing. This has led to a global crisis subsequently leading to the scarce availability of health care resources such as personal protective equipment, ventilators, ICU beds, medication. Healthcare workers have been a vital human resource in providing treatment and assistance to the infected patients though they were facing a high risk of themselves getting infected by the coronavirus. They suffered from fatigue, physical, and psychological violence as they tend to work for longer hours. Detection of infected patients was implemented, as the widely used RT- PCR method was accurate but took more time for the definite results. Hence, for quick results and to detect more number of infected patients, the rapid antigen test was conducted. Therefore, this virus has resulted in a greater impact on the economy and social development and this article of many infected countries. --- ## Covid-19 is a Janapadodwans Vyadhi in Ayurveda- A Review **Authors:** Kanchan Vishwanath Gaidhani, Sonali Pandurangrao Chalakh **Published:** 2020-09-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3642 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Communicable diseases, Infectious, Janapadodwansa, Natural disaster Ayurveda is one among the outstanding contribution of Brahma, dealing with diseases and terminate the suffering of humanity. In Ayurveda Acharya charka and Acharya Sushrut explained the concept of janapadodwans ragas. In the modern era, thousands of harmful toxins are present in the atmosphere and are inhaled by human beings. A natural disaster is a tragic incidence originating from environmental, geological and hydrological changes. It increases mortality and morbidity due to infectious disease. A pandemic is a global unfold of a new disease. The Spread of novel corona virus-SARS-Cov-2 used to be formally described through the world fitness business enterprise (WHO) on 11 March 2020 due to its surprising emergence and enlargement round the world our Acharyas has defined this pandemic condition due to contamination of soil, air, food and water. This causes infectious diseases in society. Human civilization has successfully fought with many infectious ailments due to allopathic drug remedy. Western allopathic medication presently tends to focus on symptoms and disease, mainly uses drugs and surgery however drugs due to the fact of their toxicity regularly weaken the physique however in accordance to Ayurveda if the body’s herbal protection device is strong then can more easily defend against disease. Hence in case of Covid-19 dreadful infectious disease in addition to Allopathic medicine, we should provide immunity-boosting modalities mentioned in the ancient texts of Ayurveda. In present no proper treatment available for covid-19; hence by comparing this pandemic condition to covid-19, we can study the positive factors and treat the patient according to Janapadodwans concept describing Ayurveda. --- ## An approach to the understanding of the clinical-etiopathological aspect of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) **Authors:** Meena Kumari, Monika Agrawal, Rakesh Kumar Singh, Parameswarappa S Byadgi **Published:** 2020-09-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3094 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, SARS, CoV-2, ACE2 Currently, the world is facing a health and socioeconomic crisis caused by the novel coronavirus disease COVID-19. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this disease as a pandemic. The condition (COVID-19) is an infectious disorder triggered by a newly discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2. Most of the COVID-19 infected patients will experience mild to moderate respiratory symptoms and recover without any unique therapy. Assessment of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 cases suggests the infected patients will not be contagious until the onset of severe symptoms and affects the other organs. Well-differentiated cells of apical airway epithelia communicating with ACE2 were promptly infected to SARS-CoV-2 virus. But the expression of ACE 2 in poorly differentiated epithelia facilitated SARS spike (S) protein-pseudo typed virus entry and it is replicated in polarized epithelia and especially exited via the apical surface. Limiting the transmission of COVID-19 infection & its prevention can be regarded as a hierarchy of controls. In this article, we briefly discuss the most recent advances in respect to aetiology, pathogenesis and clinical progression of the disease COVID-19. --- ## Role of Dentist to Stop COVID-19: A Journey map **Authors:** Diksha Agrawal, Priyanka Jaiswal, Pavan Bajaj **Published:** 2020-09-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3109 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dental public health, Coronavirus control, SARS-CoV, COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by novel coronavirus resulting in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV). Dentistry is a dynamic profession that includes sophisticated treatment planning and a wide variety of treatment modalities ranging from conventional to advanced therapies. The infection is spread from droplets released during coughing, sneezing by the symptomatic or asymptomatic patient. Dentists are in continuous contact with saliva and blood while treating a COVID-19 positive patient. Universal body substance precautions remain as the front line for reasonable risk reduction. However, when dealing with a contagious agent that is spread by droplet contact, we need to recognize the need to manage our generation of aerosols as a judicious additional measure. For dental practices and hospitals in areas that are (potentially) affected with COVID-19, strict and effective infection control protocols are urgently needed. Journey maps play a useful role in conveying information in such a way, that is memorable, concise, and that creates a picture in a person mind. Till date vaccine against coronavirus is not introduced. Therefore, the best option is to prevent exposure. This review aims at discussing the role of dentists in COVID -19, its spread through dental care setting status in India through Journey map. --- ## India’s Bio-War against a Pandemic Threat COVID-19 **Authors:** Beula Evangeline C, Ganesh GNK **Published:** 2020-09-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3130 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID - 19, Pandemic, Bio-war, CDSCO, Regulatory framework Coronavirus is a common type of virus that usually infects humans and results in a high breathing infection. This virus transmits through the air by coughing and sneezing, near physical contacts, and touching virus-contaminated substances or surfaces. Symptoms include runny nose, sore throat, feeling unwell, cough, and fever. The coronavirus outbreak (officially known as COVID-19), which started in China, has so far taken lives of over 190,656 people and affected 2,718,797 people across the world. The infection has spread to 185 countries. According to the official report released by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the Union (MoHFW), 23,077 confirmed cases and 718 deaths have been registered so far in India. The transmission of COVID-19 was successfully controlled by India until now. The Department of Indian Health Science is well organized to control the corona epidemic. The Indian Health Sciences Department and the Regulatory Team (CDSCO) are advancing bio-war against the pandemic by providing effective and constructive updates to the pharmaceutical industry and making it easier for the citizens to prevent transmission in India. The most critical factor in preventing the local spread of the virus is to motivate the public to obtain the right information and take precautions in compliance with the health ministry's warnings. --- ## Myths about COVID-19 **Authors:** Deepika Masurkar, Priyanka Jaiswal **Published:** 2020-09-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3124 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, myth, fact Recently at the end of 2019, a new disease was found in Wuhan, China. This disease was diagnosed to be caused by a new type of coronavirus and affected almost the whole world. Chinese researchers named this novel virus as 2019-nCov or Wuhan-coronavirus. However, to avoid misunderstanding the World Health Organization noises it as COVID-19 virus when interacting with the media COVID-19 is new globally as well as in India. This has disturbed peoples mind. There are various rumours about the coronavirus in Indian society which causes panic in peoples mind. It is the need of society to know myths and facts about coronavirus to reduce the panic and take the proper precautionary actions for our safety against the coronavirus. Thus this article aims to bust myths and present the facts to the common people. We need to verify myths spreading through social media and keep our self-ready with facts so that we can protect our self in a better way. People must prevent COVID 19 at a personal level. Appropriate action in individual communities and countries can benefit the entire world. --- ## Haematological manifestations of COVID 19 and their prognostic significance- A Cross-Sectional Study **Authors:** Nipun Bawiskar, Amol Andhale, Sourya Acharya, Sunil Kumar, Samarth Shukla **Published:** 2020-09-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3131 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID -19, D-dimer, IL-6, LMWH SARS-CoV2 started as pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan, China. Considered a respiratory pathogen primarily initially, COVID 19 is now identified as a systemic infection with significant effects on the hematopoietic system. Lymphopenia, peak platelet/ lymphocyte ratio and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio are some of the parameters that could be considered as prognostic markers of the disease. Disseminated intravascular coagulation, along with elevated D-dimer levels, are commonly encountered and are usually associated with a worsening clinical picture. IL-6, C reactive protein and Lactate Dehydrogenase with high serum prolactin and serum ferritin levels project a dismal outcome. Venous thromboembolism occurs in both ambulatory and bedridden patients making thromboprophylaxis with LMWH popular. To correlate haematological parameters like lymphopenia, deranged coagulation profile and elevated d- dimer levels with the outcome (recovery or death) of the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. In this prospective cross-sectional study, data will be gathered from patients found to be positive for COVID 19 with the duration of the study being four months. Lymphopenia, elevated D-dimer levels and deranged coagulation profile are expected in patients with COVID-19. Haematological parameter like lymphopenia raised D-dimer levels, and deranged coagulation profile are associated with poor prognosis in COVID 19. --- ## Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Psychological Response Towards COVID-19 Pandemic Among General Public in India **Authors:** Vandhana Susilkumar, Srinivasan Vengadassalapathy **Published:** 2020-09-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3111 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Knowledge, Attitude, Practices, Psychological strategy In this study, we investigated the knowledge, attitudes, practices and psychological response of the people towards the ongoing novel COVID-19 pandemic crisis. We conducted an online self-administered cross-sectional study. Participants filled in two questionnaires, one measuring KAP towards COVID-19, and the other measuring psychological impact towards COVID-19 using GAD-7 questionnaire. The total sample size of participants was 1015, of whom 668 belongs to the 20-40 years age group. Around 69% of the respondents are aware of the clinical symptoms of COVID-19. And about 98% of the respondents believe that quarantine and self-isolation are the best way to contain the spread of COVID-19. Around 90%-92% of the participants have an optimistic, positive attitude and confidence that we will win the battle against COVID-19. The study revealed that majority of the respondents had positive psychological resilience to cope with the pandemic. This study gains importance amid the global lockdown, social-distancing and quarantine. Finally, this study emphasis on the need for a structured mental health support system, which focuses on the unprecedented challenge for mental health across the country due to COVID-19 pandemic. The international and national health care regulatory bodies should devise an effective strategy to combat COVID-19. A positive mental health attitude and early psychological interventions can help us to combat COVID-19. --- ## Using the mask – Do’s and Don’ts in the COVID-19 scenario **Authors:** Sherly Deborah G, Archana R, Harini Narayanam **Published:** 2020-09-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3112 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Corona, face mask, medical mask, preventive measures A face mask is a loose-fitting, disposable outfit that acts as a physical barrier between the mouth and nose of an individual and the potential pollutants in the surrounding environment. COVID-19 which is also called as 2019-nCov is caused by the novel coronavirus and it is spread by the salivary droplets or nasal discharge released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. In the current COVID -19 scenario, the face mask is designed to ameliorate the prevention of airborne transmission of the novel coronavirus. The use of face mask is competent only when the other personal preventive measures are ideally pursued. The effectiveness of the use of face mask depends strongly on the do’s and don’ts which has to followed while wearing a face mask. The purpose of this study is to analyze and summarize the published literature associated with the types, usage, risks, limitations, disposal and reusability of face mask. The availability of medication and treatment options are sparse and the development of vaccines for COVID-19 is going to take a longer time. Hence the most effective strategy to curb the spread of the disease is by the judicious use of face mask along with other personal protective measures. --- ## A Review on Role of Rasayanain prevention and Management (as an adjuvant) of COVID-19 **Authors:** Rani Mude, Vaishali Kuchewar **Published:** 2020-09-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3092 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antiviral, Coronavirus, COVID-19, Immunity, Rasayana, Respiratory system COVID-19 is an infectious disease which is caused by Corona virus. It is a severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The corona virus outbreak was begun in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Common symptoms are including fever, cough and difficulty in breathing. This is a communicable disease and the virus is spread during closed contact between people. Now a days this disease is widely spreading in all countries including India and no any effective treatment strategy is available on this disease. Hence it is important to take preventive measures and immunity boosters to prevent from this communicable disease. Immunity will protect against various foreign bodies which enter in the body such as viruses and bacterias. In Ayurveda, taking Rasayana is helpful for the person to keep him away from diseases by increasing the immunity. Rasayana is the tool to create premium dhatus. Enhancement of quality of dhatus results in strong immune system to fight against diseases and longevity. NaimittikaRasayana helps to fight against various diseases and it can be used as an adjuvant for specific disease. This study was aimed to review the previous work done on immuno modulating and antiviral effect of Rasayana drugs on Respiratory system. In this article, it is hypothesized that Rasayana drugs may be effective in the prevention of COVID-19. --- ## Knowledge and awareness about MERS-CoV among the dental students in Chennai **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-09-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3091 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** MERS-CoV, Awareness, dental, students Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) induced by new ß coronavirus MERS-(CoV) had first been described in Saudi Arabia in September 2012. MERS-CoV communication inside the population is often identified with clustered households and cramped communal spaces. The purpose of the study is to assess the knowledge and awareness of MERS-CoV among dental students in India. This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey of 100 dental college students in Chennai. The self-designed questionnaires contained ten questions focused on the knowledge and awareness of MERS-CoV amongst dental college students. Questionnaires were circulated through an online website survey planet. After the responses were received from 100 participants, data were collected and analyzed, .87% are aware of MERS-CoV through media 13% from professional channels. 84%are aware of the clinical manifestation of MERS-CoV. 81% are aware of the mode of transmission of MERS-CoV. 76% are aware of the preventive measures against MERS -CoV. 68%. Are aware of the incubation period of MERS-CoV. 74% aware of PCR as a diagnostic test for MERS-CoV. This study concluded that dental students had strong awareness and knowledge of MERS. Also, there are a few differences in information and behaviours that require change. Large-scale health educational programs on MERS also should be facilitated by professional organizations to expand their reach and to strengthen knowledge to have a positive impact on their behaviour. --- ## COVID 19: Preparedness and Life Learning Lesson from Novel Corona Disease - A Prospective from India (Delhi- NCR) **Authors:** Nitin Girdharwal, Deepak Kumar **Published:** 2020-09-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3108 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID 19, Comprehension, Outlook, Preparedness Lessons, Positive Vibration In a short span, novel corona infection (SARS-CoV-2) has caught worldwide awareness by significantly influencing the everyday existence of people and developed as a general wellbeing crisis. Without a doubt, it demonstrates that exercises gained from the past plagues had insufficient and in this manner left us poorly arranged to manage the difficulties that COVID-19 pandemic is right now presenting. At present, as an overall pandemic, COVID-19 postures critical challenges and likewise driving the entire world to lockdown. Regardless, the disease has arranged humanity in standing up to such flare-ups at present similarly as later on. Individuals' devotion to measuring is influenced by their comprehension, outlook & practices (COP) towards COVID - 19. Right now researched Indian inhabitants toward COVID 19 during the time of 21 Days lockdown, which further extended till 03 May 2020 (total 40 Days lockdown) to control the spread of coronavirus. The author finished a self-created survey. A complete survey comprises of 10 Questions concerning the attributes and avoidance of COVID 19. Outlook and practice of residents towards COVID19 remember a question for sure about winning the fight against COVID 19. Among the study completed, the general paces of the cognizance poll were 90 %. Most of the respondents had a certainty that India can win the fight against Corona Virus. In different calculated regression analysis, the data score (OR: 0.73-0.92, P<0.002) was primarily associated with a lower probability of negative perspectives and preventive towards Corona Virus. Wellbeing training programs planned for getting better COVID-19 information are useful for Indian occupants to embrace hopeful viewpoint and keep up suitable practices. We have done a sound show (thali Banging), light show (lighting diyas), and now hotspots will be thoroughly checked and monitored in the wake of the coronavirus outbreak. --- ## Immunomodulatory measures to strengthen the body during Covid outbreak **Authors:** Gauri Boharupi, Priyanka Shelotkar **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3081 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid-19, Corona Virus, Immunity, Immunomodulator, Physical activity, Rasayana, Yoga COVID-19 is a disease caused by coronavirus; it is also called a SARS-COV-2 virus. Over the last six months, it has spread rapidly worldwide and made it a pandemic. The pandemic has forced people to stay indoors and work, which may increase chronic diseases among them. Immunomodulators are the substances which influence the immune system. It includes some medications as well as some activities like exercise, Yoga, meditation etc. Elderly citizens who used to walk generally before lockdown may suffer from pedestrian problems including hyperthyroidism, sugar problems blood. When the media used to do the work regularly, we had one kind of stress to do all the desired or targeted work on time. But now the person became very lazy due to self-reliant schedule that may lead to many diseases. So physical exercise is essential in this pandemic situation. Physical activity results in better immune response, which may result in many health benefits. An individual who regularly does physical exercises is healthy and fit in every aspect that can beat any of the diseases. It can also refine cardiovascular risk factor. In addition to this, it also enhances - pro thrombogenesis, improves endothelial functions, increases inculcation, depletes sympathetic tone and some other undefined factors. But all these have been put at bay due to Covid-19 pandemic. It is challenging to keep up an exercise routine due to daily restricted movements. Physical exercise helps in boosting the immune system of our body which reduces stress, anxiety. Brain gets the supplement of endorphins, chemicals that revitalise one's mind and body enriching the mental and spiritual faculty of an individual. --- ## A Review: Disinfectant, Antiseptic, and Its Use for Infection **Authors:** Iyan Sopyan, Insan Sunan KS, Cikra Ikhda NHS, Yasri Husaironi M **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3708 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Disinfectant, Antiseptic, Infection Control of microorganisms is vital to prevent infection. Prevention can be done in various ways, one of which is the use of disinfectants and antiseptics. The widespread use of disinfectants and antiseptics due to the outbreak of COVID-19 has led to the use of antiseptics that are not appropriate for society. The use of biocide agents that are not used correctly can endanger the health of its users. It is recommended that pharmacists, related health workers, and the public should learn more comprehensively about the use of disinfectants and antiseptics when a pandemic occurs. This review is done by searching Google Scholar as a database. This article discusses biocide agents, especially disinfectants and antiseptics, including definitions, ingredients and concentrations, antimicrobial effectiveness, factors affecting disinfection, hazards, techniques, and accuracy of the dosage of their use, the use and advantages and disadvantages of several classes of disinfectants and antiseptics that must be understood to be useful in their use, in this review also describe some formulations of disinfectant and antiseptic products circulating in the community that can be obtained and used from the commercial market. --- ## Immunity boosting diet during Covid 19 **Authors:** Roshna Sukheoji Bhutada, Renu Rathi, Devyani Dasar **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3089 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, immunity, diet, Nutrition, food, vitamin-C, vitamin-D, zinc WHO declared Covid 19 /SARS -COV-2 as a global pandemic.Till date, there is no medicine for COVID-19. If the Infection arises in the body then the defence mechanism activated against infection. A recent study suggests that temporarily augmenting the body's immune system in the early stages of COVID-19 can help patient to avoid severe symptoms as it is rightly said prevention is better than cure. Ayurveda approaches to develop physiological reactions to facilitate immunity. Planning of diet is most important to boost immunity.As per many researches to provide supplementary food which contains Zinc, Vitamin C,Vitamin D and immunity boosting foodsuch as citrus natural products, custard apple, apple, papaya is among the Fruits. Vegetables include broccoli, onion, garlic and green leafy vegetables. Nuts, ginger, turmeric, pepper, egg yolk, shellfish, mushroom. The need of the hour is a quick boost to immune system to keep it fit, fighting. One should get the right amount of nutrients from the diet, supplementation regimen to boost immune system.In this review, there are few common supplements and super food studies have been included. It might be a torch bearer as sample menu and their alternatives are given for a normal adult. Needy may change contemplated according to age, sex, body mass index and daily physical activities --- ## COVID-19 Pandemic: Home Remedies for Immunity Boosting **Authors:** Prashant Bhokardankar, Bharat Rathi, Mujahid Khan, Renu Rathi **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3075 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Home remedy, Immunomodulant, Herbal drugs COVID- 19 has created a lot of hazardous health issues worldwide. Research fraternity around the world is trying to find out vaccine or medicines against the virus. In this pandemic situation, there is a need for remedies to boost the immunity to fight against the virus. Ayurveda treatises have described several herbal drugs which are used as home remedies and are said to be effective against all microorganisms and effective in boosting immunity. Home remedies can be played a vital role as immunomodulant. Hence in this paper, an attempt is made to review such home remedies and identify its efficacy on various conditions. The relevant references were searched on the internet to find out the scientific data available on home remedies. Fumigation, Rasayan drugs, a decoction of herbal medicines found more useful. Tinospra cordifolia, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera, Curcuma longa are most decorated single herbal drugs used as home remedies for boosting the immunity. Considering the global disease burden caused by COVID-19, there is an urgent need to explore and widened the use of home remedies to fight against COVID-19 menace effectively. --- ## COVID-19 and multi-systemic diseases: A review **Authors:** Kiran Rajesh Sethiya, Prasad V Dhadse **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3617 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Diabetes, Cardiovascular diseases Coronaviruses was discovered in the mid-1960s that affect humans. In 2019, Wuhan city of Hubei, China, there was an out-break of "coronavirus disease (COVID-19)" which is the result of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which is induced by a novel enveloped virus having single-stranded RNA. It transmitted rapidly affecting more than 200 countries globally, so, the World Health Organization has declared it as a pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 presently is a 7th amongst known coronaviruses that cause infection in people, after 229E and OC43 (earliest studied viruses in human patients suffering from a common cold). It has infected humans in all age groups, of all ethnicities, both males and females while spreading through communities at an alarming rate. Infected patients experience common cold-like symptoms along with raised temperature, non-productive coughing and difficulty to breathe. It is considered as a relative of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 is caused by a beta coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2, which affects the lower respiratory tract. Besides, SARS-CoV-2 also harms different organs. Till today, there is comprehensive knowledge about the extent and management of COVID-19-related disorders other than pulmonary system. The present review is an overview of systemic manifestations of COVID-19 that may affect gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive, hepatocellular or neurological systems. --- ## Role of Ayurveda Dincharya in Prevention of Infectious Diseases with special reference to Covid 19 **Authors:** Zoya Hasan Khan, Trupti Thakre, Sourabh G. Deshmukh **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4524 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID19, Daily regimen, Disinfection, Food items, Health, Lifestyle disorders Health means not only the freedom from disease but its ability to work with self-control and satisfaction. According to WHO health is to define as a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease. Social and cultural pressures can only be endured by a healthy individual. Health is only the factor which helps to achieve Dharma (Attain Pious) Artha (Wealth) Kama (Desire) and Moksha (Salvation). As per Ayurveda, proper lifestyle or the person following Dinacharya, Ritucharya explained by acharya having disease-free life. The ideal lifestyle or routine or various duties from day to day in a day called daily regimen (Dinacharya). Recently Ayush Ministry has given some measures has to be taken in Dincharya. These measures include Dhumpana by dravyas having antiseptic and antimicrobial properties then, installing taila or ghrita in both the nostrils (Pratimarsha Nasya) at morning and evening helps to boost immunity. This practice acts as the first line of defense against the destabilizing influences of an external environment and will improve the condition of health. But most importantly, it will increase positivity in one, which is the prime requirement of the person dealing with COVID 19 patients. This should be the practical approach in the condition like atmosphere full of COVID 19 virus; One should always wear clean clothes and never share with others. Graha Dhuma is a unique technique mentioned in the texts for disinfecting the rooms. If all these daily regimens follow strictly, can help to prevent the spread of pandemic like covid-19. --- ## Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) in India and Consideration of Preventive Aspects by Ayurveda **Authors:** Srivastava Niraj, Saxena Varsha, Gehlot Sangeeta, Singh B M **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3076 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, AYUSH advisory, Rasayana, Ayush-64 In December 2019, an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (SARSCoV-2) infection occurred in Wuhan city, Hubei Province, China (East Asia) furthermore worldwide including India. On 30 January 2020, the first case of the COVID-19 pandemic was reported in India. India has reached more than 1.5 lakh confirmed cases including more than 4000 fatalities by dreadful COVID-19 infection. At present, there is no vaccine for prevention or medicine for treatment. Only preventive measures like frequently hand-wash by soap and water, or hand sanitizers along with social distancing are effective to avoid the exposure of this virus. In Ayurveda, Rasayana drugs are known for their immunomodulation and rejuvenation properties. On March 31, 2020, Ministry of AYUSH has issued advisory for enhancing immunity through lifestyle modification, dietary management, prophylactic interventions and simple remedies based on the symptoms. After that successful implementation, Government of India has planned to conduct clinical trials on three herbal nootropic and immunomodulatory drugs viz. Ashwagandha, Guduchi and Mulethi and AYUSH-64 (Ayurvedic anti-malaria drug) for their preventive properties against Covid-19 infections. This review article covers summary of the COVID-19 i.e. transmission, clinical presentation, investigation and prevention along with preventive measures in according to Ayurveda that can be adopted for future clinical trial. --- ## Role of Ayurveda in Communicable Diseases (COVID-19) **Authors:** Smita Kamde, Gaurav Sawarkar **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3074 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Janapadodhwans, Sadvrutta, code of conduct, COVID-19 Human health is an asset. Despite knowing this fact, humans tend to ignore this and go in pursuit of worldly assets ending up in ill-health. Because of the sedentary lifestyle and lockdown schedules of COVID-19 individuals have always been less concerned about the diet, exercises and the quality of healthy lifestyle and as a result of this human beings have the inferior status of health and have been prone to infectious diseases. In Ayurvedic context, Acharyas have mentioned about Pragnyaparadha (misuse of intellect) which is a significant factor in causing diseases. The present scenario augments, that, it is time to turn over to the ancient science of life. The old life focussed on maintaining the health by following Dinacharya (daily routine), Ritucharya (Seasonal regime), Sadvrutta (code of conduct) wherein Panchakarma (body purification procedure) and Rasayana (Rejuvenation therapy) secures the physical and mental health of an individual. In this literary study, an effort has been made to find out the role of holistic science of life in dealing with the communicable diseases and its acceptance globally. --- ## A search in the surge of treatment for COVID-19 patients: A narrative literature review **Authors:** Sridevi Ugrappa, Ajay Jain, Akshay Bhargava, Neeraj Kumar Fuloria, Shivkanya Fuloria **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3088 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** 2019-nCoV, COVID-19, novel coronavirus, treatment, nCoV therapies Today, our understanding towards COVID-19 pandemic is that it is contagious and based on the behaviour of the virus, the signs and symptoms of this viral resemble the viral infection like Severe Acute-Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV). Currently, documented vaccines or drugs are not available for the treatment of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. The main objective of this article is to compile the available literature on the treatment modalities for COVID-19, currently being advocated. Furthermore, there is no time to wait for evidence-based treatment, hence in such a scenario; an attempt has been made to collect the available scientific literature and understand the treatment of the disease with this insight. A MEDLINE-PUBMED search was performed in the surge of the treatment strategies for COVID-19 using the keywords "COVID-19", "nCoV", "novel coronavirus", "treatment of coronavirus" and "therapies". We have reviewed the multiple articles from recently published literature and various pre-print proofs from up-to-date journals. Based on the reviewed literature, various categories of drugs are under trial or have been tried for the treatment of nCoV infection, which are categorised as medications (anti-viral agents, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, ACE-2 inhibitors, etc.), immune therapy, traditional Chinese medicine, plasma exchange therapy, and blood purification therapy, etc. We attempted to go through the literature available for the treatment of COVID-19 and tried to compile it all together. Still, clinical trials are under process, and there are no evidence-based treatment strategies available to manage the cases of COVID-19 patients. --- ## The relevance of dietetic approach of Ayurveda from the perspective of COVID-19 pandemic **Authors:** Swapnali Khabade, Bharat Rathi, Renu Rathi **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3077 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Aahar, Asthavidhi, visheshaytana, Lanhgan A novel, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causes severe acute respiratory syndrome and spread globally from Wuhan, China. In March 2020 the World Health Organization declared the SARS-Cov-2 virus as a COVID- 19, a global pandemic. This pandemic happened to be followed by some restrictions, and specially lockdown playing the leading role for the people to get disassociated with their personal and social schedules. And now the food is the most necessary thing to take care of. It seems the new challenge for the individual is self-isolation to maintain themselves on the health basis and fight against the pandemic situation by boosting their immunity. Food organised by proper diet may maintain the physical and mental health of the individual. Ayurveda aims to promote and preserve the health, strength and the longevity of the healthy person and to cure the disease by properly channelling with and without Ahara. In Ayurveda, diet (Ahara) is considered as one of the critical pillars of life, and Langhana plays an important role too. This article will review the relevance of dietetic approach described in Ayurveda with and without food (Asthavidhi visheshaytana & Lanhgan) during COVID-19 like a pandemic. --- ## Role of Rasayan Churna in outbreak of Covid -19 as preventive and curative aspect **Authors:** Amol Madhav Deshpande, Mayuri Amol Deshpande **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3594 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid-19, immunity, Rasayan churna, SARS-CoV In last two decade world suffer with three epidemic diseases like SARS-CoV, H1N1 influenza, MERS –CoV and presently the world under a pandemic of Covid-19, out of these SARS-CoV, MERS –CoV and Covid-19 are form the same virus call as corona, which primary present on bats and transferred from animal to human, and then it transfer from human to human mostly by respiratory droplets or in the direct contact with the diseased person, these recurrent infection of corona virus is the burning issue in the word, so to avoid these recurrent infections good habitual behaviour with regular immune booster medicine should be taken which can be used in both normal and symptomatic patient for this Rasayan churna is the best drug of choice as it is used for rejuvenation therapy. From literally study from various recourses it is found that Rasayan churna have property anti-depressant, anti-xylotic, Immunomodulatory, Anti-diabetes, anti hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, Anti-toxic effects, Anti-arthritic, Anti-cancer effects, Anti-microbial effect, and Anti-oxidant which can be useful in preventive aspect of Covid -19 in all phase like normal individual, also can be used in asymptomatic patients and symptomatic patients, clinical study can be performed for the same to evaluate the result. --- ## Impact of a poignant pandemic COVID-19 on Indian Economy **Authors:** Krati Sethi, Manas Roy **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4526 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Contagious, Disease, Pandemic, Indian economy, Global disruption Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused due to a “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus -2 virus” (SARS-COV-2). People who fall ill will experience mild to moderate fever and will retrieve without any special treatment. This pandemic was first seen at Wuhan, China in December 2019. After seen it’s dreadfulness it was declared as a “public health emergency of international concern” (World Health Organization, WHO). As on 1 May 2020 more than 35000 cases have been reported in India resulting in more than 1147 deaths in India till date. It has also led severe socio-economic global disruption. Presently significant slowdown is experienced by Indian economy over the past few quarters. To rectify sluggish consumption demand and investment a numeral of incentive measures has been taken to retrieve the economy towards prosperity. The last quarter of the current fiscal exhibits robust prospect of improvement. However, the new COVID-19 epidemic has contrived the recovery exceptionally arduous in the near to middle terms. The pandemic has thrown new threats for the Indian economy from demand as well as from the supply side. This study is descriptive. The objective of the current study is to find out the impacts of the outbreak of COVID-19 on different sectors of our country. In conclusion, this study suggests policy measures to safeguard the Indian economy from the outbreak of it and bring it back on the growth path. --- ## COVID-19: A Pandemic Situation **Authors:** Joyeeta Mahapatra, Pradnya Nikhade **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3084 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, COVID-19, nCoV, Pandemic, SARS-CoV Pandemic can be described as the widespread occurrence of disease, which is more than what is usually expected in a geographical area. Presently the whole world is in a critical state for COVID -19 pandemic. On 11th March 2020, World Health Organization took out the census of the total cases of COVID-19 and categorised it as a pandemic. On 14th April 2020, there were in total 1,925,571 coronavirus affected cases worldwide, with a death count of 119,718 and a total of 452,188 recovered cases with India having total of 10, 453 cases with a death toll of 358. People of all ages have shown susceptibility. Mode of transmission is via big droplets expelled out by symptomatic patients while they cough or sneeze. So far there is no particular drug or vaccine present in the market which is specific to the treatment of this infection. Thus, there is over-burdening of the health care systems in all places. This novel virus outbreak has challenged the infrastructure of economy, medicine and public health of almost all the countries. Also, future outbreaks of zoonotic viruses and pathogens are probable. So, besides counteracting this outbreak, we must also put our efforts in planning out comprehensive strategies to avoid any potential outbreaks of zoonotic origin. --- ## Awareness about convalescent plasma therapy in managing covid-19 among dental students **Authors:** Nithyanandham Masilamani, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3070 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Plasma Therapy, Dental Students A coronavirus is indeed a group of viruses which inflict a variety of dangerous human diseases including the common cold and far more extreme types such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). The medical emergency caused due to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) throughout the city of Wuhan, China, is now a pandemic that has spread to nearly 200 countries. Over several million people globally were already diagnosed with the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. This survey was performed for assessing the awareness about convalescent plasma therapy in managing COVID-19 amongst dental students. A questionnaire oriented cross-sectional type of survey was done in a group comprising 100 dental college students in Chennai. A self-designed questionnaire contains 10 questions based on the knowledge and awareness about Convalescent Plasma therapy among dental college students. Questionnaires were circulated through an online website survey planet. The questions explored the awareness of Convalescent Plasma therapy, indications, contraindications, mechanism of action and side effects. After the responses were received from 100 participants, data were collected and analyzed. 9% are aware of Convalescent Plasma therapy. 15% are aware of the mechanism of action of Convalescent Plasma therapy. 15% are aware of the indications of Convalescent Plasma therapy. 13% are aware of the contraindications of Convalescent Plasma therapy. 11% are aware of the side effects of Convalescent Plasma therapy. The awareness about convalescent plasma therapy was less among dental students. Increased awareness and educational programs should be initiated to spread knowledge about plasma therapy. --- ## The Impact of COVID-19 Quarantine on Children's Behaviors and Language **Authors:** Sana M Kamal, Ali Al-Samydai, Rudaina Othman Yousif, Talal Aburjai **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3085 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Community pharmacies, Children‘s Behaviors, Language delay, Memory deficits COVID-19 pandemic has spread across the world, which considered a relative of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), with possibility of transmission from animals to human and effect each of health and economic. Several preventative strategies and non-pharmaceutical interventions have been used to slow down the spread of COVID-19. The questionnaire contained 36 questions regarding the impact of COVID-19 quarantine on children`s behaviors and language have been distributed online (Google form). Data collected after asking parents about their children behavior during quarantine, among the survey completers (n=469), 42.3% were female children, and 57.7 were male children. Results showed that quarantine has an impact on children`s behaviors and language, where stress and isolationism has a higher effect, while social relations had no impact. The majority of the respondents (75.0%) had confidence that community pharmacies can play an important role in helping families in protection their children`s behaviors and language as they made the highest contact with pharmacists during quarantine. One of the main recommendations that could be applied to help parents protection and improvement their children`s behaviors and language in quarantine condition base on simple random sample opinion is increasing the role of community pharmacies inpatient counseling and especially towards children after giving courses to pharmacists in child psychology and behavior. This could be helpful to family to protect their children, from any changing in them behaviors and language in such conditions in the future if the world reface such the same problem. --- ## Role of Yoga for the prevention & management of COVID-19-A review **Authors:** Anil Patange, Punam Sawarkar **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4472 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Asanas, COVID-19, Immunity, Pranayam, Vyadhikshamatva, Yoga Practices The current outbreak of the COVID-19 has declared as a global health emergency. Moreover, COVID -19 mostly affects the persons having low immunity & mortality rate is also more in such persons. The standard line of treatment for this disease is not yet established. Considering the current need-based scenario, prevention of the disease by improving the immune system is the best & ultimate way to combat this dreadful situation. Therefore, various Yoga Practices useful for immunity building, described in Ayurvedic literature are compiled through this paper, which may become helpful to improve the strength of lungs as well as general immunity of the body. This conceptual study is narrated in a clear & tabular manner under heads of the concept of immunity in Ayurveda, the importance & advantages of Pranayam & Asanas with Immuno-modulator effect of Yoga in COVID -19. All narration is given along with suitable discussion in contemporary science. Daily practices of Yoga play a crucial role in the improvement in the body defense mechanism by making comfortable & relaxed breathing with an increase in elastic recoiling of lungs but without increasing the respiratory rate. It also nourishes the specific organs by increasing the oxygen level in the blood. From that, it is reflected that these Yoga Practices can be used as supportive & preventative therapy for COVID -19 & can fulfill the above-said need. --- ## Role of Rasayana in Prevention of COVID-19 - A Review **Authors:** Sneha Dhakite, Sadhana Misar Wajpeyi **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3072 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, COVID-19, Immunity, Rasayana, Vyadhikshamatva The “Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)” is caused by “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)”, a newly discovered member of the Coronaviridae family of viruses which is a highly communicable. There is no effective medical treatment till date for Coronavirus disease hence prevention is the best way to keep disease away. Rasayana proved to be highly efficacious and cost effective for the Prevention and Control of viral infections when vaccines and standard therapies are lacking. Rasayana Chikitsa is one of the eight branches of Ashtanga Ayurveda which helps to maintain healthy life style. Rasayana improves immunity and performs many vital functions of human body. Vyadhikshamatva that is immune mechanism of the body is involved in Prevention of the occurrence of a new disease and it also decreases the virulence and progression of an existing disease. In COVID-19 the Respiratory system mainly get affected which is evident from its symptoms like cold, cough and breathlessness. Here the drugs help in enhancing immune system and strengthening functions of Respiratory system can be useful. For this purpose, the Rasayana like Chyavanprasha, Agastya Haritaki, Pippali Rasayana, Guduchi, Yashtimadhu, Haridra, Ashwagandha, Tulsi are used. Rasayana working on Respiratory system are best for Prevention of Coronavirus and boosting immune system. Rasayana Chikitsa can be effective in the Prevention as well as reducing symptoms of COVID-19. --- ## Knowledge and awareness of Covid 19 and its impact on mental health **Authors:** Pratheebha C, Gayatri Devi R, Gifrina Jayaraj **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3086 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID 19, mental health, nervous, social distancing The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic—and the social distancing measures that many countries have implemented—have caused disruptions to daily routines. Mental health support and follow-up should be provided even six months after the release from isolation for those individuals with prior vulnerable mental health status. The main aim of the study is to create awareness and knowledge about COVID – 19 and its impact on the mental health of the public. The self-administered design was designed based on awareness. The questionnaire was distributed through google docs link to 100 numbers of the study population who were in lockdown irrespective of age. Methods of representation of each output variable were represented in the pie chart form. The measure that was taken to minimize the sampling bias was that the validity that was checked both internally and externally. The result was statistically analyzed using SPSS software. The participants were explained about the purpose of the study in detail. From the above Survey conducted, 58% of the total 100 participants' mental health being affected due to lockdown imposed due to COVID -19. This COVID 19 has created stress, anxious and nervous situations for 47% of the total participants. Educated people and health professionals are aware of this infection; they take possible preventive measures. They understand the importance of social distancing. So this lockdown is not affecting their mental health. --- ## Concept of Dhupana – A Preventative Approach in Ayurveda for Air Borne Infection **Authors:** Kamini Rotke, Punam Gaurav Sawarkar **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4270 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Air Borne, Aupsargikarogas, COVID19, DhupanKarma( fumigation ), DhupanDravyas, Pandemic Airborne infections are such type of infections which are caused by pathogens that can be transmitted by air over time and distance by small particles. These pathogens may be viruses, bacteria or fungi that can spread through sneezing, breathing, talking etc. In our surroundings, there are millions and tons of such pathogens that are responsible for spreading such airborne infections. In Ayurveda, this airborne infections are correlated with Aupsargikarogas which spreads very easily in society. In current days the world is facing such Aupsargik Roga which is known as COVID 19 and which is a Pandemic disease. This Aupsargikarogas can sometimes prove fatal if they are not treated at a proper time or if proper prevention against this rogas is not taken. The organisms which are responsible for these airborne infections are opportunistic, as they attack such individuals who are with low immunity. So that these organisms can grow easily inside the individual's body without any type of disturbances can finally cause fatal disease. The whole world is suffering from this pandemic and there is a need to prevent the world from this pandemic disease. The most classical, authentic and best way to prevent from transmission according to Ayurveda is Dhupan karma which is correlated with fumigation or sterilization. For this Karma, there are many such Dhupan dravyas which are explained by Acharyasin Samhitas. --- ## Disinfection Measures for COVID-19 Choice is Your's – Be the Life Saver or the Killer **Authors:** Rupesh Sultane, Bharat Rathi **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v12iSPL1.4129 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Corona virus, Symptoms and Diagnosis, Transmission Routes, Disinfection Measures The novel SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus that emerged in the city of Wuhan, China, last year and has since caused a large scale COVID-19 epidemic and spread all over the world countries is the product of natural evolution. On 30th January 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) declared a public health disaster of international alarm over this global pneumonia epidemic. All the people are trying to prevent from coming in contact with coronavirus. Govt of India, and it's all allied organizations working together and trying hard to control it and avoid the situation of community transmission. Nationwide lockdown helped to control the transmission but after unlock it transmitted speedily in the community which is the alarming sign for everyone. In this review mode of transmission and disinfection measures are described thoroughly so that common people can understand its gravity and follow the measures stringently. --- ## Janapadadwamsa, Aupsargik roga and COVID-19 correlation and an approach to epidemics Ayurved current scenario **Authors:** Laxmikant Lokhande, Bhushan Mhaiskar **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3620 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurved, COVID 19, Virus, Pathology, Janapadadwamsa Ayurveda – the nectar of ancient disease curing system exists since Vedic period s full of heritage and ts antiquity s well-known. Ayurveda s deals with cure and maintain health through its remarkable potency, viral infections are liable for many illnesses, and up to date, outbreaks have raised public health concerns. Despite the supply of the many antiviral drugs, they're often unsuccessful thanks to the generation of viral mutants and fewer effective against their target virus. Identifying novel antiviral drugs is therefore of critical importance, and natural products are a superb source for such discoveries. Viruses pose a worldwide threat and add severe medical and social problems to humanity. They are the main contributors in many minor and major outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics worldwide like Swine Influenza, Avian Influenza, and Dengue fever. Even though various types of treatment methods are available to cure viral diseases, like chemotherapy, but owing to their potential for mutation and emergence of new strains and developing resistance towards drugs, Viruses are evolving fast. This necessitates the look for new antiviral compounds that are stiffer and effective against viruses with no or less adverse side effects the concept and treatment line must be going through the Ayurved. Some Home Remedies such as Eat Guduchi or Tulsi daily can increase your immunity. Drinking Turmeric milk is suitable for the upkeep of health. Taking Ashwagandha is one of another herb for fighting with such conditions. Eating 1-2 leaves of Neem also can work well within the prevention of viral infections. --- ## Impact of Covid 19 in Liver Disease Patients **Authors:** Kameswari S, Lakshmi T, Ezhilarasan D **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3069 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, liver impairment, anosmia and ageusia, upper and lower respiratory infection, liver metabolism The coronavirus 2019 (covid 19) represents a dispute to human services in infected regions. Aged people with comorbidity complications have been found with a high risk of severity in infection prevalence. A comprehensive search in PUBMED, GOOGLE SCHOLAR using the keywords - coronavirus, liver impairment, anosmia and ageusia, upper and lower respiratory infection, liver metabolism. This analysis helps in understanding how COVID 19 affected patients with liver disease and their impacts. Several studies reported about the impact of liver in COVID 19, thus COVID 19 is influencing the liver in a massive way by inducing the changes in normal liver and aggregating the existing liver disease. --- ## Knowledge and awareness of covid -19 symptoms among dental students - A questionnaire based survey **Authors:** Joseph George Kallivayalil, Abilasha R, Kavitha S **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3087 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Pandemic disease, Dental professionals, Consultation, Precautionary methods COVID -19 is the most recent pandemic disease that has affected the world's population. We, as health care providers should be more responsible for reducing the transmission of this deadly disease. The aim of the survey was to assess the knowledge and awareness among dental professionals towards COVID -19 and reduce the spread among patients and co-workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 100 dental students by means of a questionnaire, using google forms, results were tabulated and analysed using SPSS. 24.8% prefer and rely on the fact that fever has been the main symptoms of COVID -19 while 32.7% of the respondents prefer on the fact that cough has been the symptoms leading to COVID -19 64% of the dental students are aware on the fact that patients should be checked on their temperature before the consultation. 36.3% of the dental students prefer no checking of temperature before the consultation. The results of the survey showed that some knowledge gaps exist among dental students regarding this very deadly disease and hence is an urgent need for training and conduct complete awareness regarding this deadly disease and control it by essential precautionary methods. --- ## COVID – 19: A pandemic disease and its relation to Pranavahasrotas (Respiratory system) - A review **Authors:** Saurabh Pandhare, Mujahid B. Khan **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3623 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Cough, COVID-19, Pandemic, Rasayan, Pranavahasrotas COVID-19 is an infectious pandemic disease caused by the virus called as SARS-CoV-2. It is the pathogens that primarily target the respiratory system of human beings. The most common symptoms at the beginning of COVID-19 illness are, cough, fever, muscle pain, diarrhoea, headache, and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome occurs in severe cases. The idea of Srotas, in all different appropriate meaning, is still related in the current situation and might give different visions if revisited. Hridaya (Heart) and Mahasrotas (Gastro-intestinal tract) and are the origins of Pranavahasrotas (respiratory system). In the view of the current review, the introductory classical text of Ayurveda like Charak Samhita and compilation textbooks, research publication and internet sources are also reviewed to explore the relation of Pranavaha srotas and COVID-19 disease. The treatment protocols for diseases of Pranvahahasrotas includes general Snehan Karma (Oleation) and Swedan Karma (Sudation) therapies, Vamana (emesis), Dhumapana (medicated smoking) therapy, Rasayan therapy (Rejuvenation Therapy), treatment of Jwar (fever) and classical formulations like Kantakari ghrita, Shrungyadi Churna, Talisadi churna, Vasa Avaleha, Kanakasava, Shwasakuthar Rasa, Mahalaxmivilas rasa etc. recommended. So current review will be useful for research on treatment protocol mentioned for the management of diseases of Pranavaha srotas given COVID-19 and also as a reference for additional safety and efficacy studies; pharmaceutical manufacturing as well as standardization of classical formulations stated for the treating diseases of Pranavaha srotas. --- ## Dental treatment during the lock down period — safe or not **Authors:** Neha N, Anjali A. K, Brundha M. P, Jayalakshmi Somasundaram **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3071 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, lockdown, droplet infection, aerosols, dental treatment The coronavirus causing COVID-19 is officially named as SARS-CoV-2. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which originated in Wuhan, China, has become a major public health concern all over the World. Infection control measures are necessary to stop the virus from spreading further and help to manage the pandemic situation. Many countries have implemented lockdown measures and social distancing to slow down or prevent the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. This implementation is believed to possess a significantly decreased rate of growth and increased doubling time of cases. Due to the spread through respiratory droplets, the incidence of infection will be high between patients and dental practitioners. The dental clinics and hospitals within the containment areas of COVID-19 should follow infection control protocols precisely in order to confer safety to both the patients and the practitioners. This article thus provides important and requisite knowledge about COVID-19 and therefore, the restrictions and strict protocols to be followed for or while undertaking dental treatment during the crucial lockdown period of COVID-19. --- ## An Ayurvedic perspective of COVID 19: A Pandemic Situation **Authors:** Megha Dipak Rudey, Renu Rathi, Bharat Rathi **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.4191 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Agantuja Jwar, Ayurveda, Covid 19, Janapadodwansa, management, Novel Corona COVID-19 Novel coronavirus or corona disease is spreading continuously all over the world. Overloading of ICU and health care system capacity. Along with age factor, community spread, vertical transmission of disease and clinical manifestation is the risk factor for the poor outcomes. The transmission is mainly through respiratory droplets when individual sneezes or coughs and also due to the close contact with an infected individual. Every researcher is in found of preventive measure, and in found of effective treatment for it. As the population is rushing to keep themselves protected from the infection, Ayurveda practitioners are in stress that the kalpas cited in Ayurveda literature will be helpful in strengthening the immunity and to fight against COVID-19. It is an attempt to study the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) it's clinical diagnostic and management in Ayurveda perspective. Various Samhitas, such as Charaka Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, Madhava Nidana articles were referred for this study. According to Ayurveda literature, a unique method of impending a fresh identified illness Rather than centring on the bacteriological etiology, Ayurveda encirclements a universal skill for particularising the details of the illness at hand. Till the date, no vaccination is being found for COVID-19 yet, but the concepts given in Vedas have information about diagnostic and management. This attempt is to encourage Ayurveda practitioners and young researcher’s to work on the formulations, which are cited thousands of years ago to breakdown the pathology of disease and work for the development and promotion of Ayurveda. --- ## Concept of airborne infectious diseases in Ayurveda **Authors:** Nikita Deulkar, Jyothy K B, Pavan Morey **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3621 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** AaupsargikaRoga, COVID19, Janapadodhwamsa, Panchkarma, Rasayana Currently the world is dealing with the infection of COVID-19 which has recently been declared as Pandemic by WHO. The quick spread everywhere throughout the world has raised worries about the chance of transmission of the infection from individual to individual. The present study is aimed to review the information available about COVID19 and similar diseases in Ayurveda literature such as CharakaSamhita, SushrutaSamhita, AshtangaHrudayaandvarious research studies related to the topic. Ayurveda an antiquated clinical science has unmistakably depicted Aupsargikarogas (Communicable diseases), their mode of transmission, cause, cure and prevention too Janapadodhwamsa, the diseases which affect a major part of population and its four causative factors such as pollution of Vayu (Air) and Jala (Water) along with the changes in Kala (Time) and Desha (Region)explained in Ayurveda. With respect to treatment, Ayurveda advocates prevention as the first step and then cure of diseases, through Nidana Parivarjana (Avoidance of causes), Shodhan (Bio purification) and Shaman (Curative and Palliative care). With the help of Panchakarma (Five bio purificatory therapies) and Rasayana (Rejuvenation therapy), these diseases can be prevented well. Ayurveda can be helpful to reduce the morbidity and mortality. The current review portrays how Ayurveda can assist with combatting the developing challenges of communicable infections. --- ## Dietary and living regimen of covid-19 with special reference to Ayurveda Varsha and Sharad Ritucharya **Authors:** Amit Biswas, Kunal Chandankhede **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3079 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Covid-19, Dietary regimen, Immunity, Living regimen, Ritucharya, Seasonal regimen Wuhan originated Covid-19 disease is caused by SARC-COV 2 virus. It is a contagious disease it spread all over the world. World health organization declared a global pandemic disease. In Covid-19 immunity plays an important role. In old age people or having other co-morbid conditions the mortality rate is more. Ayurveda has a big role in improved immunity or to intact immunity. The principle of Ayurveda is to keep individual swastha (diseases free). To maintain individual disease-free Ritucharya is one of the important subjects of Ayurveda. Aimed of study is to find out Ritucharya literature from the Ayurveda and modern research specifically Varsha and Sharad ritu. Ritucharya contains dietary regimen, living modification, common medicine, and contraindicated things those changing according to environmental change. Upcoming season in India is Varsha and Sharad ritu. Environmental changes are huge in this season and it directly affected human beings. So this study reveals property of ritu, dietary regimen, living modification, common medicine and contraindicated things in upcoming varsha and sharad ritu. --- ## Contemporary Treatment Modalities for the Management of SARS-CoV-2 Positive Patients: An overview **Authors:** Rashi Srivastava, Nilesh Rathi, Nilima Thosar, Sudhindra Baliga, Monika Khubchandani, Vedangi Mohite, Jayati Mehta, Rutuja Waykar **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3090 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** SARS-CoV-2 virus, Symptomatic therapy, Investigational therapy, Vaccines The outbreak of a pandemic, occurring after a hundred years, has taken the world by storm. The knowledge attained from the past epidemics has helped establish various supportive, symptomatic and preventive measures. Some possible therapeutic actions of substances against the concomitant SARS 2 COVID have been tested. However, evidence from randomised controlled trials in humans is not available to support the recommendation of any of the investigational therapies, including vaccines for patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 at this time. With the rapid structural changes and the constantly mutating and unpredictable nature of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the development of a definitive treatment regimen is even more challenging. Hence, management is only aimed at supportive therapy/ symptomatic treatment. In the meantime, community mitigating procedures to keep the sudden surge of cases at bay are in place, and the best healthcare workers are working tirelessly in finding a cure. A significant hurdle faced is the foreboding uncertainty about the virus-host relationship as well as the development and progression of the epidemic even today. The numerous modalities have been discussed to give an overview of the best approach for the treatment of the SARS-CoV-2 positive patients which include the contemporary antiviral drugs, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, immunoglobulin therapies, vaccines and homoeopathic remedies. --- ## A clinical approach to COVID-19 **Authors:** Akshata Jaiswal, Swapnil Borage, Priyanka Shelotkar **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3073 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Acetaminophen, Antiviral drugs, Chloroquine, Daily Regime, Dietary Regime, Isolation, Lopinavir, Personal protective equipment (PPE) The Corona Virus COVID-19 pandemic is the defining global health crisis emerging these days and the most significant challenge faced since World War Two.Corona Virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is defined as an illness caused by a novel Corona Virus now called severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was first identified due to outbreak of respiratory illness cases in Wuhan City, China. The most common symptoms include dry cough, fever and tiredness. Some may also develop aches and pains, nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat or diarrhoea. There are no drugs or other therapeutics approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to prevent or treat COVID-19. Both ancient, as well as modern therapeutic procedures, can be adopted for COVID -19. Current advanced clinical management includes infection prevention and control measures and supportive care, including supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilator support depending upon the condition. On the other hand, Ayurveda is equipped with a variety of treatment protocols including Dincharya (daily regime), Rutucharya (seasonal regime), Pranayama (Breathing exercise), and various Panchakarma (Purification) procedures. --- ## COVID-19 associated thromboembolism: causing the respiratory failure **Authors:** Jannathul Firdous, Emdadul Haque ATM, Karpagam T, Varalakshmi B, Bharathi V, Resni Mona, Noorzaid Muhamad **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3624 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Anticoagulants, COVID-19, D-dimer, Interleukin, Venous Thromboembolism Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has recently emerged in China and caused a global pandemic. WHO announced that COVID-19 could be characterised as a pandemic due to unprecedented swift global spread and severity of the outbreak. When infected with the virus, patients usually have a fever, dry cough, dyspnoea, myalgia, headache and sometimes diarrhoea. Updates on molecular characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, treatment and epidemiological control are more important to help optimise the disease control measures Thrombotic complication is an essential issue in patients infected with COVID-19. Concomitant venous thromboembolism (VTE) seems to be a potential cause of unexplained deaths in COVID-19 cases. Thrombocytopenia, elevated D-dimer, prolonged prothrombin time, and disseminated intravascular coagulation are the clinical findings related to such condition. In China, anticoagulant therapy in severe COVID‐19 was suggested for improving outcome. Studies showed the urgency for VTE diagnostic strategies. Aetiology may be multifactorial, and therefore, we review the available literature relevant to acute venous thromboembolism associated with novel coronavirus infection. --- ## Challenges and Opportunities for Breast Cancer Survivorship Care in India during Covid-19 Pandemic **Authors:** Sandeep Babasaheb Shinde, Sanjaykumar Patil **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3589 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Breast cancer survivors, COVID-19, Breast cancer support group, physical and psychosocial challenges, Breast cancer Survivorship care, health care resources Breast cancer survivors faced challenges even during before COVID-19 era. During the pandemic era of COVID-19, breast cancer survivors represent a vulnerable population to various health problems, Psych-social disturbances and long term morbid consequences. The Indian Health care system is not fully prepared to deliver appropriate and quality care to non-COVID patients. The structural barriers to care are results in a pitiable condition, particularly for survivors living in rural areas. We reviewed the literature on cancer survivorship, Indian resources available and the challenges faced by breast cancer survivors. The current guidelines, standard operating procedures (SOP), Health care policies by Indian central government, state public health departments, non-government organisations, cancer treatment and research centres were analysed by data abstraction sheet. Multiple health governing agencies displayed general recommendations to modify the delivery of health care to minimise patient exposure to the virus. Minimal and limited health care resources are available for Breast Cancer survivors. As this pandemic continues the scientific evidence are expected regarding more specific recommendations and guidelines for survivorship care. Immediate efforts are required for addressing the needs of breast cancer survivors at present the development and implementation of policies for survivorship care. It is essential to implement interventions and policy for breast cancer survivors to mitigate the effects of this pandemic. --- ## A survey on anxiety and depression level among South Indian medical students during the COVID 19 pandemic **Authors:** Nihmath Nisha S, Yuvaraj Maria Francis, Balaji K, Gunapriya Raghunath, Kumaresan M **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3082 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anxiety, CES-D scale, COVID-19, Depression, GAD-7 scale, Medical students, South India The COVID-19 pandemic is being a global Heath crisis. The rate of transmission of the disease is very high. At this time there is no specific vaccine or treatment. This widespread outbreak is also associated with psychological distress like depression and anxiety. The effect of COVID 19 on medical students is considerable. The medical students are in a transitory period which could be one of the most stressful times in a person’s life. The aim of this study is to assess the mental health of South Indian medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic and to see if there is any influence of gender on mental health. A cross sectional study was conducted using convenient sampling method. A total of 359 responses were analysed. Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed based on four point Likert scale. GAD-7 (General Anxiety Disorder-7) scale and CES-D (Center for Epidemiology Studies for Depression) scale is used to assess anxiety and depression symptoms with a small modification respectively. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS statistics version 25. Out of 359 participants 50.4% of participants were male and 49.6% of them were females; majority of them (95.3%) were between the age group of 18-21. In total 75.5% and 74.6% of participants showed varying levels of anxiety and depression symptoms respectively. Anxiety and depression symptoms are found to have a mild association with gender. Symptoms are slightly higher among females than males. --- ## Nutritional Recommendation for COVID-19 **Authors:** Anagha Gulhane, Shamli Hiware **Published:** 2020-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3078 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Covid-19, Diet, Modern It is the most unreliable truth that anybody can get infected by the COVID-19, and nobody can escape from the danger of getting tainted by the virus. Yet, the line of hope is that anyone and everyone can boost their resistance, thus avoid the risk of getting affected by the illness. The immunity of humans pulls down as they grow older. If their immune system is robust, them falling sick is feeble. If their resistance is weak, them getting ill is sound. Several factors affect the immune system and its ability, including its nourishment. A two-way connection between nutrition, infection and immunity presents. Changes in one part will affect the others part in our body that's the nature's rule. Well defined immune system quality which is present between each life phase may influence the type, generality and the degree of infections. At the same time, low nutrition to the body will decrease the immune function and expose the body to the danger of getting infected by infectious diseases. Different quantity of micro nutrients is required for increasing the immunity power of our body. Generally the vitamins A,C,D,E,B2,B6,B12, iron, zinc and selenium. The deficiencies of micro nutrients are acknowledged as a global health issue, and also low nutrition makes it prone to establishes the infections in the body. --- ## The Impact of Covid 19 on Pregnant Women and Child Health **Authors:** Nikhil Sanjay Mujbaile, Smita Damke **Published:** 2020-09-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3645 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid 19, Mental health, Pandemic, Youngsters, Children The Covid illness (COVID-19) pandemic has spread rapidly all through the world and has had a drawn-out impact. The Pandemic has done incredible damage to society and made genuine mental injury to numerous individuals. Mental emergencies frequently cause youngsters to deliver sentiments of relinquishment, despondency, insufficiency, and fatigue and even raise the danger of self-destruction. Youngsters with psychological instabilities are particularly powerless during the isolate and colonial removing period. Convenient and proper assurances are expected to forestall the event of mental and social issues. The rising advanced applications and wellbeing administrations, for example, telehealth, web-based media, versatile wellbeing, and far off intuitive online instruction can connect the social separation and backing mental and conduct wellbeing for youngsters. Because of the mental advancement qualities of youngsters, this investigation additionally outlines intercessions on the mental effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Further difficulties in Low Middle-Income Countries incorporate the failure to actualize successful general wellbeing estimates, for example, social separating, hand cleanliness, definitive distinguishing proof of contaminated individuals with self-disconnection and widespread utilization of covers The aberrant impacts of the Pandemic on youngster wellbeing are of extensive concern, including expanding neediness levels, upset tutoring, absence of admittance to the class taking care of plans, decreased admittance to wellbeing offices and breaks in inoculation and other kid wellbeing programs. Kept tutoring is critical for kids in Low Middle-Income Countries. Arrangement of safe situations is mainly testing in packed asset obliged schools. --- ## An overview on pandemic Covid-19 **Authors:** Vasishta P A, Anjali A K, Brundha M P, Vinay Sivaswamy **Published:** 2020-09-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3068 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Pandemics, Covid-19, precautions, transmission, pathophysiology, viral infection The study aims to know about the Precautions to be taken in public during this pandemic; COVID-19. Pandemic is a worldwide spread of disease and Covid-19 which has been told as a pandemic was first found in Wuhan, A place in China. As this is pandemic, it is important to control this virus. Government has implemented various measures like self-quarantine, social distancing, lockdown, etc. in preventing this virus and also various other measures have been implemented during this pandemic. A thorough literature search was performed using the database like Pubmed, google scholar, BioRxiv, MESH, Cochran database using the keywords ‘COVID -19‘,’ pandemic 'and ‘Precautions ‘ with no date and year restrictions. The language is restricted to English. 15 articles with similar data have been found which were analyzed and have been included in this study. It is very important to know pathophysiology, mode of transmission, precautions taken by the government during this pandemic to create knowledge about this pandemic which will be discussed in this study with the data collected from the articles collected. --- ## COVID – 19 and Gravid Mothers **Authors:** Shruti Sadavarte, Bhagyashri Vijay Chaudhari **Published:** 2020-09-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3580 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** covid-19, pregnancy, pandemic, respiratory distress, vertical transmission Human history is observing a very horrible and strange situation fighting a very small enemy. The Novel COVID-19 corona virus. On 11 feb 2020 world health organization has declared a name for covid disorder and has said covid as a global public health diease and also as a pandemic due to its worldwide spread. It started as an outbreak in december with its birth place in wuhan people of china has came out as a global public health exigency of worldwide trouble. Corona virus are the group of virus with non segmented, single stranded and positive sence RNA genome. In this narrative review article, reference was taken from different article published in various database. Maximum article including the information of pregnancy and covid-19 were reviewed. A review of 11article with world health organization site information it is found that the symptoms of corona virus disease in non-pregnant occurred indistinguishable to that of gravid mother. There is no information regarding perinatal transmission in parturiency. It has been disclosed that corona virus can cause distress in gravid mother, miscarriage and also fetal distress. In general due to lack of relevant information regarding the effect of corona virus disease on gravidity it is obligatory to have more and more studies in this area. --- ## Awareness and prevention of covid-19 infection among rural populations **Authors:** Kushali R, Geetha R V **Published:** 2020-09-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3064 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID 19, rural population, prevention methods, awareness, symptoms, transmission COVID infection is the current pandemic outbreak which is a global emergency in more than 150 countries. This has bought the entire nation to a halt. Health officials and medical professionals are struggling to prevent the transmission of this highly contagious disease. Awareness of the current outbreak is essential. Risk of spreading the virus is heightened in rural areas. Reasons for high chances in such areas are due to a number of factors, limited supply of clean water and limited availability of food. Low level of nutrients, ill-equipped and insufficient public health centres and district hospitals. The survey was distributed online to around 100 participants of various rural areas of Tamil Nadu, and the inclusive criteria were age, sex, presence of Medical conditions and awareness on COVID infections, mode of transmission and if any preventive measures were used by them. The results reveal that around 98% of the study population are aware and have enough knowledge about the virus, and 2% of individuals show a lack of awareness. High preventive measures were adopted by the people, like social distancing, covering faces with masks and not touching their faces often. The study concludes that there is awareness of COVID and it’s prevention among the people of the rural areas. Wide preventive measures are taken to control the spread of the infection. Also, there is a high awareness of the symptoms seen in suffering patients. --- ## Home remedies for patients suffering from dental pain during lockdown-A questionnaire survey **Authors:** Pavithra A S, Anjali A K **Published:** 2020-09-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2844 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Home remedy, tooth pain, clove, lockdown, coronavirus The lockdown prevailing due to the pandemic has led to complete inaccessibility of any dental clinics even at times of emergency. Hence, dental patients are now resorting to home remedies to relieve their toothache. The main aim of this study is to know home remedies for patients suffering from mild dental pain during this lockdown condition and to spread possible remedies they can do at home itself rather than moving out of the house. A total of about 50 people were taken in this study where the questionnaires were spread among dentists, Ayurveda health care professionals, pharmaceutical workers, medical doctors, and practicing students. The questionnaires were framed and distributed through Google forms. The results were collected and then analysed through SPSS software. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out and chi square test was used and p value was calculated. From the survey, it is seen that salt water is mostly suggested by health care professionals for dental pain as home remedies. Henceforth it can be advised to be taken by the patients suffering from mild dental pain in this lockdown. --- ## Assessment of various treatment modalities for isolated gingival recession defect - A retrospective study **Authors:** Karthikeyan Murthykumar, Arvina Rajasekar, Gurumoorthy Kaarthikeyan **Published:** 2020-09-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2824 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** esthetics, root coverage, recession defects, Gingival recession Esthetic demands among the patients have increased markedly over the past few years. The Gingival recession is one of the prime esthetic concerns, and there are various treatment modalities in managing recession defects. Most often, esthetic outcomes following root coverage procedures are not assessed. Thus the current article aims to determine the aesthetic outcome following various treatment modalities for root coverage procedures using Recession Esthetic Score (RES). In the present study, seventeen patients with Miller Class I, II and III recession defects treated with root coverage procedures were evaluated retrospectively. Esthetic outcomes were assessed using the root coverage esthetic score (RES) postoperatively. Among 17 managed recession sites, 6(35%) had complete root coverage. Three of six patients who attained complete root coverage had a perfect score (RES-10). Free Gingival Graft showed better root coverage and recession esthetic score (RES); however, there was no significant association between root coverage, RES and various treatment modalities used for recession coverage (p>0.05). --- ## An Analysis into Chief Complaint and Dental Status in Patients Indicated for Full Mouth Rehabilitation **Authors:** Sagana M, Suresh Venugopalan, Jeevitha M **Published:** 2020-09-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2826 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chief complaint, dental status, full mouth rehabilitation, missing teeth Full mouth rehabilitation is the procedure when restoration of missing teeth involves the complete restoration of the oral cavity, in terms of function and esthetics. Proper diagnosis and careful treatment assessment should be made in managing FMR patients. This study aims to analyse the chief complaint and dental status in patients indicated for full mouth rehabilitation. A total of 58 patients meant for full mouth rehabilitation were included in this study. The study was conducted at Saveetha Dental College. Data were collected by analysing patients' records between June 2019 and March 2020. All the data were recorded and analysed statistically using SPSS software. Based on the analysis, it is found that the most common chief complaint reported by FMR patients was prosthetic related. About 23% of patients indicated for full mouth rehabilitation presented with four missing quadrants. About 74% of patients indicated for full mouth rehabilitation presented with no previous endodontic treatment. Chief complaint and dental status play a crucial role in making a proper diagnosis in patients meant for full mouth rehabilitation. --- ## Assessment of epidemiology of oral malignancies - An institution based Retrospective study **Authors:** Snega Thamilselvan, Hannah R, Abilasha R, Pratibha Ramani, Gheena S **Published:** 2020-09-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2825 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Epidemiology, Oral malignancies, Carcinoma, Sarcoma, Institutional level Oral malignancies are a group of dangerous disease affecting the oral cavity. The subtypes of oral malignancies have distinctive aetiology, epidemiology and multi-year endurance rate. This retrospective study included subjects who reported to the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology in Saveetha Dental College from July 2019 - March 2020. Data on age, gender, lesion site, habit profile and diagnosis were recorded and analysed for Pearson’s chi-square correlation test between demographic data and oral malignancies. A total of 83 cases were included in the study in which 80 (96.3%) are carcinomas, and 3 (3.75%) are other malignancies. The correlation between the oral malignancy diagnosis and demographic data - age, gender, site and habit showed statistically insignificant (p>0.05) results with p-value = 0.802, 0.898, 0.07and 0.817 respectively. Our study demonstrated that predominance of oral malignancies was seen in the fifth - the seventh decade of life with more propensity towards the male population, and buccal mucosa was identified as the most common site. This study reflects the need to create awareness among the general population regarding the burden of disease and the possibility of preventing it. --- ## International Conference on Emerging Trends in Biomedical and Health Applications (ICETBHA-2020) **Authors:** Lakshmi T, Deepa Gurunadhan, Mahesh R, Raghunandha Kumar S **Published:** 2020-09-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2884 **Type:** research article **Keywords:** Biomedical applications, Health sciences, Conference proceedings, Emerging trends The International Conference on Emerging Trends in Biomedical and Health Applications (ICETBHA -2020) is an initiative undertaken by the Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India. The Conference aims to provide a platform for scientific and knowledge exchange and also explore the recent trends in biomedical field. The purpose of this conference is to explore the Novel concepts by the scientific experts involved in the biomedical research and health care sector. This conference focus on the presentations, Interaction between the expertise and students, research scholars on the updated information on Nano medicine, Cancer therapeutics, Pharmacogenomics, Awareness survey on health care, Microbial applications, Molecular biological investigations, Genetic studies, Drug therapy, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Dental applications in the field of Biomedicine and its use in Oral health care. This conference featured the keynote speaker and invited lectures from Countries like South Korea, USA, Japan. Scientific presentation included Paper /e-poster with diverse topics on the cutting edge research and novel innovations. --- ## Analysis of types of tracing in biofunctional prosthetic system using intra oral tracers- a retrospective study **Authors:** Jagadish Rajkumaar, Subhasree R, Raj S S **Published:** 2020-09-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2850 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gothic arch, tracing techniques, arrow points, complete denture The aim of the study is to access the types of gothic arch tracing achieved using intraoral tracer in a biofunctional prosthetic system (BPS). Assessing the centric relation plays an important role in the fabrication of complete denture. Gothic arch tracing is one of the methods used to achieve centric relation in complete denture patients. The types of the arrow forms include the classical pointed form, classical flat form, weak form, asymmetrical form, miniature form, vertical line extending beyond the arrow point. The variations in achieving arrow tracing for a complete denture patient depends on mandibular movements. Data collection was done from DIAS (dental hospital management system) which is an electronic record management system and details such as edentulousness, types of arrow point achieved and type of tracer used was obtained and tabulated. Further the data were analysed by statistical tests (chi-square analysis) using SPSS software (write the version). The typical arrow point tracing was common in both sexes. Females show more variation in tracing arrow types of tracing were more commonly seen in females. The chi-square analysis reveals an insight value of p> 0.005. The typical arrow point tracing form is seen in both males and females. Other forms like atypical, double arrow are commonly seen in females and only miniature forms are seen in males. --- ## Association between rheumatoid arthritis with gender, age, obesity and smoking among middle aged and old aged population - A Survey **Authors:** Kaviyaselvi Gurumurthy, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Don K. R. **Published:** 2020-09-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2851 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rheumatoid arthritis, Awareness, Smoking, Obesity, Risk factors As the population of teenagers and middle-aged humans increases, the number of smokers and the people associated with various diseases due to this habit also increase. The reason for the number of increased smokers arises due to peer pressure and other factors such as anxiety and stress. One such disease associated with smoking is rheumatoid arthritis which is characterised by inflammation of joints. The present study was conducted to understand the influence of various factors such as gender, age and smoking with the risk of occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis. For the present study, a self-administered questionnaire comprising 15 questions was prepared and circulated via an online google form link. The results obtained were recorded and analysed using the SPSS software version 22, and the statistical test used was descriptive statistics. From the present study, it was observed that a majority of the participants were aware of the rheumatoid disease arthritis and believed that hormones such as estrogen could increase the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Majority of the population also found that nicotine from cigarettes can increase the occurrence of RA. The present study concluded that RA could be prevented by following a balanced diet and by creating awareness on the same. --- ## Association between smoking and obstructive sleep apnea in adult and aged male population – A survey based study **Authors:** Ranjith Raj VPRB, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Murugan Thamaraiselvan **Published:** 2020-09-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2848 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Smoking, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Awareness, Sleep pattern, Snoring Smoking is defined as the process where a person inhales smoke either from burnt paper or electronic cigarette with or without containing tobacco. There are various drugs and substances which can be abused in the form of smoking. In the earlier days smoking cigarettes were branded as an healthy lifestyle. One such deteriorating effect of smoking could be OSA abbreviating to obstructive sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea can be defined as the obstruction of the airway either completely or partially during the sleep. India being a country with a huge population of smokers has inadequate public health awareness. The aim of the study is to analyse if there is any association between smoking and obstructive sleep apnea. Our study is a survey based study among the Indian population. No ethical approval was required from the study due to the self volunteering of the participants.Sample size of this study was n=100. Pre tested questionnaire containing questions based on smoking,sleep patterns derived from Berlin’s & STOP BANG questionnaire. Questionnaire was circulated online among 100 participants above the age of 18 using Google Forms. The results were first imported to Excel then to SPSS software for further analysis. The present study population had male participation of 57%, and female participation of 43%, 59% of the study population were not aware of obstructive sleep apnea,75% of the participants declared that they are not addicted to smoking yet 25% are addicted,96% of the participants population found the study to be useful. The present survey study concluded that there may be an association between smoking and obstructive sleep apnea in the adult and aged population. --- ## Association of gender with missing tooth surfaces - A record based study **Authors:** Monica Antony, Leelavathi L **Published:** 2020-09-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2843 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Caries, DMFS, DMFT, missing tooth surfaces, oral health Dental caries remains a common disease worldwide. There is evidence indicating that many caries risk factors provide a gender bias, placing men at a higher caries risk. Generally, dental caries disproportionately affects the poor and racial or ethnic minorities worldwide, with men and women suffering more from the disease. This study aims to associate gender with missing tooth surfaces. Two thousand four hundred forty data of the study population with missing tooth surfaces were collected. They were recorded in the DMFS index. This retrospective study was done using the data collected from the educational software of Saveetha Dental College; from June 2019 to April 2020. The results were tabulated, and graphs were obtained. Descriptive statistics and the chi-square test was done. 52.34% of the male study population were more prone to missing tooth surfaces than the 47.66% female study population. 90.45% had 0 to 32 missing tooth surfaces that were more common, 8.11% had 33 to 64 missing tooth surfaces, 1.35% had 65 to 96 missing tooth surfaces, and 0.08% had 97 to 128 missing tooth surfaces. Males had more percentage of 0 to 32 missing tooth surfaces when compared to females( 48.46% vs 41.97%). This difference was found to be statistically significant (p=0.002). The study showed that the missing tooth surfaces were more common among males than females. Males have poor dietary habit and oral hygiene compared to females. Some of the contributing factors include diet, genes, oral environment, fluoride, caries, etc. More research is needed to define the role of all the contributors more clearly for us to understand the development of caries among both genders more thoroughly and to anticipate the disease process before it begins. --- ## The Palliative Care and Covid-19 Pandemic **Authors:** Mercy B. Joseph, Savita Pohekar, Arati Raut, Manoj Patil **Published:** 2020-09-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2861 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Pandemic, Palliative care, Treatment During this phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare systems and healthcare personnel are overwhelmed and are already prepared to treat an influx of patients affected. The corona virus poses an uncertain period of intense acute care crisis where hundreds of thousands of people theoretically could get infected, some fatally, and ten thousands could die. This article addresses the normal palliative care issues — Life quality, comprehensive care planning, Patient discernment preferences, treatment of pain and symptoms, and encouragement for caregivers over prolonged trajectories — seem small and weak in contrast. The use of the particular Palliative care skills and abilities needs to be part of the programme. To agree that death is imminent for any human being should be right for the health system. Extending the dying process in days, weeks, or months against the person’s wish is pointless; it will only prolong the physical and emotional agonies. Individual must be at peace at the end of the life and give as much dignity and comfort as possible, but intensive care units cannot give them the comfort or dignity they deserve. It basically means that all COVID- treating nurses will have expertise in the basics of palliative care, as well as access to opioids for symptoms management like breathlessness. --- ## Knowledge and awareness about airborne pathogens and its prevention among the general public **Authors:** Ashritha M, Geetha R V, Jayalakshmi Somasundaram **Published:** 2020-09-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2927 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Airborne disease, Respiratory disease, Infection protection, Susceptible, Pandemic The airborne disease is mainly caused by the pathogens, which spread through respiratory droplets while coughing, sneezing or talking. Infection protection and control measures are taken to prevent the possible spread of coronavirus, which also spreads through respiratory droplets. Discharged microbes are suspended in the air as dust particles and even in the form of droplets. The Middle East respiratory syndrome is caused by coronavirus wherein the health workers are at a higher risk. Hence, awareness must be created in order to reduce a number of cases. The preventive measures are mainly taken in health care as patients are susceptible to diseases. It is essential for all the people to become aware and take steps according. The survey was distributed online to around 100 participants of various places of Tamil Nadu regarding the awareness of airborne pathogens. From this above study, it could be noticed that around 85% of the people are aware of the airborne pathogen whereas 15% of the people are not aware of. 64% of people have a good knowledge of the symptoms of any type of airborne disease. Regarding the protective measures that must be taken, about 65% of the people are conscious of doing it. The study concludes that there is awareness of airborne pathogens and its prevention among the general public. --- ## Alternative Medicine Suggestions for Treatment of Covid - 19 -A Review **Authors:** Jeyashree T, Jayalakshmi Somasundaram, Balaji Ganesh S, Anjali A K **Published:** 2020-09-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3067 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, pandemic, allopathic, Remdesivir, alternative medical treatment The health crisis that presently threatens the whole world is COVID-19. The spread of the disease has increased with the number of individuals affected increasing day by day. Currently, many drugs are used all over the world to fight against the disease. Drugs like remdesivir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are used all over the world. Scientists all over the world especially in India are trying to find alternative medicines with minimal side effects to treat this disease. The main aim of this study is to bring alternative medicines for the treatment of COVID - 19 as a consideration to the general public. --- ## Awareness on the possible role of ayurveda as an immunity booster in the covid19 pandemic **Authors:** Mohamed Arsaath N, Gheena S **Published:** 2020-08-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2855 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Covid 19, Immunity, Awareness, Knowledge Covid 19 is pneumonia associated viral infection that originated from Wuhan city in December 2019. The virus appears to be spherical in appearance with proteins called spikes protruding from the surface. Ayurveda plays a vital role in boosting the immunity of our body against the pandemic outbreak covid19. This study was carried out to analyse the awareness of people on Ayurveda being a possible option for boosting our immunity. An online survey was conducted with a self-structured questionnaire using an online survey platform google forms. The link was shared through social media. A total of 100 responses were received. The reactions recorded and were analysed, and statistical analysis was performed. The responses recorded from the participants showed that the participants possess adequate knowledge about the covid19 infection, and they possess sufficient awareness of the possible role of Ayurveda on boosting immunity against covid19. 83.9% of the respondents are aware of the pandemic outbreak covid19, and among them, 59.5% believe that Ayurveda plays a role in boosting immunity against covid19. Around 50% of the participants believe herbs used in Ayurveda are potential inhibitors against covid19. The study conducted concludes that during this pandemic outbreak most of the participants are aware of the origin, cause, mode of the spread and are also aware of the role of Ayurveda in boosting our immunity level. --- ## Flattening the Covid-19 curve: A myth or reality - A questionnaire based study **Authors:** Mukil P Sunil, Abilasha R, Preetha S **Published:** 2020-08-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2859 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Flattening the curve, lockdown, community spread Flattening the curve is a public health strategy to slow down the spread of SARS- COV - 2 viruses during the covid--19 pandemics. The study aims to assess the knowledge and create awareness of flattening the COVID- 19 curves. A survey-based questionnaire was done to create understanding about 'flattening the curve'. A total of of 12 questions were collected by google forms app.SPSS statistical analysis was done. The results were obtained, and the data was analysed. The overall awareness of all subgroups was fair in reporting correct answers. People of the 15-25 age groups mostly attended the survey. (50.7%).71% of the respondents were males. In this study, almost 71% of the respondents were aware of the covid-19 curve. Nearly 54% of the respondents believed that community transmission is increasing in their area.71% of the respondents found lockdown can affect India's economic capital.71% believed lockdown implemented in India is effective.55.5% of the respondents thought that India is flattening the curve. Hence, the study concludes that the participants have awareness about the measures taken to flatten the COVID - 19 curves. --- ## Knowledge and awareness on natural dietary immunoboosters to combat Covid 19-A survey **Authors:** Aldrin Joshua A, Gayatri Devi R, Gifrina Jayaraj **Published:** 2020-08-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2830 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Immunoboosters, immunity, COVID 19, vitamins, minerals, nutrients, food habits A natural immune booster is an additional immunizing agent which helps to increase and sustain the immune response of the body. Circumin is an active compound in turmeric which is a natural antioxidant which is used as an immune booster, antimicrobial, antipathogen and as a detoxifying agent. Pepper contains piperine that has antioxidant potential which will decrease the level of lipid peroxidase and has immunomodulatory activity, it increases macrophage migration index and phagocytic index. The vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that reduces the duration and severity of upper respiratory tract infections. Along with natural immune boosters, healthy practices like yoga and meditation will regulate and maintain organ functions, thereby improving our immunity. The main aim of the study is to create an awareness on natural dietary immunoboosters to combat COVID 19. A self structured questionnaire comprising of about 15 questions was prepared and circulated through online based i.e. Google forms. The results were obtained and statistically analyzed through SPSS software. The survey was done on a small scale population comprising 110 participants in which 62 male (56.4%) and 48 female (43.6%) participated. About 95.5% of the population are aware that taking citrus fruits that have vitamin C will boost their immunity but only 4.5% of them are not aware. 80% of the population are aware that green tea is a powerful antioxidant which will help in building immunity but 9.1% were not aware and 10.9% was not sure of the fact. 82.7% of the population are well aware that spinach and other green vegetables have to be cooked as little as possible to retain nutrients present in them but only 10.9% of them were not sure and 6.4% of them were not aware. --- ## Knowledge and awareness on the impact of covid-19 on global wealth - A survey **Authors:** Rieshy V, Gayatri Devi R **Published:** 2020-08-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2831 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, wealth, global, impact, share market Coronavirus, also called as COVID-19, a pandemic disease that causes a widespread concern about the economic hardships for both the consumers and businessman communities that are present across the globe. As the coronavirus unfolds, the global economic market melts down, which is caused by this pandemic disease, pushes the wealthy. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the awareness level of global wealth due to covid 19. A self-designed survey study was conducted among 100 individuals of the general population. The questionnaire was designed in the manner to assess their knowledge about the impact of COVID-19 on global wealth. The questionnaire contains a set of 15 questions. It was distributed through the google docs. The results and data from this study was analysed using SPSS software. The responses recorded in the present study from the survey participant depicts that the participants possess adequate knowledge about the COVID-19 infection and equally they possess an adequate awareness about the impact caused globally due to COVID-19. The results of the present study shows that 71.03% of the participants are aware about the pandemic outbreak COVID-19 and among them 57.94% participants believes that the pandemic outbreak COVID-19 resulted in a global impact on various industries. Within the limitations of the present study, awareness and knowledge among the survey population about the impact of COVID-19 on global wealth is analyzed and from the result of the descriptive analysis carried out in the present study, it is evident that majority of the population are aware of the impact caused on the global wealth due to the pneumonia associated with the global pandemic outbreak, COVID-19. --- ## Evaluation of the effects of Covid-19 in a dentist's daily routine - A Survey **Authors:** Akansha Kishen, Anjali A K, Brundha M P, Muralidharan N P **Published:** 2020-08-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2858 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, dentist, aerosol transmission, RNA virus, pandemic disease, SARS-CoV-2 Covid 19 is considered to be a pandemic virus infection. SARS-Cov-2 causes it. It is a viral infection that is transmitted through aerosol and droplet contamination, cross-infection, etc. Dentists are at a higher risk due to this corona. It has affected daily routines of dentist's life as they are unavailable to run the clinic and attend to patients. Different search engines like PubMed, and Google Scholar was used. The questionnaire consisting of twenty questions was prepared by using online survey google forms and circulated among the participants. SPSS software was used to evaluate the results and data collection. Statistical analysis was done by chi-square test. Later, results were being tabulated. This survey that is taken among dental students, dentists, and random public, it is seen that the majority of them are well aware of this recent pandemic attack. (COVID-19). It is concluded that dentists are affected to a significant extent due to coronavirus as their daily routine is affected severely. This study aims to identify the effect on dentist life on a routine basis due to the pandemic COVID - 19. --- ## Improving knowledge and assessing the awareness about Covid-19 testing among dental students - A questionnaire-based survey **Authors:** Vamshi Ram V, Abilasha R, Preetha S **Published:** 2020-08-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2856 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** dental students, COVID testing, COVID-19, awareness The study aims to assess the knowledge and create awareness of COVID testing among dental students. A survey-based questionnaire was done to generate understanding of COVID testing. A questionnaire containing 15 questions was prepared and circulated online using Google forms Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. The results were obtained, and the data were analysed. The Overall awareness of all the sub groups was good with more than 90% of the population being aware of the various parameters for Covid testing. The study concludes that even though the awareness was reported to be adequate, various measures have to be taken towards improving the knowledge and continuous updates have to be provided regarding COVID testing to the dental students. --- ## Awareness on possible Ayurvedic treatment to prevent Covid-19 - A survey **Authors:** Sutharshan G S, Keerthi Sasanka, Ganesh Lakshmanan, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2020-08-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3066 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Awareness, Covid-19, Disease, Immunity, Treatment COVID19 is pneumonia associated viral infection that originated from Wuhan city in December 2019. The virus appears to be spherical in appearance with proteins called spikes protruding from the surface. Ayurveda plays a vital role in boosting the immunity of our body against the pandemic outbreak COVID-19. The study aims to be aware of possible Ayurvedic treatment to prevent COVID-19. An online survey was conducted with a self-structured questionnaire using an online survey platform google forms. The link was shared through social media. A total of 100 responses were received. The responses recorded from the participants showed that the participants possess adequate knowledge about the covid19 infection, and they possess sufficient awareness of the possible role of Ayurveda on boosting immunity against COVID-19. Around 68% of the respondents showed positive responses towards ayurvedic treatment to prevent COVID-19.Showing responses for questions about diet patterns, plays a vital role in preventing COVID19 - positive responses is 41%. The study concluded that during this pandemic outbreak, most of the participants are aware of the origin, cause, mode of the spread, treatment options and the initiatives taken by the government to prevent this pandemic. So, therefore, it concludes that Ayurveda plays a significant role in the process of boosting immunity against covid19. --- ## Analysis of awareness of infection control in dental practice during the COVID-19 outbreak among dental practitioners in Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Roshan A, Jeevitha M, Sridevi G **Published:** 2020-08-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3062 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, awareness, dental professionals, infection control, precautions, dentistry, SARS CoV-2 Given the existence of a standardized tool and infection control recommendations for COVID-19, many dental professionals lack the minimum infection control requirements. As the disease outbreak continues to evolve and health centres respond to unique situations in their communities, the Department of Health recognizes that dental settings may also be necessary to provide non-emergency dental care. The dental environment will balance the need to include the resources available whilst reducing the harm to patients and dental health staff. The aim of the study is to assess the awareness of infection control in dental practice in the COVID-19 outbreak among dental practitioners. A Self-administered questionnaire was designed based on awareness of infection control for a dental practice in the COVID-19 outbreak. The questionnaire was distributed through an online google form link. The study population included dental professionals in Tamil Nadu. The data was collected and statistically analysed. 81% use PPE (personal protective equipment) during the procedure, 82.7% of patients are made to rinse their mouth with an antimicrobial mouth rinse before the dental procedure. Based on the findings, awareness level and infection control in dental practice can be improved. --- ## Awareness about Covid 19 Pandemic and its Social Impacts on Normal Human Lifestyle Among Chennai Population **Authors:** Anu Iswarya Jaisankar, Raghu Nandhakumar, Ezhilarasan D **Published:** 2020-08-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3063 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Covid 19, Physical Impacts, Psychological Impacts, Educational Impacts, Socio-Economic Impacts Covid 19 pandemic is a terrible ongoing pandemic that has spread worldwide. Covid 19 Pandemic has infected more than 188 countries and territories across the globe. The basic biological processes and functional limitations that govern the development and survival of the particular behaviors of the virus continue to be elucidated. On that note, Prevention is the only cure. The World is facing a great economic turmoil. People suffer from Psychological stress and Economic burden combined. Here assessing the Psychological, Physical, Social, Financial and Economic impacts of the Pandemic on the people becomes really very important in analysing the mindset of the people and in evaluating the significance of implemented changes and in implementing new changes. The current study aims at analysing the various impacts of Covid 19 on the people residing at the Greater Chennai corporation circle. --- ## Importance of the universal precautions among health care personnel and its impact against Covid-19 spread - A survey **Authors:** Preethi Shankar, Abilasha R, Preetha S **Published:** 2020-08-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3065 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Universal precaution, coronavirus, prevent infections, body fluids Universal precautions are a vital standard set of rules applied to be followed by patients and doctors while carrying out any clinical procedure, but especially in patients with blood-borne diseases or infections. It is carried out to prevent the spread of infection from one person to another. Universal precautions are of great significance to medical personnel, where they expose themselves to numerous infectious diseases. The research aimed to assess and improve knowledge about universal precautions among health care personnel to reduce the rate of harmful exposure and infections among them. A questionnaire comprising 20 questions was created and circulated among 100 health care workers through the online platform "Google forms". The results were collected and analysed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. It was evident that many people were not aware of the seriousness of universal precautions. Fortunately, many medical personals followed and were aware of universal precaution to an extent. Universal precaution should be followed religiously and judiciously to prevent the spread of deadly diseases. --- ## Evaluation of anxiety levels amidst Covid-19 pandemic among Chennai population **Authors:** Lekha A, Hannah R **Published:** 2020-08-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3060 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anxiety level, COVID 19, Chennai population, stress Anxiety refers to Intense, excessive and persistent worry and fear about everyday situations. Fast heart rate, rapid breathing, sweating and feeling of tiredness is how WHO defines anxiety. COVID 19 pandemic has increased the global anxiety level. The relatives and acquaintances infected with COVID - 19 is a risk factor for increasing the anxiety level. Self-administered questionnaires were designed based on knowledge attitude, and practice. The participants were in the age group of 18 - 60 years and belonged to the Chennai population. The questions were validated and distributed using google forms. After receiving enough responses, the data was collected and statistically analysed. The knowledge and awareness of COVID 19 are high in the Chennai population. Along with an increase in the anxiety level in the context of COVID 19. The results show the need for social support to alleviate stress and improve mental health --- ## Knowledge about risk factors, symptoms and diet pertaining to cardiac disease among rural population of Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Narayanaswamy A G, Meenakshi K, Porchelvan S, Harsha Nair H, Akshaya S, Roshini Priya V, Akshya C K C, Tamil Selvan S **Published:** 2020-08-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.3548 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness of heart friendly Diet, Awareness of Ischemic Heart Disease risk factors, Ischemic heart disease awareness, Questionnaire to determine CAD awareness The prevalence of Cardiovascular Vascular Disease is increasing rapidly and has become a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in both developing and developed countries. Demographic transitions, adoption of unhealthy lifestyles and diet, sedentary occupations and even ignorance has contributed to this epidemic. However, there are very few existing studies determining the awareness of CVD and its risk factors among general population. We studied 640 patients from one subset of rural Chennai to determine the essential knowledge on various aspects of coronary artery disease. Most of our patients were aware that chest pain, sweating, palpitation, increased consumption of fatty and oily food, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and smoking were associated with heart disease. What was surprising was that majority did not know that dyspnea, edema and oliguria could occur in Cardiovascular Vascular Disease. Many did not know that avoidance of sedentary lifestyle was heart healthy and almost 50% of the study population were unaware that consumption of increased amount of green leafy vegetables and could prevent heart disease. Half of the study population did not recognise that family history of premature cardiovascular disease could predispose to the same in the offspring. Methods to Increase this awareness and follow up programs to monitor whether they are implemented could go a long way to reduce the prevalence of the disease. --- ## Evaluation of Anticonvulsant and Anti-oxidant Potentials of Basella Alba by Influencing the Brain Enzyme Levels in Laboratory Animals **Authors:** Asokan B.R., Jaikumar S, Somasundaram G **Published:** 2020-08-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2852 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Basella alba, Anti-oxidant, Invivo, peroxidases Epilepsy and convulsions constitute a significant class of symptoms that are commonly seen in many neurological diseases. It is understood that there is an apparent alteration in the levels of the enzymes which present brain during epilepsy. Anti-oxidant drugs are known to elevate the protective enzyme levels in the body and restore them to ensure the proper functioning is done. But when the enzyme levels are not managed properly, they can cause further damage and deterioration of the tissue. Basella alba is one of such drugs, which is rich in anti-oxidant chemical constituents. Many researchers concluded that many components like vitamin A, C and flavonoids, polyphenols are being reported. In the study, Basella alba was investigated for effect on an anti-oxidant enzyme in the brain. The extracts showed a better activity and prevented the brain tissue damage from any oxidative free radical generation. The enzyme levels were healthy at the dose of 400mg/kg of extract. --- ## Proactive role of citric acid and tyrosine in nicotine addiction and controlling withdrawal symptoms in Wistar rats **Authors:** Bhanu Prakash G, Senthilkumar Sivanesan, Vijayaraghavan R, Praveenkumar P **Published:** 2020-08-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2853 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nicotine deaddiction, Citric acid, Tyrosine, Dopamine Nicotine deaddiction is not an easy job because regular exposure to nicotine leads to the development of neuroadaptation, neuroadaptation increases the number of binding sites on the nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the brain, this may be due to nicotine-mediated desensitization of receptors. Therefore the present study evaluate the commonly available substances like CA (Citric acid) and TY (Tyrosine) that can bring down the nicotine levels and maintain the dopamine levels without altering the nicotine intake. Thirty six animals were divided into 6 groups (n=6). Group-1 rats served as control and received only food and water while group (2) animals received only nicotine (600 µg/kg bw) by subcutaneous route for 21 consecutive days. Group (3-4) received both nicotine with CA 100 mg/kg bw oral and nicotine with CA 200mg/kg bw oral respectively for 21 days. Similarly group (5-6) received both nicotine with TY 100 mg/kg bw oral and nicotine with TY 200mg/kg bw oral respectively for 21 days. From 22nd day, animals in groups 3 to 6 alone received respectively CA (100 and 200 mg/kg bw; oral) and TY (100 and 200 mg/kg bw; oral) for another 5 days. On day 26, the animals in all groups were sacrificed and the blood was collected. It was observed that the nicotine level was significantly less in CA 100 mg and TY 200 mg doses. There was a significant increase in dopamine level in the nicotine treated group-2 when compared to normal control group-1. The same showed a slight decrease in CA and TY treated groups as compared to nicotine-treated group-2. Hence it is concluded that CA and TY have the ability to reduce the effect of nicotine levels and maintain the dopamine levels that can sustain the level of nicotine. This possibly can control the withdrawal symptoms of nicotine addiction and curtail craving for nicotine in the long run and most probably might lead to the cessation of smoking or tobacco consumption. --- ## Knowledge and Awareness on Economic impact of Covid-19 among Trichy city population - A survey **Authors:** Kiran Srinivas B, Gayatri Devi R, Yuvaraj Babu K **Published:** 2020-08-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2829 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, Economic crisis, Lockdown, Indian economy, Wealth, Impact Coronavirus disease [Covid 19] is an infectious communicable disease causing severe causality among the world’s population. A communicable disease with high intense spread rates originated from China. As a result the world has locked all its gates, lockdown prevails in the entire world. Economy - the most affected sector in any country, daily life living is now restricted. The main aim of this study is to test the knowledge and create awareness on various attributes that are related to the Indian economy among the Trichy population. A self assessed questionnaire containing 14 questions about Indian economy during COVID 19 were framed and was shared through an online survey platform. The questionnaire was passed to 109 individuals. Responses from them were collected and were analysed through SPSS. Many residents from Trichy are aware about various aspects that affect our economy. Most of the responses from them were relevant and correct, emphasizing that they are already aware in these fields. Pandemic plays an important role in deciding a country’s economy. It shows its effects on all sectors of the government. Measures should be adopted by the citizens in order to escape from this economic fever. --- ## Awareness about coronavirus symptoms among school teachers and students -A knowledge-based survey in south Tamilnadu **Authors:** Infant Reshawn M, Abilasha R **Published:** 2020-08-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL3.2849 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** symptoms, knowledge, awareness, coronavirus Corona virus Belong to a family of viruses that cause various symptoms like pneumonia, fever, breathing difficulty and lung infection. The aim of the study is to assess the awareness about COVID-19 symptoms among school teachers and students to improve the knowledge among the teaching fraternity in educational institutions. A survey-based questionnaire was prepared to assess the awareness about the symptoms of COVID-19. A questionnaire of a total of 20 questions was sent to the teachers and students and the responses were collected by Google forms app, SPSS statistical analysis was also done. The overall awareness for all subgroups was fair. The highest percentage of correct responses were from the teachers compared to students. There is a need for regular interventions and educational training programs on COVID-19. --- ## Awareness and perception of precautionary measures against Covid 19 exposure among dental practitioners- A questionnaire based study **Authors:** Harini P, Abilasha R **Published:** 2020-08-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2847 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Precautionary measures, COVID 19, Dental practitioners The most unexpected pandemic global outbreak is COVID 19 which is a newly discovered viral infection which originated in Wuhan, China and it caused the outbreak of pneumonia in the rest of the world. Dental practitioners are more susceptible to COVID 19 infection as their work is related to the aerosol formation during various procedures through which the virus spreads. The aim of the study is to create awareness about precautionary measures against COVID- 19 exposure among dental practitioners in Tamilnadu. A Survey based questionnaire was formulated with questions related to the various precautionary measures to be adopted by dental practitioners which would be effective to prevent Covid-19 exposure. A questionnaire with a total of 20 questions was circulated among dental practitioners and the responses were collected by google forms SPSS software statistical analysis was done. The overall awareness of dental practitioners against Covid-19 was above average. The dental practitioners were relatively well aware of the precautions to be adopted while treating the patients, but the implementation in practice is lacking due absence of hands-on experience in using various kinds of PPE. There is a gap between knowledge and attitude and practice among the participants of this survey. It is therefore essential to plan for organising training sessions and hands-on workshops for the use of PPE and public training of the general population regarding Covid-19 to improve the knowledge among the patients visiting the dental clinic as well. --- ## General awareness about Covid-19 and the role of Convalescent plasma therapy in the treatment of Covid -19 among post graduate dental students - A KAP Survey **Authors:** Deepa Viswasini R, Abilasha R **Published:** 2020-08-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2841 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID 19, pathogenesis, convalescent plasma therapy, undergraduate dental students COVID-19, caused by SARS Cov2 virus is a global pandemic and a threat to the world population and economy. It can manifest with a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms ranging from asymptomatic cases to pneumonia or even fatality. One of the treatments suggested is convalescent plasma therapy. The study aims at assessing the general awareness about Covid-19 and knowledge about the role of Convalescent plasma therapy for treatment of Covid -19 among post graduate dental students. The survey was conducted among postgraduate dental students through an online survey tool using google forms. The survey was conducted online among postgraduate dental students on the go with 19 and convalescent plasma therapy. A total of 103 participant were included in the study. The responses were collected, tabulated and analysed using SPSS software. The knowledge regarding covid -19 and the awareness about the usefulness of convalescent plasma was variable. Around 90% of the participants were aware of the effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy. Advance training, proper PPE and training on handling the patients with any infectious disease should be dealt with in detail for reducing the spread from dental clinics and dentists. --- ## Awareness And Myths About Corona Virus: Selected Study On Engineering Students, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh **Authors:** Kishore Babu B, Venkateshwara Kumar K S **Published:** 2020-08-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2845 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, myth, contagious diseases, Engineering students Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a contagious ailment that spreads by a recently exposed coronavirus. A good number of people infected with the COVID-19 virus experienced mild to moderate respiratory illness and got well without requiring exceptional treatment. Aged individuals and those with primary medical troubles like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more expected to develop an audacious illness. A study was carried out in engineering colleges of Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. A structured questionnaire was formulated and used to do an online survey of 384 engineering students. The questionnaire included three parts, socio-demographic characteristics, selected myths and beliefs about coronavirus. The data collected were analysed using Microsoft Excel software. About the coronavirus majority of engineering students believed myths are “The study reveals the respondent's opinion on corona as below,40.4% believe that coronavirus will die off when temperatures rise in the spring, 5.1% strongly agree that social distancing guards spreading of coronavirus, 29.4% neither agree nor disagree that Home remedies can cure and protect against COVID-19, 27.9% strongly agree. --- ## Knowledge and awareness of COVID 19 on the respiratory system - A survey **Authors:** Shabbarish Chockalingam, Gayatri Devi R, Yuvaraj Babu K **Published:** 2020-08-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2828 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Respiratory disease, COVID-19, survey, SARS, pandemic, contagious With the world in a lockdown due to the pandemic that is COVID-19, a disease that is similar to the SARS pandemic, it is a highly contagious disease and has a high fatality rate. While the awareness about the presence of such a disease is high, the knowledge about the disease needs assessment. This study aimed to find the awareness of the amount of impact that the disease COVID-19 had on the respiratory system. A survey was conducted with a questionnaire of 15 questions using Google Forms given to a study population of college students aged between 18 and 22 years, the link to which was sent to 106 participants. The data collected was compiled using SPSS software. The compiled data were compared with the results of other studies. There were high similarities in the results of both studies. The research assessed the awareness of COVID-19 and its effect on the respiratory system among college students, and it was found to be high. --- ## Role of convalescent plasma therapy in new Coronavirus disease (nCOVID-19): A review **Authors:** Shweta Dadarao Parwe, Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha, Rishikesh Thakre **Published:** 2020-08-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2846 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Convalescent plasma therapy, immunotherapy, therapeutic neutralising antibodies, Respiratory dysfunction Hitherto, there is no proper line of treatment for the new Coronavirus (nCOVID19). The development of unique antiviral drugs has taken precedence. Therapeutic neutralising antibodies (NABs) will be a significantly beneficial agent against nCOVID-19. Here the host immune responses to new Coronavirus discussed in this review provide strategy and further treatment and understanding of clinical interventions against nCOVID-19. Plasma therapy uses the antibodies found in the blood of people recovering (or convalesced) from an infection to treat infected patients. When an infection occurs, the body begins producing proteins specially made to kill the germ, called antibodies. Those antibodies coat specifically plasma in the blood of survivors, the yellow transparent liquid blood portion for months or even years. Recent research assesses plasma use from Convalescent patients of infected with nCOVID-19 as a possible preventive treatment. But it is not yet recommended as a line of treatment, and it is used as a clinical trial in the new Coronavirus in Indian population. --- ## Knowledge and awareness about low Covid-19 mortality rate in Germany - A survey **Authors:** Arun Kishore R N, Gayatri Devi R **Published:** 2020-08-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2827 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID 19, awareness, Germany, mystery, mortality The recent news has all been about COVID - 19. There are no vaccines or cure for this disease. The main aim of this study is to assess the knowledge and awareness about the mystery behind the low Covid 19 Germany population Among south Indian population. COVID-19 started in December 2019, like a viral outbreak in Wuhan city of central China. Now it has become a pandemic all over the world and the world. The main aim of this study is to determine the awareness level of the mystery behind low covid - 19 Germany mortality rates among Chennai population - a survey. Questions were prepared and distributed among participants. And were distributed in an online survey. The results were later obtained and carefully analysed. From the results obtained and analysed the majority of the participants knew about the symptoms of COVID-19 and precautionary measures that had to be taken. The participants also have knowledge of Germans' low mortality rates during Covid 19 pandemic. From this survey, we can conclude that the Chennai population does have knowledge and awareness about the mystery behind low COVID-19 Germans mortality rates. --- ## Covid-19 and its financial effects on the dental fraternity and health-care workers: A literature review **Authors:** Devangi Agrawal, Namisha Khara, Bhushan Mundada, Nitin Bhola, Rajiv Borle **Published:** 2020-08-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2883 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid-19, pandemic, dental fraternity, healthcare providers, financial burden In the wake of the current outbreak of novel Covid-19, which is now declared as a 'pandemic' by the WHO, people around the globe have been dealing with a lot of difficulties. This virus had come into light in December 2019 and since then has only grown exponentially. Amongst the most affected are the ones who have been working extremely hard to eradicate it, which includes the hospitals, dental fraternity and the health-care workers. These people are financially burdened due to limited practise. In the case of dentistry, to avoid the spread of the virus, only emergency treatments are being approved, and the rest of the standard procedures have been put on hold. In some cases, as the number of covid cases is rising, many countries are even trying to eliminate the emergency dental procedures to divert the finances towards the treatment of covid suffering patients. What we need to realise is that this is probably not the last time that we are facing such a situation. Instead of going down, we should set up guidelines with appropriate precautionary measures together with the use of standardised PPEs. The government should also establish specific policies to support dental practices and other health-care providers. Together, we can fight this pandemic and come out stronger. --- ## Economic impact of COVID-19 on community pharmacy **Authors:** Elham Alshammari, Dalal Bin Suaydan, Sarah Alhussain, Nada Alsaleh, Ahlam Alshammari **Published:** 2020-08-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2840 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Community pharmacy, COVID-19, Economic impact, Global health emergency The onset of COVID-19 has harmed community pharmacy. As a result, the current study sought to investigate how the coronavirus disease affected community pharmacies from an economic perspective. Short interviews were conducted with 158 community pharmacies located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The findings showed that most of the community pharmacies incurred losses of over 10% as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic during its first month in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, the findings revealed that 19.6% of the pharmacies had a 0.1-2% profit during the first month,1.9% had 10%+ profit, while 13.9% experienced a drop in profits. According to the findings, 41.8% (n = 66) of the pharmacists were not sure what they dispensed during the first month of COVID 19. However, almost one out of every five pharmacies (n = 31, 19.6%) accepted that they mostly dispensed antipyretic, vitamins, face mask and sanitisers. It could take many years from now until researchers can understand and measure the coronavirus disease as required. Based on these outcomes and possibilities, the study recommends that the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health intervene to enlighten the public on appropriate health practices. Besides, the Ministry of Health may consider engaging with policymakers in developing financial policies that protect community pharmacies and the private sector from potential losses. Moreover, the Ministry of Health may expand the role of community pharmacies to allow them to offer home care services. --- ## Covid-19: A review of its clinical features, effects on gastrointestinal system and possibility of faecal transmission **Authors:** Kanishk K Adhit, Anjankar Ashish P, Siddhaarth K **Published:** 2020-08-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2881 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID 19, clinical features, faecal transmission, gastrointestinal system, virology In China, Wuhan in the province of China, COVID-19 a patient suffering from pneumonia was tested and to identify the cause, the throat swab of the patient was tested. On 7th January 2020 WHO declared the identification as COVID-19. And then it was proclaimed as a pandemic. It classically causes a respiratory illness presenting as a mild cough, fever and dyspnoea. However, several investigators have advocated the involvement of the gastrointestinal tract and liver in COVID-19 infection similar to other coronavirus infections. Further research studies have shown results that are expanding the possibility of faecal transmission because RT-PCR assessment has shown significant evidence for the presence of virus not only in oropharyngeal samples but also in stool samples. Studies have shown that virus in stool samples have got positive results even after the illness has resolved, and two respiratory tests were done 24 hours after COVID-19 being tested negative. The review article summarises the different findings of the clinical presentation of COVID-19. It sheds light on the effects of COVID-19 in the gastrointestinal system along with the reasons for the high possibility of transmission of COVID-19 through the faecal-oral route. --- ## Efficacy of umifenovir in the treatment of mild and moderate COVID-19 patients **Authors:** Vityala Yethindra, Tugolbai Tagaev, Melis Sholpanbai Uulu, Yogesh Parihar **Published:** 2020-08-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2839 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Umifenovir, Efficacy, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Cough, Pyrexia, Pneumonia The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak was initially reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Many cases of pneumonia without any apparent cause were described to be associated with seafood and wet markets in Wuhan. At present, there are no effective antiviral drugs to treat COVID-19. Umifenovir is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug used for treating several viral infections, and it reportedly inhibits SARS-CoV replication in vitro. This exploratory randomized and controlled study recruited 30 COVID-19 patients admitted to the hospital until May 18, 2020. Fifteen (15) eligible patients randomly allocated underwent umifenovir therapy (600 mg/d). Time to clinical recovery (TTCR), clinical characteristics, and tomographic results were analyzed at baseline and five days after treatment to assess the effect of umifenovir. Thirty (30) COVID-19 patients (mean age: 36.5 years [SD: 12.1, range: 19-59]), including 18 (60%) males and 12 (40%) females, were recruited for the study. There were no significant differences in age or gender, but there were significant differences in TTCR among the two categories. Body temperature (BT) and cough recuperation time [2.8 (0.6) and 2.6 (0.6) days, respectively] were highly reduced in the umifenovir category at 2.4 and 2.1 days, respectively. Moreover, many patients treated with umifenovir exhibited no side effects. In this study, pneumonia was ameliorated in 76.6% (23/30) of the patients, with moderate and potential amelioration in 36.6% and 40% of the patients, respectively. In addition, 66.6% of the patients in the umifenovir category had potential pneumonia absorption. --- ## Activity of Thiazine substituted 9-anilinoacridines against Corona virus (COVID19): An In-silico approach **Authors:** Kalirajan Rajagopal, Potlapati Varakumar, Baliwada Aparna, Vulsi Bodhya Sri, Gowramma Byran, Gomathi Swaminathan **Published:** 2020-08-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2835 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Corona virus (COVID19), SARS CoV-2, Acridine, Thiazine, Docking studies, In-silico ADMET, MMGBSA Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a life-threatening viral disease affected first in Wuhan, China, and quickly spread to more than 200 countries in the world in the year 2020. So many scientists are trying to discover novel drugs and vaccines for coronavirus and treatment for COVID-19. In the present article, in-silico studies have been performed to explore the binding modes of Thiazine substituted 9-anilinoacridines (1a-z) against SARS CoV 2 main protease (PDB id - 5R82) targeting the coronavirus using Schrodinger suit 2019-4. The molecular docking studies are performed by Glide module, in-silico ADMET screening was performed by Qik prop module, and the binding free energy of ligands was calculated using PRIME MM-GB/SA module of Schrodinger suite 2019-4, Maestro 21.2 version. From the in-silico results, Thiazine substituted 9-anilinoacridines like 1m, 1j, 1s and 1b are significantly active against SARS CoV 2 main protease with Glide score more than -5.4 when compared with the currently recommended drug for COVID19, Hydroxychloroquine (G score -5.47). The docking results of the Thiazine substituted 9-anilinoacridines exhibited similar mode of interactions with COVID19 and the residues GLN19, THR24, THR25, THR26, LEU27, HIE41, SER46, MET49, ASN142, GLN143, HIE164, MET165, ASP187, ARG188 and GLN189, play a crucial role in binding with ligands. --- ## Experience of managing covid-19 suspected case in labour in a green zone district tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Priyanka Singh, Neema Acharya, Neha Verma **Published:** 2020-08-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2838 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Corona virus, COVID-19, maternal heathcare management, antenatal, emergencies, high risk Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel type of highly contiguous pneumonia caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).Pregnant ladies are vulnerable to the virus infection due to alteration in anatomic and immune system. The chance of infection would apparently rise due to antenatal visits but inadequate medical care facilities during pregnancy can be harmful for both maternal and perinatal outcome. The Government of India has divided the districts of various states into Red, Orange and Green zones. Most of the hospitals from Red and Orange zones have made it mandatory COVID -19 testing for all antenatal patients near term making it easier to isolate and manage patients accordingly. The green zone hospital presently not doing COVID testing for all peripartum patients. Thus, proper maternal health care management at tertiary level is required with minimum exposure and risk in suspected cases especially in green zone hospitals. Here, we present our experience as a team at our Obstetrics and Gynaecology department of pregnant women with upper respiratory tract infection/suspected case of COVID-19 infection during hospitalization in our rural setup and further we will discuss patient triage based on risk level, antenatal care planning and handling emergencies during COVID- 19 lockdown. --- ## Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological investigation of lysine and glycine conjugated amide prodrugs of (+)-ibuprofen **Authors:** Nija B, Arun Rasheed, Kottaimuthu A **Published:** 2020-08-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2834 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Neurodegeneration, amino acids, NSAIDs, Ibuprofen (+)-ibuprofen [(+)-IBN] is a Non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) that is pharmacologically active stereoisomer of racemic form of ibuprofen. Literature showed that Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, naproxen and flubiprofen, are widely provide the protective effect against the neurodegenerative conditions. But the therapeutic application of NSAIDs in the CNS disorders were limited due to their limited brain distribution across the physiological barrier, blood brain barrier (BBB). BBB is composed of tightly connected endothelial cells of brain capillaries and the surrounding astrocytes and pericytes. The compounds which are able to cross the BBB by passive diffusion are small, lipophilic and uncharged at physiological PH . This study make an attempt to synthesize the derivatives (+)-IBN by conjugating with amino acids such as glycine and lysine that produced the two amide prodrugs, (+)-IBN-G and (+)-IBN-L. The objectives of this study are to synthesize the amide prodrugs of (+)-IBN with glycine and lysine produced (+)-IBN-G, (+)-IBN-L respectively and to perform detailed study on their physical and chemical properties, distribution profile in the brain, brain targeting efficiency parameters, pharmacological activities. The compounds synthesized will act as prodrugs of (+)-IBN and after the administration the (+)- IBN was released at the desired site by enzymatic or non-enzymatic hydrolysis and synthesized prodrugs showed the enhanced brain distribution, protective against neurodegeneration, enhanced anti inflammatory activity, reduction in the gastric side effect such as ulcer formation in the stomach. --- ## Lockdown Lifestyle: Engaging the invisible Enemy **Authors:** Tejas N. Wanjari, Gaurav Sawarkar **Published:** 2020-08-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2836 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Lifestyle, Lockdown, Psychology, Quarantine, Stress Management At present, COVOID-19 has created such a worse pandemic situation worldwide. The virus is responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). During quarantine, outside, there is the danger of getting physically sick due to infection (spreads with social contact) and inside due to mental and psychological stiffness. Once found proof of a range of psychological conditions during previous epidemics such as SARS, from post-traumatic stress symptoms to confusion, anger, depression, stress, insomnia, and emotional exhaustion. It is essential to look over schedule during this lockdown. From the sleeping time, exercise, diet, remain physically and mentally calm and relaxed. An estimated 2.6 billion people – one-third of the world's population – are living under some lockdown or quarantine. This is arguably the most massive psychological experiment ever conducted. There was no option to combat the COVID-19 crisis. Lockdown helps to break the chain of virus scattering in society and to minimize the disease rate as well as control the mortality rate. People didn’t seem aware of how to face or schedule the lockdown period, and that creates a panic situation in the society. Thus, it is necessary to plan out the lockdown schedule to overcome physical as well as mental illness. --- ## A Grave Situation with COVID in the Gravid: A Narrative Review **Authors:** Ketav Joshi, Neema Acharya, Sourya Acharya, Samir Joshi **Published:** 2020-08-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2837 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Coronavirus, Pregnancy, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical Transmission, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, 2019-nCOV The outbreak of the novel coronavirus in China in December 2019 and its subsequent dissemination to nearly all nations in the world has raised immense concern for human health, especially maternal and child health. Experts across the globe are probing into etiopathogenesis of the virus and developing vaccines and medications to contain the spread and treat the diseased. Numerous research projects have been undertaken to understand the full spectrum of the disease including transmission dynamics and clinical presentation and to evaluate the risk and predictability of vertical transmission. However, there is no reliable evidence that suggests vertical transmission of COVID-19 and this article reviews the existing literature and management protocols regarding the same. With the immuno compromised state of pregnancy and various physiological adaptations associated with it, maternal and foetal safety and management has become a major concern for institutions across the globe, especially in developing countries. The literature reviewed in this narrative article is obtained from articles from various databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and various national and international Obstetric and Gynaecological associations using MeSH-compliant keywords including COVID-19, SARS-COV-2, 2019-nCoV upto April 2020. --- ## Clinicoradiological Comparative Study of Obstructive Osteomeatal Complexin Cases of Rhinosinusitis **Authors:** Nikhil K. Vala, Abhay D. Havle **Published:** 2020-08-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2833 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clinicoradiological, Obstructive Osteomeatal, Rhinosinusitis Mosher said that intranasal ethmoidectomy is the most dangerous and terrifying. He said that in the mid-twentieth century. Endoscopy changed this view significantly. Since the commencement of medication, various endeavours have been made to light up and analyse within the different empty depressions situated inside the body. A hospital-based comparative and correlative study was undertaken with 50 patients. The research assessed the clinicoradiological comparison of obstructive ostiomeatal complex in cases of rhinosinusitis. Majority (28%) patients were 31-40 years in the age group. The 34.2 ± 12.50 years was the mean age of patients.60% patients were males. The most common symptoms were nasal obstruction (80%) followed by headache (76%), nasal discharge (42%), postnasal discharge (40%), sneezing (28%) and epistaxis (20%). Osteomeatal complex and maxillary sinus were the most frequently affected regions seen in 88% of patients. The most common sign is purulent middle meatal discharge in 86% of patients. The next most common sign seen is deviated nasal septum in 46% of the patients. 62% of the patients in our study suffered from chronic rhinosinusitis. Out of 50 cases, 33 cases have septal deviation using DNE. Uncinate attachment to the skull base is seen in 18 (36%) cases each on the right, and 17 (34%) left side in both DNE and CT. In DNE 7 (14%) cases show middle turbinate hypertrophy on the right side. There was statistically significant correlation between Middle turbinate: concha bullosa and Maxillary sinus (r=0.621; p=0.0005), Pneumatiseduncinate and Anterior ethmoids (r=0.452; p=0.0001), Aggernasi and Frontal sinus (r=0.318; p=0.024) and Middle turbinate: paradoxical and Maxillary sinus (r=0.864; p=0.0001). The significance of variations is that they impair the normal drainage pathway, hinder endoscopic access to distal areas and increase the risk of endoscopic mishaps. --- ## Partha’s new techniques to counter corona virus – the usefulness of Camphor vapour and Mandl’s paint **Authors:** Suchitra M R, Parthasarathy S **Published:** 2020-08-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2822 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Covid, N95 mask, Camphor, Mandl’s paint The use of N95 masks is being recommended for the control of transmission of the dreaded corona virus. As this mask is relatively costly in the Indian set up, the reuse of masks has been suggested. One of the common methods of sterilization is keeping the mask dry for three days. As a different modification of the technique, we suggest (Partha’s technique) that it can be kept in a box with camphor crystals. The smell of the camphor has soothing effects in the nose with virucidal actions. Hence a simple drying can be done in a box with camphor vapour which has got added beneficial effects. Application of povidone iodine in the nose and the throat is known to have virucidal effects. But the commonly present gargles are more watery to stay in the nasopharynx. Here we suggest a paint prepared as Mandl’s paint (an old preparation) which is more viscous to stay in the nasopharynx for a few hours to have a potent virucidal effect. The technique (Partha’s technique) of application was by a throat swab with the paint followed touching the back of the two nostrils with cotton buds soaked in Mandl’s paint. --- ## Possible preventive measures against the spread of COVID-19- A Review article **Authors:** Jotheeswari P, Yuvaraj M, Balaji K, Gunapriya Raghunath, Kumaresan M **Published:** 2020-08-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2823 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Face masks, Hand sanitizer, Pharmaceutical interventions, Preventive measures, Social distancing, Travel restrictions COVID-19 is a current sensational and dangerous threat that affects millions of people across the world. As the day progresses the rate of growth of COVID-19 drastically increases. No vaccine or specific antiviral drug are active against corona, therefore, preventing the exposure to the virus is the base of support against its spread across the world. Despite the implementation of preventive measures, the rate of virus-infected cases progressively increases which stimulates our thought process to raise a question, whether the preventive measures that we follow are effective against the spread of COVID-19 infection. Evidence from previous literature obtained from various online tools implies multiple preventive measures that should be followed and also illustrates their mechanism of action against the active spread of COVID-19 infection. According to the results from the evidence, we can identify the gold standard preventive measure among the described preventive measures. The precautionary measure encompasses both pharmaceutical interventions and non- pharmaceutical interventions among which non-pharmaceutical measures are superior in the prevention of the developing pandemic. Among the non-pharmaceutical interventions, social distancing is the paramount to other measures in the mitigation of the spread of viral infection. --- ## Development, characterization and pharmacological evaluation of amino acid prodrugs of (+)-Ibuprofen **Authors:** Nija B, Arun Rasheed, Kottaimuthu A **Published:** 2020-08-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2820 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** NSAIDs, neurodegeneration, anti inflammatory, anti ulcerogenic activity, neuroprotective effect The current research work investigate the neuronal pathway associated with NSAIDs that lead to the reduction in the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinsonism etc. This research was developed amino acid prodrugs of the active enantiomer of ibuprofen, (+)-IBN and checks the pharmacological effects, neuroprotective effect, anti inflammatory effect and anti-ulcerogenic effect. The treatment using (+)-IBN reduced the action of micoglia and the release of cytokine especially TNFα that are mainly involved in the neurodegenerative process. (+)- IBN reduced the deposition of soluble beta amyloid plaque by inhibiting the amyloid precursor protein, beta-secretase 1 and also enhancing the degradation process of beta amyloid via induction of insulin degrading enzyme. (+)-IBN also showed the property that the reduction in the TAU misfolding process. Therefore, the synthesized (+)-IBN amino acid prodrugs treatment effectively produce neuroprotective action, both restoring memory realed risk factors and reversing multiple brain neuropathological hallmarks. The current research study developed the three amino acid prodrugs of (+)-ibuprofen by conjugating with L-phenyl alanine, L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine also the physico-chemical characterization and spectral characterization was done. This study modify the carboxylic acid functional group present in the NSAIDs that lead to the formation of prodrugs with enhanced anti-inflammatory activity, reduced side effects and protective effect against neurodegenerative processes. --- ## Nerium indicum (Linn.): A potential phytomedicine against various health problems **Authors:** Singh R N, Pradeep Kumar, Navneet Kumar, Singh D K **Published:** 2020-08-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2832 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Nerium indicum, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological activity, Oleandrin, Oleander Nerium indicum (Linn Apocyanaceae family) is wild plant and commonly known as “Kaner”. It is used against various health problems in India and China as ethno medicine. India and China is among the oldest civilizations on earth. Ethno medicines are developed in ancient time by experiences sharing with nature. Aim of the present study is to explore the ancient knowledge of phytomedicine in context of modern science. Vedic period is the oldest cultural representation of human civilization. Ayurvedic system of medicine was developed in ‘Susruta Samhita’ and ‘Charak Samhita’. Nerium indicum (Linn.) is one of the thousands of plants mentioned in Ayurvedic system of India as important medicine for the treatment of various ailments. The flowers and leaves of N. indicum have been used to stimulate cardiac muscle, relieve pain and eliminate blood stasis. Present review mainly deals with the phytomedicinal properties such as analgesic, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, insecticidal/molluscicidal, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti- cancer, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-feedent activity of N. indicum. Its role as bioindicator in predicting the environmental condition is also discussed. N. indicum contains glycoside, oleandrin, tannin, volatile oil 0.25%. Glucoside, neriin and oleandrin are found in leaves of this plant. Nerium indicum is one of the wild plants, which is commonly used in various cultures as ethnic medicine. Although recent researches on its medicinal properties had established its therapeutic value in treatment of ailments, yet lot of studies are still required to explain its potentials as safe phytomedicine. --- ## In Vitro Evaluation For Antibacterial Activity Of Dadimashtaka Choorna, An Ayurvedic Polyherbal Powder Formulation, Against Selective Bacterial Strains **Authors:** Veena G, Devipriya S, Arun Mohanan, Vineeth P K, Ramesh N V **Published:** 2020-08-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2818 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial, Ayurveda, Bacillus, Dadimashtaka choorna, Diarrhoea Dadimashtaka choorna is one of the classical ayurvedic polyherbal powder formulation explained in the context of Atisara chikitsa (treatment of gastrointestinal conditions such as diarrhoea), in the text of Astangahridaya. The formulation is mainly indicated for digestive disorders. Even though many researches have brought out the anti-bacterial activity of each component of the formulation, no studies were done to identify the activity of the compound formulation on any specific bacterial strains. Therefore, an attempt was made to accurately understand the action of the preparation against certain selected strains of bacterias. The formulation was prepared according to the classical method of preparation for choorna kalpana. As per the standard norms mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, the concentrated extract of the medicament was prepared. The study was undertaken to evaluate the anti- bacterial activity of concentrated extract of Dadimashtaka choorna against selected microorganisms namely, Salmonella typhi (gram -ve), Escherichia coli (gram -ve), and Bacillus species (gram +ve), using agar well diffusion method and also to compare with the standard drug, ciprofloxacin. It was found that the concentrated extract of Dadimashtaka choorna has significant anti-bacterial activity against the bacterial strain, Bacillus (gram +ve). The study confirmed the anti-bacterial potential of the formulation Dadimashtaka choorna against Bacillus species(gram+ve), which supports the fact that the compound formulation is a promising remedy to curb the gastrointestinal disorders caused by the gram +ve bacterial strains. --- ## Asthmatics Treatment Updation and Compliance in the Asthma Management in Northern Districts of Tamilnadu **Authors:** Mani Dhandayuthapani, Murugesh Shivashankar **Published:** 2020-08-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2819 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dry powder inhaler, Inhaled corticosteroids, pMDI, Spirometer The purpose of this study is to evaluate the treatment of asthmatics in Tamilnadu’s northern districts and its compliance in socio-economic aspects. A random sampling, and the non comparative study conducted among 500 asthmatic people around the northern districts of Tamilnadu, including Chennai, Kanchipuram, Vellore, and Puducherry. The questionnaire asked the asthmatics about their treatment updation, and compliance in asthma management, in an open-ended and easily understandable manner. The P-value calculated through the social statistics software and p-value of <0.10 was considered statistically significant. A total of 500 patients enrolled in this study. Total Men asthmatic patients enrolled were 272(55.4%), and women patients were 228(45.6). In asthma, there are two types of drugs involved in the treatment.1.Reliever drugs and 2. Controller drugs. Four hundred seventeen patients in treatment, 6% of patients were in reliever treatment, 69% were in the controlled, and 25% in both the drugs treatment, respectively. In addition, patients in ICS + LABA combination was 390.21% of patients were in Formoterol + Beclomethasone(FBE) combination, 39% in Formoterol + Budesonide(FBU), 6% in Formoterol + Fluticasone(FF), 4% in Formoterol + Momentasone(FM) and 30% in Salmeterol + Fluticasone(SF). Money spent on their treatment. 24% patients spent less than Rs.150 for their asthma treatment for a month, 29% spent Rs.150-300 and more than Rs 300 spent by 47% of the patients. In Asthma Management, Medical practitioners had prescribed ICS+ LABA combination for their asthma patients; as a result, patients felt an improved quality of life. --- ## Kebar grass (Biophytum petersianum K.) The effect inmaintaining mice (Mus musculus) sperm quality exposed to dioxin **Authors:** Muhammad Faiz Labib, Widjiati A, Tatik Hernawati, Epy Muhammad Luqman, Rochmah Kurnijasanti, Tri Wahyu Suprayogi **Published:** 2020-08-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2817 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Concentration, Kebar Grass, Motility, Viability Kebar grass contains active antioxidants and potential vitamins to neutralize TCDD toxicity. Prove that Kebar grass extract in various dosage can maintain viability, motility, and sperm concentration of male mice exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. This study was an experimental laboratory study with five groups consists of Negative Control (C-), Positive Control (K +) with TCDD exposure of 0.7µg/Kg BW IP single dose. The treatment group was given oral Kebar grass extract for 53 days treatment 1 (T1) with a dose of 0.045 mg / g BB, Treatment 2 (T2) with a dose of 0.08 mg/g/BW, and Treatment 3 (T3) with a dose of 0.135 mg/g/BW. The data of motility, viability, and concentration of spermatozoa obtained were analyzed using One Way Anova test and Duncan Multiple Range Test. Administration of Kebar Grass Extract at a dosage of 0.135 mg/g/BW showed a significant difference between the control group and the treatment group (p<0.05). Exposure to TCDD in C+ decreased motility (13 ± 6.70%), viability (28 ± 19.35%), and concentration (0.87 ± 0.64 cells / mm3) of sperm significantly compared to C-. The administration of Kebar grass extract can maintain motility (74 ± 5.47%), viability (76 ± 2.72%), and concentration (2.50 ± 0.69 cells/mm3) spermatozoa in the T3 group with a dose of 0.135mg/g/BW. Kebar grass extract is effective for maintaining the quality of mice sperm from damage due to exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. --- ## A Review: Coronavirus, its types, and Impact of COVID-19 on Global Wealth **Authors:** Ashish B. Budhrani **Published:** 2020-08-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2811 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, Coronaviruses, RT-PCR assay, Impact of coronavirus The virus can multiply itself and their genetic code mostly includes either RNA or DNA. In many different ways, the various types of viral species are spread. For examples, Human immunodeficiency virus is transferred through body fluids, plant viruses are transferred from plant to plant by insects and other organisms, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus transmitted by humans and animals, COVID-19 is a respiratory virus that transmitted mainly through direct contact with an infected individual by respiratory droplets when the infected person coughs or sneezes, or by saliva droplets or nose discharge. Coronaviruses are the viruses that belong to the class Coronaviridae and subclass Ortho-coronavirinae, order Nidovirales. Some human coronavirus infections are mild, but Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) human coronaviruses transmission from animals to humans, have caused more than ten thousand cumulative cases in the past two decades. And now a novel coronavirus namely known as COVID-19 is a unique strain which has not been previously recognized in humans emerged as the most important global health threats. Thus this study aims to assess the awareness of this COVID-19 among the general public and to provide basic information such as signs and symptoms, origin, diagnostic method, treatment, prevention recommended by WHO and impact of COVID-19 on global wealth. Global stock exchange has a drop-down rapidly as stock investors continue to worry about the broader economic effects of the COVID-19. --- ## Observational Analysis of Medication Related Errors by Clinical Pharmacists in a South Indian Hospital **Authors:** Syamprashanth Pedada, Jyotsna Allamsetty, Meena Ujwala Garikapati, Navya Burreddy, Umasankar Viriti **Published:** 2020-08-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2815 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Medication errors, general medicine department, prescribing errors, drug interactions Present work was done to evaluate the occurrence of medication errors in general ward of Maharaja institute of medical sciences to assess the role of clinical pharmacist in error management. The study was conducted for 9 months and Data was acquired from inpatients of general medicine dept by using standard case report form through direct patient interview. The collected data was analysed to identify medication errors by using drug information tools such as Micromedex, drug interaction checker and reputed journals and statistical interpretations were done. 400 prescriptions were analyzed and in that 300 prescriptions were presented with medication errors. 202 were found to be Prescribing errors, 111 Administration errors, 45 were dispensing errors, Monitoring errors were 123. Interaction errors (81.18%), prescription in small letters (34.65%), wrong frequency of administration error (32.43%) and wrong time administration of medicine (85.58%), Dispensing wrong quantity of drug (95.5%) were the major medication errors that were observed. Medication errors have been occurring frequently in the general medicine department out of which prescribing errors were more common. Clinical Pharmacist could act as an affective medical staff by performing consciousness and teaching programmes to medical professionals and by maintaining positive collaboration with other health care providers for patients. --- ## The Review of COVID-19 Pandemic Disease **Authors:** Shilpa B. Deshpande, Shweta Dadarao Parwe **Published:** 2020-08-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2806 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, corona virus, SARS The Novel corona virus is the pandemic disease which transmit from animal to man. It firstly found in Wuhan in china. The virus is also named as SARS-cov2. It affects the respiratory system of the man and it transmitted through the inhalation droplets of infected person or contact with infected person without proper safety. The period of incubation is from 2 to 14 days. The symptoms found in mild, moderate, severe. high grade fever, sore throat,dry cough, fatigue, breathlessness and diarrhoea. In adverse it leads to the ARDS and death. Some cases found mild symptoms and asymptomatic but these are the carriers. Comorbid patient has high risk of the infection and need the ICU management. cases are diagnosed with the throat swab, Chest X ray, CT of chest and blood investigation, prothrombin time, total leucocyte count, ESR count. The patient is diagnosed with the RT-PCRmethod. treatment measure includes antiviral therapy like chloroquine, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, immune modulators some Ayurvedic management, isolation, with social and phycological support. Proper sanitation, hand hygiene, mask can prevent from infection. The Virus spread throughout the world very rapidly, this virus badly disturbed the world and death of the people as well as the health workers. The care and active management are necessary for cease the transmission. --- ## Musculoskeletal check in smartphone overuse in COVID 19 Lockdown phase **Authors:** Pratik Phansopkar, Waqar M. Naqvi, Kiran Kumar **Published:** 2020-08-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2807 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID, Pandemic, Musculoskeletal, Physical activity, Smartphone Due to the rapid spread of COVID-19, some of the major preventive measures such as complete lockdown of the country with the availability of only essential services that lead to a lot of changes in people's daily lifestyle and work pattern. The mobile device has had a significant impact on everyday life in all ages and in almost of the countries. The average time reported spent on internet use was 2.13 hours every day in the Indian population. Mobile device users complain of discomfort in at least one area of the upper extremities, upper back, or neck pain, shoulder pain, wrist and hand pain, and finger discomfort. Long-term use of smartphones causes continuous mechanical stress on the tendons, muscles, and perimetric tissue, which can induce various musculoskeletal symptoms. The use of smartphones in a sitting position may lead to more shift in head-neck angle than in a standing position. The main aim of this article is to understand the overview of musculoskeletal check during this time of lockdown, where we all have to experience changes in our lifestyle pattern by staying indoors. So the overview of this article is concluded by giving a scientific understanding behind keeping a musculoskeletal check in smartphone overuse in lockdown phase, which is of great importance to optimize, maintain & improve the overall performance of the body. --- ## Coronavirus: Towards controlling of the pandemic - Indian scenario **Authors:** Latika kothari, Sanskruti Wadatkar, Roshni Taori, Pavan Bajaj, Diksha Agrawal **Published:** 2020-08-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2813 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Lockdown, Screening Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a communicable infection caused by the novel coronavirus resulting in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV). It was recognized to be a health crisis for the general population of international concern on 30th January 2020 and conceded as a pandemic on 11th March 2020. India is taking various measures to fight this invisible enemy by adopting different strategies and policies. To stop the COVID-19 from spreading, the Home Affairs Ministry and the health ministry, of India, has issued the nCoV 19 guidelines on travel. Screening for COVID-19 by asking questions about any symptoms, recent travel history, and exposure. India has been trying to get testing kits available. The government of India has enforced various laws like the social distancing, Janata curfew, strict lockdowns, screening door to door to control the spread of novel coronavirus. In this pandemic, innovative medical treatments are being explored, and a proper vaccine is being hunted to deal with the situation. Infection control measures are necessary to prevent the virus from further spreading and to help control the current situation. Thus, this review illustrates and explains the criteria provided by the government of India to the awareness of the public to prevent the spread of COVID-19. --- ## Life Lessons of the Pandemic Covid - 19 **Authors:** Bhagyashri Vijay Chaudhari, Priya P. Chawle **Published:** 2020-08-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2814 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Corona virus, Covid-19, Lessons, Pandemic “A lesson learned the hard way is a lesson learned for a lifetime.” Every bad situation hurts; however, it sure does teach us something – a lesson. In the same manner of a new lesson for Human lifetime, history is observing 'The Novel COVID-19 coronavirus’, a very horrible and strange situation created due to fighting with a microscopic enemy. WHO on 11 February 2020 has announced a name for new covid disease as covid- 19 and has declared covid as a global public health emergency and subsequently as pandemic because of its widespread. This began as an outbreak in December 2019, with its centre in Wuhan, the People Republic of China has emerged as a public health emergency of international concern. Coronavirus is the group of a virus with non-segmented, single-stranded and positive RNA genome. This bad situation of pandemic creates new scenes in the life of people in a different manner, which will be going to be life lessons for them. Such lessons should be kept in mind for the safety of living beings and many more things. In this narrative review article, reference was taken from a different article published in various databases which include the view of different authors and writers on the "Lessons to be learnt from Corona". --- ## Anti-Helicobacter pylori Activity of Red Sea Hyrtios erectus sponge and micro-organisms Extracts **Authors:** Faten A. S. Alsulaimany, Salma A.O. Saleh, Mahmoud A. Elfaky, Sameh S. Elhady **Published:** 2020-08-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2816 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Helicobacter pylori, Marine organisms, Marine microorganisms, Actinomycetes, Fungi, Hyrtios erectus sponge, Stylissa carteri sponge Helicobacter pylori were considered one of the most bacterial infections in the world. Recently, the resistance of antibiotic against H. pylori is increasing and hence, it is necessary to find new and natural effective agents. Marine organisms and microorganism produce complex secondary metabolites and some of these compounds are antimicrobials agents. This study aimed to provide preliminary data to determine if marine Hyrtios erectus sponge, actinomycetes, and fungi extracts can inhibit the growth of H. pylori. In this study, the methanol extracts of the three samples of Hyrtios erectus sponge and the ethyl acetate extracts of seven actinomycetes strains and four fungi strains were used to determine the antibacterial effect against a standard strain of H. pylori. The samples of actinomycetes and fungi were identified by using 16S rRNA amplification for actinomycetes and Internal Transcribed Spacer- PCR for fungi using Genetic Analyzer 3500, and then the DNA sequences were compared through BLAST and alignment with other actinomycetes and fungi which already present in the GenBank from various study areas. Results indicated that the anti-H. pylori screening showed that only 13 from 14 extracts exhibited anti-H. pylori effect. Among them, the methanol extract of Hyrtios erectus (1), the ethyl acetate extract of actinomycete strain S7 and the ethyl acetate extracts of fungi strains M1, M2, M3, M4 exhibited strong effect against H. pylori more than other extract with minimal inhibitory concentrations 3.9, 15.63, 3.9, 15.63, 3.9 and 7.81 µg/ml, respectively. The 16S rRNA and ITS rRNA gene sequences and phylogenetic analysis provided strong evidence for the isolates of actinomycetes and fungi, respectively. The fungi isolates were identified as three species that belong to Aspergillus genus and one species that belong to Penicillium genus. --- ## Therapeutic options for Covid – 19 : Pandemic – A Review **Authors:** Amit Reche, Rishikesh Kolse, Simran Gupta, Ajinkya Ingle, Kumar Gaurav Chhabra, Gargi Nimbulkar **Published:** 2020-08-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2802 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Corona Virus, Covid-19, Homoeopathy, Ayurveda, Allopathy Covid-19 is an outbreak of a severe acute respiratory disorder which emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Since then the virus has spread to many countries and has become and pandemic. The mortality rate of the disease is very high but it varies from country to country depending on the medical facilities and the observance of isolation among the population. As the disease is very contagious many different treatment modalities have been tried. The therapeutic methods which are used are Ayurvedic and homeopathic along with that some Allopathic drugs are also used. Ayurvedic and homeopathy were found to be useful in asymptomatic patients rather than symptomatic patients. The drug which is used for treatment is antiviral drugs, protease inhibitors, antimalarial drugs, and neuraminidase inhibitors. But most promising results were obtained by using hydroxychloroquine, thus many countries are using this drug for treatment. Research related to vaccine development is still in progress. but there is still an absence of data regarding the effectiveness of these methods. Clinical trials need to be performed to prove the drug or the measure effective. While the search for a vaccine is still underway, preventive measures should be taken to curb the chain of infection. This includes the use of face mask, washing hands frequently, at least 1meter distance while in public places. This Literature review summarizes all the measures that have been used for the treatment of COVID 19 pandemic all around the world. --- ## Role of Vitamin D in Boosting Immunity against COVID- 19 **Authors:** Roselin C, Parameshwari S **Published:** 2020-08-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2803 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid-19, infections, micronutrients, vitamin D, cholecalciferol, calcitriol The world is now in the state of contingency and is facing one common enemy, COVID 19. Front developed countries to the developing and under developed countries, all are fighting against this common enemy which is a virus that is 0.125 microns ( 1 25 nm) with the size ranging from 0.06 to 0.14 microns. The world is now looking for a vaccine to prevent the infection, while the need of the hour is to boost the immunity of individuals against the disease through readily available nutrients. With the increase in incidence of the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists to common public have started to ponder the ways out of it, while boosting the immunity has become the only resolve as no vaccine has been invented until date. It is obvious that there is a correlation between nutrition and immune system; it is a common understanding that people who are well-nourished have a better immunity compared to poorly nourished people with a weak immunity. It is to be noted that people suffering from chronic diseases and elderly will have a weak immunity and are more prone to any disease let alone COVID-19. Though general immunity can be boosted through vitamin C, zinc and other micronutrients, vitamin D is required to boost overall immunity and also strengthen lungs. This review aims at laying emphasis on the need of vitamin D in strengthening immunity against the deadly common enemy COVlD- 19. --- ## Understanding the pathogen evolution and transmission prevention measures: Recent findings on molecular interventions towards COVID-19 therapeutics via hints from the past **Authors:** Vinusha H M, Chandan Shivamallu, Shashanka K Prasad, Muneera Begum, Gopinath S M, Chandrashekar Srinivasa, Latha K Chennabasappa, Navya Shree B, Shiva Prasad Kollur, Veena Malligere Ankegowda, Balasubramanian S **Published:** 2020-08-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2809 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Phylogeny The novel coronavirus pandemic has spread over in 150 countries as of March 2020. Approximately 900,000 people have been infected so far (WHO). Preventive measures are been taken globally to contain the rapid spread of virus. Compared to 2002 SARS epidemic, COVID-19 is apparently less lethal but far more contagious as it spreads more easily among individuals. This review highlights ongoing progress in figuring out the structure of major proteins designing vaccines and therapeutics to combat COVID-19 while also concentrating on developing preventive steps to avoid the emerging infection of viruses. --- ## COVID-19 in pregnant women **Authors:** Vaishnavi C. Ghate, Swapnil Borage, Priyanka Shelotkar **Published:** 2020-08-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2805 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Pregnancy, Single standard RNA, Vertical transmission, Viral infection Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is an emerging disease with rapid increases in cases. COVID-19 is a single-stranded RNA virus which can produce diseases in Humans and Animals also. As COVID-19 is a developing health issue in the World, Experts also remain unsure whether pregnant women are having a higher risk of COVID-19 or not. The emergency of acute health care, it is particularly deadly in large populations and communities in which health care providers are insufficiently prepared to manage the COVID-19 infection. And cases have increased in other countries around the world day by day. It has increased the possibility of vertical transmission of the virus from the mother to the fetus—the WHO labelled the total confirmed cases as of 12th April as 1,836,041. Total death 113,233and pregnant women having positive corona cases is 38, as of 1st April 2020. Partial suppression of the immune system in pregnancy can increase the chances of a viral infection such as flu (influenza) in pregnant women. World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that there is no specific evidence exists that pregnant women are more prone to severe COVID-19 symptoms than other general people. Physiologic and immunologic changes in pregnant women have systemic effects which in an increased risk of respiratory infections, various other changes like cardiovascular system, Respiratory system, increased heart rate and decreased lung capacity. Pregnant women become infected with two pathogenic corona virus infections, one as a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and other one is Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). --- ## Causes of deaths in COVID-19 patients **Authors:** Akshata Sharma, Sneha Sinha, Kimaya Kakde, Pavan Bajaj **Published:** 2020-08-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2801 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, coronavirus, respiratory failure, cardiovascular, immunocompromised COVID-19 is the newly emerged coronavirus disease with its first few cases in December 2019 in China and has been spreading in an unstoppable manner since then. Its causative organism is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is a colossal pandemic worldwide including various parts of India resulting in several cases and a considerable number of deaths (21,000 deaths in India of the disease). The patients mainly die of respiratory failure, although the pathways and the different responses to supportive treatment are still being assessed for a better understanding. Patients of age 65 or above, immuno compromised patients, and who already suffer a medical condition are at high risk of development of severe complications due to COVID-19, and thus need to be hospitalised. The exact course of the virus and its pathway, disease are still being understood by the scholars to reduce the spread and mortality caused by it. This review describes the possible causes of death in the patients suffering from COVID-19, high-risk groups of COVID-19 infection, the current status of the infection spread in the country and the progress in the management strategies of patients. --- ## Beta-Lactam market research: Progress, challenges and prospects **Authors:** Bhavana B Bhat, Pavithra Pradeep Prabhu, Manisha Joshel Lobo, Anusha A, Prathvi A, Venkatesh Kamath **Published:** 2020-08-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2787 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Beta-lactam, global market, antibiotic resistance, CAGR, per capita health expenditure Antibiotics are robust medicines that are widely used from centuries together to treat bacterial infections such as UTI, Typhoid, and Cholera etc. The similarity between viral and bacterial infection has resulted in the misuse of these antibiotics, the result of which is the development of resistant strains. Such indiscriminate drug usage has been increasing in a vulnerable geriatric and pediatric population. The increase in per capita health expenditure has enhanced the global market of these class of drugs, and the scope is likely to shoot up in the coming years, paving the way for young investors to emerging. The Global market for antibiotics is highly competitive and has a large number of significant players dominating the market share. During the forecast period experts in the field have evaluated Beta-lactam and Beta-lactamase segment to dominate in LAMEA (Latin America, Middle East and Africa) holding the majority of the Market share. However, Asia Pacific was found to be the highest region for contributing more revenues. Detailed market analysis for Beta-lactam/ Beta-lactamase was conducted by doing secondary research where the market segments were compared for antibiotics. The paper discusses several issues related to the area of medicines. --- ## Retrieval of fractured Endodontic Instrument under dental operating microscope using ultrasonic tips : A Case Report **Authors:** Samrudhi Khatod, Anuja Ikhar, Pradnya Nikhade, Manoj chandak **Published:** 2020-08-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2463 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Fractured instrument, Microscope, Ultrasonic, Removal A Patient came with the complaint of pain in the lower right back region of the jaw. Root canal treatment was planned. While preparing for the bio-mechanical procedure, the Hand pro taper fractured in the apical third. Iatrogenic occurred as a result of the fracture of the endodontic instrument. Retrieval of the fractured instrument was planned to complete the cleaning and shaping of the canal. The removal of the fractured instrument was planned to be done under the Dental Operating Microscope. The use of an operating microscope enhanced the illumination and the magnification of the instrument. This illumination and magnification helped in the precision of removal. The ultrasonic tip enabled to reach of the fractured instrument in the canal and loosen the dentin around the fractured instrument. It allowed easy retrieval of the fractured instrument. During the retrieval procedure, the fractured instrument was bypassed before the use of the ultrasonic tip. After the removal of the fractured instrument, cleaning and shaping were completed, followed by obturation, definitive restoration, and prosthesis. As the removal of the fractured instrument enabled complete cleaning and shaping, it improved the prognosis of the case. When the endodontic instrument gets fractured, it should be analyzed over the radiograph to assess the fracture level, the anatomy of the root canal, size of the fractured instrument, check accessibility, stage of fracture, etc. If all the above criteria are met with the removal of the instrument only then, replacement should be tried. Otherwise, it may lead to a severe loss of root dentin, decreasing fracture resistance of the root. --- ## Evaluation of toxicity and teratogenicity of anti-psychotic drugs followed by determination of anti-psychotic property of Mangifera indica bark through behavioral assay on Danio rerio model. **Authors:** Neeldeep Ganguly, Tamalika Chakraborty, Abhijit Sengupta **Published:** 2020-08-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2792 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Medication, psychosis, teratogenicity, toxicity, zebrafish Psychosis is a gathering of genuine sicknesses that influence the brain. About 2% of the populace experiences psychosis worldwide. As of now accessible advertised medications like clozapine, risperidone has some genuine antagonistic impacts. Hence there is no agreeable cure available for avoidance and the executives of psychosis. We have correlated the toxicity of various synthetic drugs (Risperidone and Clozapine) with that of the mango bark extract and assessed the proficiency of the natural medicines by building up social test on zebrafish model followed by the teratogenicity investigation of the chemical drugs just as herbal medications. Bradycardia, increased amount of deaths in embryos were observed during the toxicity monitoring of chemical medications, and in terms of teratogenicity bending of tail, oedema, loss of blood circulation and coagulative death of eggs were also found in acute toxicity study. On the other hand, the mango bark did show a very high range LC50 value inferring low toxicity of the extract. Also, the extract did not show any significant teratogenicity and gave good results in the behavioural assay. With such high rate of toxicity and teratogenic effect of chemical drugs on the fish embryo, it can be estimated to show some teratogenicity in humans too, as we have the right amount of similar genes with that of zebrafish thus an alternative to such chemical drugs can be the mango bark extract which showed low toxicity rate and almost negligible teratogenicity and even its anti-psychotic property is not compromised. Hence with further modifications and investigations, the mango bark extract can be thought of as an alternative to that of the current chemical drugs with the elimination of unnecessary side-effects. --- ## Anatomical Variations of Foramen Transversarium of 7th Cervical Vertebrae and Its Clinical Significance **Authors:** Manoj P Ambali, Surekha D Jadhav **Published:** 2020-08-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2791 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Foramen Transversarium, Seventh cervical Vertebrae, Accessory Foramen, Vertebral Artery, Vertebral Vein Cervical vertebrae have a cardinal part that is a closeness of foramen transversarium and through it passes the vertebral course, vertebral vein and sharp plexus of nerves. The vertebral course enters the foramen transversarium of C6 and this way, the FT of C7, which transmits just the vein and nerve, might be near nothing or even occasionally absent. A vertebral channel may enter through C7 in 2% cases as necessities be combinations of this foramen may affect the anatomical course of vascular and neural structures, and this way may cause over the top conditions. The explanation behind the investigation was to watch the anatomical mixes in the foramen transversarium of seventh cervical vertebrae. Present work was carried on 156 dry seventh cervical vertebrae of cloud sex and age. We observed each foramen transversarium for shape, symmetry, number or accessory foramen and spicules. We observed nine different types of shape of foramen transversarium. Round shapes of foramen were present in 28.75 %, accessory foramen in 28.84% and spicules in 12.17 % of vertebrae also noted incomplete FT in 5 vertebrae. Disclosures of present evaluation may be helpful for a radiologist in the comprehension of X-segments, dealt with tomograms and scans for spine specialists in preoperative arranging and for blocking injury of a vertebral vessel near to sharp nerves during the careful cervical approach. --- ## A Comparative Study Of Functional Outcomes Of Fracture Shaft Humerus In Adults Treated With Dynamic Compression Plating And Interlocking Nailing **Authors:** Nagesh Rajendra Desai, Sandip Patil, Ravindra Gunaki **Published:** 2020-08-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2798 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** fracture, shaft humerus, dynamic compression plating, interlocking nailing Fractures of the shaft humerus are one of the basic breaks influencing present age and treatment methodology must be chosen cautiously. Both the modalities of treatment for example dynamic pressure plating and interlocking nailing were utilized. Present study was quantitative approach with comparative survey design. This study was conducted in teaching hospital Karad. The sample size was 30 patients selected by non-purposive, sampling technique with fracture shaft of the humerus. Result indicated that out of these 30 patients, we had 15 in the DCP gathering and 15 in the interlocking gathering. The normal period of patients was 36.46 years with 19 guys and 11 females. The confusions were more in the interlocking gathering with the vast majority of them relating to poor shoulder work with torment. In spite of the way that the two modalities of treatment offer incredible affiliation, the pace of assistant complexities were more in the interlocking nailing gathering, which makes dynamic weight plating a continuously decent decision. In situations where both powerful pressure plating and interlocking nailing should be possible, we would want to utilize dynamic pressure plating, as the outcomes are better than interlocking nailing. --- ## A Single Blind Randomised Clinical Study Of Outcome Of Local Injection Of Platelet Rich Plasma Vs Methyl Prednisolone Acetate In Management Of Lateral Epicondylitis **Authors:** Kumar Shubham, Kulkarni P N, Kshirsagar A Y **Published:** 2020-08-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2799 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Platelet Rich Plasma, Methyl Prednisolone Acetate, Epicondylitis The most well-known abuse condition is identified with inordinate wrist expansion and generally alluded to as tennis elbow, however it is in reality increasingly regular in non-tennis players. METHODS- A prospective, comparative study was conducted with 50 patients after Ethical approval. Quantitative data is presented with Mean and Standard deviation. Examination among the investigation bunches is finished with the assistance of unpaired t-test according to consequences of ordinariness test. Majority of the patients (80%) in Group A and (76%) in Group B were from the age group of 31-40 years. The mean age in Group A was 36.4 ± 5.44 years and in Group B were 36.8 ± 5.87 years. Majority of the patients in both groups were female. There was dominance of right side (68% and 72%) as compared to left side (32% and 28%) in both groups. The mean duration of symptom in Group A was 2.24 ± 0.72 months as compared to 1.92 ± 0.81 months in Group B. 20% and 12% patients in Group A had Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension respectively whereas 16% and 24% patients in Group B had Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension respectively. The mean baseline VAS score in Group A was 7.6 ± 0.51 and Group B was 7.7 ± 0.38 which decreased to 5.1 ± 0.81. The mean baseline MGS score in Group A was 74.6 ± 10.32 which increased to 91.6 ± 4.08 in 2 weeks. And in Group B was 74.5 ± 10.31 which increased to 99.8 ± 2.646 in 2 weeks. The MGS score improved more in Group B after 2 weeks (p=0.005), 4 weeks (p=0.002) and 6 weeks (p=0.022). However, toward the finish of 3 months, a half year and a year, improvement in MGS Score was fundamentally better in Group A as compared to Group B. --- ## Radiographic imaging evaluation of mandibular third molars among patients presenting to private dental college in South India **Authors:** Jones Jayabalan, Jayakeerthana S, Muthusekhar MR **Published:** 2020-08-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2788 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Agenesis, Impacted tooth, Panoramic radiography, Third molars The most common reason for mandibular third molar impaction is due to reduced space between the distal part of the second mandibular molar and the anterior border of the ascending ramus of the lower jaw. The tooth that is impacted is commonly asymptomatic, or sometimes present with various pathological conditions causing pain and swelling as well as pus discharge. In our current study, we have assessed the patterns of Mandibular third molar impactions using the Orthopantomogram (OPG’s). OPG’s of 150 patients (91 female and 59 male) who were between 18-25 years of age and had impacted mandibular third molars was assessed for gender, the region having the highest frequency of impaction and the fashion of impaction of the mandibular third molars. The study shows Bilateral impaction was more commonly seen in 26.66% of the study population and case of unilateral impactions the most frequent site is particularly in left side 23.33% and in right 19.33% unilateral impactions. The mesioangular pattern of impaction was more common in both male and female and was followed by distoangular, vertical and horizontal patterns. The study showed that there was no gender bias in the presence of impacted mandibular third molars and that the mesioangular pattern of impaction was more common. --- ## Antitumor, Antimicrobial activities and Phytochemicals Constituent of different Extracts of Pulicaria undulata (Forssk.) Oliver. Grown Naturally in Saudi Arabia **Authors:** Khulud M Alshehri, Madeha O I Ghobashy **Published:** 2020-08-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2790 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pulicaria undulata, Asteraceae, GC–mass spectrometry, HPLC, Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial activity, Herbal medicine, MCF-7, HCT-116, HepG-2cell lines Antitumor and antimicrobial resistance are a habitual global issue, which continually demands finding new natural compounds to encounter the resistance. Pulicaria undulata (Forssk.) Oliver. (Asteraceae family) has numerous promising medicinal properties. The recent work aimed at determination of antitumor effects of three extracts of P. undulata on three types of human carcinoma; HEPG-2 hepatocellular carcinoma, MCF-7 breast carcinoma and HCT-116 colon carcinoma cell lines. Anticancer activity was assessed through studying the viability of the cancer cells and apoptotic pathway. Also, antimicrobial potency of different extracts was assessed against studied human pathogens (five Gram negative bacteria, two Gram positive bacteria and yeast). The results reveal that chloroform extract has different levels of cytotoxicity toward the three types of cancer cell lines. The half maximal inhibitory concentration IC 50 value was 3.01 µg/ mL for the HepG-2, 16.4 µg/mL for the MCF-7, and 7.4 µg/ mL for HCT-116. Followed by the ethyl acetate extract which showed strong cytotoxic activity against HEPG2 with IC 50 = 12.2 µg /ml and moderate activities against MCF7 and HCT 116 and recorded (IC 50 = 26.7 and 26.4 µg /ml, respectively). While the crude methanol extract recorded the lowest cytotoxic effect against HEPG2, MCF7 and HCT 116 with (IC 50 = 51.4, 105.1 and 86.7 µg / ml, respectively). Chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts have a high antimicrobial activity more than methanol extract against the pathogens being studied. HPLC and GCMs Analysis identified numerous chemical compounds of P. undulata extracts with various therapeutic benefits. In conclusion, P. undulata has the potential to act as an antimicrobial agent against various pathogenic microbes and is a promising wild herb for the treatment of cancer. --- ## A study of Estrogen Receptor, Progestrone Receptor and hER2/NEU expressions in cases of breast cancer in a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Mamta Bharti, Nanda J. Patil, Kshirsagar A Y **Published:** 2020-08-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2795 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Estrogen Receptor (Er), Progestrone Receptor (Pr), Breast, Cancer The study of Estrogen receptor, Progesterone receptor and HER-2/neu expressions in cases of ca breast was carried out over a period of 2 years at tertiary care hospital karad which included 101 breast cancer cases. Maximum numbers of patients (34.65%) were in the 41 – 50 years group. All patients were female. Family history was seen in 10 (9.90%) cases. Out of 101 cases equal cases were in the category of invasive breast carcinoma grade -II (46.42%) and grade- III (46.42%).While grade- I tumors comprised of 7.41% cases. Invasive breast carcinoma - no special type accounted for maximum cases (77.22%). Other histological types were medullary carcinoma (7.92%), mucinous carcinoma (2.97%). Out of 101 cases, 56.43% of breast cancer cases were positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors. Maximum number of HER-2/neu over expression 5/10 (50%) was seen in 41-50 years of age group. A positive correlation was found between ER and PR expression. Maximum number of triple negative cases were seen in medullary carcinoma (100%), metaplastic carcinoma (100%) followed by invasive breast carcinoma. Out of 101 cases of breast cancer, 42 cases (41.58%) showed axillary lymph node metastasis. Axillary metastasis was divided as 0 lymph node (no metastasis) - 58.41% cases, 1-3 lymph node metastasis – 21.78% and >3 lymph node metastasis – 19.80%. Tumor emboli were noted in 31.68% of cases. Estrogen and Progesterone receptor expression correlate well with the established prognostic markers like-age, type of tumor, histological grade, axillary lymph node metastasis and tumor emboli. --- ## CSF analysis in a patient with meningitis with special reference to LDH **Authors:** Shilpa Patil, Ajikya Bahulekar **Published:** 2020-08-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2793 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Meningitis, Lactate dehydrogenase, Cerebrospinal fluid Acute infections of the nervous system are among the hugest issues in the medicine considering the way that early affirmation, gainful dynamic and speedy association of the treatment can be lifesaving. Standard routine assessment of CSF in meningitis doesn’t commonly give speedy definitive information without a doubt. Therefore there was need for additional tests. The present study conducted in Department of Medicine. The study included clinical appraisal and CSF assessment of 65 occurrences of meningitis. Lumbar cut was done in each consistent case and CSF was assembled in sterile containers. In majority cases of meningitis sugar less than two third of blood sugars, and majority of TBM cases had sugar level between 40-60 mg%. Higher cell count was seen in pyogenic meningitis cases. In context to LDH levels among the different types of meningitis, significant increased CSF LDH levels was observed in TBM and PM as compared to VM and CM but no noteworthy distinction between TBM and PM. Overall conclusion of study was that estimation of CSF LDH levels is not only supplementary aid but diagnostic and differentiating aid for meningitis. --- ## Bacterial and fungal isolates from endotracheal tube secretions culture and their antibiogram in patients with ventilator associated pneumonia **Authors:** Nitin N Jadhav, Vasant Deokar **Published:** 2020-08-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2794 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bacteria, Fungal, Endotracheal Tube Secretions, Culture, Antibiogram, Ventilator Associated Pneumonia The study was undertaken to determine causative bacteria / Fungi and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of the isolates in patients with VAP. The study was conducted at the Department of Medicine. The duration of the study was two years. A total of 100 VAP cases were studied, sample collected was endotracheal aspirate. More the age, more the patient is prone to VAP but the role sex in occurance of VAP was not statistically significant in our study. VAP was considered when after 48 hours of intubation patient develops Pneumonia, Leukocytosis/ Leukopenia, Fever. Gram negative bacteria were the most common organism causing VAP. Acinetobacter Baumannii was the most notorious bacteria causing VAP contributes to 53% followed by Klebsiella species 16%, Pseudomonas species 15% were the most frequent bacteria causing VAP later followed by coagulase positive Staphylococcus 6%, Escherichia coli 4%, Candida 4% and Enterobacter Cloacae Complex 2%. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern of gram negative bacteria isolated in our study including Pseudomonas species showed that most of them are sensitive to Colistin, Tigecycline, Meropenem and Amikacin followed by other drugs. In case of Gram Positive (Coagulase positive Staphylococcus) is sensitive to vancomycin and very rarely to Linezolid. --- ## Impact of low back pain on fear of movement and functional activities **Authors:** Waqar M Naqvi, Laukik Vaidya, Kiran Kumar **Published:** 2020-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2779 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Low back pain (LBP), Kinesiophobia, Tampa scale Fear is an uncomfortable feeling, which results from the proximity of actual threat or pain. A strong correlation exists between fear and pain. Kinesiophobia is the phobia of activity and physical movement, which results from a sensation of sensitivity to painful injury or reinjury. Low back pain (LBP) is among the frequent disorders of the musculoskeletal system. LBP is mainly due to bad postures and poor organisational ergonomics. Kinesiophobia has adverse effects on rehabilitation outcomes. So the systematic application of graded exposure to movements is recommended in patients with Kinesiophobia to prevent pain-related anxiety. We compared Kinesiophobia’s impact on patients with both acute and chronic LBP. We aimed to find out the role of Kinesiophobia in patients having LBP. The survey-based research using Tampa scale of Kinesiophobia was conducted with cross-sectional design. It included participants of both genders,in the age group of 18-65 who were diagnosed with acute and chronic low back pain. Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, Evaluation Performa, NPRS and Goniometer were used as outcome measures for the study. The patients were thoroughly examined, and they were evaluated using the Tampa Scale. Scoring to 17-items Tampa Scale was performedin4-point Likert scale varying from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree.” After the inversion of items 4, 8, 12, 16, the final score was determined. The total score ranges from a minimum of 17 to a maximum of 68. It was concluded that Kinesiophobia plays a crucial role in LBP, especially chronic LBP. --- ## Cytotoxic Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Bark Extracts of Alstonia Scholaris against Cervical Cancer Cell Line **Authors:** Jayashree V, Akshara Rajeswari RS, Bharath M, Amaraegbu Paschal Izuchukwu, Lavanya G, Haneef Sharif, Jeeva Raj **Published:** 2020-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2772 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alstonia Scholaris, HeLa, MTT assay, Cervical Cancer Alstonia scholaris, a tropical evergreen tree belonging to the family Apocynaceae has traditionally been referred to have anti-cancer activity, but it has not been explored so far. Therefore, the study is aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effect of aqueous and ethanolic bark extracts of Alstonia scholaris against cervical cancer cell line (HeLa Cell line). The bark part of Alstonia scholaris was collected, dried, powdered and made to a coarse powder. Maceration was carried out for the bark of Alstonia Scholaris using two different solvents like ethanol and aqueous solutions. Both the extracts were collected, evaporated to dryness. The extracts were then investigated for the phytochemical screening and cytotoxic effect by MTT Assay using cervical cancer cell line (HeLa cell line). The phytochemical screening of both the extracts showed the presence of various phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, gums and mucilage. The IC50 value of Alstonia scholaris of aqueous extract was found to be 13.38µg/ml, whereas the IC50 value of ethanol extract was found to be 14.21µg/ml. According to the results obtained, it has been proved that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Alstonia Scholaris bark showed the presence of significant phytoconstituents and also showed significant cytotoxic effect (MTT Assay) against cervical cancer. --- ## Identification of HIV virus in Najaf city, Iraq **Authors:** Thualfakar Hayder Hasan, Raad A. Al-Harmoosh, Huda Jameel Baker Al-khilkhali **Published:** 2020-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2783 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ADIS, HIV, CD4, Najaf, Iraq Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (ADIS) is a disease of the human immune system that results in a decline in the efficiency of the human immune system step by step to leave people exposed to many infections and tumours. It caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The first appeared of HIV in West Central Africa in the late 19th or early 20th century. The direct contact from personal mucus membrane or bloodstream and physical fluid (blood, vaginal semen fluid and breastfeeding milk) containing the virus is the unique viral transmission route. Out of 80 blood samples were taken from different areas of Najaf city, Iraq, for ages from 20 to 60 years (males and females) to the period from 1/1/2019 to 19/12/2019. The surface antigen of the HIV was detected by the ELISA technique and mini VIDAS by a virus-specific kit. Out of 80 different patients by physical examination infected with ADIS: HIV viruses were the most incidences with 12 isolates (15%) while, there were 66 isolates (82.5%) were belonged to other infections and two strains (2.5%) were negative to any viral infection. --- ## Phytochemical Screening and In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Leaf Extract Acacia etbaica Schweinf Against Multidrug Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Human Pathogens **Authors:** Tekleweyni Tadege, Kidu Hintsa, Tesfay Weletnsae, Gopalakrishnan V K, Muthulingam M, Kamalakararao K, Krishna Chaithanya K **Published:** 2020-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2782 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acacia etbaica Schweinf, Antibacterial agents, Enterobacteriaceae family, Agar well diffusion, Minimum inhibitory concentration Acacia etbaica Schweinf belongs to the family Fabaceae widely distributed in Africa and various parts of this plant such as bark, leaves, flowers and roots are widely used as a folk medicine for curing of various ailments. This study was aimed to screen the phytoconstituents and evaluate the antibacterial activity of leaf extract of A. etbaica against selected multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae family. Leaves of A. etbaica were extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, and ethanol by sequential soxhlet extraction. In vitro antibacterial activities of A.etbaica leaf extracts against selected Enterobacteriaceae family gram-positive bacteria such as (B.subtilis, E.faecalis,S.aureus)and gram-negative (E. coli, K. pneumonia, V. cholera) were evaluated by agar well diffusion. The antibacterial potential of acetone and ethanol leaf extracts of A.etbaica were determined by 96 well plate broth dilution assay. Among the tested organic leaf extracts, both acetone and ethanolic leaf extract of A.etbaica showed a potentially broad spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity against tested multiple drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae family gram positive pathogens such as B.subtilis, E. faecalis, and S.aureus and gram negative bacterial strains E. coli, K. Pneumonia and V. Cholera with significant MIC values. The significant antibacterial activity of both acetone and ethanolic leaf extracts of A.etbaica was due to the subsistence of secondary metabolites phytoconstituents such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds. --- ## The efficiency of vaccination against cattle necrobacteriosis using an experimental vaccine with a new adjuvant complex **Authors:** Svetlana A. Gryn, Evgenia V. Markova, Valentina I. Klyukina, Nikolay V. Melnik, Roman N. Melnik, Mikhail I. Dunin, Igor V. Pavlenko, Maria S. Svyatenko **Published:** 2020-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2778 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** vaccine, adjuvant, antigen, immunogenicity, immunity The purpose of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of the adjuvant complex based on saponin, glycerin and chitosan in the experimental series of an inactivated vaccine against cattle necrobacteriosis. 4 groups of animals (30 in each group) were selected for the study, aged 6 to 24 months. The first (1st) group consisted of calves 6 months old, the second (2nd) group consisted of animals 12 months old and the third group – animals 24 months old. The control 4 (fourth) group (non-vaccinated animals) contained 10 animals of each age group – 6, 12 and 24 months old. The animals were vaccinated using a needle-free injector at a dose of 0.4 cm3 in two points at a distance of 7–10 cm (0.2 cm3 each) twice at intervals of 4-6 weeks. Revaccinated after 6 months, with a single dose of 0.4 cm3 (at two points, 0.2 cm2 each). It was found that the vaccine with the multicomponent adjuvant had low viscosity and hardening temperature, moderate reactivity, high stability during storage, prolonged immunity in vaccinated animals. The immunity in animals was detected 21 days after the first vaccine administration and lasted at least 18 months after the last immunization. The necrobacteriosis incidence in animals of the control non-vaccinated group was 70-80%. During double vaccination, the average level of postvaccinal agglutinating antibodies in serum of experimental groups of animals was 312.08 ± 74.12 – 62.13 ± 69, 07. Humoral response in vaccinated animals provided reliable protection against Fusobacterium necrophorum disease within two years (observation period). Absence of disease symptoms in vaccinated animals during 2 years testified to the high preventive efficiency of the vaccine. The results obtained confirm the validity of the application of multicomponent adjuvant in inactivated sorbed vaccine as a means of specific prevention of animal necrobacteriosis. --- ## Impact of Physiotherapy rehabilitation program on postoperative ACL tear patient on prognosis leading to maintain consistency in sport **Authors:** Prasad Risaldar, Akshata Raut, Dushyant Bawiskar, Waqar M. Naqvi **Published:** 2020-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2777 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Anterior Cruciate Ligament, ACL, Knee joint, rehabilitation, sports injury Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a devastating injury that occurs at high frequency during involvement in competitive sporting activity. Typical treatment of ACL damage is a reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACLR). It is projected that between 50 percent and 60 percent of ACL injured athletes will return to competitive sport. Athletes undergoing ACLR surgery are recommended for comprehensive rehab and preparedness to rebuild knee joint integrity and specific functional criteria to direct the comeback to sport to protect against secondary ACL damage. Patient main concerns were pain, with loss of strength and stability at the knee joint, the clinical findings found that there was a marked decrease in range of motion (ROM), and decreased strength of the quadriceps and the hamstrings. Diagnosis of case was grade 2 ACL tear which was confirmed by the MRI reports. The patient showed a great co- operation during the intervention period and now the subject is able to maintain his consistency in his sport. The outcome measures of physical therapy intervention progressed him in an enhanced athlete with return to his sport. --- ## Concept of Airborne Infectious Disease in Ayurveda **Authors:** Madhura Vinay Fadanavis, Punam Sawarkar **Published:** 2020-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2781 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Airborne infectious diseases, Aupsargikarogas, Janapadodhwansa, Panchakarma, Rasayana Life of any living thing starts with the breath and ends with breathlessness. Health is defined as a state of equilibrium of normal functions of Dosha, Dhatu, and Agni with body, mind and soul. Health has not given importance until someone becomes sick. Due to intake of improper diet, lack of exercise, stress, & global warming, pollution the health status of an individual is decreasing day by day & they are getting easily prone to infectious disease. It comes with significant challenges & creating a burden over medical & health care system. Ayurveda is an ancient science which has already described such communicable disease with their causes, mode of transmission, prevention as well as treatment. Charak has explained about Janapadodhwansa & its four reasons (Air, water, time, and region). Sushruta has already mentioned Aupsargikarogas that are infectious diseases. By adopting Ayurvedic measures such as following proper Dincharaya, Rutucharya, Sadvritta, Panchakarma, Shaman Cikitsa & Rasayana, both physical and mental health, can be maintained. This review has been done by compiling information from classic Ayurvedic texts – Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Astanga Hirdaya. Apart from this, modern books, journals & websites on preventive & social medicine were also searched for this study. After extensive search, specific causative factors, pathology, symptoms & various treatment regime has been narrated in scattered form by our Ancient Acharyas. The different Ayurvedic Samhitas serves as a source of getting knowledge about the airborne disease and ways to prevent it and cure it. By using these basic principles in this ancient science in a rational way, we can avoid & overcome many clinical conditions described in contemporary science which has its self-limitations in treatment modalities. --- ## Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant stress properties of methanol acetate and ethyl extracts of Tirmania Nivea and Tirmania Pinoyi **Authors:** Houda Attjioui, Hamadoun Abba Touré, Amine Cheikh, Hafid Mefetah, Mustapha Draoui, Mustapha Bouatia **Published:** 2020-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2776 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tirmania Nivea, Tirmania Pinoyi, Methanol extracts, Ethyl acetate extracts, Oxidative stress For thousands of years, truffles have been used as essential foods in different cultures around the world because of their rich nutritional value and their pleasant and characteristic smell. We have studied the effect of truffles (Tirmania Nivea and Tirmania Pinoyi) extracts on the antioxidant stress properties issued from the Moroccan desert. Antioxidant and anti-free radical activities were studied using three analytical methods: trapping capacity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, phosphomolybdate, and reducing ferric antioxidant capacity; in addition, phenol and flavonoid levels were measured. The results of the FRAP, DPPH and PPM tests of T. Nivea were respectively 4.112 ± 0.217, 0.142 ± 0.006, 2.235 ± 0.110 mg/mL for methanols and 3.424 ± 0.034, 0.137 ± 0.025, 0.858 ± 0.010 mg/mL for ethyl acetate extracts. The results of the tests of T. pinoyi were respectively 3.670 ± 0.572, 0.102 ± 0.004, 0.907 ± 0.014 mg/mL for methanols and 3.404 ± 0.096, 0.080 ± 0.003, 0.693 ± 0.057 mg/mL for ethyl acetate extracts. For this work, we propose a valorization of the Moroccan truffle in the prevention of oxidative stress. --- ## A Review on Neuroprotective Effects of Almonds **Authors:** Samuel Sundar Doss D, Vijayakumar J, Rekha K, Ayesha Parveen **Published:** 2020-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2775 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Alcohol, Neurotoxicity, Almonds, Neuroprotective Almonds are prunes belonging to the family Rosaceae. Almonds are the most popular and very commonly used nuts. These nuts are extremely beneficial included properties of alpha-tocopherol, vitamin E, sucrose, phenolics, folate, brain tryptophan mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids. It is well known that almonds are protective, and preventive nuts for various diseases. The mechanisms have proven its effects in various body systems and functions like immunostimulation, antioxidant action, hypoglycemic action, prebiotic potentials, cholesterol levels, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective. Therefore, this study aims to review the neuroprotective functions of almonds, and a literature search was done in Pub Med, Google Scholar and Science Direct. From the selected database reviews about the neuroprotective effects of almonds were discussed. It is proven that the natural antioxidant property of almonds is said to be neuroprotective. The regular consumption of almonds in diet is said to increase the memory. The few review articles on neural effects of almonds have proven almond to be very effective and neuroprotective in nature compared to the other nuts. Therefore, it is recommended that dietary intake of almonds does not only have effects on cholesterol levels known previously it has major effects in developing and maintaining the neural mechanism. --- ## Assessing the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) among the newly diagnosed Prediabetes screened in selected districts of South India **Authors:** Mohsina Hyder K, Raja D, Jithin Mohan, Ponnusankar S **Published:** 2020-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2780 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, prediabetes, screening, India Currently, 314 million people in the world are Prediabetes, and it is predicted that around 500 million would be burdened by the year 2025. Continuing education of diabetes and its complications is crucial, but it should be accompanied with regular assessment of Knowledge Attitude and Practice (KAP) among the high-risk population. This study was carried out to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among the newly diagnosed Prediabetes screened over selected districts of South India. This study was conducted through prediabetes screening camps over districts of Calicut, Wayanad and Malappuram in Kerala and The Nilgiris district in Tamilnadu from September 2017 to October 2019. A questionnaire survey was done as a part of a prospective open-label interventional study with 308 prediabetes individuals. Baseline characteristics of the participants were obtained, and their knowledge, attitude and practice regarding Prediabetes were assessed. The finding of the present study revealed 90% of the respondents had poor knowledge, 9% had average knowledge, and only 1% had good knowledge of Prediabetes. In the attitude assessment, only 1.9% had a strongly positive attitude, 14% had a positive attitude, 54% had neutral attitude while 17% had a negative attitude and 13% had a strongly negative attitude. Regarding healthy lifestyle practices, 35.4% had a deplorable practice that scored below 6. Around half of the population, 52.3% had poor practice, 12% had proper training, while only 0.3% had a perfect practice. Knowledge and practice regarding lifestyle modifications among prediabetes participants were found to be reduced. The mixed response was obtained regarding their attitude towards Prediabetes and its management. --- ## Physico-Chemical Analysis of Mango Juice Factory Effluent (MJFE) and its phytotoxic effects of Gingelly (Sesamum indicum L.) **Authors:** Sivakumar V P, Lenin M **Published:** 2020-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2785 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** MJFE, BOD, COD, Gingelly, Vigour index, Phytotoxicity The use of bottled fruit beverages has increased enormously. The increased consumption increases the public and sewerage industries. It also leads to various sewerage industries problems. The juice factories use large quantities of water which in turn produces large amounts of wastewater that is called ‘effluent’. This effluent contains a large amount of chemicals and organisms from fruits, sugars and additives like colours. The classical juice factory generates 10 litres of ‘effluent’ per litre of juice. Anextensive range of mangoes are used to make juice; the large quantity of effluent is discharged into nearby water bodies or open agricultural land. The researchers are working on the solution to avoid this. One of the researches we tried to solve the problem of using dilution methods was a physicochemical analysis of mango juice effluent and its phytotoxic effects on gingelly. The laboratory experiment was carried outon the phytotoxic effects of mango juice factory effluent (MJFE)on the growth of Gingelly (Sesamum indicum L.). The different concentrations of effluent(Control, 5, 25, 50, 75and 100%) were prepared, after the seeds sowing the mud pots the treatments were given, the germination percentage(G.P.), vigour index (VI), tolerance index (T.I.), phytotoxicity (P) were recorded in 7thDAS. The growth parameters such as shoot length (S.L.), root length (R.L.), number of leaves (N.L.), total leaf area (TLA), fresh weight (F.W.) and dry weight (D.W.) were inspected on 30th DAS of seedlings. The results were exposed after germination characters, and morphological parameters increased (up to5%) effluent concentration and after that declined in higher (above 25%) concentration of MJFE. Because the effluent is toxic, it contains large quantities of organic and inorganic chemicals and high intensity of BOD, COD and others. --- ## Role of Ayurveda in Unmada With Reference to ADHD –A Case Study **Authors:** Rakesh Khatana, Renu Rathi, Anamika Khatana **Published:** 2020-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2774 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Unmada, Apasmara, Neurobehavioral, ADHD, Behavioral abilities Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurobehavioral disorders of childhood which affects the social, learning and behavioural abilities, Ayurveda explains almost all the Psychiatric and Behavioral disorders under the headings of Unmada and Apasmara where Unmada is a disease featured as unstable intellect, mind, knowledge, memory, consciousness, and bad manners. This case report is aimed at dissemination of role of Ayurveda in the management of ADHD (Unmada). This case study of 4.3 years male presented with complaints of hyperactivity, poor concentration, easily irritable, shouting, headbanging, unable to speak two words at a time and sentences since last one and half year. It has shown promising results. Rasayana is the source of achieving the excellent quality of rasadidhatus (body tissues) which increases life span, improves Medha (intelligence), stabilizes youthfulness, cures disease, enhances complexion, lustre, and voice makes body strong and healthy. So Sarsawataarishta with gold is selected as a choice of drug as best rejuvenator as it promotes memory and intelligence, improves speech, and promotes health. It provides nourishment to body tissue and also acts on mind. It opened the door of the Ayurvedic approach with hope to deliver the good result in similar disorders. The case was successfully treated with the help of internal medications which were carminative, digestive and mild purgative in action, external oleation and medicated oil enemas suggested by Acharya in the treatment of Unmada. In the view of Ayurveda, ADHD can be named as Unmada due to the specific psycho-somatic clinical presentation. --- ## A Case Study to Evaluate the Treatment of Shwitra with Ayurveda Modalities **Authors:** Trupti Thakre, Sourabh Deshmukh **Published:** 2020-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2773 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Vitiligo, Shodhan and Shaman, Shwitra In Ayurveda all the skin diseases are explained under the term Kushtha. The references of shwitra are found in almost all the Samhitas like Bruhatrayees and Laghutrayees. In shwitra disease the white patch is seen and considering these symptom it can be compared to vitiligo. Vitiligo is characterized clinically by the development of areas of depigmentation. These are often symmetrical and occur mainly on extensor surfaces. This hypopigmentation results due to destruction of melanocytes, which may be unknown in origin or due to autoimmune endocrinopathies selective IgA deficiency. In contemporary science treatment of vitiligo is not very effective. Potent topical steroids and tacrolimus is used which produces harm to skin on continuous use. So the effective medicines are expected from Alternative sciences. To evaluates the role of Ayurveda treatment modalities in shwitra. A female patient, aged 15 year suffering from white patch below the left eye since 3 year was treated with both Shodhan and Shaman Chikitsa for a period to 5 months with follow up at every 15 days in between, Relief from the complaints was assessed by noting the changes in the size of patch. After 5 months of treatment the size of patch was reduced. The present case study revealed the efficacy of Ayurveda therapy both internal and external for duration of 5 months in the management of shwitra. --- ## Chemical constituents and anti Helicobacter pylori effect of ethyl acetate fraction from Sanchezia nobilis Hook.F **Authors:** Xuan Bui Thi, Loi Vu Duc, Duong Le Hong, Ngoc Tran Minh **Published:** 2020-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2760 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sanchezia nobilis Hook.F, 13-O-acetylfawcettimine, ethyl acetate fraction, anti-Helicobacter pylori, MIC The leaves of Sanchezia Nobilis Hook. F grown in Vietnam are extracted with ethanol then distilled for ethanol retrievement under low pressure. The ethanol concentrate was shaken with n-hexane, then stirred with ethyl acetate and concentrated fractions were obtained. From the high ethyl acetate fraction, four compounds were isolated by normal phase and reversed-phase column chromatography. Their structures were determined by spectral analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques (1H, 13C, DEPT, COZY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY), High Resolution Electrochewmical Ionization Mass Spectroscopy (HR-ESI-MS), and identified by comparing with the recorded data. Among the isolated compounds, compound 2 (13-O-acetylfawcettimine) was first time isolated from nature; and mixture 1 (Fawcettidin), 3 (Apigenin) and 4 (Kaempferol) were first time isolated from the Sanchezia genus. The high ethyl acetate fraction of Sanchezia Nobilis Hook. F leaves were then evaluated for the anti-Helicobacter pylori (anti-HP) effect by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration method (MIC), which showed a good inhibitory, dose dependent effect on Helicobacter pylori. The ethyl acetate fraction at 1/8 dilution showed a complete inhibitory effect on Helicobacter pylori for as long as 24 hours. At 1/128 dilution, the fraction only showed good results on inhibition after 24 hours. --- ## Overview of Phytochemical Compounds and Pharmacological Activities of Ananas Comosus L. Merr **Authors:** Hartati R, Suarantika F, Fidrianny I **Published:** 2020-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2767 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ananas comosus, Bromeliaceae, Pharmacological activities, Phytochemical compounds, Traditional uses Ananas comosus L. Merr, known as pineapple, belongs to the Bromeliaceae family. This plant has been used as traditional medicine and continues until now in conventional herbal medicine. The pineapple was distributed in some countries such as China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and originated from South America. This article delved the scientific work about Ananas comosus focussing their usage as traditional medicine, chemical compounds and biological activities. All of the pieces of information were obtained from the scientific literature such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus and PubMed. Based on the literature survey,different parts of pineapple (Ananas comosus) are used in traditional medicine, used asan anti-inflammatory agent,anti-oedema, digestive disorder, antimicrobial, vermicide, and purgative. Phytochemical compounds from A. comosus have been provided, including ascorbic acid, quercetin, flavones-3-ol, flavones, and ferulic acid. The crude extracts of A. comosus have many pharmacological activities such as anti fungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial. This discovery becomes possible due to scientific isolation and in vivo or in vitro analysis of A.comosus. --- ## Relation of Body mass index to Heart rate variability in female medical students **Authors:** Adlin. K. Kazia, Sangeetha A, Mahammad Rafi V, Prem Kumar S, Vishnuprasaath S, Vijayalakshmi B **Published:** 2020-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2761 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Autonomic nervous system, sympathovagal imbalance, HF:LF ratio, female Heart rate variability (HRV) is a simple non-invasive, sensitive measure to evaluate autonomic system activity. Sympathovagal imbalance can explain increased incidence of sudden cardiac deaths associated with increased Body Mass Index (BMI). Understanding the mechanism that connects obesity and autonomic nervous system (ANS) functions is important because increasing obesity prevalence documented among men and women of all ages. The aim of the study is to assess the relationship of body mass index to heart rate variability in young females. In this study, 90 healthy female students, aged between 17-22 years were included. After calculating the BMI, subjects were divided into three groups. HRV was recorded for 5 min using INCO-NIVIQURE DIGITAL ACQUISITION SYSTEM VER.52.0. Low frequency (LF) component, high frequency (HF) component and LF:HF ratio were recorded and the relation between BMI, HF, LF and LF:HF ratio were analysed using ANOVA test. In this study, LF:HF ratio in overweight females was found to be high and parasympathetic was decrease when compared to normal weight and under-weight females. Raised BMI is associated with reduced HRV, which correlates with decreased parasympathetic activity and sympathovagal imbalance, thus increases the chances of cardiac autonomic dysfunction and eventually leading to cardiovascular disease in overweight female. --- ## Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial activity of leaf and stem of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. **Authors:** Niranjan M H, Prabhu rajeshwar **Published:** 2020-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2759 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult, phytochemical screening, antifungal activity, leaf and stem extracts, antibacterial activity Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult.A plant belonging to Convolvulaceae is commonly found on hedges and bushes in the forests and wastelands. It is a perennial, woody and glabrous shrub with pink flowers. Traditionally Ipomoea staphylina is used for respiratory disorders. Traditionally genus Ipomoea is used as purgative, dyspepsia, anthelmintic, bronchitis. Medicinal plants are the primary sources of medicines in Ayurvedha, Siddha, and Folk medicine systems. In India, about 95% of all modern drugs are derived from medicinal plants and very likely most of these medicines are used by people to cure many ailments. The Ayurvedic literature Sarangdhar Samhita” highlighted the concept of polyherbalism to achieve greater therapeutic efficacy. The active phytochemical constituents of individual plants are insufficient to meet the desirable therapeutic effects.When combining the multiple herbs in a particular ratio, it will give a better therapeutic effect and reduce the toxicity. Most of them are active even at a low dose and safe at a high dose. Thus they have superior risk to benefit ratio. Based on this the present study deals with physicochemical, phytochemical studies such as and biochemical estimation of medicinal plant of a combined mixture of polyherbal Ipomoea staphylina., also study evaluates the ethanol and methanol extracts of leaf and stem for their preliminary phytochemical analysis, antibacterial and antifungal activity. In the study of the phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of carbohydrate, protein, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids. The Ipomoea staphylina of ethanolic leaf and stem extract showed potent antimicrobial activity in all the tested concentrations against E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger. Ipomoea staphylina could be exploited as a valuable source of antibacterial agent enriching with known antimicrobial compounds. Further studies needed for future drug development to treat various infectious diseases by microbes. --- ## Outbreak of COVID-19: An update on the status of the evolving mechanism with possible diagnostic, therapeutics, and future directions **Authors:** Jitender Reddy Kalli, Utkarsh Raj **Published:** 2020-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.3080 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, pandemic, bioinformatics The new Coronavirus, officially designated as SARS-CoV-2 has caused a pandemic with a global spread to more than 216 countries, areas, or territories 17,106,007 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 668,910 deaths, reported to WHO as of 4:39 pm CEST, 31 July 2020. This virus has been found to have striking similarity with the SARS CoV, which caused an epidemic earlier. Symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, myalgia, dyspnoea, and rarely vomiting and diarrhoea. Diagnostic with the help of serological and molecular methods are currently possible, along with CT scans and Chest X Rays for the early detection. Bioinformatics tools are now helping us in mapping the infection dynamics with increased accuracy and are helping us establish a chain of progression of the virus. With research rapidly expanding, new facts have come into the focus and WHO has started a SOLIDARITY program, which helps in randomised drug trials with better validity aided by measures taken by WHO and use of technology. Nevertheless, novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is one of the deadliest viruses' humanity has encountered, causing not just biological, but also impacting the world economy. This review has all the information about COVID-19 such as its virology, epidemiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis, possible treatment, and prevention. This study also emphasised on the future direction that could be computational drug screening & vaccine designing using Immunoinformatics approach to save time and cost to come out with potential treatments. Drug screening from cell lines and plasma therapy may prove highly effective to treat COVID-19 patients. --- ## Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using citrus sinensis peel extract and their application as antibacterial agent **Authors:** Sharanappa A, Anil R. Shet, Laxmikant R. Patil, Veeresh S. Hombalimath, Santosh Kadapure **Published:** 2020-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2762 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial activity, FT-IR, Orange peel, Silver nanoparticles, SEM, UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have attracted huge importance due to their distinctive chemical, biological and physical properties. Silver nanoparticles are widely synthesized by the chemical method, which involves the use of toxic chemicals which affects its applications. The bio-reduction method, in comparison with chemical method is more economic and eco-friendly. In the present work, the bio-based production of Ag-NPs was done by using peel extract of orange (citrus sinensis), which played a role of reducing and stabilizing agent. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was optimized by one factor at a time (OFAT) with respect to peel extract concentration, silver nitrate concentration and reaction temperature. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Disk diffusion method was used for the study of antibacterial activity of the bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles against the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that at a peel extract concentration of 6%, the temperature of 60oC and silver nitrate concentration of 0.1M, the synthesis of Ag-NPs was effective. The orange peel synthesized Ag-NPs showed effective antibacterial activity against both bacteria. However better activity was observed against bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The results confirmed the synthesis of Ag-NPs using peel extract of citrus sinensis and its role as antibacterial agent. --- ## Exploring its immunogenicity and antioxidant potential of protein from Mangifera indica and Syzygium cumini **Authors:** Gurpreet Singh, Shubham Tyagi, Aashrika Gupta, Abhishekh Tripathi, Karishma Ghosh, Amit Gupta **Published:** 2020-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2769 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mangifera indica, Syzygium cumini, immunogenicity, antioxidant, protein India is considered to be one of the rich repositories of medicinal and aromatic plants, which are mainly used as starting raw materials for drug manufacturing and perfumery products. More than thirty percent of various medicinal plant species are routinely used for various medicinal purposes. In this study, our major objective is to evaluate its immunogenicity and antioxidant potential of protein extracted from leaves of these two medicinal plants, i.e. Mangifera indica and Syzygium cumini. In order to achieve this objective, immunopharmacological studies were conducted and extracted protein from leaves (using Tris HCl and ice cold acetone) and confirming its protein content through the Lowry test. In addition, immunogenicity (using the standard vaccine, i.e. Typhoid vaccine) and antioxidant (using DPPH [1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl] assay) based studies were evaluated using a variable concentration of protein. The results indicate that proteins showed immunogenic effect against typhoid vaccine and also showed antioxidant effect as compared to control. In short, proteins serve as a natural antioxidant and also showed immunogenicity, which may be useful in preventing free radical-induced diseases and also claimed its immunoboosting properties as well. Overall, these studies reveal that protein possesses potential benefits in terms of immunogenicity (against specific protein antigen) and antioxidant effect. --- ## A Review on Targeted Cell Therapy for Breast Cancer, Colon Cancer and Lung Cancer **Authors:** Jayashree V, Shamili M, Sathish Kumar N **Published:** 2020-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2768 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Oestrogen, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, protease activated receptor, BRAF anti- EGFR monoclonal antibodies Cancer mainly defined as a group of diseases lead to growth of abnormal cells anywhere in the body. Anything that potentially leads to the growth of abnormal cells in the body is called cancer. Cancer cells grow with potential to invade or spread in any parts of the body. Cancer can be caused by various agents and factors depending upon the type of cancer developed in the particular region. Chemical and toxic substance exposure, ionizing agents and genetic factors are majorly responsible for developing cancer cells in the body state or degree of disease is determined by medical uses such as biopsy which helps in diagnosis of cancer and determining its types and extent of cancer cells spread throughout the body. The molecular targets such as VEGF, oestrogen, protease activated receptor, BRAF has become major innovations towards drug discovery both naturally and chemically. Symptoms of cancer varies according to the types and extent of disease developed in body symptoms like fatigue, weight loss, change in bowel and bladder function, cough and skin tone are some of the early signs of developing cancerous cells in the body. In this study, we focussed the targets of leading cancers among male and female like breast cancer, lung cancer and colon cancer in drug discovery and development. --- ## Crisis Management System- an overview **Authors:** Gaurav Sawarkar, Punam Sawarkar **Published:** 2020-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2765 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Crisis, task force, stress management, communication, media The crisis is an emergency which interrupts the manhood, leads to instability everywhere. It affects an individual, group, organisation or society etc. There are various types of crises, and everyone should have its management model and perfect plan to come out of it. Every organisation must have a crisis management system and team. This management system comprises of a task force having minimum three to four well equipped capable members, who can able to find out ways to overcome the crisis, and they should be able to succeed crisis. In a crisis, stress management is an important factor that may affect peoples as well as organisation management severely. The significant part depends on the role of people and the leaders or officials, their behaviour in a critical situation. Organisation or officials should communicate effectively with needy peoples, helping members, task force, media persons to tackle the situation meticulously, as communication is the best way-out to minimise the interpersonal conflicts. Organisation personnel must coordinate with the media to provide time to time accurate information. So, cumulatively crisis management comprises of capable task force team, cooperative peoples or officials, excellent communication, stress management practices, diplomate person who deal with media and well-equipped organisation. --- ## Pharmacognostical And Pharmacological Activity of Punica Granatum (Pomegranate): An Overview **Authors:** Anjali A, Dixit Praveen K, Sahoo Jagannath **Published:** 2020-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2758 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Punica granatum, Punicaceae, Pomegranate, Pharmacological activities, Traditional uses Punica granatum (PG) Linn (Family Punicaceae) is also known as pomegranate in English and commonly known as Anar in Hindi, it is found in the nearby region of Iran and very often found in the Himalayas and northern region of India and also cultivated since the ancient times, all over the region of Africa, Europe, and Asia. The various parts of pomegranate plants like seeds, leaf, root, and rind, in the traditional medicine system, used to treat multiple disease ailments such as wound healing, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, decreases cancer risks, anti-arthritic, anti-proliferative and many more diseases. Punica granatum Linn. f. has an excellent level of pharmacological action, which very important according to the medicinal point of view. An enormous variety of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, carbohydrates, steroids, triterpenoids, carotenoids, amino acids, tannins, phenolics, and coumarins. This plant (PG) is very rich in phenolic compounds, due to the presence of such a wide variety of phytoconstituents. The whole plant was extensively used during the holistic medicine system in the treatment of the number of disease treatment. This review mainly focused on the large variety of essential pharmacognostic and pharmacological profile that is necessary to exhibit the crucial therapeutic activity and phytopharmacological properties of different parts of Punica granatum. --- ## Leech therapy (Jalaukavacharana) - A gift of ayurveda for treatment of medico-surgical diseases **Authors:** Saxena Varsha, Srivastava Niraj, Kumar Pradeep **Published:** 2020-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2764 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Jalaukavacharana, Leech therapy, Hirudin, Abscess, Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) The first description of Jalaukavacharana (leech therapy) is available in Sushruta Samhita written in 800 B.C. Recently, many pieces of research have proved that leech saliva has a variety of bioactive compounds including anti-thrombin (Hirudin, bufrudin), antiplatelet (calin), factor Xa inhibitors, antibacterial and other property. The main objective of the present article is to explore the procedures of leech therapy and research works done over a few decades on the application of leech therapy in different medico-surgical diseases. The procedure of leech therapy is documented from authors’ observations and information, and its application in different diseases is gathered from various published works of the last ten years. Many clinical pieces of research show that leech therapy is beneficial in various medico-surgical diseases. A total of eight publications were included in the final selection after systematic analysis. Leech therapy or Jalaukavacharan is an ancient Ayurvedic bloodletting technique that has the great potential to manage many inflammatory, ischemic, and infectious diseases. Leech’s saliva contains many biologically and pharmacologically active compounds that exert anticoagulant, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, and anti-edema effects in the host’s body. Arthritis, venous congestion, vascular diseases, abscess, ischemic heart disease, etc. can be successfully managed by leech therapy. --- ## Trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in treatment of non-resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: comparative study between conventional TACE and drug eluting bead TACE **Authors:** Amgad M.Elsheikh, Mohamed I.Teama, Afify F. Afify, Mohamed H.Abowarda, Hosam N.Almassry **Published:** 2020-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2763 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** c TACE, DEBs TACE, HCC, complications, response To compare tumour response and complications of conventional TACE with lipidol versus DEB-TACE in the treatment of non-resectable HCC. Prospective non randomized comparative clinical trial was performed for patients receiving TACE at interventional radiology unit in Radiodiagnosis department in Zagazig university hospitals. Forty patients were included in this study, 16 patients were treated with drug eluting beads TACE and 24 patients were treated with conventional TACE. Follow up triphasic CT was performed 1 month after the procedure, we found that complete response was 6 cases (25 %) in c TACE group, and 4 cases (25%) in drug eluting bead TACE group, Partial response was achieved in 11 cases (45.8%) in c TACE group, and in 8 cases (50 %) in DEBs-TACE group, Cases with stable disease were 5 cases (20.8%) in c TACE group, and it was 3 cases (18.7%) in DEBs-TACE group, progressive disease is noted in two cases (8.3 %) in c TACE group, and one case (6.2 %) in drug eluting TACE group. Complications were as follow: 18 cases (75%) with abdominal pain in c TACE group, and 6 cases (37.5%) with abdominal pain in DEBs-TACE group, Nausea and vomiting were noted in 13 cases (54.17%) in c TACE group and in 3 cases (18.75%)in DEBs TACE group, Alopecia was noted in 8 cases (33.3 %) in c TACE group and in one case (6.25%) in DEBs TACE group. Almost all complications were significantly lower in DEBs-TACE group than in c TACE group, especially with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and alopecia. Abbreviations: c TACE: conventional trans-arterial chemoem bolization, DEB TACE: drug eluting beads trans-arterial chemoembolization, HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma, CR: complete response, PR: partial response, SD: stable disease, PD: progressive disease. --- ## Concept of infectious diseases in Ayurveda **Authors:** Priyanka Shelotkar, Swapnil Borage **Published:** 2020-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2766 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Agantuja Vyadhi, Ayurveda, Corona virus, Covid-19, Infectious disease, Shwasanaka Jwara COVID-19, a disease caused by SARS-Cov-2 virus, has become pandemic and is spreading widely across the world, and resulted in deaths of millions in just few months. Statistically, it is noted that worldwide deaths has occurred due to outbreak of infectious diseases. There is list of epidemics caused by infectious diseases like Ebola, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), swine flu, bird flu, etc. But, spread of COVID-19 is much more remarkable in very short period of time. Modern system of medicine, do not have any definitive management. Now, we need to think about other systems of medicine to break this chain. So in Ayurvedic perspective, the COVID-19 can be considered as Aupasargika/ AgantujaVyadhi (Infectious disease). Present study aims to understand the principles of Ayurveda, in view of concept, epidemiology, etiopathology, prognosis, prevention and management of infectious diseases. References established on data pertaining to available in Ayurveda classics, modern texts, peer review journals regarding the same. The speedily spread of COVID-19 is due to indulgence in the etiological factors, by people of this era. The onset period of this pandemic was Vasanta Rutu (spring), hence Kapha Prakopa (vitiation of Kapha) is there. And the further pathogenesis is like Shwasanaka SannipatikaJwara (fever due to vitiation of all humors). So, Panchakarma (Internal purification), Rasayana Chikitsa (Rejuvenating treatment) and Sadvritta (Good regime) can be included in the management of such diseases. From this study it can be concluded that disease is produced due to an imbalance between physical and mental elements, as it reduces resistance of body against disease. If we cure or prevent this imbalance and the strengthen host’s defense system by Ayurvedic drugs, lifestyle modifications, and diet modifications, the body will be immune to diseases. --- ## Screening of Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Fiber Levels of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas), Cassava (Manihot esculenta), and Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten) Steenis) Leaves Extract **Authors:** Nurdin Rahman, Fendi Pradana, St. Ika Fitrasyah, Diah Ayu Hartini, Ariani A, Bohari A **Published:** 2020-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2771 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** The extract of sweet potato leaves, phytochemical, Antioxidant and Fibre Generally, vegetables contain various vitamins, minerals, and pigments that have antioxidant activity and can neutralise free radicals before causing damage to body cells. The research aimed to analyse phytochemical, antioxidant contents, and fibre levels of leaves extract of sweet potato, cassava, and binahong. The study was experimental research utilising leaves of sweet potato, cassava, and binahong. The leaves were removed and analysed for contents of phytochemicals, antioxidant and fibre levels. Flavonoid compounds were obtained positively on the 5-blades leaves extract of Cassavas. Polyphenol and tannin were undoubtedly discovered on the single, and 3-blades leaves extract of Sweet Potatoes and also on the five, and 7-blades leaves extract of Cassavas. Interestingly, alkaloids and steroids were identified on leaves extract of binahong, the single and 3-blades leaves extract of Sweet Potatoes and also on the five and 7-blades leaves extract of Cassavas. Consequently, 7-blades leaves extract of Cassavas contains the highest level of antioxidants (IC50), which was 44.46% (90 ppm). Nonetheless, 3-blades leaves extract of Sweet Potatoes contains the lowest. The leaves extract of binahong had an average fibre content of 28.45%, followed by 5-blades cassava leaves at 26.59%, and cassava leaves at 25%. The extract of sweet potato leaves was able to be developed as a source of antioxidants. Moreover, it contained high fibres. --- ## Estimation of Heavy Metals in Selected Medicinal Herbs **Authors:** Ida Christi V E, Krishnaprabha C, Blesson Sha Fogarty N I, Sangilimuthu A, Kumutha D **Published:** 2020-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2745 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Moringa oleifera, Achyranthes aspera, Scoparia dulcis, Saropus androgynus, Castus pictus, heavy metals, Chromium, Cadmium, lead, Arsenic Worldwide nearly 80% of peoples are using the medicinal plants for basic illness due to the presence of primary metabolites, secondary metabolites, minerals and inorganic salts. Some Inorganic minerals available in plants are useful for health and have therapeutic value and some heavy metals are dangerous for health and may cause damage to internal organs. In view of that, the present study designed to quantitatively evaluate the presence of inorganic minerals like Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc and Copper and heavy metal like Mercury, Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, Selenium, Cobalt and Chromium in selected medicinal herbs using Flame photometric method and tomic absorption method There is a limitation for the presence of heavy metals in herbal drugs, The distributions of these metals are not uniform all areas, so before using for formulation development all herbs should be taken for the estimation of heavy metals. In this study an attempt to estimate the inorganic elements and heavy metals present in some of the important medicinal plants like Moringa oleifera Lam, Achyranthes aspera Linn, Scoparia dulcisLinn, Achyranthes aspera Linn. Castus pictus Linn, are mostly used in traditional medicines. Based on the analysis, the result shows the minerals like Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc and Copper were present in considerable quantity e and heavy metals like Mercury, Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, Selenium, Cobalt and Chromium were within the limit as per WHO standard values. ed plants are containing heavy metals were within the limit as per WHO standard. Further these medicinal plants can use for new herbal formulations. --- ## RP-HPLC-DAD determination and quantification of Quercetin and Luteolin in plant extracts of Merremia aegyptia and Merremia dissecta **Authors:** Ridhi Joshi, Rishikesh Meena, Preeti Mishra, Vidya Patni **Published:** 2020-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2752 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPLC, Flavonoids, Luteolin, Quercetin, DAD, ng and µl Medicinal plants produce various useful metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins etc those are widely used for the preparation of various pharmaceutical products, or as food additives. A simple and precise reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) seperation method has been developed for determination and quantification of the flavonoids, quercetin and luteolin simultaneously, from methanolic extracts of Merremia aegyptia and Merremia dissecta after optimization of extracting solvent and chromatographic conditions through HPLC coupled to a Diode Array Detector(DAD). HPLC analysis estimated contents of the quercetin to be 20 ng/µl in M. aegyptia stem and 13.2 ng/ µl in M. dissecta callus whereas luteolin was found to be 0.4 mg/ml in M. dissecta callus. From the previous published literature, it appears that this is the first report of quantification of these flavonoid compounds as they have not been reported earlier in both the species under study. --- ## Automatic Segmentation of Lung Cancer Using Fuzzy K-Means Algorithm **Authors:** Umamaheswari S, Bakiyalakshmi R, Stuti Joshi, Swapneel Chowdhury, Vibhor Kumar **Published:** 2020-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2750 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Deep Learning, Fuzzy K-means clustering, Lung cancer, Segmentation, SVM, X-Ray Treating malignant growth in the beginning times gives greater treatment choices, less intrusive medical procedure and expands the endurance rate. Finding lung disease just as liver malignancy at a beginning period is a difficult assignment since there are hardly any manifestations right now larger part of the cases are analyzed in later stages. In this paper, an augmented method of segmentation is proposed using the Fuzzy K-means algorithm to observe the initial stage of lung cancer from the human chest X-Ray images. Initially, the investigator used strategies like Histogram Equalization for image improvement, Watershed technique for segmentation and Edge detection for Extraction, etc. Existing Approaches decline to provide certainty in a problem solving time operation. The datasets are collected from LIDC-IDRI and Kaggle. In this, 100 training dataset input images are taken for training the model: 80 Cancerous images and 20 non-cancerous images. To evaluate the data 20 images are taken. The detection means classifying tumour into three classes (i) non-cancerous tumour, (ii) Less affected tumour (iii) Highly affected tumour. Hence, a new technique to detect lung carcinoma nodules using median filters, Fuzzy K-means clustering for segmentation and SVM (Support Vector Machine) as the classifier is planned on this work. Hence, this way is profitable to the medical instruments producing industries and additionally guide the radiologist for the early analysis of cancer. --- ## Wound and its Management – An Ayurvedic perspective **Authors:** Supriya Gupta, Kothainayagi B, Neeraj Kumar Gupta, Anupam Sharma **Published:** 2020-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2755 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vrana, Wound, Saptopakrama, Shashtirupakrama Shalya Tantra is a significant branch of Ayurveda. The name of the sagephysician Susruta is well known in the field of surgery. Many surgical and para-surgical techniques have been described for the management of various diseases. Vrana is one of them which have been managed by a human being from starting of civilization. Under the circumstances, the first thing which the man came across was the injury from different sources which was causing Vrana (wound). The wound is very common in both developed and developing countries. It is a breach in the normal tissue continuum, resulting in a variety of cellular & molecular sequel. A wound is a major health problem because the incidence of severe complications is high & financial resources are limited. Vrana is an important chapter of Shalya Tantra due to its involvement in many surgical conditions. This, phenomena of Vrana is not only limited to the cutaneous lesion but may also extend up to muscles blood vessels, ligaments, bones, joints, visceral organs and other vital parts of the body. The diagnostic criterion has been dealt in a very detailed manner by Acharya Susruth. In this article, efforts have been made to throw light on the pathology of Vrana, its classification, diagnosis, and it’s healing. --- ## The Influence of Aloe Vera Juice on Lipid Profile at Prediabetes Patient in East Pontianak Primary Health Care Center, Indonesia **Authors:** Muhammad Faisal, Rahayu Indriasari, Meta Mahendradatta, Rukman Abdullah, Masrianih A, Bohari A **Published:** 2020-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2743 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aloe Vera, Lipid Profile, Prediabetes Aloe vera is a medicinal plant in Indonesia, which is often used as traditional medicine. The purpose of this study was to find out the influence of Aloe vera juice administration on changes in lipid profile (HDL, LDL, Triglycerides) in East Pontianak Primary Health Care Center. This study used quasi experimental. This study used purposive sampling on 36 people in 2 groups. In the treatment group, there was Aloe vera juice administration of 250 ml/day for 15 days while in the control group there was no Aloe vera juice administration. HDL level in the intervention group had an increase of 14.89 mg/dl whereas in the control group had an increase of 1.22 mg/dl, where there was no significant difference between the intervention group and control group (p> 0.05), LDL level in the intervention group had a decrease of 10.56 mg/dl while the control group had a decrease of 5.94 mg/dl where there was no significant difference between the intervention group and the control group (p> 0.05) and triglyceride level in the intervention group had a decrease of 8.78 mg/dl whereas in the control group had a decrease of 3.50 mg/dl where there was no significant difference between the intervention group and the control group (p> 0.05) which means intervention group and control group had no significant differences. --- ## Efficacy of Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Schult.) A. DC. in Calcium Chelation **Authors:** Sebastian A, Jomit T. Mathew, Tojo Jose, George K V, Antony V T **Published:** 2020-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2742 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Calcium Chelation, EDTA, Embelin Embelia tsjeriam-cottam A. DC., commonly known as Vaividang, belongs to the family Myrsinaceae. Embelin, obtained from E. tsjeriam-cottam (an alternative source to Embelia ribes), is having diverse biological activities and used as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer and antioxidant. The present study aims to investigate the efficacy of Embelia tsjeriam-cottam fruit extract to chelate calcium under in vitro conditions. The findings of the study point to the possibility of using Embelia tsjeriam-cottam fruit extract as herbal calcium chelator, a substitute to EDTA. Embelia tsjeriam-cottam fresh fruits were shade dried and powdered. Fruit extract was prepared in 90 per cent ethanol by cold extraction method. Approximately 0.5 M CaCl2. 2H2O solution was combined with 50 ml of an appropriately diluted fruit extract. The mixture was kept undisturbed for 24 hours under ambient temperature. After the incubation period, the mixture was centrifuged at ambient temperature at 4500 rpm for 15 min. The centrifugate was used for estimating leftover calcium ions. Calcium ions present in centrifugates was determined using complexometric titration with standardised EDTA solution as the titrant. Excess EDTA is challenging for the kidneys to eliminate and can even lead to kidney failure in extreme cases. It is evident that Embelia tsjeriam-cottam,has strong Ca2+ chelating properties, can be used as an alternative to EDTA in chelation therapy treatments. --- ## Evaluation of Antioxidant activity and Phenolic contents of Kinnow mandarin leaf extracts **Authors:** Rajat Bhola, Ramesh Joshi **Published:** 2020-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2753 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant activity, DPPH, Flavonoids, Kinnow mandarin, Phenols Kinnow mandarin is a major citrus fruit crop in India. This study was designed to evaluate Total Phenol content (TPC), Total Flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity of vegetative and fruit associated leaves extracts of Kinnow at three different times of the year. The results revealed variation in all three parameters chosen: total phenol, flavonoid content as well as antioxidant capacity between vegetative and fruit associated leaves and during different time periods of the study. The TPC and TFC were highest for fruit associated leaf phase II (9.49 ± 0.075 GAE /g dw and 7.74 ± 0.125 QE mg /g dw respectively) whereas antioxidant activity 31.49 ± 0.025 mg AA/g dw was highest for fruit associated leaves phase I extracts. The TPC,TFC and DPPH free radical scavenging activity among the leaf extracts of Kinnow indicated that some non-phenolic components also contributed to the total antioxidant activity in Kinnow leaves extracts examined in the present investigation. To the best of our information, this is the first experiment presenting comprehensive data on TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity for Kinnow leaf extracts. The study further envisaged that the Kinnow leaves may be important sources of antioxidant for food and pharmaceutical industries. --- ## Comparative Analysis of Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis Utilizing Azelastine and Fluticasone **Authors:** Raisha Dalvi, Abhay D Havle **Published:** 2020-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2748 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rhinorrhea, Allergic Rhinitis, Nasal spray, Nasal congestion, Fluticasone Propionate, Azelastine Hydrochloride The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of topical therapy in patients with allergic rhinitis by fluticasone propionate as well as corticosteroid propionate in conjunction with fluticasone propionate alone. The study aims to evaluate the efficacy of topical treatment on people with Allergic Rhinits (AR). The medicines propionate fluticasone and antihistamine corticosteroids and propionate fluticasone alone were administered to patients with allergic rhinitis. AR was tested. A comparison of the effectiveness of topical treatment with Azelastine of fluticasone propionate and Fluticasone to suppress Allergic Rhinitis symptoms was assessed. Significant disruptions in the quality of living, health as well as function are linked with potentially severe allergic rhinitis. The most prevalent form of recurrent rhinitis is allergic rhinitis, impacting between 10 and 20% of the world population. Statistics show that there is an exponential increase in this condition. The common signs of human rhinorrhea, sneezing, coughing, respiratory inflammation, vomiting and weeping of skin, palatal scratching and ear coughing are considerably higher(* P=.001). The average symptom value (84,14 per cent) was significantly minimised during the test by Fluticasone propionate nasal spray. The intensity of complication decreased substantially by the administration of fluticasone propionate + azelastine hydrochloride nasal spray often functions (91.16 per cent). A mixture of Fluticasone propionate and Azelastine hydrochloride is better than Fluticasone propionate nasal spray to relieve the reactions of Allergic Rhinitis. --- ## Effects of endothelins and matrix metalloproteinases in various pathological disorders and their antagonism at a better treatment modality in modern medicine **Authors:** Patta Prashant, Ramu Gogisetty, Vyshnavi Tallapaneni, Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri **Published:** 2020-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2744 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Endothelin, Endothelin Receptors, Endothelin Receptor Antagonists, Matrix metalloproteinases Chronic disorders or diseases like hypertension, diabetes-mellitus, cancer, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension are becoming more prevalent nowadays even at a younger age. Various methods have been introduced to determine several diseases out of which the concept of measurement of endothelins and matrix metalloproteinases and the usage of endothelin receptor antagonist as a way of treatment either singly or combinedly with other drugs has achieved more importance. By the usage of serum matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and endothelins we can determine the people who are at risk of developing hypertension, type2 diabetes, heart failure, atherosclerosis, cancer, pulmonary hypertension and can also assess the range of complications that are going to occur in the individual. These elevated levels cause remodelling after a period of time. Hence, the detection is done through a method in which few factors like endothelins and MMPs of our body are measured through a blood sample, maximum benefits can be obtained in individuals who have a significant family history of developing hypertension and other conditions In this review we have discussed about various effects of endothelins in different conditions, and also to know if these conditions can be improved or not by using endothelin receptor antagonists. --- ## Prevalence of Folic Acid And Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Anemic Adolescents **Authors:** Mayank Jain, Girish Ganesh Joag, Kshirsagar V Y **Published:** 2020-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2747 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Folic Acid, Vitamin B12, Anemia, Adolescents Adolescents may enjoy nourishment trends, macrobiotic weight control plans and semi-starvation regimens in calories, nutrients and minerals. Protein need in a juvenile for every unit body weight is higher than that of grown up; however, not exactly a quickly developing newborn child. Adolescence has higher nutrient and mineral needs contrasted and individuals all things considered other life stages. A community-based cross-sectional study of 200 school going anaemic adolescents of age group 10 – 19 years. A predesigned semi-organized survey was readied dependent on the audit of writing on Adolescent iron deficiency. The study included 200 anaemic adolescents belonging to two schools, 89 were males, and 111 were females. Male: female ratio was 1.25:1. Among a total of 200 participants, 122 anaemic adolescents belonged to early adolescence. The mean age of anaemic adolescent participants of this study was 13.19 years with a standard deviation of 1.23. among the participants, 137 anaemic adolescents took a vegetarian diet, and 63 anaemic adolescents took a mixed diet. There were three participants underweight according to BMI classification, and 190 had normal range of BMI, 132 adolescents had moderate anaemia (Hb- 8.0 to 10.9 ). Majority of 66.5%(133/200) had Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia, 72.5%(145/200) had folic acid deficiency anaemia, and 58.5% (117/200) had combined Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency anaemia. Prevalence of anaemia in adolescent is a significant public health concern. Supplementation with not only iron and folic acid but also Vitamin B12 may be need of the day. Besides supplementation adequate education regarding quality food, cooking practices and health education is also necessary to be emphasized in adolescents. --- ## Nitrate Reductase Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characterization **Authors:** Shelly A, Minakshi Sharma **Published:** 2020-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2740 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Homodimer, FAD, Mo-MPT, Nanoaggregate, Spectroscopy, Impedance, Shelf life Nanoparticles of enzyme Nitrate reductase (NaR) a soluble homodimer enzyme of 100 kDa polypeptide with cofactors – FAD, heme-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) and electron donor NAD(P)H, catalyses the reduction of nitrate to nitrite has been synthesised. Nanoparticles of Nitrate reductase enzyme have been prepared by chemical desolvation method including glutaraldehyde cross-linking to form the nanoaggregate. Characterisation of NaR nanoparticles has been made by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), UV-Visible Spectroscopy and by electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Study (EIS). TEM study revealed the size of globular aggregated was in the range of 20–30 nm. UV Visible spectroscopic studies depicted that the absorption of NaR NPS is much higher at 560 nm than that of the free enzyme, which showed maximum absorption at 540 nm. NaR NPs aggregates formed were more active, highly stable, have a higher shelf life and can be reused repeatedly. Enzyme nanoparticles with 10-100 nm dimensions and exhibit unique physical, chemical and catalytic properties due to increased surface area. Nitrate reductase nanoparticles can be used as a biochemical tool to increase protein production and grain yield by promoting amino acids production in plants. The synthesised NaR NPs are used in the fabrication of enzyme-based nanosensor in the detection of nitrates in drinking water and serum samples. --- ## Evaluate the Potency of Misoprostol for Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Maternal Women **Authors:** Shaheedha S M, Hemalatha S, Ramakrishna Borra **Published:** 2020-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2746 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Misoprostol, Postpartum hemorrhage, Maternal women, Postnatal ward The present study to investigate the extent of use of misoprostol in postpartum hemorrhage. To evaluate the knowledge of prevention and treatment of managing PPH among health care providers. To educate the pregnant women and midwives on the treatment approaches for PPH. The present study was conducted in RVS Institute of Medical Sciences, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh. The materials required for the study are collected from the gynecology and obstetrics department of the hospital included in the study. The study details with all the details of aim, objective, methodology, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, expected outcome have been submitted to the ethical committee, and after getting a positive opinion from the institution ethics committee(IEC) towards the study, the work has been started. The study included about 316 maternal women. All the women included in the study have been administered with Misoprostol after giving birth to the neonate to prevent the occurrence of atonic PPH, which is the most widely seen complication resulting in birth of maternal women. The common side effects observed in the maternal women were vomiting, which was reported in 27 women out of 316 women. Diarrhea was reported in 12 women out of all study population. Shivering was accounted in 167 women, thus, shivering is the major side effect noted with administration of misoprostol. One women was reported with an elevated diastolic blood pressure of >100 mm of Hg out of 316 women. Manual removal of placenta was necessitated in 19 women. Misoprostol was administered in all the women (n = 316) after 4- 5 hours of delivery. However, it’s needed to increase the mandatory guidelines for management of various complications accounted during delivery to prevent maternal mortality rate. --- ## Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Fruit Formulation Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles **Authors:** Tahoora Taskeen L., Hannah R, Rajeshkumar S **Published:** 2020-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2757 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant property, Zinc oxide nanoparticle, cardamom, pomegranate To determine the free radical scavenging activity of fruit formulation mediated zinc oxide nanoparticle. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are widely known for their antimicrobial agent, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, antioxidant and optic properties. Oxidative degradation of lipids, proteins, food and cosmetics involves a radical-chain reaction with release of free radicals. These free radicals are extremely reactive and can even attack relatively stable molecules like the DNA bases. With a recent rise in diseases associated with increased oxidative stress, a good antioxidant seems to be the need of the hour. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Punica granatum and Elettaria cardamomum extract. Characterisation of the nanoparticles using UV–Visible spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscope. It is followed by the DPPH radical scavenging assay to determine the antioxidant activity. With an increase in the concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles, there was an increase in the percentage of inhibition. When compared to the standard, the zinc oxide nanoparticles showed increased antioxidant activity even in small concentrations. Punica granatum and Elettaria cardamomum mediated Zinc oxide nanoparticles showed considerable antioxidant property even in small quantity when compared with standard vitamin C. Further studies need to be carried out to check for its potency as a prophylactic agent. --- ## Isoflavones Protective Mechanisms Against Cardiovascular Diseases **Authors:** Vadivelan Ramachandran, Raju Bairi, Kalirajan Rajagopal, Manogaran Elumalai **Published:** 2020-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2754 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Isoflavones, Polyphenol, Soybean, Estradiol, Cardiovascular disease, Hyperlipidaemia, Hypertension Isoflavones are polyphenolic compounds and a class of phytoestrogens naturally present in plants belongs to legume family and also quantified in fruits, vegetables and beverages.Soybean is rich source of isoflavones. Their chemical structure is similar to endogenously available female reproductive hormonal substance estradiol,and cellular targets are estrogen receptors. After bind to the estrogen receptors isoflavones exert estrogenic and anti-estrogenic action based upon circulatory levels of estradiol. Cardiovascular diseases are leading cause of death in most of the developing countries and they may occur due to the structural and functional changes in either cardiac muscle or smooth muscle of the vasculature and both. Common cardiac diseases are heart attack, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidaemia, angina pectoris, hypertension. Many epidemiological studies data revealing that consumption of soy protein and soy enriched diet correlate with preventive chances of cardiovascular disease. The United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and other countries declared that everyday consumption of food enriched soy along with low fat may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease. In this review we attempt the mechanism based cardioprotection of isoflavones in different cardiovascular diseases. --- ## Phytochemical evaluation, HPTLC analysis and in-vitro antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Grewia hirsuta collected from Western Ghats forest **Authors:** Dattatraya Kature, Gaurav Gupta, Ritu Gilotra **Published:** 2020-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2751 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant activity, Grewia hirsuta, Hydroalcohol extract, Nagbala In-vitro antioxidant action of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Grewia hirsuta (HAEGH) has been examined using one, “1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) free from radical scavenging” actions. The plant collected from the forest of the Western Ghats region of Karnataka province. The motive for plant collection from a specific location is the plant of forests exhibits the variation in growth, quantity, and quality of their active ingredients and secondary metabolites due to influence ecological factors like effect changes in location, soil, climate, etc. The work corresponds to preliminary phytochemical investigation for diverse phytoconstituents and quantitative phytochemical analysis of total phenolic, flavonoids & alkaloids content (TPC, TFC & TAC respectively) was evaluated with advanced methods. “HPTLC (High performance thin-layer” chromatography) fingerprint investigation was achieved for qualitative determination of the likely number of elements present in the hydroalcoholic extract. In-vitro antioxidant activity of HAEGH has been determined through hydroxyl radical scavenging assay that exhibited strong dose dependent antioxidant activity as compared with standards compound, ascorbic acid. The IC50 value of HAEGH found, 25.90 % inhibition and for ascorbic acid, it was 17.68%. The Preliminary phytochemical estimation found presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phenol, proteins, diterpins and quantitative phytochemical analysis estimation of TPC, TFC & TAC found to be 3.627%, 4.059% & 5.671% respectively. HPTLC analysis of HAEGH at 354nm reveals the presence of a compound with Rf value 0.44 compare with Rf value 0.46 of quercetin. These outcomes indicated that the hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Grewia hirsuta plant contains phytoconstituents that exhibit antioxidant activity possible because of the existence of bioactive compounds. --- ## Validating the properties of Ranunculus sceleratus Linn. by performing spectroscopic techniques and modern chromatography **Authors:** Madhulika A, Dwivedi K N, Sangeeta Gehlot **Published:** 2020-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2756 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carbohydrate, Kandira, Pharmacognostic studies, Phytochemical screening, Thin layer chromatography Ranunculus sceleratus Linn. is one of the well-known medicinal plants, being used from the ancient time in India and commonly called as “Jal dhaniya”. It belongs to Ranunculaceae family derived from two Latin Words “Rana” means frog and “unculus” means little and referred together as “little frog” and also species sceleratus for cursed. It is an aquatic perennial herb. It consists of a herbaceous hollow stem, firm tap root, branched rhizome and leaves having a smooth upper side. The green plant is toxic for livestock and uncomfortable to human skin. This plant can grow up to 0.60 m tall, and also used as a food, medicine and possess other uses. Ranunculus sceleratus Linn. is commonly spread in the temperate and cold region in Global distribution (Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka and India). According to Bentham and Hooker classification “Genera Plantarum”, this plant belongs to the division Polypetale of Dicotyledones which processes more than 600 species. The Phytochemical screening was performed according to API norms, in addition to this UV VIS, FTIR, TLC and HPLC test were also carried out for further validation. The spectroscopy and chromatography examination revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols and various other Phytoconstituents in Ranunculus sceleratus Linn. The spectroscopy and chromatography validation can help us it for medicinal and commercial purposes. --- ## Multifaceted Impacts of Pandemics on the Society **Authors:** Arivuchudar R, Tamilchudar R, Sendilkumar B **Published:** 2020-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2738 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Corona Virus Disease, Economic Security, Food Security, Pandemic, Stress, Virtual Education The pandemic Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) which has hampered the globe since December 2019 has endangered the livelihood of human race. Corona Virus Disease is a new strain of coronavirus that twitches with symptoms of fever, sore throat with dry cough, body ache, fatigue, anosmia (loss of sense of smell), dysgeusia (loss of sense of taste) resembling the ailments of common flu within two to fourteen days of exposure. Recently, emesis and diarrhoea are also seen as indicators in most of the patients. When the severity of the disease increases, the pulmonary system is impaired, and the artificial respiratory system support becomes essential for survival. It is not only the ratio of morbidity or mortality that prerequisites insights on discussion about the pandemic, rather there are many other arenas that needs to be pondered. Although, the preventive measures like personal hygiene, social distancing, self-quarantine in case of suspicion, followed by the individuals and the measures implemented by the Government like curfew, have proven effective in reducing the number of victims to coronavirus, the socio-economic dangers caused to human society is at large. Hence, this study aims to review the threats and challenges posed by the pandemics, like Corona Virus Disease on the grounds of education, economic security, food and nutrition security, physical health and psychological health. --- ## The rationale behind Ayurveda Codes of Conduct (Aachar Rasayana) in COVID-19 like new disorders **Authors:** Sumod Khedekar, Renu Bharat Rathi, Bharat J Rathi, Amit Deshmukh **Published:** 2020-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2733 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, AacharaRasayana, Code of conducts, COVID-19, Preventive aspect In the Pandemic of COVID-19, the Whole world is severely affected in many areas, including the health sector. Ayurveda being a holistic science also explains similar condition thousand years back with their aetiology, sign and symptoms and effective management. Such communicable diseases are described under headings such as Janapadodhwansa, Aupasargicvyadhi etc. with their effective management such as Rejuvenation (Rasayana) therapy, Panchakarma procedures, following codes of right conducts (SadvritaaPalan, AacharRasayana). Till date, there is no established protocol for the management of COVID- 19 like disorders, the only option left with us is a preventive aspect, and that is the first aim of Ayurveda. To make body and mind healthy and capable of fighting against any disease, is possible by following principles of Ayurveda. AacharaRasayana is advised for the same purpose, which is a code of conduct aimed in providing excellent mental, physical, social and spiritual health without having any medicine. Due to the change in lifestyle and not following the codes of conduct, we are becoming more prone to various diseases. Therefore, it must be implemented in the community to obtain the full span of life without disease. This article explains the Ayurvedic view of AacharRasayana as a Preventive aspect in COVID- 19 like diseases. --- ## Uncontrolled mass use of hydroxychloroquine **Authors:** Tugolbai Tagaev, Sagynali Mamatov, Farida Imanalieva, Vityala Yethindra, Altynai Zhumabekova, Aizhan Bazarbaeva, Yogesh Parihar **Published:** 2020-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2734 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Hydroxychloroquine, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Hypokalemia, Retinopathy, ACE2 Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has previously been shown to inhibit coronavirus replication in vitro. But antiviral properties mechanisms are not well known, HCQ is a weak base that accumulates in lysosomes, modifies their pH, and interferes with some enzymes. In the lack of confirmed efficacy, the initial potential risk is not to expose patients to adverse effects. However, results from preliminary clinical studies have drawn inconclusive results regarding the efficacy of HCQ in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to several important weaknesses in research methodologies. Hypokalemia often occurs in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), possibly due to the particular tropism of SARS-CoV-2 with regard to Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The wide use of HCQ, even against medical advice, will show an impact on ongoing clinical trials. It is important that we can recruite COVID-19 patients in these research studies to generate appropriate data regarding drugs that show promising efficacy against COVID-19. Currently, only doctors should be allowed to prescribe HCQ, and treatment should be confined to hospital settings, with proper cardiac and therapeutic drug monitoring. --- ## Role of Vitamin D in prevention of Corona virus infection (COVID-19) **Authors:** Surbhi Juneja, Suwarna Dangore-Khasbage, Rahul R Bhowate **Published:** 2020-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2737 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronaviruses, Renin-angiotensin system, Vitamin D Corona viruses enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses causes various diseases in mammals as well as birds which range from upper respiratory tract infection to potentially lethal human respiratory syndrome. In humans, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which shows symptoms like fever, sore throat, gasping and ultimately pneumonia, lung injury and leading to death. The virus acts on various systems of our body, and one of them is the Renin-Angiotensin system. It is supposed that the virus causes cell injury by acting on Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors which causes an increase in the level of Angiotensin II, leading to inflammation and lung injury. An essential vitamin can prevent this in our body that is vitamin D. It acts on Renin-Angiotensin system (RAS) by inhibiting the action of renin and also by increasing production of ACE2 and hence Angiotensin II level decreases which prevent inflammation and lung injury. So vitamin D has a remarkable and pivotal role in modulation of the immune system of our body and hence protects human from this fatal disease. --- ## Covid-19 and education system: Impact of current pandemic on adaptive learning strategies in medical education system **Authors:** Deepali Patil, Waqar M. Naqvi **Published:** 2020-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2736 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** COVID 19, Adaptive learning, Healthcare, E-learning, Lockdown In the last few months, the globe has been overwhelmed by the pandemic coronavirus as the number of increasing documented cases, and death rates have continued to be reported. The disease is mild in most people usually aged people and those with the coexistence of multiple disorders alongside a primary disorder, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multiorgan dysfunction may develop. No special or specific drugs/medications are available. Neither vaccine has been developed, nor is any previous antiviral drug effective for treatment. Instead, medication is done based on the treatment of clinical features with appropriate drugs and the management of critical patients in intensive care units and isolation. The situation of India's COVID19 has improved decently than that of other countries already affected, thanks to precautionary measures. India, however, did not escape the pandemic. Coronavirus spread (COVID-19) has led most countries around the world to implement urgent lock-down strategies to reduce the blowout of the disease, results that stopped classroom teaching and educational institutions. Global response of health education to COVID-19 pandemic is different from each area, from closings of health institutions to distance learning tactics to compliance with area-specific actions, such as communal distancing to stop the blowout of disease. The unexpected transition from classroom teaching to online education is a challenge both for faculties and learners, and a great deal of preparation and effort is needed in a short time. --- ## Impact of COVID-19 in India, a disastrous pandemic outbreak **Authors:** Shrushti Jachak, Pratik Phansopkar, Waqar Naqvi M **Published:** 2020-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2735 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Pandemic, Physiotherapy, Health care, Economy Coronavirus disease in 2019, also called COVID-19, which has been widely spread worldwide had given rise to a pandemic situation. The public health emergency of international concern declares the agent as the (SARS-CoV-2) the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The COVID-19 pandemic has an unusual way of stroking the entire world. Crises have spread rapidly, disease load and casualties are still on the rise, and crisis influence is spreading across developing countries. Around the globe, the reactions, perceptions, and outcomes were distinct. The outbreak has reflected unfavourable mental health impacts and symptoms. This pandemic has also affected the healthcare department that is treating the patients suffering from diseases other than corona. The power and severity of slowdown varying from being temporary to a long-term recession, they are unanimous about the fact that the slowdown would have an intense impact amongst various sectors of the economy. Most importantly, some panic among consumers and firms has disfigured standard patterns of consumption and caused market inconsistency. This article would give the overall idea of how the social, economic, cultural, and psychological aspects influenced by the pandemic. --- ## Randomized clinical trial of IV iron sucrose and IV ferric carboxymaltose in the treatment of moderate iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy **Authors:** Sneh Rajwani, Nitin Kshirsagar, Sanjay Kumar Patil **Published:** 2020-08-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2796 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Iron Sucrose, Ferric Carboxymaltose, Iron Deficiency, Anaemia, Pregnancy In India, the national nutritional anaemia control programme (NNACP) was started in 1970 and is being implemented through primary health centers and sub centers. It recommended pregnant women to take one iron tablet per day for at least 100 days (each tablet containing 100 mg of natural iron and 500 mcg of folic acid) after first trimester of pregnancy; a similar dose applies to lactating women. Study Design: Randomized clinical trial. 160 pregnant ladies going to antenatal clinic at 14-36 weeks of gestation with Hb 7- 9.9g%. Who met the inclusion criteria were arbitrarily distributed into two groups. One with odd registration number was given iron sucrose and one with even was given FCM. Hematological profile includes Haemoglobin, Reticulocyte count, Blood indices (MCH, MCHC, MCV) Fringe smear, Serum iron and Serum TIBC. 52% cases from FCM group observed in the age gathering of 21-24 years and 39% cases from Iron Sucrose group were observed in the age gathering of 25-28 years. 54% cases from FCM and 46% cases from Iron sucrose were observed in the gestational Age of 29 to 36 weeks. 43% cases from FCM and 46% cases from Iron sucrose were primigravida. Patients from FCM group and 4 patients from Iron sucrose group did not follow up. 2 pts. From FCM group and 1 pt. from Iron sucrose group refused treatment. The rise in mean Hb level after 1 week and 4 weeks of treatment with FCM is more than Iron sucrose. The rise in mean Sr. Iron level after 1 week and after 4 weeks of treatment with FCM is more than Iron sucrose. The reduction in mean Sr. TIBC level after 4 weeks of treatment with Iron sucrose is more than FCM. The rise in mean MCH, MCHC and MCV levels after 1 week and 4 weeks of treatment with FCM is more than Iron sucrose. There was no serious adverse effect noted in both groups. --- ## Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Oxidative Stress and its role In HIV Infection **Authors:** Sunita S Patil, Vaishali S Patil, Arvind Gulbake **Published:** 2020-07-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2686 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Reactive oxygen species, Oxidative stress, Antioxidants, HIV Throughout several regular cell cycles, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role. When ROS values are high, and when the defence mechanism (antioxidants) cannot neutralise, they harm and modify the part of biological molecules. They also act as signalling molecules which generate a spectrum of disease.In this study, we reviewed existing oxidants, oxidative stress, and their relationship with infection by human immunodeficiency virus in patients, and the effects of oxidative stress in patients with HIV.Our prospect is to do a clinical study on HIV patients and estimate oxidative parameters like nitric oxide, total antioxidant level and correlate them with CD4 count and viral load which may be helpful during monitoring and giving efficient ART to the HIV patients. And also the importance of ROS in infection has been established through clinical and in vitro studies. Here we review the role of oxidative stress in HIV pathogenesis, the impact of ROS on immune responses in HIV patients, and ROS-mediated regulation of HIV infection. Future studies on the interplay between ROS and HIV infection may offer a new strategy for prevention and treatment. --- ## Micro spect in vivo bio-distribution study of azithromycin ophthalmic in situ gel **Authors:** Manish Wani, Swati Jagdale, Vishal Bhujbal, Akshay Baheti, Ashwin Kuchekar **Published:** 2020-07-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2684 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Azithromycin, Poloxamer 407, HPMC K4M, in situ gel, Micro SPECT/CT Azithromycin (AZT) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is found in ocular tissues when administered systemically. AZT inhibits RNA-dependent protein synthesis and hence has effective bactericidal capability against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are the primary causative organisms for bacterial infection. In situ ophthalmic gels are systems which undergo a sol-to-gel transformation when instilled in eyes. In situ gels overcome the shortcoming of ophthalmic drops as they get washed out and diluted due to tear fluid. The aim and objective of present study was to formulate in situ ophthalmic gelling systems of Azt and determine in vivo ocular residence time in rat eyes of Tc99 labelled Azt by Micro SPECT. The in situ gel was formulated using Poloxamer 407, which is a temperature-induced gelling agent and HPMC K4M, which is known to increases mucosal adhesivity and enhance viscosity to facilitate sustained release of drug. The formulations developed were evaluated for pH, clarity, viscosity, gelling capacity and % drug release. The selected formulation was subjected to isotonicity and In Vivo Bio-distribution studies. Experimental studies on compatibility showed no interaction between polymers and AZT. AZT was found soluble in PB6.8. All formulations were found clear immediately after preparation and after sterilization & pH after gelation was satisfactorily in the range of 6 to 7. Viscosity and Gelation capacity of in situ gel increased with increase in polymer concentration. Formulations F2 showed desired results w.r.t viscosity, gelation capacity, drug release. In Vivo Biodistribution studies of Tc99 labelled AZT by Micro SPECT showed there was a significant increase in ocular residence time of in situ gel when compared with Tc99 labelled marketed solutions. --- ## Diabetes and COVID-19: A Review **Authors:** Diksha Agrawal, Priyanka Jaiswal, Barkha Goyanka **Published:** 2020-07-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2729 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus, Coronavirus, COVID-19 Diabetes is considered as one of the main comorbidities linked to the severity of respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. For people living with diabetes, even a minor illness can lead to dangerously high blood sugar levels. This may cause life-threatening complications, such as diabetic ketoacidosis or a hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state. Literature has been found that 20–50% affected patients of COVID-19 pandemic are diabetic. Diabetic patients are highly affected due to increased viral entry into the cell, decrease immunity. Here are several hypotheses to explain the increased incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection in people with diabetes. Several cytokines are liberated in diabetics which can play a more deleterious role in Covid-19 infection. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV2, coronavirus pandemic highlights the importance of understanding shared disease pathophysiology, potentially informing therapeutic choices in individuals with Type 2 diabetes. Thus, knowledge about the potential mechanisms in between diabetes & the novel coronavirus is of utmost importance To managed diabetes, and individuals need to face challenges in the current trends in this pandemic crisis. For oral health professional, the management of diabetes should follow the protocol for the treatment of individuals with diabetes. This review illustrates the mechanisms by which diabetes modulates the host-viral interaction, host-immune responses and guidelines to manage during an illness. --- ## Evaluation of in vitro release kinetics of Capsaicin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles using DDSolver **Authors:** Narissara Kulpreechanan, Feuangthit Niyamissara Sorasitthiyanukarn **Published:** 2020-07-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2685 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Capsaicin, Chitosan, Nanoparticles, In vitro Release, Kinetics, DDSolver The present aim is to evaluate the release profile and its release kinetics of encapsulated capsaicin from chitosan nanoparticles using the software DDSolver. The release study was performed by using a dialysis technique in PBS solutions with different pHs (1.2, 6.8 and 7.4) to mimics the different gastrointestinal tract and circulatory system pH ranges as a releasing medium. The nanoparticles were prepared using o/w emulsification and ionotropic gelation technique under optimal condition obtained from response surface methodology (RSM) design as described in our previous study. These nanoparticles were around 180 nm in average hydrodynamic size and encapsulation efficiency percentage around 70%, respectively. In vitro drug release study suggested that the chitosan nanoparticles can potentially use to controlled and sustained release of capsaicin over at least 96. The kinetic release analysis results by DDSolver software indicated that Weibull model was suggested to be the best dynamic models with highest R2adjusted and model selection criteria (MSC) and lowest Akaike information criterion (AIC), respectively, for capsaicin loaded chitosan nanoparticles. The release mechanism of capsaicin from nanoparticles was found to be Fickian diffusion. The results suggest that the chitosan nanoparticles can be applied for the controlled and sustained release of capsaicin in the gastrointestinal tract and circulatory system. --- ## Pharmaco-chemical Characterization and Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanolic Flower Extract of Clerodendrum paniculatum **Authors:** Sincy Varghese, Kanakasabapathi Devaki, Poornima Kannappan, Sri Rashmy Madathil **Published:** 2020-07-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2688 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clerodendrum paniculatum, secondary metabolites, Antidiabetic activity, Antioxidant activity, GC-MS Quantitative and qualitative analysis of different phytochemical components and antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the extract of Clerodendrum paniculatum flower (CPF) were analyzed in vitro. Chromatographic identification of phytocompounds of Clerodendrum paniculatum flower was also identified by GC-MS analysis. To assess the biochemical features of CPF. Sequential solvent extraction of CPF was performed using solvents in increasing order of polarity (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water) and solvent with maximum phytochemical profile was standardized for further analysis. Quantitative analysis of selected secondary metabolites like tannin, flavanoids, alkaloids, and phenols of the flower extract was done by UV spectrophotometer. In vitro antioxidant assays and in vitro antidiabetic efficacy of the flower extract were analyzed by respective in vitro assays. Chromatographic identification of phytochemicals in CPF was identified by using GC-MS analysis. Quantitative estimation revealed an accountable amount of secondary metabolites like phenols (47.66mg/g gallic acid equivalent), flavonoids (24mg/g quercetin equivalent), tannins (41mg/g catechine equivalent), and alkaloids (1.79mg/g of extracted plant material). Chromatographic analysis (GC-MS) also confirmed convincing bioactive compounds in the extract. From in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic assay, the IC50 value of the extract of CPF was measured and compared with standard, and from the results, it was evident that the extract had significant in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. From the above results, it can be confirmed that CPF has got pharmacologically significant phytoconstituents and therapeutically active ingredients, as evident in chromatographic analysis. --- ## In vitro assessment of natural extract as irrigant on root dentin microhardness **Authors:** Sneha Mali, Abhijeet Phase, Nootan Mali **Published:** 2020-07-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2683 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Microhardness, Smear clear, Stevia leaf extract To determine the effect of a natural extract of stevia rebaudiana of 2.5% concentration on the microhardness of root canal dentine when used as an irrigating solution. This was an in vitro comparative study where hundred and twenty intact single-rooted teeth were selected and decoronated with a diamond bur to get an apical-coronal length of 10 mm and were randomly separated into three groups as per the irrigant used; Group 1 (control): Irrigation with Normal saline, Group 2: Irrigation with Smear Clear solution, Group 3: Irrigation with 2.5% Stevia extract solution.They were prepared using Pro Taper Universal Rotary Files with intermittent irrigation with the respective irrigating solution. The teeth were then embedded in acrylic resin and subjected to Vicker’s Hardness test, and the data obtained were analyzed using one way ANOVA. When Group 2 (51.80 ± 9.80 VHN and 52.66 ± 5.28 VHN) was compared with Group 3 (44.98 ± 4.34 VHN and VHN) the values showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). When Group 3 (44.98 ± 4.34 VHN and VHN) was compared with Group 1(65.37 ± 8.80 VHN and 67.74 ± 9.56 VHN), the values did show a statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). Within the limitations of this study, teeth irrigated with normal saline showed the least reduction in microhardness followed by irrigation with Stevia leaf extract solution and Smear Clear. --- ## The UV light effects on pectinase production of Pantoea sp. bacteria **Authors:** Mohmmed Lefta Atala **Published:** 2020-07-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2689 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pantoea sp, UV light, Pectinase, Mutagenesis, Physical effects The highest pectinase producing isolate A3 out of forty isolates of Pantoea sp. bacteria was subjected to physical effects by using UV light to change in their ability for producing of pectinase, the results appeared increasing their activity and production in some of the mutants more than wild type bacteria, the increase was ranged between 14 to 20% in specific activity between bacterial mutants compared with wild type bacteria. Also, the two highest enzyme-producing isolates were tested for their susceptibility against a group of antibiotics (Rifampin 50mcg, Imipenem 10mcg, Vancomycin 30mcg, Amoxicillin 25mcg, Chloramphenicol 30mcg, Trimethoprim 5mcg, Nitrofurantoin 100mcg, Nalidixic acid 30mcg), results appeared different susceptibilities ranged between resist for amoxicillin,and Nalidixic acid, and sensitive for other antibiotics. The susceptibilities of studied bacteria to some antibiotics were different between resist and sensitive, which considered an indicator of dangerous to human life. The study was aimed to increase the ability of these isolate in producing this enzyme which plays an essential role in different industries in food, cosmetics manufacturing and scientific research, besides, their ability in resisting some of the common antibiotics to confirm the transferring of genetic materials between bacteria that isolated from soil samples, which is considered crucial in the microbial genetics. The study appeared there were apparent effects on the genes that responsible for enzyme production either for increase or decrease their activity and creation of an enzyme, which belong to using physical effects to improvement these feature in bacteria. --- ## Study of Location and Staging of Tumours in Patients of Gastric Carcinoma at a Tertiary Hospital **Authors:** Avinash Rinait, Yashwant Lamture R, Pulavarty Prateek, Dilip Gode **Published:** 2020-07-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2677 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** gastric carcinoma, staging, tumour Cancer is also known as the captain of death for humanity. It ranks second only after heart disease leading to death worldwide. In India, the incidence of gastric cancer is considered low and variable in different parts of the world. Gastric carcinoma plays an essential role in determining its management also its location gives some idea about the etiopathogenesis; hence this study was undertaken to study the situation and staging of tumours in patients of gastric carcinoma. This was a prospective study in which 50 patients of gastric adenocarcinoma admitted in the department of surgery at a tertiary hospital were studied. Out of 50 patients studied, 36 were males, and 14 were females. Even though the mean age for male patients is slightly higher than female patients (62 versus 60), the most common location of the tumour was the antrum (88%) followed by the cardia (6%) while the body had just 4% of the tumours and 2% of the tumours were diffused. The most common stage for tumours was stage II (88%), followed by stage III (12%). There were no tumours in stage 1 and IV. Most patients were males who presented in early stage II with antrum being the most common location of the tumour. --- ## Submucosal administration of dexamethasone versus methyl prednisolone in management of postoperative sequelae after mandibular third molar impaction - A systematic review **Authors:** Janani Kandamani, Divya Sanjeevi Ramakrishnan, Sudarssan Subramaniam Gouthaman, Santhosh Kumar M P **Published:** 2020-07-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2674 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Dexamethasone, Methyl prednisolone, Submucosal, Third molars, Swelling, Pain Third molar extraction is one of the most commonly performed minor surgical procedure in any dental practice worldwide, often accompanied by various postoperative sequelae such as swelling pain and trismus which intern affects the quality of life of a patient. Over the past few decades, different methods have been proposed in the literature and were clinically evaluated to reduce the postoperative discomfort after mandibular third molar impaction and out of which corticosteroids, have shown promising results. Dexamethasone (administered either orally, submucosally, IV or IM), methylprednisolone acetate and methylprednisolone sodium succinate (IV or IM or submucosal) are most commonly preferred corticosteroids in oral and maxillofacial surgery. The main objective is to systematically review the comparison of the effectiveness of submucosal administration of dexamethasone with methylprednisolone following mandibular third molar impaction in reducing the postoperative sequelae, and its discomfort and searches were performed in the PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. Two articles were most relevant, and the results of the comparison of the selected articles were analysed. From this deliberate audit, it is very well may be inferred that submucosal injection of dexamethasone plays a promising role in reducing the postoperative sequelae which includes swelling, pain and trismus and its discomfort following mandibular third molar impaction when compared with that of methylprednisolone. --- ## Optimisation of growth conditions for maximum degradation of poly β- hydroxyl butrate by two soil fungi **Authors:** Magda M. Aly, Fardos M. Bokhari, Mona O. Albureikan, Nuha M. Alhazmi **Published:** 2020-07-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2682 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aspergillus fumigates, PHB, Trichoderma asperellum, Degradation Poly β- hydroxyl butrate (PHB) is a polymer produced by bacteria and can be used safely in different modern application to replace biobased plastic which has adverse effects on the environments. This study is aimed to isolate some fungi for PHB degradation and optimise the growth conditions for maximum degradation. Contaminated soil samples were collected from the industrial area of Jeddah and used for fungal isolations. All fungal isolates were screened for PHB biodegradation on solid agar medium. Out of 20 isolates, 2 isolates were the most active in PHB degradation. They were identified as Trichoderma asperellum NM 6, and Aspergillus fumigates NM10 using morphological and molecular methods. The effects of some growth factors on growth and PHB degradation by the two isolated fungi were determined. Growth was measured by either CPV (ml) or dry weight (g/l) while PHB degradation was detected by depolymerase assay (U/ml). Presence of yeast extract (2.5 g/l) and glucose (1 g/l) enhanced both growth and PHB degradation by the two isolates. Similarly, adjusting medium pH at 7-7.5 and incubation at 25◦C after for five days led to maximum growth and PHB degradation. The presence of PHB in growth medium enhanced both growth and PHB degradation and the maximum growth (CPV ml or dry weight (g/l) were in medium containing 0.5 g/l of PHB for both tested fungi. The maximum growth, measured by either CPV (ml) or dry weight (g/l), was in the medium that was inoculated with 10x106 spore/ml for the two tested fungi. In conclusion, PHB degradation by the two tested fungi was similar. It was affected by the same physical and bio-chemical factors and optimisation of these conditions enhanced both growth and degradation process by the two tested fungi. --- ## Morphometry of human tricuspid valve: A cadaveric study **Authors:** Kirti Chaudhary, Amey Dhatrak, Brij Raj Singh, Ujwal Gajbe **Published:** 2020-07-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2675 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** tricuspid valve, right ventricle, Paravalvular leakage The cardiovascular system consists of a pump represented by the heart and blood vessels, which provide the route by which blood circulates to all parts of the body. William Harvey, in the 17th century, discovered that blood is pumped away from the heart, but it all returns to the heart after circulating in the body. A right ventricular function can be compromised by pressure or stress, often secondary to the right heart valve or muscle pathology. The valves maintain unidirectional flow and permit increased pressure to develop in the chambers. The tricuspid valve consists of three tissue flaps. It separates the right atria and the right ventricle. To measure morphometric measurements of an individual leaflet of the tricuspid valve of cadaveric human hearts. The material for the present study comprised of 50 formalin-fixed adult human hearts (35 males and 15 females) which were obtained from the Department of Anatomy from various medical colleges in Maharashtra. Statistical significant difference was found for the height of anterior and posterior leaflets between male and female hearts. The length of the septal leaflet was also found to be statistically significant between male and female hearts. The study will be helpful for cardiac surgeons in providing data for tricuspid valve complex, leaflets, cords and papillary muscles. --- ## Study of micronuclei in cervical pap smear **Authors:** Sujata Kumbhar, Sujata Kanetkar, Avinash Mane, Akanksha Gore, Parneet kaur, Ankita Dad **Published:** 2020-07-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2671 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cervical Pap smear, cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN), cervical cancer, Bethesda 2014 system, micronucleus Carcinoma of the cervix is a common cause of mortality in women regardless of effective screening methods. Screening for micronuclei (MN) in cells has been one among the tests used in cancer screening. Several micronuclei containing cells rises in carcinogen exposed tissues much earlier than the symptoms. Here in this study usefulness of micronuclei (MN) in screening cervical lesions was evaluated. We studied comparison of MN score among different cervical lesions and the significance of the difference in the score. We evaluated 406 cervical smears, categorized them using the “Bethesda 2014 system”. Mean MN scores among the different cervical lesion categories were compared, and the differences were studied statistically for its significance. Results showed a gradual increase in mean MN score with increasing severity of the cervical lesion and the differences in these scores were statistically significant (P < 0.05) among all the categories, with significantly higher mean MN scores in high grade squamous intraepithelial wounds and invasive carcinomas (IC) than others. We concluded that the MN test could serve as an additional and practical screening test in conjunction with the conventional cervical Pap smear for cervical cancer screening. --- ## Effect of ultrasound and four hourly cryotherapy application in the treatment of bicipital tendinitis- a randomised clinical trial **Authors:** Amrutkuvar Rayjade, Varadharajulu G, Radhika Chintamani, Trupti Yadav **Published:** 2020-07-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2673 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ultrasound, Cryotherapy, Bicipital Tendinitis, Application The purpose of this appraisal was to consider the effect of ultrasound and four hourly cryotherapy application in the treatment of bicipital tendinitis. In this prospective randomized clinical assessment, Thirty individuals were enrolled in the group A, and thirty specific individuals were picked into the get-together B group. In group A, Ultrasound for 7 mins – 2:8 – 1.5 w/cm2 and for group B, Sham Ultrasound for 7 mins – 2:8 – 1.5 w/cm2 with cryotherapy for 20 min 4hourly given. Pain severity, Pressure Pain Threshold and functional disability were assessed in all participants before and after two weeks of treatment. Group A had 12 males, and 15 females and Group B had nine males and 18 females. Pre and post interventional mean and standard deviation for group A was 7.37+1.21 and 7.33+1.30. Whereas pre and post interventional mean and standard deviation for group B was 7.33+1.30 and 1.70+0.60. Pre interventional analysis of data of group A and B showed no significant difference. Whereas post interventional analysis of data showed an extremely significant difference between group A and group B. Results revealed that participants with bicipital tendinitis respond more favourably to ultrasound therapy with cryotherapy for 20min four-hourly than ultrasound alone. --- ## Estimation of percent wound area reduction over a period of four weeks among diabetic foot ulcers **Authors:** M Jayalakshmi **Published:** 2020-07-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2678 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ulcer Area reduction, diabetic foot ulcer, healing outcome, nursing intervention Foot ulcers are the most commonly experienced, fearful complications of diabetes which can frequently be life or limb-threatening. Several factors can lead to the occurrence of foot ulcers in diabetics. Prevention and proper management of DFUs are the prime most important in the care of patients with diabetes. It is essential to predict the wound healing time in managing the diabetic foot ulcers. The main objective of the study is to examine the reduction in wound area over four weeks in achieving more than 50 % Percentage Area Reduction (PAR) as a clinical outcome. Two wound irrigation methods were used for irrigating the wounds. Assessment of the wound area was done and comparedon achieving more than 50 % reduction in ulcer area at the end of four weeks. The study used a descriptive comparative design with a control group. Diabetic Foot ulcer patients (N = 160) from a private hospital were randomly allocated into 80 in each group (Neem solution irrigation and Normal saline irrigation groups). In both groups Surface area of the wound was measured using a disposable wound ruler with standard calibrations at baseline and then at the end of each week till four weeks are completed. Data were analyzed in SPSS20 software while considering p< .05 as statistically significant. The mean Wound surface area of the Normal saline group was 18.41 at the end of the first week and 14.04 after four weeks verses 19.84. The above-quoted scores in the Neem solution irrigation group were 14.68 and 6.92, respectively, against 17.13(p < .05). At the end of 4 weeks, the mean per cent reduction in area from baseline of DFUs irrigated with Neem solution was 72.4 % and with Normal saline was 48.7 %. Ulcers irrigated with neem solution had a 28.7 % greater mean reduction in area from baseline when compared with the normal saline control group at the end four weeks (p<.05). --- ## A preliminary investigation of anticholinesterase and antioxidant properties of various extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica in relation to the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease **Authors:** Swati Som, Justin Antony, Palanisamy Dhanabal S, Sivasankaran Ponnusankar **Published:** 2020-07-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2679 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acetylcholine esterase, Antioxidant, DPPH, Nitric oxide, Radical scavenging Superoxide, V. anthelmintica The complexity of the underlying pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and substandard results of existing treatment, demands persistent research for the development of new therapeutics. As natural antioxidant has attracted considerable attention on this regards, the present study evaluated and validated antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activity of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds. Different extracts were collected after sequential extraction of plant seeds by using pet ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water as solvents. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was tested by using superoxide, nitric oxide (NO) and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays, whereas, acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibition property was assessed by Ellman’s method. While pet ether extract exhibited weakest, methanolic extract displayed potent radical scavenging and anti-cholinesterase properties in all the assays with IC50 of 159.71 µg/ml against AChE inhibition and 98.51, 120.22 and 170.79 µg/ml against superoxide, NO and DPPH radical scavenging assays respectively. Presence of an array of secondary metabolites with modest flavonoid and phenol content in the methanolic extract is accountable for these desired activities. Collectively, reports from our experiments covey that V. anthelmintica possess significant AChE inhibitory and antioxidant property and thus can be further evaluated in search of potential disease-modifying therapeutic for management of neurodegenerative diseases like AD. --- ## The spinal adjuvent - intrathecal nalbuphine as effective as intrathecal fentanyl **Authors:** Pratibha Deshmukh, Medha Sangawar, Nikita Dhumne, Vivek Chakole **Published:** 2020-07-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2676 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Subarachnoid block, Intrathecal, Opioids, Fentanyl, Nalbuphine, Local anaesthetic, Bupivacaine, Bradycardia Opioids are favoured as adjuvants to local anaesthetics for spinal anaesthesia. The present study was aimed to compare the clinical efficiency of intrathecal nalbuphine with fentanyl as an adjuvant to 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. 100 adult patients of either sex, ASA grade I and II, aged 18–60 years were randomized into two groups of 50 each to receive either fentanyl 25 µg (Group BF) or nalbuphine 500µg (Group BN) with 3 ml 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine, making drug volume to 3.5 ml in each group. Sensory and motor block characteristics, duration of analgesia, VAS score, haemodynamic and side effects were recorded. The sensorimotor characteristics were comparable and found no significant difference between the two groups, (P>0.05). The time duration for adequate analgesia in group BN was 366.40 ± 37.32min, and in the group, BF was 361.39 ± 43.96min, (P= 0.567). In both, the groups, quality of analgesia during the procedure was excellent in a maximum number of patients (96% each group). In group BF, 4 (8%) patients complained nausea/ vomiting, pruritus was observed in 2 (4%), intraoperative hypotension in 3 (6%) and bradycardia in 2 (4%) and post-dural puncture headache in 2 patient (4%). In group BN, only bradycardia was observed in 3 (6%) patients. Nalbuphine and fentanyl were found to be equally efficient, but nalbuphine had a lower side effect profile, readily available as it does not come under the Narcotic act. However, we suggest Nalbuphine-bupivacaine combination as a better alternative than fentanyl-bupivacaine combination. --- ## To Evaluate Optic Nerve Head Changes In Patients With Primary Open Angle Glaucoma **Authors:** Viraj Pradhan, Karambelkar V H **Published:** 2020-07-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2669 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** open-angle glaucoma, optic nerve The early discovery of optic nerve head changes via careful assessment prompts initial finding and the board of essential open point glaucoma. The current examination was attempted to break down to the optic nerve head in patients of open point glaucoma regarding visual field defects.110 eyes of 60 patients were concentrated in this cross-sectional investigation. The mean age of the patients was 58.26 ± 10.44 years, with 30 males and 30 females. 15% of the patients were suffering from hypertension. The mean IOP among the eyes was 18.63 ± 4.17 mm of Hg. The mean vertical C/D ratio was 0.61 ± 0.12. 89.09% of patients had a medium disc size. The R/D ratio among patients showed that majority of eyes having RD ratio of 0.01-0.1 (30.91%). HPA grades showed that 32.72% had severe visual field defects. 97.30% of eyes had a contiguous visual loss as compared to noncontiguous (2.70%). The nasal field was mostly affected by 51.35%. DDLS has a stronger correlation with Mean Defect than Vertical C/D ratio and with HPA classification than the Vertical C/D ratio. DDLS to be a simple, brisk, modest and precise strategy to record ONH harm. It seems, by all accounts, to be better than the C/D proportion for optic plate assessment. --- ## The effect of diaphragmatic stretch technique on diaphragmatic excursion in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease **Authors:** Aishwarya Nair, Krishnaprasad K M, Gopala Krishna Alaparthi, Shyam Krishnan, Santhosh Rai **Published:** 2020-07-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2681 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chest expansion, COPD, Diaphragmatic excursion, Diaphragmatic stretch technique Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable pulmonary disease that has extensive pulmonary and extrapulmonary pathological adaptations. Few of these pathological changes are airway remodelling, persistent airflow limitation, finally leading to pulmonary hyperinflation. The diaphragm, which is the primary muscle of inspiration, is put through an excessive load due to the hyperinflation leading to its flattening, shortening and contraction at a mechanical disadvantage. These patho-mechanical changes may lead to an increase in the work of breathing, a reduction in exercise tolerance and functional capacity, which makes it a potential target for therapeutic intervention. This single group pre and post-intervention study are aimed to find the effects of Diaphragmatic stretch technique on a diaphragmatic excursion in patients with mild or moderate COPD. The intervention was performed on the patients for two sets consisting of 10 breaths each with a 1-minute interval in between. The outcome measures recorded were diaphragmatic excursion and chest expansion which were taken before and immediately after the intervention. Results of the study showed a positive and statistically significant increase in the outcome measures following the intervention. The Diaphragmatic Stretch Technique has a considerable influence on patients with mild or moderate COPD without causing any exacerbations or adverse effects. --- ## Polyendocrine deficiency as a diagnostic challenge - A retrospective clinical study **Authors:** Ambujam Govindasamy, Suganya Kannan, Maheshwari Narayanan, Vikram Arun **Published:** 2020-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2664 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Polyendocrine deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, Microsomal Antibody Polyglandular polyendocrine syndromes (PSs) are an assorted collection of infrequent ailments considered by autoimmune motion contrary to more than one endocrine organ, though non-endocrine organs can be affected. The deficiency of parathyroid is quite rare without surgery. This article summarises clinical, epidemiological, and serological, data of patients with PSs. Multifaceted diagnostic difficulties and treatment choices required that the patient be admitted to the hospital for a rather long period, namely for six weeks. Three diabetic patients with various thyroid disorders such as lymphocytic thyroiditis involving parathyroid glands manifesting with severe hypothyroid and hypo-parathyroid status were studied with an occurrence of dengue viral aetiology as a precipitating factor. Further, the patients were investigated for the determination of antibodies against thyroglobulin and microsomal antigens by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. They were also tested for Parathyroid Hormone and 25-hydroxy vitamin D. After three months, all the three hormonal status were brought to normal with substitution and maintenance therapy, and patients were reviewed after six months were found to maintain with the dose. To conclude, thyroiditis may progress during the progression of dengue fever and should be counted as a manifestation of expanded dengue syndrome. --- ## Phytochemical and chromatographic characterization of Mimosa diplotricha Wright ex. Sauvalle ethanolic leaf extract and assessment of antioxidant potential and anti-proliferative effect on colorectal cancer (HCT-116) cell lines **Authors:** Sri Rashmy Madathil, Poornima Kannappan, Devaki Kanakasabapathy, Sincy Varghese, Perumalsamy Muneeswari **Published:** 2020-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2656 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mimosa diplotricha, GC-MS, HPTLC, Antioxidant, Anti proliferative, HCT-116 Present study aims to evaluate phytochemical and chromatographic profile, along with antioxidant and anti proliferative properties of Mimosa diplotricha ethanolic leaf extract. Qualitative screening of phytoconstituents by consecutive solvent extraction in increased polarity basis and standardization of potential extract based on phytochemical elution profile was done. Selected secondary metabolites like phenols, flavanoids, tannins and alkaloids were quantified in ethanolic extract. Chromatographic profile was determined by HPTLC and GC-MS analysis. In vitro antioxidant potential was assessed by DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Anticancer potential was confirmed by cytotoxic screening in colorectal (HCT-116) cancer cell lines by MTT assay. Qualitative phytochemical analysis and chromatographic profile reveal a phytoconstituent rich profile for the ethanolic leaf extract. The amount of, phenols (56 0.57 mg/g), flavanoids (27 0.76 mg/g), tannins (33 0.15 mg/g) were quantified as equivalent of gallic acid, quercetin and tannic acid standards respectively and alkaloids (2.51 0.47 mg/g of extracted plant material) were expressed based on respective analysis. Results also reveal convincing antioxidant potential for respective extract. In vitro cytotoxicity confirmed by MTT assay represents an IC50 value of 97.82 µg/ml. From the above results it can be concluded that M.diplotricha has got pharmacologically significant phytoconstituents and therapeutic active ingredients as evident in HPTLC and GC-MS analysis. This is further supported by considerable antioxidant and anti proliferative properties observed in respective assays. --- ## Chrysin exerts anti-oxidant properties and restores motor function in MPTP induced mouse model of Parkinson disease **Authors:** Alagudurai Krishnamoorthy, Murugan Sevanan **Published:** 2020-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2657 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** MPTP, Chrysin, Oxidative stress, Dopaminergic neurons Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized by a loss in substantianigra and striatum of dopaminergic neurons. The present study is to measure the antioxidant activity of chrysin and to assess behaviour in MPTP mice model of Parkinson’s disease. Male C57BL/6J mice divided into six groups (n=9). Different concentration (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) of chrysin was administered for five consecutive days, MPTP administered 80 mg/kg (2 X 40 mg/kg 16 h interval) via intraperitoneal. After 48 hours of MPTP injection, a behavioural assessment was performed. After behavioural analysis, animals were sacrificed, and brains were collected. Collected brains were subjected for the analysis of Molecular studies, Bio-chemistry and Histopathology. Chrysin increased Glutathione peroxidase and Nitric oxide activity compared to MPTP induced mice. Similarly, when compared with the MPTP treated group, TRX 1 also increased in chrysin treated (100 and 200mg/kg) groups. It shows chrysin’s antioxidant scavenging activity, and these modifications lead to major behavioural changes in mice treated with chrysin, these results being comparable with standard drug L-Dopa. All the groups were compared with the control groups. --- ## Assessment of microbiological quality and contamination level of Hospital water samples collected from storage points **Authors:** Rajani Chowdary Akkina, Payala Vijayalakshmi, Vidyullatha Peddireddy **Published:** 2020-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2667 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibiotics, Hospital water, MPN, Multi Drug Resistant, Storage points Drinking water contamination at the level of storage points poses a potential threat to the hospital environment as it can lodge some resistant pathogenic microorganisms that may cause hospital acquired infections. The study analyzed the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of drinking water samples collected from the main water storage points from ten different local hospitals in and around Visakhapatnam using standard protocols. The samples were processed within 2 hours after collection and the identification of pathogenic bacteria was performed through Most Probable Number (MPN) method, cultural characteristics and biochemical reactions. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out by Agar well diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. In the current study, all the tested ten water samples cross the permissible MPN count indicating that the water samples were not potable for drinking purpose and needs further and better disinfection procedures. Among the isolated pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited highest sensitivity to antibiotics imipenem (50%) and tetracycline (50%) and resistance towards other tested antibiotics, whereas E.coli showed 100% susceptibility to imipenem and 100% resistance to ampicillin. Out of ten isolated strains of Proteus species, majority have exhibited 80% resistance to ampicillin and Tetracycline and 80% sensitivity to imipenem. All the four isolated strains of Shigella species expressed 100% resistance to ampicillin and 75% sensitivity to imipenem, meropenem, azithromycin, linezolid, vancomycin and chloramphenicol. The five isolated strains of Vibrio species showed 100% resistance to ampicillin and 80% sensitivity to imipenem, doxycycline and tetracycline. --- ## Transportal Verses Transtibial Femoral Tunneling Techniques for Acl Reconstruction **Authors:** Sandip Patil, Sapan Vora **Published:** 2020-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2666 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Transtibial, Transportal, Femoral Tunneling, Arthroscopy, ACL Purpose of study was to look at the practical and clinical results of transportal and transtibial approaches for penetrating of femoral passage in arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. The prospective study which was conducted at department of orthopedics. All patients worked with arthroscopic ACL age were screened using the thought and shirking measures, instructed consent was taken and the willing patients were fused. Total eighty patients who were operated were remembered for this examination. The mean age of the patients was 26.0 years in bundle I and 24.3 years in pack II. Average time of patients were 26 in the transportal gathering and 24.3 in the transtibial gathering. The majority of males i.e. 90% males in transportal group and 86.6% males in the transtibial group. Majority of ACL tears were on the right side 58% in both the groups.In both the groups’ medial meniscus injury was more commonly related with ACL tear as compared to lateral meniscus tear, 30% in the transtibial group and 23.3% in the transportal group. The average IKDC score, Lysholm knee score, pain on VAS score of transportal patients was basically higher than transtibial patients at a half year improvement. Complication of frailty was progressively ordinary in transtibial patients, 11(36.7%), when stood out from transportal patients, 9(30%), in any case this differentiation was not imperative [P=0.58]. Arthroscopic ACL Reconstruction using transportal and transtibial methods of femoral tunneling are both amazing modalities of treatment in patients with ACL lacking knees. --- ## Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of some new charge transfer complexes as a combination model **Authors:** Mohammed Sabah kadhi al zwaed, Raheem Jameel Mohaisen, Khawla Salman Abd al rasool **Published:** 2020-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2659 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** charge transfer complex, simvastatine, angiotensin receptor blockers, UV spectroscopy, lipid profile The present work includes design and synthesis a new model of charge transfer complexes from simvastatine which is antihyperlipidemic drug as acceptor with angiotensin receptor blockers(candesartan, losartan, valsartan, telmisartan, irbesartan) as donors and characterization the models by UV, FT-IR, HNMR spectrophotometry, it shows change in spectral peaks which refer to formation of charge transfer complexes. And study the effect of interaction on availability of drugs with the time, different PH and different concentrations. Which shows the variability in availability of drugs in combination (charge transfer complexes) due to PH, concentration, and time changing, this variability in availability mostly effect on simvastatine which mean decrease or absence the availability of simvastatine and increase the availability of angiotensin receptor blockers (mostly not absolutly). Beside this we study the evaluation of biological activity of combinations and compare with the biological activity of simvastatine alone on the lipid profile of rabbits , by induced hypercholesterolemia in rabbits for two weeks (except the positive control group) and gave the drugs for four weeks and measuring the lipid profile changing in order to improve the change in the efficacy of simvastaine alone and simvastatine in combinations and this variability due to donor-acceptor interaction (charge transfer interaction) --- ## Drug repurposing and it’s implications in therapy: an overview **Authors:** Blessy Mariyam Babu **Published:** 2020-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2661 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Aspirin, Covid-19, Metformin, Minocyclin, Nitroxoline, Valproate Drug Repurposing is finding new use of an already existing drug. It offers affordable, cheap and faster treatment. Drug repurposing has an additional advantage over new drug development because it lowers drug development costs as toxicity and other measures, including clinical trials, have already gone through them. However, there are few barriers which need to over- come like legal and economic barriers. Alternative drug development strategies are now being explored, such as the repurposing of existing drugs used to treat other diseases. This can save a considerable amount of time and money since the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety profiles of these drugs are already established, effectively enabling pre-clinical studies to be bypassed. Awareness and encouragement can promote the flourishing of drug repurposing, which holds a great future in the modern medical sector. Improvements in health care and nutrition have caused impressive improvements in life expectancy worldwide. Repurposing is an accelerated drug development path since existing drugs have clinical and pharmacokinetic evidence. New approaches to drug discovery, such as the re-use of patented medicines that are used to cure other diseases, are under debate. This can save significant time and money because these drugs’ pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety profiles are already known, potentially enabling preclinical studies to override. --- ## Clinicohematological Study Of Anemia In Geriatric Patients **Authors:** Sangita Pawar, Kshirsagar N S, Gayatri Patil **Published:** 2020-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2663 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clinical, haematology, Anemia, Geriatric Patients The present study was conducted in the Hematology section of the Department of Pathology over two years. Two hundred and seventy-three geriatric patients diagnosed as anaemic as per WHO criteria were included in the study—maximum 51.2%number of cases from the age group of 60-65 years. Geriatric anaemia showed slight male preponderance (52.4%) over females (47.6%). Lowest haemoglobin value observed was 3.4 gm/dl, while the highest value was 12.3 gm/dl in males and 11.9 gm/dl in females. Most of the study population presented with moderate grade anaemia (47.6%) Patients requiring hospitalisation (71.8%) outnumbered the patients treated on OPD basis (28.2%). Among the hospitalised patients, moderate grade (51.5%) was common Generalised weakness was the most common symptom (69.6%) followed by fatigue (62.2%). There was a significant association (p= 0.009) observed between the severity of anaemia and dyspnoea Underlying malignancy (20.1%) was the most common comorbid condition among the anaemic subjects. Amongst the 148 cases of anaemia of chronic disease, 120 cases (81%) had normocytic normochromic blood picture, and the majority of the cases had mild anaemia (75 cases-50.6%). Iron deficiency was 2nd leading cause of geriatric anaemia (15.3%); presenting with moderate grade anaemia in a majority (69%). Chronic blood loss was the most common contributing factor for iron deficiency anaemia (61.9%). The incidence of anaemia is quite high among elderly patients, more so when associated with chronic diseases and malignancies. Despite modern diagnostic advances, geriatric anaemia remains underreported and inadequately investigated. --- ## DLBS1033 treatment for ischemic stroke patients and clinical outcomes: systematic review of randomized controlled trial study **Authors:** Rizaldy Taslim Pinzon, Vanessa Veronica **Published:** 2020-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2660 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** DLBS1033, lumbrokinase, Lumbricus rubellus, stroke, stroke treatment, clinical outcome DLBS1033 is a lumbrokinase earned from extraction of earthworms, Lumbricus rubellus. Lumbrokinase has 2 main activities: fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic – these activities reduce blood viscosity and platelet aggregation. With all of those properties, DLBS1033 will be a promising agent in patients with ischemic stroke. The objective of this research is to identify the advantage of DLBS1033 in ischemic stroke patients’ clinical outcome. We used Pub Med, Cochrane, and Clinical Key as our major database for this systematic review. ”DLBS1033”, ”lumbrokinase”, and ”stroke” keywords selected to particularize the search. The 2 authors calculated each of the studies using Jadad score. Only certain studies with scores above 3 will be included for further review using PRISMA checklist. There were 27 studies relating to DLBS1033 or lumbrokinase and stroke. Further examination by 2 authors resulted in 23 articles being removed leaving 2 studies. Subjects in all of the said studies are ischemic stroke patients; predominantly male patients. All of the said studies compare DLBS1033 with standard therapy; either utilizing DLBS1033 as an additional therapy or as a separate therapy. Clinical outcomes were measured using NIHSS and BI. Compared to standard therapy, DLBS1033 proved successful in improving clinical outcomes among patients with ischemic stroke. It’s also found to be safe with none serious adverse events and significantly has lower bleeding events. --- ## Histopathological study of endometrial Samplings **Authors:** Nanda Patil J, Sujata Kanetkar **Published:** 2020-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2662 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Histology, pathological, endometrial, Samplings The present study was a two-year prospective cross-sectional study done to diagnose and categorize lesions of endometrium on endometrial sampling included a total of 153 cases, of which 111 were curettage samples, and 42 were biopsy samples. Of the 153 cases, the indication for performing endometrial sampling was AUB in 131 cases and infertility in 22 cases. Primary infertility constituted 64% of all the facts of infertility. AUB was common in perimenopausal age group, and infertility was commonly seen in 20-30 years age group and characteristic in multiparous Precursor lesions were the most widely recognized diagnosis on histopathology in 23.7. In the category of regular physiological pattern, 72.2% of cases were in the reproductive age group, —36.3 % cases presented with inability to conceive and clinical diagnosis of infertility. Tumour like lesions had a majority of cases (55.5%) in the perimenopausal group. Intermenstrual bleeding was the most widely recognized symptom of presentation. All the cases of malignant lesions were in the post-menopausal age group and all cases presented with post-menopausal bleeding. About 80% of cases were correctly diagnosed clinically. Endometrioid endometrial carcinoma was seen in 60% cases, followed by carcinoma extending from cervix in30 % cases and carcinosarcoma in 10% cases. --- ## Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesised Using Maranta Arundinacea Root Extract **Authors:** Aparna J, Rajeshkumar S **Published:** 2020-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2655 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Maranta arundinacea, Zinc oxide nanoparticle, Biosynthesis, Cytotoxic activity, Antioxidant activity The main aim of this study was to employ Maranta arundinacea root extract in the synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles and check the antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect. The use of nanotechnology in medicine especially for drug delivery is shown to have numerous benefits. Nanoparticles are being used to lessen toxicity and facet results that capsules may additionally impose on the patient. The zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using different plant extract used for many biomedical applications such as anticancer activity, antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, antifungal activity and many more applications used in medicine (Diagnosis and drug) Plant mediated organic synthesis of nanoparticles has been gaining importance because of its simplicity and eco friendliness. Maranta arundinacea mediated Zinc oxide nanoparticles were initially synthesised and characterised by UV-Visible spectrophotometer and TEM. Further the Maranta arundinacea mediated ZnoNPs were subjected to DPPH assay to determine the antioxidant activity. Maranta arundinacea mediated ZnoNPs were biosynthesised with ease and showed good antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. This study concludes that Maranta arundinacea mediated ZnoNPs nanoparticles have the potential to be used as an effective antioxidant. Hence, it may be employed in large scale production and may be used in many medicinal applications where there is a need for antioxidant. --- ## Novel Drug Formulation for the Treatment of Hepatic Cancer- A Review **Authors:** Komala M, Sathesh Kumar S, Padmavathy J **Published:** 2020-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2658 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Human Serum Albumin, Novel Drug Formulation, Hepatic Cancer, Liver Diseases, Indocyanine Green (ICG), Nanotechnology For metabolic transformation, uptake, detoxification, and excretion liver is the primary organ that is highly equipped. Thus, the liver requires targeting by means like a carrier-mediated mechanism to take xenobiotics into the bile, though high hepatic concentration is achieved by most of the drugs. Thus resulting in high first-pass metabolism displayed by the drugs and thus resulting in rapid clearance of the drugs. Uptake of particulate materials is highly contributed by the kupffer cells largely. However, drug uptake by the liver is highly dependent on hepatocytes. In drug delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicines which are various biomedical applications construction of nanoscale based bioactive materials is a desirable approach of selfassembly. By using a targeting moiety, we can decrease the side effects of the drug and increases the therapeutic effect of the drug. Lipoproteins are potential drug carrier to target the organs. Lipoproteins consist of cholesterol, polar lipid core surrounding phospholipid monolayer and apoproteins are embedded in it, and these lipoproteins are spherical. The core is a polar lipid in nature so that highly hydrophobic drugs are easily incorporated into the core. Lipoproteins are completely non-immunogenic, biodegradable nature. The present review should be regularly inspected to beat into the global market at an affordable price as well, particularly the vehicles which are proven to be efficacious in drug delivery systems used to treat liver diseases like cancer. --- ## Intramuscular Dexmedetomidine Versus Midazolam as a Premedication Before Surgery **Authors:** Dhanshri Kale, Saudamini Gandhi **Published:** 2020-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2665 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Intramuscular, Dexmedetomidine, Midazolam, Premedication Getting comfort and solace is an increasingly important idea in 21st century. The getting of progressing development and capacities directly deals with an unrivaled choice for pediatric surgeries. It was a randomized, twofold outwardly disabled, comparable equivalent social affair study including 60 patients, spread also 30 each in Group 1 (concentrate calm Midazolam) and Group 2 (control pack Dexmedetomidine). Sedation achieved in the dexmedetomidine pack was more than that practiced in the midazolam gathering. Extremely (90% versus 56%) P regard 0.0074 was found. 21 out of 30 in the midazolam pack achieved honorable parent piece disquiet score took a gander at and 28 out of 30 in the dexmedetomidine gathering. 18 out of 30 in the midazolam pack achieved exceptional spread request score and 27 out of 30 in the dexmedetomidine achieved tasteful spread affirmation score. An unquestionably fundamental number of youths in pack Dexmedetomidine achieved beguiling spread validation score of 1 or 2 when isolated and bunch Midazolam. Wake up score were desperate down where 14 out of 30 in the midazolam get cultivated great wake together score. A consistently noticeable number of children in wrap Dexmedetomidine achieved wake up score of 1 or 2 when isolated and pack Midazolam. Post usable absense of wretchedness was less required in the dexmedetomidine gathering. Study was viewed as that Dexmedetomidine can be used as an unmatched drug broke down than midazolam as an intramuscular premedication in pediatric age. --- ## Formulation and Evaluation of Functional food Health mixes **Authors:** Usharani R, Lakshmi U K **Published:** 2020-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2651 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Functional foods, amla, flax seeds, carrots, tomato, diabetes mellitus Over the last few years consumer’s interest in health and functional foods has increased considerably in industrialized countries thus offering an opportunity for agro-food sector to add value to agricultural commodities. Today the world appears to be increasingly interested in the health benefits of foods and have begun to look beyond their basic nutritional benefits to prevention of disease and health enhancement. Traditional systems of medicine owe their significance to the bioactive components that have their origin in plant sources and most of them were associated with routine food habits. Functional food is any fresh or processed food claimed to have a health-promoting or disease preventing property beyond the basic function of supply of nutrients. A functional food is any food or food ingredient that provides health benefit beyond the traditional nutrients it contains. Food supplementation is one of the effective ways of improving the health status of handloom weavers by means of increasing the serum calcium level, regulating the blood glucose and blood pressure. Keeping all these points in mind the investigator selected low cost, locally available ingredients and foods familiar to the community to formulate food supplements to manage diseases like diabetes, hypertension and musculoskeletal disorders. The functional foods are amla, flax seeds, soya, blue berry, carrot, cruciferous vegetables, fish, garlic, whole grams, oats, oranges, spinach etc. The present study was carried out to formulate and preparation of health mixes, assess the nutrient content of health mixes, analysis of anti nutritional factors of health mixes. Overall findings revealed the functional food health mixes are reduced the risk of CVD, Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cancer and osteoporosis. --- ## Identification of a novel inhibitor for the Bromodomain (BRD4) through a receptor-based drug discovery approach **Authors:** Arivukkarasi Varadharajan, Raman Rajeshkumar, Chandrasekar MJN **Published:** 2020-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2653 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ADMET, Bromodomain, δ-Carbolines, Colorectal cancer, Docking, Drug likeness, Insilico Recently, the demands on the drug discovery process have increased drastically because of the need to apprehend a novel target which might be both pertinent to cause disease and chemically tractable. The emergence of bioinformatics and computer strategies have given room to analyse conditions at the molecular level. The present work was to perform a molecular docking analysis and ADMET study of different δ-carboline derivatives with bromodomain (BRD4) receptor using receptor-based drug discovery approach. Based on the literature, 60 compounds were designed and subjected to molecular docking for the inhibition of brd4 receptor. The results showed that Compound 34 received the highest binding affinity with BRD4 receptor. Hence eight compounds were selected based on docked pose determined using AutoDock/Vina with the minimal energy of above -5.1. Then ADMET study was carried, in that, all the eight compounds had middle to high BBB permeability. During metabolism, all compounds except compounds 37, 42 and 47 showed no inhibition of CYP2C99 in the liver. Analysis of drug-likeness profile showed almost all compounds eligible in CMC rule, violation rule of CMC, MDDR rule with the value of 1 and violations of WDI showed 0 value. Such findings strongly implied that derivatives of δ-carboline could serve as lead molecules to inhibit BRD4, and this could lead to the future development of the right candidate for cancer research. --- ## Quantification of related/degraded impurities in Tolvaptan drug substance by HPLC **Authors:** Rao P. Y. G., Sreenivasa Rao B, Suresh Reddy K. V. N., Sudhakar .Ch. **Published:** 2020-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2641 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tolvaptan, Reverse-phase HPLC, Gradient Programme, Related Compounds, Method Development and Validation A reverse phased high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of Tolvaptan (TLP) drug substance and it process impurities TLPRC01, TLPRC02, TLPRC03, TLPRC04, TLPRC05 and TLPC06 using an analytical column Unison UK-C18, (250mm x4.6mm, 5µ) maintained at 30oC ± 2oC. The wavelength was set at 265 nm. Flow rate was maintained as 1.0 ml/min with injection volume of 10 µl. All the analytes could be separated with run time of 60 min. The peaks of analytes are well resolved with the resolution of 2.0. The results of all the validation parameters showed that the developed method is well confined to the limits of ICH guidelines. Degradation studies showed that the mass balance of Tolvaptan in all conditions is in the range of 98 to 102 %. The accuracy of six impurities TLPRC01, TLPRC02, TLPRC03, TLPRC04, TLPRC05 and TLPC06 found in the range of 80-120%. The proposed method is able to quantify the related compounds present in drug substance and also able to see the assay of drug substance in presence of degraded impurities without the loss of purity of drug substance and other impurities. The method has proved to be robust by introducing miniscule changes in the chromatographic conditions. --- ## Synthesis And Characterization Of Novel Pyrimidine-4,5-Diamine As Anticancer Agent **Authors:** Maturi Someswara Rao, Tadiboina Bhaskara Rao, Cherukumalli Purna Koteswara Rao, Nagaraj Maddur **Published:** 2020-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2649 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pyrimidine-4, 5-diamine, pyrimidine-2, 4, 5-triamine, c-Src kinase, p38 MAP Kinase complex anticancer activity Unlike latent cells, cancer cells supply deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates to cells continuously and thereby, prop up the uncontrolled cancer growth. Pyrimidine has been concerned in the separation of leukemic cells, known as adenine bioisosteres, as well as its biological activities, especially its anticancer properties. In this context, a novel series of N5-(3-substituted benzylidene)-N4-phenyl pyrimidine-4,5-diamine [5A-5F] / N5-(2-substituted benzylidene)-N2,N2-dimethyl-N4-phenyl pyrimidine-2,4,5-triamine [5a-5f] were synthesized by using the starting ingredient formimidamide/4- (dimethylamino) benzimidamide and sodium ethoxide. The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and Mass spectral analyses and screened for their biological studies. In the present study, pyrimidine derivatives and their insilico modeling were done by using c-Src kinase and p38 MAP kinase complex followed by the evaluation of their anticancer activity. The screening of synthesized scaffolds possessed significant activity against HeLa cell lines and showed similar activity compared to standard Cisplatin. Among all the synthesized compounds, N5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-N4-phenyl pyrimidine-4,5-diamine 5A, N5- benzylidene-N4-phenylpyrimidine-4,5-diamine 5C, N5-benzylidene-N2, N2-dimethyl-N4-phenyl pyrimidine-2,4,5-triamine 5c, and N5-(4-methoxy benzylidene)-N4-phenyl pyrimidine-4,5-diamine 5E showed the highest significant anticancer activity. --- ## A case study of Alzheimer’s disease with work-related exposure to aluminium **Authors:** Vityala Yethindra, Gulzat Mataeva, Baian Beknazarova, Furquan Nazami, Yogesh parihar, Mohammad Shaour Khalid, Alenur Narsimharaj **Published:** 2020-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2644 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD), Work-related exposure to Aluminium (Al), Brain aluminium, Frontal lobe (FL) tissue, Dry weight (DW) Aluminium (Al) is a neurotoxin, and its work-related exposure can lead to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this case study, we describe the increased levels of Al in brain samples of a patient diagnosed with AD, who reportedly had work-related exposure to Al. In 2019, an Asian male died at the age of 64 with AD. His brain samples showed increased Al levels. The mean Al presence in tissues (n = 21) was 4.72, with a SD of 3.4 µg/g DW and a range from 0.00 – 18.35 µg/g DW. During his work in a large-scale aluminium factory, his work involved exposure to Al for five years on weekly four days basis. In our case study, we investigated the Al content of brain tissue in AD, and Al levels were seen raised and related to neurodegeneration. Work-related exposure to Al in a patient initially showed mild symptoms then lead to memory issues, and after years he was diagnosed with AD. Many clinical trials and researches are needed to find more possible effects of Al content in the human brain. --- ## Secondary Metabolites from Leaves of Polyalthia lateriƒlora and Their Antimicrobial Activity **Authors:** Saripah Salbiah Syed Abdul Azziz, Ahmed Kareem Obaid Aldulaimi, Saadon Abdulla Aowda, Yuhanis Mhd Bakri, Ali Arkan Majhool, Rawdha Mohammed Ibraheem, Tamara Kareem Obaid Aldulaimi, Hamidah Idris, Chee Fah Wong, Khalijah Awang, Marc Litaudon, Fauziah Abdullah **Published:** 2020-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2652 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alkaloid, Triterpene, Antimicrobial, Bacterial, Yeast The study aimed to isolate and identify the phytochemical components of Polyalthia lateriflora leaves and evaluate the antimicrobial activity. Six well-known compounds, including three triterpene lupeol (1) betulinic acid (2), β-Sitosterol-β-D-glucoside (3) and three oxoaporphine alkaloids O- methylmoschotaline (4), liriodenine (5) and atherosperminine (6). Structural elucidation of compounds were established through spectroscopic techniques such as 1D and 2D NMR (1H and 13C, DEPT, COSY, NOESY, HMBC, HMQC), IR and LC-MS. The isolated compounds and crude extracted were tested for their antibacterial potential against several microorganisms including P. aeruginosa, E. coli, s, S. aureus, B. subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its showed significant inhibition toward the organisms species with different concentration range. --- ## Study of the chemical compatibility of two active substances and stability of their solution **Authors:** Olga A. Gracheva, Fazil A. Medetkhanov, Dina M. Mukhutdinova, Ilsur G. Galimzyanov, Alfiya R. Shageeva, Damir R. Amirov, Bulat F. Tamimdarov, Sergey Yu. Smolentsev **Published:** 2020-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2645 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** succinic acid, butafosfan, novocaine, solution, compatibility, stability The metabolic field aiming at theoretical and applied analysis of metabolic processes of different levels to be the basis or the background of many diseases has been actively developing for the last decade. Especially, the concepts of the role of the cell energy metabolic imbalance during various pathologic processes that are based, first of all, on the mitochondrial deficiency have been actively developed.The irreversible cell damage when affected by the disturbing agents occurs from the moment of damage of organelles the ATP generating cell systems. The paper studies the opportunity of creating the combined dosage formulation containing two active pharmaceutical ingredients (succinic acid and butafosfan) based on their chemical compatibility. Butafosfan improves the blood glucose disposal that stimulates the energy metabolism and accelerates metabolic processes due to the ADP-ATP cycle stimulation. Succinic acid can directly improve the energy-synthesizing function of mitochondria by increasing the succinate delivery and consumption by ischemic cells, participate in implementation of the succinic acid quick oxidation by succinate dehydrogenase, as well as activation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain leading to the ATP quick resynthesis. One of the obligatory phases of research is identification and study of physical and chemical properties of the active ingredient, compatibility assessment of the active ingredient and excipients, and in case of combination drugs also compatibility assessment of ingredients themselves. To choose the necessary conditions during the solution technology development, the chemical properties, stability and compatibility of these pharmaceutical substances were studied. --- ## Formulation of Fast Disintegrating Tablet Paracetamol Employing Selected Super-disintegrant **Authors:** Eva monica, Rollando Rollando, Rehmadanta Sitepu, Devi Rusvita Khoirul Nisah, Laurensia Nina Irawati, Sinta Dwi Larasati Listio **Published:** 2020-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2648 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fast disintegrating tablet, Potato starch extract, Xanthan gum, Glycine, Ac di sol The objective of this research was to investigate paracetamol FDT formula with potato starch and xanthan gum or glycine or ac di sol combination that can produce the best tablet quality. The tablets were prepared by direct compression technique. Superdisintegrant such as Glycine, Ac di sol, Xanthan Gum, and Potato Starch Extract was optimized as 1-19 % on the basis of least disintegration time. Binders such as HPMC were optimized along with optimized superdisintegrant concentration. 3,5% HPMC was selected as optimum binder concentration on the basis of least disintegration time. Granule parameters included in the analysis were flowability, angle of repose, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio, and loss on drying (LOD). Tablet parameters included in the analysis were hardness, friability, disintegration time, dissolution, wetting time, and absorption ratio. The result was analyzed by Design Expert 11.1.0.1 program to decide the combination of superdisintegrant that can provide the best tablet qualities. The result showed that potato starch 15.162% and xanthan gum 4,838%, potato starch 15,050% and glycine 4,950%, and potato starch 18.390% and ac di sol 1.610%. Combination of superdisintegrant that can provide the best tablet qualities. It was concluded that, by employing commonly available pharmaceutical excipients such as superdisintegrants, hydrophilic and swellable excipients and proper filler, a fast disintegrating tablet of Paracetamol in tablet dosage form, were formulated successfully with desired characteristics. --- ## Effectiveness of Cryotherapy on Pain Reduction During Arteriovenous Fistula Puncture Among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis **Authors:** Thamu Priyadharshini N T **Published:** 2020-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2646 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** cryotherapy, pain on AV fistula puncture, hemodialysis patients Dialysis is performed as critical life support when the patient is suffering acute and chronic kidney failure. The study focus on to determine effectiveness of cryotherapy on pain reduction during AV fistula puncture among patients undergoing hemodialysis. The population comprised of patients in hemodialysis. Experimental Research design was utilized for this study. The investigators assess the pain on AV fistula puncture among the hemodialysis patients with the assistance of numerical pain rating scale, Sixty samples (30 experimental group and 30 control group)were selected by probability simple random (Numerical table method)sampling technique, the data was gathered through the Numerical Pain Rating scale and demographic variables. The pain on AV fistula puncture of the experimental group and control group were calculated by paired’ test for experimental group (‘t’ = 18) and in control group, (‘t’ =1.5). This proves that there is a significant difference in pre test and post test levels of pain on AV fistula puncture in the experimental group at 0.05 levels. It indicated that the given Cryotherapy was effective. The implication of the findings indicated that given cryotherapy was effective for pain reduction during AV fistula puncture among patients. The implication of the findings indicated that given cryotherapy was effective for pain reduction during AV fistula puncture among patients. --- ## Mucilage: A Rich Source of Excipients Present in Plant Parts with Gold Status **Authors:** Ganesh N. Sharma, Mayur R. Bhurat, Upendra B. Gandagule, Birendra Shrivastava **Published:** 2020-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2654 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Mucilage, Characterization, Isolation, Modification Large numbers of pharmaceutical excipients of natural origin are available nowadays. Plant materials like mucilages with a variety of pharmaceutical applications are most common. They are being used due to their abundance, safety, compatibility, cost-effectiveness and eco-friendly nature as compared to synthetic one and have various advantages over synthetic polymers. To compete with and replace artificial excipients mucilages can be modified in many ways to obtain the required form of a drug delivery system. Currently, there are a vast amount of natural pharmaceutical excipients are there, and due to its increasing demand, it has become essential to identify or explore more plant mucilage sources to fulfil the industrial need. Mucilages are polymeric mono-saccharides or mixed mono-saccharides combined with uronic acids. On hydrolysis, they yield a mixture of sugars and uronic acids, and the mucilages that are obtained from plant sources have translucent and amorphous nature. Due to presence of hydrophilic moieties in mucilages, they can easily combine with water to form a gel or a thick viscous solution, and these extracted mucilages from the plant can be processed to a certain extent and incorporated in dosage forms to achieve the specific performance of the formulation. In this review, we describe isolation, characterization, pharmaceutical application and methods of modification to develop drug delivery systems. --- ## Features of isolation of the anthrax pathogen depending on the type of nutrient medium **Authors:** Nariman S. Sadykov, Ramzi N. Nizamov, Elmira N. Mustafina, Marina Yu. Gallyamova, Timur R. Mustafin, Albert K. Galiullin, Iva I. Zadorina, Sergey Yu. Smolentsev **Published:** 2020-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2647 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** bacteria, anthrax, culture medium, isolation, colony of bacteria The purpose of the work is to develop a nutrient medium for differentiation of bacillus anthracis from soil aerobic bacilli. In order to achieve the set goal, we used the method of introduction into the environment of cultivation of microorganisms separated from animals and objects of external environment (water, soil, feed, air, scrapes from different surfaces suspected of contamination by their bacillus anthracis) of nutrient substrate sucrose, used by bacteria of Bacillus genus for synthesis of levan product of their metabolism, a sign absent in bacillus anthracis. This feature is essential for identification and differentiation of bacillus anthracis from closely related saprophytes. To identify and differentiate the bacillus anthracis, the microbes isolated from the external environment were cultivated in a nutrient medium consisting of meat-and-peptone agar (MPA) and stimulator (inductor) synthesis of levan sucrose in the amount of 10% to 100 ml of melted agar. The proposed nutrient media was prepared as follows. Meat-peptonic agar (500 ml) was melted at 1000C, 10 g of sucrose was added per 100 ml of medium and after the complete dissolution of sucrose, the nutrient medium was poured into Petri dishes and used for sowing the studied material for identification and differentiation of grown crops. For this purpose, soil samples taken from the territory of old cattle cemeteries were fractionally sown on MPA and thermostatted for 16-18 hours at 370C and examined crops for the presence of matte and rough (R-form) colonies. --- ## Ketorolac induced non allergic angioedema: A case report **Authors:** Chinju A, Mahesh P A, Shilpa Palaksha **Published:** 2020-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2650 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Angioedema, Allergic, Nonallergic, NSAIDs Non- Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly prescribed category of drugs. NSAIDs are the main cause of allergic reactions both in adults and children. Hypersensitivity reactions due to NSAIDs involve 0.3% to 0.5% of the overall population. Among the different types of NSAIDs induced hypersensitivity reactions, urticaria and angioedema are the most common. Angioedema can be of two types, allergic(IgE) & Nonallergic (Non IgE) mediated. Allergic angioedema is immune mediated but non allergic angioedema mimic immune mediated allergic reaction without underlying evidence of immunological mechanism which can cause diagnostic difficulties for the clinician. Distinguishing immune-mediated and non-immunemediated reactions can be difficult, so careful evaluation is needed. Pathomechanism of NSAIDs induced non allergic angioedema is based on cysteniyl leukotrienes and bradykinin pathway in which NSAIDs block cyclo oxygenase pathway and directs the lipoxygenase pathway and generates leukotrienes which result in the development of angioedema. NSAIDs induced allergic angioedema is quite frequent and NSAIDs induced nonallergic angioedema are quite rare. The detailed information of these reactions is necessary to decrease morbidity and mortality associated with the reactions. The early recognition and discontinuation of suspected drug should be done in order to avoid further complications. Here, we report a case of a patient with non allergic angioedema in association with use of Ketorolac. --- ## Antibacterial activity of Methanol and n-Hexane extracts of fruit casings of Quercus rubra against multi-drug resistance pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients with burn infection **Authors:** Dhafer Rahman Abed Al-janabi, Enas Abd al-Raouf Ammar Semysim **Published:** 2020-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2643 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Methanol, n-Hexane, extracts, Quercus rubra, multi-drug resistance, pathogenic bacteria This study was designed to investigate the ability of methanol and n-hexane extracts of fruit casings of Quercus rubra against pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients with burn infection. Three concentrations of methanol and n-Hexane extracts of Quercus rubra were done (100, 200 and 400) mg/ml. Thirty eight samples were collected from Medical Burn Center in Najaf Governorate. Males and females in different age groups. The results indicated that there were 42% pseudomonasaeroginosa, 22% Staphylococcusaureus, 18% Klebsiellapneumonia, 8% E. coli, 6% Staphylococcusepedermsis and 4% proteusmiribilis. Seventeen antibiotics were selected in antibiotics sensitivity test. Imipenem 10mg was the best antimicrobial effect. The results showed that all three concentrations had good antibacterial effect. It has also been shown that methanol solvent is more effective on bacteria than n-hexane solvent. Also, the results showed that P. aeroginosa and S. auereu has the highest rate of inhibition diameter with methanol solvent (38.123 ± 0.07 and 35.133 ± 0.092) mm respectively. While K. pnemeumonia was the highest rate of inhibition diameter by n- hexane solvent 32.4 ± 0.07 mm. Methanol and n-hexane extracts of Quercus rubra can be regarded as a potential antibacterial against aerobic pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients with burn infection. Therefore, Fruit casings of Quercus rubra may be considered as a raw material for the manufacture of ointment for treatment of burns infections. --- ## Association between lipid profile and other biochemical parameters with growth hormone in children and adolescents with short stature **Authors:** Saja S. Falih, Falah S. Al-Fartusie, Noor T. Tahir **Published:** 2020-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2642 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** short statue, GHD, lipid profile, creatinine, IGF-1 Short stature is a general term that usually accompanies a lack of growth hormone among people, and is more common among children. In this study, some kidney functions and lipid profile tests were evaluated in children and adolescents with short stature to find any relationship between the disturbance in these parameters and the etiology of short stature. A total of 60 short stature patients with a growth hormone deficiency, age range between 4-18 years, along with 60 age-matched healthy volunteers, were included in this study. Serum levels of GH, IGF-1, urea, and creatinine, as well as lipid profile, were determined, and then statistical analysis was performed on the collected data. The obtained results indicated a significant decrease in serum levels of GH and IGF-1 (p <0.01) in patients compared to control values. The results also indicated a substantial increase in serum levels of triglycerides and VLDL, mainly seen in children, and reported non-significant differences in HDL, LDL, and urea levels for GHD patients compared to control values. Additionally, the results showed a significant increase in the creatinine level of adolescent patients only. This study concluded that there is a clear relationship between disturbances in creatinine levels and the promotion of GHD in short stature patients. Current work has demonstrated that anomalies in the lipid profile, especially triglycerides and VLDL, are closely related to the causes of short stature. Finally, and most importantly, we can suggest that triglycerides and VLDL may help identify patients at an early age who are at risk of short stature, especially children. --- ## Knowledge, Attitude, And Perception On Elder Abuse Among Healthcare Professionals And Healthcare Students In Malaysia **Authors:** Ganesh Pandian Balasubramanian, Ng Yen Ping, Sireesha Paruchuri, Yeo Xiang Hua, Tan Wun Chi, Loong Kah Kay, Tew Mei Mei, Yap Cheng Hoon **Published:** 2020-07-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2638 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Elder Abuse, Domestic violence, KAP, Healthcare, Malaysia In Malaysia, elder abuse is recognized as a form of domestic violence, which is widely occurring among the geriatric population across the country. However, most of the cases remain undetected and silent, which makes it very hard to assess. The knowledge, attitude, and perception of healthcare professionals and healthcare students about elder abuse play a vital role in recognizing and reporting the cases. This study was conducted to assess their knowledge, attitude, and perceptions toward elder abuse. A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire. A total of 151 participants were included in two groups as healthcare professionals and healthcare students. The questionnaire was distributed to the respondents and the data collected were analyzed using the Chi-square test for the dichotomous variables and to look for the association between independent variables. The analyzed data showed that 60 healthcare professionals and 91 healthcare students have a considerable level of attribute in each category. The participants were found to possess the basic information but not the adequate one. As both types of participants play a major role in the healthcare of the nation, it is mandatory to implement few curriculum and other means to update and educate themselves. --- ## Assessment of Antibiotic Utilization Pattern In Hospital Settings **Authors:** Reshmi Raju, Ann Vazhayil Kuruvilla, Madhan Ramesh **Published:** 2020-07-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2639 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Drug utilization evaluation, Antibiotic, Appropriate, Antimicrobial resistance, Rational use Drug utilization evaluation is an effective tool for detecting the possible drug related problems and in enhance the clinical use of drugs in public and its impact on the health care system. This tool is adapted by pharmacists to assess appropriate use of medication. DUE usually focus on drugs with more side- effects, high cost or complex dosing regimens. It is important for almost all drugs especially for antibiotics because of its increased utilizationin hospitals and community settings. In prior to starting antimicrobial therapy, the prescriber should consider the type of infection, characteristics of the antibiotic, its category of use, spectrum of activity, cost- effectiveness and duration of therapy. The evolution of multidrug resistance and the emergence of multidrug resistant microbes are on the rise which can be reduced by increasing the habits of appropriate antibiotic prescribing for the successful outcome of the therapy. Prescribing an antibiotic by understanding the significance of antimicrobial stewardship and following an appropriate guideline may lead to appropriate selection of an antibiotic. Hence, antibiotic utilization studies can help in improving the practice of rational use of antibiotics thereby improving patient safety, which in turn helps in reducing antimicrobial resistance, drug related problems and risk of mortality and morbidity. --- ## Apoptosis induction of crude water soluble Momordica charantia (chinese and indian bitter gourd) in human lung cancer cell and zebrafish embryo **Authors:** Siroshini K Thiagarajan, Thandar Ei, Kokila Vani Perumal, Nurul Husna Shafie, Daryl J Arapoc, Hasnah Bahari **Published:** 2020-07-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2636 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Momordica charantia, A549, Zebrafish embryo, Apoptosis A therapy which can target apoptosis will be effective for cancer treatment. This preliminary study attempted in vitro and in vivo to target apoptosis capability of Momordica charantia extracts. Here, we describe that the crude hot and cold extraction of two varieties (Chinese and Indian) of M.charantia, induced apoptosis in human lung cancer cell line A549. This was obtained from the cell viability assay where crude extracts were incubated for 24 hours and tested with 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay. The inhibitory concentration, IC50 was obtained from the cell viability graph and further used in the upstream assays. The percentage of apoptosis was obtained from a flow cytometric analysis using Hoechst 33342. Induction of apoptosis in vivo was tested using the extracts on dechorionated zebrafish embryo for 24 hours and monitored up to 72-hour post fertilization. Induction of apoptosis in A549 by crude water extracts revealed a decrease in cell viability giving a low IC50. The IC50 of cisplatin was 17.3 µg/ml, Chinese Hot Aqueous was 32.5 µg/ml, Chinese Cold Aqueous was 28.1 µg/ml, Indian Hot Aqueous was 36.9 µg/ml and Indian Cold Aqueous was 26.7 µg/ml significant to the control. The initiation of apoptosis by the crude water extracts was also evidence in vivo in zebrafish embryos with results demonstrating significant changes morphologically. There is a potential for the Indian Cold Aqueous to act as a chemo preventive agent as it has the overall best IC50, percentage of apoptotic cells and changes in the morphology of cell and the zebrafish embryo. --- ## A review on novel excipient for tableting **Authors:** Pradeep Krishna Baskaran, Arun Radhakrishnan **Published:** 2020-07-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2637 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** co-processing, excipient, tableting, direct compression Despite the fact that the standards administering direct compression method have been notable for a long time, the system has as of late become progressively settled because of the presentation of excipients explicitly intended for direct compression method. These excipients are straightforwardly compressed by their own, yet can likewise be blended in with an enormous extent of medication substance with no noteworthy decay in tablet quality. Excipients with better usefulness can be acquired by growing brand-new substance excipients, recent evaluations of already available products, and novel blends of already available products. Any novel substance excipient being created as an excipient should experience different phases of administrative endorsement planned for tending to issues of wellbeing and poisonous quality, which is an extensive and exorbitant procedure. Furthermore, the excipient should experience a period of conventional advancement, which abbreviates the market selectiveness period. Co-processing is the alternative way novel excipients are approaching to showcase without experiencing the thorough security trial of a totally new concoction. It tends to be characterized as joining at least two built up excipients by a fitting procedure. The primary point of co-preparing is to acquire an item with added esteem identified with the proportion of its usefulness/cost. Advancement of co-handled straightforwardly compressible excipient beginnings with the determination of excipients can joined, their focused on extent, choice of readiness technique to get improved item with wanted both physical and chemical substance parameters and then it closes with limiting shirking with cluster to group varieties. --- ## Pragmatic Toxicity Profiling of a Salubrious Polyherbal Combination of Tinospora Cordifolia, Withania Somnifera, and Boerrhavia Diffusa in Swiss Albino Mice **Authors:** Arshiya Shamim, Hefazat H Siddiqui, Tarique Mahmood, Mohd Haris Siddiqui, Paramdeep Bagga, Farogh Ahsan, Mohammad Shariq, Saba Parveen **Published:** 2020-07-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2635 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biochemistry, Effective dose, Hematology, Histopathology, Lethal Dose, OECD Guidelines (425 & 407) Acute and subacute toxicity screening of novel entrants in the stream of polyherbal formulations opens new doors towards the scientific approach of establishing them in the clinical market. Toxicity profiling asserts the humongous pharmacological potential that the natural herbs hold and establishes their safety profile. To exemplify this statement, this study further deals with acute and subacute toxicity studies of an olive oil-based polyherbal combination (PHC). This combination has been developed with the view that it proves to be clinically effective in diabetic cardiomyopathy and neuropathy. However, until now, the acute and subacute toxicity studies have been done on the developed PHC, and experimentally effective dose combinations have been identified. The follow-up part of this research includes the screening of the PHC against specific in vivo screening models in its initial stages. This research paper strictly summarises the acute and subacute profile of the salubrious polyherbal combination. Three herbs with strong literature background were selected: Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera and Boerrhavia diffusa; and their crude extracts were prepared. The reported ED50 values of each of these plants were selected and mixed in 5 different combinations and subjected to Acute Toxicity studies. It was followed by the 28-days subacute toxicity screening of 9 different combinations that were elucidated from the acute toxicity study results. The findings were supported with recovery group studies to conform to any late toxicity symptoms of the polyherbal combination. The findings of this study helped in reaching some pathbreaking conclusions on the polyherbal combination designed. --- ## Assessing the Infant Breastfeeding experience of Women in Cuddalore District of Tamilnadu, India **Authors:** Suganya Sweetlin P, Palanivel R M, Kamala S, Vinoth R, Esther Prema S, Muhil Sakthivel, Vijay Amirtharaj S, Sudha V **Published:** 2020-07-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2633 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breastfeeding, Social support, Breastfeeding difficulties, Infants, Lactating mothers Breastfeeding is useful for both the mother and child, and it is known as an effective method to reduce childhood morbidity and mortality. This study intended to reveal the infant breastfeeding experience of women in Cuddalore district, Tamilnadu, India. A Qualitative study design was adopted, and 20 breastfeeding women in the Pediatric ward of Rajah Muthiah Medical College & Hospital (RMMCH), Cuddalore district, Tamilnadu, India were selected using purposive sampling. Data on demographic variables, physical and social dimensions of breastfeeding mothers were collected using a semi-structured interview schedule and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results showed that 95% of mothers had no previous education about breastfeeding. All the selected mothers had experienced latching difficulty and burping problem and also received adequate family support from their mother and relatives. Other breastfeeding difficulties such as lack of milk secretion, pain over the breast, breast engorgement, headache, fatigue and disturbed sleep were also identified among mothers. --- ## Use of Flunex and Ceftonite drugs for inflammation of the uterus in cows **Authors:** Sergey Yu. Smolentsev, Ivan I. Kalyuzhny, Alexander M. Semivolos, Alla V. Egunova, Aleksandr M. Gertman, Andrey A. Elenshleger, Ivan A. Nikulin, Yuriy N. Alekhin **Published:** 2020-07-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2634 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** endometritis, oestrus, fertility, infertility Currently, in connection with the active development of dairy farming in Russia, the main requirement is to increase the dairy productivity of cattle and improve the quality of primary products. Despite the successes achieved in studying the causes of the development and pathogenesis of endometritis, the development of prevention methods, the frequency of their manifestation, especially in highly productive dairy herds, has no tendency to decrease. We conducted an experiment to study the effectiveness of the Flunex biogenic preparation with the Ceftonite gynecological suppositories in a comparative aspect with other known preparations with acute catarrhalpurulent endometritis. When conducting the experiment, before determining the therapeutic efficacy of the above drugs, anamnestic data were collected, the general condition, fatness and physique of the animal were determined. When using the tissue preparation Flunex with the gynecological suppositories Ceftonite for therapeutic purposes, with acute catarrhal-purulent endometritis of cows, recovery is faster than when using natural colostrum in combination with ichthyol suppositories. --- ## Preservatives Stability: Stability Study of Parabens under Different Conditions of Stress Degradation **Authors:** Ismail Bennani, Madiha Alami Chentoufi, Miloud El Karbane, Ibrahim Sbai El Otmani, Amine Cheikh, Abdelkader Laatiris, Jaouad El Harti, Mustapha Bouatia **Published:** 2020-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2626 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial Preservatives, parabens, stability, stress degradation Preservatives are used in a wide field of application to maintain the quality of products. They are used to deal with the chemical, physical and microbiological problems and the constraints of the development of several formulations. In this work, we tested the stability of antimicrobial preservatives which are the parabens under different stress degradation conditions to evaluate their degree of effectiveness. The tested parabens were incubated in different solutions at different pH, Temperatures, light conditions, and presence or absence of sucrose in solution (create a medium similar of syrups). The HPLC was used for the assay, by a validated method for the parabens assay and the statistical analysis of the data is carried out by JMP software. The results show a direct influence of temperature and pH on the level of parabens, while the influence of light remains negligible. The increase in temperature gives a degree of immunity of parabens levels, especially with the extreme values of pH. This study is one of the first studies of forced decomposition of parabens carried out under the various conditions suggested. The results give an idea of the stability profile of the tested parabens and suggest a model of the conditions of conservation and use of these products in different domains and under different conditions. --- ## A Review on Holoprosencephaly Disease (CYCLOPIA): Risk Factors, Causes, Pathophysiology and Diagnosis with spotlight of various features reported in cases **Authors:** Vishal Kumar, Savita Devi, Kamaldeep Singh **Published:** 2020-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2624 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cyclopia, Holoprosencephaly, Proboscis, Chromosomal defects, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Holoprosencephaly has a sever condition called Cylopia that is occur due to embryonic prosencephalon cleavage failure and contrast. Mostly cylopia form is holoprosencephaly, mid facial tissue is absent which causes the one eye on a single orbit. It is a sever deformity of median faciocerebal development. There are 1.05 cases in 100,000 birth, still births of cyclopean. Abnormal nose above eyes or absence of nose, single eyes or half divided eyes in single orbit are features of cyclopia, where as reduced size of oral aperture or absence of mouth, absence of mandible with ears below chin. It is as etiologically heterogeneous condition, which can be caused by genetic mutation, chromosomal defect and teratogenic environmental factors. Environmental factors can be diabetic embryopathy, retinoic acid, several anecdotal suggestion of teratogenic factor for HPE, which includes salicylates and viruses. Some list of syndrome are also involved to cause cyclopia Like steinfeld syndrome, dysgnathia complex,Pseudotrisomy 13 syndrome and Smith–Lemli– Opitz syndrome. On other hand inborn abnormalities also cause cyclopia but its come under chromosomal syndrome. Anatomical detection can be done by brain MRI, whereas in prenetal diagnosis, sonography is more significant. Ultrasound also used early detection can be done and knowledge of sonographic finding soectrum leads to accuracy of prenatal diagnosis of cyclopia. After birth the chromosomal study helps to diagnose cyclopia along with postmortem biopsy. --- ## Free radical scavenging activity of Maranta arundinacea assisted selenium nanoparticles **Authors:** Apurva Choudhary, Rajeshkumar S, Anita Roy, Lakshmi T **Published:** 2020-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2630 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Selenium nanoparticles, Antioxidant, green synthesis, Plant Selenium nanoparticles have role in toxic waste removal and bioremediation. In a recent study, biosynthesis of many metal and metal oxide nanoparticles by different plant extracts was found to be stable even after wet heat sterilization process. In some studies, biosynthesis of silver, gold, and selenium nanoparticles using microorganisms and plant and parts. In this present study we have synthesized selenium nanoparticles using arrow root and analysed for its free radical scavenging activity. 20 mM of sodium selenite was prepared using 60 mL of distilled water and 40 mL of Arrowroot extract. It was kept in the shaker. Readings were taken for 3 days. Centrifugation was done at 8000 rpm. Pellet was collected and was used for antioxidants activity that is free radical scavenging activity. The antioxidant property of arrow root mediated selenium nanoparticles are comparatively higher than the standard antioxidant property. Calculations were done on the basis of reading that was obtained. This study proves that there is antioxidant activity that is free radical scavenging activity adopted by selenium nanoparticles extracted from arrow root. --- ## Epidemiological study on some endemic parasitic diseases to know the efficiency of the health system in the holy province of Karbala **Authors:** Al-Zubaidi Hanan Abbas Majeed, Zainab Abed Muhsin AL-Haboobi, Shaima Abd Muhsin AL-Haboobi **Published:** 2020-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2627 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** amebiasis, giardiasis, pinworm, parasite The increased incidence of the parasites is associated with various factors, including lack of community health awareness, unsafe, inadequate disposal of human waste, lack of safe drinking water, low socioeconomic status, and health system performance. To determine the prevalence of some endemic parasites such as intestinal parasites five years ago, so the study take protozoa parasite Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and one intestinal helminth pinworm Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) and the correlation of infections with age and sex in Karbala city. This study took cases examined in hospitals and health centers of the districts and the centre of the holy city of Karbala using the database of the Ministry of Health’s Transitional Diseases Centre. It was conducted between 2015 and 2019 to study the efficiency of a health system and the levels of risky infectious diseases. Between 2015 and 2019, the conducted study was on three intestinal parasitic diseases. The study showed a significant difference in the level of infection with pinworm parasites. Infection of Enterobius vermicular increased by 32.8% in 2019 compared to previous years. In the meanwhile, Giardia lamblia decreased by 4.6%, followed by Endameba histolytic a by 3.6%, while the incidence of tissue amoeba parasites increased in 2015, followed by pinworms 2.4% and G.lamblia 2.9%. The study showed a significant difference. The studies also recorded a significant increase in the age group. Some of them were between the ages of more than one year and up to less than 45 years. This difference may be due to variation in sample size, seasonal variation, gene amebiasis, giardiasis, pinworm, parasite ral and personal hygiene, and public health services. --- ## Functional and Aesthetic Outcomes of Fricke flap in Periorbital Reconstruction – A Retrospective Study **Authors:** Centina Rose John, Praveen Ganesh Natarajan, Niruktha Raghavan, Surya Rao Rao Venkata Mahipathy, Alagar Raja Durairaj, Narayanamurthy Sundaramurthy, Anand Prasath Jayachandiran, James Solomon Jesudasan **Published:** 2020-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.3513 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aesthetic Outcome, Fricke flap, Functional Outcome, Periorbital Reconstruction The reconstruction of the periorbital tissue defects is often challenging due to its complex anatomy. A wide variety of reconstruction options were implemented based upon aesthetic unit, type of defect and skill of surgeon. Fricke flap is a laterally based monopedicled flap used to reconstruct eyelid and periorbital defects. The study evaluates the aesthetic and functional outcome of Fricke flap in patients who underwent periorbital reconstruction at Saveetha Medical College & Hospital. The post-operative record of 20 patients with lateral periorbital defect treated with Fricke flap were analyzed to grade the outcome. 70% of the patients had history of immediate trauma. The primary management after debridement with Fricke flap yields better esthetic (70%) and functional outcome (90%). Case illustration of two patients have been provided who underwent immediate periorbital reconstruction post soft tissue injury due to RTA. The study was conclusive of Fricke flap as a valuable and simple model in periorbital reconstruction. --- ## Effectiveness of oral administration of peppermint and coriander extracts on cognition in Scopolamine induced rat model of amnesia **Authors:** Jasira Sirajudheen, Sai Sailesh Kumar Goothy, Mukkadan J K **Published:** 2020-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2632 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Memory boosting, Memory regaining, Peppermint extract, Coriander extract Herbs and spices have been shown to be very effective in the management of the neurological disorders. They have neuroprotective actions that prevent the deterioration of the memory and other cognitive functions in the eurological diseases. Peppermint (menthe x piperita, also known as M. balsamea wild) is a hybrid mint, a cross between water mint and spearmint. Peppermint consists of several medicinal components and research was testified safety of consumption of the peppermint. The study compared the memory boosting and regaining effects of oral administration of peppermint and coriander extracts. 36 male and female Wistar albino rats were assigned into three groups randomly that is control, coriander and peppermint groups, respectively. A control group (n=6) received neither peppermint nor coriander administered (milk was administered). Peppermint group (n=6) received peppermint extract. Coriander group (n=6) received coriander extract. Amnesia rat model was prepared by the administration of as intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine. The R-maze and T-maze tasks was conducted as mentioned in the literature. Mean trials of acquisition is significantly less (P<0.01) in the peppermint group. The number of mean trials of retention is significantly less (P<0.01) in the peppermint group. The mean trials for retention of the coriander group is significantly (P<0.05) less than the peppermint group. The study results support a positive impact of coriander and peppermint on cognition. The study recommends further detailed studies to support the administration of these extracts in the management of neurological diseases that deteriorates cognition. --- ## Influence of additive components with separate introduction of antagonistic components on gastrointestinal micro organization and micro elements content in mouse blood serum **Authors:** Dmitry S. Berestov, Marina S. Kulikova, Yuri G. Vasilev, Ivan S. Ivanov, Yuri G. Krysenko, Vyacheslav B. Milaev, Elena V. Maksimova, Sergey Yu. Smolentsev **Published:** 2020-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2625 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** mice, blood, minerals, gastrointestinal tract, microstructure Taking into account the data on higher biological availability of chelate compounds of microelements in comparison with their inorganic salts, a liquid feed additive for cattle with the content of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and diacetophenonyl selenide (DAFS 25) in the form of stable microemulsion and chelates of manganese, iron, cobalt, and zinc was developed. The biochemical and physiologically antagonistic components of the additive are divided into two separate liquid mixtures for separate, alternating ingestion on white laboratory mice, histological methods evaluated the effect of different doses of the additive on the micro organization of the components of the stomach wall, small and large intestine in different terms of the experiment. The additive was introduced into animals individually daily per o s during one month in doses of 0.06, 0.12, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg. The control animals received an equivalent amount of physiological solution. The availability of trace elements of the developed product is estimated by analysis of blood serum on the zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt content by atomic-adsorption spectrometry. Examination bodies and blood for analysis were selected at the time of slaughter in accordance with generally accepted requirements. The dosage of the additive, which has the most effective influence on the growth of the concentration of injected micronutrients in the serum of mice in comparison with the control, was determined. It was found that the components of the additive have the most pronounced effect on zinc and iron content in the dose of 0.3 g/kg. --- ## Synsepalum Dulcificum: A Review **Authors:** Sadhana H M, Suresh Joghee, Hamsa lakshmi **Published:** 2020-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2629 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cancer, Chemotherapy, Hyperuricaemia, Miracle fruit Synsepalum dulcificum also regarded as a miracle berry, belonging to the Sapotaceae family. It is cultivated for its mild fruits, which makes sour foods to give a sweet taste, the effect lasts for about 30 minutes. The plant is a shrub, containing red coloured fruits and localised to West Africa. They used this plant as their palm wine and also used this for certain other beverages to make it sweetened regionally. Because of its remarkable sweet potential used to make the sour foods taste sweet. Miraculin is the glycoprotein present in the plant responsible for the sweet taste. Some of the reported health benefits are anti-diabetic, effective food enhancer, taste disorder in cancer, alter the taste. The plant is known for its production of transgenic tomatoes. Ethnobotany uses of the plants includes in the treatment of male infertility, Asthma, Haemorrhoids, Anti-cancer etc. The aim of the present review was to brief the literature survey of the plant through the internet like PubMed and Google scholar for forming the platform to illustrate the ethnopharmacology of the plant, information about the traditional usage, important chemical constituents and selected pharmacological activities of the plant were gathered from available research papers to frame the review. The current review also highlights the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Synsepalum dulcificum which will have been helped in the researchers for the further qualitative research. --- ## Cynodon dactylon Mediated Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles and Its Antimicrobial Activity Against Oral Pathogens **Authors:** Akansha Kishen, Rajeshkumar S, Preejitha V. B. **Published:** 2020-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2621 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cynodon dactylon, selenium nano particles, antimicrobial activity, spectrophotometry Cynodon is a genus of plant in the grass family. It is found in the tropical regions and is also known as druva grass, Bermuda grass and Indian Doab. It is a herb extensively used in Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine. It has many health benefits and is useful in controlling hypertension, skin diseases and diabetes. Selenium nano particles have an excellent anti-cancer, biocidal, antioxidant, photo reactive property. The size of SeNPs ranges from 30nm to 200 nm. These particles can be used in arthritis, cancer, diabetes etc. To prepare the selenium nano particles using Cynodon dactylon, fresh Cynodon dactylon was dried and made into a fine powder and powder mixed with distilled water. Selenium nanoparticles were synthesized using plant extract and sodium selenite. Anti microbial activity against oral pathogens tested using agar well diffusion method. The diameter of zone of inhibition was recorded on each plate. The colour change was indicative of the formation of SeNPs that was further confirmed by UV-vis spectrophotometer. The Cynodon dactylon mediated SeNPs showed high anti microbial activity against all the three micro-organisms especially Candida albicans and S.mutans. Therefore, diseases can be prevented as it is very effective in inhibiting the growth of the colonies. --- ## To study the efficacy of co-crystallization technique in enhancing the bioavailability of oral hypoglycemic agents **Authors:** Saumya Das, Aukunuru Jithan, Raghunadha Gupta **Published:** 2020-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2628 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Glimepiride, Metformin Hydrochloride, Co-crystals, bioavailability, co-formers The bioavailability of the drug is mainly governed by factors like partition coefficient, solubility Pka, etc. The modification of these physicochemical properties can be done to enhance the bioavailability and thus effective therapy can be achieved. This research deals with the advantages of co-crystals over salts, solvates (hydrates), solid dispersions and polymorphs. A pharmaceutical co-crystal is a single crystalline solid that incorporates two neutral molecules, one being an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and the other a co-crystal former. In the present study co-crystals of Metformin Hydrochloride and Glimepiride were prepared using different co-formers. Different ratio of urea, succinic acid and tartaric acid were used to design the co-crystals. They were formulated by two different methods cooling crystallization and solvent evaporation. The prepared co-crystals were evaluated for microscopic characters, product yield, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Micromeretic properties, drug content, dissolution study of co-crystals, stability studies. The results indicated that co-crystals prepared by using a suitable co-former can definitely enhance the dissolution rate ultimately leading to enhanced bioavailability. Out of three co-formers used to design the co-crystals, succinic acid is found to be more effective. Moreover the bioavailability of Glimepiride is more enhanced as compared to Metformin Hydrochloride as it belongs to BCS class II. --- ## A study to assess the effectiveness of manual pressure on lumbar region to reduce pain during Intra Muscular Injection among Infants **Authors:** Kala Barathi S, Merlin P **Published:** 2020-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2631 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Manual Pressure, Lumbar Region, Pain, Infants, Intra Muscular Injection Pain is an undesirable tactile and emotional experience related with real or potential tissue harm. Pain prompts people to seek health care more often than any other symptom. It is one of the most important areas of care because people cannot function fully when they are in pain. Pain prompts people to seek health care more often than any other symptom. Painful procedures in the hospital are blood collection, intramuscular injection and intravenous injection etc. this procedural pain is relieved by non pharmacological mea- sures. Procedural pain is the most common cause for pain during provision of nursing care. So as the part of nursing profession, it is our responsibility to use effective strategies to reduce procedural pain. Especially in infant’s routine immunization, bruises and childhood illness mean that pain is a part of everyday experiences of all children and infants. Because infants cannot describe their pain and emotions, it is important to observe the behavioural response of the children to assess the pain. So the present study is done to determine the effectiveness of manual pressure on lumbar region to reduce pain during intramuscular injection among infants in selected hospital, Thiruvalur. Quantitative approach with quasi experimental design was adopted to conduct this study with 60 infants who were selected with purposive sampling technique. The data was collected using structured questionnaire to assess the demographic variable and FLACC pain rating scale for assessing the pain level. The results of the study are out of 60 samples (56.6%) had moderate pain and (43.4%) had mild pain in the experimental group. --- ## Role of Cumin in Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with respect to its Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Property **Authors:** Anup S. Hendre, Ajit V. Sontakke, Rohan S. Phatak, Sangita R. Patil, Suvarna T. Jadhav **Published:** 2020-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2622 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** cumin, diabetes mellitus, malondialdehyde, oxidative stress, total antioxidant capacity Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disturbances associated with carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and relative or absolute insulin depletion. Hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) leads to the increased lipid peroxidation and decreased total antioxidant capacity followed by development of chronic complications due to oxidative stress. Cumin is one of the medicinal herbs which are being studied for antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cumin on glycemic status, oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in patients with T2DM. Two hundred patients with T2DM were selected in the randomized control trial, of which 100 subjects were enrolled as the study group was given 500 mg of cumin powder in capsule form daily along with their antidiabetic drug medication (Metformin) for 3 months period while 100 subjects on medication of antidiabetic drug (Metformin) were selected as the control group. Fasting plasma glucose, serum levels of lipid peroxidation in the form of malondialdehyde (MDA) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) were measured at baseline and also after a period of 3 months intervention period. The result showed a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose level (FPGL), serum MDA and significant rise in serum TAC in study group by the end of 3 months of cumin supplementation period. Supplement action of cumin leads to improve antidiabetic, antioxidant and decrease oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes patients and could be useful in the management of T2DM. --- ## Galectin3 and CD16 play an important immunological role in patients infected with Salmonella typhi. **Authors:** Eman hamza mohammed, Ahmed abduljabbar jaloob aljanaby **Published:** 2020-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2623 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Galectin3, CD16, acute, chronic, Salmonella typhi, Iraq Enteric fever caused by Salmonella typhi (S.typhi) is one of the most dangerous diseases in developing countries. The main aim of this work is study the immunological role of Galectin3 and CD16 in human infected with S.typhi. A total number of 60 outpatients infected with acute IgM and chronic IgG S.typhi were included in this study, serum concentration of Galectin3 and CD16 were measurement by Enzyme-linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) for each patient. The results proved that there was significant increase (P = < 0.0001∗∗∗) in serum concentration of CD+16 between patients with acute S.typhi (IgM) (17.760 ± 0.72773 ng/ml) and healthy individuals (13.690 ± 0.36638 ng/ml). Also, there was significant increase (P = <0.0001∗∗∗) in serum concentration of CD+16 between patients with chronic S.typhi (IgG) (20.348 ± 1.1848 ng/ml) and healthy individuals (13.690 ± 0.36638 ng/ml). Also; there was significant increase (P = 0.0011∗∗) in serum concentration of Galectin3 between patients infected with acute S.typhi (IgM) (9.1485 ± 0.30444 ng/ml) and healthy individuals (7.1058 ± 0.50831 ng/ml) and there was significant increase (P value= 0.0004∗∗∗) between patients infected with chronic S.typhi (IgG) (9.5004 ± 0.38143 ng/ml) and healthy individuals (7.1058 ± 0.50831 ng/ml). Natural killer cell (CD16) and Galectin3 have an important immunological role in patients infected with acute and chronic S.typhi infection. Therefore, Galectin3 and natural killer cell have synergistic immunological effect against S.typhi infection. --- ## A review on steps involved in drug utilization review **Authors:** Philip Jacob, Arul Balasubramanian, Kothai Ramalingam **Published:** 2020-07-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2612 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Drug Utilization Evaluation, DUE cycle, Steps involved in DUE Drug Utilization is also known as Drug Utilization Review, is an arrangement of persistent, orderly, criteria based medication assessment that guarantees the proper usage of drugs. Drug use/ utilization evaluation and medication utilization evaluations are the same as drug utilization review. It is a technique for acquiring data to recognize the problems related to the usage of drugs and if appropriately created, it also gives a method for revising the issue and in this way, it becomes a factor in reasonable drug usage. Evaluation of use can survey the real procedure of medication administration or dispensing of proper medication and furthermore the results of treatment. Drug utilization review services include corrective actions, prescriber reviews and further evaluations as a quality assurance mechanism. This article reviews the drug utilization pattern and evaluation of the process of drug utilization. The evaluation pattern can be classified into several categories such as prospective, concurrent and retrospective. The drug utilization evaluation process is a continuous cycle and its maximum effect is attained when it is conducted as a cycle rather than conducting in steps. This evidence-based approach with utilization of the medication is intended to depend on the best accessible clinical evidence to create explicit rules for a particular illness or utilization of a particular medication. --- ## Synthesis and antibacterial screening of new N-Substituted-9H-β-carboline- 6-amine derivatives **Authors:** Alivelu Samala, Srinivasa Murthy M, Krishna Mohan Gottumukkala **Published:** 2020-07-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2619 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial activity, β –Carboline, Disc diffusion, Iodobenzene diacetate, Maillard reaction, nor-harmane, Pictet Spengler, 5-Chlorotryptamine β-Carboline is also known as nor-harmane. It is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound formed in plants and animals as Maillard reaction products between amino acids and reducing sugars or aldehydes. These tricyclic nitrogen heterocyclics play a vital role in medicinal chemistry, due to significant biological activities of their derivatives. It is also a key pharmacophore present in a large number of natural tricyclic alkaloids. Current work is reported with the synthesis and antibacterial activity screening of a new series of N- Substituted-9H-β-carboline-6-amine derivatives. The title compounds were synthesized according to the well known Pictet Spengler reaction in three steps by taking 5-Chlorotryptamine and glyoxalic acid as starting materials. This is an acid-catalyzed intramolecular condensation of an iminium ion and an aromatic C-nucleophile which resulted in the formation of 6-Chloro-1,2,3,4- tetrahydro-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-ium-1-carboxylate (3). Oxidative decarboxylation and aromatization of compound 3 with iodobenzene diacetate led to the 6-Chloro-β–carboline (4) which were treated with different mono substituted amines gave the title compounds (5 a-J). Structures of the synthesized entities were confirmed spectroscopically (FT-IR, 1H NMR and Mass) and screened for antibacterial activity against various pathogenic bacterial strains (Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) by disc diffusion method. The title compounds showed moderate to good antibacterial activity. --- ## Enhancing the content uniformity of low dose drugs by using different granulation techniques **Authors:** Ajmal K T, Arun Radhakrishnan **Published:** 2020-07-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2618 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Content uniformity, Physical stability, Granulation techniques Progress in pharmaceutical research has delivered very strong medications, which require cautious definition and creation so as to deliver strong oral measurement structures with satisfactory homogeneity and physical stability. Mixing and formulation of low dose medications can be individually testing because of issues identified with isolation, content uniformity and physical stability. A cautious control on these variables is vital while fabricating low dose drugs. Choice of excipients for the particular strides during detailing/process improvement is basic to build up a homogenous and isolation free low portion definition. Numerous sorts of categories of gear have been intended towards encourage blending of low portion drugs with excipients. A side from traditional detailing strategies (like wet granulation, dry granulation, and direct compression) different new procedures have been announced, for example, high shear granulation, requested blending and spry drying. These innovative headways ensure enhanced the assembling and nature of low dose drugs items by accomplishing their predefined goal of substance consistency through outblending and plan of low dose drugs. Blending and detailing of low portion drugs are advanced work and includes part of issues related to isolation, content consistency and physical soundness which can be constrained by right choice of material, strategy and machine. This article surveys current headways identified with plan systems of low dose drugs. --- ## Plyometrics and lifestyle effects on bone mineral density among premenopausal women: demographic and physiological analysis **Authors:** Golda sahaya Rani R, Aruna S, Vijayaraghavan R **Published:** 2020-07-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2616 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** plyometrics, premenopausal women, physiological parameters, osteoporosis Bones have a numerous significant functions in the body such as supporting and protecting various organs of the body. Osteoporosis is a disease of bone characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, that leads to enhanced bone fragility and increased likelihood of fractures. Osteoporosis may be caused due to lower than the normal peak bone mass. Low bone mass results in faster rate of bone porosity and predisposes to osteoporotic fractures. Plyometrics is one of the most effective types of exercises for stimulating bone growth. The aim of the study was first to evaluate the effectiveness of plyometrics benefits on physiological parameters of osteoporosis among premenopausal women. Second to find out the association between the physiological parameters of osteoporosis among premenopausal women with selected demographic variables. The research approach was a Quantitative approach. Design adapted for the study was a true Experimental design with one control group and one experimental group. Data collected from 40 self help group women who were the members of kanchi sangamam from a selected area at Chennai. Sample were collected by using simple random technique. Based on the inclusion criteria and availability of pre-menopausal women, they were allocated into the control group (n=20) and experimental group (n=20). Plyometrics was given to the experimental group for 12 weeks. The control group did not receive an intervention. It was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The study determined there is significant changes in physiological parameters of osteoporosis among the experimental group(p<0.001) as compared to the control group. --- ## Assessment of nurses’ knowledge, attitude and perception on cardiac rehabilitation program at a tertiary care teaching hospital **Authors:** Kumudah M, Ashah M, Palanisamy S, Karthikayini K, Akila S **Published:** 2020-07-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2613 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Health outcomes, Quality of life, Healthcare, Cardiovascular disease, Morbidity, Mortality, Meditation, Yoga Cardiac rehabilitation is very essential for patient who suffer from cardiac diseases to improve their quality of life during pre and post hospitalization period. The main objectives of this research was to assess the knowledge, attitude and perception of nurses on cardiac rehabilitation program (CRP), and relate the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics, qualifications and years of experience with their knowledge, attitude and perception on CRP. The study was carried out using a structured validated questionnaireconsists of 46 items measuring socio-demographic details, knowledge, attitudes and perception of nurses on CRP. The 6-point Likert’s scale was used to record individual’s responses for the questionnaire which varies from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Female, aged between 21 and 40 years predominantly dominates in our study with the basic diploma education in nursing. There was a significant different between age, education, and years of working experience of nurses with their knowledge on CRP, however, no significance difference was observed between age, sex, education and years of working experience with their attitude and perception towards CRP. In this study the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines was used for reporting the observational study findings. The study findings suggest that the role of nurses in providing endorsementto patients regarding CRP in hospitals is a major indicator that is bound to improve participation rates in CRP which will enable the patients to avail better healthcare and reduction in morbidity and mortality related to cardiovascular deaths (CVDs). --- ## Acute and Sub chronic Toxicological evaluation of ethanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta Burm.F in Wistar albino rats by analyzing biochemical, heamatological and histochemical parameters **Authors:** Perumalsamy Muneeswari, Sri Rashmy Madathil, Kannappan Poornima **Published:** 2020-07-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2614 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sida acuta Burm.f, Toxicity, Lethal dose Sida acuta burm.f belongs to Malvaceae, the mallow family and enjoys tropical and pantropical distribution. The plant is usually known as wireweed in the countryside, and it is highly medicinally valued traditionally and ethnobotanically promised. The present study is concerned with acute and subchronic toxicity evaluation of ethanolic extract of Sida acuta Burm.f leaves in Wistar albino rats. Acute toxicity evaluation was conducted for 14 days. Acute doses of 100, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg BW were administrated to test groups of animals under consideration on the first day of experimental evaluation with three animals in each of total six groups along with control. For the remaining 13 days, animals were observed for noted behavioural changes and body weight were recorded respectively for 7th and 14th day of experimental analysis. At the end of the trial period, all the animals were euthanised, and various biochemical parameters and histopathological examination were carried out to assess the toxicity of extract. The present study revealed that the ethanolic extract of Sida acuta Burm.f leaves is non-toxic up to 2000mg/kg body weight. Subchronic toxicity evaluation was conducted for 28 days with several doses 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500mg/kg BW. Control rats without any treatment were maintained during the entire period of experimental analysis. The results of subchronic toxicity parameters indicate no significant changes to the biochemical parameters (glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, AST, ALT and Cholesterol) haematological and histopathological observation in comparison to the control groups. Based on subchronic toxicity parameters data, effective doses (200 and 400mg/kg BW) is determined for further cancer (colon) study in Wistar albino rats. --- ## Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesised Using Symplocos Racemosa **Authors:** Nirubama K, Rajeshkumar S **Published:** 2020-07-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2615 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Silver nanoparticles, Green synthesis, dentistry, oral pathogens, Streptococcus mutans The green synthesis methods for the nanoparticles are economically feasible. It does not require any adverse effect causing agents such as usage of temperatures, toxic chemicals, energy, high pressure in the scientific and medical applications. Oral pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus sp is the major causes for many oral diseases. The different types of antibiotics are used for the controlling of many oral diseases. In this tudy we enhance the activity of nanoparticles by adding antibiotics to control the oral pathogen growth in invitro. The silver nanoparticles are prepared from Symplocos racemosa plant extract. To study and compare about the enhanced antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesised using Symplocoa racemosa. The plant extract was prepared by using double distilled water. The microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus sp were chosen and cultured in respective culture media. The silver nanoparticles synthesised is introduced into cultured petri plates to observe the changes. The zone of inhibition of the growth of microorganisms was studied. The effect of the prepared silver nanoparticles is compared using effect with the normal antibiotics. As a result, it is evident that there is an increase in zone of inhibition comparing the normal antibiotic effect. Thus it can used as drug of the choice in future. --- ## Anti Inflammatory effect of Bacopa Monnieri ( Brahmi) on Swollen Joints – A Case Study **Authors:** Sathyaseela R, Kamalinie R, Bupesh G, Baskar M, Vasanth S **Published:** 2020-07-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2607 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Anti Inflammatory, Bacopa monnieri, Chronic arthritis The arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease characterized by Pain, edema and stiffness of the joints. Chronic stages of arthritis causes swelling in and around the affected joints. The Siddha herbal medicines are becoming familiar as they possess less adverse effects. Plenty of anti- inflammatory herbs are described in Siddha system of medicine. The plant, bacopa monnieri maintains its original place in the management of various diseases, including arthritis, and acts as anti-inflammatory drug. Hardly a few studies are available to prove the antiarthritic and anti-inflammatory properties of Bacopa monnieri. In ancient Siddha literature Bacopa has been highlighted for its antiarthritic properties especially prescribed to reduce the swelling caused by increased synovial effusion. The current study is aimed to assess the antiarthritic and anti inflammatory properties of Bacopa (Brahmi) paste on swollen arthritic joints. A male patient aged 70 was selected from IPD, Pothu maruthuvam department, Sri Sairam Siddha Medical College & Research Center, Chennai -44. Bacopa Paste applied over swollen arthritic ankle joints showed good progress in very few days of treatment. --- ## GENES and In-Stent Restenosis: Review **Authors:** Tarek A. Abdelaziz, Randa H. Mohamed, Gehan F. Balata, Omar Y. El-Azzazy **Published:** 2020-07-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2594 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Stent restenosis, Cytochrome 2C19 gene, eN0S, angiotensin converting enzyme gene The initiation of coronary stents is a vast landmark in the practice of interventional cardiology. The vascular injury sustained during the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) leads to a complicated inflammatory and repairing process. Therefore, stent restenosis arises. Diabetes mellitus is the highest-risk clinical predictor of ISR. Genetics has an important role in the development of ISR. There is a suggested association between the appearance of stent restenosis and certain genetic polymorphisms. Examples of these single nucleotide polymorphisms are endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (eNOS), the angiotensin converting enzyme gene (ACE), the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene (AT1R), TGF-β, and VEGF. CYP2C19 variants can help change the medical strategy to a more individualized therapeutic regimen either by altering the therapeutic dose depending on the genotype or using an alternative drug that does not worsen the patient’s case. However, eNOS polymorphism produces gene expression alteration leading to ISR following stent placement. In addition, the deletion-allele of the ACE genotype increases the risk of ISR; however, the I allele decreases the risk. Moreover, the D/I polymorphism is not an independent factor of ISR in patients administering ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists. Furthermore, studies on large sample sizes are required to decrease the harmful adverse effects of stent restenosis by detecting these allele gene polymorphisms. --- ## Protective Effects of Edible Plants against Nicotine Induced Reproductive Toxicity –A Review **Authors:** Kanimozhi S, Bupesh G, Sumathy G, Jeganath S **Published:** 2020-07-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2606 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Nicotine, Tobacco, Male infertility, Free Radicals, Antioxidants, Testosterone Numerous examinations have announced that the Nicotine present in tobacco smoke adverse affects sperm parameters, fundamental plasma, and different other richness factors. These harms are because of the natural finding that smoking expands the degree of free radicals, consequently bringing about oxidative pressure. Accordingly, an increment of free radicals, DNA harm and lipid peroxidation in human sperm may happen to bring about impedance of sperm quality. nicotine organization in trial creatures was initiate to influence spermatogenesis, epididymal sperm count, motility and treating capability of sperms. Huge quantities of restorative herbs have been recorded in siddha framework that improve spermatogenesis and increment the nature of sperm. The present review gives an outline on the relationship between male richness incited by nicotine and defensive impacts of different natural plants on it. The paper additionally features the dynamic, common standards, and rough concentrates of plants, which have been valuable in improving nicotine instigated testicular harms and supportive in spermatogenesis and multiplication. Despite the fact that the discoveries of this survey propose numerous herbs are extremely viable against nicotine actuated male barrenness still increasingly clinical preliminaries are prescribed to show their viability on nicotine instigated male infertility. --- ## Therapeutic Efficacy of Mimosa Pudica -Aegle Marmelos formulation on Diabetes Mellitus **Authors:** Anitha V, Raja rajeswari, Bupesh G, Vasanth S, Tirumalai Vasan P, Sahoo U, Pitambar Humane **Published:** 2020-07-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2611 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mimosa pudica, Aegle marmelos, Antidiabetic formulation, Diabetes mellitus In the present study, the antidiabetic formulation was evaluated for the in- vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant and a pilot invivo study was conducted with a mixture of herbal powders, i.e. Mimosa pudica L and Aegle marmelos (L) Corr. The formulation was screened for its antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical assay and inhibitory effect against the α- glucosidase and lipase compared with the standard. Assays were carried out at the concentration varying from 50 – 500 µg/ml (antioxidant activity) and 20 – 100 µg/ml (anti- diabetic). Results of the present study have clearly indicated that the formulation possesses significant α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition property ranges from 41.4% - 12.42% in the different concentration of aqueous extract and similarly pancreatic lipase inhibition potential at 50% with value of 100µg /ml revealed the significant activity. Moreover, the formulation administered in the diabetic patient reduces the glucose level of fasting and postprandial level, notably; thus, it indicates that it is a promising drug candidate that proves antidiabetic activity. --- ## Role of Dermaroller and PRP In Post-Traumatic Facial Scar Treatments **Authors:** Alpesh A, Jumale V P **Published:** 2020-07-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2605 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Derma roller, Percutaneous collagen induction, Platelet rich plasma, epidermis, Micro-needling In the present study follow up kept on immediate post-operative day and at one week to evaluate pain, bleeding and inflammation. Final follow up at two months for assessment of aesthetic score by three independent personnel. Pain and inflammation were more associated with Group B compared to Group A, but there are no statistical significance differences among this groups (P value- 0.074 and 0.136 for pain and inflammation respectively on immediate post-operative day. Chi-square test). Final follow up assessment of aesthetic scores at two months calculated by Chi-square test and comparisons of two groups for aesthetic scores done by Independent t-Test. All three personnel gave higher aesthetic score to Group B but statistically this was not significant (P-value 0.287, 0.129 and 0.400 by Observer 1, 2 and patients respectively. Chi-square test). The mean aesthetic score given by Observer 1, 2 and patient was higher associated to Group B but statistically this was not significant (P=0.526, 0.055 and 0.232 independent t-Test). --- ## Role of Computed Tomography in Predicting Severity of Acute Pancreatitis **Authors:** Kapil P. Sawarkar, Pramod Shah **Published:** 2020-07-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2601 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acute pancreatitis, CT Severity index, pancreatic fluid The current study was based on Computed Tomography (CT) findings and results. We found 63% of patients with acute interstitial edematous pancreatitis, and we found 37% of patients with acute necrotic pancreatitis in 46 cases. Based on our findings, we observed bulky pancreas among 26 cases (56.52%), 17 cases (36.95%) of pancreatic necrosis, 9 cases of pancreatic atrophy, 11 cases of pseudocyst, and 9 cases of peri-pancreatic fluid. When we evaluated the Modified CT Severity index among the study cases, we observed that 19.56% cases have mild index, the majority (56.52% cases) have moderate index while 23.91% have severe index. We also found that majority of the cases were clinically cured and discharged, i.e., 47.82%. 19.56% of the total study subjects reported recurrence of episodes of pancreatitis, while 30.43% of the total patients turned into chronic pancreatitis. This study presents a cross-sectional hospital-based analytical study carried out among 46 cases of AP referred to under the radiology department for further diagnostic evaluation, in a tertiary healthcare facility in Maharashtra. The present study Data Source included all the AP patients referred to the radiological department in a tertiary health research center. They met the standards for inclusiveness, which assented to the analysis. Type of study is Hospital analytical based study. The study duration is 18 months. Data collection was done through semi-structured, pre-designed, and pre-validated proformas in patients meeting inclusion requirements that included disease history, clinical outcomes, investigative records, and descriptions of surgical interventions. --- ## Study of the prevalence of G6PD deficiency in the RBCs of new borns **Authors:** Surbhi Garg, Joag G. G. **Published:** 2020-07-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2598 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** G6PD, Newborns, RBC, Hospital This study we attempt to search the need for a newborn screening program for G6PD deficiency because of high prevalence in some areas and no such study was done in part of Maharashtra. Also routinely administered vitamin K prophylaxis can cause hemolysis in G6PD deficient newborns and may prove potentially fatal, which can be prevented if babies are screened for G6PD deficiency. The current study was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted to determine the prevalence of G6PD deficiency in Red Blood Cells of born live neonates in tertiary care hospital. The research was performed at a tertiary care hospital with the 350 newborns, showing the age distribution of newborns revealed that the highest number of newborns was in the age group of 0-10 hours (96.29 percent). Of the 350 newborns, 181 (51.71 percent) were females and 169 (48.29 percent) were males and the ratio of females to males was 1.07:1. Many newborns had between 2500-3000 g (52.86 percent) of birth weight led by > 3000 g (28 percent) and < 2500 g (19.14 percent). The majority of newborns were Hindu by religion (67.14%) followed by Muslims (22.86%), Buddhists (6%), as well as other religions (4%). Most of the newborns came from 1st gravida (42.86%) and led by 2nd gravida (37.14%) --- ## Cone Beam Computed Tomography (Cbct) and Endodontic Microscopic Assessment of C-Shaped Canal Systems in Mandibular Second Molars **Authors:** Sudha Mattigatti **Published:** 2020-07-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2595 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Endodontic, C-Shaped, Patient, Molar, CBCT, Microscope By knowing the anatomy of the tooth including root canal, dentists also have gathered physiologically anomalous requirements for effective root canal treatment. An exceptional morphology is present in the root canal system known as the C-shaped root network. A substantial volume of evidence already has come out on C-shaped root canal systems. The analysis provides an extensive description of root through root canals in the form of C. Characteristics of this exceptional morphology were studied mainly focused on macroscopic, microscopic and functional measurements including odontogenetic tooth shape analyses. To trying to clarify the clinical nature of C-shaped root canals, we sought to isolate them both. In addition to summarizing existing experiences, another of the objectives of this investigation was to find evidence that supports our interpretation of the C shaped root canal network. In fact, new advances in 3D mapping techniques help clarify the reliable etiology of the physiology of the Cshaped root canal network. Studies of extreme scenarios such as C-shaped root anatomy or morphology with rectangle and squared channels will also help us gain the wide range with root morphologies found in man’s teeth which eventually result in better care outcomes for patients and dentists and their satisfaction. --- ## Analysis of impact of ors with zinc & probiotics supplements in curing acute diarrhoea **Authors:** Palak Vaghela, Langade R. A. **Published:** 2020-07-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2603 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diarrhoea, Acute diarrhea, Probiotics, Vomiting control, Bowel movements, Watery stool Information about diarrheal diseases, their determinants in India, and prevention and control strategies must be reviewed in light of recent developments to ensure better planning and organization of public health services. In childhood, especially in developing countries, diarrhoea is most frequent. This research analyses the usage of ORS and measuring agents in diarrhoea management and care. To test the effectiveness of application of Zinc plus Saccharomyces boulardii (as probiotic) to WHO-ORS as well as to equate these results with WHO-ORS only. Currently, probiotics, in particular, in severe bacterial diarrhoea, are used in various preventive and treatment areas. In this analysis the regulation of vomiting between the three groups was not substantially different (p>0.05). In the ORS+Probiotic Group and ORS+Zinc Group, the patients were shown to be completely hydrated slightly earlier than the ORS group (p < 0.0001). But for the first day, ORS+Zinc Group and ORS+Probiotic Group greatly maintained the lack of stool frequency in contrast with the ORS Group patients. The incidence of losing stool in patients from Probiotic Group were also found to control considerably more quickly. Furthermore, in patients from Probiotic group, the mean length of diarrhoea was fewer. In our research, in the first 48 hours of care, children who were probiotic-present were more vulnerable to diarrhoea with stronger outcomes between 72 and 96 hours, and to increase continuity as well as shortening stays. --- ## Production of Silver Nanoparticles by Escherichia coli: Green Approach **Authors:** Sivanjale Ravindrakumar, June Yeoh Lee Xin, Hanan Rahman SK, Sabrina Harudsamy, Shamala Marimuthu, Suguna Selvakumaran **Published:** 2020-07-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2610 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** silver nanoparticles, green synthesis, antimicrobial, cytotoxicity Physical and chemical approaches to synthesize nanoparticles are not suitable for safer medical usage. Thus, green method could be a suitable approach to produce safe and non-toxic nanoparticles. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized by Escherichia coli and its biological activities were determined. The produced bacterial biomass (supernatant) was mixed with silver nitrate to produce silver nanoparticles. Escherichia coli acting as reducing agents to produce nanoparticles. The colour changes from colourless to brown was observed to indicate the formation of silver nanoparticles. It was further reconfirmed using UV-Vis Spectroscopy, where the peak at 300 nm confirmed the formation of AgNPs. The antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activity of synthesized nanoparticles was tested. At 1 mg/ml concentration, the nanoparticles were effective against all the micro-organisms tested, Bacillus subtilis (12.7 ± 2.5 mm) Staphylococcus aureus (13.7 ± 2.3 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.3 ± 2.3 mm) and Aspergillus niger (12.7 ± 2.1 mm). With decreasing concentration, the antimicrobial activity also decreased. Similar results were obtained when the nanoparticles were tested for cytotoxicity ability on HeLa cells. With increasing concentration, more of the tumor cells were inhibited. Based on the result obtained, it can be concluded that Escherichia coli can be used in the production of silver nanoparticles. It was found that synthesized nanoparticles possess effective antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activities. Thus, these properties could make them an advancing field in the medical world. --- ## Evaluation of functional outcome of treatment for distal femur fractures **Authors:** Vilas S. Mane **Published:** 2020-07-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2597 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Distal femur fractures, AO classification, metaphyseal junction, Locking compression plates In the past few decades man has taken traveling to high speeds with flexed knee joint with much of impacts taken first by patella then femoral condyles and tibial condyles in different positions and proportions and with vast increment in technology, travel modalities and industrialization there have been advantages and disadvantages too like easier and faster traveling but road traffic accidents too. Such accidents and falls resulting in loss of lives and disabilities. In recent years with the advancement of technology and facilities, wide use and trend of open reduction & internal fixation has been apparent. This study evaluated the functional outcome of treatment for distal femur fractures. Patients were operated from 5 days to 35 days. Mean injury to surgery duration was 13.24 days patients were operated between 80 min to 160 min with mean time for operative procedure was 112.4 minutes, Open fractures were seen in 14(56%) closed fractures were seen in 11(44%). There were 14(56%) intra articular fractures and 11(44%) extra articular fractures. Comminution was present in 16(64%) fracture patterns in our study. All patients were operated with distal femur condylar locking compression plate. AO type C 3 fractures 7(28%) were most common type of fractures. Knee mobilization was started as early as within 2 weeks. Average time was 7.68 weeks. Functional outcome was analyzed according to the NEERS knee scoring system, 10(40%) observed excellent result, 5(20%) observed good results, 7(28%) observed fair result and 3(12%) observed poor results. --- ## Assessment of Cardiac Functions in Chronic Alcoholics **Authors:** Purushottam Narayandas Toshniwal, Virendra C Patil **Published:** 2020-07-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2600 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ECG, 2D Transthoracic Echocardiogram, Diastolic dysfunction, Hypertension, Chronic alcoholics The present observational study was conducted to evaluate the cardiological manifestations in chronic alcoholic in relation with Electrocardiographic and 2-Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiogram and Doppler findings. In Present study we observed most common 2-D echocardiographic finding being Grade 1 Diastolic Dysfunction (i.e. 28.35%), followed by Left ventricular Dysfunction (i.e.7.87%) being second most common finding, followed by mild Pulmonary Hypertension (i.e. 5.51%). In present study, the observed most common Electrocardiographic finding being sinus rhythm ( i.e. 34.6%) followed by second most common finding being atrial fibrillation (i.e. 13.38%) followed by sinus tachycardia ( i.e. 11.18%) so most common abnormal elctro-cardiographic finding is Atrial fibrillation. The present study was cross- sectional, descriptive, hospital based observational study to assess cardiac function in chronic alcoholic by use of Electrocardiogram and Two Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiogram and Doppler function. Duration of Study is 18 months and Study Setting is conducted in patients admitted in wards and ICU under Department of Medicine, Krishna Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Karad. There is Study Population is all alcoholic patients admitted in wards and ICU during the period from October 2016 to March 2018 under Department of Medicine, Krishna Hospital and Medical Research Centre Karad with alcohol consumption duration more than 5 years. --- ## Gingival Phenotypes Amongst Male Dental Students at Kulliyyah of Dentistry, IIUM, Malaysia **Authors:** Wan Muhamad Hanif Wan Ghazali, Mohd Fariss Mohd Ghazali, Wisam A. Kamil, Suhaila Muhammad Ali, Munirah Yaacob **Published:** 2020-07-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2609 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gingival biotype, gingival phenotypes, gingival width, papilla height The aim of the present study was to investigate the periodontal phenotypes among young Malay males with different gingival biotypes. Forty-seven systemically and periodontally healthy young Malay males participated in this study, where 25.5% were diagnosed with thin gingival biotype and 74.5% of thick biotype. The periodontal phenotypes were measured through clinical parameters presented by the gingival thickness (GT), gingival width (GW), papilla height (PH), and crown width/crown length ratio (CW/CL). Three clusters were identified through K-means cluster ing analysis based on the parameters of the periodontal phenotypes. Cluster 1 represents narrow crown form and the average CW/CL, GW, PH and PD were 0.69, 2.92, 4.55 and 2.16 mm, respectively. Cluster 2 displayed an average of 0.76, 4.29, 4.96 and 2.14 mm for CW/CL, GW, PH and PD, respectively. Cluster 3 represents wide crown form and the average displayed for CW/CL, GW, PH and PD were 0.80, 4.85, 3.73 and 2.23 mm, respectively. There were significant differences between the three clusters (p<0.05) with respect to the GW, PH and CW/CL. This study demonstrates the difference in gingival phenotypes between young Malay males. The GW has a significant positive linear correlation (p<0.05) with CW/CL and negatively correlated with PH. --- ## Role of Computed Tomography in Evaluation of Renal Masses **Authors:** Shrishail Adke, Dinesh Potdar **Published:** 2020-07-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2599 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Renal tumors, Kidney failure, Renal lesions At present there are various ways to recognize and evaluate kidney mass. A systematic methodological approach is needed to ensure a complete assessment of the suspected kidney mass, because each x-ray modality has relative strengths and weaknesses for an accurate diagnosis. Despite the lack of sensitivity and specificity, intravenous pyelography (IVP) remains the original diagnostic method in many cases because it plays a role in the assessment of hematuria. Intravenous pyelography with or without nephrotomography can detect a lot of kidney mass and provide information about kidney function. As the modality of imaging has expanded extensively, the measurement of adverse renal mass has improved significantly. The heterogeneous development, necrosis or calcification of such a by-of renal cell carcinoma is strongly suggestive. This research describes early-stage accidental renal cell carcinoma as correlated with symptoms of patients with renal cell carcinoma. It has significant implications on therapeutic strategies such as partial nephrectomy, etc. and increases the recovery of premature lesions. It suggests that the renal mass requires monitoring at age over 40 and high-risk classes such as the background of renal cell carcinoma, VHL, etc. The most common and successful modality for the measurement and characterisation of renal weight remains computational multidetector tomography (MDCT). The diagnostic efficiency of RCC in characterising and predicting the severity of disease is vastly enhanced by MDCT scans with an increase in spatial resolution and the potential to provide multiplanar and 3D recreations. --- ## MPI score assessment of perforation peritonitis patients **Authors:** Harshawardhan Vidyasagar Saygaonkar, Nerlekar H V **Published:** 2020-07-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2602 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Perforated peritonitis, Intra-abdominal infections, Sepsis, MPI, Colonic perforation The most widespread clinical emergency in India is perforation peritonitis. Following improvements in operational procedures, antimicrobial treatments, and care in ICUs, peritonitis control is often very complicated, complicated, and challenging. MPI provides the highest precision of risk-assessment such that specific predictions for patients with peritonitis could be estimated. The objective of this research is to determine the prognosis for perforated peritonitis patients using the peritonitis index from Mannheim. It is also targeted at a) assessing the results in Mannheim peritonitis test perforation cases b) evaluating elevated incidents of perforated peritonitis on the Peritonitis Scale with C) Determining the function of the Mannheim Peritonitis Index in decision-making on peritonitis surgery. This research measured the diagnosis of perforated peritonitis patients utilizing peritonitis score of Mannheim’s Index. In the present study, we observed that the majority of the study subjects were males (65.38%), and many of the cases ranged from the age group of 46-55 years (25%), as well as 36-45 years (23.07%). The majority of the cases had duodenal perforation (42.30%), followed by gastric perforation (28.84%), appendicular perforation (13.46%), filial perforation (9.61%), jejunal (3.8%), colonic perforation (1.9%). We observed that the majority of the study subjects reported the MPI score between 21-29 (46.15%), followed by (38.46%) cases who reported MPI score of more than 29, and 15.38% who reported MPI score less than 21. --- ## Drug Utilization Evaluation in Dermatology Department: A Study in the Ambulatory Care Settings **Authors:** Ramam Sripada, Mounika P, Vineesha G, Hemanth Kumar V, Gandhi P S T N, Usha Kiran P, Dasaratha Dhanaraju Magharla **Published:** 2020-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2577 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterials, Antifungals, Corticosteroids The main aim of the study is to evaluate the prescribing pattern of drugs prescribed in the ambulatory patients attending the dermatology department. This was a prospective observational study conducted for a period of 6 months. Patients who were receiving treatment in the dermatological outpatient department and willing to participate were included in the study and patients in the inpatient dermatology department and also with other co morbid conditions were excluded from the study. A total of 306 cases were collected and among them, about 112 (36.6%) were males and 194 (63.4%) were females. During the study period, majority of the patients were in the age group of 21-30 years (41.2%). The most commonly prescribed classes were found to be Antibacterial drugs 312 (22.1%) followed by Antifungal drugs 258 (18.3%) and Anti-histamines 206 (14.6%). Among the antibacterial, Antibacterial soaps (35.3%) were more commonly prescribed followed by the antibiotics Mupirocin (12.8%) and Clindamycin (11.9%). In case of Anti- fungals, Ketoconazole (25.2%) was most commonly prescribed drug followed by Fluconazole (14%) and Clotrimazole (14%). Among the Antihistamine drug class, Levocetrizine (76.2%) was most commonly prescribed followed by Hydroxyzine (12.2%). The drug Prednisolone (26.4%) was most commonly prescribed among Corticosteroids, followed by Mometasone furoate (23.6%) and Hydroquinone (13.1%). It is the responsibility of the clinical pharmacist to perform the drug utilization studies in order to know the drug prescribing patterns and also to know the prevalent disease conditions at a particular point of time. Clinical pharmacist should create awareness regarding the personal and community hygiene which would result in the prevention of dermatological diseases. --- ## An Updated Review: Adhatoda vasica **Authors:** Fathima T, Suresh Joghee, Ann Maria Alex **Published:** 2020-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2590 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Adhatoda vasica, asthma, bronchitis, upper respiratory diseases The present review mainly focuses on the morphological and pharmacological activities of the Adhatoda vasica belonging to the family Acanthaceae, which is commonly referred to as Adosa or Adsogi. It also focuses on the evidence based therapeutic uses of A.vasica in various experimental models. This plant is found in all the ecosystem in India and other parts of the world as well. Because of its greater availability and multitude of pharmacological activities, the plant is being used in the treatment of numerous diseases. Extracts of various parts of the plants such as bark, root, leaf, flower, fruit and many a times, the whole plants are used in the management of pain, inflammation, asthma, cold, cough, diabetes, bronchitis, diarrhea, dysentery and other upper respiratory diseases and it is also used to heal wounds; is utilised as an insecticide, and also used as abortifacient. In asthma and acute stages of bronchitis, the extract of vasica offers an unflagging result by decreasing the thickness of the sputum. Because of the above mentioned reasons the plant has greater importance in the various systems of medicines such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. According to the texts, the plant has greater power on asthma, abortifacient and uterotonic. Numerous trials have been conducted to prove the effects of A.vasica on asthma which led to its inclusion in WHO manual. According to the present day studies the alkaloids such as vasicinone, vasicine, and oxyvasicine which are present in A.vasica are responsible for most of the activities. But extensive studies need to be conducted to understand the constituent responsible for abortifacient and uterotonic activity. --- ## Rapid microbiological testing method **Authors:** Raghuprakash P, Gowrav M P, Gangadharappa H V, Hemanth Kumar S **Published:** 2020-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2582 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Rapid method, industries, revalidation, qualification, organisms Classical microbiological methods currently have unacceptably long cycle times. Rapid microbiological strategies are accessible within the marketplace for about 10 years and are mostly used in the clinical laboratory and in food industries. However, their reapplication in the pharma industry has wide range of advantage. A comparison with ancient strategies to be conjointly performed. During this review, data concerning the validation of RMM strategies described within the document was given in addition as proof of the issue of validation of those strategies. A comparison with ancient strategies is additionally mentioned. This data is beneficial to the industries and in the labs which will doubtless be adopted. These strategies for microorganism free products. This methodology for microorganism identification will be delicate, accurate and fast. How the laboratory should be maintained for carrying out different tests, there should be good hygienic condition maintained. This article also includes different methods for identifying bacteria which is present in drug products as well as the material which are used for doing test. Presence of bacteria may affect the activity of drug product and bio availability may decreases and potency the drug may loss. How the laboratory should be maintained for carrying out different tests, there should be good hygienic condition maintained. --- ## A Study To Assess The Knowledge And Practice of Foot Care Among Diabetic Clients Attending Diabetic OPD **Authors:** Cecyli C, Thamupriya dharshini **Published:** 2020-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2580 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetic clients, Knowledge, Practice, Foot Care Diabetic foot is one of the most common and distressing complication of diabetes resulting to major physical limitation, psychological and fiscal significances for the patient and their families. Great information and skill on regards to diabetic foot care will lessen the danger of diabetic foot difficulties and that will diminish the odds of removal of the limb. A descriptive study was adopted for assessing the level of knowledge and practice of Foot care among diabetic clients. A total of100 diabetic clients were selected using purposive sampling technique. Data were gathered utilizing self-structured questionnaire by a structured interview method. The outcomes portray that majority of the diabetic clients, 61% had inadequate knowledge, 28% had moderate knowledge and only 11% of the diabetic clients had average knowledge. The examination also uncovers that 23% of the diabetic clients had good practice and 77% had poor practice. The mean knowledge and practice score were 5.82 2.53& 6.97 1.18 respectively. There is the strong connection (r= 0.698, p=0.0001) between Knowledge and Practice. There is statistically significant association of demographic variables noted with the knowledge and practice of foot care between age, Gender, Educational Status, Occupation, Duration of Diabetes, Current Diabetes Treatment, Presence of Co morbid (P values <0.001). --- ## Clinical Efficacy of Fluoride-releasing Dental Adhesive on Restricting White Spot Lesion: An in vivo Study **Authors:** Christopher Amalraj Vallaba Doss, Akshay Tandon, Syed Mohamed Sadath, Palanivel R. M., Muhil Sakthivel, Malik Khurram Shahzad Awan **Published:** 2020-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2586 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Demineralization, Fluoride, Non-fluoride, White spot lesions, Orthodontist White spot lesions (WSL) and demineralization is a common complication after the orthodontic treatment. This study aims to explore and evaluate the clinical efficacy of fluoride and-fluoride, releasing self-etching adhesives on enamel demineralization and assess the influence of saliva as a predisposing factor for WSL. The study design is a randomized clinical trial. A sample size of 50 patients was taken, there are two groups for the study-Group A (Control Group)-Teeth on which orthodontic brackets are bonded with non-fluoride releasing self-etching adhesive (G Bond) which will be the control group. Group B (Experimental Group)-Teeth on which orthodontic brackets are bonded with Fluoride releasing self-etching adhesive (Bond Force) which will be the experimental group. Materials containing fluoride help to improve the oral health of the experimental group. However, using Paired t-test get mean and standard deviation values also estimate the correlation coefficient values; the mean effect is improved for non-fluoride patients. --- ## Stability indicating assay method for the simultaneous estimation of Empagliflozin and Metformin HCl by RP-HPLC method **Authors:** Supriya Reddy K, Chandan R. S., Sai Charan A, Akshay N **Published:** 2020-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2583 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Simultaneous estimation, Reversed Phase HPLC, Validation, FDS A Specific, Linear and Precise reversed phase- HPLC was developed for the simultaneous estimation of Metformin HCl and Empagliflozin and the column used is Zorbax SB Phenyl with length, Internal diameter and Particle size of 250mm, 4.6 mm and 5µm respectively. The Mobile phase is Phosphate buffer: ACN: Methanol in ratio 45:25:30. 1.0 ml/min was the used flow rate and the wavelength was adjusted to 220nm for detection. The retention time for Empagliflozin was found to be 5.5min and for Metformin was 9.3min. Both the APIs exhibited good linearity revealing correlation coefficient(R) of 0.9999. The percentage recoveries for Metformin and Empagliflozin was found to be 100.0 – 100.9% and 100.3 – 102.4% respectively which was found to be within the limit. Forced degradation studies were performed and the developed method has suitable specificity as no interference is observed with impurity spiked sample and placebo of Drug Product. The proposed drug products were subjected to various types of stress conditions according to ICH Q1 guidelines like acidic, alkaline, neutral, peroxide, and Thermal conditions. The degradation products were well resolved from the main peaks , thus indicating the stability indicating nature of the method. The method was validated with respect to system suitability, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness according to ICH guidelines and the proposed RP-HPLC Method was accurate, precise and linear for the simultaneous determination of Metformin and Empagliflozin in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. --- ## Media optimization for C-phycocyanin production in Plectonema sp. using response surface methodology and central composite design **Authors:** Arbab Husain, Fahad Khan, Khwaja Osama, Sadaf Mahfooz, Adeeba Shamim, Saheem Ahmad, Alvina Farooqui **Published:** 2020-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2575 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** C-phycocyanin, Central composite design (CCD), Cyanobacteria, Phycobiliprotein, Plectonema sp., Response surface methodology (RSM) Cyanobacteria represent the richest sources of phycobiliproteins with especial reference to C-phycocyanin (C-PC), which in turn holds exhaustive therapeutic implications. Screening of several cyanobacterial strains namely Anabaena sp., Nostoc muscorum, Cylindrospermum sp., Plectonema sp., Scytonema sp., Spirulina sp., Synechococcous sp. and Tolypothrix sp. was carried out for their C-PC producing capacity, however the produced quantity of C-PC varies greatly among different strains. Owing to the crucial role of different media constituents on productivity of C-PC the current study was designed to optimize most appropriate media composition for augmented C- PC production by selected superior producer. 36 factorial central composite design (CCD) dependent response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to estimate the important medium components attributed with influencing C-PC productivity. RSM analysis of five independent coded factors including Na2CO3, K2HPO4, NaNO3, citric acid and EDTA were analyzed preceded by recognition of efficient variables for algal components production by Plectonema sp. Investigation of results revealed that the eminent medium components were NaCO3 (0.4 g/L); NaNO3 (0.5 g/L); K2HPO4 (2.8 g/L); citric acid (0.08 g/L) and EDTA (0.01 g/L) respectively. The increment of C-PC yield is R-Sq = 88.2%. Thus, our study led to the recognition of critical nutritional component that can be used further for enhanced productivity of C-PC. --- ## Response of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles against periimplantitis triggering non periodontal pathogen **Authors:** Shivkanya Fuloria, Chiam Sin Ru, Neeraj Paliwal, Sundram Karupiah, Kathiresan Sathasivam, Sameep Singh, Khyati Gupta, Neeraj Kumar Fuloria **Published:** 2020-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2573 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** BZnONPs, Infections, Stability, Optimization, Characterization Biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (BZnONPs) as a nano medicine attain high importance in the treatment of Peri Implantitis (PI). Present study was aimed to biosynthesize, optimize, characterize and evaluate the response of BZnONPs against PI triggering non periodontal pathogen. The BZnONPs synthesis, characterization, optimization and stability were based on UV-Visible, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and EDX data. The BZnONPs were tested against S. aureus. Treatment of zinc acetate with Dimocarpus longan leaves extract resulted in formation of BZnONPs, which exhibited the absorbance signal between 350- 359 nm. Optimization study established 0.05 M zinc acetate, 6 ml of DLL aqueous extract, pH 12, and 2 h stirring time as parametric requirements for BZnONPs synthesis. Stability study of BZnONPs exhibited absorbance at 340 nm. The BZnONPs were characterized based on broad and shifted FT-IR bands, XRD signals (at 2θ values of 31.70◦, 34.33◦, 36.19◦, 47.45◦, 56.52◦, 62.78◦, 67.88◦ and 72.45◦), size range from 42.07-61.33 nm in FESEM, and elemental zinc 74.22 % in EDX spectrum. The BZnONPs exhibited high inhibitory response towards S. aureus. Present study establish that BZnONPs synthesis using Dimocarpus longan leaves aqueous extract is a facile method and reports that BZnONPs could be potential remedy for PI. --- ## The role of the clinical pharmacists to improve the clinical outcomes of a kidney disease patient - A case Report **Authors:** Deepalakshmi M, Diya C, Ajay Samraj P, Jonna Venkatesh, Kamalrathinam R, Arun K P **Published:** 2020-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2584 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Anemia, Clinical pharmacist, Kidney disease, Pruritis, quality of life Pruritis is mostly presented as a warning/symptom of a few chronic diseases that may include kidney diseases. Often it can be an indication of any neurologic, systemic, psychiatric or dermatologic disorders. About 10-70% of patients with chronic renal failure, and patients undergoing dialysis exist with Pruritis. Undiagnosed Pruritis may develop into cellulitis and other complications such as septicemia. A clinical pharmacist role is crucial in managing such patients. Clinical pharmacists’ vital role towards the patient helps them manage the unhealthy condition, restore, and improve their quality of life. We had a case report of anaemia in chronic kidney disease presented with Pruritis. The treatment was going on for the severe anaemic condition. Pruritis was left undiagnosed. The treating physician accepted the intervention of the clinical pharmacist to add Epoetin-alfa 3000 units/mL thrice a week. This intervention reaffirms the role of clinical pharmacists in developing the pharmaceutical care plan for patients. --- ## Anti-diabetic and nephrotoxicity effect of Aegle marmelos leaf on alloxan-induced diabetic rat **Authors:** Mohd. Sufiyan Siddiqui, Gaurav Sharma, Asha Sharma **Published:** 2020-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2588 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus, Aeglemarmelos, Antidiabetic, Alloxan induced diabetic rats Aegle marmelos is widely found in india. The leaves, roots, fruits, bark, and seeds are extensively used in Ayurveda. A. marmelos is mainly used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Alloxan (150 mg/kg b.w) was used in the Wistar rats for making the diabetic model. The oral administration of leaf extract of Aegle marmelos ( 200 and 400 mg/ kg b.w) was given for four weeks. The effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Aegle marmelos leaf extract on serum blood glucose as well as kidney function test [urea, uric acid, albumin, protein, and creatinine] were measured in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In the acute toxicity study, the ethanolic leaf extract of Aegle marmelos leaf was non-toxic at 2000 mg/kg in rats. The level of albumin and protein had significantly increased along with the serum glucose and urea, uric acid levels when they were observed and reduced in diabetic rats treated with both doses of ethanol leaf extract of Aegle marmelos as compared to diabetic group. Histopathological studies were revealed toward normal. Ethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos leaf possesses the significant anti-diabetic and rejuvenating capability of kidney function tests. --- ## Pattern of Possible Drug-Drug Interactions among Different Specialties at an Indian Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital **Authors:** Ramam Sripada, Suresh Kumar S V, Devanna N, Ravindra Reddy Kandula **Published:** 2020-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2591 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drug-drug interactions, Gynecology & Obstetrics, Orthopedics, Psychiatry To study the pattern of possible drug-drug interactions among different specialties at an Indian tertiary care teaching hospital. The present study was a retrospective study where the inpatient case records of psychiatry, chest & tuberculosis, gynecology & obstetrics and orthopedics were included. By using the software Micromedex 2.0, all the collected cases were screened for possible DDIs and the severity of the interactions was classified into minor, moderate and major. A total of 205 cases were screened for possible DDIs and about 120 (58.5%) cases were observed to be with possible DDIs. Among all the departments, moderate polypharmacy was observed to be more in the prescriptions (41.7%). A total of 314 possible DDIs were observed and most of the possible DDIs were of moderate severity (64.1%). Majority of the possible DDIs were found in the department of gynecology & obstetrics (42.4%) followed by the psychiatry department (29.6%). In order to reduce the DDIs, rationale prescriptions must be prescribed by considering the risk benefit ratio. Clinical pharmacists should take the responsibility in assisting all the prescribers for screening the possible DDIs in the prescriptions there by preventing them and providing a better pharmaceutical care in various specialties. --- ## Cloud point extraction method for the sensitive determination of metoclopramide hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms **Authors:** Wasan A. Al-Uzri, Hind Hadi **Published:** 2020-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2589 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cloud point extraction, Triton X-114, metoclopramide, p-coumaric acid, diazotization coupling reaction In this work, a simple and very sensitive cloud point extraction (CPE) process was developed for the determination of trace amount of metoclopramide hydrochloride (MTH) in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method is based on the extraction of the azo-dye results from the coupling reaction of diazotized MTH with p-coumaric acid (p-CA) using nonionic surfactant (Triton X- 114). The extracted azo-dye in the surfactant rich phase was dissolved in ethanol and detected spectrophotometrically at λmax 480 nm. The reaction was studied using both batch and CPE methods (with and without extraction) and a simple comparison between the two methods was performed. The conditions that may be affected by the extraction process and the sensitivity of methods were carefully studied. Using optimal conditions, the linearity of calibration curves was in the range of 0.4-13 and 0.05-4 µg/mL and limits of detection of 0.044 and 0.028 µg/mL of MTH for batch and CPE methods respectively. Average recoveries for samples were detected to be between 97- 101% for both methods, with the relative standard deviation (RSD %) best than 2.7 % and 4.5 % for both methods, respectively. The suggested methods were applied successfully for assay of MTH in commercial pharmaceutical tablets. --- ## Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in Hypertensive Patients **Authors:** Mohammed Safeer V S, Umesh M **Published:** 2020-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2576 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Health related quality of life (HRQoL), Blood pressure, Hypertension, Questionnaire Hypertension also called as increased blood pressure (BP) is a chronic disorder in which BP is persistently elevated in the main systemic arteries. The main risk factor for cardiovascular disorder is hypertension. It is common in almost all countries. It makes a silent and gradual progress. Quality of life is a wide term which mainly affects the physical health, psychological condition, level of independence, social relationships and personal beliefs of a person. The HRQoL in people with hypertension can be mostly affected by the disease condition itself or due to the adverse effects of the treatment. Determining the quality of life of patients with hypertension has become an important issue. The HRQoL of hypertensive patients can be improved if the treatment and lifestyle modifications are done correctly. Counseling the patients with hypertension regarding risk factors, lifestyle modifications and medication adherence can also improve the HRQoL. Several questionnaires are available for assessing the HRQoL of people with different disorders. This questionnaire or instrument can be categorized into two types: the questionnaires for a specific disease and the general questionnaire. The SF instrument was introduced in the United States of America by the RANDS Corporation’s Health Insurance researches. It has now been translated to more than 120 world languages. Short form instrument is divided into different types which includes SF-36, SF-12, SF-20 and many more. EuroQol created EQ5D as a standardized method for assessing health status to provide a clear, objective health measure for medical and economic evaluation. The EQ5D instrument comprises of three versions: EQ-5D-5L, EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-Y. WHOQoL- BREF, is a generic questionnaire administered on its own which contain 26 items. The MINICHAL was developed or introduced in 2001 in Spain which contains 17 questions. The word MINICHAL was obtained from “Mini Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida en Hypertensión Arterial". --- ## A review on current therapies and its problems in smoking cessation **Authors:** Aravind S R, Jawahar N, Senthil V **Published:** 2020-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2585 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Bupropion, Nicotine Vaccine, Patient Education, Pharmacotherapies Smoking is likely the most preventable reason for ailments and premature death in the world. In 2010 it was estimated that approximately there are 120 million smokers in India. Around 70% of tobacco smokers are willing to stop, yet just 2-3% prevail with regards to doing so for all time every year. The first line pharmacotherapies normally used for smoking cessation include Nicotine substitution products (gum, transdermal patch, nasal spray, inhaler, and lozenge), varenicline and bupropion. Non-pharmacological therapies such as patient education, Counselling when used by physicians along with pharmacotherapies are found to increase the cessation rates by two folds within a single year. Blend pharmacotherapies are expanding the smoking restraint rates and furthermore lessens the withdrawal manifestations and are demonstrated to be as powerful as monotherapies. Physicians assume a significant job in the smoking discontinuance process. Significant rates of quitting smoking are accomplished when non-pharmacologic help is joined with pharmacological interventions. New treatment options such as nicotine vaccines are found to have better therapeutic effects and abstinence rates on smokers compared to other pharmacotherapies available. This review article deals with the available therapies (pharmacological and non-pharmacological) for smoking cessation along with the limitations and adverse effects associated with different pharmaceutical formulations. --- ## A Study on Parental Perception and Satisfaction towards Occupational Therapy Holistic Approach on Treatment and Service Delivery **Authors:** Christopher Amalraj Vallaba Doss, Syed Mohamed Sadath, Palanivel R.M., Muhil Sakthivel, OLA Olatunji, Malik Khurram Shahzad Awan **Published:** 2020-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2578 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Measure of Processes of Care (MPOC-20), patient-centered-care, parental perceptional and satisfaction, holistic, occupational therapy, well-being To highlight how holistic occupational therapy processes contribute to the level of parent’s perception and satisfaction, improve the therapist’s level of care, update therapist about client understands of their services, increase client’s awareness of different modes of occupational therapy treatment services. Quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study design, POC-20 Questionnaire is used to measure the processes of care questionnaire with parents ticking each column of items according to their perception and satisfaction. MPOC-20 question output from the interview results shows the treatment care services that enable parents to understand how the therapist takes effort and satisfied them day to day life. Therapist expressed their confidence in the holistic approachability to manage the child’s behaviors and act as the family center-point of contact for their ongoing care. This research clearly demonstrates the value of the holistic approach, parent and child place on receiving their service care close to home and how the therapist uses their holistic approach to enable this. The success of this study demonstrates this model of care can be implemented in other services across the world. --- ## Distribution of leukocyte subpopulation among students threatened by failure **Authors:** Aziez Chettoum, Kamilia Guedri, Zouhir Djerrou, Rachid Mosbah, Latifa Khattabi, Abir Boumaaza, Wissam Benferdi **Published:** 2020-07-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2553 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Stress, anxiety, depression, immunity, neuro-immunology, leukocytes Psychoneuroimmunology or the study of the relationships between the brain and the immune system is an area of research that has experienced significant development over the decade. Stress does not appear without consequences on the state of health, the role of fears, emotions and significant constraints in the appearance of organic and mental diseases. In this research, we studied the effect of stress and anxiety during exams at the end of the academic year (2018/2019) on the distribution of leukocyte subpopulations and the immune system, questionnaires has been completed by student volunteers, to estimate the anxio-depressive comorbidities through the (HADS) test during and outside exams, and in the same time we asked them for a blood sample the next morning day to carry out some biological assays (CBC). We also found that stress during exams caused a change in the distribution of different types of white blood cells, a total decrease in white blood cell counts with neutropenia and lymphopenia were found in students during exams compared to controls, and an increase in monocyte and other types of polymorphonuclear levels in students during exams compared to controls. Other tests measuring the effects of stress on specific functions of the immune system can be used. --- ## The roles of medicinal herbs in the treatment of measles **Authors:** Huynh Tan Hoi **Published:** 2020-07-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2570 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Medicinal herbs, Measles, Medication, Treatment As an acute infectious disease caused by the paramyxoviridae virus, the disease spreads rapidly into a respiratory tract. Patients may have many serious complications if not monitored and treated promptly. Identifying common measles in young children and contagious in the community, especially in schools, kindergartens and primary schools is something that many people are interested in to master the methods in order to prevent this disease. Measles, although not serious, has serious complications and can be fatal. In addition to vaccinating children, some folk remedies handed down and currently being used to treat measles in Vietnam have proven its effectiveness. Very common herbs that are used for everyday food seem very ordinary but have great roles that we sometimes overlook. The scientific ingredients in herbs are a safe solution for people suffering from viral diseases such as influenza strains, typhus, pimples, dysentery, sore throat, colds. A special thing is that herbs is quite safe and have few side effects like Western medicine antibiotics. There are some medicinal herbs such as ophiopogon japonicus, coriander seed, elsholtzia cristata or eclipta prostrata which can bring a healthier life for everyone in general and children in particular if we know how to apply these herbs in a logical and scientific way. For that purpose, the paper was completed in order to clarify the basic knowledge of measles and the way of using medicinal herbs as a therapy that has been used for a long time in some Asian countries in general and Vietnam in particular. --- ## The analysis of NQO1 isoforms as an Off-target to anti-cancer drug RH1 using molecular modeling and structure-based drug discovery approaches **Authors:** Pramodkumar P Gupta, Shanker L Kothari, Mindaugas Valius, Jonas Cicenas, Virupaksha A Bastikar **Published:** 2020-07-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2550 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** NQO1, RH1, Off-target, Molecular modeling, Molecular docking NQO1 is already evaluated for its high-level expression in numerous human cancers as compared with normal tissues. RH1 acts as an indigenous prodrug to NQO1. In our preceding work Off-targeting of (RH1) drug to protein kinases is well reported. Numerous protein isoforms have reported a potential drug target and biomarkers in cancer and related diseases. In the present study, the 3D structure of all the three NQO1 isoforms is modelled using the homology based concept, evaluated for their conformational stability and energy forms by MD simulation. MSA and related method used for binding site prediction. Protein-ligand interactions were studied using molecular docking approach. The 3D modelled structure of NQO1 isoform 2 and 3 exhibited a conformational change in the protein FAD and RH1 binding region due to the absence of a few key amino acids. Docking results revealed a good degree of binding energy and interaction between the selected NQO1 isoforms, FAD and RH1. As FAD acts as a floor surface to RH1, a similar trend observed in the NQO1 isoform 2 and 3. Hence the NQO1 isoforms 2 and 3 could be a drug target to anticancer prodrug RH1 and can be further investigated in the lab. --- ## Pulmonary drug delivery-Determining attributes **Authors:** Hafsa P V, Vidya Viswanad **Published:** 2020-07-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2556 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Pulmonary, Nebulizer, Dry powder inhaler, Aerosols, Aerodynamic diameter, Nanoparticle, Liposome, Microparticle Pulmonary diseases are one of the significant conditions and influence the lifestyle for a majority of the population in today’s world. From ancient times, inhalational drug delivery is being utilised to target the lungs for the management and treatment of pulmonary diseases with reduced side effects. Factors like the physiology of the respiratory system, selection of devices, particle characteristics, and formulation characteristics affect the efficiency of inhalational drug delivery. The precise usage of the inhaler device is indispensable for the efficient delivery of drugs. The characteristic particle impacts the region of drug deposition and in turn influences drug dissolution. Drug dissolution is also affected by the physiological aspect of the respiratory tract, which is concerned primarily in disease states. Formulation type and characteristics decide the release mechanism and influences the inhalational pattern. Liposomes, nanoparticles, microparticles, micelles, dendrimers, etc. can be utilised for passive and active targeting of drugs to the lungs. Inhalational drug delivery can be harnessed to deliver therapeutic agents to systemic circulation for diseases apart from pulmonary diseases. The inhalational drug delivery techniques and devices are being continuously researched upon and reworked to acquire better drug loading with minor loss during drug delivery. The review focuses on the significance and factors associated with pulmonary drug delivery. --- ## Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus cultured for anti-fungal activity against Pyricularia oryzae **Authors:** Suryani A, Neng Yulia Nengsih, Waras Nurcholis **Published:** 2020-07-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2560 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antifungal, Bio-fungicide, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Pyriculariaoryzae, Silver nanoparticle The rice is the main food crop worldwide. The fungi Pyriculariaoryzae infected the rice and caused a decrease in rice production. The silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) are popular in several research areas such as cosmetics, agriculture, and medicine due to their biological activities and environmentally friendly. Interestingly, the biosynthesis using the microbe is a preferred alternative route for AgNPs production because it does not involve a supplementary reducing agent. The objective of this work was to biosynthesize the AgNPs using Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and then also evaluate for antifungal activity against P.oryzae. Biosynthesis of AgNPs was used Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus cultured with AgNO3 in Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe medium. AgNPs characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and particle size analyzer (PSA). The AgNPs sample at different concentrations (0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were evaluated for antifungal properties against P. oryzae using the agar diffusion method. Results confirmed the absorbance maximum of AgNPs at 423 nm. The size of the AgNPs was 2.0 nm. AgNPs showed antifungal activity against P. oryzae and the highest activity was observed at 0.75% concentration.The results showed the AgNPs could be used as a complementary to bio-fungicide against P. oryzae in the blast disease treatment of rice. --- ## Cancer Incidence Rate in Kurdistan-Iraq during 14 Years - Depend on Cancer Registry Program **Authors:** Holem Hashm Balaky, Ardalan Abdulhamid Osman, Pakestan Hammad Amin, Haval Abdullah khudher **Published:** 2020-07-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2558 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Estimation, Cancer Incidence, Time Series, Erbil capital The aim of this study was to identify the incident rate of different types of cancers and determine risks of cancer in Erbil Capital of Kurdistan Region Government from June 2004 to December 2017. This data was collected from registered cases in Nanakaly hospital for cancer. It included all cancer cases for different age groups during the a fore mentioned period; the results showed that the recorded number of cancer cases was 1021 with 27 types of cancer during. The highest recorded cancers are lung, breast, diffuse cancer, lymphoma, myeloid leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia by 9.43%, 24.40%, 10.61%, 9.10%, 8.95% and 8.78% respectively. The annual incident rate per 100,000 was 5712 and for all age groups were 67.26 in female and 4698 in women, from 53 to 376.5 cases/population/ year. Incident rate showed to be 51.72% in female and 48.28% in male. It was last noticed that the most common cancer amongst females and males were breast, lung, myeloid leukemia, Lymphoma, Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Colon, ovary, and thalassemia by 21.01%, 1.80%, 5.71%, 4.54%, 4.41%, 1.69%, 1.42%, and 0.50% with the males by 3.05%, 7.68%, 5.56%, 6.17%, 5.67%, 2.81%, 0.18%, and 0.32% respectively. Projections of cancer trends to the year 2030 indicate to expected rises in both incidence and prevalence. It seems that the cancer cases in Erbil city is higher comparing to the cases of other cities like Sulaymaniyah especially for older age groups. --- ## Restorative processes of the vascular bed of the brain in the progressive course of ischemic stroke **Authors:** Dzhamalbek Turgumbaev, Elmira Mamytova, Aikerim Dzhamalbekova, Tugolbai Tagaev, Vityala Yethindra **Published:** 2020-07-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2569 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Progressive ischemic stroke, Microvasculature of cerebral vessels, Perivascular edema, cerebral infarction, Contralateral hemisphere, Granular debris The objective is to study morphometry of the restoration processes of the cerebral vascular bed in the progressive course of ischemic stroke. We studied the structure of the vessels and parenchyma of the brain of patients who died of ischemic stroke in the angio-neurological department of the National Hospital under the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic. With a progressive course of ischemic stroke, brain vessel lesions are characterized by peculiar changes in the shape and contents of the vessels, different from the vessels surrounding the ischemic area, and tissues of the opposite hemisphere. The study showed that reparative processes appear early and are expressed by a change in the number of capillaries, angiogenesis and recalibration of existing vessels. With a progressive ischemic stroke, dystrophic processes prevail over the compensatory-adaptive reactions of the central nervous system, while the latter are insufficient to restore lost functions. --- ## Formulation of parenteral nutrition based on argan oil nanocapsule system using d-optimal mixture design **Authors:** Majda Benabbes, Aicha Fahri, Yassir El alaoui, Naoual Cherkaoui, Abdelkader Laatiris, Younes Rahali **Published:** 2020-07-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2567 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Parenteral nutrition, lipid nanocapsule, Argan oil, Mixture design In parenteral nutrition, the lipid emulsions are usually presented separately from other components. The admixture is made just before or during administration because of limited stability. The purpose of the present study is the formulation of lipid nanocapsules (LNC) based on Argan-oil and their introduction into preparations for parenteral nutrition, then the evaluation of their stability. The lipid nanocapsules have been prepared according to the phase inversion temperature method. The experimental design was used to determine the feasibility of LNC with Argan oil (A.O.-LNC), the evaluation of their size and the stability in the final mixing parenteral nutrition. The average size of the LNC was chosen as a response. The LNC based on 14% Argan oil, 6% Labrafac ®, 55% water and 25% of Solutol ® with an average size of 44 nm was selected for the preparation of the parenteral nutrition. The particle size distribution with a value of 70 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.102 indicates the homogeneity of the populations of particles. The statistical analysis shows the excellent stability of parenteral nutrition for 14 days. --- ## Quality of Life of Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy **Authors:** Thenmozhi P, Simeon I **Published:** 2020-07-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2555 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cancer, Chemotherapy, Quality of Life, Symptoms scale Quality of life is a significant part of patient care among cancer patients. Toxicities and adverse impacts of chemotherapy influence personal satisfaction in disease patients, and it likewise makes challenges in satisfying family and social jobs. Hence the study aimed to assess the quality of life of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Cross-sectional research design was employed with 50 samples which matched the inclusion criteria were selected by convenience sampling technique. Demographic variables data were collected by using a structured questionnaire followed by assessing the quality of life by using the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire. The findings of the study revealed the highest median value in the cognitive functioning, social functioning, role functioning and also in physical functioning compared symptom scale and in which the lowest score in the symptoms of nausea & vomiting, loss of craving, fatigue, diarrhea and constipation and face many challenges related to finance. Based on findings, further studies can be conducted to correlate the quality of life with clinical assessment and focus on the mind-body exercise such as yoga, meditation and physical therapy like exercise, massage to enhance the quality of life and to complete the entire cycle of chemotherapy. --- ## Evaluation of Anti-microbial activity of methanolic extract of Costus igneus plant against multidrug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms **Authors:** Rajani Chowdary Akkina, Payala Vijayalakshmi, Raaththika R **Published:** 2020-07-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2552 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Costus igneus, Phytochemical analysis, Agar-well diffusion method, MIC Costus igneus plants are highly active against the majority of Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms. The purpose of the current study was intended to evaluate the anti-microbial potential of methanolic extract of Costus igneus over multidrug-resistant bacteria, specifically to methicillin, vancomycin, carbapenems, colistin. The study also focused on the antifungal activity of the plant extract against Candida species. Phytochemical analysis was conducted to identify the presence of the active chemicals such as steroids, alkaloid, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, saponin, tannin, glycosides, quinones, coumarins and phenolic compounds using standard protocols. Anti-microbial activity of C. igneus was assessed through agar well diffusion technique and Minimum inhibitory concentration method (MIC) by using multidrug-resistant Gram-positive microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis) and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative microorganisms (E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter species) and also Candida albicans. At 120mg/ml C.igneus plant extract concentration, maximum zone of inhibition was obtained with all the nine tested microorganisms and however the zone of inhibition was slighter with regular standard potential antibiotics like colistin, imipenem etc. Anti-microbials of plant origin possesses tremendous therapeutic potential as they can accomplish the requirements with fewer side effects that are routinely associated with synthetic anti-microbials. In this investigation, it was established that C. igneus leaf extract possesses excellent anti-microbial activity which can be attributed to the occurrence of phytochemicals. --- ## Aphrodisiac Activity of Nutraceuticals **Authors:** Gayathri A G, Mruthunjaya K **Published:** 2020-07-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2572 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Aphrodisiac, Nutraceuticals, Sexual dysfunction, Phytochemicals The name aphrodisiac is taken from Aphrodite who is penned as the Greek goddess of love, beauty and sex in an ancient folk tale. Dating from a remote period humans strive hard to improve their sexual powers but modern lifestyle and other environmental factors have resulted in many sexual dysfunctions. Current treatment strategies which had lead to unsuccessful results and high cost made man to search for alternative medicine or to include nutraceuticals in their food diet which improves aphrodisiac properties. There are hundreds of medicinal plants that can improve aphrodisiac activity and also there are herbs that have a nutraceutical value other than medicinal properties which improve aphrodisiac activity. There are many numbers of nutritional factors as well as phytochemical factors present in fruits and vegetables other than calories and fats which are helpful in providing nutritional health and to cure diseases. This review divulges about some nutraceutical food plants which are helpful for relieving sexual dysfunction or to improve sexual function. --- ## Method Development and Validation of simultaneous estimation for Ramipril and Amlodipine besylate by UV- VISIBLE Spectrophotometric method **Authors:** Khairunnisa Tasneem, Sonia K, Lakshmi K S **Published:** 2020-07-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2557 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amlodipine besylate, method development, Ramipril, Ultra Violet and Visible spectroscopy and validation This experiment shares the method development and analytical validation of an original, accurate and correct UV-Visible Spectrophotometric methods for the fixed dose assessment of Ramipril and Amlodipine besylate. The working solutions of Telmisartan and Ramipril were scanned at 240 nanometer and 210nanometer respectively. The regression strength of Amlodipine besylate and Ramipril over its absorbances take place as y=0.4291x0.0084 and y=0.0399x-0.310 respectively with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9998 for Amlodipine besylate and 0.9993 for Ramipril. The intra-day precision in addition inter-day precision for Amlodipine besylate and its % RSD were obtained as 0.08% and 0.25% respectively. The intra-day precision in addition interday precision for Ramipril and% RSD were obtained as 0.16% and 0.24% respectively. The precise amount of tablet formulation were added which holds Alkaline (0.1 N Sodium hydroxide), Acidic (0.1 N Hydrochloric acid) reflux for 3 hours, 3% Oxydol at 50ºC, heat (60ºC), humidity (75 percentage Relative humidity) for 24 hr. and after the particular time diluted to distilled water, separated using Filter paper. From this stock solution, 5 mL section of the filtrate was pipetted out and further thinned with distilled water in a 100 mL standard flask (10 µg/mL). The standard stock solution of two drugs were prepared and compared against a label claim. --- ## Alzheimer’s Disease: Biomarkers And Future Targets For Drug Intervention **Authors:** Reni P Paul, Arul Balasubramanian, Kothai Ramalingam **Published:** 2020-07-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2563 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Alzheimer’s disease, Amyloid beta-peptide, Biomarkers, Tau protein Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive disorder and the most common types of dementia that develops in the elderly, characterised by gradual memory loss and cognitive skills of an individual. The neurodegenerative disease is characterised by intracellular settling of hyperphosphorylated tau protein like neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the neuronal cytoplasm and extracellular settling of beta-amyloid peptide(Aβ). These changes lead to cognitive decline due to the loss of synapses and neurons involved in learning, memory and cognitive function. Amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, presenilin 2 and TREM2 are some of the genes involved in the development of the disease. The current treatment for AD is the cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and N-methyl D- aspartate antagonist memantine. Other recommended adjuvant therapy was vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acid, Mediterranean diet, and aerobic exercise. Diagnosis is based upon clinical presentation and imaging biomarkers. This review summarises AD biomarkers such as cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, circulatory biomarkers, inflammatory markers and oxidative biomarkers which are under study and the future targets of drug intervention. The amyloid-beta peptide, tau protein, and β-secretase may be the possible sites of drug action in the future. --- ## Surgical Sponge After Splenectomy: A Rare Case Report **Authors:** Yashwant R. Lamture, Varsha Gajbhiye, Aditya Mundada **Published:** 2020-07-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2551 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** gossypiboma, transmigration of foreign body, Jejunum, end to end anastomosis, blunt abdomen A gossypiboma is a cotton sponge retained in the abdominal cavity after the operative procedure. It leads to tremendous morbidity, loss of money and even occasional death of the patient. Another problem on the part of treating the surgeon is defamation and medicolegal issue. We report a case of a 25- year young man presented with pain in abdomen and vomiting for six months, History of a lump in the right lumbar region for two months and with constipation for five days. He had operated for splenectomy after a blunt injury to the abdomen eight months back. On clinical examination, adhesive obstruction of bowel was suspected. On computed tomography, (CT), a foreign body was revealed. On laparotomy, there was evidence of sponge in a jejunum. By doing enterotomy, a large sponge was removed. Postoperative recovery was not associated with significant complications. An essential precaution is to look for retained foreign body and confirmation before the closure of any body cavity, as there may even after all precautionary exercises, occur retention of foreign bodies. Hence consider always the possibility of gossypiboma in the differential diagnosis of chronic abdominal pain or a mass in patients with a history surgery. --- ## Development and validation of a simple bio-analytical HPLC-UV method for estimation of irbesartan in human plasma **Authors:** Ashok P, Narenderan S T, Meyyanathan S N, Babu B, Jawahar N **Published:** 2020-07-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2562 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPLC-UV, Irbesartan, Protein precipitation, US-FDA guidelines The present study was aimed to develop and validate a simple, sensitive and economical bio-analytical high-performance liquid chromatographicultraviolet method for the determination of irbesartan in human plasma. The method involves the use of simple precipitation method for the determination of irbesartan, using methanol as precipitating agent and losartan as internal standard. The separation was achieved using Zorbax C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm, 5µm), mobile phase consists of methanol and 0.2% formic acid in water at the ratio 85:15, v/v using detection wavelength of 237 nm. Further, the developed method was validated as per US-FDA guidelines for accuracy, precision, linearity, stability, detection and quantification limit. The method developed was found to be linear over the concentration ranging from 5 to 500 ng/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.9987. The LOD and LLOQ of the method were found to be 1 ng/ml and 5 ng/ml, respectively. --- ## Effectiveness of vitamin D3 in improving sperm count, motility and morphology in subfertile men **Authors:** Padmapriya D, Archana R, Nidhi Sharma, Kalabharathi S **Published:** 2020-07-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2690 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Male Fertility Profile, Oligoasthenoterato, zoospermia, Semen quality, Subfertile men, Vitamin D3 The effect of vitamin D3 in improving sperm count, motility and morphology of men was assessed using design. All men who attended OPD at a selected hospital were screened with Male Fertility Profile. Forty-six men among them were diagnosed as were chosen as study participants. A detailed explanation of the study was given to the selected participants, and the written consent was received from each study participant. They were given treatment under the guidance of our fertility experts, the oral administration of vitamin D3 supplements per oral twice a day for 72 days and the post-test semen analysis was done on 73rd day. The findings of the study revealed that there is an improvement in the semen quality (counts in the sperm /ml, progressive motility level, total progressive motility level P<0.00001 and morphology P <0.00007). In contrast, there were no changes revealed in the level of volume, and PH was slightly alkaline. Vitamin D enhances . Therefore, vitamin D supplements can be administered in men. --- ## A questionnaire study on knowledge and awareness of metabolic syndrome and it’s components in undergraduate medical students at entry level **Authors:** Soundarya Vemuri, Krishna Veni D V, Chigulapalli Neha, Sravya Reddy **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2525 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** MBBS students, Questionnaire knowledge, awareness Metabolic syndrome is a major and escalating public health crisis among young adults in recent times. Increasing calorie intake, sedentary lifestyle, lack of exercise and chronic stress are the contributing factors for metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study is to evaluate the awareness and knowledge levels of first-year medical students regarding various aspects in metabolic syndrome. The study was conducted among 74 undergraduate medical students at Apollo institute of medical sciences and research. A standardized questionnaire was given to the students and the students were asked to answer the questionnaire independently and the responses obtained were statistically analyzed. In our study, the participants showed a good level of knowledge about different types, the pattern of inheritance and symptoms of diabetes mellitus. They were cognizant about causes, risk factors and treatment of adiposity and hypertension. The majority knew about ill effects of high cholesterol, stroke and arteriosclerosis. Most of them doesn’t know the underlying mechanism of heart infraction. The study also identified areas of deficiencies in the knowledge of students about different components of metabolic syndrome. This effort is done in the beginning of their course because being the force of future medical feternity, they can educate themselves and the public about ill-effects of metabolic syndrome and means to prevent it as a part of public health. The study also supports the necessity of early clinical exposure for medical students at the entry-level. --- ## Huntington’s Disease- An Updated Review **Authors:** Hima Bindu Mylapalli, Ramam Sripada, Sireesha Maram, Sudeepthi Padala, Aksha Susmitha Jangam, Dasaratha Dhanaraju Magharla **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2545 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Chorea, Dystonia, Huntington’s disease Huntington’s disease (HD) is a rare autosomal dominant, fatal neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by unwanted choreatic movements, behavioural disruption, psychiatric disturbances and dementia. This condition is characterized by progressive degeneration of neurons within the basal ganglia, primarily the caudate and the putamen. As the disease progresses, neuronal losses occur in the white matter, cerebral cortex and thalamus. In this article, the authors reviewed the genetic aspects, etiological factors, stages of the disease condition along with the signs and symptoms, various diagnostic procedures besides with the pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of the Huntington’s disease. This disease is inherited within the families, and the pathophysiology of Huntington disease is restricted to the brain, where degeneration begins initially in the striatum, spreads to the cortex and eventually appears throughout the brain.The pathogenesis of this disease is still unrevealed, and there is no treatment available for the cure of the disease. There were many drugs of choices available for symptomatic treatment aiming to improve the quality of life in the patient. The non-pharmacological therapy for managing Huntington’s disease includes physiotherapy, speech therapy and psychotherapy. At a therapeutic setting, all the needs of the patients are to be addressed as the advancement in the development of new therapeutic agents are paving the way for the better outcomes in the management of Huntington’s disease and thereby promising better healthcare for these patients. --- ## Clinical and Epidemiologic Characteristics of Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Patients in Sulaimaniyah, Iraqi Kurdistan **Authors:** Khalid Anwar Hama Ghareeb, Zahira Metwally Gad, Noha Awad, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Jwan Jalal Rasheed shwana, Shuann Shwana, Fattah Hama Rahim Fattah, Blind Goran Mustafa Al Talabani, Safeen Rasul Ali, Dlovan Ali Taha, Barham M M Salih, Shaho Osman Mahmood **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2528 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** prostate cancer, castration-resistant prostate cancer clinical characteristics Prostate cancer is prevalent among men aged over 65 and has been reported as the fourth most common cause of mortality of males all over the world. In addition to age, family history, and race, there are some lifestyle features such as diet, obesity, alcohol, and smoking are believed to play a role in its development. The present study was carried out in order to examine the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of castration-resistant prostate cancer patients identify predictive factors for development of resistance to hormonal therapy. The present retrospective cohort study was carried out on 150 patients who were diagnosed with prostate cancer at Hiwa Cancer hospital in Sulaimania, Iraqi Kurdistan over the period of 2009-2014. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, independent samples t-test, Mann Whitney test, and Pearson’s Chi-square test through SPSS 20.0. --- ## Impact of community based awareness education about dengue by assessing knowledge and preventive practices in rural population **Authors:** Komal Meshram, Ajay Meshram, Shubham Chopra, Ujwal Gajbe **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2539 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dengue, Mosquito, Prevention, Practices, Community Dengue a major international public health concern is a vector-borne viral infection caused due to bite of Aedes aegypti mosquito. To reduce human mosquito contact or eliminate vector population efforts should be made. The knowledge gained through this investigation would help rural population to take certain preventive and control measures against dengue fever. It would also be helpful to guide policy makers and health authorities to plan, design and initiate initiatives, various programs and policies regarding prevention of dengue. To find out the impact of community-based awareness education about dengue by assessing knowledge and preventive practices in rural population. A Cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was done in rural population residing near the Datta Meghe Medical College, Wanadongri, Nagpur over a period of three months. Sample size of 166 participants; age more than 18 years residing in rural area were included in the study. Positive correlation in knowledge regarding dengue fever was found at post test among participants and information imparted; significant improvement was observed with respect to pretest taken. Questionnaire helped individuals to gain more knowledge regarding the disease and its prevention. This study concludes that the knowledge score of participants regarding dengue fever and invigilator increases at post test. Hence a better and healthy community can be achieved just by imparting simple doorstep knowledge. --- ## Molecular docking study on quercetin derivatives as inhibitors of Pantothenate Synthetase (PanC) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis **Authors:** Premalatha E, Dineshraj R, Iyanar Kannan, Bhaarath KS, Sharavanan TKV **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2529 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tuberculosis, molecular docking, Pantothenate Synthetase (PanC), Quercetin derivatives, AutoDock The anti-TB drugs currently in the use are insufficient to address these major health challenges. Hence, it is imperative to discover and develop new and efficient drugs against TB. The enzyme pantothenate synthetase (PS or PanC), necessary for the production of pantothenate (vitamin B5), critical components of fatty acid synthesis, when inhibited will in turn affect the cell wall synthesis of bacilli. In the present study, an attempt will be made to find the drug like molecules from quercetin derivatives prepared in silico to find out possible inhibitors of PanCof M. tuberculosis. The 3D structure of PanC was obtained from RCSB database and quercetin from ZINC database. The derivatives of quercetin were prepared and were docked initially with iGEMDOCK docking tool. The final docking was done in AutoDock vina software. The ADMET properties of the selected ligands were done in admetSAR online server tool. The present study revealed that four derivatives of quercetin has excellent binding with Pantothenate Synthetase (PanC) of M. tuberculosis. These derivatives can be taken for in vitro enzymatic assays for its inhibitory property in the search for new anti-TB drugs --- ## A Case Report of Recurrent unilateral Bell’s Palsy in young female **Authors:** Khlood Mohammad Aldossary **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2546 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Facial nerve, Facial paralysis, Recurrent Bell’s palsy Most facial palsies comprise of lower motor neuron type or Bell’s palsy. The mean incidence of recurrence of Bell’s palsy is 6.5% and can recur at any age. Although it was first reported in the year 1871, most of its etiology, pathology, management and progression are still neither fully described nor reported. We reported a case of Bell’s palsy in a young Saudi female who was presented with a unilateral recurrent episode of Bell’s palsy. Patient came to the emergency department with facial asymmetry, severe neck pain, loss of sensation on the left side of face and headache, while she was also not responding to oral medications. She was admitted to the hospital for an intravenous treatment and for further evaluation. Her serologic investigation was unremarkable. Similar episode had occurred five years ago as well, which was completely resolved after treatment. Her brain MRI localized T2 and T2 weighted sequence showed hyperintense lesion at the superior anterior aspect of left orbit and could represent lipoma versus hemangioma. Her presenting complaint responded well on IV treatment and patient was discharged on 11th day. She was also referred for plastic and neurosurgery services for the treatment of underlying cause. Recurrent Bell’s palsy is infrequent with etiology not fully elucidated. However, our case emphasizes that the timely medical treatment with regular follow-up is necessary for better prognosis and identification and treatment of underlying cause. --- ## A Review on Insulin Formulations for Diabetes Mellitus Therapy **Authors:** Chythanya C. Kutty, Asha Spandana K M, Amit B. Patil, Gowda D V, Mahendran Bhaskaran **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2527 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Basal insulin, Bolus insulin, Diabetes, Human insulin The insulin discovery during the past century is considered as the major breakout in the health sector. It is considered as lifesaving medication for T1DM and T2DM. In the advancement of peptide chemistry, pharmacology, cell signalling and structural biology insulin has played a central role. Natural human insulin secreted from pancreatic cells maintains the glucose levels in blood. Later on, for the treatment of diabetes mellitus external insulin was developed by various means. However, imitating same actions by natural insulin by external insulin was difficult. Various insulin analogues developed (rapid acting, short acting, long acting, intermediate acting) different blood glucose lowering action profiles. The physiological post-prandial insulin response is not adequately reproduced by the pharmacokinetic profile of rapid-acting insulin. Before the meals, lyspro and aspart, fast acting analogues can be injected which produce faster and substantial insulin peak. As it is difficult to produce a basal insulin concentration for controlling preprandial blood glucose Level with available long acting analogues, insulin detemir and insulin glargine was synthesized. This article covers the detailed study of human insulin and various insulin analogues developed. --- ## Quality by design (QbD) in the field of pharmaceuticals - A Review **Authors:** Jogu. Chandrudu, Gandhimathi R **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2536 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Quality by Design, Utility by Design, Contamination, Pharmaceutical, Product Stability The profile of the target product includes all the characteristics of the product like chemical properties, constituents of the product, physical state and formulation of the product, state of the product at which the highest efficacy and lowest efficacy is obtained. The medical benefits that can be achieved by the use of the product, site of application of the product, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of the product, aerodynamics, toxicology, purity rates, sterility etc. For the development of manufacturing process, many factors should be clearly understood, which includes the necessary means of the manufacturing of the selected product, the ultimate goal of the manufacturing, what are the drawbacks that have been encountered. in the past manufactured products during and after production, how to overcome those loop wholes, what are the all useful techniques that may or may not be economic that can be employed in this manufacture developing process etc. For achieving all these, there should be a number of experts in manufacturing who are hired for this process, as it is always dealt with immense importance and economy. Quality by Design is a very novel approach for making advances in the field of medicine, which can be said as therapy with pharmaceutical advances can cure anything. But, very innovative thoughts by the experts and in-depth research and understanding of the therapeutic moiety of an organism and the disease can help in this advancement. --- ## Evolving Scenario In Indian Blood Transfusion Industry: Need for a Study on Re Look at Customer Perceptions and Marketing Strategies **Authors:** Rejeesh G R, Ramanakumar K P V, Manojkrishnan C G **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2543 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Blood Transfusion, Customer Perception, Marketing, Healthcare, Strategies The purpose of the study is to assess the rapid strides that Blood Transfusion in India is going through currently. The resultant impact on the Industry catering to this sector, and the need for a re-look at the Marketing Strategies under the resulting customer perceptions. The study proposes to reassess these new market influencing factors from a customer perspective, their reach on the buying behaviour from the present, the potential impact on the industry stakeholders to their current marketing & promotional strategies and propose an alternate marketing strategy (if required) for the new market order. The object of this study was the data on blood collection and related industry post-2012 to date. The blood collection figures and the relevant industry, secondary data were assessed as were the various mergers and acquisitions that happened during the period and the new entrants into the market. The recent amendments in the Drugs & Cosmetics Act of 1940 which govern the Blood Transfusion in India were looked at as well. The resulting assessment is that there is a paradigm shift in the blood transfusion industry in India. There needs to be a reassessment as to the requirements of the benefits from a patient point of view, from a blood centre (customer point of view) and a realtime re-look at the current ways and methods to take the new technologies to the customer most efficiently and affordably. --- ## Platelet reactivity with a third generation thienopyridine drug versus with a second-generation thienopyridine drug **Authors:** Feryal Hashim Rada **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2534 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clopidogrel, Prasugrel, Maximal Platelet Aggregation Percent Prasugrel is a third generation thienopyridine drug and Clopidogrel is a second-generation thienopyridine drug. Both drugs used for reducing platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the antiplatelet efficacy and safety of Prasugrel 5mg daily as compared to Clopidogrel 75 mg daily for period along to 12 days treatment. Fifty patients, (10 females, 40 males), their ages ranging from (50-60) years with stable angina were recruited from IbnAlbitar Center for Cardiac Surgery and enrolled in this case study. Of whom 25 patients (group A) received a dose of 75 mg daily of Clopidogrel and other 25 patients (group B) were on a dose of 5 mg daily of Prasugrel for a period of 12 days. Clinical laboratory data of lipid profile, renal function, and prothrombine time obtained at baseline (before treatment). While Platelet aggregation percent measured at the baseline and after 12 days of treatment. The maximal platelet aggregation percent for group A was fell from 78 % ± 6.3 (baseline) to 43.5% ± 5.8 (after 12 days treatment). While patients of group B showed dropping in the maximal platelet aggregation percent from 76% ± 7.4 (baseline) to 27.3% ± 5.7 (after 12 days treatment). Analysis of adverse events showed three patients with minor bleeding occurred during Prasugrel treatment, and no bleeding occurred during Clopidogrel treatment. Compared with Clopidogrel 75mg treatment, Prasugrel 5mg treatment for 12 days averted platelets accumulation more quickly and steadily. --- ## A promising method to enhance the solubility of poorly water soluble drug by using hot-melt extrusion technique **Authors:** Kavinkumar Sakthivel, Krishnanand Anilkumar, Jawahar Natarajan, Senthil Venkatachalam **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2526 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Solubility, bioavailability, Hot-melt extrusion, solid dispersion More than 40% of new chemicals are of poor solubility, it causes poor bioavailability. Several techniques are available to increase the solubility of drugs, such as converting the drug into salt form, complexion, co-solvency, particle size reduction, nano-suspension, cryogenic technique, modification of crystal habit etc. Hot melt extrusion has increased wide acknowledgment in the recent past. Over the past recent three decades modern flexibility has permitted hot melt extrusion (HME) is to increase wide acknowledgment and has just settled its place in the wide range of assembling activities and pharmaceutical research advancements. HME has just been exhibited as a vigorous, novel system to cause strong scatterings so as to give time controlled, changed, broadened, and focused on medicate conveyance bringing about improved bioavailability just as taste covering of bitter Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). Hot melt extrusion is one of the efficient technique for improving the solubility of hydrophobic drugs by forming solid dispersion. It is a solventfree process and time taken for the production is less. The process involved in this technique include, weighing/feeding, Melting, Mixing, Venting, Extrusion, Cooling, Pelletizing. Solubility of many drugs have improved by utilizing hot melt-extrusion technology. In this review, a detailed overview about Solubility enhancement of drugs by hot-melt extrusion and its applications are discussed. This review summarizes the importance and uses of solid dispersion technique for improving the solubility of poorly soluble drugs --- ## The public health dilemma of Self-Medication with Antibiotics: The undergraduate students of the College of Pharmacy in Mosul as an example **Authors:** Radhwan N. Al-Zidan, Ahmed S. Saadallah, Ghayth M Abdulrazzaq **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2542 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** public health, antibiotic, undergraduate students, irrational use, self-medication, antibiotic resistance To evaluate the behaviour of Pharmacy College students as a representative sample of undergraduate students in terms of the use of antibiotics in Mosul city, Iraq. A questionnaire was adopted from previous studies with minor modifications to suit the current study sample and distributed to undergraduate students from all stages of the College of Pharmacy at the University of Mosul, in Nineveh province, north of Iraq. The study sample included 429 students. The results were statistically analyzed using GraphPad prism 7 and Excel 2013. the study showed that 51.28 % (n=220) of the participants practiced self-medication with antibiotics over the past 6 months. Retail pharmacies were the most common source for obtaining the antibiotics (87.4%), followed by the nurse clinics (7.9%), and lastly from the leftovers (4.7%). The main reasons for self-medication with antibiotics were the belief of having good knowledge about antibiotic use, followed by assuming that practicing self-medication with antibiotics would save time and money or due to inadequate improvement following proper medical consultation and lack of the nearby health care providers. The major diseases being treated was URTIs. The most used antibiotic for self-medication was Amoxicillin and to a lesser extent Azithromycin Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid and Cefixime. Undergraduate students included in this survey had inadequate knowledge concerning antibiotics and a high rate of self-medication. This study calls attention to the need for focused educational intervention and rigorous authoritarian and governmental ruling regarding the issue of inappropriate antibiotic use and sale in community pharmacies. --- ## Patients’ Level of Satisfaction from Pharmaceutical Services Provided by Private Pharmacies Using the SERVQUAL Model Analysis **Authors:** Pinasti Utami, Ghozali MT, Ingenida Hadning, Firdhanita Liz Syafani **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2547 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** patient satisfaction, pharmacy service quality, servqual, pharmacist Customer satisfaction is an essential aspect of quality of service. In healthcare, customer satisfaction, also known as patient satisfaction is an indicator for measuring the quality of service and how happy the patient is with the professional services received in the industry. This parameter is essential for all healthcare organizations, as it is used for improving service delivery and strategic goals. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the patients’ level of satisfaction regarding professional pharmaceutical services provided by certified pharmacists of 14 private pharmacies in the Kasihan Subdistrict, Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The non-experimental descriptive design with a cross-sectional method was employed in this study. It involved 308 participants and was conducted from November 2018 to May 2019. The patients’ level of satisfaction was measured using the Service Quality (SERVQUAL) approach involving five dimensions, namely; reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles. The results showed that the patients’ level of satisfaction on the average was satisfactory, at 80.2%. Besides, satisfaction based on reliability was 82.5%, responsiveness was 85.5%, assurance was 85.8%, empathy was 76.3%, while the dimension of tangibles was 70.9%. In conclusion, patients were satisfied on an average, regarding the professional services provided by the staff of certified pharmacies in the region. --- ## A Comprehensive Review on Antiulcer properties of Herbal drugs **Authors:** Sayed Al Ansary, Jyothi Y, Rajendra Sandur V **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2524 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Phytochemicals, peptic ulcer, antiulcer, herbal medicines Herbal medicines are very useful in treating various human ailments. The plants and herbs consumed in its natural state have proved to have lesser side effects and are cost effective too. Recognition of this fact has created a demand for herbal medicines, both in developing and developed countries across the globe. Peptic ulcer disease in clinical practice is one of the common gastrointestinal disorders where duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, NSAIDs triggered ulcer and stress ulcer are common forms of peptic ulcer. Gastric ulcers are commonly found in the geriatrics and in the lower socio-economic class of people. Most synthetic drugs are used to treat peptic ulcers, but they cause adverse effects of various kinds. For its ethnic, ethno botanical and ethno pharmacological use, herbal medicines are therefore exceptional. In this review, attempts were made to know the natural antiulcer drugs with their recommended drug portion, screening method and sort of extract used for appraisal and observations to show its usage. The reason for this assessment is to assemble literature and the antiulcer residences of the herbal medicines used frequently. Different plants such as Allium sativum, Centella asiatica, Lawsonia inermis, Ocimum sanctum, Sesbania grandiflora, Adansonia digitata, Ficus religiosa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Cynodon dactylon, have been shown to be involved in antiulcer care. --- ## A Study of Lipid Profile in Adults in Clinical Correlation with Anthropometric Indices **Authors:** Vasant Deokar, Aditya C Aundhakar **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2538 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lipid Profile, Adults, Correlation, Anthropometric Indices Fast industrialisation and Globalisation, with rapid progress on all fronts, has lead to the economic prosperity and modern lifestyle in India. It, in turn, is reflected as an increased prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases in the country. A cross-sectional study was done with 285 subjects. Majority of the subjects (61.1%) were in between 21-25 years. There was a female preponderance (68.4%). 145 (50.9%) and 61 (21.4%) were in the normal range and overweight respectively. It was observed that there were 95 (33.3%) cases of dyslipidemia. Significant association with dyslipidemia. The incidence of dyslipidemia altogether expanded with expanding BMI. There was a significant association of BMI with Dyslipidemia. Waist Circumference (WC), Hip Circumference (HC) and Waist Hip (WH) Ratio increased significantly with increasing BMI. There was a significant association of Anthropometric measurements with Underweight, Normal, Overweight and Obese BMI. There was a significant positive correlation between BMI and TG, while substantial negative relationship existed between BMI and TC and HDL. Dyslipidemia is very common in youthful grown-ups than anticipated. Blend of the way of life treatments, i.e., upgraded physical movement, dietary change, and remedial mediation would help us in treatment and the executives of dyslipidemia. Henceforth, mindfulness programs on attractive eating routine and regular screening of populace on occasional premise ought to be fused at the essential human services level. --- ## Computer Vision Based Comparative Studies on the Physicochemical Analysis and Bacterial Biota in Different Milk Samples **Authors:** Karthikeyan V, Gokul Priyan K, Rajesh Siva, Gopirajan P V **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2533 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Physicochemical analysis, Pasteurized milk, Raw Milk and Chemical analysis Milk is a complete food with high nutritional value. Milk is an important culture medium for the growth and reproduction of microorganisms. This study focuses on the samples collected from the different milk distribution areas in MaduranthagamTaluk, South India. Fifty pasteurized milk samples of ten different brands were collected and physicochemical, microbiological analysis were carried out in both raw milk and pasteurized milk samples. The milk samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis such as Fat content, Clearance, Lactometric Reading, Clot on Boiling Test, Solid Non Fat and Acidity were calculated. The milk sample were also subjected to the chemical analysis for the Nitrogen content, crude protein content, Lactose content, ash content were also calculated Methylene blue reduction test has been used to test quality of the milk samples. These findings may be helpful to monitor the quality of the milk products in the market. It can provide an interest in examine the organic and inorganic content in milk. It is reported that all samples added with urea and few samples have sulphate. Raw milk showed inferior quality, processed milk have Low load of bacterial population. --- ## Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis in Sample of Iraqi Patients **Authors:** Khudair Al-Bedri, Noor Majid Ibraheem, Zainab A. Mahmood **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2541 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** back pain, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, metabolic syndrome Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis is a non-inflammatory disease characterised by calcification of soft tissues, mainly ligaments and enthuses, as well as by ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament. To assess the relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis among a sample of middle and old age Iraqis.A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2018 to May 2019 at the Rheumatology Unit of Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Iraq and Basra Teaching Hospital, Iraq. A total of 282 patients were included in the study. Data were gathered using a pre-constructed data collection sheet for patients that evaluate: age, gender, occupation, education, smoking, weight, height, waist circumference, and body mass index were calculated. Clinical data about back pain, limitation in movement or any neurological symptoms were identified, serum lipid profiles (serum triglycerides, serum high-density lipoprotein), fasting blood sugar, haemoglobin A1c and serum uric acid were obtained. Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis was reported in 18 (6.4%) patients. High waist circumference was reported in 175 patients, high triglycerides found in 208 patients, while low HDL found in 162 patients. Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis was significantly more frequent in patients with metabolic syndrome compared to those with no metabolic syndrome, (9.2%) vs (3.1%). There is a significant association between diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and metabolic syndrome among a sample of middle and old age Iraqi people. --- ## The Incidence and Surgical Approaches of Pancreatic Injuries Following Blunt and Penetrating Abdominal Trauma in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital **Authors:** Adel Shaker Al Tamimi, Raafa Jawad Kadhm **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2532 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pancreatic injury, abdominal trauma, surgical approaches The pancreas is a long J-shaped, soft, lobulated retroperitoneal organ. Pancreatic injury is relatively uncommon, occurring in 0.2–2 % of all trauma patients and 3–12 % of patients with abdominal injury. All traumatic pancreatic injuries are associated with significant morbidity with an overall rate of morbidity nearing 40%, higher grade pancreatic injuries are associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality. To evaluate of surgical management of blunt and penetrating pancreatic trauma. During the period from January 2015 to September 2018, thirty patients with blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma were managed in emergency surgical department in Al-Diwaniya Teaching Hospital and assigned in prospective a case control study. Patients with proved associated pancreatic injury (regardless of the degree) at the time of laparotomy were included in the study . The mean age of patients was 34.4 year (17- 57 years) among them there was 25 male (83.3 %) and 5 females (16.7%) The overall mortality rate is 20% (6 patients). The predominant mechanism of injury was penetrating 24 patients (80%) from gunshots and 6 patients with blunt abdominal trauma resulted from road traffic accidents). Pancreatic injury is infrequent in abdominal trauma. Its frequency is little different between blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. --- ## Clinicohematological study of spectrum of myeloproliferative neoplasms in a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Sonal Gupta, Sujata R. Kanetkar **Published:** 2020-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2535 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clinicohematological, Myeloproliferative, Neoplasms, Tertiary Care And Hospital Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of disorders of hematopoietic stem cells which were initially recognised by William Dameshek in 1951. Objectives of the study were to diagnose and classify cases of myeloproliferative neoplasms according to 2016 revision of WHO classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukaemias, to study various haematological parameters of cases of MPNs (Peripheral smear findings, bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy) and their clinical manifestations, to record the cytogenetic/molecular genetic abnormalities of the cases and to categorise CML patients according to Hasford Risk Score as a predictor of prognosis. This study was a prospective study carried out in the Department of Pathology of a tertiary care hospital over two years from June 2016 to September 2018. The study included a total of 41 cases of MPNs. The cases of CMLs were diagnosed on peripheral blood findings, Bone marrow aspiration, Trephine biopsy Serum LDH and uric acid. CML was the most common MPN encountered (37/41; 90.24%) in the present study. Maximum serum LDH elevation was observed in CML cases with a mean value of 1396.6 U/L. Of the 37 CML cases, as per Hasford score, 17 cases were categorised into a low-risk group, 17 cases into an intermediate-risk group and 3 cases into a high-risk group. In the present study of Hasford score in CML cases, it was found that it helps in making a better-informed decision about the adaption of alternative high-risk treatment, and was of value in oncology practice. --- ## Newly developed method for the determination of sitagliptin phosphate using rubeanic acid as a precipitating agent via the use of ISNAG continues flow fluorimeter **Authors:** Nagam S.Turkey Al-Awadie, Kefah H. Ismael Al-Saadi **Published:** 2020-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2521 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Flow injection, Homemade instrument, Sitagliptin phosphate A new, a simple, sensitive and fast developed method for the estimation of sitagliptin phosphate in pure and pharmaceutical drugs (tablet). This method based on the reaction between sitagliptin phosphate and rubeanic acid to form reddish-black ppt, using ISNAG-Fluorimeter analyzer via the measure of diverged light at 90° from radiation source which is used a range of high intensity ultraviolet 184.9 nm & 253.7 nm by low-pressure mercury lamp while detector cell can detect at 410-1150 nm. The resultant of diverged light by an interaction between incident photons and precipitated particles giving rise to a longer wavelength that the detector can detected. Chemical and physical parameters were studied and optimized. The calibration graph was linear in the range of (0.03-13) mmol.L−1, with correlation coefficient (r)= 0.9881, linearity percentage r2%= 97.64, L.O.D = 0.7848µg/sample and RSD lower than 0.6 % for (3&7) mmol.L−1(eight replicates) concentration of sitagliptin phosphate. This method was successfully applied for the determination of sitagliptin phosphate in two different companies of pharmaceutical drugs. A comparison was made between the newly developed method analysis with the classical method (UV-spectrophotometer by measuring of absorbance) using standard addition method via the use of t-test, it was noticed that there was no significant difference between two methods at 95% confidence level. --- ## Recent developments in orally disintegrating mini tablets **Authors:** Sachin Sarashetti, Vikas Jain, Gowda D V, Pooja Mallya, Satish Babu **Published:** 2020-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2520 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Bio adhesive, Gastro retentive, Encapsulated mini tablets, Mini Tablets, Multiple unit dosage forms Solid oral dosage forms are most suitable dosage forms; preferably tablets are widely accepted by people of different age groups. Mini tablets are tablets with a diameter equal to or smaller than 2–3 mm. Mini tablets are multiple unit dosage forms and are advantageous than pellets or any other oral dosage forms as they are easy to manufacture and stability problems are less. Many types of mini tablets are there like bio adhesive mini tablets, pH responsive mini tablets, gastro retentive mini tablets, paediatric mini tablets, oral disintegrating mini tablets. Current ODT developments meet multiple pharmaceutical and patient needs, including better life-cycle management to easy treatment for paediatric, geriatric and psychiatric dysphagic patients. Orally disintegrating dosage forms are X suitable for patients, especially who find it inconvenient to swallow traditional tablets and capsules with an 8-oz glass of water for one reason or another. These essentially reduce the variation between subjects. Mini tablets which disintegrate orally can be evaluated by testing for dissolution, disintegrating testing and hardness. The need for non-invasive delivery systems continues due to the poor acceptance and enforcement by patients of current delivery schemes, limited market space for drug companies and product usage, coupled with high disease management costs. The review emphasizes on advantages of mini tablets, types, methods of manufacturing and modes of administration and evaluation of mini tablets. --- ## Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Curcuma amada: A Review **Authors:** Mahadevi R, Kavitha R **Published:** 2020-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2510 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Curcuma amada, Phytoconstituents, Antimicrobial activity, Curcuminoids Plants are considered as one of the main sources of biologically active materials. The medicinal property of a plant depends upon the physiologically active biochemical compounds called secondary metabolites. Curcuma amada is one of the important species of Curcuma family having medicinal and biological properties. The aim of the present paper assesses the phytochemicals, volatile compounds, antimicrobial and other biological activities, along with recent trends in research of C. amada. Volatile oils extracted from rhizomes of C. amada are rich in phytoconstituents. The major constituents found in its rhizomes are curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin), penolic compounds (caffeic acid, gentisic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid cinnamic acid), terpinoids (difurocumenol, amadannulen, amadaldehyde) and essential oil (β-myrcene and α-asarone). The curcuminoids present in C. amada is responsible for its therapeutic activities. It is traditionally used to treat various diseases which includes anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-tubercular, anti -allergy, anthelmintic and anti-pyretic activities. It also possesses healing of various skin diseases. --- ## Suitable Diet with Anti-oxidant Food have a Good Effect to Embryo Quality resulting from Assisted Reproductive Technology and The increase of Sperm Quality of Infertile Male Especially with Asthenozoospermia **Authors:** Ria Margiana, Silvia Werdhy Lestari, Muharam A, Andon Hestiantoro, Gita Pratama, Achmad Kemal Harzif **Published:** 2020-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2518 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** infertility, asthenozoospermia, male fertility, nutrition The purpose of this research was to assess the correlation between antioxidant and male infertility. The study also sought to investigate the role antioxidants play in ensuring that male people can produce the right amount of sperms, perfect sperm mobility and quality embryo. Literature views were done using PubMed, Cochrane electronic database, Medline, Oxford academic, NCBI, PopLine, EMBASE, and Trip Pro. Keywords used included antioxidants, sperm function, pregnancy rate, semen, and male infertility. The cases had a lower BMI of 19.9 against 26.1 and total energy intake of 1705.3 against 1935.8. Importantly, as it was expected because of the study design the sperm mobility in the cases was lower than in the controls. The highest tertile of the whole vegetables and fruits was associated with a low risk of asthenozoospermia. The subgroups of vegetables mainly increase of tomatoes, and dark green vegetables were associated with a low risk of asthenozoospermia. Fruits and vegetables were considered as the primary sources of fibre intake in the population for the study. In the high research intake of processed meat mainly those that have high saturated fat it was evident there was reduced sperm mobility. It is concluded in the study that the consumption of healthy foods such as vegetables, fruits and minerals is the best way men can use to improve their fertility. Too much protein in the body found by eating dairy products, sweets and processed meat only makes people develop lifestyle illnesses such as obesity which increases infertility in men. --- ## Anatomical and Radiological study of the posterior cranial base in relationship to occipital condyles and Foramen magnum **Authors:** Sharmila Aristotle, Balaji Ramraj, Shantanu Patil, Sundarapandian Subramanian **Published:** 2020-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2506 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Craniovertebral junction, cadaveric skull, foramen magnum, morphology, occipital condyles Detailed morphometric analysis is required for various surgical approaches in the craniovertebral junction. High mortality and morbidity are anticipated for the surgical procedures when undertaken without in-depth anatomical knowledge. With so much clinical importance in this area, our study will present a thorough understanding in terms of skull and CT values. The main aim of this study is to give the morphometric details of occipital condyles and foramen magnum in cadaveric skulls and CT scans. Seventy dried human skulls and 70 CT images on the three-dimensional volume-rendered reconstruction of the skull base was used for this study. The length and width of the occipital condyle of right and the left side was 22.21 ± 5.20 mm; 22.05 ± 4.83 mm; 12.57 ± 2.50 and 12.68 ± 2.92 mm respectively in cadaver skull. The length and width of occipital condyles in CT scans for right and left side was 21.61 ± 3.09 mm; 21.58 ± 3.50 mm; 13.04 ± 1.58 mm and 13.13 ± 2.54 mm respectively. The Anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the foramen magnum in cadaveric skulls and CT images was 33.17 ± 7.23; 29.22 ± 6.17; 34.15 ± 2.88 and 28.14 ± 2.43 mm respectively. Each surgical approach and the radiological diagnostic procedures have their limitations. Moreover, analysis of cranial base dimensions of occipital condyles and foramen magnum can be considered as a reliable method for sex determination. Hence this study will a useful guide for surgeons, radiologists, anthropologists and forensic experts. --- ## Nanorobots in Cancer Therapy **Authors:** Chythanya C. Kutty, Amit B. Patil, Asha Spandana K M, Gowda D V, Preeti S **Published:** 2020-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2523 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cancer, Nanorobots, Nanosensors, Nanotechnology Cancer is treated effectively by means of currently available medical knowledge and equipment for therapy. Still, earlier diagnosis of cancer is a crucial factor to determine the probabilities of a cancer patient for survival. Cancer must be identified at least before the stage of metastasis. Another significant aspect is the develop an efficient targeted drug delivery system, which can reduce the occurrence of side effects for achieving an effective patient therapy. Nanomedicine approach can be utilised for diagnosis, treatment and preventing various diseases by using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of human body. By using nano-structured materials and simple nanodevices which can be manufactured, nanomedicine can address various medical problems. Within few decades’ technology assisted medicine and particularly robotics will have a significant impact. Surgeon’s motor performance, diagnosis capability etc. can be augmented by robots. Nanorobots can navigate as blood borne devices and thus it has an extremely important role in treatment of cancer. For diagnosing of cancerous cell inside the patient’s body at its earlier development stages, chemical biosensor embedded nanorobots can be used. To determine the E-cadherin signals intensity, integrated nanosensors may be utilized. The aim of the present article is to explore the future nanorobotic’s use to fight cancer and, their designing and architecture. --- ## Comparison of Intraoperative and Postoperative morbidity between in situ and extra-abdominal Uterine repair at Cesarean delivery **Authors:** Divya Ravikumar, Sindhura Myneni, Shanta Bhaskaran, Gayathri Baluswamy, Ramdas Praveena, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, Preethi Gopakumar, Parvathaneni Divya, Surapaneni Krishna Mohan **Published:** 2020-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2508 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cesarean delivery, uterine repair, in situ, extra abdominal, pain, vomiting In-situ and extra abdominal repair of uterine wound during cesarean section are two valid approaches. This study was carried out to compare intra operative and post operative morbidity in women undergoing caesarean delivery using these two techniques. This is a prospective interventional randomized controlled study. The study subjects include 170 women undergoing Lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) at Southern Railway HQ hospital, Chennai. Intra operative and post operative parameters were analysed in all the study subjects. In in-situ group, 12.6 % women experienced intra operative pain and 30.1% women in extra abdominal group. Intra operative nausea and vomiting was seen in 16.1% women in in-situ group and 28.9% women in extra abdominal group. 1.1% women in in-situ had post-operative febrile morbidity and 8.4 % had in extra abdominal group. The median fall in haemoglobin was 1.30 g/dL and 1.40 g/dL in in-situ and extra abdominal group respectively. In-situ repair of the uterine wound at cesarean delivery is associated with lesser incidence of intra operative pain , intra operative nausea or vomiting and post operative febrile morbidity compared to extra abdominal repair technique. --- ## A study to assess the knowledge on weaning practice among postnatal mothers **Authors:** Beautily V **Published:** 2020-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2519 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** knowledge, weaning practice and postnatal mothers The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge regarding weaning among the working mothers and to find the association between the level of knowledge regarding weaning among mothers of infant with their selected demographic variables. Descriptive approach will be used to conduct the study. Non experimental descriptive design will be adopted for the study. Study was conducted in selected area at kuthambakkam. The mothers who are having infants and residing in kuthambakkam. The mother who has only one baby, whose age is less than one year, was the study samples. The sample size was 30 mothers of infant. The sampling technique adopted for the study was non probability purposive sampling. Regarding demographic data 25 (83.33%) women are between the age of 24-30 years, most of them are having 1-2 (86.66%) number of children. Family status in that 27 (90%) of the women they are in middle class family and the religious 20(66.66%) of the women they are in Hindu. Out of 30 women in that 21 (70) of the women they are having female baby. Regarding the level of knowledge 22 (73.33%) women’s are having adequate knowledge, 5(16.66%) women’s are having moderate knowledge and then 3(10%) women’s are having inadequate knowledge. The association was done by using chi-square test there is significant association between knowledge with variable education and occupation at p = (0.05) significant levels. There is no significant difference with other demographic variables. --- ## Design, Synthesis and Anticancer activity of novel Triazole substituted Quinazoline Hybrids **Authors:** Paduri Karunakar, Swetha Gujjewar, Somesh Sharma, Srinivasu Pothukanuri, Krubakaran Muthusamy, Premkumar Arumugam, Chebolu Naga Sesha Sai Pavan Kumar **Published:** 2020-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2513 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 1, 2, 4-triazolo[4, 3-c]quinazoline, Hybrids, Suzuki coupling, Anticancer activity Quinazolines and 1,2,4-triazoles are important class of nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds having immense biological importance. From the literature review, pharmacokinetic properties of a drug can be modified or enhanced by building a triazole moiety into a compound like quinazoline. Therefore, the study of new hybrid systems which combines triazole system with quinazoline is still seemed warranted. In the present study, a sequence of novel 1,2,4-triazole derivatives containing quinazolinyl moiety were designed, synthesized and screened for their in vitro anticancer activity. Thirteen new hybrids are synthesized from readily accessible 5-bromoanthranilic acid. All the hybrid compounds were well explicated by IR, 1H, 13C NMR, and mass spectral data. Out of 13, some of the compounds manifested moderate to good antiproliferative activity against two cancer cell lines (HepG2 and MCF- 7). Remarkably, compounds 8A, 16H and 16K displayed potent activity (14- 49 µM) on both HepG2 (liver carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell lines whereas compounds 8B, 8F, 16L, and 15 displayed substantial activity against HepG2 cancer cell line (34-65 µM). Synthetic approach described here is very simple and can be used for the syntheses of related compounds library which is useful for the exploration of further biological activities and is currently underway in our laboratory. --- ## In vitro bioassessment of novel δ- carboline derivatives as an antiproliferative agent **Authors:** Chandrasekar MJN, Raman Rajeshkumar, Arivukkarasi Varadharajan **Published:** 2020-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2512 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** δ- carboline, Colon Cancer, Cytotoxicity, invitro, Antiproliferation Several carboline derivatives are anticancer agents and studied for antiproliferative action against various cancer cells. Based on the preliminary analysis using insilico strategies, we have selected eight compounds for the study. All compounds have been synthesised and characterised for their purity and chemical composition. Antiproliferative activity was assessed by insilico Carcinogenicity assay, Cytotoxicity analysis by sulphorhodamine B, Antiproliferation assay and DNA damage analysis. The cytotoxic effects of the CH5, CH17, CH29, CH34, CH37, CH39, CH42 and CH47 on Vero, HeLa, A549, BRL3A, HCT116, and MCF7 were determined using the SRB assay. CH5, CH34, CH37 and CH42 was the most potent cytotoxic towards HCT116 cells with CTC50 value of 62.1 ± 0.19, 47.1 ± 0.41, 78.5 ± 1.26 and 32.1 ± 1.11 µg/ml respectively. The assay revealed a noticeable reduction in cell number for CH5 and CH37 tested except CH34 and CH42. CH5 and CH37 observed cytotoxic effects were found to destroy the cells according to time, and cell viability decreased with that time length. To learn their role in cell death, CH5 and CH37 were therefore taken up for a further screening. This study suggested that CH5 and CH37 had a separate mechanism of action to kill and that in the cell line. Such results will provide enrichment of scientific knowledge on the molecular mechanism and target therapies of CH5 and CH37, thereby potentially helpful for patients with Colon cancer. --- ## Effect of intravitreal Triamcinolone (2mg) on diabetic macular oedema in the pseudophakic patient as primary treatment **Authors:** Mohammed Qasim Al Nuwaini, Giyathaldeen T. Neameh, Mustafa A. Al Zubaidi Md, Farook M. Albusultan **Published:** 2020-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2507 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** diabetic macular oedema, intravitreal injection of (2mg)triamcinolone, Visual acuity, intraocular pressure Diabetic macular oedema is still a significant cause of vision drop in the diabetic patient with no definitive regime for treatment. This study was on the result of effects of intravitreal injection of (2mg) triamcinolone on central macular thickness measured by OCT, visual acuity and intraocular pressure in pseudophakic eyes with diabetic macular oedema as a primary treatment line followed in six months. This study is a prospective, interventional case study series. It was on patients who received intravitreal injection of Triamcinolone in a single dose of ( 2 mg/0. 05 ml). Central macular thickness by OCT, visual acuity, and intraocular pressure was measured pre-injection and 1,3,6 months after injection. This study was performed in Iraq, Baghdad, Ibn Al-Haitham Teaching Eye Hospital from October 2014 to July 2015. Results showed 25 eyes received intravitreal injection of Triamcinolone Acetoniod with pre-injection central macular thickness 597.9+98.02 µm, visual acuity 1.096+0.61 Log MAR and intraocular pressure of 16.5+ 2.53 mmHg. After six months of follow up on central macular thickness 341.6+163.1 µm, visual acuity was 0.63 + 0.40 Log MAR and IOP was 18. 04+ 5. 63mmHg. This study suggests that intravitreal injection of Triamcinolone in a dose 2mg / 0. 05ml improves both anatomical and visual outcome in 21 eyes (84%) out of 25 pseudophakic eyes with diabetic macular oedema during first six months after injection and an increase in intraocular pressure in 2 eyes (8%). The intraocular pressure was despite the use of anti-glaucoma medications during this period. --- ## Effectiveness of combined use of rectal misoprostol and oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section **Authors:** Nirmala Maniachari, Sathish Kumar Sure, Priyanka Jagadeesh, Lavanya Agamudi, Usha Brindhini **Published:** 2020-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2511 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Misoprostol, Oxytocin, Post-Partum Hemorrhage, Cesarean section Post-Partum Hemorrhage (PPH) is defined as the loss of blood which is greater than 500ml after vaginal delivery or greater than 1000 ml after a cesarean section delivery. About 28% of the total maternal deaths were due to PPH particularly in developing countries. Oxytocin has been considered as the ‘gold standard’ drug in the treatment and prevention of PPH. Prophylactic use of prostaglandin analogue i.e., misoprostol in addition to oxytocin during cesarean section is expected to reduce the incidence of PPH. This study aims at comparing the efficacy of combined use of rectal misoprostol and oxytocin infusion with oxytocin in the prevention of PPH. A comparative observational study was conducted on 200 subjects which were divided into two equal groups by Simple Random Selection. One group was treated with Inj. Oxytocin 20U I.V infusion alone while the other group was treated with Tab. Misoprostol 600mcg, rectal route and Inj. Oxytocin 20U I.V infusion. Majority of the subjects were observed under the age group of 21-25 years, under primigravidae. A significant decrease in the volume of mean blood loss (740.00 ± 164.00 ml: p = 0.045) and the mean drop of hemoglobin level(Hb) (0.88 ± 0.74gm/dl; p = 0.0001) were observed in group treated with Tab. Misoprostol 600mcg and Inj. Preoperative administration of misoprostol per rectal route and oxytocin infusion after the cesarean section have shown, a better control of bleeding and maintenance of hemoglobin level when compared to oxytocin infusion alone. Thus, instead of oxytocin monotherapy combined use of misoprostol and oxytocin would be more effective in prevention of PPH. --- ## Cisplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: An Observational Descriptive Study **Authors:** Anjol Kurian, Bittu Babu, Benson Punnoose, Chinju Susan Chacko, Mallikarjuna Rao, Sharad Chand, Vinay B C, Nandakumar U P **Published:** 2020-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2515 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cisplatin, peripheral neuropathy, adverse drug reaction, patient safety Peripheral neurotoxicity is a major adverse effect of cisplatin chemotherapy. A prospective observational study was conducted among 200 cancer patients who received cisplatin between October 2017 and March 2018 to evaluate the occurrence, causality and severity of cisplatin induced peripheral neuropathy. A suitable data collection form was used to record patient information required for the study. Peripheral neuropathy was assessed using the National Cancer Institute- Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE). As per the results, 19 (9.5%) patients developed peripheral neuropathy after receiving cisplatin therapy. Peripheral neuropathy was reported higher in males (84.2%) compared to females (15.7%) and more within the age group of 58-65 years (38.6%). Most of the patients developed Grade I neuropathy (84.2%), followed by Grade II neuropathy (15.7%). The study concluded that the severity of peripheral neuropathy increases with higher cumulative doses of cisplatin. --- ## Over the counter drug use: Assessing the perception of the community **Authors:** Shatakshi Lall, Nardev Singh **Published:** 2020-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2514 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Survey, Over the Counter, “Non- Prescription” drugs, Perception The drugs that can be easily purchased from any medical store without prescription are known as “Non Prescription” drugs. Such non prescription drugs are used for self medication. Non Prescription drugs are commonly termed as “Over the counter” drugs. There is always certain degree of danger in consuming OTC drugs even though some people consider their use as completely safe. The study is designed with an objective to understand the pattern of Over the Counter drugs use in a locality of Dehradun by using a structured questionnaire. An Observational, Descriptive study was conducted. The data was collected using a Questionnaire. The present study was carried out in 350 participants. After analyzing the results it was found that 100% participants follow self medication and consume OTC drugs. The number of females (52%) were more as compared to males(48%). Paracetamol (62%) was the most commonly consumed OTC drug. Fever (37%) was the most common condition for which people use OTC drugs. The most general reason of practicing selfmedication that was reported in our study was easy convenience (23%). The study also concludes that the most common source of relevant information about OTC drugs were friends/relatives. (28%). The use of OTC drugs is fast increasing as they are easily available. However, poor awareness about their consumption end up in many side effects. This study will help gain knowledge about peoples perceptive which would ultimately help forming new guidelines for safer use of OTC drugs. --- ## Identification of Components In Boerhavia Diffusa Plant Extract And Assessment Of Its Biological Activity By Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry **Authors:** Murugan K, Kalaivani P, Bothiraj K V, Vanitha V **Published:** 2020-07-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2516 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Boerhavia diffusa, hydroethanolic extract, Gas chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy technique, phytocompounds, biological activity Boerhavia diffusa is a medicinal plant used for various therapeutic benefits ant the plant can be found in tropics and subtropics regions. It has the pharmacological activities which include antifibrinolytic, immunosuppressive, diuretic, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulatory, antilympho proliferative, analgesic properties and also for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. This study deals with the determination of possible phytocompounds present in the hydroethanolic extract of the plant Boerhavia diffusa using Gas chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy technique. Using GC-MS technique the phytocompounds present in the hydroethanolic extract of the plant Boerhavia diffusa was investigated and the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract were matched with National Institute of Standards and Technology library. GC-MS Analysis of Boerhavia diffusa extract reveals that the existence of phytocompounds which includes 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester, Hexadecanoic Acid, 1,2- Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid, Dioctyl Ester. This research paper helps to identify the phytocompounds which are present in the extract of Boerhavia diffusa and also prove the biological activities of the phytocompounds present. Furthermore, studies were made in-depth to find the mode of action of the phytocompounds. --- ## The Great Awakening - Digitalization in Dental Healthcare during the pandemic COVID19 **Authors:** Priyanka Paul Madhu, Yojana Patil, Aishwarya Rajesh Shinde, Sangeeta Kumar, Pratik Phansopkar **Published:** 2020-07-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2730 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID, Pandemic, Dental Healthcare, Teledentistry, Health Informatics Coronavirus disease in 2019, also called COVID-19, which has been widely spread worldwide had given rise to a pandemic situation. The public health emergency of international concern declared the agent as the (SARS-CoV-2) the severe acute respiratory syndrome and the World Health Organization had activated significant surveillance to prevent the spread of this infection across the world. Taking into the account about the rigorousness of COVID-19, and in the spark of the enormous dedication of several dental associations, it is essential to be enlightened with the recommendations to supervise dental patients and prevent any deprivement of education to the dental graduates due to institutional closure. One of the approaching expertise that combines technology, communications and health care facilities are to refine patient care, it’s at the cutting edge of the present technological switch in medicine and applied sciences. Dentistry has been improved by cloud technology which has refined and implemented various methods to upgrade electronic health record system, educational projects, social network and patient communication. Technology has immensely saved the world. Economically and has created an institutional task force to uplift the health care service during the COVID 19 pandemic crisis. Hence, the pandemic has struck an awakening of the practice of informatics in a health care facility which should be implemented and updated at the highest priority. --- ## A Prospective Study On The Prevalence Of Retinal Lesions Among The Hypertensive Patients **Authors:** Ramachandran S, Sahithi Kiran T, Ramam Sripada, Supriya M, Sudeepthi Padala, Prabhakara Rao N, Geeth Sai V, Dasaratha Dhanaraju Magharla **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2383 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hypertension, Ophthalmoscope, Retinal lesion, Slit lamp To estimate the prevalence of retinal lesions among patients with hypertension. Hypertensive patients of both the genders above 18 years of age, who were willing to participate in the study, were included and patients who were having diabetes, previous retinal abnormalities and below 18 years of age were excluded from this study. The hypertensive patients were screened for the presence of retinal lesions and were categorised based on the severity of damage to the retinal arterioles and veins. In this study, about 876 patients who were diagnosed with hypertension were recruited and screened for retinal lesions. After screening, around 125 (14.3%) patients were observed with retinal lesions. In case of severity of retinal lesions in the hypertensive patients, most of the patients were found to be in Grade-I (40.8%) followed by Grade-II (37.6%). After treating with various types of treatment approaches, about 40 patients who were observed with retinal lesions of Grade-I severity were returned to a healthy state, and about 27 patients who were with retinal lesions of Grade-II severity were recovered to Grade-I. About six patients with retinal lesions of Grade-III was improved to Grade-II, and no patient recovered with the retinal lesions of Grade-IV severity. In this study, the prevalence of retinal lesions among the hypertensive patients was observed to be 14.3%, and the males were found to be more predominant with retinal lesions when compared to the females. It is the responsibility of the clinical pharmacist to create awareness among the hypertensive patients regarding the occurrence of hypertensive retinopathy as it may cause severe complications if left untreated. Hence, regular follow-ups are required for hypertensive patients, which may help to prevent retinal complications. --- ## A brief review on eutectic mixture and its role in pharmaceutical field **Authors:** Balakrishnan I, Jawahar N, Senthil Venkatachalam, Debosmita Datta **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2398 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Eutectic mixture, Types of eutectic mixture, Application of eutectic mixture Eutectic mixture (EM) is as a mixture of more than one substance that does not interact individually to create a new entity but in a particular ratio that exhibits a lower range of melting point than it had in individual. EM should be formulated in such a way that it should have major advantages in pharmaceutical industries. EM can be a mixture of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), or different ratios of APIs and excipients, or various excipients. Deep eutectic solvents containing APIs (API-DES) considered as an innovative approach to form different APIs in the liquid state. This new approach of liquid form is versatile and plays an important role in drug delivery. The selection of ideal hydrogen bond-donor (HBD) and hydrogen bond-acceptor (HBA) is an essential parameter. Ionic liquids (IL), derivatives of deep eutectic solvents (DES) have got much attention since it can replace harmful organic solvent by their extraordinary properties. Therapeutic deep eutectic solvents (THEDESs) are considered to be an exceptional option in the advancement of biomedicine. This can be utilized for improvising drug solubility, bioavailability as well as drug permeation through the skin. Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) can be considered as an alternate option, replacing harsh solvents. It has special characteristics of better biodegradability and biocompatibility. These NADES mainly used to separate and purification of natural compounds. This review focuses on the eutectic mixture and its application in the area of drug delivery systems, and pharmaceutical and pharmacological fields. --- ## Relative Assessment of Bonding Strength of Orthodontic Adhesives **Authors:** Yusuf Ahammed A R **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2440 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Orthodontic, Teeth, Shear Bond, Adhesives, Strength Current study was carried for evaluating the shear bond strengths of 3 clinical micro-filled adhesives. The experiments were performed on extracted premolars for orthodontic purpose. The sample size was selected by randomized sampling technique. Sample size was 90 which were divided into three groups. The extracted maxillary first premolars were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The three adhesives selected for the study were applied to the bracket base according to manufacturer instructions. A Universal Test Machine has been utilized to record the bond shear intensity. The existing remnant adhesive on the teeth has been stereo-microscopically observed and is measured utilizing the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI). --- ## Myrtenal averts apoptotic evasion of cancer cells in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced experimental oral carcinogenesis **Authors:** Buddhan R, Manoharan S, Muralinaidu R **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2359 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Myrtenal, oral cancer, apoptosis Apoptotic avoidance is one of the foremost characteristic features of tumour cells. Apoptotic induction in cancer cells could thus help to identify new anticancer agents from the natural products. The present study has taken an effort to investigate the apoptotic efficacy of myrtenal, a monoterpene, in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced oral carcinoma in male golden Syrian hamsters. The present study used the potent carcinogen, 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, to develop oral tumours in the buccal pouches of the golden Syrian hamsters. Topical application of the above said carcinogen on the buccal mucosa (3 times a week for 14 weeks) resulted in well differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma. The apoptotic potential of myrtenal was investigated using a spectrum of apoptotic markers, including pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers. Oral tumours developed in the buccal mucosa of hamsters showed higher expression of mutant p53 protein, Bcl-2 and lowered expression of Bax, Bad, Bid, caspase 3 and caspase 9. Myrtenal treatment at a dose of 230mg/kg bw orally to the hamsters treated with DMBA modulated the above said apoptotic markers towards tumour suppression or inhibition. The present findings thus suggests that the tumour preventive effect of myrtenal could partly be ascribed to its apoptotic induction potential during DMBA induced oral carcinogenesis. --- ## Effectiveness of lumbar support on backache among postoperative patients **Authors:** Parimala L, Jeevapriya T **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2414 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lumber support, Back ache, Postoperative patients The post-operative period is a critical time during hospitalization. Back pain is one of the most common indispositions during the post-operative period. Many causes may be attributed to post-operative Back pain. A few of them maybe ACT during a medical procedure, length of medical procedure, a span of immobilization, and exacerbation of existing ailment. The study aims to assess the effectiveness of lumbar support on Backache among post-operative patients. A quantitative approach with the quasi-experimental design was chosen to evaluate the effectiveness of lumbar support on Backache among the post-operative patients at Saveetha Medical College Hospital. Sixty patients who fulfilled the inclusive criteria were selected by purposive sampling technique. Sociodemographic variables of samples were collected by interviewing them. The Numerical pain Rating Scale assessed the Backache. The study findings revealed were recorded. The present study findings depict that in the pre-test of the experimental group majority of them had severe pain, 68%. In contrast, in the post-test the pain level reduced from moderate to mild due to lumbar support among post-operative patients. In the control group, most of them had severe pain 62%, whereas, in the post-test, 52% had moderate level pain. The mean and standard deviation of the effectiveness of lumbar support on Backache among post-operative patients in the experimental group mean is 3.2. The standard deviation of 3.34 w-0, the mean difference is -2.87 z value is -4.7821. The investigation results delineated that there was an association between the degree of back pain and history of back pain among the experimental and the control group patients with p< 0.05. --- ## Laparoscopic or open treatment for liver hydatid cyst? A single-institution experience: a prospective randomized control trial **Authors:** Saad Ab-razq Mijbas, Samer Makki Mohamed Al-Hakkak, Ali Abood Alnajim, Hassan Abdulla Abadi AL-Aquli **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2417 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hepatic hydatid cyst, Laparoscopic surgery, Treatment of hydatid disease, Open surgery, Hydatid disease The gold standard modality of management of cystic echinococcosis remains surgery. Regardless of the increased interest in nonsurgical techniques. The study aims to compare laparoscopic versus open methods of the hydatid cyst of the liver regarding complication rate, postoperative hospital stays, and effectiveness. A prospective randomized study. One hundred two patients with liver hydatid cyst in which 60 patients fulfil study requirements. Those undergone either open surgical or laparoscopic approaches under cover of albendazole treatment. The data divided into two groups, group 1 (28), group2 (32), we collected demographic data, surgical approach types, and postoperative data. The overall of 102 patients with hydatid cyst of the liver was randomized,60 patients full the study requirements, 28 patients (46.67%) had a laparoscopic procedure, and 32 patients (53.33%) had an open method. The total number of liver hydatid cysts was 70, and the operative time means 77 min (range,60–120 min) in the laparoscopic group and 55 min (range, 40–110 min) in the open group which is significant (P-value 0.0267). The postoperative hospital stay means time was 32 hours (range, 1–3 days) in the group of the laparoscopic procedure and 52 hours (range, 2– 5days) in the group of open type. The postoperative surgical complication was significantly less in the laparoscopic group than the open group (p-value 0.014). A Hydatid liver cyst can be managed either by open surgical or laparoscopic techniques with comparable results. Still, the laparoscopic approach is superior in less postoperative pain, hospital stay and time, but it is essential in choosing the suitable patients. --- ## Comparison of Analgesic Efficacy of subarachnoid Bupivacaine, Bupivacaine with Fentanyl and Bupivacaine with Nalbuphine An Intragroup Prospective Observational Study **Authors:** Pratibha Deshmukh, Medha A Sangawar, Nikita Dhumne **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2469 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Opioids, Local anaesthetics, Analgesia, Hyperbaric bupivacaine, Fentanyl, Nalbuphine, Sensorimotor blockade Opioids are added to local anesthetics to extend theduration of spinal analgesia/anaesthesia. The present study was undertaken to compare the analgesic efficacy of subarachnoid hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% alone as a control, bupivacaine 0.5% with fentanyl and bupivacaine 0.5% with nalbuphine. Total 150 patients of either sex, ASA grade I and II, between 18 to 60 years and height 150 to 170 cm, posted for elective lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries were enrolled. They were divided into three equal groups. Group B: received 15mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5%(3ml) + 0.5ml normal saline, Group BF: received 15mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% (3ml) + Inj. Fentanyl 25µg(0.5ml) and Group BN: received 15mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5%(3ml) + Inj. Nalbuphine 500µg(0.5ml). The sensorimotor blockade was significantly faster and prolonged in group BF and BN than group B. Quality of analgesia during the procedure was excellent in 90%, 94% and 94% in group B, BF and BN respectively. The duration of effective analgesia in group B (229.80±43.542min) was significantly shorter in comparison with group BF (359.40±45.955min) and BN (364.20±38.34min), (P= 0.0001). Subarachnoid fentanyl 25µg and nalbuphine 500µg acts as an adjuvant to potentiate local anesthetic bupivacaine with the result that there is prolongation of sensory and motor blockade & extended duration of effective analgesia in early postoperative period, reducing the total consumption of rescue analgesics. --- ## Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Effects of Wrightia Tinctoria Leaves in Thioacetamide Induced Hepatotoxicity **Authors:** Nitin V Patil, Prakash M Somade, Pramod A. Patil, Atul R Chopade, Avinash V.Bhosale, Milind B. Ubale **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2454 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Wrightiatinctoria, methanolic extract, thioacetamide, hepatoprotective The plants belong to the genus Wrightiaare widely distributed throughout the world. Wrightiatinctoria (WT) plant species are being used in folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases. The review of the literature suggests that a good number of preclinical have confirmed the medicinal use of various Wrightiatinctoria species that have been mentioned in traditional medicine. The extract of Wrightiatinctoria was given daily to the rats, at doses of two hundred and 400 mg/kg along with thioacetamide to assess the affectivity of extract, against thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity. Serum samples were collected for analysis of various hepatoprotective parameters like aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, antacid phosphatase and total bilirubin, using commercially available test kits, together with morphological and histopathological indices in the liver of healthy and thioacetamide treated rats. Animals were sacrificed from each group, and their livers were dissected out for histopathological studies. Results of the present study suggest that the methanolic extract of Wrightiatinctoria leaves possess significant hepatoprotective activity on thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity, which might be associated with its high phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant properties. In conclusion, the present study depicts the curative efficacy of Wrightiatinctoria in an in-vivo experimental system. --- ## Innovative methodologies for identification and qualification of Impurities: An overview of the latest trends on impurity profiling **Authors:** Nishanth G, Akhila G, Anandkumar Tengli, Chandan R S, Suraj K, Maruthi R, Akshay N **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2375 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Impurity profiling, recent analytical trends, HPLC, GC, mass spectroscopy, NMR Impurity profiling is known to identify, classify and measure both the identified and non-identified contamination present on the medicinal product. Unwanted chemicals which remain or are created during the formulation of medicinal products are pharmaceutical impurities. Impurity profiling helps in the detection, recognition and quantification in bulk products and pharmaceutical formulations of various types of impurities, as well as residual solvents. It is the simplest way to distinguish consistency and stability of bulk drugs and medication formulations. As analytical methodology has developed rapidly, it is essential to consider with their solutions problems related to impurities of drug substances and drug products. Various regulatory agencies including ICH, USFDA, Canadian Drug and Health Agencies stress the criteria for purity and for detecting impurities in active pharmaceutical materials, even in small quantities, as the presence of impurities, may have an effect on pharmaceutical products ’ efficacy and health. Therefore, the study focuses on various analytical methods for identification and quantification of impurities in pharmaceutical products to clarify the need for impurity profiling on drug products in pharmaceutical research. To drug regulators, the product substance’s impurity profile is a reliable fingerprint to prove that the manufacturing process of bulk drug substances is consistent in quality. The study gives a short summary of recent technical developments in the profiling of pharmaceutical products including pharmaceutical active ingredients as well as pharmaceutical products during 2013-2017. This focuses specifically on a thorough update on various analytical techniques, including hyphenated methods to define and measure thresholds in specific pharmaceutical matrices of impurities and degradants. --- ## A Mini Review on Mucoadhesion **Authors:** Gnanasekaran John Selvaraj, Arul Balasubramanian, Kothai Ramalingam **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2505 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Mucoadhesion, Theories, Methods, Mucoadhesive dosage forms The concept of mucoadhesion was started in early 1980’s with the aim of controlled delivery of drugs. Mucoadhesion is simply defined as the adhesion between two materials, in which one is the mucosal surface and the another one is the mucoadhesive dosage form. In the recent decades, mucoadhesive drug delivery system draw the attention in the gastroretentive delivery system. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, and mucin molecules and increase the residence time. Mucoadhesive dosage forms are designed to increase the retention of the drug/dosage form at the application site, to provide a controlled release of drug for increased curative consequence. The medications which have local action or those which have maximum absorption in gastrointestinal tract require increased duration of stay in GIT. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems were prepared by using either natural or synthetic polymers, which is interacting with the mucous layer and used to prevail over the physiological barriers for extended drug delivery. The mucoadhesive ability of a dosage form is depending upon variety of factors, such as the nature of the mucosal tissue and the physicochemical properties of the polymeric formulation. This review article aims to provide an overview of the various theories of mucoadhesion, properties of mucoadhesive materials, methods to study the mucoadhesion, and finally various mucoadhesive dosage forms. --- ## Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antilithiasis activities of Juncus acutus **Authors:** Zineb Aliat, Lamyae Yachi, Houda Attjioui, Amine Cheikh, Miloud EL Karbane, Rachid Nejjari, Mustapha Bouatia **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2411 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Juncus acutus, Antioxydant activity, Antilithiasis activity, flavoinoids, polyphenols The objective of this work was to perform a phytochemical screening of Juncus acutus and to evaluate its antioxidant activity and antilithiasis activity. Phytochemical screening has demonstrated the presence of catechin, tannins and alkaloids in the various extracts studied. The antioxidant activity of the methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts by ultrasound and maceration was evaluated by the method of DPPH, FRAP and phosphomolybdate. The ethyl acetate extract by ultrasound, the methanolic extract by maceration and ultra sound respectively showed IC 50 with DPPH of 1,449mg / ml, 1,535mg / ml and 4,771mg / ml and a reducing power was observed at concentrations of 419,561mgBHA /100g, 207,143mgBHA /100g and 142,20mgBHA /100g by FRAP and at concentrations of 839,470mgAAE/100g, 283,260mgAAE/100g and 141,018mgAAE/100g by the phosphomolybdate test. The determination of the total polyphenols of the ethyl acetate extract by ultrasound, the methanolic extract by maceration and by ultrasound presented respectively contents of 2,428 mg GAE / g, 1,960mg GAE / g and 1,172mg GAE / g, likewise, the flavonoid assay showed respectively concentrations of 14,469mg EQ/g, 6,466 mg EQ/g and 3,143 mg EQ/g. Antilithiasis activity was evaluated on carbapatite, cystine and uric acid stones. The mass loss of uric acid, carbapatite and cystine stones was respectively 42%, 7% and 16%. --- ## A study to assess the effectiveness of Acharya Technique on low back pain among women **Authors:** Kala Barathi S, Mohana S **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2395 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Assess, Acharya Technique, Back Pain, Women Back pain is the most widely recognised medical consultation in all the nations. It meddles with an individual’s satisfaction and general working. Back pain is a too fundamental issue that can extend from a dull, consistent pain to an unexpected, sharp pain that can leave individuals crippled. It can come on abruptly from a mishap, a fall, or lifting something extraordinary or it can grow gradually, maybe as the consequence of age-related changes to the Spine. Those instincts and behavioural patterns are now codified into Acharya technique for back pain and Spinal & Nervous rejuvenation. The Save India association is conducting camps week after week without involving any fee for every one of the individuals, who are experiencing Back pain. All the same, people with other medical issues can also learn them and help themselves to enjoy perfect health and that as well with no depressions, fatigues or strain. Those who are destitute and are worn out on running from pillar to post and have spent a ton in treating back pain would now be able to plan to appreciate ideal wellbeing through this nature fix treatment which can properly be known as a therapy beyond all therapies. Hence the study is aimed to assess the effectiveness of Acharya technique on low back pain among women. Quantitative approach with Experimental Research design was employed with 60 samples which matched the inclusion criteria were selected by purposive sampling technique. A demographic variable was collected by using multiple choice questionnaires by structured questionnaires, and the level of pain was assessed by using the Numerical Rating Scale. The results of the study are out of 60 samples 37 [61.66%] had moderate pain, 23 [38.33%] had mild pain, and none had severe pain. --- ## Evaluation of lead, copper and zinc levels for autistic children in Thi-qar province/Iraq **Authors:** Khansaa A Hussien, Ali B Roomi, Shamam K Oudah **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2422 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Autism Spectrum Disorder, zinc, copper, lead, heavy metals, autistic symptoms Autism (AU) is a developmental disability identified by a substantial deficiency in communication and social interaction. The cause of Au is not known yet. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if exposure to lead, zinc and copper can affect causin Autismsm. In this study, 54 children diagnosed with AU were involved. Ninety (90) % of them were under the age of three years, and 10% were over the age of three years in the Nasiriyah Autism Centre 2019-2020. The results revealed that lead and copper levels did not affect the female children as much as males. On the other hand, the zinc levels showed a significant statistical difference between female and male. The lead, zinc and copper level did not have any impact on the children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Lead, zinc, and copper were recognised as one of the chief causes for Autism in Children in Thi-Qar Province. The children who were exposed to substantial metal metabolism and the environment in Thi-Qar province were affected by AU or ASD. --- ## Anodyne activities of New Tetrazole derivatives from Triazine **Authors:** Arulmozhi R, Abirami N, Helen P Kavitha, Arulmurugan S, Vinoth Kumar J **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2474 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Triazine, tetrazoles, Hot plate method, anodyne activity The creation of novel drugs containing a tetrazole ring as a structural fragment has contributed considerably to the outstanding achievements of the pharmaceutical chemistry in the last decade. Tetrazoles are the heterocyclic compounds having diverse biological activities such as analgesic, anti- inflammation, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, etc., and an impending source in biosciences. In this paper, the authors describe the synthesis of novel tetrazoles from N, N-(6-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl) dibenzamide (PTDDB) and 2-phenyl-4, 6-di(2H-tetrazole-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine(5a-i) were prepared per the proposed scheme. A new class of tetrazole heterocycles were synthesised and characterised. In vivo analysis was carried out on the analgesic property of synthesised tetrazole derivatives (5a, 5b, 5c). Characterisation studies such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass and elemental analysis were performed for the synthesised tetrazole derivatives. Some of the tetrazole derivatives 5a, 5b, and 5c were tested for anodyne activity using morphine as the standard drug. The data reveals that all the three compounds 5a, 5b and 5c taken for the study show analgesic activity by hot plate method and tail flick methods. Among tested compounds, compound 5c is found to have potent analgesic (anodyne) activity. The results of the study indicate that the sample taken for the study show fairly good business using morphine as the standard drug. --- ## Estimation of total Phenolic and flavonoids content and Studies on antioxidant activity of different extracts of Olax scandens by FRAP assay **Authors:** Pranaya P, Akiladevi D **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2472 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Olax scandens, FRAP assay, Phenolic content, Flavonoids content Olax scandens Roxb. (family Olacaceae) available in throughout tropical India. The current study, aerial parts of different concentrates of Olax scandens was evaluated for its in-vitro antioxidant potential by FRAP assay taking ascorbic acid as the standard and estimation of total phenolic content and flavonoids content. The IC50 value was originated that methanolic concentrates of Olax scandens are more efficient in antioxidant activity by FRAP methods compared EA & PE concentrates. The methanolic concentrates of Olax scandens & ascorbate exhibited antioxidant potential possessing IC50 207µg/ml & 50µg/ml by Ferric reducing ability Power assay. The methanolic and EA concentrates of Olax scandens showed the total phenolic content (14.426 ± 0.032, 4.128 ± 0.025) respectively, and flavonoids content (11.526 ± 0.054, 3.682 ± 0.042) respectively. Invitro antioxidant studies show methanolic concentrates of Olax scandens have better antioxidant activity as well as a higher content of total phenolic and flavonoids content. These results indicate that aerial parts of methanolic concentrates Olax scandens could serve as a natural antioxidant, which may be useful in preventing free radical-induced diseases. --- ## Formulation and Evaluation of fixed dose combination of Nootropic drugs **Authors:** Priyavarshini R, Shweta Betala, Amit B Patil **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2374 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cognitive functions, Croscarmellose sodium, Fixed Dose Combination, Neuro degradation, Neurodegenerative disorder Cognitive functions are the critical brain functions responsible for the effective learning and understanding in the humans. They are responsible for various functions like attention, memory, reasoning and in turn helps to improve knowledge. Cognitive impairment is majorly seen in elderly as the brain is prone to neuro degradation. It may also occur in young adults due to poor diet or exercise. Improving cognition is of utmost importance and can be done by the use of cognition enhancers like Nootropics. This class of drugs is said to act by various mechanisms, which in turn leads to the betterment of the neurotransmission in the brain. They may act on acetylcholine, Gamma Butyric Acid, on the beta amyloid receptor or on NMDA. This research emphasis on the enhancement of cognition along with treating various neurodegenerative diseases like dementia, Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s. Nootropic drugs are chosen for this formulation as they exhibit a rationale in combination with each other since they follow distinctive route of mechanism to treat the diseases. They also show action by preventing the worsening of the disease and by curing the disease. As compared to other combination of nootropic, in this combination, the side effects are reduced of one in presence of the other and show a much higher bioavailability. They cross the blood brain barrier and central nervous system half-life is longer as compared to the systemic half-life owing to their efficacy and superiority over other nootropics when it comes to treating cognition Fixed dose combination of these nootropic drugs is desired and the dose can’t be varied as they no longer show their effect if not used in the exact dose required. The dosage of this varied drug depends on the severity of the disease and patient condition. The research has helped to achieve the reduction in the total tablet mass from 1500 mg to 1420 mg with the use of few excipients. This made it easier for patients to swallow the tablet easily due to an oval shape of the tablet formulation. --- ## A review on wound management with special reference to nanotechnology **Authors:** Debosmita Datta, Raman Suresh kumar **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2356 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** wounds, wound healing, wound dressings, nanotechnology, nanomaterials Management of wound care mainly depends upon the advancement of innovative and effective wound care product to achieve speedy recovery and minimising scar formation. Wound healing management has been always an interesting field of research till date due to serious need for new wound treatment. Appropriate wound care is a significant challenge because of the complications associated with wounds as well as low permeability through the skin. The interconnected events of wound healing occur simultaneously to restore the tissue integrity and functions of the cells. Wound healing gets hampered by numerous factors. These physiological events occur easily in normal human being, but in some situations these molecular events are affected, resulting in hard to heal/ chronic wounds. In current years nanotechnology has emerged as an exciting field with several applications in skin regeneration. These nanoscale delivery systems have numerous benefits in the healing process such as decrease in drug’s cytotoxicity, administration of poorly water-soluble drugs, better skin permeation, controlled release behaviour, antimicrobial activity, as well as stimulation of fibroblast proliferation and reduced inflammation. Thus, emerged as an effective strategy and approach for the treatment of chronic wounds. This review briefly discusses about the wounds, characteristics of an ideal wound dressings along with a special mention regarding the several strategies of wound healing by nanotechnology with their functions and advantages. --- ## Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical study to assess efficacy and safety of NRL/MW/201901 in subjects suffering from erectile dysfunction **Authors:** Omkar Kulkarni, Anuj Agarwal, Priya Khare, Gayatri Ganu **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2353 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Erectile dysfunction, herbal supplement, libido, sexual desire Sex is an integral part of a well-being. Sexual satisfaction is the most important component of the quality of life. In management of ED overall sexual potential and quality of life needs to be taken care of as a holistic approach to management. The aim of the study was to clinically validate effect of NRL/MW/201901 a polyhedral Nutraceutical product in ED. The clinical efficacy of NRL/MW/201901 in patients suffering from erectile dysfunction was evaluated by assessing Quality of Erection Questionnaire and sexual encounter profile with Intra-vaginal ejaculation latency time, serum testosterone and anthropometric analysis etc. NRL/MW/201901 was effective in increasing erection function, orgasmic function, intercourse satisfaction, overall satisfaction and sexual desire. There is marked increase in number of sexual encounters in NRL/MW/201901 treated group. Serum levels of testosterone were increased after treatment of NRL/MW/201901 than in placebo group. It was evident from the anthropometric analysis of the subjects that there was significant increase in resting metabolism and % skeletal muscle content in NRL/MW/201901 treated group. There were no evident adverse events related to drug. Thus it could be concluded that NRL/MW/201901 is safe and effective in the treatment of mild to moderate erectile dysfunction. --- ## Assessment of medication adherence in chronic diseases **Authors:** Nikhitha K, Sai kiran S, Prasad M, Chinni Eswaraiah M **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2376 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic diseases, Medication adherence, Hypertension, Diabetes, MMAS-8 Majority of people with chronic diseases have poor adherence to their therapeutic regimen. It can result in various complications physialogically with undesirable metabolic conditions. The main objective of this study is to assess the level of satisfaction attained after medication in comorbidities (either having diabetes only or having hypertension only or having Hypertension and Diabetes) and also focussed on creating awareness in patients who do not follow the medication. A prospective cross sectional study was conducted at tertiary care hospital, Khammam, Telangana. 200 patients were approached and were interviewed with their consent. The purpose of the same was to collect the information on socio demographics, medication that is followed, and behavioural characteristics. A structured questionnaire MMAS-8 an eight itemed scale was involved to identify individuals, determine their levels, the reliability and validity of the medication followed. The scrutiny of this study found that there is a better medication adherence in individual’s diseases (Hypertension, Diabetes) whereas in hypertension and diabetes condition high and low adherence were reported because of their awareness, negligence and risk factors respectively. The study concludes that there is an increase in Medication adherence in individual diseases whereas in hypertension and diabetes there are equal ranges of both low and high adherence. --- ## Impact of Unhealthy Psycho Social Environment on Adolescent Mental Health Causes Emotional and Behavioural Problems **Authors:** Valarmathi V, Thirunavukarasu M, Kanniammal C **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2397 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Unhealthy psychosocial environment, mental health, emotional and behavioral problems, adolescent Adolescence is a most crucial period in a person’s life because influence of neuro endocrine hormones, the brain undergoing maturation process of neuroplasticity at the sametime adolescents has more expectations in educations and achievements in life. The brain immaturity and emotional turmoil of adolescents under developmental crisis who need safe and nurturing environment. It is essential for adolescents to grow up in to a well adjusted person. The aim of this study to assess the influence of psychosocial stressors on adolescent mental health. This study conducted in selected schools at Kanchipuram District, Chennai. A mixed method research design was used for collecting data from 8th to 12th standard students’ age between 13-17 years. The stratified random sampling technique was used to collect data from 100 samples with help of the standard tool child behaviour check list (CBCL) YSR 11-18year1. The result revealed that in comparing the CBCL score between the male and female adolescents having significant difference in rule breaking behaviour p<0.003 and thought problems p<0.001. Out of 100 samples 10 Adolescents were willing to share their problems were selected to discuss their emotional and behavioural problems and expressed their stressors and found the stressors such as poor parental relationship (alcoholic father), insecure home environment, peer pressure, inadequate economical support and academic pressure lead them for loneliness, inferiority, hopelessness, anxiety, involvement of immoral behaviors. --- ## Studies on antioxidant activity of different extracts of aerial parts of Cadaba farinose Forsk: An in-vitro techniques **Authors:** Jambula Dinesh Babu, Venugopalan Santhosh Kumar **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2392 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cadabafarinosa, DPPH radical, Superoxide radical scavenging, total antioxidant Cadaba farinosa (family Capparidaceae) is generally known as “Indian cadaba” in the traditional ayurvedic system. The current study, aerial parts of different concentrates (Pet.ether, ethyl acetate and methanol) of Cadaba farinose was evaluated for its in-vitro antioxidant potential by Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical, and total antioxidant activity taking ascorbate as standard and superoxide radical activity taking Quercetin as the standard for the in-vitro methods. The methanolic concentrates of Cadaba farinose & ascorbic acid exhibited antioxidant potential possessing IC50 208µg/ml & 66µg/ml (Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical), 188µg/ml & 57µg/ml (total antioxidant). The methanolic concentrates of Cadaba farinose & quercetin exhibited antioxidant potential possessing IC50 252µg/ml & 60µg/ml (superoxide radical). The IC50 value was originated that methanolic concentrates of Cadaba farinose more efficient in Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical, superoxide radical activity, total antioxidant activity compared EA & PE concentrates. The difference in scavenging potential of the extracts can be due to variation in the percentage of bioactive compound present in different solvents. Invitro antioxidant studies show methanolic concentrates of Cadaba farinose have better antioxidant activity. This result indicates that aerial parts of methanolic concentrate Cadaba farinose could serve as a natural antioxidant, which may be useful in preventing free radical-induced diseases. --- ## Expression of Hepatitis B viral surface antigen (Pre S1) in E. coli **Authors:** Shahad Basel Ismail, Ibrahim Abdulla Ahmed, Yaseen Ismael Mamoori **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2406 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hepatitis B Virus, PreS1 gene, Recombinant vaccine Hepatitis B is the most common liver diseases, which caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. There are around 257 million people around the world suffer from severe chronic hepatitis B infection. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a vaccine to prevent viral infection. PreS1 is one of the HBV envelope proteins that have been proved to be an effective vaccine. Accordingly, Viral DNA was purified from patients’ serums and amplified by PCR using specific primers. Amplicons of 324 bp bands of PreS1 was observed on gel electrophoresis. The PreS1 was cloned into pTXB21 plasmid to form the recombinant plasmid pTXB1_PreS1 and transformed into DH5α E. coli. Screening of transformants was done using Colony PCR and Sequencing. Alignment of 26 polypeptide sequences showed conservation of this region. The pTXB1_PreS1 was retransformed into T7 Express Competent E. coli and screened using colony PCR. The PreS1 was expressed as a recombinant protein fused to an intein tag with a molecular weight of ~ 39.5 kD. The PreS1 protein was purified by a single affinity chromatography step and after cleaved from intein tag by Dithiothreitol the obtained protein had a molecular weight of ~ 11.5 kD. Only one protein band was observed on the SDS-page gel. The PreS1 protein was successfully cloned and expressed in E. coli, which can be used as a vaccine against HBV. --- ## In vitro antibacterial potential of acetone leaf extract of Otostegia integrifolia Benth against human selected bacterial pathogens **Authors:** Kidu Hintsa, Tekleweyni Tadege, Tesfay Weletnsae, Gopalakrishnan V K, Kamalakararao K, Krishna Chaithanya K **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2399 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Medicinal plants, Antibacterial agents, Human pathogenic bacteria, Agar well diffusion, Broth dilution method Otostegia integrifolia Benth (O. integrifolia) is the endogenous medicinal plant of Ethiopia mostly used for the treatment of Stomach ache, tonsillitis, hypertension, malaria, ascariasis, and lung diseases. The current study was focused on phytochemical analysis and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of O. integrifolia Benth leave extracts against selected human bacterial pathogen by the agar well diffusion and microtube broth dilution method. Phytochemical investigation was carried out for the identification of secondary metabolites responsible for antibacterial activity. In vitro antibacterial potential of O.integrifolia Benth leaf organic extracts against human pathogenic gram negative (E. coli, K. pneumonia, V. cholera) and positive bacteria (B.subtilis, E. faecalis, S.aureus) were assessed by agar well diffusion, and bacterial inhibitory concentration of effective plant extracts was determined by 96 well plate broth dilution assay. Among all the tested organic leaf extracts, the ace tone leaf extract of O.integrifolia Benth exhibited a promising broad spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity against all tested multiple drug-resistant bacteria pathogens with significant MIC values of K.pneumoniae (2.144µg/ml), V. cholera (2.025µg), B.substilis (2.604 µg), and S.aureus (3.028 µg), respectively. The significant antibacterial activity of acetone leaf extracts of O. integrifolia Benth was due to the existence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The current studies demonstrated that the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of acetone leaf extracts of O.integrifolia Benth might be helpful for the isolation of novel potent antibacterial agents against infectious bacterial pathogens without any side effects. --- ## Evaluation of the anticonvulsant activity of the phosphodiesterase III inhibitor cilostazol in the animal model of epilepsy **Authors:** Sadgunottama Goud Kamparaj, Kudagi B L, Karikal H P, Muthiah N S, Pravin Kumar R **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2476 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cilostazol, Sodium valproate, Phenytoin, Anticonvulsant The present study is objected to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of the phosphodiesterase III inhibitor cilostazol in the animal model of epilepsy. Conventional anti-epileptic rodent models like Maximal Electric Shock (MES) induced convulsions and Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced convulsions were used. The animals were randomly divided into six groups, with six rats in every group. Here anti-epileptic activity of cilostazol with two different doses (10 mg/kg i.p and 20 mg/kg i.p) was compared with standard drug and standard drug + Cilostazol two different doses (10 mg/kg i.p and 20 mg/kg i.p). Cilostazol (20 mg/kg i.p) exhibited an anticonvulsant effect in MES-induced and PTZ induced convulsion models over the Control group and cilostazol (10 mg/kg i.p). Standard drugs were shown superiority in seizure suppression activity than cilostazol (20 mg/kg i.p). The time duration of onset of clonic convulsion and period of clonic convulsions in PTZ induced convulsion were increased and decreased respectively when compared to Standard drug + cilostazol both doses and standard drug alone. Phenytoin abolished convulsions induced by MES convulsion model. So the present study established that cilostazol has low anticonvulsant efficacy in comparison with conventional drugs (Phenytoin and Sodium Valproate). The potentiating effect of cilostazol with standard drugs was also demonstrated. --- ## Recent development in the artificial treatment for dry eye disease **Authors:** Priyavarshini R, Amit B Patil **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2360 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Dry eyes, tear film, ocular surface, Tear, lacrinal secretion Eyes are the most important organs of the human body. The important parts of the eyes are conjunctiva, cornea, Iris, pupil, retina, sclera. Eye is protected by eyelid from external environment. The common eye disease is kerato conjunctivitis sicca (KCS) i.e dry eyes syndrome. Tear is secreted by a lacrimal gland which lubricates the eye. The dry eyes disease syndrome commonly is caused because tears are not secreted properly by the tear duct or the tear film gets evaporated from the surface of the eye due to various factors or due to environmental changes. Dry eyes disease caused due to age, environmental factor like increase in air pollution, increase in temperature, humidity in the atmosphere, using contact lens, medication also causes dry eyes. This article reviews the causes, symptoms, and recent treatment system of dry eyes disease. Dry eyes can be treated by using medications like artificial tears, Carmellose artificial tears eye drops, Cyclosporine A, Difluprednate, Lacrisert nutritional supplements, omega-3 fatty acids, etc. The therapy like Meibomian gland expression, Intense pulsed light, Lipiflow, etc. the dry eyes disease not only affecting human eye but it also affects animals like dogs and cat. --- ## A study of correlation between thyroid disorders and menstrual disorders in reproductive age group **Authors:** Moulika Shirish Shah, Patange R. P. **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2433 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Thyroid hormone, Pituitary gland, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, AUB, Menorrhagia Present study to evaluate and detect thyroid dysfunction and its correlation in patients with a menstrual disorder in the reproductive age group. Research objectives are to study the prevalence of thyroid disorders in relation to menstrual disorders and study the correlation between menstrual irregularities and thyroid dysfunction. Precise assessments of thyroid hormones in serum become achievable easily and accurately with the introduction of new hormographical research techniques. Hypothyroidism diagnosis is advantageous because it typically relieves the patient of all symptoms. Therefore, the assessment of thyroid activity forms an essential component for the evaluation of a female with menorrhagia or otherwise menstrual irregularities. The individuals are rescued from repeated curettage from hysterectomy by early diagnosis of hypothyroidism Objectively measured menstrual blood losses were 35 ml per menstrual cycle (patients in the age group <20 to 40 years). In the present study, 211 patients out of 520(40%) were having menorrhagia, followed by metrorrhagia (17%) and poly-menorrhoea (16%) bleeding patterns. The observations were carried out in the laboratory, and the results were validated using SPSS software. If the thyroid functioning is poorly examined, a range of diagnostic and medical therapies, including intrusive (surgical) as well as non-invasive (hormonal) treatments may result in the patients’ undue exposures. --- ## Guided Endodontics: A Novel Invasive Technique For Access Cavity Preparation - Review **Authors:** Madhulika Chandak, Manoj Chandak, Chanchal Rathi, Samrudhi Khatod, Pooja Chandak, Kajol Relan **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2488 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Calcified canals, CBCT, Guided Endodontics, Precision Medicine Precision medicine (PM) refers to the modifying of medical or dental treatment according to the individual features of each patient. Imaging has become a central part of PM since the last decade. PM takes into account and aims to exploit the specific profile of the patient’s unique biology and problem. Imaging plays an important role by providing morphologic and functional information, focusing and guiding treatment and assessing response to therapy. Image-guided treatment (IGT), or here specifically image-guided endodontics, is not a strategy that tries to optimize 3-D cleaning, shaping and disinfection, and filling root canal systems. Importantly, IGT is not about simply making a smaller access or smaller shape. It is concept for preserving dentin and restoring the balance. It is about planning access, planning shape using a directed approach, and evaluating the response to treatment. So, in this meta-analysis review, we discuss about the role of image guided therapies like static CT guidance & Dynamic guidance, guided rail based on CBCT (3D printer-based template) used in conventional endodontic therapies and in endodontic surgery. The used of CBCT in the various branches of dentistry such has oral implantology, periodontology has been increased due to its three–dimensional visualization. For the technology to be fully transferred to everyday clinical endodontic practice, there are number of considerations. The novel concepts of guided endodontichas been reported as an effective method to obtain safe and reliable method during variable endodontic procedures. --- ## Niosomes as target drug delivery system: A Review **Authors:** Khalifa Fathelrahman Khalifa Abdelmagid, Jeganath S., Nitish B. **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2435 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Niosomes, Types, Hand shaking method, Micro fluidization The formulation of vesicles as a way of improving the delivery of drugs over the past several years has generated a lot of concern among scientists working in the field of drug delivery systems. The vesicular niosomal system is capable of increasing the bioavailability of a product. When its bilayer structure is constructed by non-ionic surfactants, the bioavailability of products to a specified region for an extended period. Niosomes and liposomes are equative in drug delivery capacity, and both have decreased drug usefulness regarding free drug use. Niosomes are contrasted with liposomes when the high chemical stability and efficacy of the substitute are considered. For medicines and therapeutic purposes, the implementation of vesicular (lipid vesicles and non-ionic surfactant vesicles) devices can give many benefits. They strengthen drug molecules ’ clinical efficiency by delaying clearance from circulation, safeguarding the drug from the genetic atmosphere, and limiting target cell impacts. This study focused on recent developments in the distribution for niosomal medicines, possible benefits above other delivery systems, methods of construction, characterisation methods, and current niosome studies. Niosome seems to be a system of choice of drug delivery over liposome as a stable and economical niosome. Niosomes often have tremendous potential for nanotechnology to achieve focused non-cancer, non-infective agents. Niosome’s potential for drug delivery can be improved using new ideas such as proniosomes, discomes, and aspasome. Niosomes are also useful for diagnostic testing and as an active ingredient to the vaccine. Such areas, therefore, need additional study and development to products available in the market niosomal preparations. --- ## Effectiveness of Nesting on Posture Comfort among Low Birth Weight Babies in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit **Authors:** Jagadeeswari J, Swathi D **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2477 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Low Birth Weight Babies, Posture Comfort, Nesting An infant is the most helpless gathering to get acclimates to the new condition. Following birth, during the initial months, they act as a momentary period during which the baby adjusts from the aquatic to the aerial environment. Nesting positions keeps up the flexion pose as such as intrauterine position and stances. As a fundamental obligation of the nurses, it is one of the most significant nursing procedures, positioning by nesting utilizes a non-pharmacological methodology to diminish torment and push and improve comfort. The present study aims to assess the effectiveness of nesting on posture comfort among low birth weight babies. A quantitative quasi experimental research design was conducted among 30 low birth weight babies. Convenient sampling technique was used to select samples. A semi structured interview was used to collect demographic data, and posture comfort was assessed using a comfort scale. The babies in the experimental group were placed in a side-lying position inside the nest, which is then rolled blanket. After an hour, the posture comfort was re-assessed. The study results show significant improvement in the posture comfort among the experimental group than the control group after the intervention at the level of p<0.001. This reveals that nesting is highly significant in the experimental group because it improves posture comfort of the newborn, which in turn promotes growth and development of the low birth weight babies. This indicates that nesting is an effective and secure method to improve posture comfort, maintains the vital signs and helps in the development of low birth weight babies & promotes sound sleep in low birth weight babies. --- ## Anti-tubercular drugs, predisposing factors and management of drug-induced hepatotoxicity: A concise and up-to-date review **Authors:** Rasmi S Nair, Akhilesh K, Emmanuel James **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2418 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Anti-tubercular drugs, Hepatitis, Liver injury, Management, Predisposing factors, Tuberculosis Tuberculosis remains a leading cause of death in developing countries. In India antitubercular treatment was effective from the 1950s and has been engaged for more than 50 years. Hepatotoxicity secondary to antitubercular drug treatment is a major threat to tuberculosis. Anti-tubercular drugs like isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide are potentially hepatotoxic and their adverse reactions are based on dose or hypersensitivity. Hepatotoxicity can occur within a few weeks of initiating intensive phase and elevation of serum transaminase levels with signs and symptoms are considered as the diagnostic criteria. The variations in the incidence of anti-tubercular drug-induced hepatotoxicity may be due to differences in patient characteristics, regimen used, type of monitoring and the diagnostic criteria defining hepatotoxicity. Predisposing factors associated with anti-tubercular drug-induced hepatotoxicity include advanced age, gender, nutritional status, alcohol intake, extensive TB, indiscriminate use of various drugs, ethnic factors, chronic liver disease and concomitant infections. There are no evidence-based guidelines that are accessible for the management of these patients. Management of hepatotoxicity generally involves withholding the anti-tubercular drugs and reintroduction after normalization of biochemical markers of liver injury. --- ## Schiff bases derivatives: synthesis, identification, and antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients infected with wound infection **Authors:** Hawraa Mohammed Sadiq, Hutham Mahmood Yousif Al-Labban, Ahmed Abduljabbar Jaloob Aljanaby **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2393 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 4-methoxyaniline, Schiff bases, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus Wound infection, Iraq Schiff bases derivatives are one of the most important compounds that have been used in many biological applications such as antimicrobial activity. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are two of the most important pathogenic bacteria that cause wound infection in Iraq and many developing countries. This research involves a synthesis of some Schiff bases compounds [A1 – A3] that were prepared from the condensation of [4- chlorobenzaldehyde, 4-bromobenzaldehyde, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde] in absolute ethanol. All of these compounds are characterized by [FTIR] spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity test was done according to agar well diffusion method for all derivative compounds with a concentration of 100 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml for each compound. The derivative compound A3 with a concentration of 200 mg/ml had an excellent antibacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of inhibition zone of 18.417 ± 0.54645 and 16.000 ± 0.57735, respectively. Schiff bases derivatives synthesis compounds in this study (A1 and A2) can be considered as suitable antibacterial materials and can be used as raw materials to the synthesis of new ointment. --- ## Estimating creatinine clearance for Malaysian critically ill patients with unstable kidney function and impact on dosage adjustment **Authors:** Yen Ping Ng, Angel Wei Ling Goh, Chee Ping Chong **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2358 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** unstable kidney function, creatinine clearance, critically ill patients, dosage adjustment It is an essential requirement to estimate glomerular filtration rate in dosing adjustment of drug treatment for critically ill patients with unstable kidney function. Previous studies showed that Cockcroft-Gault equation was not appropriate for the assessment of unstable kidney function. However, there is a lack of assessment on other equations specifically designed for fluctuating kidney functions. This study is aimed to evaluate the differences between estimated creatinine clearances by using Cockcroft-Gault, Jelliffe, Brater, and Chiou equations and the impact on dosing adjustment of renally excreted drugs for critically ill patients with unstable kidney function. A retrospective observational study was conducted among 103 patients with unstable kidney function who were admitted to intensive care unit of Taiping Hospital, Malaysia. Serum creatinine levels from day 1 to 7 of admission were collected. The median differences of estimated creatinine clearance based on the four different equations were analysed by Friedman-ANOVA test. The median estimated creatinine clearances when patients were having fluctuating kidney functions showed 35.69 ml/min (IQR: 22.57 – 53.97) by Cockcroft-Gault and 22.64 ml/min (IQR: 10.46 – 38.49) by Jelliffe equation, while Brater and Chiou equations showed 35.88 ml/min (IQR: 19.46 – 56.04) and 30.10 ml/min (IQR: 16.55 – 46.82) respectively. Jelliffe and Chiou equation showed a significant 36.56% and 15.66% lower estimated creatinine clearance respectively as compared to Cockcroft-Gault (p < 0.001). Jelliffe equation demonstrated the lowest estimated creatinine clearance value with a more intense dosage adjustment required for patients’ drug regimen involving renally excreted drugs. In conclusion, there were clinically significant variations in the estimated creatinine clearance from the different equations. --- ## Screening of Antimicrobial activity of bodily fluid from three different local fish species around Madanapalle **Authors:** Syed Salman B, Shaik Baba Fakruddin, Diwakar K **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2349 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bodily fluid, Mucus, Antimicrobial activity, Fish Mucus, pamphlet, Tilapia, catfish The fish skin acts as a protective shield against environments that are high in infectious agents. A thin layer of mucus which acts as a defence shield against colonization by aquatic parasites, bacteria and fungi which was mediated by peptides and polypeptides, was covered on the external body surface of the fish. In the present study, we had shown the activity of epidermal mucus of tap water, mineral water and saltwater fish exhibit strong antibacterial activity. Here, we have isolated supernatant of a fish Pamphlet (Pomfret), Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Catfish (Clariasgariepinus) mucus. This Bodily fluid (Fish mucus) activity was correlated with a strong antibacterial activity (minimal inhibitory concentration for the three fishes) against both Gram-ve and Gram +vebacteria. In this study, the mucus isolated shows an inhibiting effect on the selected microorganisms. The antibacterial activity of fish mucus may be due to the presence of antibacterial glycoproteins and able to kill bacteria by forming large pores in the target membrane. Fish mucus is believed to play an important role in the prevention of colonization by parasites, bacteria and fungi and thus acts as a chemical defence barrier. Our results suggest that fish secrete antibacterial which are able to kill bacteria in the target membrane. --- ## Effect of fluid supplementation with phototherapy in reducing the serum bilirubin levels in severe hyperbilirubinemia **Authors:** Anand Patil, Pawar J M, Kshirsagar V Y **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2451 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fluid Supplementation, Phototherapy, Serum Bilirubin, Hyperbilirubinemia Hyperbilirubinemia otherwise called ”jaundice” is yellowish-green pigmentation of the sclera and skin brought about by an expansion in bilirubin creation or an imperfection in bilirubin elimination. Prospective randomized comparative correlational study carried out on babies admitted to NICU in Krishna Hospital. All healthy term babies (= 37 weeks) with non haemolytic hyperbilirubinemia with absolute serum bilirubin =20 mg/dl - = 25 mg/dl from second day of life to fourteenth day of life. Out of 811 babies admitted in NICU during the study period, 52 babies were admitted for severe hyperbilirubinemia in NICU. Thus, the incidence rate was 6.4%.out of these 28 (53.84%) were male and 24 (46.15%) were female. The frequency of extreme hyperbilirubinemia was more in inborn babies (78.88%) than out born babies (21.15%). The frequency of extreme hyperbilirubinemia with respect to birth weight were, Weights between 2000 gms-3000gms were 40 (76.9%) and weight above 3000 gms were 12 (23.07%). The percentage weight loss from the time of birth till admission between enhanced and non enhanced gatherings was comparable. In the study, 28 (53.84%) were delivered per vaginally, 24 (46.15%) were born by LSCS. Most neonates in our study, 31 (59.61%) cases presented with in 2-5 days, 20 cases presented between 6-10 days and only one case between 11-14 days. By unpaired T test both supplemental and non supplemental groups are comparable i.e., the levels of bilirubin, rate of reduction of bilirubin between 2 groups is not significant. By ANOVA test i.e., the levels of bilirubin, rate of reduction of bilirubin in both the groups is highly significant. The complete length of phototherapy required between2 groups is not significant. This information show that organization of extra intravenous liquid in embittered sound, term, breastfed neonates have no useful impact on the pace of serum bilirubin decrease during phototherapy. --- ## Study Of Clinically Manifested Congenital Malformations In Live Births **Authors:** Poojan Patel, Potdar D B **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2434 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Congenital malformations, neonatal deaths, childhood morbidity, Dysmorphism, Hypospadias Congenital malformations cause a significant share of infant mortality and morbidity and health care expenditure. This study focusses on the spectrum of clinically manifested congenital malformations among live births at Tertiary care hospital and the incidence of clinically manifested congenital malformations among live births at Tertiary care hospital. A cross-sectional study in 4786 live births is a prospective study of surviving infants born scope and clinical manifestations of congenital malformations. It was noted that the abnormal impact significantly detects a total of 4786 live births, the number of infants with a congenital malformation of 100 stillbirths, infant mortality and child morbidity. The number of congenital infant disabilities is due to the advanced diagnostic technology, especially the increase USG prenatal and neonatal period. In the current study, 2753 (57.5%) and 2033 (42.5%), male and female fertility. Congenital male fertility in the baby was observed to be relatively high (68) as compared to comparative female (32) cases, as per the chi-square test (p<0.05). For the prevalence of 27 babies (27 per cent), in our study, congenital abnormalities, though two instances (2 per cent) of low birth weights, 9 (9 per cent) of the children were very low birth weights and 16 (27.5 per cent), of the normal birth weight. --- ## Impact of tobacco use on oxidative stress in cataract **Authors:** Vaishali S Pawar, Ajit Sontakke **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2382 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Age related cataract, Malondialdehyde, Oxidative stress, Superoxide Dismutase, tobacco user Even today, age related cataract is prominent cause of visual deterioration. Cataract is associated with various risk factors and tobacco is one of the modifiable risk factors. Association between smoking and increased oxidative stress among cataract patients has been shown by some studies. But studies regarding smokeless tobacco are not done. This study was intended to estimate antioxidant enzyme Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and MalonDiAldehyde (MDA) which is a lipid peroxidation product in tobacco user’s Age Related Cataract (ARC) subjects and compare them with tobacco nonuser age related cataract (ARC) subjects. Out of 120 subjects, 60 were tobacco nonuser age related cataract subjects and 60 tobacco users were age related cataract subjects. 60 tobacco user cataract subjects subdivided into 5 different groups as tobacco smokers, tobacco chewers, tobacco mishri users, tobacco chewers as well as mishri users and smokers as well as smokeless tobacco users. Erythrocytic SOD and serum MDA was estimated. The study showed that in tobacco user group age of cataract patients was significantly less than tobacco nonuser cataract patients (P<0.05). Levels of Erythrocytic SOD were significantly low and levels of serum MDA were significantly elevated in tobacco user cataract patients than tobacco non-user cataract patients (P<0.001). In tobacco user group, nuclear cataract was significantly high (P<0.05). On comparison of sub- types of cataract in tobacco user subgroup, no significant difference was found. From these results, we may conclude that tobacco use intensifies the oxidative stress that is already present in age related cataract and this may accelerate the progression of ARC mainly nuclear cataract. --- ## Phytochemical characterization and cytotoxicity analysis of ayurvedic formulation of drug **Authors:** Cynthia C., Horne Iona Averal **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2430 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Livoral, phytochemical characterization, cytotoxic analysis, hepatoprotective The liver is a major endocrine organ which controls the significant metabolic activity in the human body. Treatment of several liver disorders with herbal based plant drugs is popularising nowadays due to their hepatoprotective and nontoxic effect. Livoral, a polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation is one such drug commonly recommended for liver disorders in India. The current work was aimed at studying the phytochemical characterisation and cytotoxic activity of livoral. Phytochemical analysis of extracts of livoral in methanol, hexane, acetone and petroleum ether was studied by TLC method. The cytotoxic activity of livoral was analysed by MTT assay in Vero cell lines at a concentration ranging from 10µg/ml to 500µg/ml. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of Phyto compound such as tannins, phenols, steroids, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates in all the four types of livoral extracts. Phytochemicals such as phenols, terpenes and alkaloids were already known for their hepatoprotective activity. MTT assay revealed the nontoxic effect of livoral up to 300 µg/ml concentrations. Thus, based on the results of the phytochemical and cytotoxic analysis, the livoral was proven to be one of the best herbal drugs for liver disorders with hepatoprotective constituents and non-cytotoxic effect. --- ## Normal Values And Variation Of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (Tsh) In Cord Blood Of Babies Bornover A Period Of 1 Year **Authors:** Suresh S Choudhary, Langade R A, Kshirsagar V Y **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2432 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Cord Blood, New Born Babies A hospital-based prospective study was conducted with 1200 neonates to evaluate the normal values of cord blood TSH and its variations among term babies and identify maternal factors affecting the cord blood TSH. Majority of the mothers (53.8%) were in the age group of 26-35 years.44.6% mothers were primigravida, None of the mothers had a history of anti-thyroid drug intake or a history of maternal goitre. Majority of the mothers (97.1%) were from a rural area, 70 (55.11%) and 22 (17.32%) mothers developed hypertension and hypothyroidism respectively while 20 (15.74%) and 15 (11.81%) patients developed Gestational diabetes mellitus and HTN+GDM respectively of 127 mothers with antenatal complications: 708 (59%) and 48 (4%) newborns delivered through Normal Vaginal Delivery. Maximum neonates (98.9%) were Appropriate for Gestational Age (AGA) while 0.8%. The incidence of male and female neonates was 640 (53.3%) and 560 (46.7%) respectively. 655 (54.6%) and 531 (44.3%) neonates weighed in the range of 2.501 – 3.000 kgs and 3.001– 3.500 kgs respectively. 1125 (93.7%) neonates had an APGAR score of 5-7. Eighty-two neonates had CBTSH level of >20mIU/L. Eighty-two neonates with CBTSH level of >20mIU/L were followed up on 7thday and 21stday of life. On 7th day, 12 neonates had raised TSH and low T4. On the 21st day out of these 12 neonates, only two neonates had significant raised TSH and low values of T4. Treatment was started for these two neonates. The CBTSH levels were found to increase with increasing maternal age. There was a significant association of CBTSH levels and maternal age, mode of delivery, antenatal complications. There is an urgent need for adopting universal screening of all neonates for congenital hypothyroidism. Babies with CBTSH levels of >20mIU/L should be evaluated on 7th and 21st day of life for TSH and T4 levels for earlier interpretation of congenital hypothyroidism. --- ## Botox: Therapy Beyond Beauty **Authors:** Hetal Purohit, Sweta Kale Pisulkar, Rohit Mistry, Chinmayee Dahihandekar, Surekha Godbole, Soniya Aswale **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2436 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Botulinom toxin A, Botulinom toxin B, Botox, Aesthetics, Cosmetic, Frotox Botulinum toxin originated from the Latin term ‘botulus’ meaning ‘sausage’. Botulinum toxin is a bacterial extract which acts at the synaptic level and inhibits the neuronal uptake of acetylcholine causing inhibition of muscular contraction. This property of botox proves to be useful in various muscle spastic disorders. Commercially accessible under the brand label of Botox and is universally used in cosmetic field in managing wrinkles and crow lines correspondingly it has multitude of use in treating innumerable maxillofacial complex disorders like Temperomandibular disorders, Hypertonicity of lips, gummy smiles, Bruxism, trigeminal neuralgia and other types of facial pain. Botox is regarded as minimally invasive procedure with promising results in muscular disorders as well as cosmetic purpose. Botulinum when used in therapeutic doses proves to be boon to mankind. The effects are dose dependent as it comes with the black box warning. Overcoming this disadvantage of botox, the newly emerged Frotox ® based on the (Focussed Cold Therapy) is used nowadays and proves to be more efficacious. This article describes in detail about the origin of the toxin, it’s commercially available forms. It also describes the clinical technique, its pros and cons with instructions with patient as well as operator point of view. --- ## Study of effect of various treatments in clinically diagnosed patients of Carpal tunnel syndrome **Authors:** Sahoo J.K., Joshi A.G. **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2419 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carpal tunnel syndrome, Median nerve conduction, Ulnar nerve conduction, various treatments Carpal tunnel syndrome is the compression neuropathy in upper extremity. Several researches have been done to see the effect of various treatments separately. But very little research work is available for comparison of treatments. So the study was aimed to study the clinical and electrophysiological findings and their Comparision before and after various treatments. NCS was carried out in 200 CTS patients before and after 6weeks of treatment. Patients were divided into 4 groups. Group I- operative, Group II-medicinal treatment, Group III-exercise, Group IV-medicine+exercise. Clinical and electrophysiological parameters all groups were compared before and after treatment. Group (I), showed significant changes in all parameters except SNAP in operated Rt. Hand as compared to Lt. Hand. Group-II showed significant changes in DML, DML(diff.), DSL, DSL(Diff.) except CMAP, SNAP & SCV in Rt. Hand but in Lt. hand DML, DML(diff.), DSL showed significant changes where as DSL(Diff.) CMAP, SNAP & SCV were non-significant. Group-III showed significant changes in DML, DML(diff.), DSL, DSL(Diff.) but SCV, SNAP and CMAP were non-significant in Rt. hand but in Lt. hand only DML(diff.) was significant . Group-IV showed significant changes in all parameters except SCV in Rt. hand but in Lt. hand DML, DML (diff.), DSL, DSL(Diff.) were significant, where as SNAP, CMAP, and SCV were non-significant. It was concluded that maximum improvement was observed in clinical and electrophysiological parameters in operative group, then Medicine + exercise Group, then exercise Group and minimum in Medicinal treatment Group. So operative method is the method of choice for CTS; however the duration of treatment should be more so that further improvements can be seen in all parameters. --- ## Evaluation of some properties of recycled polymethylmethacrylate incorporated to the acrylic resin **Authors:** Amrah Y. Al Jmmal, Nada Z. Mohammed, Amer A. Taqa **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2320 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** heat cure acrylic resin, filler, physical properties Many attempts have been made enhancing properties of PMMA denture base material. Adding fillers to PMMA was a commonly used method to improve physical and mechanical properties. To estimate the effects of incorporating recycled polymethylmethacrylate with a different percentage with conventional heat-cured acrylic resin on some properties of heat-cured denture base resin. The recycled polymethylmethacrylate (Chaini-HK G) particles dissolved at (5%,10%,15%) was added to heat-cured polymethylmethacrylate (Spofadental, Czech Republic) polymer and mixed with a ratio of 2:1 with the polymethylmethacrylate monomer. A total number of specimens were 80, which divided into three experimental groups (5%, 10%, 15%) and control group. Each group have 20specimens. The surface hardness, water sorption, solubility and residual monomer of test groups measured as well as compared to that of control groups. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test (FTIR) was done for three experimental and control group. This study shows a statistically significant difference at (p<0.01) in the hardness of recycled polymethylmethacrylate incorporate material (10 %,15%) groups when compared with a control group; while recycled polymethylmethacrylate incorporated (5%) group show no significant difference, group with 15% shows the highest Vickers hardness value. The mean values of water sorption test solubility test and residual monomer were decreased with the increase of incorporating a percentage of recycled polymethylmethacrylate as compared to the mean value of the control group. The incorporation of recycled polymethylmethacrylate to heat acrylic resin at different percentage improves some of its properties. --- ## Obesity and Breast Cancer: Circulating Adipokines and Their Potential Diagnostic as Risk Biomarkers **Authors:** Hind Shakir Ahmed **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2408 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast Cancer, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, Leptin, Adiponectin, Resistin Obesity and cancer are two major epidemics of this century. Obesity is related to a higher risk of many types of cancer. Studies have accessed circulating adipokines, as key-mediators in obesity and breast cancer. The study is aimed to examine the circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, leptin, adiponectin, and resistin in premenopausal Iraqi women with breast cancer. The current study was performed during the period from June 2019 to December 2019 at Oncology unit/ Medical City Hospital-Baghdad. A total of 90 premenopausal women with BC/ stage II and III after 2nd dose of chemotherapy were contributed in this study as patients group. Their ages ranged from (35-50) years in addition to 90 premenopausal healthy women were designated as a control group. There was a substantial rise (p < 0.05) in fasting serum glucose, total serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, CA15-3, insulin-like growth factor-1, leptin, leptin/adiponectin ratio, and resistin. While there was a substantial decrease (p= 0.01) in serum adiponectin in patients as paralleled to healthy. There was a considerable rise (p ≤ 0.05) in serum insulin-like growth factor-1, leptin, and resistin, while there was a reduced in serum adiponectin in obese patients as paralleled to overweight, but it was not significant. Additionally, circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, leptin, and resistin were significantly increased (p= 0.001) in patients who had tumour size > 5 cm paralleled to those with tumour size 2-5 cm. Higher levels of serum leptin, resistin, and leptin to adiponectin ratio are related to improved breast cancer risk in Iraqi women. The clinical and pathological features of the tumour recommended that these adipokines might affect the development of breast cancer. Thus adipokines, in complicated and interrelated mechanisms, maybe drive breast cancer instigation and progression. --- ## The histopathological effect of diclofenac potassium on maternal and fetal tissues **Authors:** Abdel-Rahman Tawfik, Nouf Bader Alduweesh, Zeinab Abdel-Hameid Mohamed, Abdel Rahman Sayed Sultan, Heba Ali Abd El-Rahman **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2365 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diclofenac Potassium, Liver, Placenta, Pregnant Rats Diclofenac (DCF) is one of the most generally utilized non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapies during the world for different diseases curing in post pubertal ladies. Be that as it may, constrained data is accessible with respect to its security during pregnancy and teratogenicity. The present study was done to investigate the histopathological impact of diclofenac potassium (DP) on some vital maternal and fetal tissues, placenta and liver during two different periods of gestation. In this study 30 pregnant rats have been used and divided into 3 groups (ten for each one); group 1 (control), group 2 treated with 15.4 mg/kg of diclofenac potassium during organogenesis period, and group 3 subjected during fetal developmental period with the same dosage. At the 20 gestation day the rats were anesthetized and dissected, histopathological studies on placenta, maternal liver, and fetal liver have been done. Our results revealed moderate to severe histopathological alternations in all examined tissues like disorganization of tissue architecture, vacuolation, lymphatic infiltration, apoptosis and more changes. There is a harmful effect of the DP on the placenta tissue and also the liver tissue of the fetus, and on this we recommend that you use the DP with caution during pregnancy at the possible lowest effective dose and for the shortest duration. --- ## Evolution of liquid chromatography: Technologies and applications **Authors:** Durai Ananda Kumar T, Sai Charan, Venkateswarlu A, Supriya Reddy K **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2449 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Liquid chromatography, Pharmaceutical analysis, UPLC/UHPLC, UFLC, Hyphenated techniques Liquid chromatographic offers efficient analyte separation employing high pressure pumps. The reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is widely utilized in the purity testing and quantitative determination of pharmaceuticals and neutraceuticals. The limitations of traditional liquid chromatography such as particle size, resolution and selectivity demanded for the developments and Waters Corporation developed ultra- performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Ultrafast liquid chromatography (UFLC) is another milestone, which offers faster and efficient separation. Multidimensional UHPLC provides separation of complex molecules. The particle size decrease enhances the resolution of LC separation. Ethylene bridged hybrid (BEH), Charged surface hybrid (CSH) and Peptide separation technology (PST) offer better performance in. The amalgamation of chromatographic and spectroscopic detectors namely fluorescence detector (FD) and mass spectrometry (MS) provides efficient separation. Liquid chromatography (LC) offers the analysis of pharmaceuticals, biological, food materials, and natural products. This review covers technologies and recent pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of liquid chromatography technologies. --- ## Development, characterization and optimization of polymeric mucoadhesive microcapsules containing anticancer agent using response surface method: in vitro and in vivo study **Authors:** Chinmaya Mahapatra, Padala Narasimha Murthy, Anjan Kumar Mahapatra, Sudhir Kumar Sahoo, Prasanna Kumar Dixit **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2483 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acacia, Ionic gelation, Macrogol, Oral microcapsules, Paclitaxel, Povidone, Response surface methodology The present research work covenants the preparation, characterisation and optimisation of mucoadhesive microcapsules containing paclitaxel through ionic gelation method using 32 statistical factorial designs. The effect of mixing proportion of primary polymer sodium alginate to copolymer (X1) and speed of magnetic stirrer (X2) on the microcapsules size (Y1), efficiency of paclitaxel encapsulation (Y2), and percentage yield (Y3) was optimised. The morphology of microcapsules was characterised and evaluated by in vitro and in vivo tests to study the swelling characteristics, mucoadhesion and drug release characteristics, followed by MTT assay on human HT-29 colon cancer cell lines. The size of prepared microcapsules was within the range of 361 ± 4.50 to 931 ± 22.41; encapsulation efficiency (%) was within the range of 42.72 ± 0.43 to 98.12 ± 0.43 %. The in vitro paclitaxel released over 24 hours were in a range of 82.15 ± 3.43 % to 96.75 ± 2.41 %. The controlled release pattern of paclitaxel was observed from the in vitro drug release study of microcapsules. The prepared microcapsules that showed better mucoadhesion were in the range of 73.66±1.42 to 97.85±1.08% for a period of 6 h. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study conducted in rats resulted in high Tmax, the area under the curve and mean residence time for microcapsules as compared to that of the marketed formulation. It could be concluded that the microcapsules containing povidone polymer showed superior results. --- ## Uncomplicated adult inguinal hernia repair under local anaesthesia and spinal anaesthesia **Authors:** Naniwadekar R.G. **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2437 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hernia, Anesthesia, Local, Spinal Multiple researchers have given numerous guidelines in the clinical management of this disorder in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, after comprehensive works on the subject. As a result, a very wide variety of surgical procedures are now available to the surgeon to suit the requirement. There have been numerous advances in the management of inguinal hernia. Inguinal hernias can conveniently be repaired under all kinds of anaesthesia, namely general, spinal and local. Whereas the general anaesthesia requires the services of an experienced anaesthetist and new devices and spinal anaesthesia requires postoperative impairment while local anaesthesia is safe to prescribe, easy and efficient and does not cause postoperative complications. This work consisted of a study group of twenty-five adult patients of uncomplicated inguinal hernias, who after repair of hernias, which after repair of hernias were allowed early ambulation and had a short hospital, stay of one day post operatively. The second control group consisted of similar twenty-five patients who are subjected to conventional delayed ambulation and prolonged hospital stay. The results of repair in the two groups were compared; the available literature on the subject was reviewed. The implementation of ”short stay surgery” not only relieves the waiting list in hospitals but also offers an economic boost and provides the patient with some social advantages. --- ## Estimation of total phenolic content and Studies on antioxidant activity of different extracts of Cadaba farinose Forsk by hydroxy radical and iron chelating techniques **Authors:** Jambula Dinesh Babu, Venugopalan Santhosh Kumar **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2409 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cadaba farinosa, hydroxy radicals, iron chelating, total phenolic content Cadaba farinosa (family Capparidaceae) is generally known as “Indian cadaba” in the traditional ayurvedic system. The current study, aerial parts of different concentrates (Pet.ether, ethyl acetate and methanol) of Cadaba farinose was evaluated for its in-vitro antioxidant potential by hydroxy radical taking ascorbate as a standard. The iron-chelating activity is taking Ethylenediamine tetraacetate as standard and estimation of total phenol content as equivalent to mg/g of Gallic acid. The methanolic concentrates of Cadaba farinose & ascorbic acid exhibited antioxidant potential possessing IC50 205µg/ml & 65µg/ml (Hydroxy radical), methanolic concentrates of Cadaba farinose & Ethylenediamine tetraacetate exhibited antioxidant potential possessing IC50 240µg/ml & 70µg/ml (iron-chelating activity). The methanolic and EA concentrates of Cadaba farinose contain total phenolic content 9.86±0.62 and 3.98±0.54, respectively. The IC50 value was originated that methanolic concentrates of Cadaba farinose more efficient in hydroxy radical, iron chelating activity compared EA & PE concentrates. The methanolic extract of Cadaba farinose having more free radical activity due to the presence of phenolic content as a bioactive compound. This result indicates that aerial parts of methanolic concentrate Cadaba farinose could serve as a natural antioxidant, which may be useful in preventing free radical-induced diseases. --- ## Development of deep CNN architecture for anomalies in ECG signals **Authors:** Sharanya S, Sridhar PA, Anshika Singh, Ankit Dash, Ayushi Sharma **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2499 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Arrhythmia, Fibrillation, Pan Tompkins Algorithm, Physionet, Poincare In this paper, we propose a deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) approach to classify arrhythmia based on the time interval of the QRS complex of the ECG signal. The ECG signal was denoised using multiple filters based on the Pan Tompkins algorithm. QRS detection has been done using Pan Tompkins Algorithm. Then the QRS complex is identified using local peaks based technique inside the layers of the Convolutional Neural Network where the repeated application of the same filter to our input results in a map of activations called a feature map, indicating the locations and strength of a detected feature in an input which in our case is the changes in the q-s time interval. Based on the R-R time interval, Heart rate variability (HRV) was computed, and Poincare plot was generated. Instead of using raw ECG signal to train the CNN, we used the feature extracted from ECG signal obtained from Physionet database to train the CNN and map the pattern changes for different classes of diseases. The classifier was then used to classify the test input as either or normal, tachyarrhythmia or intracardiac atrial fibrillation. Data acquisition, ECG data pre-processing and CNN classifier are the several methods that are involved for the classification of several arrhythmias. --- ## Oxidative stress during insulin resistance in prediabetes : a review on role of antioxidants **Authors:** Mohsina Hyder, Raja D, Visakh Varma, Ponnusankar S **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2503 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Insulin resistance, Oxidative stress, Prediabetes, Vitamins, Minerals, Antioxidants Oxidative stress is one of the major causal factors behind insulin resistance during prediabetes. It can impair insulin signalling by triggering stress activated signaling pathways and can also directly oxidize and damage the proteins of these pathways. Although cells have impressive stock of antioxidant enzymes and minor antioxidant moieties, these agents may not be adequate to maintain the redox balance during oxidative stress. The important functional antioxidant vitamins for tissue protection from excess free radicals comprises vitamin C, E and A. Vitamin C can improve insulin resistance by altering endothelial function and reducing oxidative stress. Vitamin E is an excellent trap for peroxyl radicals which suppresses ROS production in the pancreas, preserves pancreatic β cell function and maintains structural integrity of pancreatic islet cells. Vitamin A prevents tissue oxidative damage as well as exhibits a regenerative role in the pancreas. Like vitamins, minerals play a crucial role during oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Zinc is crucial for insulin actions and carbohydrate metabolism. Chromium activates insulin receptors through the oligopeptidechromudulin, which occurs in the insulin sensitive cells that binds to the insulin receptor, thereby increasing insulin signal transduction and sensitivity. Selenium up regulates glutathione peroxidase activity can inhibit NF-kappa B activation. The risk of diabetes and its complications will be more with elevating oxidative stress. Interventions with these antioxidants have proven beneficial role in reducing oxidative stress which can be utilized for reduction of insulin resistance in prediabetes. --- ## Study Of Stabilization Of Shaft Clavicle Fractures **Authors:** Vishal Sharma, Paresh Vilasrao Patil **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2438 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clavicle, plating, nailing, bone, fracture We have tried to assess the effects of various methods in the treatment of mid-shaft clavicle fractures for Evaluating the end effects of midshaft Clavicle fractures diagnosed in the Tertiary Treatment Centre through different surgical procedures. Assess the feasibility and risks of the various treatment modalities in relation to time required for union concerning radiological and clinical outcomes range of movements associated complications about infection, deformity and pain stability at shoulder joint. The results are evaluated according to the DASH score. The study was conducted from October 2016 to March 2018 for mid-shaft clavicle fractures in patients with Open Reduction and Internal Plating Fixation, while intramedullary nailing patients were selected and performed from October 2013 to October 2016 at the Orthopedics Department at Krishna Hospital and Medical Research Centre. The present study is a Randomized, Prospective (in terms of plating cases), Retrospective (in terms of cases with intramedullary nailing), and Comparative and Clinical study. In this research or study, we have resolved that plate fixation for severely displaced communicated midpoint shaft clavicle fractures provides excellent results in terms of rigid fixation, rotational stability and maintenance of anatomical length which intramedullary nailing fails to maintain. --- ## Relationship between uric acid and creatinine in pre-diabetic and diabetic patients: Vidarbha region of Maharashtra **Authors:** Ranjit S. Ambad, Rakesh Kumar Jha, Lata Kanyal Butola, Nandkishor Bankar, Brij Raj Singh, Archana Dhok **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2479 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Prediabetes, Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Uric Acid, Serum Creatinine, IGT, IFG Prediabetes is a glucose homeostasis condition characterized by decreased absorption to glucose or reduced fasting glucose. Both of these are reversible stages of intermediate hyperglycaemia providing an increased type II DM risk. Pre-diabetes can therefore be viewed as a significant reversible stage which could lead to type II DM, and early detection of prediabetes may contribute to type II DM prevention. Prediabetes patients are at high risk for potential type II diabetes, and 70 percent of them appear to develop Type II diabetes within 10 years. The present study includes total 200 subjects that include 100 Pre-diabetic patients, 50 T2DM patients and 50 healthy individual. Blood samples were collected from the subjects were obtained for FBS, PPBS, Uric acid and Creatinine estimation, from OPD and General Medicine Wards. Present study showed low levels of Serum Uric Acid in prediabetic and T2DM patients were decreased as compared to control group, while the level of creatinine in pre- diabetic and diabetic were elevated as compared to control group, were not statically significant. Serum Uric Acid was high in control group and low in prediabetic and diabetic patients. Serum creatinine was declined in control group and increased in prediabetic and diabetic patients with increasing Fasting blood glucose level. --- ## Synthesis and Characterization of New Heterocyclic Compounds from Calix [4] arene Derivative **Authors:** Khudheyer Jawad Kadem **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2427 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Calix[4]arane Derivative, mercaptoacetic acid, maleic anhydride In this work, a new heterocyclic compounds derived from Calix[4]arene Derivative had been synthesized. The characterization of the produced compounds was performed using melting point, FT-IR spectroscopy and some of them with 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The spectral data confirm the formation of these compounds. This research includes the following two parts:- Part 1: Synthesis of Calix[4]arane Derivative from reaction Calix[4]arane with 4- Aminobutyric acid to produce ester compound this part4-Aminobutyric acid reaction with freshly distilled thinly chloride , the produce final was purified via distillation below pressure reduced. The product was purified by repeated recrystallization. In this step Converted the substituted carboxylic acid to substituted acid chloride included to obtained good leaving group the compound product containing primary amine and the reaction of Calix[4]arane Derivative with compounds containing carbonyl group(aldehyde or ketone) the carbonyl group of aldehyde or ketone react with primary amine to produce imine compounds (Schiff bases. Part 2: Reaction of produced Schiff base compounds with mercaptoacetic acid (thioglycolic acid) or maleic anhydride to synthesized new heterocyclic compounds with heterogeneous ring are characterized by having many biological activities Which attracts the attention of researchers, and accordingly various derivatives containing sulfur or oxygen were prepared for heterocyclic compounds, these prepared compounds can have inhibitory activity for some bacteria, fungi, and viruses. --- ## Antibacterial and antioxidants effects of anthraquinones fraction from Clerodendron inerme leaves **Authors:** Abdul Muhsin M. Shami, Shurook Mohammad K. Saadedin, Suha F. Hasan **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2428 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clerodendron inerme, Anthraquinoes, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, GC-MS Clerodendron inerme is used to treat asthma, inflammation, Parkinson’s diseases, and other diseases. This research is aimed to determine antibacterial and antioxidant effects in the anthraquinones’ fraction of Clerodendron inerme leaves. Well-diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimal bactericidal concentration were used to test the antibacterial properties of the four types of bacteria.DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to evaluate their antioxidant activity. GC-MS and FTIR analysis were used to identify anthraquinones compounds of the leaves in the plant. Anthraquinones component from the leaves of C.inerme has shown significant inhibition against pathogenic bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The anthraquinones extract of plant leaves has higher antioxidant activity compared to the control (ascorbic acid). IR spectra of anthraquinones extract from the leaves of C.inerme exhibited O-H stretching as a strong band at 3347.84 cm-1.C-H stretch bands are found in bands 2924.15 and 2857.29 cm-1. C= O group are located in the bands of 1733.18 cm-1 and 1637.72 cm-1. The C-H bending groups at 1375.64 cm-1 and the C-O groups at 1236.81 and 1050.16 cm-1 were detected. GC-MS results of the leaves of C.inerme identified specific anthraquinones compounds are Emodin, 1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1-ethoxyanthraquinone, 2-Ethylanthraquinone, 9,10-Anthracenedione, 1,5- Dihydroxyanthrachinon, 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene, 1,4-Cyclohexanedione, and 2,3-Dimethylquinone. In conclusion, the anthraquinones of the green part of this plant have good antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The results suggest that anthraquinones from the leaves of C.inerme are a source of antimicrobials agents against harmful bacteria and antioxidant sources. --- ## Antistressor effect of Costus speciosus on noise induced immunological changes in rats **Authors:** Saraswathi Ilango, Saikumar P, Sembulingam K, Saikarthik Jayakumar **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2388 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Avidity index, immunomodulatory, neutrophil adherence, phagocytic index, total leukocyte count Costus speciosus is being widely used in Indian folk medicine for treating various disorders. Environmental noise pollution is supposed to be an important factor for many health problems and it causes immune abnormalities. In the present study immune-regulating potential of Costus speciosus extract was evaluated during acute and subacute noise stress conditions. Adult Wistar albino rats were exposed to acute noise stress and subacute noise stress and then the effect of ethanolic Costus speciosus rhizome extract on immunological parameters such as phagocytic index, avidity index, neutrophil adherence test and total leucocyte count were studied. Neutrophil adherence and total leukocyte counts were found decreased and the percentage of avidity and phagocytic index were significantly increased in the stressed group of rats. The result of statistical analysis showed that, the pre-treatment with Costus speciosus extract significantly altered favourably the levels of immunological parameters. Ethanolic extract of Costus speciosus rhizome have the potential to prevent noise stress induced changes in rodent immune system and has a strong immunomodulatory prospective applicable to clinical practices. --- ## The effects of adding Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone antagonist on cycle characteristics and pregnancy rate in stimulated Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) cycle **Authors:** Rawaa saad Hassan Abunaila, Lubna Amer Al-anbari, Muayad Sraibet Abbood **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2407 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Antagonist, Intrauterine Insemination A prospective randomised (comparative) study was conducted in the High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies in AL-Nahrain University, Baghdad – Iraq, from the 1st of October 2018 till 1st of September 2019 involving seventy women of infertile couples with the same inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were randomly allocated into two groupsreceiving minimal ovarian stimulation protocol (Clomiphene Citrate and Human Menopausal Gonadotropin) with IUI adding flexible GnRH antagonist protocol (Cetrorelix) to the study group. IUI was done 40-44 hours after ovulation trigger. There were no significant statistical variances among control and study groups in demographic characteristics concerning: age, BMI, type, duration and cause of infertility. There was no important variance in a mean day of trigger among control and study groups, 12.43 ± 1.56 versus 13.11 ± 1.49, at the same order (p = 0.064). The Mean number of dominant follicles was considerably greater in study groups than that of the group control, 2.40 ± 1.03 versus 1.89 ± 0.83, respectively (p = 0.025). Mean serum Estradiol of the study group was significantly higher than that of the control group, 478.68 ± 423.61 versus 273.12 ± 254.57, respectively (p = 0.016). The proportion of women with LH> 10 were significantly less frequent in the study group in comparison with the control group, 22.9 % versus 68.6 %, at the same order (p < 0.001). There was no important variance in mean serum Progesterone among control and study groups. There was no significant difference in the characteristic of the dominant follicle, ruptured versus not ruptured, (p = 0.124) on the day of IUI. The pregnancy rate was higher in the study group when compared with the control group; however, the difference in pregnancy rate doesn’t reach statistical import (p = 0.145) --- ## The Role of Sringavacharana and Bandages In Sports Injuries WSR to Acromio-ClavicularJoint Dislocation and Low Back Pain **Authors:** Najeeb T K, Prasanth R Krishnan **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2420 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sringavacharana, Swastika bandhana, Sports injuries, Bandaging techniques Ayurveda is attaining the attraction globally not only as an ancient life science but also as a successful aid to treat and manage the ailments in style, Apart from the common sayings that Ayurveda does not have quick-acting treatment modality, Nowadays Ayurveda is successfully managing sports medicine effectively and smoothly, as far as sports medicine and athletes are concerned Injuries are part & parcel of a sportsperson’s life. They are a class of people who torture their body to the maximum to get the maximum result. Injuries are sustained due to faulty techniques, accidents as in the case of contact sports. In the process, they sustain a lot of injuries. Despite advanced treatment techniques injuries tend to recur. It severely hampers the progress of their career & shortens their active sports life. It forces them for early retirement. Ayurvedic treatment like sringavacharana & bandaging technique help to heal the injuries more effectively. Sringavacharana is an essential tool in the armarium of Ayurvedic physician to deal as emergency care in low back pain.here the technique and step involved in executing the Sringavacharana in the modern era and swastika bandhana is explained with essential photographs and also with the help of a clinical study. --- ## Phytochemical profile and medicinal potentials of Lannea Coromandelica stem **Authors:** Jacques Britto N, Kesavi Durairaj **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2490 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lannea Coromandelica (L.C.), Phytochemical, Medicinal plants, Ethanolic extract, GCMS In the history of humanity, great ancestors of Indian sub-continent used plants that possessed unique medicinal properties. They identified the plants from jungles and derived crude drugs out of them for treating infectious diseases. This treatment process was a tradition. In the recent century, this plant-based drug extraction, processing and refining began scientifically by pharmaceutical industries. In this new era, plants with medicinal features are being used in curing broad spectrum of diseases. Lannea Coromandelica (L.C.) is a medicinal plant that belongs to this category. Tribals extensively used it in treating various infectious diseases and common injuries. There have been very few studies on the leaves, barks, flowers, gums and mucilage of this tree. But no preliminary phytochemical composition of L.C. stem has been studied. Therefore, the current work focusses on the screening of the phytochemical profile of the stem of L.C. by the sequential ethanolic extract. Stems of L.C. were procured from Mettur, Tamil Nadu. Thirteen different components were qualitatively analyzed using standard procedures from 100g of L.C. stem extract. In this study, seven components were identified, and their percentage was estimated. Using GC-MS, 50 components were identified of which Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-methyl ester (1.0%) was the major component. The presence of these components in L.C. stem extract can be used in the treatment of different ailments through their antioxidant, anti-arthritic, anti-diabetic, anti- inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. --- ## Clinical Study of Right Iliac Fossa Mass Pathology At: Central Vidarbha Region **Authors:** Anupam Kakade, Mangesh Padamwar, Ajonish Kamble, Yashwant Lamture, Meenakshi Yeola **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2466 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Appendicular lump, appendicular abscess, ileocaecal tuberculosis, carcinoma caecum One of the most common problems experienced in surgical practice, which challenges the surgeon and needs the ability to diagnose through knowing the anatomy and pathological process that can occur inside the abdomen, is a mass in the right iliac fossa. The purpose of this research was to examine clinical appearance, differential diagnosis and treatment methods for patients with the right iliac fossa. Study was carried out in the Dept. of General Surgery at Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, Sawangi (M), Wardha, Maharashtra, between August 2018 to December 2019. 43 patients with signs and symptoms of right iliac fossa mass were studied by taking detailed clinical history, physical examination, and were subjected to various investigations. In the present study appendicular mass constituted 60.46%, appendicular abscess 09.30%, ileocaecal tuberculosis 06.97 %, carcinoma caecum 13.95 %, intussusseption 02.32%. Patients presented with constitutional symptoms like pain, fever, vomiting, weight loss. Appendicular lump remains the most common entity in right iliac fossa mass patients. Ileocaecal tuberculosis is one of the most common differential diagnosis to be considered for pain abdomen evaluation in rural population. Conservative treatment followed by interval appendicectomy remains the main management modality in appendicular lump. The rare cause of mass in right iliac fossa as intussusception should be kept in mind. --- ## Preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles using punica granatum and elettaria cardamomum fruit extract and determining its antibacterial activity against lactobacillus **Authors:** Shilpa Merlyn Jose, Hannah R., Rajeshkumar S. **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2473 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Green nanoparticles, Zinc oxide, Lactobacillus, Pomegranate, Cardamom To determine the antibacterial activity of Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesised using Punica granatum and Elettaria cardamomum fruit extract against Lactobacillus. Punica granatum and Elettaria cardamomum have been known for their antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The phytochemicals present in these fruits have experimented for the preparation of various metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. Zinc oxide is a widely used metal oxide nanoparticle known for its good antimicrobial activity against a host of microbes. The current study was conducted to determine its effect against Lactobacillus, a bacteria known for its role in the progression of dental caries. Preparation of fruit extract mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles. Determining the characteristics of the nanoparticles using UV spectroscopy and SEM. Analysing the activity of these nanoparticles against Lactobacillus using agar well diffusion method. The zone of inhibition increased if the concentration of the fruit mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles increased. But it was incomparable to the standards. Hence, further studies need to be conducted using different concentration of Punica granatum and Elettaria cardamomum to determine the optimum fruit extract required for the preparation of the nanoparticles. The resultant nanoparticles can be used as an effective antimicrobial agent against Lactobacillus. --- ## Current Status of Biosimilar Regulations in the MENA Region **Authors:** Ammar Almaaytah, Hadeia Mashaqbeh, Razan Haddad **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2484 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Biosimilars, Biologics, MENA, EMA, Regulatory This review article explores the regulatory situation of biosimilar registration pathways in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). With most countries in the world have either adopted official regulatory guidelines for biosimilar approval or are in the process of developing such guidelines, countries in the MENA region are advised to accelerate the process of adopting pathways for biosimilar approval primarily for preventing the entry of intended copies into such markets and risking patients’ safety in addition to jeopardizing clinical outcomes of the different disease modalities that are treated by biologics. Additionally, biosimilars are playing a significant role in reducing the significant public expenditure on biological therapy and thus increasing the accessibility of these medications to a larger population of patients. The article details the countries in the MENA region that have adopted official and scientific guidelines for biosimilar approval pathways. The article also draws a comparison between different countries on issues such as comparability studies, extrapolation of indications, interchangeability and non-clinical quality requirements. In conclusion, only four countries out of the 15 countries they comprise the MENA region have adopted clear regulatory pathways for biosimilar registration and approval. This situation should be of urgent importance to policymakers responsible for public health bodies in countries that lack such guidelines due to the negative consequences that could result due to the absence of clear biosimilar regulations. --- ## Study of diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients **Authors:** Vinit Umesh Rewanwar, Joshi B.S. **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2443 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes, retinopathy, diabetic age, fundus, patients People with diabetes complications under many tests. For diabetic retinopathy, we do many tests like, ophthalmoscopy which is done in clinical examination & Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA), etc. This study has been conducted to evaluate the use of Fundus fluorescein angiography in DM patients and its comparison with clinical evaluation for early detection and assessment of the stage of diabetic retinopathy. The current study looked for ophthalmology and the diagnostic potential of FFA in the diagnosis of ophthalmic retinopathy findings because both facilities may not be available everywhere. So look for and provide better options for diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic maculopathy is also a clear finding on direct eye examination. We found that there was a significant correlation between the age groups of the patients: Diabetes, and the development of diabetic retinopathy. No significant association with the sex of patients was observed in the event of retinopathy. In diabetic patients younger than five years of age or those who are in the early stage of diabetic retinopathy, we found that the initial pathological changes that could not be seen on ophthalmoscopy were evident on FFA. The procedure is useful in diagnosis, treatment, follow-up of patients, maintain a permanent record of the retinopathy staging, study the course of the disease, and response to the procedure. --- ## Drug – Drug Interactions Between Newer Anti- Retroviral Drugs And Anti Epileptics- A Review **Authors:** Vaishnavi S, Balaji S, Ramesh M, Mothi S N, Swamy V H T, Srirama B R **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2386 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Anti retroviral drugs, drug- drug interactions, anti epileptic drugs Drug – Drug Interactions (DDIs) are the leading cause of drug toxicity and emergence of drug resistance, ultimately leading to increased burden in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV). On an average 55% of people on Anti Retroviral Therapy (ARVs) are co-administered with Anti Epileptic Drugs (AEDs). The introduction of newer anti-retroviral drugs such as dolutegravir, bictegravir, emtricitabine, doravirine are proven to have less side effects, high tolerability and effective decrease in the viral load, but the risk of DDIs still stands to be high. This review briefly describes about the pharmacokinetic properties of dolutegravir, bictegravir, emtricitabine, doravirine, mechanism of interaction between the above mentioned ARVs and AEDs, effect of DDIs on ARVs, effect of DDIs on interacting AEDs, outcome of DDIs and possible management of DDIs. The pharmacokinetic type of DDIs was observed between the ARVs and AEDs. The majority of DDIs were found affecting the metabolism and the absorption of the drugs. UGT1A1, CYP 3A are the two important classes of metabolic enzymes involved in the DDIs and p- glycoprotein (P-gp) is the transporter involved in the DDIs affecting the absorption. Significant interactions have been found in between the above mentioned newer ARV’s with carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbitol. --- ## Pharmacognostical and pharmacological activity of Justicia gendarussa burm.f.: a comprehensive review **Authors:** Ashish A, Anjali A, Dixit Praveen K, Nagarajan K, Sahoo Jagannath **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2475 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Justicia gendarussa, Acanthaceae, Willow-leaves, Pharmacological actions, Traditional use Justicia gendarussa Burm .f. (family Acanthaceae) which is also known as willow-leaves and commonly known as Nili-Nirgundi, it is very commonly found nearby to China and its availability is very common in larger parts of India and Andaman islands. Traditionally it is used to treat various sorts of disorders such as wound healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti- proliferative, anti-arthritic etc. Justicia gendarussa is one of the crucial herbs which has been used in the Ayurveda. Majorly leaves parts of the plant shows the pharmacological activity but the root of the plant Justicia gendarussa is also have the important medicinal values. A large variety of pharmacologically active constituents i.e., alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, carbohydrates, steroids, triterpenoids, carotenoids, aminoacids, tannins, phenolics, coumarines and anthaquinones are also present in this plant and they makes the plant pharmacologically important. The activity of the plant is also dependent on the solvent which is used for the extraction the various vital chemical constituents. The different-different parts of the plants having the different medicinal values also differ in the chemical values. This review is not only focused on the essential phytochemical constituents which is available in the plant but it also explains their necessary medicinal value to shows the essential biological action and phytopharmacological actions of various parts of the plant. --- ## SEAS Exercise to Treat Scoliosis and Improve Functional Activities in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy **Authors:** Sathish G, Swarnakumari P, Ramya R **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2471 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cerebral palsy, Spasticity, SEAS exercise, Hemiplegic, functional activities SEAS exercise to improve functional activities among the children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy children. Single group pre post experimental research design. Cerebral paralysis is a static encephalopathy which affects the immature brain and leads to permanent motor disability. Due to a combination of spasticity, muscle weakness and incompletion of muscle control, the spinal deformity occurs in rising patients with CP; it can lead to poor balance in the trunk and significantly limits patient function. SEAS exercise capacity to enhance the self-corrected posture by concentrating during everyday activities. Eighty eight subjects of spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsied children, aged 6-12, male and female with scoliosis were selected under purposive sampling technique and received SEAS exercise training for a period of eight weeks. pre and post outcome measures were assessed using Modified Ashworth scale and Scoliometer to measure the functional activity in the children Pediatric balance scale, functional gait assessment and Gross motor function were used. Significant changes in spasticity and scoliosis were observed, and functional parameters were increased. The results of the post-test mean values for all SEAS variables demonstrated substantial improved balance, reduced scoliosis and gross motor functions in those receiving SEAS protocol (p<0.05). The SEAS exercise proves there was a decrease in scoliosis and their by improvement in functional abilities among children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy after eight weeks of intervention. --- ## Benzothiazole moieties and their derivatives as antimicrobial and antiviral agents: A mini-review **Authors:** Manahil B Elamin, Amani Abd Elrazig Salman Abd Elaziz, Emad Mohamed Abdallah **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2459 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Benzothiazole, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, Covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 Heterocyclic chemistry has provided an inexhaustible source of pharmaceutical molecules. Heterocyclic compounds such as benzothiazole moieties and its derivatives area substantial class of compounds in pharmaceutical chemistry and exhibited therapeutic capabilities, such as antitumor, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiviral, antimicrobial, antimalarial, anthelmintic and other activities. Besides, some antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalosporin have heterocyclic moiety. The growing prevalence of multi-drug resistant pathogens represents serious global concern,which requires the development of new antimicrobial drugs. Moreover, the emergence of pandemic SARS- CoV-2 causing Covid-19 disease and all these health dilemmas urge the scientific community to examine the possible antimicrobial and antiviral capacities of some bioactive benzothiazole derivatives against these severe causative agents. This mini-review highlights some recent scientific literature on different benzothiazole molecules and their derivatives. It turns out that, there are numerous synthesized benzothiazole derivatives which exhibited different mode of actions against microorganisms or viruses and accordingly suggested them as an active candidate in the discovery of new antimicrobial or antiviral agents for clinical development. The recommended bioactive benzothiazole derivatives mentioned in the current study are mainly Schiff bases, azo dyes and metal complexes benzothiazole derivatives; the starting material for most of these derivatives are 2-aminobenzothiazole although careful pharmaceutical studies should be conducted to ensure the safety and efficacy of these bioactive synthesized molecules as an antimicrobial or antiviral drug in the future. --- ## Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Trigona Honey in the Therapy and Prevention against Respiratory Infection in Wistar Rats **Authors:** Ibrahim Khaled Al-kafaween, Abu Bakar Mohd Hilmi, Mohamed M. Soliman **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2385 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** inflammatory, Gene expression, Immune response Pathogenicity, S. aureus, Respiratory infection Trigona honey (TH) is well known for its therapeutic characteristics. To date, the study of Trigona honey as a prophylactic or immune booster prior to the bacterial infection of the invivo model is not well covered. This study aims to investigate anti-inflammatory and immune activities in Wistar rats infected with respiratory infection following with Trigona honey. 25 Wistar rats were assigned to five groups, negative control group, positive control group was fed TH (5 g / kg body weight) orally, the untreated group was infected with Staphylococcus aureus to induce respiratory infection, the treated group has been infected with S. aureus followed by treatment with TH at a dose of 1.5 108 CFU / mL and the preventive group ingested TH one week before S. aureus infection. Blood was obtained for biochemical analysis. Lung tissues have been collected for molecular examination. The results showed a significant decrease in serum levels of ALT, AST, urea and creatinine in the preventive and treated groups, serum IgG increased significantly (P<0.05) in the preventive and treated groups, IFN-y increased in the preventive group while decreased in the treated group, and IL-8 increased in the treated group while decreased in the preventive group. The mRNA expression of AGP is up-regulated in the positive control, preventive and treated groups. The α2-MG, TNF-α , and mRNA expressions showed lower regulation after administration of TH in preventive and treated groups. The results show the ability of TH to counteract immune and inflammatory changes in serum levels and gene expressions. --- ## The curative role of some dietary spices in inflammation **Authors:** Debjani Sarkar **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2478 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Inflammatory mediators, plant products, active principles Spices are mainly plants or their parts which lends an aroma or flavour to food. They form an integral part of Indian cuisine and are used to flavour and preserve our daily food besides other uses. Their immense traditional uses as diuretic, purgative etc. have been known to man since time immemorial. The traditional use to treat ailments has only currently been scientifically validated. The study of the pharmacological principles responsible for the activity of crude spices has also gained importance in recent times. Some of the spices used daily in Indian cuisine have been known to possess major anti-inflammatory effects. When the body is injured, it mounts a protective inflammatory response to prevent further injury or infection. In spite of its apparently docile nature, inflammation may sometimes cause extensive tissue damage. This condition is extremely dangerous if left untreated. The review underlines the importance of some of the frequently used spices in the treatment of inflammation. It also highlights the molecular mechanisms responsible for the reduction in inflammation by these spices and further investigates the active principle responsible for the same from the various studies done in this field in an attempt to highlight the importance of spices in our lives. --- ## Formulation and Evaluation of Lyophilized Nanocochleates of Paclitaxel – For Cancer Chemotherapy **Authors:** Harwalkar Mallappa S, Salunkhe Kishor S, Chintamani Ravindra B, Raosaheb Sopanrao S **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2369 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nanocochleates, Nanoliposomes, Lyophilization, phosphatidylserine, Paaclitaxel The nanocochleates are mainly prepared from the liposomes of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with the help of inactive ingredients like phosphatidylserine (PS) and calcium. The PS shows a considerable binding affinity towards calcium mainly due to the calcium’s tendency to lose part of its hydration shell and to displace water upon complexation. Due to neutralization of the electrostatic charge, calcium causes aggregation & fusion of liposomes composed PS with each other. It has been reported that ca++ has an affinity to form a more tightly packed & highly ordered and less hydrated structure than mg++ with phosphatidylserine, even at a much lower concentration. It is well documented that ca++ plays a vital role in natural membrane fusion phenomena while other cations are ineffective in most such systems. The stability of Nano-cochleate can be increased by doing freeze-drying of finished product which in turn provides a longer shelf life to the product at, where solution form is most unstable. Based on various literature survey and laboratory work, ‘The Ethanol Injection Method’ was selected for the preparation of Nanoliposomes followed by Nanocochleates. The developed Nanocochleates exhibited higher encapsulation efficiency and controlled release of Paclitaxel. This technology may bring about a reduction in dose as well as cost and increase patient compliance. These Nanocochleates could therefore advantageously be employed to improve anticancer activity of Paclitaxel and an alternative to present intravenous administration. From the present study, it can be concluded that the developed Nanocochleates exhibited higher encapsulation efficiency and controlled release of Paclitaxel which may prove to be a suitable & potential candidate for healing a Cancer at a lower concentration. --- ## Need of Pharmacist on Medication Management for Elderly Patients Residing In Rural Area: A Review **Authors:** Abhishek S, Jayadev kumar **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2355 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Drug Related Problems, Elderly, Health Related Quality Of Life, Medication Management, Medication Adherence, Rural Areas Medication management services are area oriented towards patient safety, medication appropriateness, effect of drug and adherence with the help of pharmacist and other healthcare providers to improve the health outcomes. In older aged population chronic non communicable diseases like hypertension, diabetes, COPD etc. are common and this leading to Polypharmacy and medication inappropriateness. Polypharmacy is further results to drug interaction with drug, food and body fluids and increase drug related problems. These medication problem leads to decreased level of medication adherence. Pharmacist plays an important role in minimizing drug related mortality and morbidity. As per the 2010 data out of 57 million deaths, chronic non communicable diseases like cardiovascular disease, COPD, cancer, Diabetes mellitus contributes more for mortality that is 36 million (63%). In these more than three quarters of deaths occurred in elderly patients. As per the survey conducted by govt. of India in 2017 shows 5% of population are above 65 years and estimated that by the time of 2050 India holds 20% of population are above 65years. These numbers provide evidence of the chronic shortage of trained healthcare professionals such as physicians, dentists, nurses, pharmacists due to the poor economic situation in India. The evolution of the role of the pharmacist, with the rapid development of pharmacy practice and pharmaceutical care, points to the significance of the responsibilities of a pharmacist in ensuring medication use for patients is safe, effective, and rational. Significant accomplishments will be achieved in rural areas relation to the development of strategies to improve medication use and enhance the positive health outcomes in the elderly population. --- ## Microfluidic based Platform for drug screening-A review **Authors:** Kalpana Seelam, Daisy Rani A **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2394 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** chemotherapy, microfluidic platform, rapid drug screening, throat cancer There is a lot of requirement to develop a preclinical rapid drug screening devices to treat the throat cancerous patients in effective manner. Very High cost models like animal based, 2d and 3d type models are static drug screening models and they are unable to mimic the human body dynamic condition. So microfluidic platform based drug screening devices will give predetermined and prominent result in rapid drug screening by mimic dynamic body conditions. Now it is required to review what are the developments from last five years in screening the drug for cancer. Recently research is going on microfluidic platforms to screen the efficacy of mixed drugs, drug tolerance, and drug susceptibility. So this study presents the review on what are the advancements in microfluidic platforms for rapid drug screening and for different cancer patients. This study also presents what are the different sensing methodologies of microfluidic devices exists to screen the drug for various cancerous tissues. --- ## Anti-Helicobacter activity of medicinal plants and probiotics as alternatives for Helicobacter pylori treatment: Review article **Authors:** Deniz Al-Tawalbeh, Yasser Bustanji, Talal Aburjai, Qosay Al-Balas, Luay Abu-Qatouseh, Islam Hamad **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2496 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Helicobacter pylori, Antibiotics, Bioactive, Probiotics, Medicinal plants Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative bacterium, known factor for chronic active gastritis, stomach and peptic ulceration, which may progress to gastric cancer. It is also associated with other non-gastric diseases such as stroke, diabetes mellitus and alzheimer’s disease. Although conventional treatment achieved a great advancements in controlling H.pylori infection nowadays it is not effective thus it’s intended to find some other alternative sources that may be used alone or in combination with antibiotics to eradicate the infection. Recently published literature of natural sources such as plant -derived bioactive compounds and probiotics are studied for their reduced side effects and for being safe and inexpensive. However, the mechanism of action by which these herbs and probiotics exert their medicinal properties in H.pylori treatment is still not fully clear. In this review, we highlight the potential anti- bacterial mechanisms of some traditionally used bioactive compounds and their possible role on H.pylori colonization. On the other hand, we focused on the possible inhibitory role of probiotics in the eradication of H. pylori infection through the release of organic acids and their role in the stabilization of the gastric barrier function in order to decrease the mucosal inflammation, modulate H.pylori colonization and enhance compliance in infected patients. --- ## Antimicrobial and hepatoprotective effect of ISM Drug in alcohol induced liver damage on Zebrafish larvae **Authors:** Cynthia C, Horne Iona Averal **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2426 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alcohol-induced liver, ISM drug, Herbal-based therapeutic drug, Zebrafish larvae, Amphotericin B Liver cirrhosis occurs due to the extracellular matrix proteins accumulation which distorts the hepatic structure. The aim of our study is to investigate the antimicrobial and hepatoprotective effect of India Siddha Medicine(ISM) drug in alcohol-induced liver damage on zebrafish larvae. ISM drug, a hepato protective agent comprising of 15 herbs offers numerous formulations with advantages of hepatocellular rejuvenation has proven to be the most effective treatment to suppress liver damage. A series of analyses were carried out using alcohol-induced liver damage through herbal-based therapeutic drug and agar well diffusion method. For the hepatoprotective study, the zebrafish larvae were exposed to different concentrations of ethanol % (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5) and the treatment with 217.2 µg/ml of ISM drug has been evaluated. The outcome revealed the effect of ISM on alcohol-induced zebrafish larvae with a substantial increase in the percentage of viability. ISM drug showed antibacterial and antifungal activity in the diffusion method with a maximum zone of inhibition observed as 12 mm and 13.5 mm, respectively. Taken together, these results showed that the drug has hepatoprotective and antimicrobial activity which can be used for the treatment of liver cirrhosis. --- ## Role Of Oxidative Stress And Antioxidant In Preeclampsia: A Study In Rural Population **Authors:** Ranjit S. Ambad, Roshan Kumar Jha, Nandkishor Bankar, Minal Kalambe, Deepti Shrivastava **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2465 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** MDA, SOD, HO, ROS, NADH, NADPH, GR, pre-eclampsia Pre-eclampsia is well known complication of gestation which generally occurs around 20 weeks of pregnancy; it is linked with large maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. The disease comes with new-onset hypertension and proteinuria in the mother, which can further progress to dysfunction of multiple organs, and includes hepatic, renal and cerebral disease. To estimate malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione reduced, superoxide dismutase and catalase in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia. Role of malondialdehyde, antioxidant and their relationship were estimated using different method. Preeclamptic group was compared with normal pregnant women and another group of pregnant women administered with supplementation of Vitamins. In present study we found decrease in levels of reduced glutathione level in pre-eclamptic group as compared to normal and supplementation group. The levels of superoxide dismutase was found to be increased in present study in pre-eclamptic group as compared to normal pregnant women and pregnant women with supplementation and the differences were highly significant. In present study where antioxidants level was compared with pre eclamptic group and group with supplementation the markedly significant variations were seen. Our finding on role of antioxidant in preeclampsia when compared with supplementation of Vitamins and normal pregnant women the result showed beneficial affect with the significant differences. --- ## Teenage pregnancy: Prevalence and adverse outcomes in Baghdad city **Authors:** Thikra N Abdulla, Weqar Akram **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2377 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adolescent, teenage pregnancy, NICU, pregnancy induced hypertension Pregnancy at an early age of life is a major challenge. The consequences of this problem have an impact on the quality of life of the young mother and her family, and determines an important risk for her offspring. The son of a teenage mother has, in general, greater risks than that of a mother of more than 20 years. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and outcome of teenage pregnancy. A descriptive data base study was conducted at Al-Elwia Maternity Teaching hospital in the period from January 1, 2019 to the end of June 2019 within the age between 12 and 19 years old. The mean age of the mother was 17.4 ± 1.5 years. The mean age of the father was 23.9 ± 5.7 years with (69.5%) with Vaginal delivery and most of the teenage pregnant women were primigravidas (80.3%) and major group of birth weight neonate was in between 2500-4000 gm. Aanemia was the most common complication (55.8%) then pregnancy induced hypertension PIH (18.3%). The admission of the neonate to the neonatal intensive care unit (40.0%) are higher than other complications. In conclusion:Prevalence of teenage pregnancy was (21.9%), with high complications for mothers and neonate. --- ## Assessing Acute St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Prognostic Significance Of The Hyponatramia **Authors:** Makrand B Mane **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2445 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Infarction, hyponatremia, coronary, treatment Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) has become a significant public health issue in developed and developing nations, following extensive diagnostic and management research over recent decades. The study intended to research the prognostic values of inexplicable Hyponatremia in patients with severe ST- elevation of myocardial infarction, in 100 consecutive patients admitted to Tertiary care hospital. In the analysis, identified patients on admission were diagnosed with or produced Hyponatremia within 72 hours—a lower ejection fraction than those with usual amounts of sodium. The research aimed to evaluate the prognosis significance of Hyponatremia for the estimation of early death in acute ST-elevated myocardial infarction. One hundred straight patients admitted in the Coronary Centre Tertiary Care Facility with severe ST- elevated myocardial infarction were studied. The data of the study on various risk factors in association with the development of Hyponatremia like as age, sex, use of tobacco, diabetes, hypertension, ejection fraction etc. were analyzed. Thus, the researchers reported that in patients diagnosed with severe ST section escalation, Hyponatremia showed the initial emergence of hyponatremia myocardial infarctions. This condition correlates with the severity of LV dysfunction (in term of LVEF) and can be considered as an individual early death indicator as well as a prediction exacerbates with hyponatremia frequency. --- ## Antibacterial activity of several Indonesian plant extracts and combination of antibiotics with Syzygium malaccense extract as the most active substance **Authors:** Yuniarni U, Sukandar E Y, Fidrianny I **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2456 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial, Antibiotics, Combination, Syzygium malaccense Natural products have an important role in the development of drugs, especially as an antibacterial. Some plant extracts in Indonesia such as Syzygium (Myrtaceae) and Graptophyllum (Acanthaceae) have been used empirically for the treatment of non-infectious diseases, and are also for management infections such as throat, mouth and vaginal infections, dysentery and diarrhea. The objectives of this study are to investigate antibacterial activity of 11 extracts from ten plants which were used in traditional medicine in Indonesia to treat infection disease and to evaluate interaction between potential antibacterial extract and antibiotics. Antibacterial activity and combination extract with antibiotics were evaluated using agar diffusion method on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among the ten plants, Syzygium malaccense leaves extract, and Nephelium lappaceum peel and leaves extracts showed significant antibacterial activity. They have antibacterial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative. S. malaccense extract had better antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa compared to the other tested bacteria and provided better activity compared to N. lappaceum leaves extract. Phytochemical screening showed that S. malaccense leaves extract contained flavonoid, tannin, quinone, phenol and triterpenoid/steroid. The combination of S. malaccense extract with antibiotics showed that the usage of S. malaccense extract together with ciprofloxacin gave antagonistic result. --- ## The Positive Impact of Pharmacist Interventions Using Educational Video Technology on Patient Knowledge of and Satisfaction with Warfarin Therapy **Authors:** Sireen A. R. Shilbayeh, Abrar F. Al-Qarni, Malak M. Al-Turki, Meshael N. Al-Nuwisser, Ohud A. Al-Nuwaysir, Wejdan F. Al-Muhraj, Miteb A. Alanazi **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2351 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Audio-visual, Oral anticoagulant, Patient education, Satisfaction, Video, Knowledge, Warfarin To assess the positive impact of pharmacist interventions via an educational video on patients’ knowledge of and satisfaction with warfarin therapy . This study used a prospective pre-test/post-test design that enrolled 91 patients from an anticoagulant clinic at King Khaled University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. All patients completed the Anticoagulation Knowledge Assessment (AKA) and Anti-Clot Treatment Satisfaction (ACTS) scales. Afterwards, the patients watched a 10-minute educational video containing basic information about warfarin and were given relevant informative booklets. The patients were reassessed after a mean follow-up period of approximately 52 days. In total, 85 patients completed the study. The impact of the intervention on patient knowledge was highly significant (mean difference=17.7%, 95% CI = 21.75-13.58, P<0.000). Additionally, the patients had significant increases in their ACTS benefits subscale scores (mean difference=0.73, 95% CI = 1.22-0.24, P=0.004). However, there was no significant effect on the patients’ perceptions of the burden of warfarin. This study demonstrated that a pharmacist-led audiovisual intervention via an educational video coupled with an informational booklet effectively improved patients’ retained knowledge of and satisfaction with the benefits of warfarin therapy. --- ## Deciphering the Effect of Hydro-alcoholic extract of Cymodocea serrulata on the Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis **Authors:** Kalpana C S, Kalaivani P, Vanitha V **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2448 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hepatocarcinoma, Cymodoceae serrulata, HepG2 cell, Propium iodide, Cell cycle, Hydroethanol extract, Annexin V, Apoptosis Liver cancer is the most common cancer both in men and women. Hepato carcinoma is caused due to chemicals, food and also by even some drugs. Many therapies and therapeutic agents show side effects of liver cancer. A natural medicine Cymodoceae serrulata, seagrass under Cymodoceaceae family, found in the subtidal region may prove a source of benefit to avoid such side effects. Hydro ethanol extract of Cymodoceae serrulata shows high antioxidant and pharmacological activities, which may be used for the treatment of liver cancer. The earlier stage of Apoptosis can be identified by the nuclear changes such as DNA fragmentation. Propidium iodide can determine the proportion of cell cycle analysis—Annexin V conjugated to fluorochromes, including FITC. When the HepG2 test sample treated with the drug Cymodoceae serrulata, viable cell growth is significantly reduced compared to the standard camptothecin, which is an antitumor agent. Percentage of viable cell count declined significantly to 5.38%, and the percentage of the late apoptotic cell increased impressively 42.08%. --- ## Pharmacognostic and analytical assessment for Pterolobium hexapetalum (Roth.) Santapau and Wagh. – A dynamic Folklore therapeutic plant **Authors:** Sharmila S, Dhivya S M, Akilandeswari D, Mownika S, Ramya E K **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2467 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pterolobium hexapetalum, standardization, phytochemical, anatomy The aim of the current study was to assess a scrupulous pharmacognostic cram is to enhance the constructive information with regard to its species identification, characterization and standardization of a dynamic folklore therapeutic plant Pterolobium hexapetalum. It is one of the largest scrambling shrubs belonging to the Leguminosae family having significant medicinal properties. The aerial part of the fresh and healthy plant materials was collected from the Maruthamalai hill, Coimbatore District with a strong traditional background. The confined name of the species is “Karuindu” used as medicine in Siddha, Ayurveda and folk medicine for treating various illnesses. The external morphology of study species, the anatomy of leaf and stem, physicochemical examination of plant powder, powder with diverse chemical reagents, fluorescence analysis of therapeutic powder, ash values, mineral studies, heavy metal analysis, extractive values, phytochemical analysis, GC- MS analytical studies were examined with the aim of drafting pharmacopeial principles. The studied plant contains 19 bioactive chemical constituents which confirm the healing domination. The analytical assessment of study species authenticates the presence of various bioactive constituents with a broad range of remedial properties which is used to treat manifold muddle as well it provides a comprehensive insight regarding the phytoconstituents profile which could be browbeaten for the maturity of plant-supported drugs. --- ## Jigsaw method as an effective co-operative learning method to understand biochemistry concepts for First year MBBS students **Authors:** Krishna Veni D V, Neetha Kundoor, Radhakishan N **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2502 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Cooperative learning, Jigsaw technique, MBBS students The jigsaw technique is a method of cooperative learning which makes the students depend and help each other in acquiring knowledge. This technique divides the class into groups to work on small problems with the purpose of collaborating into a final outcome. Jigsaw method is simple, comfortable to adopt and easy to implement. Jigsaw method facilitates active learning without traditional lecturing. It is a peer teaching method as an attempt to shift from a teacher to the learner-centred paradigm. The main aim of the study is to develop cooperative learning by using of Jigsaw technique among the 1 st year medical students for learning concepts of biochemistry. And to determine the effectiveness of the Jigsaw technique by post-assessment of their knowledge of biochemistry. A total of 100 medical students were recruited and their pre-knowledge on the concepts of biochemistry was assessed. The students were trained by using the Jigsaw technique and their post knowledge was assessed. In our present, around 28 students in the pretest scored below 60% marks and only 4 students in the post-test scored below 60%, indicating that there was a remarkable improvement in the scores of these students. And also 85 students scored above 80% marks. Jigsaw technique contribute to a better understanding of the concepts, facilitates active learning, problem solving, improves analytical skills and logical thinking, enhances communication skills among students. --- ## Comparison of Health Outcomes in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis **Authors:** Savitha R S, Libina Thomas, Manjunath S Shetty, Kiran K K **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2379 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetic, End-stage Renal Disease, Health Related Quality of Life, Maintenance hemodialysis, Kidney Disease Quality of Life, Patient education Though several studies have assessed Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and factors affecting HRQoL in maintenance haemodialysis (MHD) patients, there are limited data about health outcomes in diabetic and non-diabetic patients on MHD in Indian setup. The study aimed to compare Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in diabetic and non-diabetic patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis (MHD), to assess the effect of patient education on HRQoL, and factors affecting HRQoL in diabetic and non-diabetic patients undergoing MHD. This eight month prospective interventional study on ambulatory haemodialysis patients assessed HRQoL using the kidney disease quality of life (KDQoLTM-36) questionnaire at baseline, 3 months and 6 months. Comprehensive patient education was provided to patients during study period. Patient responses to questionnaire were compared between baseline and two follow-ups for all patients and between diabetic and non-diabetic patients.89 patients were enrolled into this study and 69 (30 diabetics and 39 non-diabetics) were followed up. The mean age of the study population was 46 12 years. It was observed non-diabetic patients had better HRQoL than diabetic patients undergoing MHD. An improvement in HRQoL from baseline was observed after providing patient education. Male gender (p=0.032), high school education or lesser (p=0.049), smoking history (p=0.031) and dialysis for < three years (p=0.035) were factors with significant influence on HRQoL. Non-diabetic patients had better HRQoL when compared to diabetic patients undergoing MHD. Patient care focussed on factors contributing to lower HRQoL in patients undergoing MHD may improve health outcomes. --- ## Synthesis And Evaluation Of Herbal Formulation Using Natural Extract **Authors:** Sudha Rameshwari K, Muthu Muneeswari M, Gloria Jemmi Christobel R, Mallika R, Renuka R, Salini R **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2487 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Poly Herbal Formulation, FTIR, Pepper, Nycanthus, Citrus, in vitro studies Our study is intended to prepare and evaluate the polyherbal formulation (PHF) using Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Piper nigrum, and lemon juice. Poly Herbal Formulation F1 and F2 were synthesised and subjected to qualitative, quantitative phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity was measured using a standard protocol. Antimicrobial activity of PHFs was observed by the agar well diffusion method. The anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities (In-vitro) were studied in F1 by using inhibition of albumin denaturation method. TLC and FTIR are done for the structural elucidation in F1. The F1 and F2 exhibited the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, carbohydrates, saponins, Glycosides and proteins. The F1 and F2 show significant activity against the standard in the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The presence of flavonoids and alkaloids may contribute to the anti-microbial activity. The Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity and a metal chelating assay of the F1 possess the highest antioxidant activity of 73.1% and 69% respectively. TLC confirms the presence of flavonoids in F1. FTIR spectrum shows the functional group of amines, alcohols, nitrites, aromatic and aliphatic compounds. These FTIR bands denote stretching and vibrational bands responsible for the compounds like flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols and amino acids. This investigation shows the excellent result in anti- microbial, antioxidant and in-vitro anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities. In future, the PHF of F1 can be used as potent therapeutical agents and can be further exploited for their other beneficial effect in the pharmacological studies. --- ## Effect of Garbhini Ahara-Vihara (Diet & lifestyle in pregnancy) on Garbhastha Sishu (Fetus) and offspring **Authors:** Bharadwaj Pooja, Srivastava Niraj, Kumar Pradeep, Saxena Varsha **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2354 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Garbhini Ahara-Vihara, Garbhastha sishu, Yogasana, Pranayama, Meditation, Yoga mudras, Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) Ayurveda not only focus on preventive and promotional health but also has strong footing in the field of healthy progeny. Garbhini paricharya is essential for safe motherhood and healthy progeny. Garbhini Paricharya refers to antenatal care or prenatal which recommends Ahara (specific dietary regimen) and Vihara (activity for physical, mental and emotional well being). In Ayurveda, Garbhini paricharya is divided in three categories such as Masanumasik Pathya ahara and Vihara (monthly dietary regimen and lifestyle), Garbhasthapak karma (diet and activities for maintenance of pregnancy and better progeny) and avoidance of Garbhopaghatakar Bhavas (diet and activities which are harmful to fetus). Out of many factors which are responsible for overall development of fetus, Garbhini ahara-vihara plays very important role. We always say “you are what you eat” it may also be true that “you are what your mother ate”. Modern medical science also believes that fetal growth is dependent on appropriate diet and life style of pregnant mother. Abnormal diet and life style produce adverse effect on fetus. Organogenesis is that period when important organ of fetus are developing. It is 6-10 wks of intrauterine life. During this period fetus is most at risk from birth defects caused by external factors. Many diseases and fetal development disorders are consider as being related to prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). --- ## Perception of Mothers among Cerebral Palsy Children with Disabilities in Tamil Nadu, India **Authors:** Elanchezhian Chinnavan, Swarna kumari P **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2468 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Perception, Cerebral palsy, Disability, Children, Mothers The purpose of the study is to check the perception of mothers of cerebral palsy children with disabilities in Tamil Nadu. Data, from India, on perceptions about Cerebral palsy disability are scant. This study explored mother’s knowledge, social well-being and awareness of treatment rendered. During the development of the questionnaire, review of the literature has been primarily made; during developing the questionnaire personal and social values were considered. The questionnaire was emerged with 9 themes, Knowledge of disability condition, Parental stress, Community support, Child ability, Mothers Confidence, Improvement, Health status, Benefits & Belief. Data were collected from mothers of both male and female children with cerebral palsy aged between 1 to 18 years. 220 mothers, averaged 33.44 + 6.14 years, of children with CP were randomly selected for this study. Data was collected from mothers attending rehabilitation centers from different institution and special schools in Tamil Nadu. Mothers can hold both a fatalistic view of disability and a belief in the course of disability. The raw data was tabulated and analyzed by using SPSS 17 version software. Cronbach’s Alpha was calculated, the results showed that its Cronbach’s Alpha was extremely good (r=0.96). Our results suggest that there is significance difference with in the mother’s perception towards types of disability in Parental stress, child’s ability, mother’s confidence, improvement, health status, benefits and belief. Mothers should be motivated to maximize rehabilitation services in order to improve their children’s functional capacity. The appreciation of this phenomenon could move towards a model for the delivery of rehabilitation that integrates and harmonizes such beliefs. --- ## Serous effusions: A clinicopathological study **Authors:** Akash Jain, Mahendra Patil, Kanetkar S R **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2453 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pleural, ascetic, pericardial fluids This study is a prospective, observational study done for two years, comprising of 267 cases. Their episodes were while tapping pleural cavity, peritoneal cavity and pericardial sac, pleural, ascitic and pericardial fluids were collected. Majority of the samples received were from our hospital (98%) while 2% (5 samples) were obtained from outside. The male cases (55%) outnumbered the females (45%). And, a maximum number of instances in quinquagenarian among males and sexagenarian among females. In peritoneal fluids, females (29/30) outnumbered males. Fifty-nine (22%) samples showed the presence of clot with the majority being in pleural fluid (35/59). Few of the cases of TB showed neutrophilic (10%) or eosinophilic (2.5%) exudate instead of lymphocytic effusion. In contrast, a few cases of liver cirrhosis showed exudative effusion instead of transudative because of bacterial peritonitis. Majority cases were exudates (58.2%) excluding the peritoneal fluids, out of 71 cases of known malignancy. Out of these, 50% of the malignant effusions were non hemorrhagic. Common microorganisms were gram-negative bacilli and gram positive cocci. There were three unusual cases in this study, viz: Eosinophilic effusion, Parasite (Ascaris) in pleural fluid and an example of a second malignancy. If the effusion is suspected for malignancy, the fluid typing of exudate or transudate may be done. Also, wet mount preparation for abnormal cells may be done before Examination of fixed smears for cancerous cells, as we did not find any transudate fluid positive for malignancy. Diagnostic effusion tapping, followed by immediate processing of fluid in a laboratory may improve cytological outcome. Malignant effusions may not be hemorrhagic in appearance. Rarely effusion may be the first manifestation of malignancy. --- ## A comparative study to assess the level of knowledge on human milk bank among antenatal mothers at selected urban and rural areas **Authors:** Padmapriya D, Snega R **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2492 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antenatal mothers, Human milk bank, knowledge The present aim was to assess the current level of knowledge on human milk bank among antenatal mothers in both rural and urban areas. A quantitative approach with comparative research design was used for the present study.60 antenatal mothers among which in an urban group (n=30) and rural group (n=30) were selected by using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. Self structured questionnaire method was used to collect both the demographic data and the existing level of knowledge on human milk bank among antenatal mothers. Among 60 study participants, the mean score of the existing level of knowledge among antenatal mothers in the rural area was 9.57 with standard deviation 3.25 and the mean score of the existing level of knowledge in the urban area was 6.60 with standard deviation 2.79. The mean knowledge difference score was 2.97. The comparison of the existing level of knowledge score on human milk bank was calculated using unpaired ’t’ test, the value of t = 3.785 was found to be statistically highly significant at p<0.001 level. The study concluded that there is a significant difference in the existing level of knowledge on human milk bank among antenatal mothers between the rural and urban area. --- ## Role of serum osmolarity as an indicator for neurological morbidity in children with acute central nervous illness **Authors:** Linda Xavier **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2405 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Serum sodium, Urine osmolality, Acute CNS infection, Traumatic Brain Injury Acute CNS illness comprising of Acute CNS infections along with Traumatic head Injury is an important cause for significant morbidity and mortality in Pediatric Intensive Care units across the world. Osmolar changes in the blood correlate well with CNS status. Acute BM is still a meaningful, host-pathogen interaction responsible for bacterial invasion of the CNS Osmolality in children with CNS illness is a good indicator of assessing neurological Morbidity and Mortality. A complex neuroendocrine system is involved in the maintenance of sodium and water homeostasis. Bacterial Meningitis (BM) is an acute purulent infection of the meninges. It is the most common bacterial infection of the CNS & it’s the medical emergency that still has high mortality and morbidity. Blood-Brain Barrier is relatively impermeable to sodium, but water crosses freely. Variety of result in sodium dysregulation such as Traumatic Brain Injury, pyogenic meningitis, viral encephalitis, which is associated with significant Mortality and Morbidity. The objective of our study is to determine the incidence and outcome of Serum Osmolar change in children presenting with acute neurological illness. A prospective observational study was carried out between Jan 6th 2020-March 6th 2020 enrolling children between ages of 1 month to 15 years, admitted to the PICU of SMCH with Acute onset neurological illness. Among 40 children, 20 children with hyponatremia have 50% of neurological deficit, Children with hypernatremia 50% had Neurological deficit, which is not statistically significant at P value 0.083. Among the 40 children 40% had low Osmolality, 25% have high Osmolality & 35% had normal range, which is not statistically significant at P value 0.199 --- ## Effectiveness of Coriander Seed Extract in decreasing Blood Glucose level among Diabetic Patients **Authors:** Sheela R, Merlin Shiny Sheeba, Poornima A, Priya A **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2367 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coriander Seed Extract, Capillary Blood Glucose, Insulin Secretion Diabetes Mellitus (DM) belongs to a group of metabolic disorders. It is characterised by Chronic Hyperglycemia and disturbance of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. The cause for this condition arises from a disease in insulin secretion. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) expresses that worldwide 415 million individuals have Diabetes Mellitus. It also predicts that by 2040 this will ascend to 642 billion. The other prediction is that 77% of individuals with Diabetes live in middle and low-income countries. 12% of the worldwide population spend on the treatment of Diabetes. With the escalating medical expenditure in treating Diabetes, a person from middle or low income may find it challenging to meet the expenses. It is an expected tendency for an individual from this category to opt for a more straightforward treatment that suits their pocket. In the recent past, all over the world, people from all walks of life know essential things about natural remedies. A lot of researches are going on in support of using natural products per se. One such study is this – on the Effectiveness of Coriander Seed Extract in decreasing Blood Glucose level among Diabetic Patients. Coriandrum Sativum is a plant that has been utilised in the administration of Diabetes. It is a herbaceous plant originally from the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern locales, having a place in the family Apiaceae. It is known to have antifungal, antibacterial, free radical searching, and lipid peroxidation activities. The study was conducted to assess the level of pretest and posttest blood glucose level. And, also to evaluate the effect of coriander seed extract in the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. An experimental study was chosen to assess the effectiveness of coriander seed extract among diabetic clients. 60 male and female who come under inclusion criteria were selected by purposive sampling technique. Data was collected by using a socio-demographic variable, and random blood glucose was assessed by CBG machine. --- ## Maranta arundinacea root assisted zinc oxide nanoparticles and its characterisation using TEM and UV-vis spectroscopy **Authors:** Nivedhita G, Rajeshkumar S, Anitha Roy, Nagalingam M, T Lakshmi **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2387 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Arrow root, ZnO nanoparticles, Characterisation, TEM Arrow root is a tropical root crop cultivated for its starchy rhizomes that have carbohydrate contents. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have emerged a promising potential in biomedicine, especially in the fields of anticancer, wound healing, free radical scavenging and antimicrobial including antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral research fields, which might be worried with their potent ability to trigger extra reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, launch zinc ions, and induce mobile apoptosis. 1 gram of Arrow root powder extract was mixed with 100 mL of water and filtered for nanoparticles synthesis. The zinc sulphate was used as a precursor for the zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis and 30 mM was used. 50 mL of freshly prepared root extract and zinc sulphate solution was added together for the synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles, which was then dried and characterised using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and during reaction it was characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy method. A spherical shaped nanoparticle with plant extract in the background was observed. The peak at 300 nm confirm the nanoparticles synthesis using root extract. Based on our results we confirmed the capability of arrow root for the zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis and it will be used for the various biomedical application in future. --- ## Evidence Based Herbal Medicine for Modern Dentistry **Authors:** Chinmayee Dahihandekar, Sweta Kale Pisulkar, Rohit Mistry, Hetal Purohit **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2431 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Herbal medicine, herbs, dentistry, toxicity Ayurveda is a branch of medicine pertaining with the treatment modalities utilizing the natural ways. Traditional medicine has several benefits including being economically beneficial and having lesser toxic effects also proven to be a permanent cure when compared with its allopathic counterparts. The benefits of several such naturally occurring medicines is still not clear. They are used as anti-inflammatory agent, antifungal agent and can also be used as antioxidants and analgesics. Introducing Herbal Medicine into Dentistry will be beneficial in several aspects like relieving pain, inflammation, being cost effective and readily available etc. Apart from all the uses, the belief that ‘The herbal medicine is devoid of side effects is not true. Despite of all these advantages of traditional medicines, the amount of their usage is comparatively less owing to the lack of its awareness. Hence the objective of the article is to mention the uses and toxicities of most commonly used herbs and their usage in dentistry. --- ## Effect of Tagetes erecta flower and leaf extract gel on oxidative stress and antioxidant levels in oral ulcer condition **Authors:** Lakshana S., Vijayalakshmi S., Dinakar J., Asok Kumar K. **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2391 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant, Oxidative stress, Tagetes erecta, Oral ulcer An oral ulcer is described by repeated or painful oral aphthae, in which oxidative stress apparently leads to its pathogenesis. The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the effects of fresh leaves and flowers of Tagetes erecta gel on oxidative stress and antioxidant levels on oral ulcer models in albino Wistar rats. The oral ulcer was induced by incision wound model and then treated with the Tagetes erecta flower and leaf extract gel for 7 days. The antioxidant activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), the levels of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in rat buccal mucosal tissues. The antiulcer effects of Tagetes erecta leaf and flower extracts (2.5% and 5%) gel were intercompared with the standard drug, Triamcinolone. Ulcer induced rats exhibited elevated levels of MDA and reduced activity of SOD, GSH and CAT when compared to the control rats. The non-equilibrium levels of antioxidant were observed in rat mucosal tissues indicate that body’s antioxidant status was depleted with an oral ulcer. Tagetes erecta leaf and flower gel (5%) has been found to have higher significant antioxidant activity compared with ulcer induced rats by reducing the levels of MDA and by increasing the activities of SOD, GSH and CAT in response to oxidative stress due to induction of oral ulcers in a rat model. The findings thus justify the traditional use of Tagetes erecta to heal oral ulcer by increasing the antioxidant status and decreasing the free radical production. --- ## Evaluation of prescribing pattern at basic health care facilities of Islamabad Pakistan **Authors:** Nabeel Siddique, Azhar Hussain, Madeeha Malik **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2421 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Prescribing pattern, Basic health facilities, INRUD prescribing indicators Failure to adopt the rational pattern of prescribing and dispensing by health professionals represents a significant risk to the safety of patient and lead to pharmaceuticals wastage. This study was designed to evaluate the prescribing and dispensing pattern at the selected basic healthcare facilities of Islamabad Pakistan. World Health Organization with collaboration to International Network for the Rational Use of Drugs has provided the core indicators to configure and examine the prescribing patterns. The study was conducted in 2018, using these indicators following the study sites, fourteen Basic Health Units, three Rural Health Centres and three local dispensaries located in Islamabad (Pakistan) were randomly visited and that accounts overall 600 prescribing episodes collected retrospectively. The results of this study highlighted that the average number of drugs prescribed was 2.751. Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic was 41.15%. Percentage of steroids, injections and antibiotics were 7.68%, 16.05% and 48.6%. The drugs prescribed from Essential Drug List were 75.08%. Average consultation time was 2.699 minutes. The average dispensing time was 1.479 minutes. We concluded that high number of average drugs per prescription, over prescription of antibiotics, low generic prescribing, less average consultation and dispensing time found in healthcare facilities. --- ## Effectiveness of self help strategies (shs) for pcos on biochemical parameters among young adult girls **Authors:** Tamilselvi S, Nalini S J **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2400 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Polycystic ovary syndrome, Endocrine disorders, Infertility, Luteinizing hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Free Testosterone Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with the predominance of 5 to 7% among youthful grown-up is a main source of infertility and endocrine issue. Metabolic clutters, for example, increased levels of LH and FSH in these young ladies was normal and impacts soundness of the youthful grown-up with PCOS in long-term. Treatment of female infertility and other entanglements needs to have direct hormones and get exogenous hormone. In this investigation, levels of Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone among young adults with PCOS were measured. The consequence of this investigation demonstrated that LH, FSH and Free testosterone hormone levels were altogether extraordinary in this disorder. The adjustments in the hormones show an intense effect on the character of the young people. It is a time of existence with explicit wellbeing and formative needs and rights to create information and aptitudes figure out how to oversee feelings and connections, and secure properties and capacities that will be significant for getting a charge out of the immature years and expecting adult roles. To identify the effectiveness of self help strategies in reducing PCOS symptoms. --- ## Study of High sensitive C - reactive protein and Gamma-glutamyl transferase in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Hypertension **Authors:** Ramya S, Sureka Varalakshmi V, Uma Maheswari K, Chandan Bala R **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2494 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** T2DM, HYPERTENSION, Hs CRP, GGT.CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS C-reactive protein (CRP), produced by the hepatocytes is a primary inflammatory marker of T2DM. Higher levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase enzyme (GGT) and Hs CRP (High sensitive CRP)are associated with the complication of poor glycemic control. This study was aimed to find the association of Hs CRP and GGT for cardiovascular risk factors in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Hypertension in the suburbs of Chennai. This study includes 57 subjects with T2DM and Hypertension (Group A) and 62 subjects with T2DM (Group B) within the age group of 40-60 years. FBS, HbA1C, Hs CRP, GGT and blood pressure were determined. Mean values of FBS, blood HbA1C, Hs CRP and GGT were significantly higher among participants of Group A than Group B. Significant difference of FBS, HbA1C were found between the two groups. In contrast, no significant difference of GGT was found between the Differences were considered statistically significant at two-sided P < 0.05. Within the group, Hs CRP shows the significance and positive correlation with FBS, SBP and DBP. Still, GGT does not show any significance in Group A. In contrast, in Group B, both Hs CRP and GGT shows the importance and positive correlation with FBS and HbA1C. It is concluded that high levels of HsCRP are associated with T2DM and Hypertension, indicating increased cardiovascular risk, and it should be included in regular monitoring of type-2 diabetic patients. --- ## Evidence Based Support to Assess the Role of Miasm and Establish the Curative Efficacy of Homoeopathic Antimiasmatic Similimum Medicines in the Cases of Hyperlipidaemia-A Case Study **Authors:** Bhavita Malvi, Prasanth .R. Krishnan **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2455 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Hyperlipidaemia, Disorder, Miasmand, Case study Hyperlipidaemia is ametabolic disorder and its prevalence worldwide is a biggest health issue in 21st century. This is more due to the life style in current era. Hyperlipidaemia is disorder with a fundamental cause that Hahnemann has mentioned as miasm. There is high prevalence of hyperlipidaemia in urban slum population in North India. According to prodigy guidance for hyperlipidaemia in UK shows there is high chance of hyperlipidaemia in diabetics and prevalence ratio is 10.3% and prevalence of hyperlipidaemia based on BMI study is more in female than in males. Appreciable prevalence of obesity, hyperlipidaemia, substantial increase in body fat (generalized and regional obesity) in middle age particularly in female need immediate attention in terms of prevalence of this disorder. Hyperlipidaemia and its prevalence worldwide is biggest health issue in 21st century. This is the metabolic disorder which is more due to life style in current era. Hyperlipidaemia is a disease syndrome with multiple causative factors that includes genetic, lifestyle and stress. In today’s world most deaths are attributed to non-communicable diseases and over half of these are the result of cardiovascular diseases, heart disease and stroke are the first and second cause of death in developed countries. WHO has drawn attention to the fact that coronary heart disease is our modern epidemic. Here we want to give deep insight to the cases of hyperlipidaemia and want to emphasize more over miasmaticdyscrasia, which is a crucial part of homoeopathic treatment and helps in permanent restoration of health and prevent the complications like coronary heart disease, cardiovascular accident, uncontrolled hypertension, aortic stenosis, stricture, etc. --- ## Method development and validation of Ifetroban by RP-UPLC **Authors:** Bharani Pandilla, Chitra K, Nalini C N, Ashok P, Vadivelan R **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2429 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ifetroban, UPLC, Method development, Validation The purpose of this work is to develop and validate reverse phase Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method for the rapid and precise determination of ifetroban sodium in its pure form and in formulations. A simple, specific, accurate, precise isocratic UPLC method for analysis of Ifetroban sodium was developed and validated using a Phenomenex C18 column (50 mm x 3.0 mm, 3µ) as the stationary phase, in conjunction using Triethyl amine buffer: methanol in the proportion of 25:75 with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, run time is 3 min and UV detector is used at 235 nm wavelength. The developed UPLC technique was found to be rapid as the retention time was 0.56 minutes for Ifetroban peak to elute. The developed UPLC technique was validated as per the ICH guidelines for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and found to be satisfactory. Linearity was established in the concentration range 100-300 µg/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.998 and the equation obtained is y = 0.635x + 0.639. The percentage recovery is 100.41. The method is rugged and is trouble free and transferable. The study showed that the developed UPLC technique can be used for the estimation of drug purity, stability, solubility and with no interference of pharmaceutical excipients from the active pharmaceutical ingredient. The precision, accuracy, robustness results obtained enables rapid quantification of ifetroban for quantitative analysis. --- ## Perimeter of The Tricuspid Valve: A Cadaveric Human Heart Study **Authors:** Kirti Chaudhary, Amey Dhatrak, Brij Raj Singh, Ujwal Gajbe **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2481 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** RV, TR, LV, Right Ventricle, Tricuspid Valve, Tricuspid Regurgitation Historically, the research on the right ventricle (RV) has been neglected by his left equivalent because of the complexity of left ventricle (LV) dysfunction. Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) can be classified as linked to primary valve disease or functional in nature, but most are functional. Although it was historically assumed that such functional Tricuspid regurgitation, i.e. arising from left- sided disease, and it can be resolved after corrective surgery, but after successful surgery, on the aortic or mitral valve annular dilatation, the Tricuspid regurgitation and right ventricular dysfunction may persist.To study the circumference of tricuspid orifice and it’s the diameter in two perpendicular planes and its comparison among the male and female population. The material for the present study comprised of 50 formalin fixed human hearts (35 males and 15 females) which were obtained from the department of anatomy. In this study, it is observed that: The mean value of circumference of a tricuspid orifice is 11.01+/-0.63 cm. The diameter of tricuspid orifice along the frontal dimension is 3.06+/-0.38 cm, and the diameter along the sagittal dimension is 2.26+/-0.23 cm. The measurements of the circumference of tricuspid orifice reported for males and females in western countries were higher than the present study and the diameter along the frontal dimension is greater than the diameter along the sagittal dimension. The tricuspid valve diameter along the frontal dimension was more than the diameter along the sagittal dimension in both males and females. --- ## Pregabalin As A Premedicant To Attenuate Pressor Response In Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study **Authors:** Sweety Agrawal, Pratibha Deshmukh, Shubhada Bhagat, Amol Singham **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2480 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** pregabalin, hemodynamic pressor response, laproscopic cholecystectomy The present study was done to evaluate the ability of oral pregabalin to attenuate the pressor response to airway instrumentation in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. Sixty-four adult patients aged between 25-55 year of either gender belonging to ASA-1 or ASA- 2 physical status weighing 50-70 kg were enrolled in this study. Thirty-two patients each were randomized to group A, or group B. Patients in group A received tablet Pregabalin (150mg) and those in group B received placebo orally one hour before induction of anaesthesia. Heart rate, blood pressure, and sedation were assessed preoperatively before giving the tablets and after 30 minutes, and just before induction of anaesthesia. Intraoperative, pulse rate, mean arterial pressure, ECG in the lead II, SPO2 and ETCO2 were monitored. All the above parameters were noted during laryngoscopy and intubation, 3 minutes after CO2 insufflation, and then at every 10-minute interval till the end of surgery. The Ramsay sedation scale was used to assess the sedation at the baseline, one hour after drug intake, one hour after extubation and 4 hour after surgery. The result of our study shows that pre-emptive administration of oral pregabalin 150 mg significantly reduced the pressor response at the time of laryngoscopy and intubation, after CO2 insufflation and just after extubation. We conclude that oral pregabalin premedication is effective in successful attenuation of hemodynamic pressor response to laryngoscopy, intubation and pneumoperitoneum in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. --- ## Polysaccharide-Based Controlled Release Systems for Antipsychotic Therapeutics Delivery **Authors:** Pranati Srivastava, Pushpendra Kumar Tripathi **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2501 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biopolymer, Pectin, Micro encapsulation, Antipsychotic drug, Drug release, Drug delivery system Researches in pharmaceutical fields are now focusing on biopolymer-based drug delivery systems for treatment of mild to severe diseases. Amongst all biopolymers, pectin is one of the frequently available and eco-friendly bio-polymer extracted from different fruit peels and abundantly available in nature. This study focuses to extract the pectin from two different fruits using different methods namely hot water-based extraction and cold maceration, involving two different fruit peels. Post extraction and isolation of polymer, study was performed for characterization of pectin powder by particle shape, particle size distribution, surface area angle of repose, flowability and tapped density. The obtained pectin was used for anti-psychotic drug delivery when incorporated into microspheres by solvent evaporation method. It’s surface morphology and release kinetics was analyzed using in vitro methods and in vivo models and kinetics of drug release (goodness of fit) was assessed. The result revealed that the pectin extracted from mango peel using soxhlation method showed good flow rate, minimum particle size and shape distribution, porosity etc. Moreover, it showed the better drug release data in both invitro and in-vivo analysis. The study concludes that in future the natural biopolymer like pectin stands as a potential candidate for formulation of drug release system for efficient delivery of drug. --- ## Assessment Of Cardiovascular Risk In Patients Attending Hospital For The Treatment Of Other Disorders **Authors:** Praveen Kumar T, Shaik Sabiya, Prashanthi P, Chinna Eswaraiah M **Published:** 2020-07-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2363 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cardiovascular risk, Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, lipid profile, Obesity Main objective our work was to assess the cardiovascular risk in patients attending hospital with other diseases and to determine the effect of each risk factor on CVD risk. The study was a prospective observational study conducted for a period of 6 months from June 2019 to Nov 2019 in tertiary care hospitals in Khammam region. 200 subjects were selected as per inclusion criteria. CVD risk was assessed using Framingham scale and ASCVD scores. Among all the participants in the study, 102 were males and 98 were females. Abnormal HTN, RBS, FBS, PPBS, total cholesterol and Low Density Lipoproteins were found more in male subjects than female subjects. Males of age group 51 to 60 and females of age group 41 to 50 were found to be more susceptible to CVD risk. Our study showed that the age, physical inactivity, dietary habits, obesity, smoking, alcohol, dyslipidemia, Hypertension and Diabetes had direct effect on cardiovascular risk. --- ## Management of Hemato-oncology children during covid-19 crisis **Authors:** Ranjit Kumar C S, Reghu K Sukumaran, Anil Aribandi, Ashok Kumar K, Arun Kumar Lingutla, Krishnamani K V **Published:** 2020-07-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2728 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Haemato-oncology, Children, Chemotherapy, Radiation, Bone marrow transplantation The Coronavirus (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2). The COVID-19 pandemic has had a catastrophic effect on global health. About 2% of confirmed cases of COVID-19 were among children aged<18yrs old. Children, teens and young adults are at higher risk for severe complication and presentation with multisystem inflammatory disease. Management of children with COVID infection is not yet standardized. However, cancer children are at potential risk due to immunocompromised status and their management is unknown. The immunocompromised children are at risk of severe infection, and they have a high mortality rate. Here in this article, we are describing when to suspect COVID infection, how to manage newly diagnosed cancer children and existing patient including bone marrow transplantation and immunosuppression therapy and also blood transfusion policy during COVID pandemic time. --- ## Role of Vasavaleha in the management of Covid19 **Authors:** Aamir Khan, Rajni K. Gurmule **Published:** 2020-06-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2710 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Prevention, Rajyakshma, Respiratory diseases Vasavaleha is one of the best medicine given for respiratory diseases. Corona viruses typically affect the respiratory system, causing symptoms such as coughing, fever and shortness of breath. It also affects host immune system of human body. Spreading rate of this disease is very high. Whole world is seeking for the treatment which can uproots this diseases. There in no vaccine available till date against this pandemic disease. Ayurveda mainly focuses on prevention of diseases alongwith its total cure. Rajyakshma Vyadhi is MadhyamMarga Roga as per Ayurveda. It shows many symptoms such as Kasa, Shwasa etc. By overall view of Covid 19, shows its resemblance with Rajyakshma Vyadhi described in Ayurveda. Vasavaleha is a Kalpa which is described in Rogadhikara of Rajyakshma. It shows Kasahara, Shwashara properties. It consists of Vasa, Pipalli, Madhu and Goghrita. These components shows actions like bronchodilation, antitussive effect and many more other actions. Pipalli shows important Rasayana effect. So in present review, we have tried to focus on role of Vasavaleha in the management of Covid 19. This can be used as preventive as well as adjuvant medication in treating Covid 19. There is need of further clinical research to rule of exact action of Vasavaleha against Covid 19. --- ## Recent Updates Published About Favipiravir in COVID-19 **Authors:** Elham Alshammari **Published:** 2020-06-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2373 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Anti-SARS-CoV-2 treatment, Antiviral, Coronavirus, COVID-19, Favipiravir Due to its high transmission potential, COVID-19 disease has turned out to be a worldwide public health threat. As of May 2020, over 5M infections and 300,000 deaths had been reported globally. At the moment, there is limited research evidence from RCTs recommending certain drugs for the treatment of suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients. However, a number of studies have proposed numerous antiviral agents as a potential treatment option based on experiments done on animal models infected with other viral diseases. One such drug is favipiravir. The purpose of this review, therefore, was to examine recent updates about favipiravir and its likely role in the treatment of coronavirus disease. As has been previously reported in literature, favipiravir acts as a broad-spectrum medication that prevents the multiplication of flavivirus, filovirus, poliovirus, arenaviruses, and rhinovirus. The drug has recently been reported in some studies as useful in shortening the time of clinical recovery for COVID-19 patients. The study guaranteeing the usefulness of favipiravir in the treatment of the virus has since been withdrawn temporarily. The analysis in the study was largely open-label and non-randomized. Even with its adverse pharmacokinetic profile and the inconclusive data regarding its usefulness in the management of COVID-19, China has authorized the drug as a suitable treatment of COVID-19 patients as of March 2020. Still, favipiravir has been included in a number of ongoing trials, together with other antiviral drugs, such as lopinavir/ ritonavir. --- ## Depression, Anxiety and Stress among the general population in the time of COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study protocol **Authors:** Shilpa Gaidhane, Nazli Khatib, Quazi Syed Zahiruddin, Abhay Gaidhane, Shital Telrandhe, Parth Godhiwal **Published:** 2020-06-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2726 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID 19 pandemic, Depression, Anxiety and Stress, General population The incidence of Depression, Anxiety and stress among the general population is steadily increasing due to outbreak of COVID-19 across the globe. Beyond the risks of COVID-19, concerns have been expressed to have mental effect on the general population due to COVID-19 lock down. The emotional impact is more among individuals with pre-existing medical diseases like hypertension, Coronary Artery Disease, Diabetes (DM) and psychiatric illness. The lockdown results in health anxiety, this can manifest as maladaptive behaviours (repeated medical consultations, avoiding health care even if genuinely ill, hoarding particular items); at a broader societal level, it can lead to mistrust of public authorities and scapegoating of particular populations or groups. There are very few data from India studying mental impact of lockdown due to COVID 19 among general population. In our study, we will assess DAS among rural population who are accompanying the Non-COVID 19 patients at a tertiary care rural hospital of central India in the era of lock down. --- ## Role of Rasayana ( Kutipraveshik Rasayana and Achar Rasayana) in the Prevention of Covid 19 Like New Diseases **Authors:** Anupam Amar Jilte, Mayuri Amol Deshpande **Published:** 2020-06-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2713 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Rasayanachikista, acharrasayana, kutipraveshik, shodhan, Ayurved In the wake of the Covid 19 outbreak, entire mankind across the globe is suffering. Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a new virus. Ayurveda, being the science of life, propagates the gift of nature in maintaining healthy and happy living. Ayurveda scripts also talk about a similar treatment form, more rightly called the Rejuvenation and Revitalization Therapy. In Ayurveda this COVID-19 like newly originated diseases which affect person and spread faster over across the world which is correlated with Janopadhudhwansa. Method of consuming Rasayana by entering into an isolated and specially constructed cabin and staying there in until the completion of therapy. Achara Rasayana is a code of conduct, which includes the maintaining living standard based on honesty, trust, faith, love and truth. This is further helps in fighting against various newly originated diseases like COVID-19. --- ## COVID-19 and the aching world **Authors:** Harvindarsing Bawari, Jagruti N. Chaple **Published:** 2020-06-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2709 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, Humanity, Lockdown, Social distancing, War God gave life for a living, but due to our unrealistic expectations of achieving name, fame, pleasure, royalty, money and living according to a system which we ourself created for our convenience and today, we ourself got abided by it. Today the whole world is suffering from an unbearable outbreak of nature in the form of COVID-19 where the world is facing the truth of life by experiencing uncontrolled death helplessly. Where all our weapons, machinery, intellectual, power, money is meaningless in front of this pandemic. The whole world is trying to combat the situation, which is very threatening. It is vital to follow all guidelines of WHO maintaining social distancing, and the use of a mask. But many countries in this situation are also facing terrorism—fake news. The situation is more critical for the poor people in this lockdown Because they are forced to live far away from their family for a long time as all economic activities are stopped. Poor people are thinking that before dying by a coronavirus, they would die of hunger. So nations have a big challenge that they have to save people from coronavirus but also the economic backwardness that has been created by this lockdown. --- ## Preventive measures for COVID 19 through Dincharya and Rutucharya mentioned in Ayurvedic Text **Authors:** Mayuri Amol Deshpande, Amol Madhav Deshpande **Published:** 2020-06-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2705 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Covid 19, Dincharya, Rutucharya In recent two decades, SARS, MERS and Covid 19 are the most infectious diseases spread all over the world, and are spread through the same virus called a Coronavirus with different features. Mostly this virus affects the respiratory system and has symptoms like high-grade fever, cough, headache, respiratory distress. It is affecting not only on the health level but also at the psychological and economic levels. Infectious diseases like these can be easily prevented by following some rules in our daily routine. The preventive measures given by the world health organisation (WHO) to avoid this infection are washing hands frequently, using masks, maintaining social distancing. All these preventive methods are already depicted in Ayurveda texts. Pursuing the Dincharya (daily routine) and Rutucharya (seasonal routine), mentioned in the Samhita is the best way to avoid the diseases caused by any changes experienced in the environment, also by following these rules disease can be prevented. Dincharya is the procedures which should be followed in day to day life, but Rutucharya is about the procedures which should be followed by the person as per the season. As per Ayurveda regular use of these rules and regulation helps to maintain the balance of Dosha (an essential constituent) by which diseases can be prevented. So this study is about the methods which will be helpful to avoid Corona infection by following the simple daily routine and seasonal routine. --- ## Janapadadhwamsa and Covid-19—A Systematic Review and Practical Applicability of Trisutra Ayurveda in Samhita **Authors:** Preeti Sujit Borkar **Published:** 2020-06-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2723 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, COVID-19, Coronavirus, Janapadadhwamsajvyadhi, Trisutra COVID – 19 is an infectious disease drawing everyone's attention globally for public health concern. It is likely zoonotic in origin, and now its person to person spread has made it fatal. Extensive measures have been taken to control this pandemic. As treatment of COVID -19 modern medicine system, is working on trial and error basis but no specific line of treatment/vaccine has been found till date. Ayurveda is a science of life and its basic concepts were evolved during the Vedic period. These concepts were crystallized, refined and advanced further in Samhita’s. The law of uniformity of nature was established by our Acharya’s, which helped in applying the physical laws to the biological field. The entire nature was their laboratory, and their keen observation and divine vision worked as their instruments to arrive at scientific truths. Disease-free condition is the best sources of virtue, wealth, gratification and emancipation while diseases are destroyers of all these sources, welfare and life itself. Samhita's are the most popular texts of ancient essence, and very few are available in complete form. At present, Samhita's are the only representative work of ancient period providing rational guidance and authoritative support to Ayurveda physicians, research scholars and students. Studying the texts of these primary source material is essential for understanding the physical, mental and spiritual wellness of every individual of the universe. In Ayurveda, epidemics are described as Janapadadhwamsajvyadhi. So everyone is enthusiastically expecting Ayurveda for better results. Its hetu (causes), Lakshana (signs and symptoms) and chikitsa (probable treatment) have been discussed here which can be considered in future as the strategies to avoid such pandemics. These guidelines may act as preventive, protective and curative for the entire community in winning the fear of coronavirus disease. --- ## Effect of Covid-19 lockdown in trauma cases of Rural India **Authors:** Antariksh Waghmare, Sandeep Shrivastava, Swapnil Date **Published:** 2020-06-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2727 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Covid-19, Lockdown, Road traffic accidents Covid-19 has shocked the world and forced almost all the countries to a dumbfounded state. This virus has minimised the movement of humans, showing changes like never seen before. Positive effects have already been seen in nature and wildlife in the form of pollution control. The adverse effects of lockdown are seen as economic collapse. In this study, all the trauma patients coming to Acharya Vinobha Bhave Rural Hospital, Wardha were included irrespective of their age and mode of trauma. Period of two weeks before and two weeks after the initiation of lockdown in India from 23rd march 2020 have been taken into consideration. Both the outpatient and emergency patients were included in our study. We have observed a significant fall on overall trauma cases as expected due to the lockdown. There was a fall in the total number of cases by around three times. Our study showed that the demography of geriatric trauma, which remained almost the same and nearly all of them were old age females. Low-velocity trauma has shown an increase after lockdown from 42% to 64%, while the total numbers of cases are still less as compared to before the lockdown. High-velocity trauma cases have been reduced from 52% to 31% after lockdown, which indicates less road traffic-related injuries. During the lockdown, however, we have seen a significant fall in head neck and face trauma when compared to the upper limb and lower limb trauma. --- ## Positive Aspects of COVID 19 Pandemic: A Blessing in Disguise **Authors:** Anjankar Ashish P, Anjankar Vaibhav P, Anjankar Anil J, Kanyal Lata **Published:** 2020-06-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2371 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID 19, Positive aspects, Air pollution, Road Traffic, Online Education, Community Action, Communication, Heart Attacks, Sanitation, Hygiene COVID 19 is undeniably one of the deadliest diseases that humanity has ever seen. It continues to affect the lives and livelihood of people appallingly across the world. Maximum discussions focus towards the apprehension of catching the infection, dwelling in homes, overpopulated nursing homes and shut down of all kinds. But, here let's discuss the positive side of COVID 19 pandemic. As COVID 19 has spread its influence all over the world, affected countries have either announced lockdown or have implemented severe restrictions in their respective countries. Because of this, everyone dwells in their homes. Thus, exercising social distancing and functioning from home. All of the above is directed at restricting the transmission of coronavirus and expectantly ostracising the fatality from COVID 19. These transformations have also brought about some unanticipated emanations; some good things have come out of the pandemic as well. Positive effects of COVID 19 are seen on reduced road traffic, and road traffic accidents lowered levels of air pollution which has to lead to lowered heart attack rates and rejuvenating environment. Crime rates have fallen, and expenses are reduced in most places. Community action, communication amongst families, behaviour, sanitation, hygiene, online and distance education has positively impacted by COVID 19 pandemic. COVID 19 despite a bane for humans, can be thought of a boon for living beings. The habitats and elements have been purified with the stringent use of petrochemical products. To breathe fresh air and to consume purified water is a boon by itself. Now, it is time for humans to lead a caring life to every bounty bestowed on them by Nature. This thoughtful and considerate life will give hope for a healthy, stress-free life. --- ## COVID-19 Facets: Pandemics, Curse and Humanity **Authors:** Dushyant Bawiskar, Pratik Phansopkar, Ayurva Vilas Gotmare **Published:** 2020-06-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2731 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Infodemic, Hydroxychloroquine, BCG, Pandemic, Psychological Impact We are in the middle of an unprecedented pandemic named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) which is caused by a novel coronavirus. The novelty of the virus and its disease is so new that the entire world is experiencing its consequences on various aspects. The pandemic is still unfolding and creating some new patterns around us. Besides the buzzword, that is, the vaccine is far from our sight. So naturally, we have to look for existing solutions if they can be implemented until the vaccine arrives. From Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) to Bacillus Calmette Guèrin (BCG) all are being used in trials whether they can be pre-vaccine medicine or not. The variable effect on individual sections of the population has to be studied to deliver a targeted response, especially in resource lacking countries. In addition to these medical problems like social distress and quarantine measures which are taking a toll on people's minds, another unwarranted problem of Infodemic has struck us. So, this paper will review the ongoing steps and challenges and how we can efficiently respond to them to conquer this pandemic. --- ## Role of antioxidant herbs and Yoga practices in prevention of infectious diseases with special reference to Covid-19 pandemic **Authors:** Krushna Chaitanya Patnaik, Dhirajsingh Rajput **Published:** 2020-06-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2719 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Anti-oxidant and Rejuvenating herbs, Yoga, Covid-19 Infectious diseases are the disorders caused by pathogenic organisms which are scary because most of us don’t have the sufficient knowledge about them. They are scarier because they can be dangerous and may lead to loss of life. We think about them only if we are health care workers or it happens to ourselves and our close ones. Immunity plays vital role in prevention of etio-pathological mechanism of the formation of diseases. Significant role of free radicals in initiating as well as improving immunity to minimize the diseases is major point of focus behind utilization of Anti-oxidant and rejuvenation therapy. Ayurveda has mentioned similar principles under the heading of Rasayana. Present work is a review based on the previous published articles, recent updates regarding prevention of COVID-19 according to World Health Organization, Ayurveda aspect towards prevention of infectious diseases using antioxidant herbs and yoga practices. There are numerous antioxidant herbs and yoga Asanas but the specific mentioned seems to be more useful in developing immunity. The mentioned ayurvedic herbs may prove more useful in developing immunity. --- ## Assessment of Selfie addiction, and Selfitis among Allied Health Sciences students of a tertiary care hospital in Chennai, Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Siddharth A R, Shiny Chrism Queen Nesan G, Timsi Jain **Published:** 2020-06-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.3095 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Selfitis, Selfie addiction, Time-pass, Mobile cameras, Technology, Selfie syndrome A selfie is a self-portrait photograph typically taken with a camera phone held in hand or supported by a selfie stick. Studies suggest that the level of selfie addiction among youngsters has been increasing over the years. Selfitis is the term that is being widely used to denote selfie addiction. This study aims at assessing the level of selfie addiction and various factors associated with it, and to evaluate the relationship between selfie addiction and addictive selfie habits. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the Allied Health Science students of a tertiary care hospital in Chennai. Two hundred seventy-three students were studied by convenient sampling method. A pre-tested, validated, structured and self-administered questionnaire was given, and the desired information was elicited. Chi-square test was used to test the significance (p <0.05)A total of 287 students were studied, of which 65 (22.6%) were males, and 222 (77.4%) were females. It is observed that age, year of study, the place from which they come, place of stay and father's occupation have a statistically significant relationship with selfie addiction. Most of the selfie addictive behaviours have a female preponderance. A significant portion of the youth is in the early stage of selfie addiction. Hence it is highly essential to spread awareness about the ill effects of selfie addiction among the youngsters to curb this addiction earlier. --- ## Spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the lockdown in the Indian population and preventive measures **Authors:** Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha, Shweta DadaraoParwe **Published:** 2020-06-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2721 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), lockdown, Pandemic, spread Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID -19) is the newly found virus in Indian population spreading all over the world through the seafood market of Wuhan, Hubei, China. Due to the spreading of coronavirus in Indian Government facing difficulty after the lockdown of one month in two phases, the number of patients is increased day by day. This is a very challenging task for the Indian Government, people are not strictly following the guidelines of the World Health Organisation. In India reported 26585 confirmed cases and 833 deaths due to COVID -19 in 31 states and union territories when the first case was found on 30th January 2020. The Government decided immediately to lockdown and closed all international borders, as per the WHO guidelines for a pandemic. The future directions to choose for people can fight with such type of pandemic. The present review emphasis is strictly on the WHO guideline's to prohibit spreading coronavirus in India. There is some gap of awareness in people which enhance spreading coronavirus even during the lockdown. This finding has cause to concern about the spread of coronavirus in this scenario during the lockdown, what farther primary prevention to be taken to avoid such transmission. The lockdown is already having a beneficial impact of flattening the epidemic curve for spreading this transmission and During Lockdown period in each state. Each state having sufficient time for finding COVID -19 Patient, people come in contact with the patient keeps them institutional isolation and declared that area infection hot spot at the district level. --- ## Efficacy of Rasayana Dravya on Covid–19 –A Brief Review **Authors:** Rajlaxmi Suraj Pisey, Sneha Vidhate **Published:** 2020-06-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2720 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Agastya, COVID – 19, Haritaki, Immunobooster, Pippali, Prevalent, Reservoir, SARS- CoV, Scriptures Coronavirus is present everywhere on earth. Humans get the infection of this in late fall, winter and early spring. Horseshoe bat is considered as the repository of CoV. This virus affects the respiratory tract. The disruption may vary. It may be mild, or it may grow fatal. The whole world is baffled over the issue, for, there isn't a specific treatment prescribed in any of the novel systems of medicines. Many types of research are being carried out in all modes of cure. This study aims at immune-booster therapy drugs which can elevate the immunity level in human beings. The drug is in a Rasāyana form with haritaki, pippali and Aagastya as its chief compositions. The Rasāyana can keep any infectious virus or bacteria at bay. If anyone gets infected it can rejuvenate their cells and tissues rapidly thus enhancing their immunity. The Ministry of AYUSH is making a kwath preparation for covid 19 a preventative medicine for coronavirus. It includes some drugs like pippali which act as antipyreti.There are some āyurvedic immunity boosting measures which can be followed daily. It is useful for all age groups. we our is to understand the role of Rasyana dravyas and to find review outcome of Rasayana therapy in COVID – 19. Ayurvedic Scriptures, Scientific journals, Internet websites and published article have been used as materials for the purpose. The Present review was doe baed the heprevilyus published articles. “Rasayana treatment is also an answer to epidemics”. Ayurvedic Rasayana theraisare more effective against covid 19. Eventua,lly āyurveda has come up with an upper handthe as government has approved āyurvedic Rasāyanās for clinical trials to fight against the upsurge of the COVID-19 pandemic. --- ## Utility of Vaccination adopted in India forchildren to fight against COVID-19 **Authors:** Nuzhat Rana, Swapnil Borage **Published:** 2020-06-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2810 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Immunity, Non-specific effects, Respiratory disorders, Vaccines The immune response developed in Indians through the vaccination program may affect the much needed capability to fight for our lives against the war with COVID-19. This study aimed to support the utility of vaccines to fight against various diseases, and to explore why there is a possibility that Indians may have genetic and regional advantages against this pandemic disease. Books like Essential pediatrics by DR.Ghai and various articles, WHO(World Health Organization) website, etc were referred for this review article. Some more information was obtained using keywords such as vaccination in India, immunity, research articles, COVID-19, WHO etc. The result is based on the various studies done regarding the utility of different vaccines on respiratory disorders, non-specific effects of these vaccines in neonates and in elders. It can be concluded that a background of an essential and compulsory vaccination programs in India may have been providing and may provide in the near future, the much needed immunity to tackle and eradicate coronavirus and the need of a thorough research for an authentic basis. --- ## A biography of coronaviruses from IBV to SARS-CoV-2, with their evolutionary paradigms and pharmacological challenges **Authors:** Kholhring Lalchhandama **Published:** 2020-06-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2701 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, infection, epidemic, evolution, SARS-CoV-2 Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a family (Coronaviridae) of viruses that cause respiratory disorders in birds and mammals. They were originally discovered as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) of chickens in the early 20th century. A group of related viruses subsequently discovered from mice and humans led to the collective naming as coronaviruses, as they were all characterized by a solar corona-like ring on their surface, called the spikes. The first known human CoVs were among viruses that cause common cold and considered as modest threats to human health. But the emergence of zoonotic CoVs such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) during every recent past decade resulted in pandemics with loss of human lives. With no vaccine to prevent, and no drug to treat the infections, the miniscule viruses evolve into behemoths of plagues. SARS-CoV-2 with its infection, COVID-19, is particularly rampant and malicious and is bound to cause colossal impacts not only on human health but also on global economy. Understanding of their evolutionary strategies and pathogenic adaptions had given us fair warnings. Yet, the world was ill-prepared. This article highlights the scientific messages that could have mitigated the COVID-19 pandemic, the evolutionary mechanisms in SARS-CoV-2 and related CoVs that bely drug and vaccine development, and above all, the possible epidemics in the future. --- ## The hidden positive effects of COVID-19 pandemic **Authors:** Payal Sudhakar Kamdi, Meena Shamrao Deogade **Published:** 2020-06-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2712 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID 19, Effect, Lockdown, Nature, Pandemic, Positive The Coronavirus disease spread like fire, and millions of cases have been reported worldwide, and thousands have died. So, many countries around the globe ordered lockdown to stop the spread of the Coronavirus, which caused significant economic fallout. But every incident has two aspects, positive and negative. This article aimed to study the positive effects of COVID-19 pandemic on some specific factors and to study this topic, datais collected from various websites, web blogs, newspapers and reports on the internet. This pandemic enforced the cancellation or postponement of multiple events, which leads to a reduction in travelling and subsequently there were fewer vehicles on the road, which leads to a decrease in air and water pollution. Road traffic accidents and crime rate had come down suddenly. Due to lockdown, there was a reduction in transportation and industrial activity which allowed Mother Nature to recharge and replenish. Due to lockdown, people spent quality time with their family, fulfilled their hobbies, learnt many new skills and understood the importance of sanitation, hand hygiene and social distancing. This pandemic is a lesson for us to learn many new things. This crisis revealed that there is a need to improve our healthcare system and clinical researches. Immunity of an individual can play an important role to fight these kinds of viral diseases, and these diseases can be avoided by simply following the basic concepts of the Ayurveda. This lockdown showed the short-term depletion in greenhouse gas emissions, but this is not an option for long-lasting climate change, and we have to think about a sustainable solution to save the environment. --- ## Drugs for Ayurvedic Hand Sanitizer and Nasal Spray and its Method of Preparation **Authors:** Ashiya A S Azim, Dhirajsingh Rajput **Published:** 2020-06-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2718 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurveda hand sanitizer, Covid-19, disinfectant, antimicrobial, anti-allergic herbs Infection causing microbes spread through the air, water, contaminated food, cloth, equipment or from infected person to healthy one. The evidence collected on spreading mode of COVID-19 is mostly through skin contact and respiratory droplets. However, just in contact with the microbe is not enough to cause the disease. Reaching the germ to the internal body is the critical step involved in the manifestation of illness. Contact transmission for the sign of disease in an individual can occur from skin to the inner body especially when the infected part (mostly hands) reaches the mucous membrane of open cavities such as mouth, nose, eyes or open wound. Therefore the use of good quality sanitizers to prevent infections such as COVID-19 is one of the critical measures. Ayurveda is a rich source of vast information on therapeutic potentials of numerous herbs. Many simple to complex formulations can be prepared by using the therapeutic attributes of these herbs. Therefore in the present work, an attempt has been made to initiate the manufacturing of Ayurveda hand sanitizers based on various Ayurvedic medicated drugs mentioned in Samhitas, as developing countries such as India are facing a shortage of hand sanitizers which is a must prevent the spread of COVID-19. The shortage has resulted in an internal price hike, and thus there is a need for a homemade affordable way of sanitizing hands. Therefore by using a combination of antimicrobial, disinfectant, anti-allergic, skin disease curing herbs along can be recommended for the preparation of Ayurveda hand sensitizers. By using similar herbs, nasal spray and aerosols for cleaning and increasing the strength of the respiratory tract can also be prepared. --- ## A DNA Sequence Analysis of Helicobacter pylori in Jeddah City, Western Saudi Arabia **Authors:** Abrar A. M. Almehmadi, Faten A. S. Alsulaimany **Published:** 2020-06-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2339 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Helicobacter pylori, cagA, vacA, gastric biopsies Helicobacter pylori are the type of Gram-negative bacteria which colonize the mucous lining of the human stomach. These bacteria have two major virulence factors: (vacuolating cytotoxin A gene) and (cytotoxin-associated A gene). This study aimed to provide data to determine the prevalent virulence factors (vacA and cagA genes) in Jeddah city, western Saudi Arabia, by sequence analysis. This study included 60 patients with symptoms similar to H. pylori infection. H. pylori were identified by using the 16s rRNA sequence. Then, the screening for specific genes in H. pylori (vacA and cagA) was done by using automated DNA sequencing analysis, and the DNA sequences were compared by BLAST and sequence alignment of the vacA nucleotides that are present in all H. pylori strains using those already reported in GeneBank from various studies. Results indicated that H. pylori infection was detected in 13.3%, while 86.7% were negative samples in our study patients. Interestingly, the vacA gene was found in 8.3%, while the cagA gene was not appear in patient. Also, the female prevalence rate was higher than males (11.7% female versus 1.7% males), and the highest infection was between age 40-49 by 6.7%. In conclusion, this study revealed that the vacA gene was spread in the patients infected with H. pylori in Jeddah, while the cagA gene was not appear in any isolate. --- ## Hydroxychloroquine and curcumin conjugates as multifunctional co drugs for the potential treatment of COVID-19: An in-silico based study **Authors:** Thangavelu Prabha, Palanisamy Dhanabal, Palanisamy Selvamani, Subbiah Latha, Thangavel Sivakumar, Selvaraj Jubie **Published:** 2020-06-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2725 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Co-drug, Curcumin, Hydroxy chloroquine, COVID-19, Coronavirus, Interleukins, Main Protease The present study has been undertaken to search the novel co drugs for fighting against the COVID-19 disease through an in- silico approach. We have designed eight co drugs by merging two drugs namely hydroxychloroquine, used in the treatment of COVID-19 and curcumin an immuno modulator. The two drugs were linked through a bio-cleavable hydrolyzable linker by three-step process. The designed co drugs were subjected for molecular docking studies to know their therapeutic efficacy against the COVID-19 main protease (Mpro) and Interleukin-1β. The designed co drugs have a promising binding affinity towards Mpro in the narrow range of binding energies between -28.2498 to -35.8648 kcal/mol when compared to the standard Remdesivir which has -21.8600 kcal/mol. Similarly the binding energies of designed co drugs against Interleukin -1β range between -25.8032 to -34.6973 kcal/mol when compared to the standard curcumin which has -17.3274 kcal/mol. Our findings demonstrated that the designed co drugs may be useful for the treatment of viral respiratory infection due to their additive therapeutic actions on the viral protein and modulating the immune response synergistically. --- ## Covid-19 – rumours and facts in media **Authors:** Tarare Toshida, Chaple Jagruti **Published:** 2020-06-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2344 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Corona, Epidemic, India, News channel, Society The covid-19 resulted in broad range of spread throughout the world in which India has also became a prey of it and in this situation the means of media is extensively influencing the mentality of the people. Media always played a role of loop between society and sources of information. In this epidemic also media is playing a vital role in shaping the reaction in first place for both good and ill by providing important facts regarding symptoms of Corona virus, preventive measures against the virus and also how to deal with any suspect of disease to overcome covid-19. On the other hand, there are endless people who spread endless rumours overs social media and are adversely affecting life of people but we always count on media because they provide us with valuable answers to our questions, facts and everything in need. Media always remains on top of the line when it comes to stop the out spread of rumours which are surely dangerous kind of information for society. So on our side we should react fairly and maturely to handle the situation to keep it in the favour of humanity and help government not only to fight this pandemic but also the info emic. --- ## Review on Role of Dhoopan in the prevention of airborne infections (COVID-19) **Authors:** Renu Bharat Rathi, Bharat Jagdish Rathi, Roshna S. Bhutada, Devyani Dasar, Rakesh Khatana **Published:** 2020-06-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2706 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Airborne infections, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal action, COVID 19, Dhoop, Dhoopankalpa, hospital acquired infections Dhoopan is a procedure in which fumes or smoke produced from defined drug formulations are inhaled/exposed by patients for the therapeutic relief or externally as a cleanser to the environment. There is a significant risk of spread of airborne infections with hospital-acquired infections and to mitigate Dhoopan is safe and effective to prevent such infections. The aim and objectives were to review and re-publicize the efficacy of Dhoopan in the prevention of diseases with the published data and Ayurveda compendium. The literature has been searched from database like Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Dhara online, other database and Ayurveda compendia from1980 to 2020. Dhoopan is an ancient method of sterilization for Vranitagar (vran/wound healing), Sutikagar, Kumaragar, etc. with preventive as well as curative efficacy. Smoke can be facilitated to expose or inhale in various diseases such as cough, coryza, piles, epilepsy, insanity, Asthma and wounds. The content of Dhoop are herbs, animal products (skin, hair, bones, horn, etc.) and minerals, described in Ayurveda compendia are potent anti-microbial, anti-fungal and antiviral action. Since time immemorial, sages used to clean the environment by Homa-havanadi rituals. However, due to the lacking scientific validation, these Dhoop methods are not popular, which bring attention to research opportunities and understand its safety and efficacy to prevent airborne infections. Dhoopakalpas are beneficial in dealing with airborne infection because of antioxidant and anti-microbial activity with safe, economical and eco-friendly potential. Thus, it can be publicized in the prevention of COVID 19 like a pandemic situation as an adjuvant. --- ## Total Hip Arthroplasty in Femoral Neck Fractures in Zagazig University Hospitals **Authors:** Mohamed Mohamed Ibrahim Ashour, El-Sayed El-Etewy Ahmed Soudy, Mohamed El-Sadek Attia, Mohamed Ismail Abd-Elrhman Kotb **Published:** 2020-06-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2338 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Total hip arthroplasty, neck Femur fracture Femoral neck fractures are common in the geriatric population and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The worldwide incidence of hip fractures is expected to approach 6.26 million by 2050. Studies showed that the functional outcome and pain scoring improved in cases of femoral neck fracture treated by total hip arthroplasty than any other methods. This study was performed on 18 patients presented with history of fracture neck femur who were admitted to orthopedic department, Zagazig university hospital in the period between January 2019 to December 2019. All cases in this prospective study were treated by THA. Prior to commencing the study, ethical clearance was taken from the Zagazig University hospitals and informed consent was obtained from all patients and their guardians before participation in the study. All the patients were operated through Harding’s approach. Both cemented and un-cemented types of arthroplasty were performed. Functional outcomes of hip were evaluated at 3 months and 6 months after surgery. The studied age ranged between 18-62 years with mean ± SD 41.5±12.4 and (44.4%) of them females and (55.6 %) males. (55.6%) of studied group were from rural areas and (44.4%) of studied group were from urban. Regarding occupation (38.8%) of the studied cases were clerk, (11.1%) were hand worker, (16.6%) were farmer, (5.5%) were student, (22.2%) were house wife and (5.5%) were teacher. 66.7 % of studied group had history of previous fixation. Previous operative fixation for fracture N F were 50 % Cannulated screw, 25 % DHS and 25% IMN. Regarding cause of lesion most frequent were failure of other fixation for N F fracture (66.7%) then acute fracture N F associated with OA (22.2%) and neglected N F fracture (11.1%). --- ## Sugammadex versus neostigmine in pediatric cancer patients undergoing outpatient surgical procedures **Authors:** AbdelfattahAbdelsattar Hussein, Mohamed Mostafa Hegazy, Mohamed Adly Elramely, Amani Gaber Mohamed **Published:** 2020-06-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2335 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sugammadexneostigmine, pediatriccancer- outpatient procedures Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are still required for the pediatric population. Residual neuromuscular block is a common complication in the early postoperative period. The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of sugammadex versus neostigmine for reversing NMB in pediatric patients with cancer who undergo outpatient surgical procedures. This double-blinded study included 80 children with different oncological diagnoses, aged 2-18 years, scheduled for outpatient surgical procedures. They were randomly divided into two equal groups; Group N received neostigmine 0.03 mg/kg with atropine 0.02 mg/kg and Group S received sugammadex 2 mg/kg at the end of surgery. The patients were clinically assessed for NMB recovery and extubated. The primary outcome measure was the time from NMB reversal to recovery of the TOF ratio to 0.9% (recovery time). The secondary outcomes included the time between reversal injection and extubation (extubation time) and possible adverse events. The time to recovery of the TOF ratio to 0.9 and the time between reversal injection and extubation were significantly shorter in S Group (p< 0.001). The time to reach TOF ratio of 0.9 was not correlated with age, anesthesia time, or the dose of the neuromuscular blocker. None of the children developed respiratory depression or postoperative residual curarization. Relatively few patients developed arrhythmia, hypotension, and nausea and vomiting with no significant difference between the two groups. Sugammadex is a good alternative to neostigmine for reversal of neuromuscular block in outpatient surgical procedures in children with cancer; it safely provides faster NMB reversal and extubation time. --- ## Assessment of Interleukin-6 in Young Swimmers Suffering from Myofascial Pain Syndrome Using LidocainePhonophoresis: A Randomized Controlled Trial **Authors:** Mohamed Abdel-Moneim Abo-EL-Roos, Emam Hassan El-Negmy, SamahAttia El-Shemy, Asser Abdel-Hay Sallam **Published:** 2020-06-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2331 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** myofascial pain syndrome, lidocainephonophoresis, pulsed ultrasound and serum IL-6 To investigate interleukin-6 in athletic children suffering from myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) using lidocaine phonophoresis. Myofascial pain syndrome is considered a major health dilemma affecting both adults and children due to overuse injuries. Moreover, it is one of the most common conditions of chronic musculoskeletal pain of patient's in general medical practice. The exact cause of MPS is unidentified. However, it could be diagnosed among physicians by the presence of hypersensitive nodules referred to as myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) within a taut bands of skeletal muscle. Forty five young swimmers(boys) with MPS in the upper trapezius muscle (10 - 14 years old) participated in the study. Assessment of serum interleukine-6, functional activities and cervical range of motion were measured before and after treatment. They were randomly assigned to three groups (n=15 in each), first one kept as a control group (A) and allocated to special designed physical therapy program. Equally, study groups received similar physical therapy program assumed to the control. Treatment submission was assembled as 40 minutes, 3 times / week for three consecutive months. After treatment there was a significant enhancement within the control and study groups. Group C revealed a higher degree of response to treatment. Both lidocaine phonophoresis and special designed physical therapy program simultaneously could provide very useful and interesting treatment of neck pain in youth athletes using IL-6 as a tool of diagnosis. --- ## Multimodal Brain Image Fusion using Graph Intelligence Method **Authors:** Padma Usha M, Kannan G, Ramamoorthy M, Sharmila M, Huzaifa Anjum G.A., Hairunnisha M.S.H. **Published:** 2020-06-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.3975 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Image fusion, MRI-CT, Brain, Graph, Swarm Intelligence, Structural Similarity Image fusion plays a vital role in enhancing the quality of images in medical applications. It is known that CT images of brain shows the details of the bone structure and MRI images of brain shows the details of the soft tissue. The Objective of this research is to fuse CT (Computed Tomography) and MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) of normal brain images and tumor affected brain images and to find out structural similarity(SSIM) of the fused image. Axial slice of normal brain and brain tumor images are taken for image fusion. Totally, 24 brain images has been taken out of which 6 pairs are normal brain images and another 6 pairs are tumor affected brain images. Techniques used are Graph-cut method for segmentation, Maximum method for fusion and Swarm Intelligence method for optimization. The proposed fusion method increases SSIM (Structural Similarity) when compared to conventional method of fusion. Tumor size in the fused image is also extracted and this fused image is helpful for doctors to analyse the post radio therapy patient or operated patient whether any tumor residues still exist. Also, this method minimises the number of pixels and increases the information contained in a single fused image. This technique aids the physician to analyse complementary details in a single image. --- ## Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Functional Outcomes in Patients with Stroke **Authors:** Abdul Allim Abdel Fattah Atteya, Ehab Shaker, Moataz Mohamed Talaat Elsemary, Hossam Mohammed Alsaid, Youssef Mohamed Elbalawy **Published:** 2020-06-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2329 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Stroke, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Rehacom, Dash scale, Wolf scale, Mindful attention awareness scale, Jammar hand dynamometer Upper extremity impairment is a common motor deficit after a stroke, and 30–60% of stroke sufferers have disability and inability to use their affected upper extremity in their daily lives. Stroke survivors with cognitive dysfunctions are most likely to be dependent in activities of daily living. Further deterioration is possible as a result of limitation in activities. Psychiatric problems are also common among stroke survivors. This may delay recovery process and further impair cognitive function due to adaptations to unhealthy lifestyles or noncompliance to rehabilitation. Cognitive behavioral training (CBT) increase blood supply to 20% of different brain areas, and facilitation of internancial neurons activity. Cognitive behavioral training (CBT) act as Incentive therapy focuses on active participation, self-esteem, motivational features such as score keeping, and competition. The ultimate objective of physiotherapy is for patients to return to full independence and their former occupations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive behavioral training on functional outcomes in stroke patients.40 stroke patients from both sexes participated in this study 20 patients for each group. Random distribution for patients to 2 groups; Group (A) exposed cognitive behavioral therapy for 60 min and selected physical therapy program for 30 min, every other day for 24 sessions, total duration of session (90 min). Control group (B) received the same selected physical therapy program for 60 min, every other day for 24 sessions total duration of session (60 min). Changing in affected upper extremity motor impairment were measured (Dash scale, Wolf scale and Jammar hand dynamometer). --- ## Synthesis, characterization of new nicotinamide-oxazole analogs, and their antimicrobial activity **Authors:** Venkatasubramanian H, Sarojkumar Sha, Hemalatha S, Easwaramoorthy D **Published:** 2020-06-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2292 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Amide bond, Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity, Antimicrobial activity, Nicotinamide, Oxazole, Peptide linkage Identification of a novel antimicrobial molecule is vital to research due to contaminated agro related products and harmful pathogens. Especially, candida albicans is the most common infective fungi in the world that causes hospital-acquired infections. There is a medical and biological need for the discovery of novel antimicrobial drugs with high potent in nature. This effort involves the synthesis of scaffold molecule in which vitamin B3 and oxazole play vital role as pharmacophore moiety, where 2-(Nicotinamido) oxazole-4-carboxylic acid couples with pyridine–3-carboxylic acid (nicotinic acid) and 2-aminooxazole derivatives. Then, it is carried for mass spectra, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and growth control ability study against microbial targets such as fungi and bacteria. The zone of inhibition is measured in millimeters for the serially diluted solution of the compound. From the outcomes, the compound (5i) displayed 35mm of inhibition zone area, but standard fluconazole showed 29mm for 250 ppm solution. The outcome revealed that the amide bond and oxazole moiety turn as imperative pharmacophore besides showing decent inhibition activities. --- ## Assessment of potential antiurolithiatic property of Carissa carandas Linn. leaves on zinc disc insertion -incited urolithiasis in wistar male albino rats **Authors:** Madathala Sreekanth, Veerasamy Hari Baskar, Nunna Bheema Lingeswara Prasad **Published:** 2020-06-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2285 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Calcium oxalate, Calculi, Ethylene glycol, Urinary volume and pH The goal of the research was to assess the antiurolithiatic property of Carissa carandas Linn. leaf extract in rats. The rats were segregated into 6 groups of 6 rats each. Calcium oxalate urolithiasis was surgically incited by insertions of pre-weighed and sterile zinc disc in bladders of animals. This was also followed by supplementing 0.75% v/v ethane-1, 2-diol (Ethylene glycol) in quaffing water ad libitum for 28 days. Upon postsurgical recovery period (3 days), Cystone (750 mg/kg) and three doses of EELCC (Ethanolic extract of leaves of Carissa carandas Linn.) namely 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b.w., were given to zinc disc inserted animals for the duration of 28 days by oral route. Antiurolithiatic property was assessed by measuring the urinary volume, weight of the calculi, estimating the pH and analyzing the proportion of diverse biological markers in urine and serum specimens. An outstanding reduction in urine output and pH were noticed in zinc disc inserted rats, which were intercepted by the remedial extract. The extract also produced a significant enhancement in rate of glomerular filtration (GFR) and reduced the calculi deposition throughout the inserted zinc disc. The elevated levels of serum and urinary biochemical parameters like creatinine, urea, calcium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), oxalate, and uric acid were also prevented by the extract. A significant (P< 0.01) potential antiurolithiatic property is observed at 400 mg/kg of EELCC. --- ## To study the effect of oral vitamin D supplements on wound healing in patient with diabetic foot ulcer and its effect on lipid metabolism **Authors:** Ajoinish Kamble, Ranjit S. Ambad, Mangesh Padamwar, Anupam Kakade, Meenakshi Yeola **Published:** 2020-06-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2290 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vit D, TCH, TCHHDL and diabetic foot ulcer To Critically Assess the effect of oral vitamin D supplements on wound healing in patient with diabetic foot ulcer and its effect on lipid metabolism.This is a single-Centre prospective randomized, control-controlled study was conducted in Department of Surgery Datta Meghe Medical College, Hingna, Nagpur, in collaboration with Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DMIMS) Deemed to be University from June 2019 TO March 2020. Total 60 patients were included in this study randomized grouping were done, group A vitamin d supplements and group B as control group.In group A vitamin D levels were significantly increased after 12 weeks of intervention as compared to baseline while in group B no change was seen after intervention. After 12 week of intervention, comparison of group A vs. group B, we found that Vitamin D HbA1c, TC, HDL and Wound surface area, significantly improved while there was no change seen in triglycerides levels in both the group.After intervention with vitamin D supplements for 12 weeks among patients with diabetic foot ulcer had good result and beneficial effect on glucose metabolism, vitamin D levels, lipid profile and wound healing. --- ## Polyherbal antidiabetic drug: An approach to cure diabetes **Authors:** Ranjit Sidram Ambad, Gaikwad S B, Anshula G, Nandkishor Bankar **Published:** 2020-06-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2283 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Polyherbal, Diabetes, Medicinal, Herbal, Alloxan, Metformin, HbA1c In recent years, diabetes has become a major health concern. India is referred to as the diabetes capital of the world. There are plenty of chemical agents available to monitor and treat diabetic patients, but up to this date, no complete recovery from diabetes has been recorded. Many herbal plants with hypoglycemic properties are known from around the world as an alternative to these synthetic agents; which is a natural remedy to keep the blood sugar under control by consuming vegetables & herbs in our diet. Such medicinal plants & their herbal preparation with proven antidiabetic and related beneficial effects were used in the treatment of diabetes in rats. The effect of polyherbal drug Anti-hyperglycemic activity is studied in rats against alloxan-induced diabetes. This polyherbal drug consists of 16 antidiabetic plants. Disorders in diabetes-induced glucose metabolism have been shown to be regulated. The present study was conducted in the Dept. of Pharmacology and Dept. of Biochemistry at Central Animal House Facility of the SBH Govt Medical College, Dhule, in collaboration with Datta Meghe Medical College, (Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences Sawangi, Meghe) Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. After the treatment, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were determined in normal and experimental rats. Polyherbal mixture was seen to be an effective and safe method for management of diabetes which reduces blood sugar levels & shows positive effect in altering blood glucose levels. The herbal formulation could be lowering the insulin resistance, thereby normalizing the uptake of glucose by cells. --- ## Association between altered serum lipids levels on cognitive impairment in the pre-elderly and elderly population of South India **Authors:** Denis Mingate Menge, Narayanankutty Nair, Vishwas Hunsur Nagendra, Anand Vijaya Kumar P R **Published:** 2020-06-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2281 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alzheimer’s disease, Cholesterol, Lipids, Mild cognitive impairment, Triglycerides, South India Altered serum lipid levels are linked with varying degrees of cognitive impairment due to various mechanisms.The prevalence of cognitive impairment in relation to altered serum lipid levels on cognitive impairment in the pre-elderly and elderly population is of great importance. Therefore, it is important to characterize the features of mild cognitive impairment with respect to altered lipid profile. This study investigated the association between altered serum lipid levels on cognitive impairment in the pre-elderly and elderly population. The present cross-sectional study was done in 406 pre-elderly and elderly patients. The participants were subjected to demographic data collection followed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Participants were classified into two groups: cognitively-normal (n=289) and mild cognitive impairment (117). Fasting serum lipids of the participants was estimated using venous blood samples by standard biochemical techniques. Differences in the lipid concentrations between the two groups were then compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Significant differences were found in MMSE scores between the cognitively-normal and MCI groups (p<0.05). MCI patients had a significantly lower level of high-density lipoprotein when compared to cognitively-normal participants (p<0.05). In addition, the two groups showed differences in education levels attained. The cognitively-normal group had a greater number of educational years when compared to the MCI group. The study found significant differences in serum lipid concentrations between the cognitively-normal individuals and the mild cognitive impairment group. --- ## Changes in keratometry readings and Pterygium induced astigmatism after Pterygium excision **Authors:** Mohammed Qasim Al Nuwaini, Hyder M. AL.Talaqani, Giyathaldeen T. Neameh, Mustafa A. Al Zubaidi Md **Published:** 2020-06-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2282 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pterygium, Occupation factors, Age, Visual Acuity, Keratometeric Reading, Astigmatism Pterygium can cause deterioration of vision by distortion the corneal smooth surface, and so induce astigmatism usually with the rule type, which is reversible by Pterygium excision surgery So the aim of this study to evaluate prospectively, the change in keratometeric readings and corneal refractive status after pterygium excision surgery a case series study (117 eyes). It was carried out over a period of 9 months from 1st month of 2018, for patients were admitted to the departments of ophthalmology at Najaf city. All patients underwent preoperative optometric assessment. All data collected preoperatively then one month postoperatively. Data analysis and comparison then performed. The findings of this study were that Pterygium is more prevalent in males than females, (81% to19%), and more prevalent in young to middle-aged people between (30-45 years 59%), grade II (45%) are presented. This study also found that keratometric (K1,K2) readings in all grades are significantly reduced postoperatively. Astigmatism associated with pterygium at all grades also showed significant improvement. This improvement also applied to visual acuity, which improves in (64%) one month postoperatively. We conclude that Pterygium excision, associated with significant improvement in refraction and keratometeric readings. And we suggested for eye protection should be considered, when spending a long time work outdoor, like proper polarized and UV filter sunglasses, also if possible avoid work outdoor during sunny and hot days. Surgical excision of Pterygium in the early stages will result in better visual rehabilitation. --- ## Formulation Characterization, Invitro, Invivo and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Stabilized Rosuvastatin Calcium Nanosuspension **Authors:** Santhosh Raja M, Venkataramana K **Published:** 2020-06-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2280 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** bioavailability, dissolution, nanoparticles, precipitation, quasi emulsification, Rosuvastatin calcium Rosuvastatin calcium is a BCS class II drug which is used as hyperlipidemic. Many of the BCS class II drugs offer the disadvantage of solubility. Nanoparticle compounds present a promising solution to the insolubility of BCS class II drugs. A simple and efficient technique for the preparation of nanoparticles is a precipitation technique. Polymeric nanoparticles have been prepared by employing the nanoprecipitation method. The nanosuspensions were made by using PVP K30, HPMC K15M, Eudragit L100 in various ratios using precipitation technique. DSC tests the compatibility between the drug and different ingredients. The formed nanoparticles were evaluated for multiple testing parameters like particle size, zeta potential, drug content and dissolution testing. Among all the formulations, the nanosuspension prepared with Eudragit L 100 showed better characteristics. The dissolution test showed the drug release for 12 hours. The best formulation showed the particle size of 100.5 ± 5.4 nm and zeta potential of -55.1 mv. The in vivo studies on the Wistar rats showed better pharmacokinetic parameters when compared to the pure drug. Nano precipitation method was successfully employed to prepare Rosuvastatin calcium nanosuspension to improve the dissolution as well as bioavailability. --- ## Facade of media and social media during COVID-19: A review **Authors:** Kumar Chandan Srivastava, Deepti Shrivastava, Kumar Gaurav Chhabra, Waqar Naqvi, Arti Sahu **Published:** 2020-05-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2288 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Media, Social media, pandemic, COVID, Coronavirus, misinformation A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) arose in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Soon it spread to other countries worldwide to become a pandemic. Globally, governments enforced quarantine and social distancing measures to prevent the spread of the infection. Mass media and social media platforms played a crucial role in providing information regarding the Coronavirus. Since little is known about COVID-19, various fake news, misinformation and rumours spread across the digital media that panicked people into making panic decisions. The rapid spread of misinformation and stories via social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook and YouTube became a vital concern of the government and public health authorities. Medical misinformation and unverifiable content about the COVID-19 pandemic are spreading on social media at an unprecedented pace. Mitigating the advent of rumours and misinformation during the COVID-19 epidemic is crucial, since misinformation and fake news creates panic, fear and anxiety among people, predisposing them to various mental health conditions. Instead of considering social media as a secondary medium, it should be utilised to convey important information. Besides, it allows citizens to address their queries directly. Several governments across the world have taken actions to contain the pandemic of misinformation, yet measures are required to prevent such communication complications. --- ## Relevance of Ayurveda Anti-viral herbal wisdom from the perspective of current researches **Authors:** Bharat Rathi, Renu Rathi, Pramod Khobragade **Published:** 2020-05-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2346 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antiviral, COVID-19, Herbal drugs, Krimighna drugs Due to COVID-19 outbreaks, entire humanity across the globe is suffering from this deadly disease and searching for novel and more effective antiviral herbal drug for its complete cure. Ayurveda compendia have described herbal medicines which are said to be effective against all microorganisms. Hence in this paper attempt is made to review Krimighna drugs described in Ayurveda compendia and identify its efficacy on various viral diseases. Relevant references were searched concerning krimihar drugs described in Brihatrayee viz. Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya. Scientific research papers related to pre-clinical and clinical studies showing the antiviral activity of individual krimighna drugs were also searched. In all Samhitas total, 56 drugs were found having Krimighna properties. Out of these only ten drugs are found to have antiviral activity against various type of viruses such as Herpes Simplex virus (HSV type 1 & 2), Dengue virus (DNGV), Newcastle Disease virus (NDV), Sindbis virus(SINV) Measles virus, Poliovirus. Herbal medicinal drugs have great potential to treat viral diseases. Considering the global disease burden caused by COVID-19, there is an urgent need to explore the Krimighna drugs with antiviral activity and to develop novel and useful antiviral agents to combat the COVID -19 menace effectively. --- ## Agnihotra (Homa)- an Ayurveda therapy in the prevention and control of covid-19 **Authors:** Meena Shamrao Deogade **Published:** 2020-05-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2717 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Agnihotra, Homa Therapy, Ayurveda, SARS-Cov-2, COVID-19, Pandemic Ayurveda always recommended the holistic approach for the prevention of diseases, health promotion and curing the ailments. Agnihotra/Yagya/ homa is a part of Indian rituals, and one of the ancient therapy of healing recommended by Ayurveda. An agnihotra is a simple form of homa. Various materials are used in this therapy like cow dung cake, rice, ghee and medicinal plants either as a firewood or Samidha, which are helpful for purification of the atmosphere resulting in prevention and control of various communicable diseases. In Ayurveda epidemic or pandemic has been described as Janapadodhwansa Rogas. And causative factors mentioned that vitiation of Vayu (air), Jala (water), Desh (area), and Kala (season). Abhishyangaja (effects of pathogens, evil forces and unhygienic condition) is also one of the causes of epidemic/ pandemic. For this reason, Ayurveda advocated sterilization of water, air, soil and atmosphere with the help of Agnihotra, i.e. Homa, Yagya, Dhupana. As Agnihotra is applied in Ayurveda for therapeutic purpose is also known as Homa therapy. Many studies showed the antimicrobial activity of smoke raises from Agnihotra. When the whole world is facing the pandemic Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), need to think about this therapy. According to world meter, there are 1,853,155 cases, 114,247 deaths till 13 April 2020. Hence it is the right time to think about the control and preventive measures of the infectious agent (SARS-Cov-2) of COVID-19 disease with the help of Agnihotra/Homa therapy. --- ## Ayurvedic Remedies for Covid-19 - A Conceptual Study **Authors:** Harsha Deepak Vaidya, Punam Sawarkar **Published:** 2020-05-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2714 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chikitsa(Treatment), COVID-19, Hetu, History of COVID -19, VatasleshmakJwar( fever), Symptoms Novel Corona disease becomes a worldwide crisis. Its outbreak starts from China and now it becomes a pandemic. The aim is to review various Ayurvedic remedies for COVID-19. This was purely a literary study done from various Ayurvedic compendiums. As there is no effective treatment in the form medicine &vaccines is available for COVID- 19 in contemporary science. But in the ancient medical science Vatasleshmika Jwara(fever) can be correlated with COVID-19 as Their symptoms are indistinguishable. Like, the clinical features of COVID- 19 are fever, cough, dyspnea, cold, headache, etc. are relatable to Santapa, ShushkaKasa, Bhrushamkshav,Pratishya, Shirograha which are Akshan of Vatasleshmak Jwar. Here, treatment can be given according to the Chikitsa of Vatasleshmakjwar on COVID 19.In current outbreak of Corona; it may prove as a ray of hope for further research. --- ## Management of Diet During Covid-19 Pandemic **Authors:** Ayushi Sunil Lohi, Gaurav Sawarkar **Published:** 2020-05-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2295 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, diet, digestion, sleep The COVID-19 is causing many changes in the daily lives of people around the world, but some things can be done to maintain a healthy lifestyle in these difficult times by taking a proper diet during COVID pandemic. It is difficult to follow any of the physical activities during the lockdown period, as successfully as before. This inertia may lead to indigestion and related health issues. The proper diet planning is an utmost aspect which includes the food habits, nutrition, wholesome diet, low calory diet healthy diet, Easily digested diet and the schedule of food. Dietary measures include various things like the type of diet, time to consume, the interval between two food, intake of food, nutrition values, proper calory intake. āyurveda prescribes food regime as a part of the treatment. The crucial concept of āyurveda regarding the type of diet is in the form of sattvic, rajasic and tāmasik food that helps a person maintain the physical equilibrium to sustain and manage good health in critical conditions like COVID-19. Sleep is an essential component of healthy living. There is a strong relationship between the gut and the mind. Proper sleep is vital to digest the food and enhances immunity in the lockdown period. Scheduling of the diet and its management plays a significant role in good health. Thus, administration of diet is the leading factor during COVID-19 pandemic. --- ## Preparing Hospitals in India for Covid-19 Pandemic **Authors:** Akanksha Nibudey, Vidya Baliga S **Published:** 2020-05-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2722 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Personal protective equipment, Preparedness Of intensive care units, Preparedness Of Hospitals Hospitals have a important part in the human health organization to provide necessary treatment for public, mainly in a calamity. During the current outbreak of COVID-19, and is turbance in giving important needs and supplies will possibly interrupt the providing critical treatment due to not organized health-care capacity. Along with, a greater amount of personnel absence can be predictable. A lack of important kits and materials can lead to restricted supplies to desirable care and have a direct impact on healthcare delivery. Anxiety can lead to possibly hamper recognized operational practices. Also in hospitals well equipped dealing with COVID – 19 pandemic can be a difficulty. In spite of the challenging difficulties and problems expected, the positive and organized execution of important basic and definite arrangements can aid successful hospital-based organization for the period of a speedily progressing epidemic. Hospital emergency preparedness is a constant progression that requirements association to the complete nation wide preparedness platform. Several principles and suggestions drawn in this article are general and appropriate to other incidents. The article gives checklist which is proposed to manage current situation by multispectral hospital emergency preparation platforms. --- ## COVID-19: Response Strategies & Employee Conviction - A prospective of Hotel Chain in NCR region **Authors:** Deepak Kumar, Nitin Girdharwal **Published:** 2020-05-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2287 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Covid-19, Response strategies, Employee Faith, Communication, Monitoring, Crises This study analyzed the relationship between Covid-19 response strategies and employees Faith in chosen Hotels inside Eastern NCR Region. The cross-sectional study configuration was received and information was produced from 144 employees chose utilizing the basic simple random sampling from a populace of 242 workers of five chose Hotels in Eastern NCR Region. The examination, being prevalently nomothetic in the system, observationally discovers the unique relationship of two distinguished experimentally referents of the indicator variable, Covid-19 response strategies, in particular; Communication & monitoring with the model variable, representative Faith utilizing the Spearman’s rank order correlation measurable tool. The information assortment instrument comprised of the poll with discoveries uncovering that Covid-19 response strategies, such as, Communication & monitoring essentially associate with worker Faith. In light of these discoveries, it was inferred that Effective and transparent communication and monitoring systems and exercises altogether improve representative Faith in associations and from that point we suggested that associations, particularly Hotels, Adopt more transparent and practical approach which translate confidence and competency on their part especially in given crises situation such as COVID 19. The executives ought to likewise try to empower and console staff, clients, and different partners of their pledge to guarantee the security and prosperity of every single invested individual during and significantly after crises as this would Further promote Faith and in this manner empower a progressively helpful work environment. --- ## Oily in situ gels as an alternative floating platform for ketoconazole release **Authors:** Masar Basim Mohsin Mohamed, Iman Sabah Jaafar, Methaq Hamad Sabar, Marwa Hazem Jasim, Furqan M. Abdulelah, Doaa Abbas Zghair **Published:** 2020-05-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2278 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Insitu gel floating system, Ketoconazole, Sesame oil, Olive oil, Sodium alginate, Calcium carbonate Sodium alginate, calcium carbonate, and guar gum were mixed with oils such as olive oil (OO), sesame oil (SO), and medium chain triglyceride (MCT). The oily formulations were found to simplify the preparation of in situ floating gel. This was the aim of this study using ketoconazole (keto) as a model drug. The investigations for the floating property were established by In vitro gelling capacity study and In vitro floating study. Additionally, in vitro release study was applied to find the best formulations to delay the release of keto. Then, selected formulations were studied by FTIR and SEM. Lastly, in vivo gelation was performed to examine the gelation in the rat’s stomach. The results showed all formulations were floating after successful gelation as the least amount of sodium alginate to gel oils was 20% w/w. The gels in SO and OO were better than MCT in delaying keto release, and 30% w/w sodium alginate in SO was the best to delay the release of keto within 8 hours of the release study. Selected gels showed interactions between the keto molecules and the molecules of the gel contents by FTIR study, and SEM showed a difference in the internal structure of selected formulations. Lastly, the 30% w/w sodium alginate in SO proved to gel and remain in the rat's stomach in the following periods: 30 min, 1 hour, 2 hours, and after 8 hours. Oily suspension formulations showed floating properties in the stomach and slowed the release of keto and specifically 30% w/w of sodium alginate in SO. --- ## AYUSH Ministry’s Health Advisory in COVID-19-A Critical Review **Authors:** Sadhana Misar Wajpeyi **Published:** 2020-05-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2700 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** AYUSH Advisory, Ayurveda, Coronavirus, COVID-19, Immunity, Rasayana Outbreak of “Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2)” infection took place in “Wuhan, Hubei Province, China” in December 2019, which spread across all over the Globe. WHO officially termed the disease caused by the new Coronavirus as “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)” on 12 February 2020. Being viral disease, at present no specific treatment or vaccines approved for COVID-19. Social distancing and practicing healthy lifestyle to boost immunity are the best possible options to deal with it. Though there is progress in Medical science regarding immunization and development of medicine, there is lack of vaccines for prevention of many viruses and effective antiviral medicines. India’s Ministry of traditional medicine or AYUSH (Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy) issued “Advisory” advocating preventive measures against the viral infection on 29 January 2020. There is severe criticism to “Advisory of AYUSH Ministry” from Indian Medical experts across the Nation for making such declaration in this global health crisis. The traditional healthcare system of the Nation offers supporting lifestyle for immunity enhancement which aids in keeping away from different kinds of infectious ailments. In recently occurred Corona epidemic it has been noted that it mainly affects the Respiratory system. AYUSH Ministry issued “The Advisory” to enhance defensive mechanism of the body for prevention of disease and not declared it as a curative measure for the Corona virus disease. This review focuses on the efficacy of the measures recommended by AYUSH Ministry on the basis of literature and researches available on them. --- ## Dominant chemical compound of chicken bile extract **Authors:** Tuty S, Fidrianny I, Sukrasno A **Published:** 2020-05-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2274 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** chicken bile, chemical compound, dominant The purpose of this research is to study the dominant chemical compounds of chicken bile extract. Chicken bile, which is usually disposed of as useless waste, is made a choice. The study began with material collection from native chicken farmers, Kluwut Village, Bulakambah sub-district, Brebes Regency, Central Java. The determination was carried out at Bandungense Herbarium School of Biological Science and Technology-ITB. The choice of animals were native chickens. They belonged to the family Phylum: Chordata, Class: Aves, Nation: Galliformes, Tribe: Phasianidae, Surname: Gallus, Type: Gallus gallus Linn, The common name: native chicken (Indonesia), and domestic fowl in English.The bile portion was cut into small pieces and dried using a freeze dryer. The reflux method was then extracted using solvents with a different polarity, which are n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. It gave out n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract, and ethanol extract.The extracts were evaporated using a rotary evaporator.The percentage of the obtained yield was n-hexane extract 7.63%, ethyl acetate extract 8.61%, and ethanol extract 34.91%. Selected extract ethyl acetate extract was fractionated by Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLCI) and was monitored by a thin layer of Chromatography (TLC). Then fraction 5-6 was continued to sub fractionation by Classical Column Chromatography (CCC). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) investigated isolate X and found that isolate X appeared to be cholesterol. From the second fractionation (VLCII), fraction 2-7 proceeded to the VLCIII, and then subfraction 7 was evaluated using GC-MS. The dominant chemical compounds of subfraction 7 were oleic acid 38.72%, n-hexadecanoic acid (35.6%), octadecanoic acid (17.94%), palmitoleic acid (1.53%). --- ## Brachial Plexus Block For Ambulatory Upper Limb Surgeries: Comparison of the Effects of Nalbuphine Versus Dexamethasone: Prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial **Authors:** Mohamed Gaber Mohamed El-Sayed, Ahmed Mohamed Salama, Ayman Abd-El Salam Hassan, Fatma Mahmoud Ahmed **Published:** 2020-05-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2273 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Brachial plexus, dexamethasone, nalbuphine Addition of an adjuvant to local anesthetics improves the quality of nerve block and reduces the need for postoperative opioids intake. The study was aimed to compare the efficiency of dexamethasone versus nalbuphine as perineural additives to local anesthetics mixture in supraclavicular brachial plexus block. The study included 45 patients scheduled for ambulatory upper extremities operations under the supraclavicular brachial plexus block. The patients were allocated to three equal groups (n=15): (i) Group C: patients received 30 mL of local anesthetics (bupivacaine 0.5% + Lidocaine 2% 1:1 mixture) + 2 ml normal saline. (ii) Group D: patients received 30 mL volume of local anesthetics (bupivacaine 0.5% + Lidocaine 2% 1:1 mixture) + 8 mg dexamethasone 0.4% (2 mL). (iii) Group N: patients received 30 mL of (bupivacaine 0.5% + Lidocaine 2% 1:1 mixture) +10 mg nalbuphine HCl (completed to 2 mL with normal saline). We compared the duration of postoperative analgesia, total opioid consumption, and complications in the first 24 hours. Statistically significant prolongation in the duration of analgesia was noticed in group D and group N with the least opioid consumption in group N. Addition of dexamethasone or nalbuphine to lidocaine/bupivacaine mixture can prolong the duration of analgesia and reduce opioids consumption after supraclavicular brachial plexus block. --- ## Anxiety in Cataract Patients, Benefits of Counseling on Patient Anxiety in Routine Cataract Surgery **Authors:** Sonal Muley, Chetan Saoji, Sachin Daigavane, Ragini Patil, Ajinkya S. Ghogare **Published:** 2020-05-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2272 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anxiety, cataract, surgery, anaesthesia, SICS To quantify the anxiety provoked by cataract surgery and to assess which stage has caused maximum anxiety (preoperatively, operation day, postoperative day) and if counseling in the preoperative stage after admission helped in alleviating the fears of the patient. Ophthalmology Department at Datta Meghe Medical College, Shalinitai Meghe Hospital and Research Centre, Nagpur in collaboration with Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi (Meghe) Wardha, Maharashtra.A cross-sectional analysis of patients having routine cataract surgery under local anaesthesia. The hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale was used to quantify the patient’s anxiety. All patients were operated by manual small incision cataract surgery under peribulbar block.50 patients (22 males and 28 females) were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into two groups: patients getting operated for the first time (35 patients) and second time(15 patients). The Highest anxiety in both the groups was found on the preoperative group before counseling. Females were found to be more anxious than in males though not statistically significant.Preoperative anxiety was significantly more in patients getting operated for the first time than n patients getting operated for the second eye(p=0.06). Post-operative anxiety in second eye patients was significantly more than in first eye patients(p-0.0003). --- ## Antibacterial potential of Antimicrobial peptides containing whole proteins of two Adiantum species from Himalaya against selected human bacterial pathogens **Authors:** Abha Negi, Vineet Kumar Maurya **Published:** 2020-05-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2269 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** AMPs, Adiantum edgeworthii, A. capillus-veneris, Antimicrobial proteins, Antibacterial activity, Drug resistance Increasing tendency of drug resistance and continuously emerging new diseases have limited the available therapeutic options. Plants are still a positive hope for search of new therapeutic agents, which have provided many effective therapeutic agents and have not been yet explored to their full potential. In the present study, two ferns Adiantum edgeworthii and Adiantum capilllus-veneris from the Himalayas, have been explored for the presence of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in them. Antimicrobial peptides are different class of therapeutic agents having multimodal action mechanism and different sites of action. Hence they could be a solution against the problem of drug resistance. In the present study, whole proteins (WPs) of the ferns were precipitated using TCA, and low molecular weight protein fractions (LMPFs) of WPs were isolated using SDS-PAGE. Antibacterial activities of WPs and LMPFs were tested against six human pathogenic bacteria S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, and K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The results showed that AMPs were present both the ferns and antibacterial potency of LMPFs was higher than WPs. It was also observed that WPs of A. capillus-veneris was about 11.4% more active than WPs of A. edgeworthii. Antibacterial activity of WPs was compared with two standard antibiotics (Amoxicillin and Erythromycin) and comparable results were obtained. Further research for purification and characterization of pure antimicrobial peptides from these plants are expected to provide new therapeutic agents. --- ## Membrane cell disruption of Candida albicans by Masoyi bark essential oil **Authors:** Triana Hertiani, Frenita Burhan, Mentarry Bafadal, Sylvia Utami Tunjung Pratiwi **Published:** 2020-05-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2268 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Massoia aromatica, essential oil, Candida albicans, cell membrane, disruption Essential oils distilled from the bark of Massoia aromatica Becc. (Masoyi) has been known from our previous research as a potential anti-candidiasis towards both planktonic and biofilm states. This study aims to determine Masoyi essential oil’s antifungal mechanism of action towards Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Observation of the antifungal mechanism towards C. albicans was performed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) following the Masoyi essential oil application in sub-minimum inhibition concentration, in comparison to untreated cells as the control. Considering that both planktonic and biofilm of C. albicans were influenced, the effect on farnesol production was also observed using thin layer chromatography of the microbial supernatant. Following SEM and TEM results, the effect on membrane permeability seems to play a role in the antifungal activity. To support the result, an experiment using influx Propidium Iodide Test was performed. TLC densitometry and GC-MS analysis showed that C-10 Massoialactone is a major constituent of Masoyi oil. Observation of C. albicans cells by using SEM showed cell shrinkage, which may be due to disruption in membrane cell permeability. TEM confirmed the membrane cell disruption, which causes cytoplasmic leakage. The result of the propidium iodide influx test confirmed the damage to membrane permeability. The decrease in farnesol production was observed, which may play a role in the antibiofilm activity of the essential oil. --- ## Janapadodhwamsa in Ayurveda and its comparison with recent COVID-19 pandemic **Authors:** Seema Himmatrao Thakare, Prashil Prakashrao Jumade **Published:** 2020-05-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2716 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Epidemiology, Janapadodhwamsa, Pandemic, Epidemic, prevention Epidemics or outbreak is a sudden spread of the disease within a short time to a large number of people in a given population. Ayurveda is an ancient system of medicine, clearly mentioned about such diseases causing epidemic under a broad term 'Janapadodhwamsa’. There is no term as Epidemiology in Ayurveda, but the principles were described in piecemeal when compiled, analysed and interpreted the same as a modern theory of Epidemiology. Many of today's medical sciences coincide with some of the basic principles of Ayurveda. Today whole world is suffering from the COVID-19 pandemic. To assess the concepts of epidemiology in Ayurveda and to compare the same with recent COVID-19 pandemic. Literary study of the epidemic was done thoroughly, including classical treatises like Charak Samhita, Sushrut Samhita & modern textbooks of epidemiology. Most of the concepts of Ayurveda about Janapadodhwamsa are found relevant to current theories of pandemic/epidemic. When COVID-19 pandemic compares with Janapadodhwamsa, it shows similarity in concepts like aetiology, modes of transmission, principles of prevention of outbreaks etc. Also, control measures of COVID-19 can be compared with Hetu-viparit & Vyadhi-viparitchikitsa. The concepts described in Ayurveda regarding Janapadodhwamsa are more or like the present modern concept of the pandemic/epidemic. Thus, the ancient Indian medicinal systems were well known to the fact of the epidemics & outbreaks of infectious diseases. --- ## The Correlation of Anxiety, Dyslipidemia and Oxidative stress in Prehypertensive and Hypertensive patients **Authors:** Elsa Mathew, Mukkadan J. K **Published:** 2020-05-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2270 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anxiety, hypertension, oxidative stress, prehypertension Studies have evaluated that high blood pressure kills nine million people annually. Psychological factors can be considered as a primary threat to the increase of hypertension. It may lead to cardiovascular disease, stroke and kidney disease. The current work was conducted to analyze the disparity of anxiety, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in pre-hypertensive and hypertensive subjects. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 180 subjects. Based on the Joint National Committee 8 Criteria, participants were divided into hypertensive patients (n=60) and pre-hypertensive patients (n=63). Fifty-seven healthy subjects with normal blood pressure were served as the control group. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were measured using the standard procedure. The biochemical parameters for measuring oxidative stress, blood glucose levels, and lipid profile were estimated. Anxiety level was assessed with the State-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) questionnaire. It is observed that the serum Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (nmol/ml) were significantly higher in pre-hypertensive (3.74±0.33) and hypertensive (4.7±0.38) compared to normotensive subjects (3.05±0.38). The Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (U/ml) was higher in subjects with normal blood pressure (12.67±2.31) than pre-hypertensive (11.16±2.43) and hypertensive subjects (8.98±2.32). The MDA had a significant positive correlation, and SOD had a negative association with waist-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, high-density lipoprotein, and state and trait anxiety. The present study confirmed that pre-hypertensive and hypertensive subjects suffered from more oxidative stress than normotensive subjects. --- ## Preventive measures for Dental Professionals during worldwide emergency COVID-19 **Authors:** Samrudhi Khatod, Anuja Ikhar, Pradnya Nikhade, Kaustubh Khatod **Published:** 2020-05-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2294 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Dentist, Aerosol Coronavirus (CoV-2) is a rapidly spreading viral infection all over the world. World Health Organisation declared COVID- 19 as the pandemic disease. Professionally, Dentists are prone to get the cross-infection. And are at 100% risk. This is because Dentists come across face to face communication with the patients, frequent exposure to saliva, blood, other body fluids while handling the teeth and sharp instruments. So, precautionary and preventive measures should be taken to prevent and minimize the cross-infection and spread of COVID-19. The susceptible people of COVID-19 are those who had a travel history from abroad, elderly people, immuno-compromised, and people with co-morbidities. This condition is more prevalent in males when compared to females. Transmission can be broadly divided into the direct and indirect transmission. In general, a COVID infected patient shows signs of symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, fatigue, headache, body pain, lethargy, and breathlessness. At present, no cure or vaccine has been discovered. Currently, a combination of anti-viral and anti-malarial drugs is being used to treat patients. Simultaneously, multi-vitamins and Hydroxychloroquine is administered to most susceptible patients after consulting the physician. Prevention for aerosol, body fluids, nasal discharge is a must. Disinfection of surrounding and personal protective wear, which includes a face shield, mask, gown, head cap, double gloving, and glasses, should be worn by healthcare professionals to limit the contact to the virus. Social distancing is a must to control the transmission of this disease. --- ## Pandemic disease and Infectious disease in Ayurveda with special reference to Covid-19 **Authors:** Kunal Jayawantrao Chandankhede, Ruchika Kunal Chandankhede **Published:** 2020-05-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2715 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Covid19, Infectious Disease, Janapadodhwansa, Pandemic, Rasayana Recently discovered SARC-COV-2 virus is a reason for a contagious disease called Covid-19, which is started from Wuhan, China on December 19, which is now spread to the entire world. World health organization declared it as a Pandemic disease. Not only its high rate of disease person but also having a high mortality rate because it spreads fast, its treatment are based on symptoms the important part is the vaccine is not developed yet. So the whole world is looking towards Ayurveda for its preventive as well as a curative aspect. So this work aimed to find out aetiology, causative factor, pathophysiology, and treatment of Pandemic as well as infectious disease from Ayurvedic literature to prevent or cure the infection. Methodology: the review was done based on present research of covid-19 and Ayurveda ways of prevention and treatment of contagious disease regarding covid-19. Ayurveda has mentioned Pandemic disease under the heading of Janapadodhwansa and Infectious disease under Jwar (all types of fever), Kustha (skin disease), Agantuj (Disease due to external factor), Bhoot graham pida (Disease due to external factor). Ayurveda is the mother branch of medical science; it gives brief treatment not only on physical levels but also at psychic and spiritual levels. Times reveals Ayurveda principles in front of the world. --- ## A comparative study of physiological and hematological profile of preeclampsia in relation to body mass index **Authors:** Sabir Ali Shaikh, Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan, Das Subir Kumar, Chowdhury Ranita Roy **Published:** 2020-05-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2265 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Blood pressure, Haemoglobin, Haematology, Preeclampsia Preeclampsia (PE) is a major cause for maternal morbidity and mortality globally. Studies showed that body mass index (BMI) is one of the risk factors of PE. In this study, the BMI and physiological and hematological profile was associated to predict the severity of preeclampsia, so that proper counseling and antenatal care could be given for good pregnancy outcome. The study was carried out on 100 healthy normotensive pregnant and 100 diagnosed preeclamptic women. Healthy pregnant and PE were categorized into three groups based on BMI, on WHO criteria. BMI group 1 (<25 Kg/m2) considered as normal, group 2 (25 – 30 Kg/m2) as over-weight and group 3 (>30 Kg/m2) obese. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), hemoglobin (Hb), white blood corpuscles (WBC), red blood corpuscles (RBC) and platelets were compared in control and PE groups. Then the respective control groups were compared with PE groups. The prevalence of overweight was more in PE groups when compared to normotensive pregnancy (P=0.004). Statistically, a significant difference was not observed in BMI group1, group 2 and group 3 of control and in PE in relation to SBP, DBP, Hb, WBC, RBC and platelets. But a statistically significant difference was observed when respective control groups were compared with PE (P<0.005). BMI does not have any statistically significant association with SBP, DBP, Hb, WBC, RBC and platelets. BMI could not be considered as a predictor or severity of preeclampsia. --- ## Study of Incisional Hernia at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital **Authors:** Mangesh Padamwar, Anupam Kakade, Ajonish Kamble, Yashwant Lamture, Meenakshi Yeola **Published:** 2020-05-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2267 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Incisional hernia, Open hernioplasty, Laparoscopic hernioplasty Incisional hernia affects all age groups and involves both males and females. It can be defined as hernia, which protrudes through the surgical wound, which was healed incompletely. Incisional Hernia Management requires operative intervention most of the time. It may be corrected by laparoscopic repair with synthetic non-absorbable mesh or open anatomical repair.In partnership with Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College AVBR Hospital (Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences) Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra, this work was performed in the Department of General Surgery at Datta Meghe Medical College and Shalinitai Meghe Hospital and Research Centre, Hingna, Nagpur. Over a year, 59 cases of diagnosed incisional hernia were included.33 males and 26 females were included. The mean age was years. A most common cause of Incisional Hernia (IH) post-operative wound infection(49.15%). In maximum cases, history was suggestive of emergency surgery (86.44%). Open mesh hernioplasty was the common procedure (57.62%), Lap mesh hernioplasty done in (25.42%) cases, and (16.94%) cases were treated by suture repair. There was no evidence of Recurrence in laparoscopic repair as open mesh hernioplasty has a recurrence rate of 03.57%, and suture repair cases showed 33.33% recurrence.Incisional Hernia and its occurrence can be taken care of by implementing all standard aseptic precautions, thereby avoiding chances of infection at the time of primary surgery wherein thorough peritoneal wash, proper techniques of wound closure and use of appropriate antibiotics is recommended. Management of IH with Laparoscopic mesh repair has an advantage in terms of less hospital stay, negligible rate of Recurrence though it is not cost-effective in the present scenario. --- ## Preparation and characterization of mucoadhesive microcapsules of paclitaxel **Authors:** Chinmaya Mahapatra, Padala Narasimha Murthy, Sudhir Kumar Sahoo, Anjan Kumar Mahapatra, Prasanna Kumar Dixit **Published:** 2020-05-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2262 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alginate microcapsules, in vitro release, ionotropic gelation, mucoadhesive property, paclitaxel, swelling index The objective of the present work is to develop paclitaxel encapsulated muco-adhesive microcapsules. The improvement aims to enhance its usefulness and control the drug release in cancer patients. Paclitaxel microcapsules with a coat consisting of sodium alginate and a muco-adhesive polymer such as acacia, Carbomer 941, Povidone K-30, Macrogol (PEG 6000) were prepared by ionotropic gelation technique. These microcapsules were evaluated for morphological characters, drug content, loading efficiency, drug-polymer interactions, swelling ratio, muco-adhesive properties and in vitro drug release. The resulting microcapsules were discrete, spherical, and free-flowing with a particle size range of 534 to 822 µm. The microencapsulation efficiency was 45.09–99.83%. The microcapsules prepared with alginate along with macrogol (F4M) have exhibited excellent muco-adhesive property in the in vitro wash-off test. The swelling ratio of microcapsules was enhanced with an increased alginate concentration, and the formulation (F4) showed the highest index of swelling, that is 2666. Paclitaxel release from these muco-adhesive microcapsules was slow and extended throughout six h and further depends upon the concentration of the alginate. The per cent drug release of alginate-acacia microcapsules (F4Ac) was higher than other formulations in the present study. In conclusion, alginate-acacia muco-adhesive microcapsules could be a promising vehicle for oral controlled release of paclitaxel. --- ## A Quantitative, Sensitive and Rapid Validated Analytical RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Dapagliflozin in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Formulations **Authors:** Gouru Santhosh Reddy, Animesh Bera, Madhurima Basak, Krishnaveni Nagappan, Ramalingam Peraman **Published:** 2020-05-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2251 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dapagliflozin, RP-HPLC, Method Optimisation, Sample preparation, Method Validation, Sensitivity, SGLT2 Inhibitor, International Conference on Harmonisation The present study is aimed to develop a linear, precise and accurate RP-HPLC (Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) method for the determination of dapagliflozin in the formulation. The method was accomplished on a C18 column (250×4.6mm; 5µm), & Samples were eluted using acetonitrile: water (40:60%v/v) delivered at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min with a chromatographic run time of 10 min. The eluents were observed utilizing a UV detector with a wavelength set at 277nm. The method that was developed resulted in the retention of dapagliflozin at 7.029minutes. Dapagliflozin through current method has shown linearity (r2 > 0.999) over the concentration range of 1-16 µg/ml. The percentage recovery was observed to be within the limits of 98-102%, demonstrating the accuracy of the method. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were qualified at 0.049µg/ml and 0.1485µg/ml, respectively. A Linear precise, accurate, simple, and rapid RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the evaluation of dapagliflozin in bulk drug and tablet dosage forms (5mg &10mg) according to ICH Q2(R1) rules. Additionally, the proposed method could be of use in quality control tests of dapagliflozin in pharmaceutical industries. --- ## Integrative approach in Ayurveda for COVID -19- A Review **Authors:** Punam Sawarkar, Gaurav Sawarkar **Published:** 2020-05-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2711 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Aoupasargic Rog, COVID-19, Dincharaya, Dhoopana, preventative, Rasayana, treatment regime Covid -19 outbreak is current frustrating entity to medical field and having dreadful impacts on global health system & economy. As standard line of treatment for this entity is not yet established & current statistics based on its impacts of high mortality rate is really discouraging. This situation demands for alternative search for its treatment in other science & also emphasizes over importance of its prevention in current situation by improving immunity. Basic aim of this paper is to search various treatment & preventative regimes in Ayurveda for management of different Aoupasargic Roga i.e. communicable diseases. Relevant literature regarding concept of communicable disease in Ayurveda was explored from available Ayurvedic compendium. Various references in Ayurveda shows that both preventaive & curative aspect of airborne communicable diseases can be fulfilled with the help of Ayurveda. By adopting Ayurvedic measures such as following proper Dincharaya, Rutucharya, Sadvritta, Achara Rasayana, Panchakarma, Shaman Cikitsa & Rasayana, Yogapachara, Spiritual therapies, Dhoopana Karma; both physical and mental health can be maintained & occurrence & spreading of such diseases can avoided. Ayurveda can give This is an encouraging development and a good initiative for the treatment. --- ## Role of Chyavanprashas a Rasayana in combating an outbreak of COVID 19 **Authors:** Rajni Kamlakar Gurmule **Published:** 2020-05-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2343 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Chikista, Immune response, Prevention, Science Today the whole world is suffering from the most dreadful disease that is Covid 19. The Causative factor for COVID 19 is SARS-COV2. It was first noticed in Wuhan city of China. World Health Organisation declared the fatality of this disease as a pandemic. This disease has become a problem of great concern globally. This virus targets the respiratory system of human beings. There is a high incidence of person to person transmission of this disease through contact. However, there is also a significant role in innate immunity in pathogenesis and management of this disease. The whole world is seeking for flawless control of this viral disease. Ayurveda is a holistic science. Its aim is not only on the cure of diseases but also on its prevention. It emphasises mainly on healthy life of an individual. There is a wide range of principles described in Ayurveda which are used to combat disease from its root. Rasayana Chikista is a useful principle of Ayurveda, beneficial for management and prevention of many diseases. It is always said that “prevention is better than cure”. Chyavanprash is one of the well known Rasayana. Contents of Chyavanprash shows a wide range of actions on respiratory diseases as well as on boosting immunity. These properties of it provoke us to review the role of Chyavanprash in the prevention of Covid 19, thereby increasing one's immune response. This Chyavanaprash can be a boon in the prevention of Covid 19 by improving immunity against it. --- ## Molecular Profile of Aminoglycoside, Fluoroquinolone, and Class 1 Integron Genes among Gentamicin-Resistant Escherichia coli in Najaf City, Iraq **Authors:** Nabil Salim Saaid Tuwaij **Published:** 2020-05-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2259 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aminoglycoside, Fluoroquinolone, Class 1 Integron, Gentamicin-Resistant Escherichia coli, UTIs Escherichia coli has a major cause of women urinary tract infection, which it harbours various kinds of drug resistance-associated genes. So, the current study examined the prevalence and frequency of genes. These genes are responsible for the resistance of aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone drugs in uropathogenic gentamicin-resistant E. coli isolated from urinary tract infections among women. Six hundred urine specimens were tested. The data revealed 348 (58%) and 70 (11.66%) had gram-positive and gram-negative, respectively. The other 182 (30.33%) were found without any growth. A total of 600 clinical specimens were 167(27.833%) identified as E.coli isolate according to biochemical tests and Vitek-2 System. The phenotypic gentamicin-resistant screening (MIC and disk diffusion) revealed out of 167(27.833%) E.coli isolates were 25(4.166%) gentamicin-resistance. Antibacterial agents susceptibility of 25 gentamicin-resistant E.coli isolates showed concern level of resistance among different categories of antibacterial agents, ranged from high resistance 25(100%) for nalidixic acid to less rate of resistance 4/25(16%) by imipenem drug. Molecular data have demonstrated the prevalence of associated resistance genes for both aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. Among 25 gentamicin-resistant E.coli isolates 24/25(96%) were harbours for the genes gyr-B, aac(6’)-Ib-cr, strA/B, and 23/25(92%) of isolates were harbouring for the genes gyrA, qnrS, and aacC-2. In contrast, qnr-B, aac(6′)/aph(2′), and aph(3)lla were identified in 20/25(80%), 11/25(44%) and 8/25(32%) respectively. At the same respect, aacC-1, qnrA, and qnrC genes were no detect in the current study. However, 24/25(96%) of isolates were carrying the class 1integron (intel-1) gene. --- ## Knowledge of COVID-19 among nursing and Allied health care professionals working in tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Sai Ravi Teja Kamineni, Pandian Balu, Poonguzhali Sivagananam, Poongodi Chellapandian, Udayakumari Meesala Chelladurai, Vasantha Priya Jayasheelan, Savithri Kanganda Bopaiah, Divya Ravikumar, Sindhura Myneni, Surapaneni Krishna Mohan **Published:** 2020-05-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2233 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Knowledge, Pandemic, COVID-19, Social distancing, Health Care professional The rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has become a major cause of concern for the healthcare profession. The pandemic is on-going and actively developing and countries around the world are taking drastic measures to reduce the spread of disease by measures like initiating social distancing, closing of schools and nonessential businesses. The present study is being conducted to assess the knowledge of COVID-19 among the nursing and allied health care professionals. A cross sectional study on knowledge of COVID-19 was conducted among nursing and allied health care professionals working in tertiary care hospital. A structured questionnaire comprised of 25 questions developed by investigators was administered to 177 health care professionals that includes nursing and allied health professionals working in a tertiary care hospital. Among the 177 nursing and allied health care professionals, majority 92.1% of them has adequate knowledge regarding the present global pandemic and 7.9% had moderate knowledge. This study concludes that nursing and allied health care services professionals in tertiary centre has adequate knowledge regarding COVID-19 pandemic. --- ## A Review of Saponine rich herbal drugs on COVID – 19 w.s.r to their Mucoadhesive action **Authors:** Vidhate R. Sneha, Wate Priyanka **Published:** 2020-05-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2347 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID 19, Saponine, Mucoadhesive drug delivery, prophylactic, Virucidal, mucin, deactivating, delivery Commencing ancient period there are abundant medicinal herbs which have been used in many kind of disease even which are dreadful in conditions. Also for treatment and preventative strategy for several diseases, such as respiratory viral infection, Meningitis, Rhinitis etc. So the benefit of these medicinal herbal drugs which are used in viral respiratory infections diseases is require to build immune stimulating boosting power and also inflammation modulate special effects of manage the immune system. Indian preventative and prophylactic medicinal plants recommended by AYUSH ministry for noval virus COVID 19. So in the present study virtue of some herbal drugs are taken which containing various saponine present in it. It has Virucidal properties of Some saponins and sapogenins are competent to deactivating viruses and might be act as Mucoadhesive agent because Mucoadhesive drug delivery (MDD) system is one of the very important restrictive steps for nasal drug delivery, because it decreases the time allowed for drug absorption. So these MDD improving the nasal drug absorption in time period and also prolonging the contact time between nasal mucosa and drug. Mucoadhesion represents the attachment of the drug delivery to the mucus, involving an interaction between mucin and a synthetic or natural polymer known as mucoadhesive. --- ## Determination of chemical composition and evaluation of Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial activities of Clove Oil obtained from Syzygium Aromaticum Moroccan species **Authors:** Siham. Yanisse, Hajar. Benhhadou, Miloud EL Karbane, Brahim. Mojemmi, Housaine. Tligui, Mustapha. Bouatia **Published:** 2020-05-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2261 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antifungal activity, Antioxidant activity, essential oil, phenolic compounds, Syzygium aromaticum The composition, antimicrobial and antioxidante activities of essential oil obtained from Syzygium aromaticum (Moroccan species), were studied. The extraction was carried out by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometryy (GC-MS). The antioxidant effect was evaluated using two in vitro antioxidant assay using DPPH and FRAP methods, 2,2-Diphenyil picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) and Total reducing ability determination by Fe3+–Fe2+ transformation Method (FRAP). And the antimicrobial effects of essential oils were evaluated by the disk diffusion method. The determination of composition showed that Twenty-four compounds were identified in the extracts of clove oil by gas chromatographyy/mass spectrometry. The constituents major of clove buds was Eugenol with percentage (63, 68 %). The result shown that clove oil had an important effect antioxidant in two in vitro assays including reducing power FRAP and DPPH radical scavenging. The result has been compared to that of some natural antioxidant. Based on the measurement of the diameter of inhibition, a moderate to high antimicrobial activity, according to oils was revealed against all yeast strains and moderate against bactéria strains. The Eo has showed a considerable antioxidant effect and antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungus strains, deserving further investigation for clinical application in the treatment of fungal infections. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of guar gum based matrix tableted glibenclamide microspheres **Authors:** Prashant Singh, Ritu M. Gilhotra **Published:** 2020-05-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2238 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tableted microspheres, matrix tablet, guar gum, hypoglycemic, in-vitro evaluation The purpose of this investigation is to establish anti-diabetic activity relationship as well as efficiency of formulated guar gum matrix tablet using microencapsulated glibenclamide (GBLD). This research is an approach to utilize pharmaceutical excipients as an alternative hypoglycemic agent. In order to execute the objective, GBLD microspheres were formulated by emulsion solvent evaporation method using dichloromethane and methanol as solvent system which was transferred drop after drop into encapsulating medium i.e. liquid paraffin light. The formulated microspheres were exposed to various assessment parameters like drug entrapment efficiency, % yield, particle size distribution, and average particle size, the morphology of surface, dissolution study (in vitro) and micromeritics of prepared microspheres. By using these microspheres, matrix tablets were then prepared which were further evaluated for weight variation, thickness, friability, hardness, drug content, stability study, disintegration time, swelling index and dissolution (in vitro) studies were carefully carried out. Betwixt all the formulated microspheres GEM3 was found to best optimized with respect to evaluation parameters. The results obtained were found within the desired ranges where % yield 93.75%, drug entrapment efficiency 95.627% at 12th hour, and the average particle size was observed to be 179.4±0.12 µm. Then, by using the method of direct compression matrix tablets of optimized microspheres GEM3 were prepared and drug release (in vitro) was performed. The obtained results of performed parameters on matrix tableted microspheres were within the acceptable range according to IP guidelines. Out of all formulated matrix tableted microspheres, formulation GMT4 and GMT7 showed an in-vitro % drug release of 95.257 and 94.404 at 12th hour in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. --- ## Formulation Development and Characterisation of Gemifloxacin Mesylate and Loteprednol Etabonate Ophthalmic Ocuserts **Authors:** Swati Mayur Keny, Ketan Shah **Published:** 2020-05-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2258 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gemifloxacin Mesylate, Loteprednol Etabonate, Carbopol 974, 980, 981, Ocular inserts and Betacyclodextrin complex Gemifloxacin Mesylate is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug preferably used in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. The addition of Loteprednol Etabonate enhances the anti-inflammatory activity of the developed formulation. The objective of the present work was to develop ocular inserts of Gemifloxacin Mesylate with Loteprednol Etabonate and thereby evaluate its potential as a sustained ocular delivery system. Poor bioavailability and poor therapeutic responses are associated with conventional ophthalmic solutions due to many pre-corneal constraints. These constrain trigger the researcher's mind to formulate a controlled and sustained drug delivery system. Ocular inserts based on the solvent cast technique were formulated and characterized by in vitro drug release studies using a flow-through apparatus that simulated the eye conditions. Compatibility of Gemifloxacin Mesylate, Loteprednol Etabonate, polymer, and excipients was checked based on preformulation studies. Different combinations of Gemifloxacin Mesylate, Loteprednol Etabonate, Carbopol 974, 98 981, PEG 400, and glycerine were formulated by the solvent cast method and evaluated. Clarity, smoothness, surface pH, drug content, and in-vitro drug release study were the various parameters evaluated on the formulated ocusert. Formula GLE 74 fulfilled the needs of all organoleptic parameters and also the in-vitro release study. Based on in vitro correlation stability studies, it was concluded that this ocular inserts formulation could be a promising controlled release formulation. --- ## Allergen Immunotherapy: Tactic in manipulating food allergen induced anaphylaxis **Authors:** Saritha C K, Josni Jose, Vidya Viswanad **Published:** 2020-05-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2250 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Allergen, Immunotherapy, Food-induced anaphylaxis, Allergens, T-cell signalling The pervasiveness of food allergy and associated anaphylactic reactions are proliferating consecutively and the absence of a proper treatment adds to it. Food, both animal as well as plant derived, are presented as the major risk factors. There are several pathways deduced in favour of the food-induced anaphylaxis, ultimately leading to the activation of T-cells. One of the efficient way to solve this issue is allergen immunotherapy that involves the administration of small doses of modified allergen content and increasing the dose geometrically until tolerant level is achieved. The present treatment includes the symptomatic treatment just though a perpetual fix can be accomplished through the immunotherapy. It focus on the development of innate and adaptive immunity and further acts as a shield to prevent recurrent episodes of anaphylaxis. Specific allergen induced immunotherapy can induce a response that can benefit up to a period of 3 years even after discontinuation of the therapy. Persistent advancement of immunology and bioengineering improves understanding diagnostics. Oral and subcutaneous routes are mostly exploited for the allergen immunotherapy. There is also a need to shed more light on the availability of a standardized allergen extract for the specific treatment of food allergy. Additional research on possible pathogenesis/ pathways and newer route of administration can lead to more safe and efficient treatment methodology. --- ## Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Nigella sativa seed extracts and assessment of their antibacterial activity **Authors:** Sheik Shehensha, Jyothi M V **Published:** 2020-05-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2248 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nigella sativa, Silver nanoparticles, Zeta potential, SEM analysis, Resistant strains and Antibacterial activity Silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized from Nigella sativa seed extracts using ethanol and chloroform. The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against some drug-resistant bacteria has been established, but further study is needed to assess whether these particles could be an option for the treatment and prevention of drug-resistant microbial infections. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized and screened for their antibacterial properties on resistant strains. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible, FTIR, Dynamic light scattering and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. The antibacterial action of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was assessed by Microtitre Broth dilution process using Ciprofloxacin as standard, against resistant strains like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium difficile, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. The Silver nanoparticles obtained from chloroform extract of Nigella sativa seeds were more effective against Pseudomonas aeuruginosa, Clostridium difficile and Streptococcus pyogenes; than ethanolic seed extracts at 120 µL. Our data propose that the silver nanoparticles are effective against a variety of drug-resistant bacteria, which makes them a potential candidate for use in pharmaceutical products that may help to treat drug-resistant pathogens in different clinical environments. The present study focuses on the ability of phytoconstituents capped with silver nitrate can be used to treat infections caused by resistant bacteria. --- ## Nanoparticulate targeted drug delivery systems- a review **Authors:** Sindhuja Devaraj, Ganesh GNK **Published:** 2020-05-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2246 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Nanoparticles, Site-specific drug delivery, Bioavailability, Therapeutic index, Advantages Nanoparticulate drug delivery system are the rapidly developing system, and nanoparticles are present in the size range of 1-100nm. Nanoparticles composed of various thermal, electrical, and optical property. Nanoparticles offers the potential advantages over the traditional dosage forms it is ascribable to the properties of nanoparticles. Nanoparticulate drug delivery system ensures the site-specific delivery of a drug(Targeting drug delivery) and aids in improving the efficacy of the new as well as old drugs and has the potential in crossing the various physiological barriers and also improves the therapeutic index of the drugs and increases the patient compliance. The objectives of this review is to classify the nanoparticles based on the different groups, surface properties of nanoparticles, describe the strategies of drug targeting, the necessity of nanoparticles their general method of preparation, different methods used in characterization, self- assembly and mechanism of drug release in a systemic manner. The potential advantages and limitations of various nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are also discussed elaborately. --- ## Gastroprotective effect of leaves of Breyniavitis-Idaea **Authors:** Poojitha M, Saravanakumar A, Satyanarayana S V **Published:** 2020-05-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2247 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breyniavitis-idaea, Ethanol induced, Indomethacin induced, Pylorus ligation, Cold resistant stress, Dose Dependent Due to the lure backs of synthetic drugs that are being used medical field has turned over to the traditional medicine which are devoid of side effects and major adverse effects. So that Herbal drugs were seen as probable replacements for the handling of PUD without showing side effects and equaling the treatment efficacy. The literature review on investigations of antiulcer activity of various plant drug, the present investigation was carried out to investigate the antiulcer potential, chemical constituents present in the methanol extract of traditional plant Breyniavitis-idaea. Gastric ulcers in experimental animals were brought by four different models like Ethanol(Alcohol) induced, NSIDS (Indomethacin) induced, Pylorus ligation method and Cold resistant stress induced method by comparing with the standard drug namely omeprazole (20mg/kg) which exhibited the dose dependent capacity of the extract (125mg/kg,250mg/kg, 500mg/kg) and also the biochemical parameters like ALP, GSH, pH and Gastric volume contents were estimated in all the selected groups (Design of Experiment). The results obtained from the study has helped to identify that 500mg/kg of plant extract has gastro protective effect in all the chosen models in comparison to the omeprazole (20mg/kg) standard drug. Owing to the prevalence of different phytoconstituents like poly phenols and flavonoids shown the dose dependent potent gastroprotective activity. --- ## The use of an Alpine climate in the treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in children of the Kyrgyz Republic **Authors:** Mamatov Sagynali Murzaevich, Esengeldi Kyzy Aizhamal, Vityala Yethindra, Tugolbai Tagaev Jumabekovich, Arstanbekova Mira Arstanbekovna, Imanalieva Farida Eldiyarovna, Nartaeva Aida Kanatbekovna, Kanat Kyzy Bazira **Published:** 2020-05-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2245 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alpine climatotherapy, Hemorrhagic syndrome, Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), Kyrgyz Republic, Platelet count, Prednisone, Remission, Splenectomy The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of alpine (high-altitude) climatotherapy in the chronic form of immune thrombocytopenia in children. The article presents the results of the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia in children during high altitude climatotherapy. For this type of treatment, the alpine climate of the Tuya-Ashu pass (3200 meters above sea level) in the Kyrgyz Republic used. A 40-day stay in the highlands contributes to the relief of hemorrhagic syndrome and a significant increase in platelet count. Evaluation of the treatment results showed that out of 32 children who received alpine (high-altitude) climatotherapy once, 2 achieved complete and 14 had partial remission. In 11 children, the improvement of clinical and hematological parameters was temporary, and the absence of effect recorded in 5 patients. 50% of children with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) responded positively to a single course of treatment. Repeated courses of treatment led only to an improvement in clinical and haematological parameters. In our study, we have a case of a complete recovery of a child with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) after 5 treatments in high altitude conditions. --- ## A Review on Precipitation inhibitors in supersaturable self emulsifying drug delivery system **Authors:** Santhosh Kumar R, Sureshkumar R **Published:** 2020-05-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2242 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Bioavailability, Oral absorption, Poorly water-soluble drugs, precipitation inhibition Supersaturation The super saturable formulation has been widely used as an effective method to improve solubility and oral absorption of poorly aqueous-soluble drugs. When the super saturable formulation comes in contact with gastrointestinal fluids, its drug concentration goes over the equilibrium solubility, but this state does not exist for too long, the drug may precipitate before being absorbed, which minimizes the efficacy and bioavailability of the drug. Therefore, it is necessary to inhibit or retard the precipitation of drugs to achieve the maximum benefits of the super saturable formulation. Polymers (water-soluble and insoluble) are the commonly used excipients to inhibit precipitation. Cyclodextrins and surfactants are the other two excipients used as precipitation inhibitors. In some of the cases, even solid carriers can effectively retard precipitation. The precipitation inhibitors (PI) have the capacity to maintain a super saturable state of the formulation in GI for a particular time period. Therefore, it is important to properly select the precipitation inhibitor; too frequently used methods to select precipitation inhibitor are casting film method and solvent-shift method. Such selected and successfully used precipitation inhibitors are HPMC E5LV, PVP K17, HPMC E5, soluplus, poloxamer 407, HPMCAS, maltodextrin (mal) and microcrystalline cellulose (mcc). Since the super saturable technique has been widely used for delivering poorly water-soluble drugs like ezetimibe, indirubin, feno fibrate, butyl paraben and rosu vastatin calcium. There is a necessity for bio relevant evaluation of supersaturation/precipitation because simple methods like dissolution tests cannot be bio relevant in a supersaturation/precipitation context. Some of the important factors like sink versus non-sink conditions, hydrodynamic, medium selection and temperature play a vital role in the evaluation of in-vitro supersaturation. --- ## Comparative study of transferring frozen embryo with short culture vresus overnight culture and also assess prevalence rate of psychological distress amongs infertility patient **Authors:** Brij Raj Singh, Akash More, Ranjit S. Ambad, Nandkishor Bankar, Ujwal Gajbe, Ajinkya S. Ghogare **Published:** 2020-05-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2243 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Thawing, overnight culture, Embryo transfer, Anxiety, Depression Frozen embryo transfer is a procedure which is widely preferable technique to transfer of embryos obtained in assisted reproductive technology. The transfer of cryopreserved embryos transfer which is less expensive than the second fresh cycle, fertility treatment costs, can get an increased implantation rate, and an increased rate of pregnancy. The primary negative emotional reaction to both infertility and assisted reproductive therapy is typically either anxiety or depression. To compare serum β-hCG value in fresh frozen-thawed embryo transfer with overnight cultured frozen-thawed embryo transfer. And prevalence rate of psychological distress. 52 FET Cycles performed in between June to December 2018 among these embryos transfer 36 were performed within 1 hour after thawing and 16 were performed after overnight incubation. We observed that patient in 1 hour incubation has higher β-hCG level than overnight culture patients and there is worse psychological status in infertile women and nearly half of our infertile sample (51.9%) displayed mild to extreme depressive symptoms. Obstetricians should consider that reducing the mental and social issues will lead to greater happiness and productivity. --- ## Positive effects of Covid-19 on Earth **Authors:** Swapnil Borage, Priyanka Shelotkar **Published:** 2020-05-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2704 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Air quality, Climate, Corona Virus, COVID-19, Crime, Ganga, Seismic Noise, Water quality COVID-19 has proved to be a threatening pandemic for all human beings. Cases of COVID-19 reported globally till 13th April 2020 are 17, 73,084, out of which 1, 11,652 have died. While in India, greater than 9000 positive cases and 308 deaths are reported. People in many countries, all over the world, are locked down to their houses, and policies are implemented to avoid the spread of corona virus. But looking at this scenario, in other perspective reveals different knowledge. As, the roads are not crowded, and the malls, transport, institutes, and industries are closed, there is significant improvement in the climate. The present study intends to review these positive changes in climate, and the lessons human should learn from the pandemic, COVID-19. The data related to the effect of human interactions on nature, and the results of lockdown was collected from international newspapers, scholarly articles from peer reviewed journals, and WHO database. The data showed that, after lockdown, there is improvement in the quality of air, the green house gas emission has significantly reduced, and amount of industrial wastes poured in rivers has dropped down, making the water clearer. The nature heals itself, with less human interactions, and worsens with more. So, we must make policies not to damage it further, with our interactions. --- ## Antioxidant Activity Test and Determination of Total Flavonoids Levels of Kedondong Laut (Nothopanax fructicosum (L.) Miq) Leaf Extract **Authors:** Virsa Handayani, Andi Amaliah Dahlia, Nurul Hasanah, Aulia Nur Siti Nur Aisya Amin **Published:** 2020-05-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2244 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidants, (Nothopanax fructicosum (L.) Miq), Kedondong laut leaves, DPPH, Flavonoids Kedondong laut (Nothopanax fruticosum (L.) Miq.) is a plant from the family Araliaceae. Leaves of kedondong laut useful for diuretik, analgesics, as an antidiarrheal and arthritis. The characteristics of sea kedondong are shrubs, yellowish green, the size of small flowers are green and the fruit is greenish purple and the height of the tree reaches up to 3 meters. Extracted by stratified extraction using solvents n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, and 96% ethanol with a percent rendender for n-Hexane solvent 1.504% ethyl acetate 2.784%, ethanol 3.698%. The results showed that each extract of kedondong laut leaves (Nothopanax fructicosum (L.) Miq has antioxidant activity with IC50 value of n-hexane extract of 33.839µg/mL, ethyl acetate extract of 12.604µg/mL and ethanol extract of 2.222 µg/mL ethanol extract of kedondong laut leaves (Nothopanax fructicosum (L.) Miq) has higher antioxidant power than n-hexane extract and ethyl acetate, the total flavonoid compound content is 0.09902 gQE/g extract or 9.902%, ethyl acetate extract is equal to 0.13253 gQE /g extract or 13.253%, and 96% ethanol extract at 0.09345 gQE / g extract or 9.345%, ethyl acetate extract has a greater flavonoid content than n-hexane extract and 96% ethanol. --- ## Possible role of traditional medicinal plant Neem (Azadirachta indica) for the management of COVID-19 infection **Authors:** Shuvrodeb Roy, Pradip Bhattacharyya **Published:** 2020-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2256 **Type:** research article **Keywords:** Novel coronavirus, Disease, Ayurveda, Medicinal plant, Neem The novel corona virus disease (COVID-19) was originated from Wuhan, China. Afterwards, COVID-19 outbreak was declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). Now, around two and a half million people are suffering and several thousand are dead worldwide due to the highly infectious and deadly nature of the virus. Unfortunately, no standard medicine or vaccine is available to treat the disease. The major clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, chills, cough, fatigue, respiratory symptoms, diarrhoea, and shortness of breath. Clinical symptom-based Indian traditional medicinal practices like Ayurveda and Siddha could be beneficial to treat and prevent the infection. Indian origin traditional medicinal plant Neem (Azadirachta indica) has been reported to have antiviral potential against bovine herpes virus type-1, poliovirus type 1, duck plague virus, dengue virus type-2, newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, avian influenza virus, and group B coxsackievirus. Neem is widely used as Ayurvedic medicine to treat fever, cough, asthma, and diarrhoea, which are also reported as the common clinical symptoms of COVID-19. Neem is reported to enhance both humoral and cell-mediated immune response during viral infection. Multidimensional antiviral therapeutic potentials of Neem insist on hypothesizing its probable application to control COVID-19 along with modern medicinal practices. But, a series of experimental database and translational research is required to establish the hypothesis. --- ## Evolution, Ayurveda, immunity, and preventive aspects for emerging infectious diseases such as COVID-19 **Authors:** Dhirajsingh Sumersingh Rajput **Published:** 2020-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2227 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Immunity, COVID-19, Rasayana, Yoga, Ayurveda daily regimens Evolution is a continuous process of changes in structural and physiological mechanism in the living being. Microbes/pathogens can evolve naturally or artificially and become resistant to various medicines. The novel corona virus is such evolved pathogen of corona virus group. Enough strong immunity is needed to prevent or survive from COVID-19 pandemic. Ayurveda provides ways for evolving physiological responses to built immunity. Present work is a brief attempt to increase insight in this filed. Present review was done based on the simple theory of evolution, recent updates regarding prevention of COVID-19, Ayurveda aspect toward infectious diseases and Ayurveda ways towards prevention of infectious diseases with special reference to COVID-19. Person with impaired immunity is more susceptible for COVID-19 and thus immunity is an important preventing factor. Ayurveda Rasayana (rejuvenation) herbs, Yoga exercises, Pranayama (special breathing exercise), daily regimens and personal hygiene guidelines can be helpful strategies in controlling the spread of COVID-19. The preventive aspects of pandemic situations are narrated in Ayurveda with enough details. They need to be scientifically explored and refined for precision. As prevention is always better than cure, Ayurveda ways can be considered for future strategies to avoid pandemics such as COVID-19. There is a great need for research on Ayurveda medicines on COVID-19 like diseases. --- ## Impact of COVID-19 on the Socioeconomic life and Psychology of Transgenders: Insights from India **Authors:** Sugyanta Priyadarshini, Sukanta Chandra Swain **Published:** 2020-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2286 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Transgender, Psychology, Mental Health, Economic instability, India India's COVID-19 lockdown has left transgender people at heightened risk of hunger and poverty since most of them make their living on streets by begging, street entertainment, and paid sex. They are not socially privileged to operate within the online world as they are predominantly dependent on social interactions and functions such as weddings or baby showers. Ideology is endangering transgender people from coronavirus. Transgender people are a socially marginalized community who is forced into slums where social distancing is challenging, making it a hotbed for Coronavirus. Further, the absence of healthcare backup and lack of awareness increases the looming fear among the transgender community regarding the budding impact of COVID-19. A substantial rate of economic instability, as well as social discrimination, was visible before the pandemic, thereby worsening their situation with a lack of food, fund, insecurity, safety, and mental health concern during COVID-19. This study focuses on the impact of the Coronavirus crisis on the socioeconomic life of Transgender people taking into account the explosion in unemployment, adding to an already disproportionate healthcare support system pushing them further to the margins. The study comes forward with useful suggestions based on content analysis of published and aired information to reduce the existing woes of transgender people during COVID-19. --- ## Fighting and Chasing the Rogue Virus-Covid19 **Authors:** Pooja Shah, Waqar Naqvi **Published:** 2020-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2219 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** coronavirus, developing countries, pandemic, preventive measures, COVID-19 The novel coronavirus of 2019, COVID-19, also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread from its origin Wuhan, China to the rest of the world. It is important to note that while the number of new cases has reduced in China lately, they have increased exponentially in other countries including South Korea, Italy and Iran. In India, the COVID-19 trajectory appears assured to change modes. While the number of incidents grew slowly in February, they doubled in just five days in mid-March from 100 to more than 236, and now at the end of April, the cases reported are 29,435. These numbers are possibly an underestimate of the infected and dead due to limitations of surveillance and testing. The Indian government declared a countrywide shutdown for a period of 3 weeks from 24th of March to help prevent the spread of the virus. Most of the affected people had connection with flyers from covid-19 affected countries; some of them had no such interaction, indicating that community transmission could have started in several parts of India. Thus, an important collective goal is to reduce the outbreak and to flatten the peak of the outbreak curve. Cooperation is a crucial tool in the COVID-19 battle. There is a need to identify and find a way around the particular threats, the overarching cultural and social patterns in our area. This article discusses the tactics that should build for handling the crisis. --- ## A Review on Chiral Columns/Stationary Phases for HPLC **Authors:** Suraj Koorpet R, Akshay N, Nishanth G, Chandan R S, Anand Kumar Tengli **Published:** 2020-05-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2240 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Chiral separation, enantiomer, HPLC, Chiral stationary phases (CSPs), Chiral derivatization reagents (CDRs), Chiral mobile phase additive (CMPA) The chiral separation of pharmaceutical molecules and their precursors is one of the important areas of application of HPLC in pharmaceutical analysis for obtaining the enantiomerically pure drug. The latter procedures include the use of so-called chiral selectors to recognize and isolate the enantiomer enantio-selectively. The direct approaches, i.e., those who do not derivate the compound of interest before separation, are addressed in detail since they are now the most common approaches. The role of stereochemistry in medicinal products is being given greater emphasis on medical practice. For physicians to make a conscious choice about the use of single-enantiomered medicinal products, basic knowledge is required. For a few treatments, single-enantiomer formulations can provide more selectivity than a combination of enantiomers in their biological purposes, enhanced therapeutic indexes and/or better pharmacokinetics. This highlights the possible biological and pharmacological variations between the two drug enantiomers and underlines the clinical experience of individual enantiomers. Particular emphases have been put on chiral separation by HPLC on chiral stationary phases (CSPs). Chiral derivatization reagents (CDRs) are optically pure reagent on reaction with drugs forms a pair of diastereoisomers that can be separated on conventional achiral phase. In the Chiral mobile phase additive (CMPA) method, the stationary phase is achiral and the chiral selector is dissolved during the mobile period. Interaction with the analyte’s enantiomer leads to the formation of transient diastereomeric complexes that are separated by their affinity towards mobile/stationary phase. Separation mechanisms and method development for chiral molecules using these phases are discussed in this review. --- ## Ilex khasiana - The silent holly species of Aquifoliaceae on its pharmacognostical importance as a free radical scavenger and antibacterial agent **Authors:** Charles Lalnunfela, Lalremsanga H.T, Lalhriatpuii T.C, Lalthanpuii P.B **Published:** 2020-05-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2237 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial activity, free radical scavenging, medicinal plant, reactive oxygen species Ilex khasiana is a rare and endangered medicinal plant endemic to northeast India. Remaining largely unexplored, it is purported to have a range of medicinal values and may soon join the medicinal plant hall of fame. Extracts of the leaves were prepared using solvents of increasing polarity, namelypetroleum ether (IKP), chloroform (IKC) and methanol (IKM). The preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, phytosterols, triterpenoids, saponins, reducing sugars, glycosides and carbohydrates. Free radical-scavenging activity was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). IKC exhibited the highest activity with an IC50 of 17.22 ± 1.87, followed by IKM with an IC50 of 26.93 ± 5.14 and IKP with an IC50 of 37.16 ± 5.11. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was used as the standard DPPH scavenger and showed an IC50 of 8.31 ±0.72. IKM and IKC also showed positive antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella, and a Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis. IKP did not indicate any inhibition against the selected bacteria. Our findings substantiate the basis for further investigations on the medicinal potentials of the plant. --- ## Pharmacological, bioactive screening of medicinal plant Nigella sativa and the derived compound thymoquinone : An invitro study **Authors:** Sandhya A, Gomathi Kannayiram **Published:** 2020-05-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2239 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nigella sativa, Thymoquinone, Anti-diabetic, Anti-inflammatory, Cholinesterase inhibitor The richest biosource of drugs is from the medicinal plants, which are traditional medicine. The nutraceuticals, food supplements, Siddha, Ayurveda, pharmaceutical medications, synthetic drugs are from the plant sources. Despite a large number of studies with herbal plants which have given good correlation in the phytochemical, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory content, Nigella sativa- a spice plant of Ranunculacea family showed significant properties than their counterparts. The seeds of Nigella sativa and the essential oil were found to exhibit various pharmacological activities like anti analgesic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-diabetic. In the clinical trials, since there are no toxic effects or severe side effects observed using an animal model, the study was carried out using Nigella sativa and Thymoquinone to find out the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, in-vitro - anti-diabetic activity, anti-inflammatory activity of Nigella sativa ethanolic extract and Thymoquinone effect on diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. The study aims to prove that to treat Alzheimer's disease, and Nigella sativa can be a therapeutic agent and the compound Thymoquinone a potential cholienesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. --- ## Role of Ajan Vruksha/Khandu Chakka Plant (Ehretia Laevis Roxb.) in Covid-19 Pandemic **Authors:** Rushikesh Thakre, Shweta Parve **Published:** 2020-05-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2703 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Anti Viral, Covid-19, Spiritual plant, Santa Ghynaneshwar Maharaj, Traditional Medicine, Ajan Vruksha, Khandu Chakka, Ayurved Ehretia Laevis Roxb. plant has many compounds useful in wound healing, fractures, UTI, aphrodisiac, headache, antihelminthics, diuretic, demulcent, expectorant, RTI, fever, fungal infections, hepato-protective , cytotoxic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-carcinogenic, weight gain, diabetes , muscles wasting, anti viral activity, preventing viral mutations, blood clotting, reduce the serum lipid level, immunity booster, promotes neural crest cell survival, sedation , anti-Alzheimer,antinociceptive , thyroid uptake promotion, anticoagulant, antiplatelet aggregatory, peptic ulcer, antiasthmatic, antiosteoporotic & antiosteopenic , anticataract & ophthalmic effect, decongestant, skin protective, nephroprotective, anti fatigue effect, protection of human sperm, protection of testicular tissue , larvicidal, antimalarial, antiretroviral, cosmetics product, atopic dermatitis, anti fatigue, neuroprotective, retinoprotective, lung tissue protection, heart protection , prevention of splenocyte apoptosis, relieve stress and improve sleep, hepatic encephalopathy , anti-secretory, neurotransmitter, myelin sheath maintenance, gastric acid secretion & regulation, metal ions chelator, anemia, psychiatric disorders, collagen formation, reduce the recurrence, severity, healing period of herpes simplex virus infections, calcium absorption , muscle protein, post surgery recovery, sports injuries, hormones , aging, used in psychotropic drugs. --- ## Prevalence of SUL(1,2), GYR(A, B) and OXA genes among multidrug resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates recovered from women suffering urinary tract infection **Authors:** Nabil Salim Saaid Tuwaij, Huda Jameel Baker Al-khilkhali, Haneen Mohamed Mohsen **Published:** 2020-05-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2234 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** UTI, oxa, sul-1, sul-2, gyr-A, gyr-B, K. pneumoniae Klebsiella pneumoniae is a significant concern multidrug-resistant microorganism and a one common gram negative bacteria associated with infections of women urinary tract. Therefore, this work aimed to the molecular screening of Sul(1and 2), Gyr(A and B) and OXA genes among K. pneumoniae isolates in Najaf City, Iraq. Out of 250 urine specimens were collected from women showing symptoms of urinary tract infection during five months January to of May 2019, bacterial growth was157 isolates, included 133 gram negative compared with 24 gram positive bacteria while 98 specimens were no growth. According to the Vitek-2 system, 30 K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained. Data on current work revealed that the 26-35 age group was the highest 14 K. pneumoniae isolates. Results of antimicrobial susceptible recorded all isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) and they have a different range of resistance. However, all 30 isolates(100%) resistant to ampicillin drugs, while the lowest rate was 1(3.33%) for Imipenem drug. PCR assay revealed exist of oxa, sul-1, sul-2, gyr-A and gyr-B genes among K. pneumoniae isolates with rates 20(66.66%), 11(36.66%), 22(73.33%), 3(10%) and 17(56.66%) respectively. --- ## Floating countries and corona pandemic: Impact of COVID-19 on stranded Cruise ships **Authors:** Arti Sahu, Waqar M. Naqvi **Published:** 2020-05-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2702 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, pandemic, mass gathering, cruise ships, diamond princess, quarantine, isolation Cruise ships transport a significant number of people in confined spaces over an extended period than other modes of transportation, thereby presenting a unique environment to elevate human-to-human transmitted infections. The overcrowded public rooms, congested accommodations, standard food supplies, and shared sanitary facilities encourage the transmission of infectious diseases by affected persons and through contaminated food, water and surfaces. A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) originating from Wuhan, China in November 2019 spread globally. Unfortunately, Diamond Princess is the first cruise ship on board to have an outbreak of COVID-19 with 3711 passengers and crew members. It began from Yokohama on January 20, 2020, and was supposed to return to Yokohama on February 3 2020. An 80-year-old male passenger, who debarked in Hong Kong on January 25 2020, tested positive for COVID-19 on February 1. Diamond Princess was immediately ordered to stay in the ocean and follow quarantine measures near Yokohama from February 3 onwards. Several other cruise ships such as the Grand Princess, MS Westerdam, Zaandam, etc. had COVID-19 outbreaks onboard. The failure to isolate the crew at the very beginning of quarantine resulted in further transmission of the virus to the passengers and crew. In conclusion, the compact conditions in the cruise ships with high population density amplified the transmission of COVID-19, mainly driven by contact rate and mixing effects. --- ## Understanding COVID-19 – The Pandemic of 2020 **Authors:** Prasaath Sastha K R, Balasubramanian Arul, Ramalingam Kothai **Published:** 2020-05-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2228 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid-19, Transmission, Pathogenesis, Risk factors, Symptoms It all started in December 2019, a seafood market in Wuhan, China, with a series of neumonia alike cases admitted with severe acute respiratory depression. Since they were unable to detect the precise cause, they named it "Pneumonia of unknown etiology". Later it was identified as SARS COV 2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome – coronavirus 2). At first, the disease spread locally affecting the people of Wuhan, and then started spreading throughout China, creating a worldwide panic. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 in China as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from China and local healthcare units organized an intensive outbreak investigation program. The causative organism of this infection is a new virus that belongs to the “coronavirus (CoV)” family. After which the disease was called nCoV-19 (Novel coronavirus – 19). On February 11, 2020, the WHO Director General, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, renamed the disease as "COVID-19," which is the acronym of "coronavirus disease 2019". Viral epidemics like SARS-CoV in 2002, H1N1 influenza in 2009, and the most recent one the MERS-CoV Middle East Respiratory Distress Syndrome Coronavirus (first identified in Saudi Arabia) in 2012 threatened the health of mankind in the past two decades. All of these were successfully prevented by systematically approaching the problem to solve it. Healthcare professionals around the world are well trained to manage any type of health crisis. On March 11, 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 as a "PANDEMIC" pointing to over 118,000 cases and 80,000 dead in 110 countries or more. In a media briefing, the WHO Director General said: "This is not just a public health crisis, it is a crisis that will touch every sector, so every sector and every individual must be involved in the fight." --- ## Variations in platelet indices in hypercholesterolemia patients in a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Janani K, Muthuvel E, Sudha Vasudevan **Published:** 2020-05-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2732 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cardiovascular diseases, Hypercholesterolemia, Mean platelet volume, Plateletcrit, Platelet Distribution Width, Platelet indices Hypercholesterolemia is defined as high levels of cholesterol in the blood. Platelet indices include: Plateletcrit (PCT), Platelet Distribution Width (PDW) and Mean platelet volume (MPV). Hypercholesterolemia is associated with the increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis which in turn results in platelet activation and thrombotic events. This study is aimed to evaluate the variations in platelet indices in adults with hypercholesterolemia which may be significant in indicating cardiovascular diseases. It is a retrospective case-control study which includes 50 patients with a total cholesterol level of more than 170mg/dl as the study group and 50 healthy controls with normal lipid profile parameters. Data were collected from the lipid profile register in the Biochemistry department of Saveetha Medical College for 3 months duration. The fasting blood samples were run in the machine ‘vitros 5600 dry chemistry’. The lipid profile values included in this study were Total cholesterol, HDL and TGL. The platelet indices were collected from the automated haematology analyzer 'Sysmex XN 1000' from the Pathology Department, Saveetha Medical College. The data collected were tabulated and analysed using SPSS software. Statistical tool used is the independent T-test. The mean value of the platelet parameters such as MPV, PCT and PDW in the study group was 10.397061, .3000, and 12.452 respectively and that of the control group was 9.907480, .2882, 11.174 respectively. On comparing the platelet parameters such as MPV, PCT and PDW between the study and the control group it was observed that there was a significant variation in MPV and PDW. In the independent sample test, the p-value of MPV, PCT and PDW were 0.21, 0.481 and 0.008, respectively. Thus MPV and PDW shows a significant variation between the study and the control group as it is higher in hypercholesterolemia patients (p-value is <0.05). --- ## A Study on Prevalence of Asymptomatic Cardiac Abnormalities in Patients with Chronic Tubulo Interstitial Syndrome by Echocardiography **Authors:** Ahmed Siddique A, Saravanan S, Prasanna Karthik, Kannan R, Magesh Kumar S **Published:** 2020-05-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2698 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), coronary artery disease (CAD), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), Chronic Interstitial Nephritis (CIN) Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is said to be the presence of renal damage with or without compromised renal function. Chronic renal failure (CKD) affects almost all systems of the body and results in various abnormalities, leaving significant morbidity and mortality. Of the various causes, infection and cardiovascular events contribute towards a large proportion of its occurrences. The most common cause of death in Chronic Kidney disease patients is due to cardiovascular disease. Left ventricular hypertrophy and Coronary artery disease are considered to be the two major cardiovascular disorders among CKD patients. The present study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of cardiac abnormalities among the asymptomatic chronic tubulointerstitial syndrome (CTIS) patients by echocardiography. The parameters studied to detect the cardiac abnormalities are Regional Wall Motion Abnormality (RWMA), Interventricular wall thickness (IVWT), Posterior ventricular wall thickness (PVWT), Ejection Fraction (E.F.), Fractional Shortening (F.S.), E/A ratio, Valvular lesions, Pericardial Effusion. Of the above parameters, Interventricular wall thickness, Posterior ventricular wall thickness, Ejection Fraction, Fractional shortening and E/A ratio had significant association among the patients with asymptomatic CTIS. Left ventricular hypertrophy was observed among 64.7% of the patients. Ejection fraction <50% is seen among 83.8% of the study population, 83.8% had abnormal E/A ratio, and 67.6 % had abnormal fractional shortening. In conclusion, CTIS in various stages of CKD has asymptomatic echocardiographic abnormalities which have to be kept in mind as it has an impact on mortality and morbidity. --- ## Urodynamic findings of bladder dysfunction in patients with Type 2 DM **Authors:** Hasanain F. Hasan Al-Timimi, Mohammed B. Ismail, Mustafa Mohsin Al-Musawi **Published:** 2020-05-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2236 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Type 2 diabetic mellitus, Bladder dysfunction, Diabetic cystopathy, detrusor over activity Bladder dysfunction is one of the most common complications of diabetes, even exceeding nephropathy or peripheral neuropathy. Diabetic cystopathyaffects patients in both sexes, and its prevalence increases over time with diabetes; our concern is to evaluate the urodynamic findings of bladder dysfunction in diabetic patients. A cross sectional study conducted at Ghazi Al-Hariri Surgical specialized hospital during the period from the firsts of January 2018 to the end of Mar 2019, in which 118 diabetic patients (71 female and 47 male) with lower urinary tract symptoms were enrolled in the current study. The mean age (62±13) years old, 37.3% of patients presented with urgency as the main type of dysfunction. Diabetic cystopathy were found in (40,4%) of the male and (43.7%) of the female, while detrusor over activity were found in (15.5%) of the male and (18.3%) of the female, bladder outlet obstruction were represent (8.5%) of the male with significant association. Highly significant (<0.001) increase in female compliance and flow rate than that in male but highly significant decrease were found in female filling IV pressure. We concluded that Bladder over activity of the patients in the current study was found in more than half of the patients and diabetic cystopathy is the most common urodynamic finding in diabetic bladder dysfunction in patients with DM. --- ## Current treatment options for Parkinson’s disease and the existing status of nanotechnology **Authors:** Kannekanti Teja, Asha Spandana K M, Amit B Patil, Vishakante Gowda D, Narahari Rishitha **Published:** 2020-05-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2232 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Parkinson’s disease, Neurodegenerative disorder, Gene therapy, Nanotechnology Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with dopaminergic neuron degeneration and/or loss of neuronal activity. Current idiopathic PD treatments focus primarily on the use of pharmacological agents to improve PD patients ' motor symptoms. PD remains to be an incurable disease so far. Therefore, the development of new therapeutic approaches for PD therapy is of utmost significance. Several molecular and gene therapy methods have been established over the past 20 years to counteract or retard the development of PD. Severe side effects are found in many native therapies. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies remain in demand for development. Nanomedicine seems to be a significant medical application in nanotechnology that demonstrates promising future in drug delivery to the central nervous system. BBB stands throughout the central nervous system as a gateway to drug targeting. Drug delivery, based on nano-particles that always avoids Blood-Brain Barrier protection, Different potential therapies based on nanoparticles and nanosystems are explored various benefits. The scope of this review is to provide an overview of this field of PD-related therapies and significant breakthroughs. To do so, this review will begin by concentrating on PD characterization, pathophysiology, etiology and present therapy choices that subsequently cover molecular, gene therapy, and nanotechnology formulations that are currently being studied in animal PD models or lately tested in clinical trials. --- ## Assessment of Drug Utilization Pattern, Prevalence and Risk Factors for the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in a South Indian Tertiary Care Hospital: a cross-sectional observational study **Authors:** Madhavi Mannam, Lavanya Nalluri, Ravindrababu Pingili, Jaidev Sudagani, Naveenbabu Kilaru **Published:** 2020-05-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2229 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetic retinopathy, Drug utilization, Type 2 diabetes, Risk factors, Prevalence Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness in the working-age population across the globe. The objective of the present study was to assess the drug utilization pattern, risk factors and prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a south Indian tertiary care hospital. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 745 subjects (386 with diabetic retinopathy and 359 without diabetic retinopathy). Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was measured and risk factors for the development of diabetic retinopathy were determined by calculating odds ratios using graph-pad prism statistical software and drug utilization pattern was assessed. Retinopathy was significantly higher in the subjects who are married, uneducated, housewives, urban residents, no income group and risk factors were comorbidities HbA1c, high serum creatinine, duration of diabetes (5-10 years and >10 years), physical inactivity, junk foods (weekly once and weekly twice), soft drinks occasionally and tea/ coffee (daily twice). Metformin (38.21%), combination of Insulin Isophane and Insulin Regular (16.75%), Insulin Regular (15.18%), combination of Glimepiride and Metformin (11.51%), Glimepiride (7.85%), combination of Metformin and Vildagliptin (7.85%) were most commonly prescribed anti-diabetic drugs to the T2DM patients with retinopathy. --- ## A novel high performance liquid chromatography method development and validation of fluconazole by ezchrom software **Authors:** Vikrant Verma, Manish Pathak, Amit Kumar, Amit Kumar **Published:** 2020-05-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2231 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fluconazole, International Council for Harmonisation, Linearity, Precision, Robustness The current research explains the development of a new method and its subsequent validation by a novel HPLC method in fluconazole tablets. Inertsil Octadecyl silica C18 column having dimensions of length 150 mm, diameter 4.6 mm, particle size 5 μm was exploited for the method development, and the mobile phase embodies buffer pH 4 and acetonitrile in the combo of 40:60. Wavelength exploited for the segregation was 289 nm. The volume of injection was preserved at 20 µl. Average recovery established to be 101.571, 100.315, and 99.021, the standard deviation was established to be 0.93834, 0.986418, and 0.989741, and % R.S.D was established to be 0.92382, 0.98331, and 0.999526. The percentage recovery was established to be within prescribed restrictions. In assay studies, an average assay was found to be 95.966, and standard deviation and % RSD of the assay was found to be 0.6021 and 0.6274, respectively. After carefull and systemic investigation of various research articles and review articles, it is observed that H.P.L.C method development and validation of fluconazole has been done in various pharmaceutical dosage forms, but till now a smaller amount of work is executed on dosage forms of solid nature, and hence there is huge prospective for research to be done in this area for new methodology to be developed in pharmaceutical dosage form of solid nature by means of dissimilar mobile phase combos and different strategy adopted by use of chromatography software which avoids the problems and demerits associated with present methods. --- ## Development of bio-relevant dissolution method for prognosis of In-vivo performance of Dipyridamole from modified release capsules **Authors:** Devi Thamizhanban, Gampa Tulja Rani, Kathiresan krishnasamy **Published:** 2020-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2211 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dipyridamole, biorelavant, deconvolution, pre-prandial In-vitro biorelevant dissolution test method was developed for Dipyridamole in modified release multiparticulate dosage form, to simulate the product drug release after oral administration to human. The Dipyridamole concentration in blood plasma achieved after oral administration under pre-prandial(fasting) condition were used for deriving the target dissolution profile by deconvoluting the plasma concentration using numerical deconvolution technique. The fraction of drug absorbed was considered as the target dissolution profile. The drug product was tested by using the dissolution method recommended by office of generic drugs, and the dissolution results observed are not comparable with the target dissolution profile. Dissolution method was developed using reciprocating cylinder, Bio-Dis (apparatus -3 as per USP), by simulating the pre-prandial conditions. A full factorial design of experiment was carried out to achieve the target dissolution profile. Media volume and dips per minute (DPM) are considered as main factors, in design of experiment. The dissolution results achieved with media volume 250ml and 10DPM were found to be comparable with target dissolution profile and observed with the F2 value (similarity factor) of 92%. The developed dissolution method demonstrates a very good in-vitro/in-vivo correlation under pre-prandial condition, and shall be used as a predictive in-vitro tool for evaluation Dipyridamole extended release capsules. --- ## Induction of apoptosis by selected Xylocarpus sp.,fractions in the human cervical cancer cell line, HeLa **Authors:** Gul-e-Saba Chaudhry, Nur Khairina Ahmed Sohimi, Habsah Mohamad, Muhammad Naveed Zafar, Aziz Ahmed, Yeong Yik Sung, Tengku Sifzizul Tengku Muhammad **Published:** 2020-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2210 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Apoptosis, Cancer, Cytotoxicity, DNA Fragmentation, HepG2, Mangroves, Phytochemicals screening, Xylocarpusgranatam Cancer is unchecked growth of normal cells. The screening of new potential agents is vital to develop effective cytotoxic drugs with reduced side effects. Thecytotoxic effects, mode of cell death and screening of phytochemicals which induced cell death by the mangrove plant Xylocarpus granatum extract on the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line was studied. The crude methanol extract of Xylocarpusgranatum(bark) partitioning produced the high yield in diethyl ether (54.08%)followed by butanol (37.12%) and aqueous (3.21%).The Xylocarpus granatum bark extract produced a cytotoxic effect with IC50 <30 µg/ml as compared to leaf and root (IC50> 100 µg/ml). The DNA fragmentation study done to determine the mode of cell death. The results attained by the colorimetric TUNEL system propose that Xylocarpus moluccensis extract induced DNA fragmentation in the HepG2 cell line. The darkly stained nuclei observed in HepG2cells treated with Xylocarpus moluccensis(diethyl ether) extract for 24 hours. The DNA fragmentation indicating that apoptosis was the mode of cell death on HepG2 cell line. Furthermore, The Xylocarpus moluccensis(diethyl ether) extracts phytochemical study confirms the presence of flavonoid, steroid, terpenoid, phenols, tannins, glycoside, and saponin.Thus, the further study of potential phytochemicals need to done in order to confirm these phytochemicals as a future therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer. --- ## The anti-respiratory syncytial virus activity of methanol leaf extract of Aspilia africana **Authors:** Damian C. Odimegwu, Agatha I. Onah **Published:** 2020-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2209 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aspilia Africana, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), antiviral, cytotoxicity, infectivity Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), to date, is still the most frequent cause of infantile and childhood viral lower respiratory tract illness on a global scale, and at the same time, causing significant impact in the elderly. Presently, there is no licensed vaccine or safe and specific antiviral agent that could be used against the virus. Medicinal plants are known to be a promising source for the discovery of utilizable anti-RSV treatments. In this present study, we screened the anti-RSV and cell cytotoxicity activities of methanol extract of A. Africana by virus plaque reduction and corresponding cell viability methods in Hep-2 and Vero cells of human and mammalian origin respectively. The corresponding set-up for analyses of A. Africana extract on cell viability were performed by the reduction of thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) in the Hep-2 cells following the established method. The results of the evaluation of the extract of A. africana showed anti-RSV activities with inhibition of RSV at IC50, 42.5 ± 8.89, while the cell cytotoxic effect in Hep2 cells recorded was TC50, 121.4. ± 7.21. Therefore, our results show that the methanol extract of AA exhibited anti-RSV activities and has a moderate effect on the cell viability of the recipient host cell, indicating that target molecular substances against RSV can be developed from the extract. --- ## The Effect of Body Mass Index on Functional Outcome of Patients with Knee Arthroplasty with and without Hip Abductor Muscle Strengthening: Six Months follow-up of a Randomized Pilot Study **Authors:** Sampath Baireddy, Ajeet Kumar Saharan, Vinod Kathju, Yatheendrakumar G, Manisha Saharan, Sivajyothi N **Published:** 2020-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2225 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Abductor muscle, Body mass index, Functional outcome, Total knee replacement As with aging, the prevalence of knee arthroplasty surgery has increased. Similarly, obesity has also increased parallelly. Many studies have been speculating that abductor muscle strength has more effect on the patients with knee arthroplasty when included in physiotherapy intervention, but no studies demonstrated the influence of BMI (body mass index) on the outcome compared with and without abductor muscle strengthening in physiotherapy intervention. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of BMI on the physiotherapy interventions with and without hip abductor muscle strengthening. This randomised pilot trial was carried out at Vagdevi College of physiotherapy, Warangal. The study participants are classified for elective TKR (Total Knee Replacement) and were randomised to normal weight group and obese group. All the group subjects underwent FIM (Functional Independent Measure) score, abductor strengthening and six minute walk test at various intervals and followed for six months. All the groups showed improvements in functional outcome irrespective of BMI indicating BMI has minimal effect on the functional outcomes following TKR. The study concludes that hip abductor groups had greater effect on knee function than the standard conventional standard physiotherapy protocol irrespective of BMI effect. --- ## Metabolic profiling and biological activities of Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bandari leaves **Authors:** Balamurugan Pandiyan, Sangilimuthu Alagar Yadav, Lukmanul Hakkim Faruck, Hamid Bakshi **Published:** 2020-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2226 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Artabotrys hexapetalus, cytotoxicity, phytoconstituents, MCF-7, Antioxidant activity, phenolic, flavonoid content Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bandari an endemic shrub in India producing fragrant flowers belongs to Annonaceae family and is mainly used traditionally for the treatment of cholera and scrofula. The present study reveals antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities of Artabotrys hexapetalus.To screening and evaluate the major secondary metabolites presents, antioxidant, anticancer potential by in vitro assay in A.hexapetalus leaves. All successive extracts of Artabotrys hexapetalus with ethyl ethanoate, chloroform, methanol, ethanol were obtained by Soxhlet method and subjected to phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity. Antibacterial activity and anticancer activity were determined by Disc diffusion and MTT methods, respectively. Compared to other solvents extracts, the methanol extract of A.hexapetalus contains the higher phenolic content (48.45 µg/mg), flavonoid content (49.15 µg/mg) and potential antioxidant capacity (IC50:10.15 ± 0.85 µg/mg). Due to the high potential of methanol extract of A hexapetalus was subjected to the separation of active molecules. Further, trisaccharide, n-Hexadecanoic acid and Z-8-Methyl-9-tetradecenoic acid was isolated and charecterised by UV-vis, FT-IR, NMR spectral studies. Trisaccharide and partially separated fractions from A.hexapetalus contain higher antioxidant, anticancer (MCF-7) and antimicrobial activity. Here we conclude that, the methanol extract of A.hexapetalus leaves and their fractions possess highly activities against various free radicals, human pathogens and cancer cell line (MCF-7). This is the primary lead to make a new biological agent from A.hexapetalus leaves. --- ## Adaptive nutrients in strengthening the immune and respiratory system concerning COVID 19 **Authors:** Venipriyadharshini L **Published:** 2020-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2699 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, Platforms, Ill effects, Immune System, Nutritional Support SARS – CoV – 2 is a deadly infectious virus which targets the respiratory system and leads to a disorder known as COVID 19. It is easily communicable between human beings. MERS –Corona Virus, SARS-Corona Virus, and SARSCorona Virus -2 can leads to severe illness, whereas; novel coronavirus which related with several species which includes HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) originated from infected mice. NL63, HCoV-NL63 is a species of Coronavirus that was recognized in 2004 in a child with bronchiolitis from the city of Netherlands. HCoV-OC43 is a virus which leads to infection generally occurs at respiratory tract around upside, and Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) is connected with a common cold and also symptoms in healthy individuals. Hosts with higher antioxidants and immune capacity can be easily tackled and fight against an antigen. Started from china there so many countries like the USA, Spain, Italy, France, Iran, India, England, Belgium and Pakistan which are profoundly affected by Coronavirus as on April 2020. This present review, papers focused on structure, platforms and ill effects of Coronavirus, and also discloses about the nutrients which include vitamins, minerals, polyphenols and antioxidants; the nutrients under discussion can support the healthy functioning and also strengthen the respiratory system were reviewed. --- ## The Influence of Fermented Mare’s Milk Processing Under Pressure of Gaseous Nitrogen on the Quality of Koumiss **Authors:** Tatyana V. Kabanova, Mariya V. Dolgorukova, Sergey I. Okhotnikov, Elena V. Tsaregorodtseva, Sergey Yu. Smolentsev, Ekaterina A. Savinkova, Andrey V. Onegov **Published:** 2020-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2212 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** quality, milk, processing, mares The urgency of the problem of increasing the nutritional qualities of mare's milk is that, it has versatile uses. Many people traditionally prefer koumiss made of milk with high fat content, as it has good taste, mouth-watering appearance, high calorie content, helps to increase liver weight. In many patients, including tuberculosis, hypotrophic and malnourished due to a long and serious illness, the latter aspect is an important part of treatment. In the production of raw materials for baby and diet food, first of all, it is necessary to achieve an increase in the protein and fat content of mares, as well as to stabilize the content of valuable components in milk during lactation. Therefore, the search for methods for correcting the composition of dairy raw materials is relevant to industry issues. This article presents the results on the research of influence of Hydro mechanical processing on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of mare's milk. Milk processing treatment by gaseous nitrogen was carried out at laboratory-patented system. This method has not had a negative impact on its physical and chemical characteristics, but significantly increased the bactericidal life. The introduction of pure cultures of koumiss leaven in processed and not processed raw milk has reduced the acidity build-up to the optimal value allowing increase in the life of koumiss. --- ## A comparative study between Ketorolac versus Metamizole in the Treatment of acute postoperative pain in children undergo adenotonsillectomy **Authors:** Yasir Fadhil Muhammad Ali Alkhazraji, Hassan Haseeb Abed, MassraIhssan Abdullah **Published:** 2020-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2213 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adeno-tonsillectomy, ketorolac, postoperative pain, metamizole Pain is the first general cause of consultation in most medical specialties, being also the most frequent cause of suffering and disability that seriously affects the quality of life of millions of people in the world. The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of and in the treatment of postoperative acute in children. An clinical trial study included 80children who were optionally subjected to , within the age in the ranged from 5 to 12 years of age. Patients divided in two groups according to the analgesic regimen they received in the operating room, 40 children received and 40 children received . In the group, 67.5% did not experience post-anesthetic recovery on the Ocher scale, and 32.5% had mild to moderate pain (1 to 6). In the group, 27.5% of children reported no pain, and 72.5% rated their pain as mild to moderate. The degree of pain relief measured on the scale was higher in patients receiving (p <0.001). We concluded that reducing postoperative pain significantly than in children undergoing to . --- ## Peculiarities of respiratory pathology of young cattle in the lower Volga region Russian Federation **Authors:** Ivan I. Kalyuzhny, Ivan A. Nikulin, Aleksandr M. Gertman, Andrey A. Elenshleger, Sergey Yu. Smolentsev, Olga A. Gracheva, Dina M. Mukhutdinova, Zulfiyat M. Zukhrabova **Published:** 2020-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2214 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** respiratory diseases of young cattle, nonspecific bronchopneumonia, morbidity, the effectiveness of therapy, neonatal period, immunodeficiency, adaptive reserves An important element in solving problems relating to preservation of young cattle livestock and production increase of livestock products is timely diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases of non-communicable etiology, among which one of the most common is bronchopneumonia. Therefore, the development of effective methods of treatment and prevention of this pathology is an urgent problem of veterinary medicine. The disease leads to calves deep, sometimes irreversible disturbances of bronchopulmonary system functions. Lung function is one of the first to be disrupted, playing an important role in the protective immunological reactions of the body, through which there is an increase in virulence of microorganisms, which leads to the general intoxication and severe bronchopneumonia. The situation on non-specific bronchopneumonia of calves in the Lower Volga region is tense, but it is to the same extent as in other regions having problems with this pathology. It is obvious that the susceptibility of calves to respiratory diseases is formed under the influence of antenatal influences and is manifested in the presence of adverse environmental factors leading to depletion of reserves adaptation in the first months of animal life. --- ## Medicinal plants as an alternative therapeutic source against salmonella **Authors:** Priyanka Kumari, Moin Khan, Amit Gupta **Published:** 2020-04-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2207 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Medicinal plants, metabolites, Salmonella, gastrointestinal tract Medicinal plants are found to be effective in the treatment of various diseases. These activities could be due to the presence of primary and secondary metabolites. A lot of efforts was taken related to this medicinal plant and studied various disease model-based studies. One of the diseases, i.e., Salmonella (gram-negative; non-sporing bacterium; family Enterobacteriaceae), a bacterial disease mainly effects on the gastrointestinal tract. This bacterium survives in human intestines and is shed through feces. Generally, this infection is reported in humans through the intake of contaminated water/ food and also caused through eating raw or undercooked meat, poultry and egg products. These products may be responsible for causing diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever. In India, approximately 500 children suffer from typhoid per 100,000, in the age group of 5-15 years. This disease showed a significant burden among young children and also showed several complications also reported due to Salmonella diseases, i.e., dehydration, bacteremia, reactive arthritis, etc. In contrast, Salmonella grows at a particular pH range between 4 to 8 and the maximum temperature that are required for the growth between 8 to 45 degree Celsius. In literature, about 2500 serotypes and five different strains (Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Newport, SalmonellaJavianaandSalmonella Heidelberg) have been reported. The objective of our study is to collect the information related to salmonella and also understand its correlation between Salmonella and medicinal plant products. --- ## Production and characterization of Green Iron Oxide nanoparticles with antifungal properties against fungal pathogens **Authors:** Momanyi Kerubo Rachael, Rajiv P **Published:** 2020-04-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2206 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Green synthesis, Iron oxide, antifungal and T. procumbens In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized through the green chemistry method. It involved the use of plant extract for synthesis of metal oxide nanomaterials. Aqueous extract of Tridax procumbens was employed for the production of iron oxide nanoparticles. T. procumbens is a weed and it has good medicinal properties. The green chemistry approach provides a simple, cost-effective and eco-innovative method to the synthesis of nanomaterials as compared to the other alternative methods. Phase, crystal, surface chemistry, size, shape and element composition of nanoparticles were assessed and determined by various techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersion X-Ray (EDX). In addition, the antifungal properties of the biosynthesized nanoparticles were investigated against plant fungal pathogens. Spherical-shaped nanoparticles with a size of 26 ± 5 nm were obtained using the extract of T. procumbens. Bio-molecules from T. procumbens served as reducing, capping and stabilizing agents for the fabrication of nanoparticles. The highest zone of inhibition was obtained in S. rolfsii(16.5 ± 0.5)at 50 µg/ml of concentration of TFeONPs. Biosynthesized TFeONPs were capable of inhibiting the growth of fungal pathogens such as S. rolfsii and F. oxysporum and they might be employed as antifungal agents in agriculture to control fungal infections. --- ## The influence of (Mn) Nano - particles on mechanical, physical, and biological properties of (PMMA/PVA-Mn) Nano - composite used for denture base **Authors:** Mithaq R. Mohammed, Israa H. Hilal, Shurooq J. Jabbar **Published:** 2020-04-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2208 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nano-composite, Structural, Bacterial, mechanical properties The (PMMA/PVA–Mn) Nano-composites films were prepared via a photopolymerization method with different percentages (0.0%, 0.1%, and 0.2%) Of Mn with (20%PVA /80%PMMA,30%PVA/70%PMMA ad 40%PVA/60% PMMA). The structural, bacterial, and mechanical properties of Nano-composites. Were studied, X-ray properties of Mn nanoparticle which studied. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was employed to evaluate the morphological and structural properties of each thin film Nanocomposite. Moreover, the effect of Streptococcus mutans antibacterial of those materials was analyzed. The morphological studies represented that both non-functionalized and Bio functionalized manganese oxide NPs (MnNPs) formed are of spherical morphology but exhibited with a difference in size about 20 nm and 27-40 nm, respectively. The performance of the antimicrobial activity. The results are revealed that the Bio functionalized MoNPs showed higher antibacterial. Results show that values increase in each of Mn Nanoparticle and with different concentrations of (PVA/PMMA) polymer, then decrease alternately less value of volume fraction of fillers. Young modules values increase alternately by the volume fraction of fillers. --- ## Study of Scar Content in Cows When Using Carbohydrate-Vitamin-Mineral Concentrate «LS» **Authors:** Damir D. Hairullin, Farit F. Zinnatov, Shamil K. Shakirov, Sergey Yu. Smolentsev, Radiy M. Papaev, Farit M. Nurgaliev, Ilnur N. Kamaldinov, Alexander P. Ovsyannikov **Published:** 2020-04-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2182 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** cows, cicatricial content, carbohydrate-vitaminmineral concentrates Scientific studies of feeding dairy cattle prove that it is most rational to balance rations according to standardized nutrition indicators due to concentrates, which contain all the necessary nutrients in the main diet, consisting of bulky feed (succulent and rough). The advantage of using protein supplements in the feeding of farm animals is that there is no need for oncoming transport of grain fodder and animal feed, which significantly reduces the cost of livestock production. The digestive apparatus of ruminants, due to the presence of pre-stomachs, is adapted to the absorption and digestion of a large number of coarse plant foods. The main feature of the processes of digestion of ruminants is that the food eaten by animals is exposed to microorganisms in the rumen. Ammonium and other nitrogenous compounds are an accessible form of nitrogen for organisms from which a microbial protein is synthesized in a rumen. This protein and unsplit protein feed are sources of coverage of the amino acid needs of the animal. The contents were investigated: pH, the total concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) - butyric, propionic and acetic; the total number of microorganisms and number of ciliates. The introduction of the carbohydrate-vitamin-mineral concentrate «LS» in the diets of dairy cows for 30 days contributed to an increase in the name of bacteria by 3.3±3.4% and protozoa by 6.7±4.1%. In the cicatricial content of the experimental groups, the number of volatile fatty acids increased by 12.4±2.4% and propionic and butyric acids by 3.4±3.1 and 5.7±2.7% in relation to the control group of cows. --- ## Effect of preparation of the test samples by dissolution on the indicators of the protein composition of animal meat **Authors:** Elena V. Tsaregorodtseva, Tatyana V. Kabanova, Maria V. Dolgorukova, Elena L. Matveeva, Marina S. Gugkaeva, Albina K. Kornaeva, Natalia A. Shkaeva, Irina A. Lykasova **Published:** 2020-04-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2196 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** meat, quality, evaluation, examination, research The article presents the research of the protein composition of meat of wild animals (elk and wild boar) and domestic animals (beef), by their isolation and separation methods due to their different solubility in different solutions, conducted in the laboratory of Biological Safety of Food Systems of the Department of Meat and Dairy Products Technology of Mari State University. The total proteins or protein fractions were extracted from a homogenized chilled meat sample. Then, the colorless proteins in the extract were transferred to the colored product, adding a biuret reagent, and studied the D optical density of separate protein fractions on the photoelectric concentration colorimeter PCC-2, determining the absorption of emitting at a wavelength of 540 nm. The protein content of the samples was expressed in the mass fraction of the protein fraction in the sample in g/ 100g of meat and in percentages. The calculation was based on the previously found linear calibration dependence of the optical density on the concentration of the standard protein. Differentiation of proteins by solubility (water-soluble, soluble in salts, alkaline-soluble, albumins, globulins), fractional composition (sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar and connective tissue), peculiarities of the biochemical structure (high-grade and inferior). Protein extracts of muscle tissue of wild and domestic animals obtained during sequential extraction are used to quantify the protein content of a certain fraction, as well as to research the properties of proteins. --- ## Proximate, Minerals, and Vitamins in Chayote Flour **Authors:** Jamaluddin Sakung, Bohari A, Sitti Rahmawati **Published:** 2020-04-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2186 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chayote, Carbohydrate, Flour, Potassium The composition of biomolecules on the squash is affected by the processing, so that the squash that have been processed into flour has a different composition, so that need for their exploration squash flour composition. This study was designed to evaluate composition of proximate, minerals and vitamins in squash flour. Analysis of proximate, vitamins and minerals using AOAC method. The percentage of ash content, carbohydrate, fat and protein respectively are (4.49 ± 0.17), (73.35 ± 0.47), (3.49 ± 0.29) and (15, 10 ± 0.27). The levels of vitamins star from the highest is a vitamin C (11.900 ± 1.072), vitamin A (0.038 ± 0.002) and vitamin E (0.015 ± 0.00007). While the mineral minerals content star from the highest is potassium (2311.90 ± 309.15), calcium (271.5 ± 9.19) and Sodium (21.69 ± 8.53). Chayote is suitable processed into flour that has the highest nutritional value of carbohydrates of 73.35 g/100 g, vitamin C of 11.9 mg/100 mg and potassium mineral of 23.11 g/100 g, so that the processing of squash flour is an innovation in the development of products made from it. --- ## Clofarabine-based regimen as useful bridge therapy for stem cell transplantation in refractory or relapsed pediatric leukemia **Authors:** Elham Alshammari, Anfal Alshammari **Published:** 2020-04-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2203 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clofarabine, allogenic stem cell transplant, salvage therapy, acute leukemia, relapsed/refractory AML Acute leukemia is often regarded as a popular malignancy affecting children. Noticeable enhancements in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, as well as acute myeloid leukemia have resulted in an upsurge in the cure rates. Presently, 80% of the children affected by acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 50% of those affected by acute myeloid leukemia can benefit from long-term remission. However, salvage routines have been very poor in some cases. Some of these cases include those that entail primary refractory disease, multiple relapses, as well as early systematic relapse. Relapsed leukemia is the fourth most popular malignancy affecting children, and there is need to develop novel therapeutic alternatives that can cater for this primary group of patients. With this perspective in mind, clofarabine remains to be the original and only anticancer drug that was certified for use in children and has been in use for over 10 years even before it was actually used in adults. There is need to include clofarabine in reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in the treatment of severe leukemia. Such an inclusion could possibly enhance the treatment outcomes. It is also necessary to design research that can examine the outcome of clofarabine based regimen as bridge therapy to stem cell transplant in young patients with refractory or relapsed leukemias. --- ## An Overview On Obesity: A Review **Authors:** Ruchika P. Chimurkar, Jaidev Kumar **Published:** 2020-04-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2185 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** body mass index, co-morbidities, obesity, occurrence, risk factor, treatment Obesity is a worldwide issue; it depends on the number of conditions in which excess body fat of individual can lead to various complications. In India, the occurrence of obesity is growing continuously. It is defined as excessive deposition of fat in adipose tissue and can be easily diagnosed by checking Body Mass Index (BMI) of individual. Body Mass Index is independent of all age and same for both the gender. Obesity is a risk factor for most of the metabolic syndrome like Hypertension, Certain types of cancer (endometrial, breast, prostate, and colon), Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Dyslipidemia, Heart disease, Stroke, Gallbladder disease, respiratory problems, Sleep Apnea, Osteoarthritis (joint pain) and lack of fertility, even individual experience inequity, injustice and stigma which affect their psychological and physical health. There are several drugs which can be used to treat other morbidities and can cause weight gain as their adverse effects. Medication inducing weight gain can be depressing to the patients; in such a situation alternative therapy is suggested. It’s a severe and neglected situation by the population. In spite of the significant effect of obesity, losing weight can result in considerable decrease in the complication for most of these co-morbid situations. Some fundamental management for overweight and obese patients involve behavioral change, regular physical activity, diet and nutrition, counseling about the safe and effective weight loss with a prominence on long duration weight management rather than short duration extreme or sudden weight decrease. In general, this review concentrates on complications related to obesity, its diagnosis and management for overweight and obesity. --- ## Antifungal activity of leaf extract against mycotoxin producing fungi **Authors:** Varsha A Bhalerao, Ashok M Chavan **Published:** 2020-04-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2279 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** leaf extract, antifungal activity, 96-well plate, Mycotoxins Seeds are the source of food crops around the world. About 90% of the world food crops use seeds. Healthy grains are essential for the production of a healthy plant, and these seeds are also responsible for disease transmission. It happens either in the field or in post-harvest storage condition. Due to these seed-borne fungi, the seed gets deteriorated, which may cause a tremendous economic loss, as well as several types of abnormalities, occur in seeds. Dominant storage grain gets contaminated with fungi mycotoxin. Mycotoxin contaminants of fungal origin occurring worldwide and characterized by its acute and chronic toxic effects on human health. The present attempt was to study the antifungal activity of leaf extract against mycotoxin producing fungi. Fungi isolated from stored seed grains like cereals, pulses, and infected oil seeds were collected from Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. Antifungal activity of leaf extract of Calotropis Procera, Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera and Datura metel were tested against Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Fusarium gramineorum and Penicillium citrinum by using 96-well plate method. Leaf extract showed remarkable activity against tested fungi at different concentrations as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. The leaf extract of Calotropis procera and Azadirachta indica, have excellent potential antifungal properties against different mycotoxin producing fungi. --- ## Intradialytic Exercise and Biochemical Markers: An Experimental Study **Authors:** Thenmozhi P **Published:** 2020-04-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2195 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biochemical markers, end stage renal disease, hemodialysis, intradialytic exercise, electrolytes, blood urea, serum creatinine Exercise based rehabilitation like intradialytic exercise program could improve the physical function through its contribution in maintaining electrolyte balance. The study was conducted with the aim to determine the effectiveness of intradialytic exercise on biochemical markers among patients on hemodialysis. Quasi experimental research design was embraced to conduct the study with 130 human samples who met the inclusion criteria in hemodialysis unit and samples allocated into experimental group (n=65) and control group (n=65) by convenience sampling technique. The demographic questionnaire was completed at the beginning of the study followed by pre-test for both the groups. Experimental group received intradialytic exercise during initial 2 hours of hemodialysis for 3months besides control group received the routine care. Post test was conducted at the end of 3rd month after the dialysis session. Data were analyzed using Sigma Plot 12 (Systat, USA). After 3 months of intradialytic exercise, a significant reduction was observed in serum creatinine, blood urea, serum potassium, serum phosphate and increase in serum calcium and hemoglobin at the level of p<0.001 in the experimental group. The study findings concluded that intradialytic exercise programme is safe, complementary intervention and do not cost the patient extra time and this effective care can be incorporated in the regular care of patients on hemodialysis. --- ## Development and evaluation of colon targeted delivery of budesonide polymeric nanoparticles for colitis therapy **Authors:** Shrikrishna D Gite, Kishor S Salunkhe, Ravindra B Chintamani, Shubhangi S G **Published:** 2020-04-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2187 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Budesonide, Capsule, Eudragit S100, Colitis, Nanoparticles Targeted delivery of the drug at site of action in case of Inflammatory Bowel Disease like colitis is the big challenge for formulators. The case where conventional drug delivery fails in severe stages of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Nanoparticles is a good dosage form to targeted inflammatory site. The idea of the this research was to prepare Nanoparticles with polymer Eudragit S100 and Surfactant Poloxamer containing Budesonide which finally filled in capsules providing immediate release at the ileocecal site, the most affected area in IBD i.e. pH dependent release. Nanoparticles are prepared by nano precipatation technique. Budesonide was used as a drug because of its therapeutic potential for in IBD. This study compares the different ratios of drug to polymer and drug to surfactant with optimized solvent and anti-solvent concentration in preparation of Nanoparticles. Optimized formulation ratio of drug to polymer was 1:2 and drug to surfactant was 1:1. The optimized batch of nanoparticles was filled in capsule and was evaluated for in-vitro studies. --- ## Aerosol vaccine of Influenza-A Critical Review **Authors:** Amit B Patil, Garemella Lakshmi Gayathri **Published:** 2020-04-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2184 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Influenza virus, Aerosol method, Vaccines, vaccination, localized action, systemic action Viruses are the most important mortal pathogens. The influenza virus is accountable for mortality and chronic illness in the world. Today we study the methods of vaccine administration i.e. aerosol method and its evaluation for the improvement of the changes in this method before given to humans and their immunological activity. The aerosol method is taken because it provides the advantages of direct administration of the antigens into bronchi of the lungs thereby producing the antibodies directly for the strains of influenza introduced since its presently nonreplicable viruses. Since vaccination can be done at age of 6 months to 65 years, the aerosol vaccination can be given for the age group of 2 -65 years, it can be self-medicated so that dependence is not required as such of the injectables, and it is directed for localized action and there by systemic action. The study also helps in understanding and better the development of vaccines which are useful for the mankind in future, there by chances of eradicating the deadly diseases, this review helps in understanding of the vaccine developments and also in formation of antigen antibodies, comparative studies between the aerosol vaccines, liquid dosage form and solid dosage form help in better understanding of the design of the vaccinations which is useful for all age groups and also useful for the better recovery from diseases and also the effective means for eradication of the viral infections. --- ## A study to assess the effectiveness of honey dates amla mix on biochemical markers among adolescent girls with Iron deficiency anaemia **Authors:** Bhuvaneswari G **Published:** 2020-04-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2200 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Iron deficiency anaemia, adolescent girls, honey dates amla mix WHO Global Database on Anaemia for 1993-2005, covering almost half of the world’s population, estimated the prevalence of anaemia worldwide at 25 per cent. The aim of the study is to determine the effectiveness of honey dates amla mix on biochemical markers among adolescent girls with Iron deficiency anaemia. Quantitative experimental and control group pre and post-test design was used in this study. The study was conducted among adolescent girls in two different residential homes. Total study population is 170 adolescent girls were selected by simple random sampling technique. 85 adolescents girls were assigned to the experimental group and 85 participants in control group. For experimental group honey dates amla mix was given for 3 months whereas in the control group iron and folic acid supplementation were provided. The study results shows that pre and post-test intervention scores of control and experimental group were compared by Wilcoxon scores rank test. Comparison of pre-test and post-test scores of severity of anemia, clinical variables, and level of fatigue and level of satisfaction, bio chemical parameters (reticulocytes, MCV, haematocrite, serum iron, serum ferritin, TIBC) were assessed in both experimental and control group. Between the experimental and control group (unpaired‘t’ test) reticulocytes, mcv, heamatocrite, serum iron serum ferritin showed significant changes in the pre test and post-test but there is no changes in TIBC. The study concluded that alternative nutritional therapy was effective for enhancing the blood heamoglobin & biochemical paramteres level, decreased the clinical variables and fatigue level among the adolescent girls with iron deficiency anemia. --- ## Comparative assessment of proteins between cell lines and tissues representing carcinomas of the breast using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis **Authors:** Venugopal R. Bovilla, Chaitra Rai, Mahadevaswamy G. Kuruburu, SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula **Published:** 2020-04-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2202 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 2-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis, Breast Cancer, Protein Profiling, Malignant Breast Cancers Incidence of breast cancer in the age group of 30 to 50 is increasing at an alarming rate globally. Moreover, existing treatments are either marginally effective or resistance developed, hence development of safe and potent pharmacological agents is immediately required. However, establishment of a disease progression marker for early detection, development of safe and effective treatment agents requires identification of key proteins that are exclusively expressed in advanced malignant breast tumors. 2-Dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) is one of the early methods used for the identification of deregulated proteins in cancers. Therefore, the proteins of benign and malignant tumors as well as breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, SKBR-3 and MDA-MB-468, were subjected to 2-DGE and relative expression calculated. Analysis of the data showed a significant increase in the intensity of 7 protein spots compared to malignant tissues and benign ones. Further, comparison of cell line proteins with tissue lysates revealed that SKBR-3 is much closer to malignant tumors, hence, may be considered for screening drug targets as well as for evaluating the efficacy of pharmacological agents. In conclusion, our 2-DGE identified key differences and similarities in the expression of proteins between breast cancer cell lines, benign and malignant tissues. --- ## Comprehensive clinical and biochemical diagnosis of hypomicroelementosis in the saaneni white german improved goats acclimatized in biogeochemical conditions of the Astrakhan Region **Authors:** Peter A. Polkovnichenko, Andrey P. Polkovnichenko, Vladimir I. Vorobyov, Dmitry V. Vorobyov, Natalya I. Zakharkina, Elena N. Shcherbakova, Islyam H .Hismetov, Andrey S. Kostin **Published:** 2020-04-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2183 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** microelements, hypomicroelementosis, selenium, iodine, cobalt, hematological parameters, Saanen white German improved goats The study of trace elements in recent years has reached a new comprehensive clinical and biochemical level of diagnosis of the latent form of hypomicroelementoses. About this in the literature, there are serious studies performed on various productive animals, including farm birds. Of particular importance are these data when transporting animals from one biogeochemical region to another, and their acclimatization. The work shows the data from a study of a large complex of physiological and biochemical blood parameters in Zaanen white German improved goats imported to the Astrakhan region from the “reference” chernozem region (Krasnodar Territory), where, due to the optimal level of trace elements in the main components of terrestrial ecosystems (soil, water, various types of plants and plant foods) endemic pathologies are not observed, including hypomicroelementoses. The studied clinical parameters (body temperature, pulse rate, the number of respiratory movements per minute) in Saanen white German improved goats acclimatizing in the Astrakhan region were determined by generally accepted methods and they were within the range of normative and published data. The content of trace elements in biological samples was determined by the atomic absorption method. The main changes were revealed during the biochemical analysis of the blood of the studied goats, which indicate the presence in the Saanen white German improved goats of a latent (asymptomatic) form of the combined (Se, I, Co) hypomicroelementosis, which was accompanied by a decrease in the integrative functions of milk productivity and reproduction of the studied ruminants. --- ## Bite-sized Review on Advance Delivery System, Support in the management of Covid-19 **Authors:** Sudhakar Kothandan, Aravindhanathan Venkatesan, Arun Radhakrishnan, Karri VVS Narayanan Reddy, Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy, Dhanabal S. P, Somanathan Balasubramanian, Suresh Bhojraj **Published:** 2020-04-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2342 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Smart drug delivery approach, Covid-19 Infection, Nano-based antiviral therapy, virus killer COVID-19 are an unprecedented challenge for healthcare providers; there are no approved treatments for this disease, nor are there no approved vaccines. The sources of infection of novel coronavirus detected mainly from animals to humans or infected human to healthy human through respiratory droplets and long contact period are the most prominent way of transmission. The capability of regular therapies is constantly fading away exactly in case of coronavirus due to the modification of new strain, which could be certainly due to speedy adaptation in a protein sequence. The scientist should understand the pandemic situation of virus infection, also as they ought to identify the newest pathway research to regulate the virus infection. Developing new and smart strategies for drugs already in the development pipeline or already exiting drug can be treating diseases in patients could be useful to fight against COVID-19. In the last few years, several new smart drug delivery approaches made the changeover from the laboratory development to clinical applications. At present technology, researchers provide effective and low toxicity drug delivery when compared with classical delivery. This approach will be a great opportunity for the scientist to work and update preclinical research of advance drug delivery systems to clone able and convertible production to the human trial success rate. By understanding the new drug delivery research approaches for antiviral therapy are increases to produce safe and high-quality therapies at reasonable costs. --- ## Isolation of stigmasterol from hexane extract of leaves of Pisonia grandis R.Br, in vitro anti-diabetic and its molecular docking studies **Authors:** Abhijit Mitra, Mohankumar Ramasamy, Valentina Parthiban, Thottempudi Ravi Teja, Srikalyani Vemuri, Ilango Kaliappan **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2158 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pisonia grandis, Anti-diabetic, Stigmasterol, α-amylase activity, Molecular Docking Pisonia grandis R.Br belonging to the family Nyctaginaceae is a widely distributed evergreen tree in India known for its medicinal uses. The study was aimed to investigate the anti-diabetic property in the leaves of Pisonia grandis R.Br. The isolation and purification were performed by the conventional column chromatography and the resultant yield was found to be a white crystalline powder, which was further subjected for characterisation through IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopy. From the characterisation data, the isolated compound was identified as stigmasterol; it was first time isolated from the hexane extract of the leaves. The α-amylase inhibitory activity of stigmasterol from the hexane extract of the leaves of Pisonia grandis R.Br showed high potent activity with an IC50 value of 46 μg/mL. The anti-diabetic activity of the compound against α-amylase and four other diabetic enzymes- α-glucosidase, acid phosphatase, endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and β-glucuronidase were further investigated by molecular docking studies and proved that stigmasterol can be a potential anti-diabetic agent. --- ## Phytochemical analysis and quantitative nutritional evaluvation of zingiber officinale roscae (Ginger) **Authors:** Yasodai R, Kavimani M, Prabhu K **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2150 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Zingiber officinale roscae -ginger, Gas chromatography -GC, Mass spectroscopy analysis-MS, Phytochemical screening-PS Evaluate the phytochemical analysis and nutritional value of the zingiber officinale roscae and its therapeutic utility. Phytochemical analysis is to determine the value of bioactive compounds and minerals in the plants. Phytochemical screening results showed that the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins like compound in the various extraction methods. The quantitative study was done by using gas chromatography method and mass spectroscopy analysis. Then the screening of all the analysis revealed that the plant has good metabolites which justify that it has therapeutic utility. The result of the proximate analysis is revealed that in zingiber officinale roscae. It is rich in calcium (46%) when compared to other elements like sodium, iron, cadmium, manganese, mercury which are present in the standard deviation value 1.007 to 0.005%. the most bioactive compound like gingerol, shagoal, curcumin and other compounds were shown in the qualitative analysis. The rhizome of zingiber officinale is also known as ginger. It is the most popular herb used in various foods and beverages and also traditional medicines. The herb is used to various diseases like stomach disorders, diabetes, hyper tension, cancer, spasm, etc .The chemical constituents which are present in the ginger like gingerol, shagoal, etc. The ginger has the properties like anticancer, antitumor, anti inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepto-protective activity etc. --- ## An open labelled prospective clinical study to evaluate the efficacy, safety and cost analysis of Pidotimod as add-on drug for maintenance therapy in Paediatric Recurrent Acute Respiratory tract Infections **Authors:** Nagaraju K, Karthik N, Porchelvan S, Rishi Jain, Snehal Muchhala **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2167 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acute respiratory tract infections, CD counts, Immune stimulant, Pidotimod Recurrent Acute Respiratory Tract Infections (ARTI) are the commonest form of infections affecting children irrespective of socioeconomic status and geographical limits. Immaturity of immune response involving neutrophils, NK cells, T and B cells, in the early childhood, is often cited as a reason for this RRTI. There is comparatively high incidence of ARTI in South East Asian countries when compared to global statistics. The possibility of using immune stimulation as a method of reducing the recurrence of ARTI prompted the use of Pidotimod as add-on drug. We tried to explore the safety, efficacy and cost benefit analysis of Pidotimod as add-on treatment for paediatric use. After registering for Clinical trial and getting IEC approval, we started an open labelled prospective single arm interventional study by recruiting 65 children between 2-12 years with ARTI to receive 800 mg daily for 15 days and 400 mg for 45 days and was followed up for 6 months. Study revealed a significant reduction in number and duration of RRTI as well as reduction in episodes requiring antibiotics and reduction in duration of treatment. The reduction in number of school days lost and treatment expenses were statistically significant. There was a significant increase in mean absolute count in CD45, CD3, CD4, CD8 and lymphocyte counts at 6 months follow-up. Hence, we conclude that 60day Pidotimod therapy has immune stimulatory activity preventing the RRTI in paediatric population when considered as an add-on therapy to standard treatment. --- ## MDUFA and its Impact on Medical Device Sector **Authors:** Anjana B, Naga Gouri T, Pramod Kumar T M, Venkatesh M P **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2157 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Medical Device User Fee Act, reauthorization, pre-market evaluation, amendment The U.S. Congress passed Medical Device User Fee Act (MDUFA), where FDA is required to assign and collect fees from manufacturers of medical devices to evaluate the functioning and the usage of the device. for the purpose of fastening the analysis of the application of the drug. The Medical Device User Fee Modernization Act was first adopted in 2002. The act focussed on innovative review process and reviewing capabilities of experts. Every five years, MDUFA comes up with reauthorisation. The act was reauthorized in 2007 by reducing the application fee and introducing certain new fees such as the annual product fee and annual establishment fee which helped in pre-market evaluation. Few issues being raised in MDUFA II led the congress to enact an amendment. The next revision of the act made the review process more efficient and interactive with the applicant to meet the timelines. Recent amendment has set up several new performance goals and propose certain changes to the previous amendments. The device manufacturers are currently in a position to receive regulatory approval in a short time compared to the pre-MDUFA period. MDUFA has helped in improving the patient health by streamlining the FDA’s approval process for application of new medical device, thereby allowing patient’s quicker access to potentially life changing therapies. --- ## Synthesis and Characterization of Mangiferin Loaded N,O-CMC Nanoparticles and its Cytotoxic Effect on Osteosarcoma MG-63 Cells **Authors:** Puteri Zarith Sofea Yusri, Nurin Fatini Ghazali, Nurul Azima Mazlan, Pei Teng Lum, Aina Akmal Mohd Noor, Shankar Mani, Mahendran Sekar **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2162 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mangiferin, 3T3 cells, DPPH, MG-63 cells, N-O-CMC nanoparticles Mangiferin is a xanthone glycoside, naturally isolated from Mangifera indica. Mangiferin has been reported for a wide range of pharmacological activities and its anticancer potential is very well known. However, the mangiferin anti-cancer potency is inadequate due to its poor water solubility. N,O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan (N,O-CMC) is a smart biopolymer, in which its biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic making it ideal for abundant biological applications include the delivery of lipid soluble drugs. Also useful to improve and replace biological tissues and gene therapy. Hence, this study attempts to synthesize and characterize mangiferin-N,O-CMC nanoparticles and evaluate its antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. The mangiferin-N,O-CMC nanoparticles were prepared by loading mangiferin into N,O-CMC nanoparticles and characterized by FT-IR, DLS, SEM, Zeta potential and XRD measurements. In-vitro antioxidant was carried out by the DPPH method. The synthesized mangiferin-N,O-CMC nanoparticles with particle size ranges from 200±10 nm. The charge of N,O-CMC nanoparticles were confirmed by Zeta potential and found to be −45.8 mV. In the DPPH method, mangiferin-N,O-CMC nanoparticles showed IC50 value between 7.8-15.6 µg/ml. In MTT assay, mangiferin-N,O-CMC nanoparticles exhibited a significant reduction in the growth of osteosarcoma MG-63 cells and there is no toxic effect against normal 3T3 cells. These findings designated that the synthesized mangiferin-N,O-CMC nanoparticles were very efficient nanocarrier in delivering the mangiferin to cancer cells. --- ## Propagation of the Aujeszky’s disease virus isolate in continuous cell lines **Authors:** Svetlana A. Gryn, Evgenia V. Markova, Valentina I. Klyukina, Marina A. Frolova, Vera M. Popova, Larisa S. Lyulkova, Irina N. Matveeva, Yuriy N. Fedorov **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2163 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** virus isolate, cell culture, propagation, Aujeszky’s disease, cytopathogenic effect, infection activity, PCR The objective of this study was to investigate the cultural properties of Aujeszky's disease virus isolate and the optimization of the conditions of obtaining virus-containing material in the most prospective cell cultures. As a result, it was established that the study virus isolate is highly pathogenic for laboratory animals: rabbits, guinea pigs, and rats. The following continuous cell lines were sensitive to the virus isolate: MDBK, Taurus-1 and ВНК-21. CPE (cytopathogenic effect of viruses) nature was similar in different cell cultures. The ability for propagation in cultures of continuous cell lines of the test virus isolates reached the maximum value to 4-6 passage, equaling to 6.85-7.65 lgTCD50/cm3. The obtained results show that the dynamics of the virus isolate dynamics had no significant differences, and following the adaptation, the virus isolate maintained the stable inherent propagation activity level throughout the study. As the study result, the most sensitive cell culture Taurus-1 was selected at passaging, with the highest virus accumulation observed, the infection activity was 7.55±0.12 lg TCD50/cm3. The presence of Aujeszky's disease virus was confirmed by the bioassay and the other laboratory methods, including PCR (polymerase chain reaction). The PCR method allowed defining the virus genome in the virus-containing cultural and organ and tissue material. PCR allowed amplifying the target gene fragment with the size of 194 base pairs (b.p.) in samples containing Aujeszky's disease virus DNA. No non-specific reactions were observed; PCR products did not exhibit the expected size. --- ## Salesperson’s Behaviour and its relationship with Customer Trust and Customer Value with reference to Pharmaceutical Selling **Authors:** Arun G, Manojkrishnan C G, Madhu R **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2165 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Selling Orientation, Customer Orientation, Adaptive Selling, Unethical selling, Customer Trust, Customer Value In the global business, to make a business a thriving one, customer trust and to value the customer has become a significant factor. In an entreprise, the lion's share of the business is , Customer – Salesperson interaction. This creates an enduring Customer Trust and Customer Value. For building up an uplifting frame of mind in the customer towards the selling firm, salesperson's conduct plays a significant role. This study spots on, which type of salesperson behaviour can create customer trust austomer value. For developing a positive attitude in the customer towards the selling firm, Sales person’s behaviour plays an important role. Research Investigating Antecedents and outcomes of Customer Trust and Customer Value are limited. In this research, Customer is the Allopathy doctors and Consumer is the Patients. Previously existing researches on customer trust and customer value particularly in an industry were close to personal selling do assume a fundamental job and had less researches directed by taking Sales rep's (Salesperson) behaviour as an antecedent. This examination finds that selling orientation and unethical selling is having a contrary association with trust towards the salesperson. It additionally demonstrates that; Customer Orientation and Adaptive selling conduct is having a critical constructive association with trust towards the salesperson. This examination additionally finds that there is a noteworthy connection between trust towards the salesperson and trust towards the selling firm. This investigation additionally finds that, Customer Value is having a huge connection between Trust towards the Salesperson and Trust towards the Selling Firm. --- ## Insights into Gastric Cancer **Authors:** Arun Kumar Vadikari, Vishakante Gowda D, Mahendran Bhaskaran, Vikas Jain **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2164 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Anti-Her2 Mab, Gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori, Monoclonal antibodies, Multidrug resistance, Nanoparticles, Robotic surgery Gastric Cancer (GC) is one of the serious diseases prevailing globally. GC has immense global life-threatening health issues by taking 4th place among all the widespread cancers and 2nd foremost reason for fatality around the globe. Numerous patients have inoperable disease at diagnosis or have recurrent disease after resection with curative intent. In the present review, we have put forward all the possible advanced treatments for GC, which includes the application of Nanotechnology, Monoclonal antibodies, and Robotic surgery. Nanoparticle offers a potentially improved treatment of multidrug-resistant cancers. GC is uniquely positioned as an area of research for targeted and nanoparticle therapies. This review briefs about design and considerations to develop targeted nanoparticle-based approaches for overcoming physiological hurdles in GC treatment. Based on current knowledge, molecular and cellular mechanisms, a number of novel biologic approaches such as monoclonal antibodies have been recently introduced for cancer treatment that mainly affects the immune system or target signaling pathways playing a role in cancer and metastasis development. Surgical robotic systems have been presented into the area of GC therapy as an enhanced technology that has overwhelmed the technical limits of laparoscopy. A note is added to relevant studies dealing with treatment concepts and gives an overview of the latest trends and developments in the treatment of GC. --- ## The Corona care – Prevention is better than cure **Authors:** Archana R, Varadharaju B **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2224 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Covid 19, preventive measures, risk factors, screening The threat of coronavirus disease caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-Cov2 is becoming a life-threatening situation across the globe. In the affected countries and regions, numerous measures have been taken to reduce the person-to-person virus transmission as well as to curb the outbreak. In the case of infectious pandemics like this, prevention is always better than cure. The specific focus of preventive measures is more on the susceptible population of children, healthcare providers, and older people. Many of the people practice safety measures without proper knowledge as to whether these measures are sufficient or not to prevent the spread of the virus. It is therefore highly relevant to be aware of the preventive measures for Corona to practice it effectively. The primary preventive measures to be implemented are the regular practice of hygiene, social distancing, avoiding person-to-person contact, judicious use of masks, the practice of screening, and quarantine. Along with these, the usage of secondary preventive measures and avoidance of risk factors need to be exercised appropriately. The current review highlights the practice of salient primary measures, secondary measures, and screening measures along with the elaboration of risk factors which will be advantageous in adding to the knowledge and awareness about effective prevention for Covid 19. --- ## Prevalence and related factors to postnatal depression: A comparison between NVD and LSCS mothers **Authors:** Madhusmita Nayak **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2175 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Level of Depression, Normal and Caesarean Delivery, Postnatal Depression, Responsible Factor Postnatal depression is a critical and neglected phase in the life of mother and babies. Early detection of depression will reduce the morbidity & mortality among postnatal mother, says WHO as ‘Depression let’s talk.' The assessment for postnatal depression after delivery is not a routine practice in many of the hospitals of Odisha. Hence in view of this, the current study was designed. The primary objective is to assess the prevalence of postnatal depressive cases and to find out the related factors responsible for the same. The secondary objective is to determine the level of depression & its association with the demographic variables and the regression analysis of both the cases. This was a comparative study conducted among 200 postnatal mothers, out of whom 100 were normal delivery (NVD) & rest 100 were lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) mothers admitted in the postnatal ward of IMS & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The subjects were interviewed through a self-structured demographic Performa & Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) within three days post-delivery. As per the survey result, depression was more among mothers having a cesarean delivery. The major factors contributing to depression were age and complications during the antenatal and intra-natal period. However, a high level of depression was associated with normal delivery cases with poor economic background and lack of family support. This study may bring light to the prevalence & related factors to depression among postnatal mothers in IMS & SUM Hospital so that healthcare professionals can focus more on counseling to the mothers on parenthood & other aspects so that the depression among the mothers not only can be early detected rather can be prevented. --- ## Bioanalytical LC-MS/MS method for Determination and comparison of Selexipag Assay in various Biological materials and its Application to Pharmacokinetics Studies in Rat plasma **Authors:** Namburi LA Amara babu, Kalyani Koganti, Babji Palakeeti, Koduri SV Srinivas, Koya Prabhakara Rao **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2172 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Selexipag, Rat Plasma, LC-MS/MS, Pharmacokinetics, Bioanalytical methods A rapid, sensitive and selective bioanalytical method was developed and validated by Liquid Chromatography - Mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for determination and comparison of Selexipag% assay in various biological materials. Selexipag was extracted and compared its % assay after protein precipitation technique from various biological materials such as rat plasma, rabbit plasma, human plasma and urine. Ambrisentan was selected as internal standard. Selected analytical column Waters, X-Bridge C18 3.5µ (150 x 4.6 mm), mobile phase consists of Hexane sulfonic acid and Acetonitrile (80:20 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL /min in isocratic mode and Selexipag was determined by the +ve mode of electrospray ionization by using Mass detector. The method was developed to assess the lower limit of detection (LLOD)(0.5 ng/mL), lower limit of quantification(LLOQ) (5 ng/mL) concentrations and Linearity range of 1 ng/mL to 20 ng/mL concentration with regression correlation coefficient 0.999 were observed for Selexipag in Rat plasma. The test samples at lower, medium and higher concentrations of Selexipag shows precision (% CV was 0.8 to 1.11) and accuracy results (97.3 % to 100.6%) for inter-day and intra-day analysis at 1, 5, 10, 15 ng/mL concentrations of Selexipag. Stability of Selexipag exists in all conditions like wet extract, bench top, freeze-thaw and in instrument auto sampler as per FDA guidelines. --- ## Estimation of Dental Age Using Coronal Pulp Cavity Index (CPCI) on Lower Second Premolar and First Molar with Periapical Radiographic Analysis **Authors:** Trelia Boel, Dewi Kartika, Ervina Sofyanti, Dennis A, Navanitha Naidu **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2171 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Estimation of dental age, Periapical radiographs Estimation of dental age in forensic odontology is crucial in biological dentistry Coronal Pulp Cavity Index (CPCI) as one method to check the correlation between the reduction of the coronal pulp cavity and chronological age. The present study aims to find out whether CPCI method can be used to estimate the dental age on lower second premolar and first molar with periapical radiographic analysis. The cross sectional study was conducted on 60 patients (30 males and 30 females) in the age range of 21 and 30 years. They were subjected to periapical radiographs on lower second premolar and first molar. The Coronal Pulp Cavity Height (CPCH) and Coronal Length (CL) was measured using vision measuring scope DC 3000 and electronic digital caliper. The values obtained were subjected into the formula of TCI = [CPCL × 100]/CL. The mean of TCI score and average chronological age were analyzed using paired T test to find out the correlation between the chronological age and the estimated dental age, P > 0.05 is considered as significant. There was no significant difference between the estimated dental age and chronological age in both lower second premolars (p=0.119) and first molars (p=0.224). CPCI method can be used to estimate the dental age on healthy lower second premolar and first molar. --- ## Treatment of rat wounds using plasma-jet parameters (Exposure time and gas flow rate) **Authors:** Munner Saleh Hamed, Asia H. Al-Mashhadani, Awatif Saber Jassim **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2170 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet (NAPPJ), argon plasma jet, wound treatment, exposure time and gas flow rate Worldwide, an estimated millions of patients seek medical care for wounds annually. Different methods and treatment materials have been examined and developed to promote wound healing. Recently, new technology, plasma medicine, has emerged to offer new solutions in wound care. To investigate the efficacy of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet (NAPPJ) for the treatment of wounds, they were performed 1 cm long and 0.5 cm wide using a surgical scalpel. Treatment was done immediately after the wound operation using an argon plasma jet with different gas flow rates (2.5, 5, 7.5,10 and 12.5slm) and exposure time (3, 6, 9 and 12 min). The treatment was done in a second day. After treatment done the wounds left for one day and in the third day, rat skin tissue has taken and tissue sections had made. The results showed that the mechanical strength of the wound repaired in the plasma treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group. In addition, evidence from histological studies suggests that wound epithelium is significantly accelerated compared to the control group; vascular and fibrosis (collagen synthesis) increased significantly and the inflammatory stage in wound healing was shorter in the plasma treatment group. The percentage of the necrotic area was higher in the control group than in the plasma treatment group. Furthermore, exposure to voids within the NAPPJ resulted in a significant reduction in the number of neutrophils infiltrated. NAPPJ exposure to interstitials has a positive effect on wounds that lead to wound healing by limiting the progression of the injury. Also, the results show that the speed of gas flow increases the wound healing process and the speed of gas flow increases the active species and accelerates the healing process. --- ## Antibacterial Activity of Bee Venom Against Multidrug Resistance Staphylococcus Aureus From Milk of Cow and Buffaloes **Authors:** Adnan Kamel Shebeeb, Amaal Fadhil Ghanim, Hussam Sami Awayid **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2166 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Staphylococcus aureus, bee venom, MIC, MBC, Milk, Mastitis Bacteriological study includes bacteria isolated from Buffaloes milk, and Cow at Wassit Province was done in Technical institute. 120 milk samples were collected randomly from different places in Wassit Province included 60 samples from Buffaloes milk and 60 samples from Cow milk during the period October to December 2018. A bacteriological study was conducted for isolation and identification S. aureus by morphological and biochemical tests. The results showed that (20%) of Buffaloes milk and (13.33%) in Cow’s milk (13.33 %) of Cow milk contaminated with S. aureus. Anti-biogram pattern of S. aureus was carried out by using a diffusion method from an antibiotic saturated disk, Results showed more effect in S. aureus isolated from Buffaloes milk was COT in efficiency ratio ( 78.33 % ), CLR in efficiency ratio ( 61 % ), SPX in efficiency ratio ( 51.66 % ), and L in efficiency ratio ( 15 % ). Also the results appeared more effective in S. aureus isolated from Cow milk was COT in efficiency ratio ( 56.66 % ), CLR in efficiency ratio ( 35 % ), SPX in efficiency ratio ( 30 % ), and L in efficiency ratio ( 8.33 % ), while S. aureus appeared resistant in all milk samples from Buffaloes and Cow for antibiotic OX (100%), also MIC to staphylococcal ( 0.70 - 3.10 μg/ml ) While MBC concentration was (0.12-0.101 μg/ml). --- ## Nitrosamines in Drug Substance and Drug Product-A Regulatory Challenge **Authors:** Prasannakumar P Bhat, Balamuralidhara V, Gowrav M P, Venkatesh M P **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2160 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Nitrosamines, NDMA, USFDA, EMA, Valsartan, Ranitidine Nitrosamine is the class of synthetic compound which is a potent genotoxic agent and considered as probable plausible human cancer-causing agents by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).N nitroso mixes are known as the potent carcinogenic and a global worry according to the various authorities and also from ICH M7, Assessment and Control of DNA Reactive (Mutagenic) Impurities in Pharmaceuticals to Limit Potential Carcinogenic Risk. Before June 2018, the presence of nitrosamine in the drug substance and also product was not known, however in June 2018, USFDA identified the presence of Nitrosamine impurities in one of the API producers of valsartan which is recognized as NDMA (N-Nitroso dimethylamine). Valsartan is a medication which is utilized for the treatment of hypertension, cardiovascular breakdown and diabetic kidney damage. From that point forward, FDA has discovered that different kinds of nitrosamine mixes, e.g., N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), are available at unsuitable levels in APIs from various API makers of valsartan and different medications in the ARB class. (Angiotensin receptor blocker). Then the Regulatory Authorities has stepped forward for educating the health care professional, manufacturers and also public about the adverse effect(carcinogenic)of the NDMA and NDEA consumption. --- ## Molecular Detection of Epstein - Barr virus and Human Herpesvirus-6 in a Sample of Iraqi Patients with Acute Leukemia **Authors:** Arwa Mujahid Al-Shuwaikh, Dalya Basil Hanna, Asmaa B. Al-Obaidi, Ghaith Ali Jasim **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2181 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Epstein-Barr virus, Human Herpesvirus-6, acute leukemia, Q-PCR, Iraq The pathogenic roles of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in acute leukemia have been of great interest. Patients with leukemia should be evaluated for viral infection, so they could be diagnosed for optimal therapy. In the current study, we aimed to determine the frequency of HHV-6 and EBV in a sample of Iraqi patients with acute leukemia in children and adults before chemotherapy. Fluorescent probe-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) method was used to quantify copies of HHV-6 and EBV DNA in (ALL), 20 cases with acute myeloid lymphoblastic leukemia (AML), and 40 cases of hematological stable control subjects. Also, the effects of viral infection on hematological parameters were investigated. Results show that (47.5%) 19 out of 40 of patients at diagnosis recorded positive to one of the investigated viruses. Thirteen (32.5%) and 12 (30%) out of 40 patients with acute leukemia had positive EBV and HHV-6 viremia, respectively, while none of control group shows positive result with highly significant differences between patients and control groups (P<0.001). The mean EBV and HHV-6 viral load was (7737.615±9106.838 copies/ml) and (94393.58±214528.9 copies/ml), respectively. In this study, there was no significant association between viral infection and hematological parameters (P>0.05). In conclusion, infections or co-infections with EBV and HHV-6 could be a factor in the development of acute leukemia but further studies are required to establish whether there is a real association. --- ## Anti-Cancer and Anti-Metastatic Activity of Cissus quadrangularis in MCF-7 Breast Cancer cell line **Authors:** Mahendran V S, Sophiya K, Sruthi Malavika S, Suganthi B, Ragul Prasath, Sujitha E **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2153 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anticancer, Anti-metastatic, Breast cancer, Cissus Quadrangularis, in silico, MCF-7 Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Among the group of cancer diseases, breast cancer is the most common type of cancer to affect women. The treatment options that are currently available for this include surgery, radiation therapy and therapy through medication or drugs. But, since all these are harmful and have severe side effects, drugs from natural plant compounds are being developed to act against cancer and its metastatic activity. The aim of this article is to perform in silico studies to identify phytochemicals in Cissus quadrangularis that can act against breast cancer, predict its targets and study its properties using bioinformatic tools and databases. It also involves studying of anticancer and anti-metastatic activity of the plant, Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. CQ, a perennial plant of the grape family, has many medicinal benefits including antioxidant and anticancer properties. Alpha-amyrin, a terpenoid, was selected as a potential phytochemical in CQ and its ADME properties were studied using SwissADME. Then, its target was identified as androgen receptor using Swiss Target Prediction. Plant extract of CQ was prepared by ethyl acetate extraction method. Various tests such as MTT assay, Wound healing assay, DNA fragmentation assay, Caspase 7/9 induction detection assay and Annexin V assay were performed to evaluate the anticancer and anti-metastatic activity of CQ extract in MCF-7 cell lines. The results of the tests showed good anticancer and anti-metastasis activity of CQ with an IC50 value of 141.369µg/mL. It can be concluded that CQ has the properties required to act against breast cancer with the dose being directly proportional to the efficiency of CQ on the cancer cells. --- ## Beneficial effects of sodium selenite on some serum biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats **Authors:** Lamia Mellahi, Zouhir Djerrou, Noureddine Bouzerna **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2152 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes, sodium selenite, hypoglycemia, alloxan, rats, kidney, liver The present study aimed to determine the possible protective effects of intraperitoneally administered sodium selenite for preventing diabetes in rats. Twenty-eight male albino rats were randomly divided into four equal groups of seven each: untreated control (G1), sodium selenite treated control (G2), untreated diabetic (G3), and sodium selenite-treated diabetic group (G4). Diabetes was induced by alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight) in groups G3 and G4 and rats were then treated with sodium selenite (5 μmol/kg body weight/day) for 4 weeks (G4). On day 28 after an overnight fasting, rats were killed and concentrations of serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipid, urea, creatinine, uric acid, albumin and some enzymes activities: pancreatic lipase, glutamic oxalic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were also estimated. The administration of alloxan significantly increased serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipid, urea, uric acid levels, pancreatic lipase, GOT, GPT and ALP activities, body weight gain and albumin level were significantly decreased. This alteration was restored back to near normal in diabetic rats intraperitoneal treated with sodium selenite in comparison to non treated diabetic animals. Serum creatinine concentration was normal in all groups. The study concludes that alloxan diabetes mellitus induced severe biochemical alliterations in the glucose, lipid profile concentrations, liver and kidney function markers and sodium selenite has shown protective effects preventing at least partially diabetic complications. --- ## Method development and validation of simultaneous estimation for Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil by UV- VISIBLE spectrophotometric Method **Authors:** Syed Arshed S N, Sonia K, Lakshmi K S **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2161 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amlodipine besylate, method development, Olmesartan medoxomil, Ultra Violet and Visible spectroscopy and validation The present experiment works on routine initiation and scientific recognization of a typical, exact and meticulous UV-Visible Spectrophotometric process for the synchronous assessment of Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil. The working solutions of Amlodipine and Olmesartan medoxomil were scanned at 240 nanometer and 230 nanometer respectively. The regression strength of Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil over its absorbances were obtained as y = 0.068x-0.2182 and y = 0.067x0.0386 respectively with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9995 for Amlodipine besylate and 0.9992 for Olmesartan medoxomil. The intra-day precision in addition inter-day precision for Amlodipine besylate and its % RSD were obtained as 0.15% and 0.39% individually. The intra-day precision in addition inter-day precision for Olmesartan medoxomil and % RSD were obtained as 0.39% and 0.14%, respectively. The precise amount of tablet formulation were added which holds Alkaline (0.1 N Sodium hydroxide), Acidic (0.1 N Hydrochloric acid) reflux for 3 hours, 3% Oxydol at 50ºC, heat (60ºC), humidity (75 Relative percentage humidity) for 24 hr and after the particular time quantity was dissolved with distilled water, separated using Filter paper. From this stock solution, 5 mL part of the filtrate was isolated and further diluted by distilled water in a 100 mL standard flask (10 µg/mL). The standard solution of two drugs were compared against a label claim. --- ## Comparative study on Physico-chemical characteristics of different periods of soaked minor millets flour-based diarrheal replacement fluids **Authors:** Shanmugapriya Anbalagan, Nazni P **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2169 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diarrhea, Foxtail millet, Kodo millet, Viscosity, Osmolality Acute diarrhoea is defined as three or more loose bowel movements in 24 hours (WHO, 1995), and is one of the principal causes of morbidity and mortality among the children. World-wide attention in the proper management of diarrheal disease in infants has led to the provision of the WHO/UNICEF glucose-based oral rehydration solution. However, this solution is only available in hospitals and health care centres which are sparsely located in most rural areas of the developing countries. Te addition of alternative is the cereal-based oral rehydration solution, which is effective in replacing the lost fluid; contribute to the nutrient intake of the patients, easily available, cheap, and familiar and more acceptable. In this present study attempt to formulate millet-based diarrheal replacement fluids and analyse the physiochemical characteristic of the fluids and correlate the foxtail and kodo millet nutrient, viscosity and Osmolality of the fluids. Among the results, there was a significant difference between unsoaked and soaked samples. The viscosity and osmolality values were reduced in soaked samples. The reduction of viscosity and Osmolality values were influenced by the soaking of millets. It was observed that, between the nutrient and viscosity of foxtail and kodo millet had a significant positive correlation in the viscosity of protein, and fat at 0.01% level. A significant positive correlation found between Osmolality and CHO at 0.01%level. Reduced Osmolality of fluids contains a minimized amount of glucose and minerals had a beneficial effect of the clinical course of diarrhoea and millet is safe for diarrheal replacement fluids. So it can be suggested that soaked millet-based replacement fluids will improve rehydration and reduce stool output due to the reduced Osmolality. --- ## A futuristic study on in-vitro medical devices regulations **Authors:** Naga Gouri T, Venkatesh M P, Balamuralidhara V, Pramod Kumar T M **Published:** 2020-04-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2173 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** IVDD, IVDR, Notified body, Unique Device Identification The In-Vitro Medical Devices Directive (IVDD) established in 1998 by the European Union met the requirements of the single medical device market. In the due course, IVDD could not regulate all new technical and medical developments in the sector. The IVDD 98/79/EC, was preceded with IVDR 2017//746; which defined and demonstrated conformity to essential requirements, established harmonized standards and facilitated the organization of ‘Notified Body’ (NB), Competent Authority oversight and market surveillance. IVDR implemented streamlines as defined in Annex I of the EU IVDR 2017/746 conforming to the relationships between the performance requirements and general safety, and Annex I of the EU Directive 98/79/EC for IVDD for the essential requirements. The importance of the Unique Device Identification and its implementation in the safety and conformity of the device was made stringent for the manufacturers. The recent developments in IVDR, with reference to EUDAMED database, enable the applicant for accessing of data entered for the revival, correction and the assessing of information. --- ## Toxic Compounds Emerged in Brassica Juncea (L) Seed Oil Over Deep Heating are Identified Through Chromatographic Technique and Physio - Chemical Parameters **Authors:** Selvaraj Rama Jeba, Kandasamy Karthikeyan **Published:** 2020-04-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2140 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Edible oils, FT-IR, Chemical characteristics, Frying-Heating, GC-MS Oil heating has been degraded by thermal, air and moisture penetration leading to the creation of volatile and non-volatile materials serving as active substrate and increasing temperature and mass transmission levels. In this study, Fresh mustard oil was characterized to assess chemical properties like saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV), peroxide value (PV), p-Anisidine value (p-AV), Totox value (TV), acid value (AV), density and viscosity. The oil was reused (thermal process) for three sets of periods at different heat levels 120, 140, 160, 180 and 200 degrees the impact of the thermal process was examined through physicochemical, nutritional and sensory properties and compared with fresh mustard oil. Chemical compounds were identified for selected oils using GC-MS and FT-IR spectroscopy. The effect of spectra reveals there was a significant change in the thermal refined oils band (180 to 200 ° C) and higher temperature changes the band's exact positions and shifts when the fatty acid ratio has shifted. Similarly, the FT-IR study also found the drastic changes in the functional compounds at 180 to 200°C. The chemical property shows that primary and secondary level of rancidity were confirmed through peroxide value and p-Anisidine value respectively; the consistency and the flow rate was reduced due to the deterioration through rancidity. --- ## Ultra performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous quantitation of degradation products of telmisartan and hydrochlorothiazide in combination dosage form **Authors:** Narasimha Reddy G P, Sreenivasulu Reddy T, Sidda Reddy K, Shashi Kumar K N **Published:** 2020-04-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2148 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** TLM and HCTZ, UPLC, Method Validation, Degradation products, Stability indicating method This work is intended to thrive a stability indicating Ultra performance liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of Telmisatam (TLM) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and degradation products pharmaceutical dosage forms. Separation was carried out on Zorbax Eclipse XDB C-18(50 x 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) column using a gradient method. Mobile phase A is 10mM KH2PO4 having 1% (v/v) of trimethylamine and mobile phase B is acetonitrile used in this work. 0.5 mL/ minute is the flow of rate and at 271nm noticed wave length is monitored. Method development trails were carried out on six different columns. For specificity, limit of quantification, limit of detection, linearity, accuracy, method precision, robustness and stability this method is validated. Correlation coefficient of the impurities is more than 0.99. Stability indicating method confirmed that there were no interference of all impurities of TLM and HCTZ. Hence, developed LC method was stability indicating and well applied for drug product stability study as well as to quality monitoring. --- ## Design and synthesis of novel heterocyclic compounds as a PPAR- agonist **Authors:** Zambare Y. B, Bhole R. P, Chitlange S. S **Published:** 2020-04-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2147 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Benzofuran, 1, 4 dioxane, Curtis rearrangement, Oral glucose Tolerance Test The multifarious metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus (DM), is a diseaseof concern all over the world and is approximate to affect 400 million individuals by the 2020. Several classes of drugs at the moment are available to lessen hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus especially in Type-II. These drugs mostly have dangerous side effects and thus incisive for a new class of compounds is necessary to conquer this inconvenience. A series of 6 novel 5-nitrobenzofuran-2yl-carbamides derivatives were synthesized and molecular docking studies were performed on PPAR-γ target using (PDB code-4rfm).The preparation of5-nitro-1-benzofuran-2-carbohydrazide(4) on action with acetic acid, 1, 4-diaxone and sodium nitrite resulted in 5-nitro-1-benzofuran-2-carbonyl azide (5).The related compound (5) on action with substituted aromatic substituted amines undergoes Curtis type of rearrangement to give 5-nitro-N-(sub. carbamoyl)-1-benzofuran-2-carboxamide.The characterization and identification of prepared compounds were identified on the basis of NMR, IR, Mass and elemental analysis. Docking study of targeted compounds were done using software Autodock Tools 1.5.6 and visualisation done by Discovery Studio 3.5 software (Accelrys Inc. San Diego, CA USA). Molecular docking studies, the binding energies are determined to be in the range of –5.90 to –9.80 kcal/mol, with peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) receptors (PDB ID: 4RFM). The prepared compounds have been studied for their oral glucose tolerance test to distinguish the effect on plasma glucose level. --- ## Anti-obesity effect of Tamarindus indicus seed extract against a high-fat diet-induced obese model in rats **Authors:** Nabeel K, Asra Fathima, Farhath Khanum, Manjula S N, Mruthunjaya K, Vengal Rao P, Seema Mehdi **Published:** 2020-04-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2149 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tamarindus indica, cell viability, High fat diet, leptin, oil red staining The present study was aimed to evaluate the anti-obesity property of Tamarindus indica seed extract (TSE) on high fat-fed obese rats. TSE was prepared by cold maceration method and qualitative phytochemical studies had been carried out. In vitro cell viability assay (MTT assay) was and oil red staining for evaluating the lipid accumulation in cells was carried out using 3T3-L1 cells, and leptin levels was evaluated by ELISA. In-vivo Obesity was induced in experimental rats by administration of a high-fat diet for 04 weeks. The anti-obesity effect was screened by oral administration of TSE at two different dose levels i.e., 250 and 500mg/kg b. Wt. Along with a high-fat diet for a period of 04 weeks. The anti-obesity activity is estimated in terms of body weight gain, serum triglycerides (TG), Total cholesterol (TC). In -vitro studies revealed that the TSE has no cytotoxic effect, Administration of a high-fat diet for 04 weeks significantly increased the body weight, serum triglycerides, cholesterol. Upon treatment with TSE, a significant dose-dependent alteration in body weight, triglycerides, cholesterol levels were observed, inferring the anti-obesity property of Tamarindus seed extract. --- ## Nutraceutical characterization and shelf life analysis of millet incorporated nutrition bars **Authors:** Kerenhappuch Susan Samuel, Nazni P **Published:** 2020-04-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2146 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Balance bar, Protein bar, Foxtail Millet, Pearl Millet, Designer Food, Storage stability, Amino acids, Vitamin Recently, the nutraceutical sector of the food trade is unfolding, and designer foods such as nutrition bars have found their place in this competitive industry. The inclusion of underutilized food sources in the development of new value-added products is ingenious. Millets, the indigenous crop, are a good source of nutrients. The Nutri-cereal is still lacking commercial success and deserves recognition in the food-processing sector. In the current study, foxtail and pearl millet are used to develop foxtail millet meal replacement bar (FMRB) and pearl millet protein bar (PPB), respectively. Three variants of each type (25%, 27.5%, and 30% incorporation of millets) were developed to derive the nutritionally preferred variants. Estimation of macronutrients, essential amino acids, and vitamin content was done. The storage stability of the selected variants was evaluated for 42 days under accelerated conditions. The peroxide value, moisture content, water activity, total plate count, and yeast & mold count was assessed. The result revealed, among the variants, 30% FMRB (V-3) and 25% PPB (V-4) are the nutritionally finest bars. The shelf-life testing pointed out that the protein bar deteriorates rapidly than the meal replacement bar. The correlation between the nutrient composition and shelf-life assessment factors indicated the shelf-life parameters negatively correlate with carbohydrates present in the bars. However, fat and protein have a positive correlation with shelf-life parameters (r= 1.00, p<0.01). Favorable storage conditions and appropriate packing material that is conducive to retain the stability of the product can extend the shelf-life. Millet nutrition bars would revolutionize the agriculture and food industry. Thus, increasing the consumption of millets. --- ## Metagenome Analysis of Buccal Mucosal Biofilms to Identify Bacterial Prevalence in Subjects with and without type II Diabetes **Authors:** Hari Priya A, Kannan A, Krithika C L **Published:** 2020-04-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2132 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 16SrRNA, Veillonella, Granulicatella, type II Diabetes To quantify the two most prevalent bacteria among Type II diabetic individuals and controls from the buccal mucosal biofilms using molecular methods. To compare the percent prevalence of Veillonella and Granulicetella bacteria in uncontrolled Type II diabetic individuals with a control group. Subjects selected randomly and categorized into two groups within the age range of 25 to 40 years diagnosed with and without Type II diabetes based on their HbA1c values. The samples of buccal mucosa biofilms are collected in sterile swabs and stored in bacterial lysis buffer, which was later subjected to quantification of DNA followed by 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing. The sequence obtained is then surveyed using BLAST Analysis to define the bacterial flora and two bacteria, namely Veillonella and Granulicatella are selected for further amplification and quantification by real-time PCR to express the bacteria in copy numbers. From the collected buccal mucosal biofilm samples (n=24), which was categorized into Type II diabetes (12) and non-diabetic (12). The sequence subjected to BLAST analysis gave a List of bacteria from which Veillonella sp. and Granulicatella sp. were selected and administered to real-time PCR for amplification and quantification, which revealed an increased bacterial prevalence in Type II diabetic subjects to non-diabetic subjects which was also proved statistically. Based on the results obtained, there is a significant prevalence of bacterial content in Type II diabetic subjects compared to non-diabetic subjects. --- ## Prevalence of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus in tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Raveendra babu K, Deepika Reddy B, Bheemamma P, Vamshi Krishna E, Chinna Eswaraiah M **Published:** 2020-04-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2145 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes Mellitus, Microvascular complications, Nephropathy, Neuropathy, Retinopathy The major cause of mortality and morbidity in the present generation is diabetes mellitus. The high prevalence of microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus occurs due to the untreated long duration of hyperglycemia. The main aim of the study is assessing the prevalence of microvascular complications of patients who are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus in public tertiary care hospitals. A retro-prospective observational study was conducted in the outpatient department of medicine at a tertiary care hospital. We took the samples of a total of 300 consecutive patients who are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus with microvascular complications were included in the study. To diagnose microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus clinical parameters, patient past and present history and other related investigations were included. A total of 300 patients in this study, 160 are males and 140 are females. The age range was 30-80 years, with a mean age of 49.43±13.45 years. 31% of patients are diagnosed with neuropathy, 35% of patients are diagnosed with retinopathy and 34% of patients are diagnosed with nephropathy. 68.6% of patients are affected with microalbuminuria, whereas 31.3% of patients are affected with macroalbuminuria. [HbA1C] levels are divided into two groups on the basis of glycated hemoglobin levels in subjects. The patients with HbA1C >7.5% are found to 61% and 39% are found to be in the range of HbA1C 6.5-7.5%. By comparing both patients with HbA1C>7.5% are more prone to microvascular complications than that of HbA1C 6.5-7.5%. The 23% subjects had normal BMI [18.5-24.99kg/m2, 55% subjects were over-weight [25-29.99kg/m2 and 21.3% subjects were obese [>30kg/m2]. To prevent or retard further progression of these complications, we should control blood sugar levels. --- ## In-vivo Assessment of Neurotoxicological Effect of Mugwort Leaves on Induced Rat Model of Multiple Sclerosis **Authors:** Neelamma G, Shaik Harun Rasheed, Kausar Sulthana, Nagarani B, Srilekha P **Published:** 2020-04-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2135 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Demyelination, Ethidium bromide, Multiple sclerosis, Artemisia vulgaris, Antioxidant, Antiinflammatory Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating ailment in which the loss of myelin destructs conduction along the affected axons typically resulting in the conduction block. The motive of this protocol is to carry out the neuroprotective activity of Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort) by induced demyelination of ethidium Bromide in wistar rats. The leaf methanolic extract was treated at 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg weight administered through oral route and continued for 28 days in demyelinated rats. Demyelination was affected by administering intracranial injection of toxin (ethidium Bromide) at the dose of 1µg/0.03ml of PBS per kg body weight. The potency of the extract was analysedanalyzed in the terms of their behavioral study on the first, second and fourth week. The animals were immolate after 28 days and subjected to histopathological assessment. The unearthing from behavioral histopathological and biochemical studies evince that the methanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris have potential protective effect on the ethidium bromide induced demyelinated rats. --- ## Hybrid drug combination: A new treatment strategy for type 2 diabetes- A review **Authors:** Shraddha Sharma, Vengal Rao P, Seema Mehdi, Manjula S N, Aalap Das **Published:** 2020-04-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2131 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus, phytochemicals, polyphenols, antidiabetic effects Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia arising from deregulation in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The current synthetic drugs have dose-dependent side effects which confined their uses. The phytochemicals are the natural compounds that have better therapeutic efficacy and interacts synergistically with oral hypoglycemic drugs. The addition of phytochemicals with OHDs may reduce the dose of synthetic drugs as well as their side effects and toxicity. A detailed outline about such combinations like Ferulic acid & THZ/Metformin, Ellagic acid & Pioglitazone (THZ), Chlorogenic acid & THZ/Metformin, Caffeic acid & THZ/Metformin, eugenol acid & THZ/Metformin, cinnamic acid & THZ/Metformin, p- coumaric acid & THZ/Metformin, Arecoline & Vanillic acid with the THZ/ Metformin have been illustrated. This review has also discussed the synergy and mechanism of phytochemical with the OHDs to combat hyperglycemia and other risk associated with it. A comprehensive review was conducted to pile up the information about polyphenols & synthetic drug combinations used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, which has been carried out in-vitro or in-vivo and may contribute to identifying novel strategies in the treatment of T2D condition. This review shows the importance of the responsible bioactive agents present in medicinal plants in the drive to demonstrate their antidiabetic effects. --- ## Novel COVID-19- the pandemic on planet Earth- A brief insight into Transmission, Diagnosis and Treatment- A Review **Authors:** Azhagu saravana babu P, Archana G, Divya Bharathi M, Muthusamy M, Jeya Pragash D, Jeba Sweetly J, Sybia Vasantha Pakiavathy I, Ushani U **Published:** 2020-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2253 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Acute respiratory syndrome, Allergy, inflammation, Immune system Pandemic diseases continue to emerge as per the World health Organisation reports and there had been a continuous combat against the same for past years worldwide. These diseases might include viral or bacterial or other deadly pathogens. The current and trending outbreak which spreads equally among all countries which is becoming fatal is the novel Corona virus or COVID-19. The infection started its journey right from wuhan city, China and now has no borders to cross up to date. The symptoms are direct or indirect and various from individual. One such serious stage is “Severe Acute Respiratory disorder” a syndrome or disorder caused by our own immune system when fighting against an infection. Another fatal symptom is the Severe Acute Respiratory disorder. It is condition where our own immune systems overworks against a particular pathogenic infection and the chemical released by the same causes inflammation or damage to our own cells or tissues. Among the various causes of sepsis or tissue damage and fatal sepsis, pneumonia, viral pneumonia like COVID- 19 is more critical to go for treatment. However sepsis is not contagious, it could cause serious damage to the person through blood stream from the source of infection. --- ## Vendor Qualification and Evaluation in Pharmaceutical Industry **Authors:** Borra Vamsi, Hemanth Kumar S, Patel P R, Gowrav M P **Published:** 2020-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2129 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** vendor qualification, manufacturing part number, vendor audit To deliver a high quality and safe medicines, it is a must to certify the vendor according to the GMP requirement. This qualification is done to prevent the adverse events, prevent the recalls or serious illness or death due to the low standard quality of manufactured medicines. Vendor qualification is the process by which a vendor is assessed to determine, if it can provide the required goods or services to the standards that the purchasing company requires. This article explains about the detailed procedure for qualifying raw material vendors, packaging vendors and service providers. This also explains the vendor assessment and the reassessment. Vendor re-assessment must be carried out at least once a year for each packaging material and the raw material. The manufactured part number is used for tracking. Supply Chain Management team (SCM) should request the QA department to generate Manufacturing Part Number. Explained about the vendor rating. The vendor must be disqualified if the batch will not adhere to specification of critical tests. For further evaluation and investigation, vendor must be once again qualified. Vendor must be informed regarding the removal and the reasons must be explained clearly. Vendor Relationship Management (SRM), is systematic planning and managing of all interactions with suppliers to maximize its value. --- ## Alcoholic liver diseases: Disease spectrum, pathophysiology, oxidative stress and role of flavonoids in alcoholic liver injury **Authors:** Nikhil Bhandari, Manohar M, Abhinav Ghosh, Gowda D V **Published:** 2020-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2130 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Alcoholic liver diseases, disease spectrum, oxidative stress, flavonoids, Pathophysiology An Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) has emerged as the serious health problem globally, with high morbidity and mortality rate. Heavy alcohol consumption resulted in broad spectrum of liver diseases ranging from steatosis (alcoholic fatty liver), alcoholic hepatitis (AH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this review the detailed patho-physiology of the ALD, role of oxidative stress ALD, the mechanism of action of flavonoids with different models used have been explained. Heavy alcohol consumption leads to severe liver diseases, which is demonstrated by increased blood levels of ALT, AST, and/or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and accumulation of lipid in the hepatocytes causing steatosis. There are three mechanisms involved in causing of ALD, those are: (a) acetaldehyde toxicity; (b) oxidative stress or generation of ROS; and lastly (c) provocation of the immune response of hepatocytes causing oxidative stress. This shows that oxidative stress is a major cause for ALD, therefore, defence activities against this stress are most vital in the prevention of ALD. Application of antioxidants especially flavonoids signifies a rational curative strategy to prevent and cure liver diseases involving oxidative stress. Flavonoids inhibit ROS formation by regulating glutathione S-transferase, mitochondrial succinoxidase etc. Since lipid peroxidation is a result of oxidative stress, lipids are protected from oxidative damage using flavonoids. Various flavonoids and their mechanism of action have been discussed in this review, formulation of these flavonoids will be highly beneficial for treatment of ALD. --- ## A Randomised Clinical trial evaluating effectiveness of Guduchi and Shunthi kvatha in Amavata(Rheumatoid arthritis) in comparison with Indomethacin **Authors:** Daneshwari S Kanashetti, Byadgi P S, Dwivedi K N **Published:** 2020-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2111 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amavata, Rheumatoid arthritis, Guduchi(Tinospora cordifolia), Shunthi(Zingiber officinale) Indian Traditional system of medicine (Ayurveda) has played premier role in the management of crippling disease, Amavata is one among them. Amavata is a chronic disease caused by vitiation of Vata associated with Ama. The clinical presentation of Amavata closely mimic Rheumatoid arthritis in accordance with their similarities in clinical features like pain, swelling, stiffness, fever, general debility, fatigue, etc. Herbal drugs are becoming increasingly popular in managing chronic diseases because of its safety, long term usage with fewer side effects and multidimensional actions. Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook.f. & thoms.) and Shunthi (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) are widely available economic drugs with effective pharmacological actions. Present clinical study is conducted on 3 groups with 27 patients in each group. Patients of group 1 were administered the test form i.e, Guduchi and Shunthi kvatha. Patients of group 2 were treated with standard drug Indomethacin 75 mg BD. Patients of group 3 were administered both with Guduchi & Shunthi kvatha and Indomethacin. The results were tabulated using statistical methods and compared between the groups. Change in subjective and objective parameters were observed at the end of treatment in each group. Subjective parameters like Pain, Angamarda, Aruchi, Trishna, Alasya, Gaurava, Jvara, Apaka and Shunata anganam were observed. Objective parameters like CBC, ESR, RA factor, CRP and collagen profile were carried out before and after treatment. Overall effectiveness in signs and symptoms was seen in the volunteers taking both trial and standard drug which signifies synergistic effect of both drugs help in resolution of Amavata better. Guduchi and Shunthi kvatha showed encouraging results but this must be taken for longer duration. --- ## A Review on qualification of the tablet compression machine **Authors:** Avinasha S, Gangadharappa H V, Hemanth Kumar S, Gowrav M P **Published:** 2020-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2124 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Compression, Design, Installation, Operational, Performance, Validation Validation is the art of designing and practicing the designed steps alongside with the documentation. Validation is one of the most important steps in maintaining & achieving the quality of the final product group after batch. The qualification of the equipment and systems are planning to carry out the tests and record the tests. We cannot be manufacturing the product, without equipment. If the equipment is validated, we can ensure that our product is of the top-quality. Validation of the equipment is known as Qualification. To making different kinds of dosage forms, various equipment’s are used. Here, this article concentrates on the equipment qualification for the Tablet compression machine. It gives in detail, qualification steps of the equipment, which is used for the manufacturing process through wet granulation. Qualification, an ideal step for equipment validation, is the action undertaken to demonstrate the intended use and performance of the utilities and equipment. The individual steps of qualification such as design, installation, operational and performance qualification, were done in order to qualify the equipment. Blueprint of equipment validation was also included and the tablets were tested for physical parameters such as appearance, punch Shape, punch diameter, upper punch, lower punch, hardness, weight variation, friability, and thickness. --- ## Preparation and evaluation of matrix type gastro retentive floating atenolol tablets using sintering technique **Authors:** Munagala Gayatri Ramya, Kothapalli Bannoth Chandra Sekhar **Published:** 2020-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2109 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atenolol, PEO, sintering, time, floating lag time, total floating time, delayed release The aim of this investigation was to design and assess the gastric floating tablets of Atenolol using thermal sintering and investigate the effect of sintering on PEO polymer. Atenolol is an Antihypertensive with only 50 percent bioavailability due to poor absorption in lower GI tract. Gastro retentive Floating tablets were prepared to enhance the gastric retention time, to prolong the drug release. PEO which was selected as sintered polymer. Tablets were prepared by direct compression method. Formulated tablets were exposed to different temperatures (400C, 500C and 600C) at) at various time intervals( 1h ,2h ,3h and4h) in a hot air oven. Post compression parameters were evaluated like weight variation, hardness, friability, floating lag time and total floating time. The result of the investigation indicates sintering influenced the floating time and dissolution properties. Weight variation, friability and content uniformity values were within limits. Sintering time and temperature contributes to effectiveness of polymers in extending drug release. Reduction in floating lag time and increase in total floating time as well as release of drug was delayed. All sintered formulation have no interaction was found in FTIR, DSC studies. All sintered tablets followed zero order with nonfickian diffusion mechanism. This study helps the use of thermal sintering in preparation of floating tablets. --- ## Triple-negative breast cancer: challenges and treatment options **Authors:** Nithish Shekar, Pooja Mallya, D V Gowda, Vikas Jain **Published:** 2020-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2127 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Down regulation, Nano carriers, prognosis, targeted therapy, triple negative breast cancer TNBCs or Triple negative breast cancers are characterized by the deficiency of progesterone and estrogen receptors and also the absence down regulation of Human epithelial growth receptor type 2 (HER2). TNBCs have low prognosis rate because of heterogeneity. The heterogeneous nature of this cancer has constrained the effective progress in drug targeting among certain people. In general HER2, PR and ER and the rate of proliferation are main predictive and prognostic factors in the detection of cancer of breast. Several pathways are involved in the progression of triple negative breast cancer from basal like cancer cells. The foremost being the loss by BRCA1-mediated pathway or mutation in the expression of several receptors. Certain groups have made some progress in unwinding TNBC's biological diversity and relating patterns of gene expression to molecular or genotypic subtypes. Earlier molecular categories of breast cancer use PAM50 via gene expression analysis to separate the breast cancer into the 4 intrinsic subtypes classified among many TNBCs in basal (BL) group and others divided between HER2 and luminal rich group. Currently, targeted therapy for TNBCs has not been approved. Nonetheless, there is continuous progress been made to detect the tumors at specific site for targeting and establish novel improved therapy. This review speaks about different approaches to TNBC treatment like cytotoxic therapy, targeted strategies, and chemotherapeutics by damage to DNA and targeting for repair of DNA and potent Nano carriers for targeting TNBC. --- ## Using Artificial Intelligence System for Pattern Identification Based on Features Extracted from Gel Electrophoresis Images **Authors:** Sarmad M. Hadi, Al-Faiz M Z, Ali A. Ibrahim **Published:** 2020-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2115 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** neural networks, linear vector quantization, DNA, gel electrophoresis, Back-Propagation Artificial intelligence has many branches of image processing-based applications in terms of classification and identification, error back-propagation neural network is a great match for such applications as long as linear vector quantization (LVQ) and pattern recognition is another great match for recognition of digital images based on their features. The dataset used in this paper are gel electrophoresis images where 6 features had been extracted from the images and used as input to a neural network for learning and then checked for recognition purposed and the system managed to recognize all the 6 images. Six features had been used: average, standard deviation, smoothness, skewness, uniformity, and entropy. A tiny error rate where allowed in the recognition program to cover the variation of the dataset and the test data (gel-electrophoresis images). The proposed system had successfully managed to identify all of the learned data in both LVQ and error-back-propagation. Error-back-propagation proved itself as a great tool in terms of learning time compared with LVQ, which was very slow in terms of learning time and recognition. --- ## A Nutritional analysis of selected heterotic hybrids of Zea mays L. **Authors:** Chandra Shekar Rangu, Sangilimuthu Alagar Yadav, Ghosh Syamal Krishna, Gayathiri Ekambaram **Published:** 2020-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2126 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amino acid, Ascorbic acid, Carbohydrate, Maize, Nutrition, Protein, Quality The current experiment was designed to examine and evaluate the nutritional factors of 16 selected high yielding Maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids and their parental lines. A secondary objective of this study was to compare the nutritional factors of the hybrids with that of their parents.71 genotypes (35 parents, F1& F2 of 16 selected hybrids, 2 checks) were evaluated in two replications for their nutritional factor. The nutritional factors of hybrids was determined by estimating the content of Protein, Carbohydrates, Amino acids and Ascorbic acid. Lowry’s method, Anthrone’s method, Roe and Keuther method, Yemm et al., method was used to estimate the protein content, carbohydrate content, Ascorbic acid content and Amino acid content respectively. Among the select hybrids, four hybrids (SH1 (L29 x T3), SH8 (L24 x T3), SH13 (L11 x T5), SH15 (L24 x T5)) showed higher quantity of protein, carbohydrate and amino acids. Therefore, these four hybrids can be recommended to the farming community for production. This will help farmers to get good yielding maize with high nutritional factors. The rest of the hybrids can be recommended in their particular segment for nutritional benefits. We concluded that, high-nutrient and high-yielding heterotic maize hybrids were produced for cultivation and suggested to the farmers. --- ## Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial, DNA Cleavage and Fluorescent Activity of Metal ion(II) Coordinate with 2H-Chromene Azo novel ligand **Authors:** Huda Muayad Nafea, Ali Muayad Nafea Al- Kawaz **Published:** 2020-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2116 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 2H-chromene, metal complexes, antibacterial activity, DNA cleavage A new ligand 2H-chromene containing azo group 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-N-(4-(phenyldiazenyl)-2H-chromen-4-amine (AH), were synthesized from the condensation reaction (1:2) of 2'-hydroxychalcone and p-aminoazobenzene. Co(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes of the new ligand have been synthesized and characterized using C.H.N. analysis, 1H NMR spectra, FT.IR, UV/Visible, magnetic susceptible, conductance measuring, and fluorescence spectral spectroscopy; 13C NMR spectroscopy of the ligand was also studied. Spectroscopic results revealed the 2H-Chromene Azo (AH) ligand behaves as monodentate chelating via the nitrogen atom of amine group at position 4 having 1:1 [M:L] ratio; suggested that the cobalt and nickel complexes have the tetrahedral structure and a distorted tetrahedral geometry for the copper complex, indicating their non-electrolyte nature. The new ligand shows a fluorescence emissioncomparing with this fluorescence quenching was noticed in its metal complexes. The antibacterial potency of the free ligand and its chelates with metal ion(II) were screened against E.coli, K.pneumoniae, Staph.aureus and B.Subtilis; The DNA cleavage activity of the free ligand and its 2H-chromene azo metal (II) complexes was performed by the gel electrophoresis process, which given that these compounds are effective upon DNA cleavage. --- ## In Silico Studies on Colon Cancer against Hexadecane, Hexadecanoic acid Methyl Ester and Quinoline, 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-Trimethyl Compounds from Brown Seaweed **Authors:** Swarna Bharathi D, Boopathy Raja A **Published:** 2020-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2110 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Colon cancer, Docking, Brown seaweed, Bioactive compound The main objective of this was to evaluate the potential drug for treating colon cancer and compound must be extracted from natural sources, especially in seaweed. The above-mentioned compounds are taken from GC-MS studies of Dictyotabartayresiana. There is more number of compounds present in GC-MS analysis, but hexadecane, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and quinoline, 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl compounds have shown best activities compared to others that proven in previous research. NIST and SDBS databases are helping to draw the compound structure, name, fragments, molecular weight, chemical formula, hydrogen bond donor and acceptor count. The protein were obtained from PDB (Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Protein Data Bank), which is a repository for 3D structural data of large biological macromolecules. Auto Dock tools were utilized to generate grids, calculate dock score and evaluate the conformers of activators bound in the active site of protein as targets. The compound hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (C17 H34 O2) has the binding affinity of -6.60 kcal/mol that similar to results obtained from Quinoline, 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl- (C12 H15N) and Hexadecane (C16H34) shows the binding affinity of -6.20 kcal/mol which greater than standard drug 5-fluorouracil (C4H3FN2O2). In the present study, technically proven the anticancer property of Dictyotabartayresiana. To conclude, these resulting compounds might be an alternative to synthetic anticancer drugs available in the market. --- ## Nutrition and corona virus: Plan a diet in a pandemic **Authors:** Suchitra M R, Parthasarathy S **Published:** 2020-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2241 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** pandemic, corona virus, nutrition, diet The corona virus pandemic is causing the worst ever health disaster in the recent decades. Continuously newer drugs are being tried for the same with variable success. There has been much talk about one’s immunity and the corona survival. There are a lot of traditional food items which can increase the immunity with an additional benefit of some antiviral properties. Citrus fruits, sitaphal, apple papaya are among the fruits. Vegetables including broccoli, onion, garlic and green leaves are a few vegetables. Nuts, ginger, turmeric, pepper, egg yolk, shell fish, mushroom are some of the miscellaneous dietary supplements which have both properties. In a pandemic scenario, diet and nutrition can be an important supplement to pharmacy to counter viruses. We have tried to give complete menu for a day with such properties. The major hiccup may be the non-availability of certain foods. Hence, we have also suggested many alternate recipes to tackle this problem. This sample menu and their alternatives are being given for a normal adult. Needy changes should be contemplated according to age, sex, body mass index and daily physical activities. --- ## Effect of screen time in the clinical outcome of therapy in children with Autism spectrum disorder and social communication disorder **Authors:** Jakkampudi NagaSravani, Lal D V, Porchelvan S, Arul Devi **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2198 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ATEC score, Autism, Communication Disorder, Gadgets, Media, Screen time, Social Communication Disorder, Speech therapy, Therapy outcome Children of present day are exposed to excessive screen time from a very young age itself. Among the factors which contribute to this is easy accessibility to gadgets, nuclear families with less support for childrearing due to parental preoccupation, etc. Though there are studies addressing the association between screen time and health effects, there isn’t’ any study addressing the effect of screen time on progress of therapy session in children with special needs, especially Autism or social communication disorders. For the present study, we enrolled children between 2-5years with ASD / SCD and assessed their initial problems and improvement post interventions with ATEC scoring. They were questioned about the screen time their children were exposed initially as well as at the end of training duration and were grouped as <1 hour and >1 hour. Following complete assessment using all the required tools, the children were given all the required standardised therapies according to our unit protocol for ASD and SCD, respectively. This includes sessions of Occupational therapy, speech therapy, ABA, etc. for 6 months. The effect of the sessions in the form of improvement in ATEC scores- total and individual domain scores of both ASD and SCD children were correlated with the screen time exposure and assessed for significance. 70 % of the kids with special needs (ASD& SCD) had media exposure >1 hours in the first year itself and were continuing at >2 hour/day. The present study showed that screen time has significant negative influence affecting improvement following therapies in both ASD and SCD. But ASD children seem to be more affected than SCD.We caution the use of low quality Screen media intervention in therapy sessions or home for engaging these 2 groups of children. --- ## A study on the demographic features of cancer patients done in a tertiary care centre in South India **Authors:** Mathupriya S G, Ganthimathy Sekhar, Porchelvan S **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2215 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Age, Histopathological subtype, Sex, Site Cancer is a major cause of increased morbidity and mortality in today’s world. Several studies have shown that its incidence is governed by the gender and age of a person. The site and histological subtype of cancer vary between different age groups and sex. Knowledge of the demography of cancer in affected individuals will help in planning screening and prevention strategies. The present study was done to analyse the site of different cancers among various age groups and gender in patients coming to a tertiary care centre. Data of cancer patients was retrospectively analysed in terms of age, sex, site, and histopathological subtypes. The histopathological reports of all cases of cancer recorded at the histopathology laboratory of the tertiary care centre during a one year period- November 2017 to October 2018 were perused and the findings were recorded. Analysis of the data was done using SPSS version 17 to obtain the statistical significance. There were a total of 330 cases of cancer recorded during the study period. Out of these, 143 were male and 187 were female. Age group between 51 and 60 years had the maximum number of cases of cancer. Breast cancer in female and stomach cancer and oropharyngeal cancer in male were found to be more common. Among the histological subtypes, adenocarcinoma was found to be the most commonest across all ages and in both sexes. --- ## Structured Nasal Packing Module Training Using Intubation Mannequin For Undergraduate Students **Authors:** Shoba K, Anuradha P, Srinivasan K **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2692 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Epistaxis, Intubation mannequins, Teaching module, Undergraduate students Nasal packing is a skill which all primary care physicians should possess. The current curriculum does not include this skills training in undergraduate studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of structured nasal packing module for 3rd MBBS students in the skills lab and to evaluate the improvement of student's confidence level in managing epistaxis. Project proposal approval was obtained from the Institutional review board in Saveetha Medical College & Hospital. After obtaining informed consent, 114 students of III MBBS-Part I was included in the study. They were divided into 3 batches. Students were given study material and video at least one day before the session. A brief lecture followed by a demonstration of nasal packing was done. Students were allowed to practice nasal packing on intubation mannequins in the presence of faculty. Confidence level questionnaire were given to assess their confidence level before and after practicing on mannequins. Question 1 was on instrument use, 2 on traditional anterior nasal packing, 3 on ivalon pack and 4 on postnasal pack with foley’s catheter. The mean confidence level scores before and after hands on training on mannequin were 9.18 and 12.45 respectively. T-test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was done to compare the results. There was a statistically significant improvement in the confidence level of students following hands on training (p value: 0.000). Practicing nasal packing on intubation mannequins improved the confidence level of students in managing patients with epistaxis --- ## Clinicopathological study of Meningiomas in a tertiary care center **Authors:** Rashmi Raveendran, Sridevi M, Chitra Srinivasan, Ganthimathy Sekhar **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2205 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** CNS, Grade, Meningioma, Peri-tumoural, Recurrence Meningiomas are a group of common, predominantly benign and slow growing tumours of the meninges. The revised 4th edition of WHO classification of Central Nervous system tumours (2016) has classified them into Grades I, II and III based on their biological behaviour as well as proliferative potential. Recurrence and brain invasion are commonly considered to be found in higher grades. Recent studies have shown that high grade tumours have also been associated with clinical findings such as peri-tumoural brain edema. The purpose of the grading system is to aid in formulating an appropriate management plan. The aim of our study was to analyse the clinical and histomorphological features of meningiomas and evaluate the impact of the current grading system in tumour prognosis. A total of 60 cases were included in our study. They were seen predominantly in females and in the 5th and 6th decades of life, with a propensity to occur in the convexities. The commonest variant was meningothelial meningioma and the commonest grade was Grade I. However, we also noted an increase in Grade II meningiomas due to the definition of brain invasion as an atypical feature in the latest classification. Malignant phenotype such as recurrence was seen in all 3 grades. Hence, we conclude that constant revision of the grading system is necessary to maintain diagnostic accuracy and improve current treatment modalities. --- ## A histopathological study on cholecystectomy specimen in a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Volga Harikrishnan, Padmapriya B S, Chitra Srinivasan **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2189 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acalculus, Carcinoma, Cholecystitis, Gall stones, Polyp The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ and the main function of it is to store and concentrate the bile secreted by the liver and then deliver it into the intestine for digestion and absorption of fat. Congenital anomalies, inflammation, benign and malignant tumors can occur in the gallbladder. Cholecystectomy is one of the most commonly performed general surgery procedures. The principle aim of this study is to review the pathology results from gallbladder specimens sent for routine pathology with clinical parameters correlation. A retrospective study of 115cholecystectomy specimens for a period of 6 months in the year 2018 was carried out. All specimens subjected for histopathological examination and the clinical correlation was done. Commonest age group being 41-45 years (25%) with the male-female ratio of 1:1.7. The most common lesions were Chronic calculous cholecystitis constituting 67 (58%) followed by chronic cholecystitis 24 cases (21%). Acute calculous cholecystitis constitute 4 cases (3.5%), acute cholecystitis and acute on chronic cholecystitis constitutes 9 cases (8%). One case of adenomyoma (0.8%) and incidentally detected Gall bladder adenocarcinoma (0.8%) were diagnosed. A spectrum of lesions that affect the gallbladder necessitates the importance of histopathological examination of all cholecystectomy specimens with or without abnormal clinical, radiological and macroscopic findings. --- ## Correlation With Disease Activity Score 28 (Das28) With Pulmonary Function Test In Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients **Authors:** Rameshwar R, Srujith C. H, Jagadeesan M, Mahendra Kumar, Prassana Karthik S, Kannan R, Magesh Kumar S, Kavitha M. M **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2174 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rheumatoid Arthritis, RA, Pulmonary Function Test, Disease activity Score 28, DAS28, RF, Anti-CCP Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology involving both small and large joints with many extra-articular manifestations. There may be a variety of pulmonary complications associated with RA based on its disease activity and levels of RF and anti-CCP titers. Pulmonary involvement may be seen at different levels of the respiratory system, with infection being the most common cause of mortality. Our study shows the association and degree of pulmonary involvement in patients with RA based on the pulmonary function test and its correlation with the DAS 28 score. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of pulmonary involvement in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. The study population was 100 patients with RA diagnosed based on the 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria following all the exclusion. The patients were subjected to a PFT on diagnosis and repeated at 6 and 18 months following treatment. In our study, there is a higher prevalence of pulmonary involvement seen in doing PFT, even in asymptomatic patients with RA when compared to other studies. Pulmonary complications occurring in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis may be identified on doing a PFT or HRCT thorax. Pulmonary involvement carries significant mortality and morbidity. Disease duration and disease activity score 28 were found to have a significant association with pulmonary complications. Although our study brings out the incidence of higher risk of pulmonary involvement in patients with RA, more studies meta-analysis are required. --- ## A study on non endoscopic predictors of esophageal varices and portal hypertension in chronic liver disease **Authors:** Karthick M, Prabakaran P T, Rajendran K, Gowrishankar A, Halleys Kumar E, Kannan R, Magesh Kumar S, Damodharan J **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2223 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic liver disease, Esophageal varices, Non-endoscopic predictors, Portal hypertension, Portal hypertensive gastropthy Portal hypertension is associated with liver cirrhosis and esophageal varices is a common complication. Cirrhotic liver increases resistance to the passage of blood and thereby increased splanchnic blood flow secondary to vasodilation. Prevalence of portal hypertension varies from 50-60% in patients with liver cirrhosis. The first episode of variceal bleeding causes mortality, which ranges from 40-70%. All cirrhotic patients should be screened for the oesophageal varices according to Baveno III consensus conference on portal hypertension and recommendation for endoscopy is at 2-3 years intervals in patients without varices and at 1-2 years interval in patients with small varices in order to evaluate the development of variceal progression. But this is questionable as endoscopy is an invasive procedure and also cost-effective. Only 9-36% of patients with cirrhosis were found to have varices on screening endoscopy. Non-invasive assessment of variceal bleeding with good predictivity includes biochemical, clinical and ultrasonographic parameters. Thus unnecessary intervention is avoided and at the same time, the patients at risk of bleeding are also not missed. This study emphasizes the need for an annual ultrasonogram examination as a part of a surveillance program for screening of oesophageal varices in patients of chronic liver disease. --- ## Vestibular stimulation induced alteration in glutamate levels improves memory and anxiety scores in scopolamine induced dementia rats **Authors:** Jinu K V, Archana R, Mukkadan J K **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2217 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dementia, Caloric vestibular stimulation, Memory Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter which is essential for cognition but, at the same time, a neurotoxin if accumulated beyond a certain level. The derangement of glutamate level in brain is closely associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Vestibular stimulation is known to stabilize various neuro-chemical transmission in central nervous system, especially effective in enhancing acetyl choline level and reduction of acetyl cholinesterase level. So the current study has undertaken to evaluate glutamate level in dementia and vestibular stimulation groups and its role in improving memory and anxiety scores. In the present study, 32 Wistar rats were used. Scopolamine was used to induce dementia and caloric stimulation (bilateral, unilateral right and unilateral left) was used stimulate vestibular system. Behavioral parameters like water maze used to asses memory and elevated plus maze was used to assess anxiety in our study. Glutamate was quantified by spectroflurimetry and histopathology of hippocampus and cortex were assessed. Caloric vestibular stimulation effectively reduced glutamate level near to normal values and this result reflected in increased memory scores in water maze and increased exploratory activities in elevated plus maze. Especially unilateral left vestibular stimulation has found beneficial in reducing glutamate level. All these positive outcomes have proven that vestibular stimulation can increase memory and anxiety scores in dementia and thereby can be used as an alternative therapy in this field. Further animal studies and human studies are needed to dig deep into the molecular mechanisms behind its actions. --- ## Emerging resistance to carbapenem among Gram-negative bacteria in a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Pooja Nair, Renu Mathews, Kalyani M **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2177 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carbapenem, E Test, Gram-negative bacilli, Modi????ied Hodge Test, Resistance The emergence of bacterial antibiotic resistance is a cardinal concern in the health care system. The spread of resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenters to the currently available drugs make the treatment of serious nosocomial infections troublesome. The purpose of the study is to find out the carbapenem resistance among Gram-negative bacilli in a tertiary care hospital. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of 1913 aerobic Gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical samples was made for a period of 6 months. All the isolates were tested for susceptibility to antibiotics by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique according to CLSI guidelines. Carbapenemase production was confirmed by the Modified Hodge Test (MHT). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by Epsilometer (E) test was performed (for Imipenem and Meropenem) for carbapenem-resistant strains. A total of 1731 clinical samples, 1913 Gram-negative bacilli were isolated. 1476 (77.1%) were Enterobacteriaceae and 433 (22.6%) were non-fermenters. 54 were carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacilli. Meropenem E test was done for carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacilli. The minimum inhibitory concentration for Meropenem ranged from 0.002μg/ml to 32μg/ml. To overcome the problem of emerging resistance, combined interaction and cooperation of microbiologists, clinicians and the infection control team is needed. --- ## Analysis of Platelet Indices and its correlation with platelet count In Dengue **Authors:** Dhanya Menon, Ganthimathy Sekhar, Siddharth A R, Sridevi M **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2696 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dengue, Platelet, Platelet indices, Mean Platelet Volume, MPV, Platelet Distribution Width, PDW, Thrombocytopenia Dengue is a global arboviral disease of growing public health concern. Several parameters have been used to detect the infection and severity of dengue. Recent evidence suggests that platelet indices can be used to assess the severity and prognosis of dengue infection. This retrospective study aims at assessing the role of the platelet indices – Mean Platelet Volume (MPV), Platelet Distribution Width, (PDW), P-LCR (Platelet Large Cell Ratio) and Plateletcrit (PCT) and its correlation with the platelet count in 50 Dengue NS1 antigen positive cases and to find the sex ratio and the age-wise distribution of the dengue cases. The indices were obtained using an Automated Hematology analyzer and were compared with the platelet count, considering p-value <0.05 as statistically significant. Thrombocytopenia was found in a majority of the cases and PDW and PLCR were found to be inversely proportional to the platelet count. MPV was found to have no correlation with the platelet count. Hence, we conclude that Platelet count, PDW, and P-LCR can be used as predictors of Dengue infection and severity, whereas MPV cannot be used as a predictor of Dengue infection or severity. --- ## Trophectoderm morphology is a better predictor of clinical pregnancy in blastocyst transfers **Authors:** Sivanantham S, Lakshmanan S, Dhanusu R R, Saravanan M, Sharma N **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2218 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Blastocyst, Inner cell mass, Trophectoderm, Pregnancy, Implantation, Biomarker In assisted reproduction, a successful outcome is closely associated with the selection of potentially implantable. Blastocyst culture has its own merits that it can possibly eliminate the selection of non-viable embryos, can mimic physiology with better embryo-uterine synchrony and the extended culture can also assess the embryos post-embryonic genomic activation. Scoring of blastocyst characteristics can also aid in single embryo transfers (SET), reducing the risks of multiple pregnancies. The morphological assessment can serve as a non-invasive tool for better prediction of the outcome in IVF. The two important morphological parameters of blastocyst grading the inner cell mass (ICM) and the trophectoderm(TE) other than the expansion of the blastocoel cavity. Various groups reported the importance of either characteristic predicting implantation, pregnancy and live birth. In this retrospective study, we have evaluated which one of these parameters possess the predictive ability of implantation and pregnancy. The embryos frozen as blastocysts following morphological scoring in the stimulated cycles were replaced in subsequent cycles. The transferred blastocysts with known implantation were grouped into four different combinations of grades of ICM and TE and analyzed for the association with the clinical pregnancy and the findings were statistically validated. This study demonstrates there is a significant correlation between the grades of TE cells and the clinical pregnancy, so TE grade possibly is a better predictor of in blastocyst transfers. The trophoectoderm grades of embryo can be used as a selection tool for a better IVF outcome. --- ## Study on Impact of Maternal Age on Pregnancy Outcome at a Tertiary Care Hospital **Authors:** Sandeep S, Shanthi E **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2235 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Advanced maternal age, Birth weight, Maternal age, Obstetric outcome, Teenage pregnancy This was a study to find a correlation between the maternal age and obstetric and fetal outcome. This was a retrospective study conducted at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. The study groups were women delivering over 2 months. Data was collected from the parturition register in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The study group were divided into 5 groups from 1 to 5 based on age as, less than 20 years, 20-24 years , 25-29 years , 30-34 years and 35 years of age and above, respectively. The obstetric data collected were entered in micro soft excel sheet and analyzed. The total number of deliveries during the study period was 251. The average age of the woman delivered was 23.8 years. The percentage of women under different age groups were as follows: 2.79 % were teenagers and 2.79% of women were more than 35 years of age. 46.61%, 36.65% and 11.15 % were between 20-24 yrs, 25-29 years of age and 30 to 34 years of age. As age increased, gravidity increased. 71.43%, 45.61%, 39.65%, 11.5% and 28% were vaginal deliveries in each group. The proportion of caesarian deliveries increased as age advanced. In group one all were term deliveries, where as in other groups, the percentages were 76.92, 76.09, 75 and 71.42% respectively. The average weights of the babies were 2.6 kg, 2.868 kg, 2.873 kg, 2.841 kg and 2.8 kg, respectively. There were 14.28%, 23.93%, 34.78% and 25 % NICU admissions among the first 4 groups, respectively. There were 1.09%, 3.5% and 14.28% of intrauterine deaths in groups 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Majority of the study group belonged to 20-24 yrs. As maternal age increased, there was increase in gravidity, caesarean deliveries, increased preterm deliveries, neonatal admissions and intrauterine deaths. --- ## Is Empirical antibiotic treatment in UTI justified in resource constraint settings in India **Authors:** Balamma Sujatha, Lal D V, Sulochana G **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2264 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibiotic resistance, Community-acquired ESBL, Enterococci, Klebsiella UTI, one of the most common infections noted in children is reported with incidence of 2% in boys and 8% in girls of less than 8year. Absence of specific signs of UTI in younger children and increased risk for complications make it almost mandatory to test for UTI in very young children with fever. Fairly common genitourinary tract abnormalities in young children makes it even more important to screen for UTI as it can lead to chronic kidney injury later. Emperic antibiotic treatment in suspected UTI in children is rampant in our community; equally high is the possibility of antibiotic resistance, which is not studied due to cost limitations. Hence the need for identifying the change in microbial flora causing UTI and their changes in resistance pattern at community level, making it an important tool for preventing and addressing the growth issues,complications like CKD etc. The study aims at addressing this infelt need of the community. Analysis of culture positive UTI cases referred as suspected UTI from the community for evaluation from April 2017-March 2018 were done. Demographic data, organisms, their susceptibility to common antibiotics prescribed in our community settings were analysed. UTI was common in boys between 1-5years. The common organism isolated was E.coli and Enterococcus species followed by Klebsiella in girls and Proteus in males. Nearly 40% of GNB isolates were ESBL producing organisms with E.coli being highest. 70% of E.coli were resistant to commonly used 1stline antibiotics-Ampicillin and cephalexin. 50% of other isolates were resistant to common antibiotics. This may lead to failure of treatment in UTI leading to long-term complications.. Hence empirical antibiotic therapy is not advised even in resource constraint community settings. --- ## PedsQL-4.0 in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder **Authors:** Lal D V, Sowmi Sri, Ambika pathy, Benjamin S **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2192 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Language barriers, Neurodevelopmental disorders, Parental concerns, Quality of life, Social barriers, Social interaction, Speech delay Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in DSM-5, characterized by social deficits and communication difficulties, stereotyped or repetitive behaviors and interests, sensory issues, and in some cases, cognitive delays. The prevalence of ASD is ever-increasing recently throughout the world. There aren't enough studies that have considered the qualities of life (QoL) of Autistic children through there are many comparing the QoL of parents of children with ASD. The diagnostic criteria for ASD are available in the revised text edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) of the American Psychiatric Association. This study assesses the Paediatric Quality of Life (PQOL) of ASD children from a multidimensional perspective based on the Cross-sectional survey, which considered Physiological function, emotional function, social function and school performance. This study aimed to evaluate the QoL of children with ASD aged 2–12 years. 98 autistic children (male: 69, female: 29; 2- 4 years old: 40, 5- 7 year old: 43, 8 - 12 years old: 15) and 100 normal children (control group) are brought into this study. The children are satisfying the DSM-5 as ASD were subjected to assessment of their QoL with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) questionnaire by their parents, compared with standard scores. The present study shows lower scores in the test group on the PedsQL4.0 universality Core scale in comparison with the control group. Behavior issues had a negative effect on Community adaptation, mental health, lower intelligence-related quality of life for children and clinically significant autistic symptoms in comparison with children with fewer symptoms. For mild-moderate ASD children, better development probably played a significant role in response to rehabilitation, to achieve and maintain the best level of the overall outcome. Hence pediatricians are must evaluate these children for early interventions and medications, if needed, and have QoL integrated in the overall care plan. --- ## Histomorphological study of malignant thyroid neoplasm in a tertiary care center and evaluation of Galectin 3 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma **Authors:** Nithin Diwagar K, Sridevi M, Chitra S **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2222 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Papillary thyroid carcinoma, Galectin 3, Malignant thyroid neoplasm Galectin-3 is a beta-galactoside binding animal lectin, which is frequently associated with tumour progression and metastasis. In recent years, overexpression of Galectin-3 has been reported in various human cancers and more frequently in thyroid neoplasms. The aim of this study was to analyze the histomorphological characteristics of malignant thyroid neoplasms, subtype them according to the established classification system and to evaluate the expression of Galectin-3 immunostaining in papillary thyroid carcinoma. A total of 30 cases were included in the study, out of which 28 cases were papillary thyroid carcinoma and its variants and one case of medullary and anaplastic carcinoma. Majority of the papillary thyroid carcinoma cases were positive for Galectin 3 immunostaining (25/28 cases – 89%) in our study. We conclude that galectin-3 is consistently expressed in papillary carcinoma thyroid; however, there are few false-negative cases in this study and also other studies have reported Galectin 3 overexpression in non-papillary tumors. Hence, we cannot depend on Galectin 3 expression alone as a single diagnostic tool to detect papillary thyroid carcinoma. --- ## Comparison of Clinical Pregnancy from Humidified and Dry Incubation of Embryos in a Tropical Region **Authors:** Lakshmanan S, Sivanantham S, Dhanusu R R, Saravanan M, Sharma N **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2216 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Benchtop incubators, Cellular Stress, Embryo, Embryo culture, Embryo microenvironment, Humidified incubators The laboratory induced cellular stress on zygotes and embryos in their could negatively influence the clinical outcome. One of the core components of an IVF lab is the culture incubator. Incubators can provide a stable and Appropriate culture environment by regulating optimal conditions on parameters such as temperature, gas levels and humidity. Clinical studies which compare incubator characteristics may provide insight to their efficacy. In humid conditions of the tropical climate, the incubators without humidifiers can also be used. this study was done to identify the role of a humidifier in a tropical country. In this retrospective study, embryos from a total of 787 patients were cultured as two groups -A and B in two different types of incubators- humidified and dry, respectively. 647 patients in group A and 140 patients in group B were examined for the developmental parameters. The embryos were frozen at the stage and replaced in subsequent frozen embryo transfer cycles. The resulted pregnancy, miscarriage and the clinical pregnancy outcomes were compared. The data was subjected to statistical validation. There was no significant difference observed in the clinical pregnancy rates between the groups. This study validates the possible use of dry incubators for the in culture of human embryos in tropical climate without aiding any humidification. --- ## Risk factor stratification in breast cancer - a tertiary care analysis **Authors:** Aadhyyanth R Allu, Jaya ganesh, Senthil Kumar A C **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2190 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast cancer, breastfeeding, case-control study, nulliparity, risk factors, south India Breast cancer is a very common malignancy diagnosed in India and is the most common cancer in women in India. The morbidity and mortality burden of malignancy in India ranks as one of the highest in the world. India has a network of cancer registries, a process which has expanded since the 1960s and has new initiatives such as cancer atlas and online software programs. The burden of breast cancer is on the rise in both developed and developing countries. The objectives were to identify and study the risk factors for breast cancer among women attending Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai and to study the association between risk factors and breast cancer. The case-control study was conducted on 110 cases and 110 controls. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information. Statistical Analysis was done using MS Excel 2007 and the Chi-Square test was also used. Of the parameters studied, residence, family history, parity, duration of breastfeeding and oral contraceptive use were found to be associated with breast cancer and were statistically significant (p<0.05). The findings suggest that positive family history, nulliparity, duration of breastfeeding and OCP use may have an impact on breast cancer in Indian women. Hence screening and creation of awareness may help in decreasing mortality. --- ## A prospective study of functional outcome of closed schatzker type V and type VI tibial plateau fractures managed by open reduction and internal fixation **Authors:** Ramkumar G*, Ilavarasan Mangadu Dhamu, Anindya Debnath, Dinesh R, Sugumar N, Kumaresh Pandian P, Ozair Hassan **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2156 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** KSS Scoring, RA Scoring, Schatzker Type V and Type VI, Tibial Facture Knee joints comprised of the distal femur, proximal tibia & patella. Injuries of the knee must be treated properly to maintain a good knee function. Fractures of the tibia plateau represent 1% of all fractures and approximately 8% of fractures occurring in the elderly. The aim was to study the “functional outcome of treatment of closed schatzker type V and type VI tibial plateau fractures using locking compression plate”. In this study, twenty patients with tibia plateau fractures who presented to our casualty were studied. All the patients were victims of road traffic accidents. Once they were thermodynamically stable, were clinically examined and assessed for associated injuries. Out of 11 patients with Type VI fractures, 4(36%) had excellent results, 4(36%) had good results, 2(18%) had fair results and 1(9%) had poor results. The poor result was due to the associated pelvic injury, which interrupted the regular post-op rehabilitation. Out of 9 patients with type V fractures, 2(22%) had excellent results and 7(78%) had good results according to Rasmussen Radiologic Assessment. Hence, early mobilization is absolutely essential for preventing the knee stiffness & for quick articular cartilage regeneration. Weight-bearing should be delayed until solid union to prevent the articular collapse. --- ## A study on sacral index and its uses in sex determination **Authors:** Gunapriya Raghunath, Yuvaraj M, Aishwarya V, Balaji K, Karthikeyan G, Vijayakumar J, Vandana K, Kumaresan M **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2691 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anthropology, Sacral Index, Sacrum, Sex determination The human sacrum is a complex structure and provides accommodation for spinal nerves which stabilises the pelvis. Morphometric measurements of sacrum determine the sex of the individual. The measurement of sacral index using the sacrum bone is considered as one of the best methods for determination of sex. The aim of this study is to find out the importance of sacral index in sexual dimorphism and to compare the findings with various age groups. 100 fully ossified sacral bones were collected from department of Anatomy. Average sacral length and breadth were taken by using sliding Vernier caliper and sacral index was calculated. The obtained values were tabulated against their respective parameters and then interpreted for the study. Avergae sacral index in females (109) is significantly greater than males (94). As per present study sacral index can reliably identify 58% of male sacrum and 42% of female sacrum. It is therefore a quite reliable and significant criteria for sex determination of sacrum. Thus, regional and racial differences in sacrum along with sacral index can be used for anatomical, medico-legal and anthropological purposes. --- ## Neuroprotective effects of Momordica charantia: A review from preclinical studies **Authors:** Nagendran Valarmathi, Rajasekaran Subha Sree, Thangavelu Soundara Rajan **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2105 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-inflammatory properties, Anti-oxidant properties, Bitter gourd, Momordica charantia, Neurodegenerative diseases Momordica charantia L. (M. charantia), also referred as bitter gourd or bitter melon, is a cucurbit plant commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. As an important ingredient in traditional medicine, it has been consumed to treat a wide range of diseases including diabetics and cancer in India, Indian subcontinent and China. This plant contains a rich source of flavonoids, saponins, triterpenes, polysaccharides, proteins, and other phytochemicals. Earlier studies have demonstrated the medicinal properties such as anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anthelmintic properties present in M. charantia. Neurodegenerative diseases are the devastating diseases which affect millions of people worldwide. Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are some of the common neurodegenerative diseases. These diseases are described by degeneration and /or loss of selective neuron populations in a progressive manner. Oxidative stress and inflammation are the hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Many medicinal herbs and their derivatives have been investigated to treat neurodegenerative diseases. However, very few studies have reported the protective effects of M. charantia against neurodegenerative diseases. In this short review, we discuss the preclinical studies with the focus on the neuroprotective effects of M. charantia. Based on the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, in this review we emphasize to further explore the protective effects of M. charantia in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. --- ## Clinical profile, laboratory investigations and outcome in dengue positive children in south India **Authors:** Radha Kumar, Ganthimathi Sekhar, Ananthi N, Kalyani M **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2197 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Children, Dengue fever, Haemorrhagic fever, IgM ELISA, NS1 antigen Dengue fever is one of the most commonly occurring mosquito borne-viral illnesses that has a wide range of presentation in children and is common during the monsoon season. The severity of illness ranges from mild undifferentiated fever, dengue with warning signs, severe dengue fever and dengue fever with organ dysfunction. The symptoms of dengue may be easily mistaken for those of flu or other viral infections. Contrary to other fevers, complications in dengue occur during the phase of defervescence and can be life threatening in children due to shock or profuse hemorrhage. 55 dengue positive children who were diagnosed by dengue antigen detection or dengue antibody positive were included in the study. Most of children were above 10 years and the commonest presenting symptoms were fever, headache, body pain, nausea, anorexia, abdominal pain and vomiting. Most of the children presented with two or more warning signs like persistent vomiting, thrombocytopenia, increasing hematocrit and hepatomegaly. Few children developed features of early shock, which was diagnosed early and treated effectively. All the children responded well to treatment measures and recovered well during hospital stay. Having a high of suspicion and careful monitoring of children is crucial for reducing occurrence of complications and death due to this severe infection. --- ## Practice of storage, reuse and disposal of unused medications among semi-urban households of Northern Tamil Nadu – A community based cross-sectional study **Authors:** Hithesh I, Nisha B, Timsi Jain **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2252 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Disposal, Drug take back program, Procurement of medicines, Reuse Medicine is a science of uncertainty and an art of probability. Inappropriate disposal of medicines may be harmful to the environment as well as mankind, at the same time, improper storage is detrimental. Hence assessment of the ways of Storage, reuse and disposal of unused medications plays a key role. The objective of the study is to investigate the storage and reuse practices of unused medications and to gain insight on knowledge and attitude of proper disposal practices of unused medicines among semi-urban households in urban field practice area of Tertiary medical college hospital of northern Tamil Nadu. This study is a community based cross sectional study. A total of 243 study participants were enrolled using multistage random sampling method. Pretested semi-structured questionnaire is used for conducting face to face interviews. Procurement of medicines is mainly through pharmacy without prescriptions (40.32%), most of the families (42.8%) stored used and unused medications together. On inspection of drugs, 29.6% of expired medicines and 22.23% of medicines without labels were found. The predominant way of disposing medicines is disposal through garbage (51.4%). Addiction level is not much noted and negligible amount of people are aware of drug take back program (0.82%). Awareness must be created about wrongful procurement of drugs, and improper storage of drugs. Drug take back program must be initiated to reduce the improper disposal of drugs. --- ## Beneficial effects of long term caloric vestibular stimulation on changes in brain neurotransmitter dopamine and locomotor activity in Parkinson’s Disease induced rats **Authors:** Thanalakshmi J, Archana R, Senthil Kumar S **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2694 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Caloric vestibular stimulation, Dopamine, Locomotor activity, Parkinson’s disease Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused due to deficiency of Dopamine in the Substantia nigra. The existing pharmaceutical treatments are not meeting the need, whereas deep brain stimulation is not suitable for patients with co-morbidities. Therefore, a need for non-invasive and conventional treatment with fewer side effects is required. So we have tried a simple method of Caloric Vestibular Stimulation (CVS) for the long term and assessed its neuroprotective effect in PD induced rats. In the present study, 30 adult male Wistar albino rats (250 - 300g) were randomly assigned into five groups. Group 1 control, Group 2 was induced with Parkinson’s disease using rotenone, Group 3 was PD induced and CVS gave for 45 days, Group 4 was PD induced for 21 days and left untreated to study for its recovery, Group 5 was given CVS only for 45 days. The behavioral activity was recorded using an actophotometer and to assess the function of the nigrostriatal pathway. Dopamine produced in the striatum was measured using reverse-phase HPLC. Results showed significant (P< 0.05) alteration in dopamine and locomotor activity in PD, which was significantly (P< 0.05) improved by warm water CVS administration in Parkinson's disease-induced rat. In this aspect, CVS can be utilized as a conventional treatment method for PD and thus recommended for further investigations towards translational treatment in humans for Parkinson’s disease. --- ## Uric acid as a biomarker in acute myocardial infarction **Authors:** Merriwin D, Lakshmi N, Abraham Sam Rajan P. M **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2695 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mortality, Myocardial infarction, NSTEMI, Oxidative stress, STEMI Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is a global threat to health, particularly for developing countries. Every year about 17 million of the world population die of cardiovascular disease. The activity of the enzyme xanthine oxidase and the oxidative stress level is reflected by the levels of serum uric acid. Uric acid, an independent marker in populations with AMI has been shown to reflect the short and long term adverse cardiac outcomes. Elevated uric acid levels are associated with reduced glomerular filtration rate, hypertension, arterial stiffness, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. There exists a five to six-fold rise in uric acid concentration in atherosclerotic patients. The mortality index in patients with cardiovascular disease can be predicted by high uric acid levels. The aim of our study was to correlate the increased uric acid levels with the severity and prognosis in myocardial infarction patients. Our study included 55 patients with AMI, including both ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), in whom serum uric acid was measured. The results were analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) software. A statistically significant (p <0.001) increase in the serum uric acid levels were noted in the patients diagnosed with Myocardial Infarction (MI). The increase in uric acid levels helps to predict mortality in acute MI patients. --- ## Comparative analysis of novel suspension testing and agar cup diffusion methods in establishing the susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa against ethanol and chlorhexidine gluconate **Authors:** Hemalatha E, Bhuvaneshwari G, Kalyani M **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2693 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Agar cup Diffusion Method, Chlorhexidine gluconate, Disinfectant susceptibility, Ethanol, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Suspension Testing method Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one among the leading nosocomial pathogens worldwide. It is therefore necessary to decrease and to prevent a rebound of growth. Comparison of novel suspension testing method and agar cup diffusion method results in determination of the sensitive method to identify effectiveness of disinfectants against microbial activity. This study was carried out to determine the effectiveness among novel suspension testing and agar cup diffusion method to determine disinfectant susceptibility and also to identify the efficacy of ethanol and chlorhexidine gluconate at manufacturer’s concentration against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this study 50 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were included. Each isolate was subjected to novel suspension testing method and agar cup diffusion method with ethanol and chlorhexidine gluconate, the results were observed and recorded. The 50 isolates, sensitive strains showed 100% sensitivity to chlorhexidine gluconate and 95% to ethanol. Whereas resistant strains showed 100% sensitivity to chlorhexidine gluconate, 75% were sensitive to ethanol. Both agar cup diffusion method and novel suspension method yielded similar results. With the advantage of easy processing and less time consumption, agar cup diffusion method can be routinely used for determining the disinfectant susceptibility testing. --- ## Protective role of serum uric acid for bone loss in postmenopausal women **Authors:** Hephzibah Kirubamani N **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2178 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aging, Bone Mineral Density, Osteoporosis, Oxidative stress Researchers had found that there is an association between oxidative stress and osteoporosis. Postmenopausal osteoporosis causes major public health problems. Since Uric acid has strong antioxidant properties, it will improve bone quality. This cross-sectional observational study was done to determine the association of Uric Acid and Bone Mineral Density of 75 healthy postmenopausal women who came for a master health checkup. The mean age was 60.5 years. After ethical clearance and informed consent, women were recruited for the study at Saveetha Medical Hospital Chennai. Women with medical conditions or who were using drugs affecting bone metabolism or uric acid were excluded. Basic investigations were Hb, serum UA, blood urea, serum creatinine, serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase, blood glucose and glycosylated Hb. Total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, 25 hydroxy Vitamin D were also done. Serum UA levels were graded as <3.9, 3.9–4.9, 5–6.1, and ≥6.2 mg/dl. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) was calculated with Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometer (DXA). Osteoporosis was defined as BMD T-score −2.5 and below. BMD with a T-score of -1 −2.5 was classified as osteopenia (WHO). In women with high UA, there were significantly higher levels of low-density lipoprotein, and calcium, as compared to women with low UA group (p<0.05). High UA group, as compared to the low UA group, also had lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (p<0.001). Women with higher Uric acid levels had lower BMI, lesser years of duration of Menopause and increased BMD. Serum UA level had a positive correlation with the Lumbar BMD T score and Right Femoral Neck BMD T Score. In UA >5.4mg/dl group Osteoporosis was nil. --- ## A Study on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Ankle Brachial Index In Patients with Various Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease **Authors:** Dhileepan T, Mohamed Azeem S, Mariraj I, Jagadeesan M, Mahendrakumar K, Kannan R, Chitrambalam P, Soundararajan P **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2697 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ankle-brachial index, Atherosclerosis, Carotid intima-media thickness, Chronic kidney disease, Peripheral vascular disease The presence of peripheral vascular disease in chronic kidney disease portends a dismal prognosis due to the increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular events. Peripheral vascular disease is asymptomatic in about 40%. The study was designed to identify the prevalence of the peripheral vascular disease in chronic kidney disease, which is a state of accelerated atherosclerosis. A sample of 90 patients of chronic kidney disease attending the outpatient department in medicine and nephrology were assessed for the prevalence of peripheral vascular disease by measuring the Ankle-brachial index and Carotid intima-media thickness. Gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes and ischemic heart disease profiles of the sample were analyzed for association with peripheral vascular disease. Majority of the patients belonged to the age group 40-50 years. 82 were males, of these 47 were smokers. 6 patients in the sample had symptoms suggestive of peripheral vascular disease. While 21%(n=19) of patients in the sample were diabetics and 21%(n=19) had evidence of ischemic heart disease, hypertension was present in 41%(n=37) of the patients. 50% of the patients belonged to CRF stage 4. The prevalence of the peripheral vascular disease, as determined by ABI<0.9, was 31.1%. CIMT thickness > 0.9mm has a positive correlation with CKD stages and has a statistically significant P value of <0.05. In conclusion, this study revealed that there is an increased prevalence of PVD in smokers, diabetics and in ischemic heart disease compared to those with hypertension. --- ## Clinical Assessment Scales For The Kostha **Authors:** Neera Saini, Pradeep Kumar Pal, Shukla S K, Rakesh Kumar Singh, Byadgi P S **Published:** 2020-04-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2108 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Kostha, Bowel habit, Mahasrotas Mridu, Madhyama, Krura The present clinical study is planned to develop a scale to assess the Kostha. Kostha is accredited in the scriptures as Mahasrotas (the great channel), Sharira Madhya (central section of the body), Mahanimna (the inmost part of the body) and Amapakvashaya (stomach and intestines). The term Kostha is expressed in the context of bowel habit and clinically it is classified into three types Mridu, Madhyama and Krura. Regarding the assessment of Kostha.i.e. bowel habit should be examined considering the frequency, consistency, straining during defecation etc. Randomly 60 healthy cases were registered for the assessment of Kostha. A self developed 10-items was introduced earlier and 9-items in the final scale. Mean, Median, Standard deviation, higher and lower values etc. of total score were calculated. The reliability of the scale was calculated by administering Cronbach-alpha, was found 0.835, indicating higher reliability of the test. Construct validity of the test was determined by finding coefficient of correlation between scores and reliability of the scores. It was found 0.913 & it indicates higher validity. --- ## Development, optimization and In vitro evaluation of sintered floating tablets of Antibacterial drug **Authors:** Rajesh Akki, Angala parameswari S, Kothapalli Bannoth Chandra sekhar **Published:** 2020-04-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2102 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amoxicillin Trihydrate, Carnauba wax, Gastro retentive, Thermal sintering Floating tablets prolongs drug residence, enhance bioavailability and facilitate effective eradication of helicobacter pylori includes local delivery of antibiotic in stomach. The goal of the existing research changed into to formulate thermally sintered floating Tablets of Amoxicillin Trihydrate, and to test sintering effect on release of drug and floating. A hydrophobic polymer, Carnauba wax, is determined to delay the release of drug as a sintered polymer. Formulations had been organized via granulation technique and had been evaluated through in vitro research such as hardness, friability, uniformity of weight, percentage drug content, buoyancy time, dissolution and release mechanism. Optimization was based on buoyancy time and in vitro release. Hardness ranged from 4-6 kg/cm2. Friability, drug content and weight variation passed USP requirements. Buoyancy time of all tablets was below 3 min and tablet remained floating throughout the study. Effects showed that temperature to sinter and exposure time significantly motivated buoyancy, in addition to dissolution characteristics. Sintering improved floating properties, general time of floating was extended and retarded release of medicament. Robust sintered components (sintering temperature 50°C and time of exposure 4 h became selected, primarily based on retarding character. The formulations characterised with FTIR studies and no interplay become determined between the drug and the polymer. --- ## Comparative Efficiency of Sepranol and Cefamethrin Use in Postpartum Acute Endometritis in Cows **Authors:** Samat R. Yusupov, Sergey Yu. Smolentsev, Zoya G. Churina, Galiya R. Yusupova, Alfis R. Hasanov, Ilsur G. Galimzyanov, Evgeny O. Krupin, Igor G. Konopeltsev **Published:** 2020-04-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2096 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** endometritis, cows, Cefamethrin, Sepranol, treatment effectiveness In the recent times, postpartum inflammatory diseases of the reproductive organs in cows are considered as a typical infectious pathology. The main reason is an increase in the pathogenicity of conditionally pathogenic micro flora against the weakening of the natural resistance of the animal. The postpartum acute endometritis is diagnosed as the most common among the postpartum inflammatory diseases. It is observed in 22.5...38.4% of calving cows. The aim of the work was to study the effectiveness of preparations of plant based Sepranol and Cefamethrin in the pharmacotherapy of postpartum acute endometritis in cows. The clinical evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of the proposed drugs in combination with other therapeutic methods were carried out in a comparative aspect in scientific and economic experiment with the separation of cows according to the principle of analogues into experimental and control groups under the same conditions of their feeding, keeping, and exploitation. The main criterion for assessing the therapeutic effectiveness of the tested drugs was the restoration of their reproductive function in experimental animals in the shortest time possible. Studies have shown that for postpartum acute endometritis, the use of complex treatment with Сefamethrin at a dose of 80 ml intrauterine with a 48-hour interval before recovery allowed to obtain a therapeutic effect up to 96%, reduce the number of infertility days, and increase the fertility percentage. --- ## Comparative in vivo evaluation of marketed sustained release and optimized pulsatile formulation of propranolol hydrochloride **Authors:** Vamsi Krishan B, Babu Rao CH, Saikishore V **Published:** 2020-04-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2104 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** LC-MS/MS, Pharmacokinetic & Pharmacodynamic parameters, Propranolol hydrochloride, Pulsatile Chrono pharmaceutical drug delivery system is devoted to the availability of active on a pace that idyllically matches biological requisite of disease therapy. It embodies time controlled and site-specific drug delivery systems, subsequently optimizing therapeutic action and lessening side-effects. In the present study, the optimized pulsatile formulation of Propranolol Hydrochloride ought to deliver a drug at the pre-set pattern at the right time and site is evaluated for pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic performance after oral administration and compared with an existing marketed sustained formulation of Propranolol HCl. The study was carried out in male New Zealand albino rabbits through the cross over design pattern and levels of plasma measured by means of LC-MS/MS method. Pharmacokinetic parameters of designed pulsatile formulation were measured and observed to have statistical significance with the existing marketed sustained formulation. The In-house pulsatile dosage form able to show the lag phase and the mean residence time of pulsatile dosage form (23.20.14h.) was found to be beyond the marketed sustained dosage form (14.8 0.01h.). Pharmacodynamic data revealed a maximum guard against adrenaline levels at 6 h post-oral intake and dropped to 50% after 12 h with Marketed formulation. Whereas in the case of pulsatile formulation administration, maximum protection was obtained at 12 h. and continued over a period of 18 h. It is concluded that the designed pulsatile formulation offers a promising way of drug release for a programmed time period at the desired site, once the administration time and pulse time are aligned with a circadian pattern. --- ## Correlation between total flavonoid content and total phenolic content on antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts from three cultivars of papaya leaves **Authors:** Prakit Chaithada, Praweena Whenngean, Radchada Fungfueng, Saowanee Maungchanburee **Published:** 2020-04-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2099 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Total flavonoid, Total phenolic, Antioxidant, Papaya leaves The aim of this study was to elucidate the correlation between total flavonoid content and total phenolic content on antioxidants activity of ethanol extracts from three cultivars of papaya leaves: 'Holland,' 'Khak Dam' and 'Red Lady.' All crude extracts were investigated to find antioxidant capacity in DPPH radical scavenging. The result indicated that the ethanol extract of ‘Red Lady’ papaya leaves exhibited the highest level of DPPH radical scavenging activity with the IC50 of 0.18 mg/mL, followed by the ‘Khak Dam’ and ‘Holland’ papaya leaves having an IC50 value of 0.24 and 0.44 mg/mL, respectively. The ethanol extract from 'Red Lady' papaya leaves showed the highest level of total flavonoid content (TFC) of 276.72 ± 1.04 µgQE/g DW and total phenolic content (TPC) of 169.85 ± 6.54 mgGAE/g DW. All three cultivars showed a distinctive correlation between IC50 and the content of both total flavonoid and total phenolic with a negative relationship of Pearson’s correlation of -0.922 and -0.940, respectively. --- ## Spectrophotometric determination of isoxsuprine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical tablets Using Reverse flow system with lead dioxide solid-phase reactor **Authors:** Ream Ismail Abed, Hind Hadi **Published:** 2020-04-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2107 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Flow-injection spectrophotometry, Isoxsuprine, p-Phenylenediamine, Solid-phase reactor A reversed flow injection system using a solid phase reactor was developed for spectrophotometric determination of isoxsuprine hydrochloride (ISX) in bulk and pharmaceutical tablets. The reactor (4 i.d. and 40 mm length) packed with PbO2 immobilized in a polymeric matrix (150 mg) was used to oxidized p-phenylenediamine to quinone diimine which is transported to the liquid phase and subsequently coupled with ISX to produce a green product whose absorbance was monitored spectrophotometrically at 690 nm. All the physical and chemical parameters that affected the flow injection manifold were studied carefully. In addition, the variables of the reactor involved the chemical composition, degree of packing, the reactor length and particle size were also optimized. The calibration graph for ISX was linear over the range of 25–300 µg/mL with the detection limit of 8.96 of ISX. The solid phase material was stable for more than one month and the relative standard deviation was best than 2% with the sampling frequency of 36 samples/hour. The reaction stoichiometry was evaluated by Job’s method and was found to be 1:1 (ISX: PPD). The method was applied for the assay of ISX in pharmaceutical samples and the results obtained are an agreement with those obtained using the standard Pharmacopeia method. --- ## Correction of genetic instability of the genome by fractional irradiation of MDBK cells **Authors:** Edie M. Plotnicova, Ramzi N. Nizamov, Ravil G. Fazliahmetov, Irina A. Arkharova, Almaz S. Saifullin, Ylia V. Kuzovkova, Ekaterina V. Pankova, Elena L. Matveeva **Published:** 2020-04-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2097 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** cell culture, monolayer, radio modification, chromosomal aberrations With respect to given contradictory data in radiobiology, that according to some authors, irradiation of cells of plant and animal origin initiates DNA changes and according to others, repeated irradiation of cells in small doses has a stimulating effect on metabolism without increasing the purity of mutations, we conducted the present study, with the aim to study the stability of the genome of MDBK cell line against a background of single and double (fractional) irradiation. The object of the study was a continuous MDBK cell line (Madin-Darby Bovire Kidney Cell, cattle, kidney), which was grown in medium 199, manufactured by Federal State Budget Institution FCTRB-ARRVI (Kazan) with 10% bovine serum and the addition of antibiotics (benzylpenicillin sodium salt, kanamycin at 100 units/ml) (streptomycin sulfate at 100 μg/ml) according to standard procedure. A monolayer culture of MDBK cells in the logarithmic growth phase (3-4 days after culture) served as contacting cells. As a result, a radio-modified cell line, called MDBK-2, was obtained. Moreover, in an unirradiated MDBK cell culture, the level of chromosomal breakdowns was in the range of 1.03-3.1% with respect to the total number of studied anaphases. Based on the obtained data, it can be concluded, that during prolonged cultivation of MDBK cells, irradiated in a small (adaptive) dose and re-irradiated in 3-minute higher dose (5.95 Gy), there is a significant decrease in the yield of aberrant cells, induced by a test dose of γ-rays. --- ## Combined effect of Levothyroxine and Oral Hypoglycemica agents on blood glucose level in hypothyroidism patients- A Prospective Observational Study **Authors:** Anandkumar S, Shanmugapandiyan P **Published:** 2020-04-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2095 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Blood Glucose level, Hypothyroidism, Cognitive impairment This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of levothyroxine combination therapy on blood glucose level in hypothyroidism patients. The Study was carried out in a private hospital at Tiruchengode as prospective observationally. Patients who were under the management of thyroid disorder and diabetes mellitus for 1 year period was screened and selected for the study. Effect of levothyroxine on blood glucose level and using a Mini mental state examination questionnaire their cognitive skills were also assessed. Independent sample t' test was used to compare the blood glucose level and complication of the management. There were 42 patients were included in the study and the patients who were on Levothyroxine and Glimepride with Metformin labeled as Group 1 and Glimepride with Metformin alone was labeled as Group 2. Glimepride with metformin therapy shows greater percentage of blood glucose level reduction and significant p<0.05 cognitive impairment was found in the combination therapy. Diabetes mellitus management with levothyroxine and glimepride with metformin has an association on the managing blood glucose level. Efficient management of blood glucose level was obtained with glimepride with metformin alone. Cognition impairment was high in the combination therapy of levothyroxine and glimepride with metformin. --- ## Anti-tumor potential of cucurbitacin triterpenoids of Momordica dioica Roxb. fruit by EAC induced ascites tumor model **Authors:** Madesh T, Abhinav Raj Ghosh, Krishna K L, Seema Mehdi, Nandini H S, Chandan H M, Bhooshitha A N **Published:** 2020-04-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2082 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Momordica dioica, Cucurbitacins, Anti cancer, Elrich Ascites Carcinoma Momordica dioica Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) is commonly known as spiny gourd and traditionally used as astringent, febrifuge, antiseptic, anthelmintic, spermicidal and also used in bleeding piles, urinary infection and as a sedative. Studies indicate that it possesses antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-lipid peroxidative, hypoglycaemic and analgesic properties. In this study, the anticancer efficacy of Cucurbitacins obtained from Momordica dioica Roxb. (MDR) has been evaluated. Based on previous in-vitro studies performed, in-vivo studies were carried out on mice model. Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells were inoculated into swiss albino mice intraperitoneally to form a liquid tumor and then treated with oral administration of 50, 100, 200mg/kg. Evaluation parameters involved the mean survival time (MST), body weight, hematological parameters, Percentage increase in life span were measured in normal control, EAC control and Cucurbitacin treated groups (n = 6). Treatment with Cucurbitacins enriched fraction has shown anti-tumor effects against liquid tumor as indicated by a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in body weight. Interestingly, the enriched bio fraction restored the altered hematological parameters of tumor-bearing animals and significantly increased their life span. These data indicate the cytotoxic potential effects of MDR on tumor cells opening new opportunities for further studies on the anti-cancer effects of this agent. --- ## Annual Product Quality Review **Authors:** Manjunath D.N, Shailesh T, Gowrav M.P **Published:** 2020-04-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2094 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Current good manufacturing practice, Corrective and preventive action, Good manufacturing practice, Out of specification Annual Product Quality Review (APQR) is an estimation prepared according to the Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) requirements of different regulatory authorities. A Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) ensures that the products are constantly produced and controlled according to quality standards. APQR is not only required for GMP but also required for the quality improvement of the pharmaceutical product. APQR is an evaluation carried out annually to measure the standard of quality of each drug with an intention to verify the constancy of current process and to check the correctness of current specifications and to highlight any trend in order to determine the need to change any drug product specifications or the manufacturing processes or control procedures. It is a written report that is required for every drug, based on the data that was collected in the previous year. It is designed to minimize the risks involved in any pharmaceutical production that cannot be eliminated through testing the finished product. The APQR is globally accepted by the industry and the contents should specify a list of manufactured batches, release data and reviews of deviations, complaints, recall and returned goods. This article gives brief overview of regulatory aspects and regulatory requirements for Annual Product Quality Review of pharmaceutical product. It mainly focusses on the documentation required for the preparation of Annual Product Quality Review. Thus the article is based on the regulatory requirements or standards to manufacture and maintain the quality of any pharmaceutical product. --- ## Biosynthesis of DLLAE blended silver nanoparticles and their response against periodontitis triggering bacteria **Authors:** Chin Zi Hang, Neeraj Kumar Fuloria, Oh Jian Hong, Chuah Bee Kim, Bernice Yii Shu Ting, Chiam Sin Ru, Mok Yong Ko, Shivkanya Fuloria **Published:** 2020-04-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2092 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** SNPs, D. Longan, Optimization, Characterization, Antimicrobial Facts over microorganisms to predominate periodontitis, shifting of human microbiota by Dimocarpus longan (D. longan) plant, and potentiation of antimicrobial activity by biosynthetic silver nanoparticles (SNPs) intended present study to biosynthesize, optimize, characterize and evaluate the antimicrobial potential of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) obtained using D. longan leaves aqueous extract (DLLAE). Study involved preparation of DLLAE using decoction method. The DLLAE was subjected to biosynthesis of SNPs followed by optimization (using UV-Visible spectrometry), characterization (by FTIR, FESEM, XRD, and EDX), stability, and antimicrobial activity of SNPs against periodontitis triggering human microflora. Biosynthesized SNPs exhibited signal between 416-453 nm. Optimization study established AgNO3 concentration (5 mM), pH 4, DLLAE and AgNO3 ratio (1:9) and temperature (60°C) as parametric requirement for SNPs biosynthesis using DLLAE. Stability study exhibited signal between 489-553 nm supporting SNPs stability. Characterization data of FESEM showed that SNPs were poly dispersed, and spherical shaped. Biosynthesized SNPs size ranged from 74.82 nm to 131.5 nm. The XRD data revealed presence of signals at 38.08°, 44.33°, 64.47°, and 78.83° 2θ values indexed to silver cubic structure planes. In EDX study, silver exhibited strong signal (55.54%). Antimicrobial investigation explored the high inhibitory potential of SNPs against B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa and low inhibitory potential against S. aureus and E. coli. Present study conclude that biosynthesis of SNPs using DLLAE is an efficient method and biosynthetic SNPs possess high antimicrobial potential against P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis the periodontitis triggering pathogens. --- ## Evaluation of locoregional recurrence in patients with early breast carcinoma post-breast-conserving surgery with and without the use of preoperative chemotherapy **Authors:** Samer Makki Mohamed Al-Hakkak, Saad Ab-razq Mijbas, Noor Abdulmunem salman Al-Bdiri, Hassan Abdulla Abadi AL-Aquli **Published:** 2020-04-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2087 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast conserving surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy, local recurrence, Breast carcinoma, neoadjuvant chemotherapy The effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in increasing the rate of conservative breast therapy and associated with reducing morbidity and better cosmetic has been fully acknowledged. Now, there are commonly used neoadjuvant chemotherapy for operable early breast carcinomas patients. Currently, neoadjuvant chemotherapy is used for locally advanced breast carcinoma, inflammatory breast cancer, and down staging of the large tumour to allow for breast conservative therapy. A prospective study performed in the department of surgery in Al-Sadder Medical City/Najaf city/Iraq, from the month of October 2015 to the 1st of October 2018, where 48 patients presented with a breast cancer diagnosis by clinical examination, Mammography, breast ultrasound, chest x-ray, bone scan, serum CEA, CA15_3 level, the initial diagnosis of breast cancer made by core needle biopsy. The resected specimen and lymph node was sent for histopathological examination; the size, width, length & height dimension were recorded and the resection margin was recorded positive if close to 2mm and negative if >2mm tumor-free margin. 48 patients enrolled in this study with a mean age at diagnosis of 44.6 ± 8.4 years. 34 patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, Locoregional recurrence reported in 4 patients (28.6%) not received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P. value < 0.001), the higher relapse rate was reported significantly in the cases aged more than 50 years compared to those aged 50 years or below (P. value = 0.05, significant). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy decreases the incidence of locoregional recurrence of early breast carcinoma after breast-conserving surgery. --- ## GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds of Artemesia annua and Assessment of its anti-proliferative activity against Human Cancer Cell Lines **Authors:** Renugadevi Karthikeyan, Julius Amaldas **Published:** 2020-04-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2089 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Artemesiaannua, Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes, Antiproliferative Plant essential oil is found to possess many beneficial effects in the field of medicine. Especially essential oil derived from different species of plants is reported to have specific activity against cancer. Artemesiaannua is an annual herb belonging to Asteraceae family has been traditionally used for treating several ailments. It is a conventional medicinal plant used in the treatment of chloroquine-resistant and cerebral malaria. The major aim of this study was to evaluate the anticancer potential of this plant against cancer cell line. Hydro distilled Hydro distilled volatile oil obtained from aerial parts of A.annua was analysed by GCMS. The majority of the compounds derived from essential oil of Artemesiaannua are monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Artemisinin, the active component of Artemesiaannua is a sesquiterpenoid lactone containing unusual endoperoxide bridge that shows remarkable activity against numerous tumour growth and metastases. The pleiotropic nature of artemisinin induces oxidative stress, anti-angiogenetic effect and apoptosis triggering on cancer cells. The anti-proliferative effect of essential oil derived from Artemesiaannua on human cancer cell lines like MCF-7, HT29 and AGS was done by MTT assay. Results shows the essential oil of artemisia annua have cytotoxic potential by inhibiting cell growth in a dose dependent manner. However, further investigations in isolating active cytotoxic components and understanding its molecular mechanisms will help in therapeutic management of cancer. --- ## A Case Report of an AppSurgeOn-Assisted Complex Cerebral Aneurysm Surgery: A New Frontier for Education and Operative Planning **Authors:** Samer S. Hoz, Zahraa F. Al-Sharshahi, Mohammed A. Sabah, Saja A. AlBanaa **Published:** 2020-04-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2086 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** cerebral aneurysm surgery, surgery, AppSurgeOn Application With the increased interactivity and sophistication of apps, more specialty-specific apps are continuously invented with intentions to simulate the operative technique in a step-by-step approach. AppSurgeOn Neurosimulator, Vol. I is the first 3D neurosurgical simulator for use on smartphones and tablets. A 59-year male presented to the emergency department of another hospital with the sudden disturbed level of consciousness. Radiology showed a complex anterior communicating artery aneurysm that requires surgical clipping. The surgery was conducted fluently, then the patient improved gradually and discharged fully conscious with no neurological deficit. Our initial experience with this app shows that it is a helpful tool for not only the neurosurgeon but the entire team and the patient’s family. The single platform is diverse and has numerous applications, including simulation, planning and education. It provides the surgeon with a degree of surgical rehearsal in preparation for a case, which in turn offers increased operative speed and precision. Such preoperative familiarity promotes mastery of the whole procedure, from patient positioning to dissection. AppSurgeOn facilitates the explanation of the procedure to the patients and their family through the use of its intuitive 3D model and visually approachable spatial representation. The AppSurgeOn – Neurosimulator Vol. I mobile app represents a realistic adjunct for complex neurosurgical procedures and can have an immense impact on the delivery of care and the potentials for patient satisfaction. --- ## Studying invitro antioxidant effect of different extract of Premna tomentosa (Linn) aerial parts **Authors:** Kottai Muthu A, Dinesh Babu J **Published:** 2020-04-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2093 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Methanolic concentrate, Premna tomentosa, Superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical The genus Premna (Verbenaceae) comprises a group of more than 200 different trees, distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. P. tomentosa (Verbanaceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used extensively for the treatment of various ailments. In the present study, the entire plant of different concentrates of aerial parts of Premna tomentosa was evaluated for its in-vitro anti-oxidant potential by superoxide scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging taking quercetin and ascorbate as the standard correspondingly. The results of antioxidant activity superoxide radical activity and hydroxyl potential were expressed in terms of % inhibition of generated free radicals respectively with respect to various concentrations. An IC50 value was recorded; methanolic concentrate of Premna tomentosa is more effective in superoxide radical activity, hydroxyl radical than that of EA and petroleum ether concentrate. The methanolic concentrate of Premna tomentosa and standard exhibited radical scavenging activity possessing IC50 values 225µg/mL and 60µg/mL (Superoxide Scavenging Activity), 288µg/mL and 65µg/mL (hydroxyl radical activity) correspondingly. All the above invitro studies clearly indicate that the methanolic concentrate of Premna tomentosa has better free radical scavenging activity. These invitro estimations point out that this methanolic concentrate of Premna tomentosa is a paramount source of expected antioxidant, which may be supportive in preventing the improvement of a variety of free radical induced diseases. --- ## Assessment of Prescription Pattern Among COPD Patients in Departments of General Medicine Ward and Pulmonology in Tertiary Care Hospitals of Khammam Region **Authors:** Sai Lakshmi Srikala T, Saika V, Raveendra babu K, Chinna Eswaraiah M **Published:** 2020-04-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2083 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bronchodilators, COPD, Drug utilization, WHO guidelines Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common preventable and treatable disease. It has been a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized and developing countries. Drug utilization research promotes the rational use of drugs and decreases adverse drug reactions in the population. The present study is aimed to analyze and evaluate the trends and patterns of prescribing drugs among COPD patients. A prospective observational study was conducted in 301 patients admitted in the general and pulmonary medicine departments over six months at a tertiary care hospital in Khammam region. Out of the 301 study population, male patients were more (81.39%). The majority of the patients were from the age group of 51-60 years (30.56%). Smoking was found to be more prominent in the study population (63.6%). Bronchodilators (46.90%) were mostly prescribed class of drugs in the management of COPD followed by Systemic Corticosteroids (20.60%), Antibiotics (19.09%) Most common co-morbidity was found to be Hypertension (19.85%). The study concludes that symptomatic treatment was given to COPD patients in the hospital. The prescribing pattern was found to be in concordance with the current GOLD guidelines in the management of COPD patients --- ## Impact of Rheumatoid Arthritis on Memory: An Observational Case-control study **Authors:** Faiq I. Gorial, Ali Ameer Hamzah **Published:** 2020-04-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2085 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rheumatoid arthritis, Cognition, Cognitive impairment test, Cognitive dysfunction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic inflammatory polyarthritis with a significant impact on the quality of life. It is usually not associated with the central nervous system and brain changes.so Neuropsychological impairment is not commonly associated with RA. However, recent studies have indicated that a link may exist between RA and cognitive impairment, but the prevalence rate was uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on memory. This case-control study included 130 consecutive RA patients compared with 130 healthy controls matched in age and sex. Demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded. Six-item Cognitive Impairment Test (6CIT) - Kingshill Version 2000 was used to assess the memory. RA patients had more memory impairment than controls [(47(69.1%) versus 21(30.9%) [OR (95% CI) =2.939(1.632-5.294, p<0.001]. Age and prednisolone use were significantly and positively correlated with cognitive impairment (partial correlation ( r = 0.346, p<0.001; r=0.224, p= 0.012 respectively) while educational level was significantly and negatively correlated with CIT ( r=-0.489, p<0.001). In conclusion, RA patients had a high risk of cognitive impairment. Increased age, being employed, use of oral glucocorticoids, low education. And low family income was a significant predictor of cognitive impairment. This suggest early diagnosis and treatment of RA may prevent cognitive impairment. --- ## Formulation, Characterisation and Evaluation of the Ethosuximide Oral Immediate Release Tablets **Authors:** Naga Sujan M, Kunal K Mehta, Amit B Patil, Anusha Vajhala **Published:** 2020-04-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2084 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-epileptic drug, Epilepsy, Immediate Release, In-vitro dissolution studies, disintegration The present study is aimed to formulate, characterization, and evaluate oral immediate-release tablets of Ethosuximide. It is employed as an anti-epileptic agent used in the treatment of epilepsy, in all the age groups who were ≥ 1 year. The dosage form is formulated by directly compressing the blend and granulating the powder blend by wet granulation methods. The optimized formulation is achieved by the trial and error method by changing the concentration of lactose monohydrate and di-basic calcium phosphate dehydrate as diluents, sodium starch glycolate as Super-dis-integrant, rice Starch as an intra-granular binder, hydroxypropyl cellulose as binder talc as a lubricant. Evaluation parameters such as micromeritic properties, disintegration time along with in-vitro drug release studies were performed for characterizing the dosage form. In-vitro drug release studies were carried out using 0.1 N HCl as dissolution media with 75 rpm and temperature of 370C ± 50C by employing USP apparatus II (Paddle type). Estimation of the % drug release of the tablet was carried out using the UV method. The prepared formulation and the marketed formulation were tested for the in-vitro drug release profile and the prepared formulation was compared with the marketed formulation. All the evaluated result was found to be within the specifications. Therefore, from the obtained evaluation results F6 trail was selected as the best formulation. --- ## Effects of Tagetes erecta gel on experimentally induced oral ulcer model in rats **Authors:** Lakshana S, Vijayalakshmi S, Dinakar J, Asok Kumar K **Published:** 2020-04-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2090 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antiulcer, Histopathology, Oral ulcers, Tagetes erecta Tagetes erecta (African marigold) has various medicinal values. The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the effects of extracts of the fresh leaves and flowers of Tagetes erecta on oral ulcer models in wistar albino rats. The anti-ulcer activity of the extracts of Tagetes erecta (2.5% and 5%) was compared among leaf and flower extract and with the standard drug, Triamcinolone. Phytochemical screening of plant extract, extract action on oral ulcer and histopathology analysis were carried out. Tagetes erecta leaf and flower extracts have showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Results has that Tagetes erecta leaf extract showed significant oral ulcer protective activity (83.6%) compared with the standard drug Triamcinolone. In the present work it can be concluded that the hydro alcoholic leaf and flower extracts of Tagetes erecta gel have better potential against oral ulcer which supports the traditional claims in folklore medicine. --- ## Orphan Drug Regulation In Japan and Australia **Authors:** Nagaraja S, Balamuralidhara V, Jyothi M S, Ragunandhan H V **Published:** 2020-04-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2088 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** PMDA, TGA, Orphan drugs, rare diseases Due to various reasons, the pharmaceutical industries growth has slowed in recent years. The current economic situation has therefore shifted the pharmaceutical companies ' focus from essential medicine to the new business model called "orphan drugs”. Healthcare standards are among the worlds highest in Japan. For about 99 percent of its citizens, the Japanese government provides health insurance. Rare diseases fall under ‘intractable diseases (Nanbyo)' in Japan. Japan regulatory body PMDA is providing all guidance and instructions on orphan drugs. In Australia, Australia’s regulatory body providing all guidance on orphan drugs to the health care system. To be named an orphan drug in Australia, the pharmaceutical company that developed the medication will show to the Orphan Drug Program that the drug is not commercially viable for such a small population of patients. Often, the Orphan Drug System reduces the amount of time it usually takes for the TGA to test a drug. Once a drug is approved as an orphan drug, it is easier for the drug to become available, and it can be obtained through the Life Saving Drugs Program in certain situations. This review study provides comparative study of guidelines for orphan drug and rare diseases regulations in Japan and Australia. --- ## Recovery of serum metallothionein level after hemodialysis in patients with end stage renal failure **Authors:** Sazan D. Saeed, Ansam N. Al-Hasani, Marwan S. Al-Nimer **Published:** 2020-04-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2078 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidants, Chronic kidney disease, Estimated glomerular filtration rate, Hemodialysis, Metallothionein, Risk factors Metallothioneins (MTs) are intracellular metal-protein which not alone have inactivated heavy metals but also have traced elements while improving the antioxidant status. Serum levels of some heavy metals and trace elements showed toxic levels in the end-stage renal failure. This study is aimed to determine the serum level of metallothionein in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to show the effects of hemodialysis on its level. This cross-sectional study included 125 patients with CKD managed with regular hemodialysis. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by using the Cockroft and Gault equation adjusted to the body surface area (ml/min/m2), and 4 variable modified diet in renal disease (4-v MDRD) equation (ml/min/1.73m2). The mean ± SD of serum metallothionein was significantly less than the corresponding level of healthy subjects (1113.4±289.5 pg/ml versus 1536.0±341.4 pg/ml). Hemodialysis improves the serum level of metallothionein to attain 1437.6±406.1 pg/ml. There is a non-significant correlation between serum metallothionein with the eGFR and hemodialysis did not produce a significant effect on the correlation between serum metallothionein with eGFR. We conclude that serum metallothionein level is a useful prognostic marker for CKD and hemodialysis plays a role in the recovery of serum metallothionein level. --- ## Impact of different instructional interventions in training on inhalers amongst Asthma and COPD patients **Authors:** Vemareddy Hemalatha, Mahesh P A, Balaji Sathyanarayana Gupta, Shilpa Palaksha **Published:** 2020-04-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2079 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Asthma, COPD, Instructional Intervention, Patient Information Leaflet, Direct Pharmacist Intervention, Video Demonstration The aim of this study is to assess the impact of different instructional interventions in training on inhalers amongst asthma and COPD patients. A randomized, prospective interventional study was conducted. Different instructional methods were prepared based on guidelines review and expert’s opinion. A total of 210 study participants were included and randomized to different interventions groups such as A. patient information leaflets B. video demonstration C. Direct pharmacist instruction. The inhaler use competency was measured at baseline and after intervention with checklist. Of the 210 subjects, statistically significant differences were observed when compared with the direct pharmacist intervention with other two interventions, for MDI (P-value ˂0.005), MDI with spacer (P-value ˂0.001) and Lupihaler (P-value ˂0.001). For the Rotahaler (P-value 0.3), Revoliser (P-value 0.5) a significant improvement was observed with Direct pharmacist intervention when compared with other two interventions. Different critical steps that were more frequently inappropriately performed are shaking before actuation, breath-out before inhalation, pressing the canister once, hold breath for at least 5-10 seconds, exhaling away from DPI, fast & deep inhalation for DPI. Direct pharmacist instruction has more impact on study participants compared to other interventions in improvement of before and after counselling mean checklist scores, lesser inhaler technique errors were observed when compared with other interventions provided. Other materials can be used along with direct pharmacist intervention for a better understanding of the patients. --- ## Techniques and Graft Materials used in Maxillary Sinus Lift Procedure for Dental Implant Placement – A Review **Authors:** Suhas Manoharan, Revathi Duraisamy, Sindhuja Devi S, Santhosh Kumar M P **Published:** 2020-04-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2081 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Sinus lift, maxillary sinus, pneumatization, grafts Maxillary sinus is one of the first Para-nasal sinuses that develop around the age of twenty (20) with the eruption of the maxillary third molars. It is pyramidal in shape. Pneumatization of the maxillary sinus occurs with time. Tooth loss may lead to loss of bone density, atrophy of bone and further pneumatization of the maxillary sinus leading to insufficient quality and quantity of bone for placing implants. Despite lots of literature and research being done, there is no clarity in obtaining consensus regarding the techniques and materials used in maxillary sinus lift procedures. This article reviews the various techniques and bone graft materials used in maxillary sinus lift procedures. The techniques include lateral window approach, hydraulic sinus lift technique, Piezoelectric Surgery technique, Transcrestal Approach, Osteotome Technique, and Balloon elevation technique. It can be concluded that the balloon antral elevation and Hydraulic Sinus Lift techniques are more efficient techniques for maxillary sinus lift procedures. These techniques are known to result in less perforations, less chair-side time, comparatively easier, and the need for elaborate instrumentation is minimized. It can also markedly increase the success rates of implants in contrast to the conventional techniques which pose greater risks to the patient, more soft tissue trauma, more chair-side time and can expose patients to infections. --- ## Synthesis, Characterization, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Studies of Embelin Loaded N,O-CMC Nanoparticles **Authors:** Nurin Fatini Ghazali, Puteri Zarith Sofea Yusri, Nurul Azima Mazlan, Pei Teng Lum, Aina Akmal Mohd Noor, Shankar Mani, Mahendran Sekar **Published:** 2020-04-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2077 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Embelin, N-O-CMC nanoparticles, DPPH, Osteosarcoma MG-63, 3T3 Embelin is a long alkyl chain substituted hydroxy benzoquinone and naturally isolated from Embelia ribes. Embelin was reported for a widespread range of pharmacological properties that including anticancer activity. However, the potency of embelin as an anticancer molecule is inadequate due to its high lipophilicity. N,O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan (N,O-CMC) are elegance biopolymers which are toxic-free, biodegradable and biocompatible. This is seemly appropriate for numerous biological utilization, such as gene therapy, drug administration and tissue engineering. Hence, in the present study, we aimed to synthesize and characterize embelin loaded N,O-CMC nanoparticles and study its antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. The embelin N,O-CMC nanoparticles were prepared by loading embelin into N,O-CMC nanoparticles and characterized by FT-IR, DLS, SEM, Zeta potential and XRD measurements. Antioxidant and cytotoxic studies were conducted for the synthesized embelin loaded N,O-CMC nanoparticles using DPPH and MTT assay methods, respectively. The synthesized embelin loaded N,O-CMC nanoparticles with particle size ranges from 650-850 nm. The charge of embelin loaded N,O-CMC nanoparticles were confirmed by Zeta potential measurement and the value was found to be −47.8 mV. In the DPPH method, embelin loaded N,O-CMC nanoparticles showed IC50 value between 125-250 µg/ml. In MTT assay, embelin loaded N,O-CMC nanoparticles exhibited a significant reduction in the growth of osteosarcoma MG-63 cells. These findings demonstrating that the embelin loaded N,O-CMC nanoparticles were efficient nanocarrier for delivering embelin to cancer cells. --- ## Role of insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathway genes on the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans **Authors:** Siti Bazilah Zulkefli, Ahmad Nazrun Shuid, Goon Jo Aan **Published:** 2020-04-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2080 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** C. elegans, DNA, IIS pathway, IGF pathway, lifespan, longevity, nematode, RNA Aging process is influenced by the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling (IIS) pathway or IGF-1 signaling pathway. Studies done on the genes of this pathway were found to affect longevity. However, no conclusive results have been drawn. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the function of genes involved in the IIS pathway of Caenorhabditis Elegans (C. elegans), a nematode commonly used as a model organism in molecular genetics and developmental biology. A literature search for relevant studies was done through PubMed and Scopus databases using MeSH keywords Caenorhabditis elegans, C. elegans, nematode, genes, RNA, DNA, IIS pathway, IGF pathway, lifespan, and longevity. The search was limited to studies that were published in the last ten years (2008-May 2018). After exclusion of duplicates, review papers, human, in vitro, and other organismal studies, a total of 76 research articles were selected for further assessments. Data relevant to the effects of IIS genes on the lifespan of C. elegans was independently extracted. Reduction of daf-2 and age-1 and overexpression of sir-2.1 were reported to promote increment of the lifespan of C. elegans. Furthermore, differentially expressed genes that were involved in the protection against oxidative stress, pathogen attack, and toxicity include ins-18, numr-1/-2, sgk-1, and rgs-1. The knockdown of daf-2, age-1, and overexpression of sir-2.1 genes prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans while knockdown of daf-16, hsf-1, sir-2.1 as well as skn-1 shorten the lifespan of C. elegans. In conclusion, the differential expression of genes in the IIS pathway prolongs the lifespan of C. elegans. --- ## Gender difference in resilience among the under graduate medical students – A cross sectional study **Authors:** Mahati Sundar, Archana R **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2057 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anxiety, Depression, Gender, Resilience, Resilience questionnaire, Stress A health professional requires resilience to be able to handle the depression, anxiety and stress, which may occur when they are in the field. Resilience is the ability to tackle and overcome difficulties, with personal transformation and growth. Studies in undergraduate medical students have shown a difference in the stress scores of males and females, showing the possibility of gender difference in coping strategies and resilience. Therefore, the objective of the study was to assess the resilience scores of undergraduate medical students and to find out the existence of gender difference in their resilience scores. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the first and second-year MBBS students of 18-25 years of age after obtaining informed consent and Institutional ethical clearance. All willing male and female students fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria formed the study participants. A standard resilience questionnaire was used to assess the resilience scores of the students and the male and female participants scores were noted separately. A total of 282 first and second-year undergraduate medical students participated in the study. A significantly higher percentage of female students had a high resilience score in comparison to male participants. Our study highlights the fact that females have a higher resilience compared to males. But still, the majority of male and female students are having moderate resilience. Thus, the future focus should be on the promotion of resilience-building measures to be taught to the students early in their medical curriculum to successfully tackle the stressful situations. --- ## Usage Pattern of Antimicrobial Agents in Surgical Patients of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Ajman, United Arab Emirates **Authors:** Syed Ilyas Shehnaz, Anoop Kumar Agarwal, Yasien M Taher **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2100 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** antibiotic, antimicrobial agents, surgical antimicrobial, prophylaxis, United Arab Emirates The extensive use of AMAs has paved the pathway for antibiotic resistance among commonly encountered microorganisms. Additionally, rational use of antimicrobial agents (AMAs) is extremely vital for positive patient outcomes. Hence, we aimed to analyse the pattern of use of AMAs in patients who had undergone surgery at Thumbay Hospital, Ajman, United Arab Emirates and to study the incidence of adverse drug reactions in the same group of patients. The data were collected over a one-year period after Institutional Ethics Committee approval. Case record analysis of AMAs prescribed to surgical patients was done with the help of a questionnaire. Most surgeries were related to ano-rectal (24%), obstetrics (23.5%) and ENT (14%) problems. AMAs were prescribed to 86.5% of the patients as surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP), with the majority being prescribed only one AMA (45.8%). Metronidazole (40.9%), Ceftriaxone (21.2%) and Cefuroxime (10.8%) were the leading AMAs for SAP. Almost all the patients (91.5%) were prescribed AMAs at discharge and Cefuroxime (23.2%), Metronidazole (20.7%) and Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid combination (17.7%) were the principal AMAs recommended. The average duration of prescription of AMAs at discharge was 6.4 days. Mild adverse drug reactions were encountered, which did not pose any serious health risk to the patients. Proactive interventions focusing on the surgical team like formal educational sessions on antimicrobial stewardship, consistent auditing and regular updates about current SAP guidelines are the need of the hour. --- ## Prevalence of overweight and obesity-associated risk factors amongst medical students in South India **Authors:** Tina J, Yogesh Mohan, Jayashri D, Timsi Jain **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2117 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Body Mass Index, Exercise, Diet, Obesity, Overweight Obesity is defined as an excessive accumulation of body fat to an extent where health is impaired. Obesity among students is progressing towards an epidemic level. The change in lifestyle, lack of physical activity and exercise, improper eating habits and lack of awareness about obesity has become a major problem of college students, especially among medical students. This study was conducted with the objective to estimate the prevalence of overweight & obesity and associated factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students of Saveetha Medical College and Hospital (SMCH) with a sample size of 230 and a purposive sampling technique was used. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using relevant statistical tests. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was 20.4% and 2.1%, respectively and factors such as diet pattern and sleep duration are significantly associated with overweight and obesity. Measures such as motivating the students, organizing group exercise activities and making physical activity as part of the curriculum and importance of adequate sleep should be emphasized. --- ## Cardioprotective Effect of Ethanolic Flower Extract of ClitoriaTernatea on Doxorubicin Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats **Authors:** Tamizhselvi A, Durairaj S, Mohamed Sadiq A, Gopinath G, Rajeshkumar S **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2040 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant enzymes, clitoraternatea, Doxorubicin, Histopathology In this study, Doxorubicin is used as an effectual induction of cardiotoxicity and heart malfunction in the taken experimental rats which is an anthracycline chemotherapeutic mediator used to the treat of a wide variety of malignancies. To examine the shielding property of ethanolic flower extract of clitoraternatea (EECT) scheduled doxorubicin(DOX) persuaded cardiotoxicity via albino wistar rats, through inspect the enzymatic,non-enzymatic antioxidant position, serum enzyme and Histopathology tissue. Experimental rats been provoked cardiotoxicity by means of a generous single dose of doxorubicin (15mg /body weight ) and treated orally through an ethanolic extract of clitoraternatea (EECT) for 14 days (100 mg/kg bw, 200 mg/kg bw and 300mg/kg bw,n=5). On 15 days, the rats are sacrificed by treated through Ketamine –Xylazine, Biochemical as well as histological remarks of the heart tissues had carry out. Management through EECT of 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg considerably reduced the levels of cardiac marker enzymes(p<0.05) and as well minimize the decrease of weight of the heart of DOX treated group. In heart tissue superoxide dismutase, glutathione and catalase heights be significantly greater than before and lipid oxide peroxide (LPO) significantly decreased in the extract (200 &300 mg /kg bw). --- ## Thrombocytopenia Vs Pseudo thrombocytopenia Will indices help us? **Authors:** Muthu Subramanian PS, Muthuvel E, Chitra Srinivasan, Ganthimathy Sekar **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2138 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Platelet clumping, Platelet indices, Pseudo thrombocytopenia, Thrombocytopenia Thrombocytopenia is defined as a platelet count of less than 1.5 lakhs/μL of anticoagulated blood. Platelet clumping is a common laboratory phenomenon resulting in pseudo thrombocytopenia that complicates platelet counts reporting. Some of the important causes are EDTA dependent agglutination and aggregation secondary to platelet activation, improper collection techniques, or delayed mixing with anticoagulants. Unfortunately, this pseudo thrombocytopenia is not well detected by the auto analyzers. In tropical countries like India, where dengue and malaria are endemic and important causes of thrombocytopenia, recognizing pseudo thrombocytopenia and minimizing the errors in platelet enumeration becomes vital. In this study, we compared various platelet indices between true thrombocytopenia and pseudo thrombocytopenia cases and found that only MPV is statistically significant. Hence, low platelet counts given by the automated hematology analyzer should be verified by a well stained peripheral smear and management should not go only by platelet parameters from the automated analyzer. This will prevent unnecessary referrals and platelet transfusions for the patient and thereby improve patient care. --- ## Is there Diversity in our Diet? A Cross-sectional Study among Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary care Hospital in Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Amin Mohamed Khan, Timsi Jain, Dinesh Kumar G **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2114 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dietary diversity, Food determinants, Health care workers, Nutritional inadequacy Healthcare is a demanding profession and often, while performing their roles, healthcare workers face multiple occupational and personal stresses that may influence their ability to maintain positive dietary habits. Nutritional adequacy is the comparison between the nutrient requirement and the intake of a certain individual or population. Due to the limited availability of data on the dietary diversity of healthcare workers in India, an attempt was made to conduct an across-sectional study of the dietary diversity of healthcare workers working in a tertiary hospital. The sampling frame comprised of various hospital staff and healthcare workers who were working in the hospital and a total of 119 were examined. The study tool was prepared based on the FAO dietary diversity questionnaire Details about age, gender, and details regarding their jobs, such as shift work, were collected. A score of >11 was considered as the operational definition for a diverse diet. The socio-demographic variables of study participants, when analyzed show than early 90% (107) of the study population, were aged below thirty (30) years. Amongst the 119 subjects, 19 (16%) were male and 100 (84%) were female. Almost two thirds (58.8%) of the population involved worked in shifts. A majority of the subjects 18 (26.8%) opted for taste as the major determinant, followed by Stress at 15 (22.3%) and Cost with 12 (17.9%) subjects. When compared, dietary diversity in males was found to be much better. In conclusion, there is a significant absence of dietary diversity and the presence of nutrient inadequacy among the hospital staff and health care workers. This inadequacy is present primarily due to the ignorance and lifestyle choices of the subjects involved. --- ## Endovascular Versus Open Versus Hybrid Revascularisation In Infra Inguinal Disease – 2 Years Prospective Study in A Tertiary Care Center in South India **Authors:** Senthilnathan T. T, Manoj Prabakar R, Subramaniyan S. R, Marunraj G, Saravanan B, Satyanarayanan S **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2134 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Angioplasty, CDT, Bypass, CT angiogram, DSA, Endovascular, Open, Hybrid Our aim is to share the clinical experience of endovascular, open and combined hybrid revascularization in infra inguinal disease and compare the results. A prospective study of 150 patients undergoing infra inguinal procedures was done, a period ranging from October 2017 to June 2019 with 3 months follow up. A number of patients undergoing CT – Angiogram, Digital Subtraction Angiogram (DSA) were recorded. A number of cases undergoing Angioplasty, Catheter Directed Thrombolysis (CDT), Open Surgical Bypass were noted. Cases of acute limb ischemia were excluded and chronic cases included in our study, age 35-85 years, sex distribution male 134 (89.3%) and female 16 (10.7%) cases. Similarly, individual risk factors were stratified. Ct angiogram was done in 60 (40%) and DSA in 90 (60%) cases. Diagnostic variables : left fempop occlusion 42 (28%), right fempop occlusion 55 (36.7%), left tibial occlusion 18 (12%) and right tibial occlusion 35(23.3%). Treatment procedure variables : CDT and Angioplasty 1(0.7%), angioplasty 87(58%), angioplasty and bypass 8 (5.3%), bypass 35 (23.3%), CDT 15 (10%), CDT and bypass 4 (2.7%). The results of the analysis were compared and statistical significance P-value were calculated by chi-square tests, SPSS software. Statistic significance was seen for risk factors CAD (0.001), Smoking (0.008), Hypertension (0.000) on comparison to treatment procedures and for corresponding clinical diagnosis (0.002), investigation modality (0.000) and treatment procedures. --- ## Effectiveness of interventional package on knowledge and attitude towards prenatal HIV testing and mother to child transmission among antenatal mothers **Authors:** Priyadarsini A, Priya O S **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2074 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** MTCT – Mother to child transmission, Interventional package, HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an infection that assaults immune cells called CD4 cells, which are a kind of T cell. These are white platelets that move around the body, recognizing flaws and inconsistencies in cells just as contaminations. The present study aimed to effectiveness of interventional package on knowledge and attitude towards prenatal HIV testing and parent to child transmission among pregnant women in selected settings.60 pregnant women sample in Quantitative approach with Pre experimental one group pre-test and post-test design, sample selection was done by Non Probability – Purposive Sampling Technique, Effectiveness of structured teaching programme in meaning pregnant women gained 35% etiology and effects gained 31% in management and precautions in PCT pregnant women gained 41% prevention 36.8% overall they gained 37.28% and Attitude gained 23.3% after intervention. Pre-existing knowledge was assessed by using semi structured teaching programme, pregnant mothers gained 23.3% more knowledge score than pretest score and the mean difference is 12.80 by using generalized McNamara’s chi-square test, it is statistically significant. In pretest, mothers were having 10.77score whereas, in post-test they were having 23.57 score. Difference score is 12.80.The difference is large and it is statistically significant. Successful intervention toward prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and achieving the goal of eliminating the new HIV infection is highly dependent on everyone; especially, women of child-bearing age should have accurate and up-to-date knowledge about HIV transmission, risk of transmission to babies, and possible interventions. --- ## Analysis of Morphometry of Calyceal Pattern in Kidney Donors Using CT Angiogram Images **Authors:** Kumaresan M, Balaji Karunakaran, Sangeetha A, Gunapriya Raghunath, Karthikeyan G, Yuvaraj Maria Francis, Zareena Begum **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2061 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Computed Tomography Angiography, Kidney, Morphometry, Pelvicalyceal system The advent of more conservative methods of treatment for renal pathologies has necessitated a precise knowledge of renal pelvicalyceal system. Knowledge on the patterns of pelvicalyceal system and its relation to the renal segmental arteries is of importance in procedures in kidney. The aim is to analyze the morphometry of calyceal system in kidney donors using 64- Slice Computed Tomography Angiography. The study was conducted in specialized scan center located in Chennai after getting appropriate permission from medical director of the center. The study group was drawn from kidney donors who approached the scan center who had no diseases related to kidney. In this study, a total of 99 kidney donors were included. This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted from June 2014 to September 2017. The statistical analysis and plotting of graphs were carried out using Sigma stat 13.0 (Systat software, USA). Various patterns of the pelvicalyceal system along with morphometric dimensions of the infundibulum, which leads from the major calyces to the renal pelvis were studied. The result was then correlated with clinically significant parameters. --- ## Comparative study of various methods in the estimation of blood HbA1c and its outcome **Authors:** Sabarinathan M, Ananthi N, Ashwin Raj H **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2063 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cations exchange HPLC, Diabetes mellitus, Glycosylated hemoglobin, Glycemic control, Immuno-turbidimetry Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem all over the world. Blood glucose measurement has limited value in assessing the long term glycaemic control. Estimation of HbA1c is now routinely used in clinical laboratories for long term assessment of glyceamic control. The result of different methods of HbA1C estimation has a lot of variations and hence it is essential to compare their results. This study is aimed to assess the accuracy and reliability of estimation of HbA1c levels by PEITT and Column Chromatography with ion-exchange resin by comparing it with the hba1c levels of High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) which is a reference method. We have included 50 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus in our study. HbA1c was determined using BIO RAD D-10 HbA1c Analyzer, Immuno-turbidimetric assay in ERBA-Chem semi automated analyzer and Column chromatography with Ion-exchange resin method in ERBA-Chem semi automated analyzer. The results obtained from Immuno-turbidimetric assay and Ion-exchange resin methods were compared with the results of BIO RAD D-10 HbA1c Analyzer. The results obtained from Particle Enhanced Immuno-Turbidimetric Test method showed a better correlation with BIO RAD D-10 HbA1c Analyzer than Column chromatography with Ion-exchange resin (CCG-IER). Hence, Particle Enhanced Immuno-Turbidimetric Test method is more reliable and accurate and can be used as an alternative method to HPLC in clinical laboratories. --- ## A study on lipid profile in sub clinical hypothyroidism of patients attending a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Ashwin Raj H, Ananthi N, Sabarinathan M **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2052 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atherosclerosis, Coronary artery disease, Dyslipidemia, Lipid profile, Subclinical hypothyroidism Subclinical hypothyroidism is also known as mild hypothyroidism, early thyroid failure, preclinical hypothyroidism and decreased thyroid reserve. Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined as a high serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration and normal serum total or free thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations associated with few or no symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism and thus subclinical hypothyroid disease is diagnosed by laboratory findings. Subclinical hypothyroidism is far more common than overt hypothyroidism. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is relatively high and ranges from 4%-8.5% and maybe as high as 20% in women older than 60 years. Subclinical hypothyroidism is more common in elderly women than men. It is found twice as often in women as in men. Thyroid hormones have a known effect on heart rate & cardiac excitability. Cardio vascular system is the major system affected by subclinical hypothyroidism. Subclinical hypothyroidism patients have an increased risk of “atherosclerosis” & coronary artery disease. Subclinical hypothyroidism patients will have an increased level of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein and decreased level of high-density lipoprotein, leading to “atherosclerosis”. Among the 110 human subjects, 55 were Euthyroid controls and 55 were subclinical hypothyroid cases. Serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum low-density lipoproteins, levels were increased in subclinical hypothyroid cases than Euthyroid controls with a high statistical significance with the P-value <0.001 and serum high-density lipoproteins levels are decreased in subclinical hypothyroid cases than Euthyroid controls with a high statistical significance with the P-value <0.001. Hence, it should be made mandatory that the estimation of lipid profile should be made as a routine investigation in all cases of subclinical hypothyroidism. --- ## Estimation of total phenolic content and evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity of different extracts of Cassia absus (Linn) by Superoxide radical, Iron chelating activity **Authors:** Mythri M, Sanal Dev K T, Kottai Muthu A **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2037 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cassia absus, Superoxide radical, Iron chelating activity, total phenol Cassia absus (Linn) (family Fabaceae) is generally known as “chaksu” in ayurvedic traditional system. The current study, aerial parts of different concentrates (concentrates (Pet.ether, ethyl acetate and methanol) of Cassia absus were evaluated for its in-vitro antioxidant potential by Superoxide radical, Iron chelating activity taking activity taking quercetin , Ethylenediamine tetraacetate as the standard respectively and total phenol content was estimated as equivalent to gallic acid. An IC50 value was originate that methanolic concentrates of Cassia absus more efficient in Superoxide radical, Iron chelating activity compared EA & PE concentrates. The methanolic concentrates of Cassia absus and standard exhibited antioxidant potential possessing IC50 217µg/ml & 60µg/ml (Superoxide radical). 184µg/ml & 65µg/ml (Iron chelating) respectively. The methanolic and EA concentrates of Cassia absus showed the total phenolic content (10.22 ± 0.40, 4.03 ± 0.47) respectively. The difference in scavenging potential of the extracts can be due to variation in the percentage of bioactive compound present in different solvents. Invitro antioxidant studies obviously show methanolic concentrates of Cassia absus have better antioxidant activity due to the presence of total phenolic content. This result indicate that aerial parts of methanolic concentrates Cassia absus could serve as natural antioxidant, which may be useful in prevent free radical induced diseases. --- ## Molecular detection of Multi-Drug Resistant Mycobacterium species in a Tertiary Care centre **Authors:** Ancy Justin J K, Bhuvaneshwari G, Kalyani M **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2051 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Agarose gel electrophoresis, Drug resistance, Isoniazid, Polymerase chain reaction, Rifampicin Tuberculosis (TB) - one of the leading causes of adult death in the Asia-Pacific Region, is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). TB remains a major public health issue especially in developing nations due to the lack of adequate rapid diagnostic testing facilities. Drug resistance in tuberculosis was observed nearly fifty years ago. The risk is now due to the emergence of new strains which are most resistant to the potent anti-tuberculosis drugs. The resistance to drugs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is conferred by mutations with the genes encoding drug targets or drug converting enzymes. In suspected extra pulmonary tuberculosis cases also, fast and accurate laboratory diagnosis is of primary importance, since the techniques which are followed from past years for detecting acid-fast bacilli have many limitations. This study may also help in standardizing the technique for rapid identification of MDR TB in extra pulmonary TB patients in this Tertiary care Hospital. The current study describes the importance and use of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the detection of Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium species. The target genes encoding resistance to Isoniazid and Rifampicin were detected by Polymerase Cain reaction and Agarose gel electrophoresis. Among the 359 samples, 2% were resistant to both Isoniazid and Rifampicin and the prevalence of drug resistance was found to be more in adult age groups. --- ## Antibiotic Prescription Pattern Among The In-Patients of A Tertiary Care Hospital **Authors:** Raj shivaani M R, Preetha Selva **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2155 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibiotics, Prescription pattern, Resistance Antibiotics happen to be the most commonly used medicines, especially in developing countries like India, where infectious diseases are at a raise. Millions of antibiotics are prescribed by physicians all over India. The main objective of the present study is to analyze the prescription pattern of the antibiotics given to the in-patients of our hospital and to access the rationality of these prescriptions given, using the World Health Organization's core drug prescribing indicators. A total of 400 in- patients from Departments of Pediatrics, General Surgery, Obstetrics & Gynecology and Orthopedics were analyzed after screening for inclusion and exclusion criteria. The numbers of females are 248 (62%) and the males are 152 (38%) in a ratio of 1:1.63. 101 patients belonged to 40-60 years age group. The pattern of antibiotic usage in the Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Surgery, Orthopedics was studied. The most common antibiotics prescribed were Cefotaxime (44%), Amoxicillin(38%) and Cefazolin (38%, 24%) in Departments of Pediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Surgery and Orthopedics respectively. The total numbers of drugs prescribed were 1441 out of which 612 were antibiotics (43.09%). The number of antibiotics per prescription was 1.53. The average number of drugs prescribed per prescription was 3.6. The percentage of encounters with injections was 26.48%. The percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name is 36.2%. The percentage of drugs from the Essential Drug List was 92%. The percentage of fixed-dose combinations of antibiotics prescribed was 14.54%. Hence, in our study, though most of the drugs are given from the Essential List of Medicines, drugs given by a generic name is low. Physicians can be encouraged to prescribe more drugs by generic name. To conclude, antibiotic stewardship interventions have to be implemented to promote the judicious use of antibiotics to prevent adverse consequences. --- ## The effect of polymorphism on active pharmaceutical ingredients: A review **Authors:** Ahmad Ainurofiq, Kezia Esther Dinda, Maya Widia Pangestika, Ulia Himawati, Wening Dyah Wardhani, Yustika Tamarin Sipahutar **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2044 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** polymorphism, active pharmaceutical ingredients, manufacture Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) are the main components in the production process of pharmaceutical products. If the API has a good quality, then it will lead to good pharmaceutical products. API consists of more than one different crystal form which, then forms a polymorph through the process of polymorphism. Until now, API polymorphism is still a big challenge in the pharmaceutical industry. That is because the nature of polymorphism is difficult to predict. One of them is by crystallizing molecules in one or many crystalline forms or combining with other molecules to form stable co-crystal. This process will lead to several polymorph forms of one certain API. Sometimes, these forms will have characteristics that differ one to another. Each polymorph has different mechanical, physical, thermal, and chemical properties that will affect the solubility, dissolution, bioavailability, stability, bioequivalence, and manufacturing of the API. Therefore to know the nature of an API, it is necessary to characterize the polymorphic form of the API before. If the form is not incompatible with the formulation, it can cause a failure in the production process. This review will discuss the effect of polymorphism on the physicochemical properties of API. It is hoped that this review can become the basis for improving the stability and effectiveness of pharmaceutical products. --- ## Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and anti-atherogenic properties of selected Siddha polyherbal decoctions **Authors:** Perumal Rajalakshmi, Vellingiri Vadivel, Sridharan Sriram, Pemaiah Brindha **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2072 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nilavembu kudineer, Kabasura kudineer, Notchi kudineer, Adathodai kudineer, polyphenol, toxicity This research work explains the antioxidant and anti-atherogenic effects of selected Siddha polyherbal decoctions such as Nilavembu kudineer, Kabasura kudineer, Notchi kudineer and Adathodai kudineer. Even though all the above decoctions have been used for fever, cold, cough, bronchitis, dysphonea and body pain in Siddha system of medicine, their antioxidant and anti-atherogenic properties were not investigated scientifically. We have analyzed the polyphenolic content, antioxidant and anti-atherogenic properties of decoction of the above-mentioned herbal formulations. The toxicity of the decoctions was also performed in PMBC. In the investigated formulations, Notchi kudineer showed higher level of total phenolic content (560 mg GAE/100 g), followed by Adathodai kudineer (260 mg GAE/100 g), Nilavembu kudineer (150 mg GAE/100 g) and Kabasura kudineer (90 mg GAE/100 g). Similarly, Notchi kudineer exhibited strong antioxidant activity in terms of radical scavenging potential against DPPH (IC-50: 2.12 mg/L), followed the Adathodai kudineer (IC-50: 2.27 mg/L), Nilavembu kudineer (IC-50: 4.48 mg/L) and Kabasura kudineer (IC-50: 9.29 mg/L). In toxicological study all the decoctions of selected formulations didn’t show any toxicity. Similarly, Nilavembu kudineer showed maximum inhibition of lipid peroxidation when compared to other herbal decoctions. Among the investigated Siddha formulations, Nilavembu kudineer was found to possess high antioxidant and anti-atherogenic potentials and hence it could be further investigated as anti-atherogenic drug using in vivo model. --- ## Adequacy of Olmesartan monotherapy versus cotherapy in patients with essential hypertension **Authors:** Feryal Hashim Rada **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2047 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adiponectin, Amlodipine, Co therapy, Olmesartan Olmesartan is a class of an angiotensin II receptor blocker drugs used for the treatment of hypertension. The aim of this crossover clinical study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Olmesartan monotherapy compared to Olmesartan plus amlodipine co-therapy in patients with essential hypertension. An entire of eighty-three patients (45 males, 38 females) their age ranging (45-55 ) years with essential hypertension enrolled from Al Yarmouk hospital /Iraq for this study. After reaching the point of inclusion criteria, they treated with Olmesartan medoxomil 20 mg daily for a period of two months, then after two weeks of wash off, they treated with Olmesartan 20 mg daily plus amlodipine 10 mg daily for another two months.Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and clinical laboratory tests that include fasting blood levels of glucose, insulin, lipid profile, adiponectin, leptin, cystatin c and creatinine were obtained and studied at baseline (prior treatment), after two months of Olmesartan monotherapy and after two months of Olmesartan co-therapy.The statistical analyses of the data in patients using Olmesartan co-therapy versus Olmesartan mono therapy showed more effectiveness in decreasing blood pressure, better in reducing the blood levels of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and leptin, superior in elevating the values of insulin sensitivity index and in elevating the blood levels of adiponectin. Concisely, the addition of amlodipine to Olmesartan treatment ameliorated insulin sensitivity and adiponectin level and attenuated the leptin level. --- ## Efficiency of probiotics use in treatment of calves **Authors:** Nikolay V. Melnik, Vladimir I. Eremets, Larisa A. Neminuschaya, Valentina I. Klyukina, Svetlana A. Gryn, Evgenia V. Markova, Irina N. Matveeva, Sergey Yu. Smolentsev **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2055 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** calves, probiotic, preservation, efficiency, treatment, gastrointestinal diseases The comprehensive approach to solving the issue of the animal raising intensification, the integrated part of which is herd breeding, animal yield preservation and its development provision, conditioned the enhancement of the research works aimed at further investigation of young stock diseases, features of their digestion development, search of efficient preventive and treatment measures, feeds and feed additives for simulating animal growth and development. The main objective of this study was the exploration of comparative therapeutic efficiency of the use of Lactusan probiotic in treatment of calves, in acute digestive disturbances in the complex of conventional treatments. The experiment was carried out in the conditions of Danilovsky Complex of Semenovsky Stud Farm CJSC of Medvedev District in Mari El Republic in calves aged 2-4 days with clinical signs of digestive organs dysfunction. 3 experimental groups of calves were formed observing the principles of analogues. Calves of the first and the second experimental groups, in addition to the treatment regimen adopted at the farm, were given Lactusan probiotic with colostral milk or milk at the rate of 6 grams and 4 grams, respectively per one calf once a day. Haemotological and biochemical analysis was carried out in all experimental calves at the beginning of the experiment and 5, 10 and 15 days after the treatment start. The experience demonstrated that Lactusan has a normalizing effect on protein, carbohydrate, mineral metabolisms, and pH balance. The positive effect of this drug on animals is conditioned by the probiotic effect of lactulose - it selectively stimulates the growth of useful intestinal normal flora by inhibiting pathogenic flora of colon. --- ## A study comparing two different pinning techniques in supracondylar fractures of the humerus **Authors:** Yeshwanth Subash, Sugumar Natarajan, Lydia M **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2098 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Supracondylar fractures, Gartland, Closed manipulative reduction, Pinning Various treatment options are available for treating type III supracondylar fractures of the humerus. The most common technique employed is closed manipulative reduction with K wire fixation. This study was performed to compare two different pinning techniques in type III supracondylar fractures of the humerus. This study was done in the time frame between January 2012 to December 2015. The age of the children selected for this study ranged from 3 to 12 years of age. Among 66 children, 6 were lost to follow up and the final number was 60 children. Patients with lateral pin fixation were allotted to Group A (n=29), while patients with cross pin fixation technique were allotted to Group B(n=31). All patients were assessed for loss of fracture reduction and the occurrence of ulnar nerve injury. The two groups were evaluated at regular intervals from the first week to a time frame of 6 months. In both groups of patients, there was no loss of fracture reduction observed. The various parameters pertaining to the study were evaluated and there was no statistical significant difference found between the 2 groups. In group B, 3 of the children had injury to the ulnar nerve. Both groups were comparable in terms of fracture healing duration, loss in the reduction of the fracture and the stability provided by the pin constructs. In conclusion, both fixation constructs are comparable in terms of stability, but there are higher chances of iatrogenic injury to the ulnar nerve by using the crossed pinning technique. Hence, we conclude that the lateral pin construct is safer as compared to the cross pin method. --- ## Imaging in Fracture surgeries - a tool for quality assessment **Authors:** Ashok Thudukuchi Ramanathan, Kevin lourdes **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2056 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Radiation, intramedullary nailing, long bone fracture, C-arm imaging Radiation in orthopaedic surgeries was considered to be commonly hazardous, but also can be used as tool to improvise the surgical skills, limitations of exposure, risk analysis and making of alternate arrangements whenever required. We aim to analyse the number of times of imaging taken intra-operatively with C-arm for all acute closed lower limb fractures, which are all electively planned for intramedullary nailing fixation. It was a single centre, prospective randomized control double blind study, acute closed single plane fracture of lower limb like tibia shaft fracture, femur shaft fracture and intertrochanteric fracture electively posted for intramedullary nailing fixation were included. Total of 168 fractures, 38 intertrochanteric fractures (22.61%), 52 femur shaft fractures (30.95%), 78 tibia shaft fractures (46.42%) were electively planned for nailing fixation with intra-operative image guidance. Mean age was 42 which was statistically significant. Males were more than females, (89 male 52.97% and 79 female 47.02%) observed to be statistically not significant. Right lower limb 90 (53.57%) was observed to be more injured than the left lower limb 78(46.42%) which was statistically not significant (p<0.56). Mean imaging for intramedullary fixation in intertrochanteric fractures was 75 (17.30%) , femur 120 (37.76%) and tibia 95 (44.93%) was observed to be statistically significant. Radiation in orthopaedic surgeries can be otherwise and also be utilized by operating primary trauma surgeon with focus on average number of imaging for the elective nailing procedure as a self-monitoring tool for skill improvement with reproducible potential, radiation minimisation, call for help and technical improvisation for the future years, besides its occupational ill effects. --- ## Renal insufficiency in overt hypothyroidism **Authors:** Monisha M, Merriwin D **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2053 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hypothyroid, Uric acid, Glomerular filtration rate, Gout Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder worldwide. In hypothyroidism, there is altered regulation of renal hemodynamics and basal metabolic rate. This hospital-based case-control study was done to evaluate the changes in uric acid level in hypothyroid subjects. This study includes 25 hypothyroid cases with age and sex-matched controls. Serum total thyroid profile was estimated by Chemiluminiscence Immunoassay (CLIA) and uric acid by the Uricase method in fully automated Vitros 5600. The mean uric acid level is increased in hypothyroid. Triiodothyronine(T3) & Thyroxine(T4) level of hypothyroid patients showed a significant negative correlation with uric acid with 'r' values of 0.45 and 0.51, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and uric acid (p=0.22) in hypothyroid subjects. The raise in uric acid is hypothyroid subjects is due to hemodynamic changes like reduction in renal plasma flow and disordered thyroid state affects purine metabolism, leading to hyperuricemia and gout. Hence, these parameters should be monitored regularly in hypothyroid patients. --- ## An investigation on hepatoprotective activity of entire plant of Ipomoea pestigridis (family Convolvulaceae) on hepatotoxicity induced rats **Authors:** Bheemreddy Thrinitha, Murali R, Srinivasan N, Manichandrika P **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2049 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ipomoea pestigridis, Paracetamol, hepatic markers enzyme, hepatotoxicity The hepatoprotective potential of Ipomoea pestigridis (Family Convolvulaceae) on hepatotoxicity induced rats were investigated in the present study. Ipomoea pestigridis (Linn) (family Convolvulaceae) is “Tiger Foot Morning Glory” in English. Hepatotoxicity was induced by Paracetamol (2g/kg b.wt.) given to rats on the 5th day of the investigational period and given orally. All three extracts(PE, EA and methanol) were administered to normal and experimental hepatotoxicity rats for 7 days. Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity and compared with Silymarin, a standard hepatoprotective reference drug. Liver marker enzymes (ALT, ALP, AST and GGT) and Serum (Total Bilirubin, Total Protein, Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Albumin, Urea and Creatinine) were evaluated. Paracetamol-induced rats to exhibit elevated activities of liver enzymes such as SGOT, SGPT, ALP, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), creatinine, TB, urea, TC, TG and reduced total protein serum. Furthermore, Oral administration of the EA concentrates of Ipomoea pestigridis (200 mg/ kgb.wt.) given rats were major reduction the level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP,gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) creatinine, urea, TB, TC&TG and also significantly elevated the concentration of TB and albumin when compared to other concentrates. Thus, results suggested that EAconcentrates of Ipomoea pestigridis could afford better hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol treated hepatotoxicity rats. --- ## Carbapenem Resistance in Non-Fermenters: An Overview **Authors:** Bhuvaneshwari G, Shameembanu A S, Kalyani Mohanram **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2120 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carbapenem resistance, Disk diffusion technique, Double disk synergy testing, Minimal inhibitory concentration technique, Uniplex PCR This study was conducted with interest in increasing carbapenem resistance in non-fermenters: an important causative agent of nosocomial infection and to standardize the methods for interpretation of their resistance. The aim of this study is to perform disk diffusion testing and minimal inhibitory concentration technique for the identification of carbapenem resistance for imipenem and meropenem. The isolates found resistant to carbapenems were confirmed with the modified Hodge test. The genes responsible for carbapenem resistance were identified by both phenotypic and genotypic methods. Out of 240 non-fermenters isolated 20% showed resistance to carbapenem by disk diffusion. Only 7% showed resistance by the micro broth dilution technique of minimum inhibitory concentration. 3% were panning drug-resistant. Out of 16 carbapenem-resistant isolates, 5 were found to have KPC (Klebsiella pneumonia carbapenem) genes, 9 had MBL (Metallo beta-lactamase) genes and 2 had KPC+MBL genes and none were found to have Amp C and OXA-48 genes phenotypically. Genotypically all the KPC strains had KPC genes and out of 9 MBL strains, 6 had VIM and the remaining 3 strains were negative for both IMP and VIM gene. In conclusion, the interpretation of susceptibility for carbapenems should not be made only with disk diffusion testing. Always check for Minimal inhibitory concentration methods and determination of genes responsible for carbapenem resistance, a double-disc synergy test goes in hand with genotypic detection. --- ## A study on the correlation of lipid profile with body mass index in young adults (18-20 years) **Authors:** Gurupavan Kumar Ganta, Divya D, Kedari G S R **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2137 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Body Mass Index, Low-density lipoprotein, High-density lipoproteins, Very low-density lipoproteins Overweight and obesity in youth is a worldwide public health problem. Predisposition to obesity starts during the first or second decade of life. Overweight and obesity in adolescents have a substantial effect upon many systems, resulting in clinical conditions such as metabolic syndrome, early atherosclerosis, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our study was done to find the relation between body mass index (BMI) and lipid profile in young adults (18-20 years) and for the correlation between the various parameters. 150 young adults between 18-20 years of age, who gave written voluntary consent were included in the study. BMI was calculated after measuring height and weight along with fasting blood samples for estimation of blood glucose and lipid profile [total cholesterol, High-density lipoprotein (HDL), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and triacylglycerol (TGL)] were measured. A linear correlation regression analysis was done to know the correlation between the anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters. All the biochemical parameters showed a positive correlation with BMI. Total cholesterol had the highest positive correlation with BMI. There was a prevalence of 39.3% overweight/obesity as per BMI cut-off. Individuals who were in the obese category had a higher prevalence of abnormal lipid profiles, especially total cholesterol. Stress and lack of physical activity have a detrimental effect on health and are a major risk factor for the development of obesity. 90% of the students in this study did not have any regular physical activity. Educating the students about the effects of obesity and dyslipidaemia on the quality of health can help in bringing lifestyle modifications that can help them in the long run. --- ## Awareness about cervical cancer and its screening amongst patient’s attenders in a tertiary care hospital in Chennai **Authors:** Varsha Reddy N, Yogesh Mohan, Charumathi B, Timsi Jain **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2121 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Screening, Cervical, Pap-smear, Cancer In recent years cervical cancer has been witnessed as the second most prevalent cancer amongst females throughout the world. Sadly, regardless of the proof of methods for prevention, the majority of the females endure unscreened. The hurdles to screening include ignorance towards risk factors, manifestations, stigma, and fallacy about gynecological ailments. This research was conducted with the objective to describe the extent of awareness about cervical carcinoma and its screening among patient’s attenders who are women and are in the reproductive age group in a tertiary hospital. A cross-sectional study was conducted among patient's attenders age 15-45 years at a tertiary health care center, i.e., Saveetha Medical College and Hospital (SMCH) with a sample size of 158 and purposive sampling technique was used. Data was gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using relevant statistical tests. Out of 158 study participants at SMCH,85 (53.7%) of them have heard about cervical cancer, 88 (55.6%) are apprised of screening of cervical carcinoma and 40 (25.3%) of them have been screened for cervical carcinoma using Pap smear. Study shows that more than half of the women have a satisfactory extent of awareness regarding cervical carcinoma. However, uptake of screening services is low. These results indicate that we need to increase awareness about cervical cancer and its screening. --- ## Phytochemical Screening and Effect of Cymodocea serrulata on HepG2-Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line **Authors:** Kalpana C S, Kalaivani P, Vanitha V **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2058 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cymodocea serrulata, phytoconstituents, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, cell line, MTT Assay Cymodocea serrulata, a seagrass commonly known as karumbupassi has been used as a food and also as a medicine by coastal region people and by fishermen while traveling in the sea. It is used as a tranquilizer for babies as it has a soothing quality, it helps during pregnancy and against cough and malaria. C.serrulata is seen abundant in South Indian coastal region. Although there is a report on the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory property of C.serrulata, there are no evident details on phyto-compounds present in it. Invitro antiproliferative test was performed by MTT (methylthiozoltetrazolium) assay method against HePG2 celline of liver cancer cells. MTT assay is a colorimetric assay used for the determination of cell proliferation and cytotoxicity, based on reduction of the yellow colored water soluble tetrazolium dye MTT to formazan crystals. Mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase produced by liver cells reduces MTT to insoluble formazan crystals, which upon dissolution into an appropriate solvent exhibits purple color, the intensity of which is proportional to the number of viable cells and can be measured spectrophotometrically at 570nm. --- ## Zebrafish an emerging model for Preclinical Drug Discovery **Authors:** Mainak Chakraborty, Kalyan Roy, Arpan Sedhain, Pankaj Dhakal, Gauthaman Karunakaran **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2046 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Murine, zebrafish, vertebrate, cancer, Animal Model, Drug Discovery For understanding the pathogenesis of human disease at cellular and molecular level bio medical research depends on the use of animal models. Maximum animal models used in medical research of human disease are basically performed in murine system. Though there are advantages of using these animals, murine’s have long gestational period, sexual maturation rate and are expensive. These invertebrates lack many structures and organ systems that are involved in human disease pathogenesis. Forward-genetic screens and random mutagenesis based reverse genetics though possible in mouse and are currently underway; they cannot be done on a large scale as they require considerable staff and infrastructure support. Due to these drawbacks other animal models have been developed that provide initial genetic or drug target information. For developmental genetic studies larval zebrafish are used extensively due to their small size, external development, optical transparency, and accessibility in large numbers. Not only are they vertebrate, they also have high fecundity, which can be easily visualised and experimentally manipulated. 70% of all human disease genes have functional homologous in zebrafish. There has been significant increase in the use of zebra fish to elucidate the etiology of human disease like cancer, infectious diseases, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, diabetes, blindness, deafness, digestive diseases, hematopoiesis, muscle disorders and neural disorders. --- ## Recent Review on Role of Resveratrol in Diabetes and its Complication **Authors:** Dhruval Nandurkar, Manohar M, Gowda D.V **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2069 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Resveratrol, Diabetes, Curcumin, SIRT1 signaling pathway, Polyol Signaling Pathway Resveratrol, a non-flavanoid, is a trans-stilbene derivative and is a compound of great interest because of its wide pharmacological actions in disease such as cancer, diabetes and its complications, cardiac diseases etc. Resveratrol has been working effectively by acting as an antioxidant and interfere in the generation of free radicals, which in turn is the main cause of various diseases. Resveratrol has shown very effective in Diabetes and its complications such as Diabetic Retinopathy, Coronary Artery Disease, Diabetic cardiomyopathy, vascular dysfunction, Chronic Renal Failure and others. Though the main challenge comes in formulating Resveratrol as it has low solubility, low stability and less bioavailability. This review focuses on antioxidants being an essential class of compounds in the treatment of diabetes. Role of various antioxidants being studied along with showcasing their combined effect with resveratrol and also the mechanism of resveratrol in diabetes and its complications. Lastly, it also highlights various formulations of resveratrol which have shown improvement in solubility, stability and bioavailability. Thus Resveratrol is identified as an essential compound in the treatment of diabetes and its complications. --- ## Ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia used for cosmetic formulations – A review **Authors:** Siti Nurul Najiha Othman, Pei Teng Lum, Aina Akmal Mohd Noor, Nurul Azima Mazlan, Puteri Zarith Sofea Yusri, Nurin Fatini Ghazali, Hikmah Mohd Idi, Shazalyana Azman, Masitah Ismail, Shankar Mani, Mahendran Sekar **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2073 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cosmetics, Herbal plants, Malaysia, Natural products Malaysia is rich in natural and herbal resources which have the potential to be used as traditional medicine as well as cosmetics. These plant sources are used by the folklore to help in enriching their beauty. Leaves, fruits, flowers and roots of medicinal plants in Malaysia are used in cosmetic formulations to get different biological effects. Health issues with particular reference to skin issues, such as acne, dry skin, dull skin and alopecia can be alleviated by using these plants. Since time immemorial, herbal products have been used in maintaining and enhancing physical appearance of humans. Herbal cosmetics have growing demand in the world market and is an invaluable gift of nature. This review is about ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia used in the cosmetic formulations which includes Aloe vera, Curcuma longa, Cocos nucifera, Cucumis sativus, Melaleuca alternifolia, Punica granatum, Garcinia mangostana, Carica papaya, Lawsonia inermis and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. These are the ten plants that are commonly used traditionally in treating many skin conditions and hair problems. Using the herbal and natural ingredients in cosmetics alleviates the side effects almost to nil. This is predominantly lower than the side effects caused by synthetic cosmetics. --- ## Efficacy of Janda’s approach versus bruegger’s exercise in pelvic cross syndrome and its impact on quality of life **Authors:** Rajalaxmi V, Nandhini G, Senthilnathan C V, Mohan kumar G, Yuvarani G, Tharani G **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2071 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pelvic syndrome, Janda’s Approach, Muscle imbalance, Bruegger’s Exercise The objective of this study is to determine the Efficacy of Janda’s Approach Versus Bruegger’s Exercise in Pelvic Cross Syndrome and the quality of its impact in Life. Pelvic Cross Syndrome is characterized by tightness of thoracolumbar extensor on the dorsal side crosses with tightness of the Illiopsoas and Rectus femories. Weakness of the deep abdominal muscle ventrally crossed with weakness of the Gluteus maximus and Medius. This was an experimental study design with pre-post type conducted in outpatient physiotherapy department of ACS Medical college and hospital and took nearly 3 months to complete the study (January 2018-April 2018). 30 samples were selected from 45 volunteers based on the inclusion criteria. Group A received the Janda’s approach, Group B received the Bruegger’s exercise. Pre and post test outcome measures were taken with SF-12 scale,Visual analog scale, Goniometer.Post interventionally, both the groups showed decrease in pain and increase range of motion. However on comparing the results, Group A showed higher mean value and was more effective than Group B. The study concluded that the Group A Janda’s approach is an effective approach in reducing the pain and improved the range of motion in Pelvic Cross Syndrome. --- ## Box-Behnken experimental design for extraction optimization of cytotoxic activity from Curcuma aeruginosa rhizome **Authors:** Rani Khoiriyah, Made Artika I, Waras Nurcholis **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2045 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Box-Behnken design, Curcuma aeruginosa, Cytotoxic activity, Extraction yield, Optimization Curcuma aeruginosa is the common name of temu hitam in Indonesia, and the rhizome parts of the plant have several pharmacological activities. Generally, pharmacological activities are associated with bioactive content in the extract of medicinal plants. Several factors can influence the bioactive extraction from medicinal plants such as solvent types, extraction time, extraction technique, and liquid-to-solid ratio. In this research, the extraction factors for extraction yield and cytotoxic activity of C. aeruginosa rhizome were optimized using the Box-Behnken experimental design. Effect of ethanol concentration, the ratio of liquid to solid, and extraction time for the maceration process was studied. The cytotoxic activity was determined by the brine shrimp lethality test. The optimum value that maximizes the extraction yield was 70% ethanol, 300:15 ml/g liquid to solid ratio, and 1-day extraction time. The optimum value that maximizes the cytotoxic activity was 70% ethanol, 150:15 ml/g liquid to solid ratio, and 2-day extraction time. The predicted extraction yield and cytotoxic activity at these projected values are 14.78% and 78.26 mg/l, respectively. In this model, Adeq Precision (10.35 and 4.16), R-Squared (0.86 and 0.79), and F-value (7.92 and 2.04) is rational to fit the model for extraction yield and cytotoxic activity from C. aeruginosa rhizome. --- ## To assess the knowledge, attitude and behaviour on dog bites and its management in the prevention of rabies among general population in an urban area in Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Sruthi N Anandhan, Shiny Chrism Queen Nesan G, Charumathi B, Timsi Jain **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2143 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Attitude, First aid measures, Religious beliefs, Rabid dogs, Vaccine, Wound washing Rabies is a major health issue in the urban areas where there are many free roaming dogs. The absence of knowledge among people regarding the management of dog bites results in increased death due to rabies. Myths and indigenous methods have a greater influence on people than the available vaccines with proven efficacy. Rabies is a 100% fatal disease that can be prevented by timely intervention. Knowledge, attitude and practice among the people play an important role in reducing death due to rabies. So this study aims to assess and evaluate the knowledge, attitude and behaviour on dog bites and its management in the prevention of rabies among general population. A Pretested questionnaire regarding the knowledge, attitude and behaviour on dog bites and it management, containing 34 questions, was used. A cross sectional descriptive study was performed on 205 residents of an urban area (Thirumazhisai) in Tamil Nadu. The data obtained was analysed using SPSS 22. A total of 205 subjects were studied. 52 subjects had heard of rabies and knew that it could be spread by animal bite. Regarding the animals that could spread rabies, 52 subjects reported dogs to be the most common source, the second commonest response being cats (24 subjects). Knowledge, attitude and behaviour study suggests that there is need to create awareness amongst the masses regarding epidemiology of the disease and merits of prompt and appropriate post exposure treatment. --- ## In-vitro antibiofilm activity of selected medicinal plants against Staphylococcus aureus biofilm on chitin flakes as substrate **Authors:** Rimashree Baishya, Soma Banerjee **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2039 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biofilm, Chitin, Staphylococcus aureus, Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy The aim of the study is to assess the antibiofilm activity of ethanolic extracts of few Indian traditional herbal plants against Staphylococcus aureus biofilm along with phytochemical analysis of plant extracts and identification of active compounds. Broth micro-dilution method was followed for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) study of the plants against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Chitin was used as a substrate for biofilm formation and antibiofilm activity of plant extract was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of the chitin flakes were analysed to determine the inhibitory effect of the plant extract on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Curcuma longa showed the best antibacterial activities where MIC and MBC were 0.4 mg/ml and 1.60 mg/ml respectively. Viability cell counts of both planktonic and sessile condition of Staphylococcus aureus showed that C.longa ethanolic extract have an antibiofilm activity. The major compounds of C.longa extract was found to be curcumin, which responded for antibiofilm activity against S. aureus. Curcuma longa rhizome and its active compound curcumin can be a potential natural source of antibiofilm agents against infectious biofilm forming Staphylococcus aureus. --- ## A Study on Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in diabetic nephropathy **Authors:** Gurupavan kumar Ganta, Kedari G S R **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2139 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidants, Malondialdehyde, Oxidative stress Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder in the world. The metabolic dysregulation of diabetes mellitus affects multiple organs like Kidney, nerves, eyes and heart. Worldwide Among all diabetics, 20-40% of the people are suffering from Diabetic Nephropathy. Oxidative stress is increased by hyperglycemia in which Reactive Oxygen Species has been implicated in the pathology of these complications. The aim of our present study is one such attempt to find the role of oxidative stress by estimating the levels of oxidants and antioxidant levels in diabetic nephropathy in the ethnic south Indian population. Thirty diagnosed cases of diabetic Nephropathy were taken as cases and 30 age and sex-matched Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients were included as controls in the study. For oxidant levels, Malondialdehyde (MDA) was estimated and for antioxidant levels, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione Reductase (GR) were measured. Statistically, a significant increase is observed in the levels of Malondialdehyde in cases when compared to controls. There is no statistically significant difference in the levels of Superoxide dismutase and Glutathione peroxidase between cases and controls. Whereas significant statistical difference is observed in the levels of Glutathione reductase in Diabetic Nephropathy cases when compared with controls. --- ## A study on Unintentional injury and its impact among Children in Thirumazhisai, Chennai, India **Authors:** Revathy Selvakumar, Timsi Jain, Anantha Eashwar V M **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2062 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Childhood Injury, Economic loss, Primary Caretaker Injury-related death accounts for 9% of mortality, worldwide. Unintentional injury accounts for a major part of injury-related disability-adjusted life years. Unintentional injury in children is of importance because it contributes a major part to child mortality and can also potentially have long-term effects. A cross-sectional study was conducted to find the incidence of unintentional injury in children of age 1 year to 18 years, in a sub-urban area, Thirumazhisai, in Chennai, India. The study was conducted from January 21, 2019, to March 21, 2019. The study was conducted on 144 participants, which included the primary caretaker of the child with unintentional injury, which occurred within the last 3 months, using pre-designed semi-structured questionnaire. The data was collected and analysed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software. The study results showed that among the 144 participants, 75 were males and 69 were females. The cause of injury was recorded and classified as those due to playing outdoors (38.9%), domestic accidents (25%), sports-related injury (8.3%) and other injuries (30.6%). The commonest injury was abrasions (45.1%) followed by cuts & lacerations (30.6). Commonest body parts affected were hands (47.9%) and legs (46.5%). Around 30% had to take leave from school for up to 2 days, 26% had to take leave for more than 2 days and 25% had local pain. The injury was treated at healthcare centre in only 52.8% of the study group. Unintentional injuries sustained while playing outside were more common among caretakers who had only up to school education and those who were unemployed/housewives. Health education and awareness creation can be done for primary caretakers on the prevention of unintentional injuries as it can affect their schooling and create financial problem for the family. --- ## An Overview of Novel Corona Virus 2019-nCoV and their Clinical and Immune Responses **Authors:** Sheetal Devi, Manish Kumar, Prabhat Kumar Upadhyay, Anuj Malik, Beena Kumari, Raj Singh, Anil Kumar, Pandurangan A **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2188 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Hydroxychloroquine, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, Transmission The novel virus such as corona virus 2019 is the main cause of the disease that is declared by the WHO (World Health Origination). Some other virus similar to this virus were also discovered in initial year of 21th century such as SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. The first few cases of covid-19 were detected from direct contact to the infected animal to human which is also called as animal to human transmission. Due to direct exposure of this virus to infected animals the human to human transmission of the virus is as well possible, which is also likely to be consider and measured as core form of transmission. According to the reports of WHO by 26 February 2020, patients suffering from COVID-19 reduced gradually in China but rapidly increased in countries like Italy, Iran and South Korea. The infection caused by the COVID 19 is detected by looking at the symptoms and it ultimately confirmed by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) of infected secretions with 71% sensitivity and computed tomography scan with 98%. Pharmacological demonstrating dependent on observed drug absorptions and in vitro drug testing propose that prophylaxis with hydroxychloroquine at affirmed portions could anticipate SARS-CoV-2 contamination and improve viral shedding. Clinical preliminaries of hydroxychloroquine treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia are in progress in China (NCT04261517 and NCT04307693). --- ## Antimicrobial and Enzymatic potential of Streptomyces sp. KAS-1 isolated from the microbiologically unexplored estuary of Kali river ecosystem **Authors:** Sreenivasa Nayaka, Shashiraj Kareyallappa Nagaraja, Bidhayak Chakraborty, Meghashyama Prabhakara Bhat, Pallavi Sathyanarayana Swamy, Dattatraya Airodagi, Halaswamy Hiremath, Muthuraj Rudrappa, Dhanyakumara Shivapoojar Basavarajappa, Anusha Rohidas Pednekar **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2048 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial activity, Enzyme activity, Streptomyces thermocarboxydus In the present study, a Streptomyces sp. was isolated from sediment soil samples of the Kali river estuary, Karwar, Karnataka, India. The isolated Actinomycetes strains were screened against pathogenic microorganisms and for the production of hydrolytic enzymes. Later, the strongest strain Streptomyces sp. KAS-1 was taken for further analysis based on primary characterizations. The morphological, physiological and biochemical characterizations of Streptomyces sp. KAS-1 were carried out, followed by molecular characterization through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and analysis of the phylogenetic tree showed a 98.97% sequence similarity with Streptomyces thermocarboxydus strain SDT64 (KJ018992). Finally, the intracellular methanol extract was characterized through UV-Visible and FTIR spectrophotometer. The Streptomyces sp. is a gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, spore-forming bacterium and it was designated as Streptomyces sp. KAS-1 and was found to possess a strong antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The characterizations revealed the Streptomyces sp. KAS-1 was moderately thermophilic, neutrophile organism having the capacity to degrade a broad range of carbon sources. The UV-Visible spectrum of methanol extract of Streptomyces sp. KAS-1 revealed the presence of Muconomycin-B and the presence of different functional groups such as aldehydes, amines, and alkyl halides were indicated by the FTIR spectrum. --- ## A Study on infant and young children feeding practices among mothers in Thirumazhisai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Krrithvi Dharini, Timsi Jain, Anantha Eashwar V M **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2059 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Complimentary feeding, Exclusive breastfeeding, Pre-lacteal feeds, minimum dietary diversity In the world, under-nutrition accounts for a large scale of infant and child mortality, one of the causes being suboptimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding. It is important that adequate nutrition have to be provided during the period of first and second year of life to prevent impaired developmental milestones and malnutrition, since it is very common in India. The main aim of this study is to assess the knowledge and feeding practices among mothers of infants and children aged between 6 and 23 months. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a pre-tested structured questionnaire, which was developed based on (Infant and Young Children Feeding practices) IYCF, on 101 mothers of infants and children aged between 6 and 23 months in Thirumazhisai, Chennai. Among the 101 mothers interviewed, 93% of them had knowledge of early initiation of breastfeeding, but only 87.1% of the children were given breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth and exclusive breastfeeding practices were followed in 94% of the mothers. Statistical significant association was found between Exclusive breastfeeding and age < 25 years, socio-economic status and education. The prevalence of pre-lacteal feeding was 13.9%. Though there is adequate knowledge and feeding practices followed, further research is needed to quantify the gaps among the knowledge and practice of feeding practices among the study population. --- ## Exploration of antifungal potential of different extracts of Zingiber officinale against Microsporum gypseum **Authors:** Puneet Sudan, Manish Goswami, Jitender Singh **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2041 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antifungal, Zingiber officinale, Microsporum gypseum, ethanol Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been utilized since ancient times in various traditional systems of medicine like Ayurveda, Unani, and naturopathy because of antifungal and antimicrobial potential against diverse fungal and microbial infections. Moreover, in the Asian subcontinent like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc., ginger is used in many food preparations as a condiment and boiled decoction to treat cold-cough and indigestion. The present research was conducted to find out the antifungal potential of various extracts of dried ginger powder, by means of paper disc diffusion method, with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous solvents in 25 μml, 50 μml and 100 μml concentrations against Microsporum gypseum. Clotrimazole was used as a standard. The present study revealed that ginger is a potent antifungal agent against Microsporum gypseum. The ethanol extract of ginger using 100 μml concentrations depicted the highest zone of inhibition of 19.840+ 0.65mm and 46.139% of mycelial inhibition against the tested pathogen. While other drug extracts in different solvents also revealed reasonable to least antifungal potential. This finding tells us that ginger extracts tested proved to be a potent antifungal agent against Microsporum gypseum. It was found that ethanol extract of ginger is best effective against tested strain. This exploration of ginger extracts has confirmed its importance, particularly in the area of influence on dermatophytic fungal strain. --- ## Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Primary School Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R, Christopher Amalraj Vallaba Doss, Palanivel R M **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2042 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vitamin D, serum 25OHD level, Hypovitaminosis D, Developmental coordination Disorder The majority of mothers and caregivers of children with DCD were not aware of vitamin D deficiency and its relations to cardiovascular abnormalities and many other non-skeletal abnormalities. It is well known that skeletal muscle integrity and metabolism are boosted by sunray vitamin and Young women’s and children were the victims of vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D oral supplementation is under routine practice in a western country. However, it has been frequently documented in studies, but there are limited data on the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency among children with DCD in the Indian population. The study aims to find out the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in children with DCD in primary schools. 20 children with DCD underwent physical examination on the blood test and physical activity assessments. (50%) were vitamin D deficient (serum 25OHD level), of whom 4% were severely vitamin D deficient and physical activity were significant independent predictors of hypovitaminosis D. Indian mothers of children with DCD were having poor perception regarding their child's green land play and they constrain the children's towards academic activities. Thus they were at higher risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia as there is a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency encountered in children with DCD. --- ## Fingerprint patterns of thumb and index in the right and left-handed male and female medical and paramedical students **Authors:** Aadhyyanth R Allu, Sudakshina Chakrabarti **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2113 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dermatoglyphic pattern, Fingerprint, Gender variation, Handedness Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of the epidermal ridge configuration of hands and feet. Digital dermatoglyphics are unique and specific evidence that greatly contribute to personal identification in forensic science. Hand dominance is an uneven distribution of fine motor skills between the left and right hands. The objective of the study is to observe gender variation in fingerprinting pattern of thumb and index fingers and also to determine the relationship between handedness and digital dermatoglyphics. The study was conducted at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the Ethical Clearance Committee of the institute. This cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample size of 500 students, of 18-25 years of age, pursuing their education in the constituent courses of Saveetha Medical College. Handedness was assessed using the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. The fingerprints were obtained by a 'Lipstick' method. The prints were studied using a magnifying lens. The various patterns of fingerprints were observed, categorized and compared according to standard guidelines. A total of 500 students were studied. There were 228 right-handed males, 18 left-handed males, 233 right-handed females and 21 left-handed females. In right-handed males, the thumb showed a predominance of loop pattern in (57.9 %) study participants and in right-handed females loop pattern was observed in thumb was 61.1%. In the right-handed female thumb, loops were predominant patterns in 70.8. Arch pattern is distinctively absent for both right and left-handed thumb in both males and females. 19.3 % of female right-hander had arch patterns predominantly in their index finger. Widespread interest is developing in the field of medicine and forensic science with regard to epidermal ridges. Our present study was able to observe gender variations and variations in the dermatoglyphic pattern in the right and left-hander for the first two digits. --- ## Presence of Gender Difference in Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scores Among the Allied Health Sciences Students- A Cross-Sectional Study **Authors:** Madan Kumar S, Archana R **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2119 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Allied health sciences, Anxiety, Depression, Gender differences, Stress The present study was undertaken to assess the gender differences in depression, anxiety and stress among the undergraduate allied health sciences students as few studies exist on stress assessment in allied health sciences students that bring out the gender differences in stress, depression, and anxiety. This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted on the first- and second-year students of 18-22 years of age after obtaining informed consent and Institutional ethical clearance. DASS questionnaire was used to assess the depression, anxiety and stress levels in the Allied health sciences students and to find out the existence of difference of scores in the male and female students. In the present study, a significantly high percentage of male students had higher scores in depression, anxiety and stress compared to the female students. Our study highlights the need for implementation of effective counseling and relaxation techniques in order to decrease their stress level, to enhance their academic and clinical performance. --- ## A community-based cross-sectional study on the nutritional status of children less than 5 years of age using Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure in a semi-urban area of northern Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Anuhya B, Nisha B, Ruma Dutta, Timsi Jain **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2154 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anthropometric measurements, Child development, Conventional measurements, Malnutrition, Stunting, Underweight, Wasting Malnutrition among under-five children is a major public health problem all around the world. About more than 30% of the malnutrition world-wide is prevalent in southern Asia, a significant proportion of which is contributed by India. It is well known that malnutrition is frequently a part of a vicious cycle that includes poverty and infections, which can last a life-time and may also affect the next generations. This study aims to assess the nutritional status of children less than 5 years in a semi-urban area of Tamil Nadu using a composite index of anthropometric failure. A cross-sectional community-based study was undertaken among 168 children and anthropometric measurements were taken. Using conventional Z score indicators, 22.62% of the children were found to be stunted, 43.45% of the children were underweight and wasting was found in 45.83% of the children. Whereas using CIAF, the results were found to be 38.69% (no failure), 11.90% (Only wasting), 23.21% (Wasting and underweight), 11.31% (Wasting, underweight and Stunting), 6.55% (Stunting and underweight) 5.36% (Only stunting) and 2.98% (Only underweight). There was an unacceptably high prevalence of malnutrition among under-five children. Therefore, using CIAF showed better classification of undernutrition than conventional indicators. Also, health institutions at all levels should integrate nutrition as a health component and there is a need to educate the parents to provide age-appropriate energy-rich, locally available and nutritionally balanced food items. Accelerating the reduction in under-5 mortality is possible by expanding effective preventive and curative interventions that target the main causes of undernutrition. This will, in the long run, help in making this nation healthier, stronger, and more prosperous. --- ## Knowledge, attitude and practices about acute respiratory infection among mothers of under 5 children in an urban area of Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Jeya Subha C, Shiny Chrism Queen Nesan G, Charumathi B, Timsi Jain **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL2.2054 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ARI, Attitude, Knowledge, Mothers, Practice, Under 5 Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is one of the major public health problems in developing countries and in India, ARI is considered as one of the major killer diseases and leading cause for morbidity and mortality in children below five years. Knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers play a major role in the decrease of morbidity in under 5 children. The objective is to evaluate the health-seeking behaviour of mothers and to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers regarding ARI. Using pretested semi-structured proforma, a descriptive study on 204 mothers was done and information on knowledge of ARI, attitude and practice regarding consulting physician, antibiotic use were collected and results were analysed using SPSS 22. Questionnaire regarding knowledge preferred that 61.8% of mothers preferred private set up as a place of choice of treatment and the commonest aggravating factor was infection (36.8%), most common complication was Pneumonia (32.4%), and most mothers opted for the medical practitioner (86.3%) for treatment. Self-medication was seen to be practiced by (52.5%). The younger age, a short period of time since marriage, and higher educational level were found to be significantly correlated with the good knowledge, attitude and practice and this could be due to that younger women with a lower duration of marriage have more time as well as being aware of new media and internet. They would gain knowledge easily compared to older women. --- ## Study of radioprotective properties of chitosan at gamma-irradiation **Authors:** Marina A. Frolova, Svetlana A. Gryn, Elana I. Kovaleva, Aleksey I. Albulov, Roman N. Melnik, Vladimir I. Eremets, Vera M. Popova, Irina N. Matveeva **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2076 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** chitosan, radioprotector, gamma-irradiation, prophylactic and therapeutic effect The objective of this study was the analysis of adaptogenic effects of chitosan at gamma-irradiation. The study of radioprotective properties of chitosan was carried out on male mice having the weight of 20-25 g, exposed to gamma-irradiation at the doses of up to 800 bar at the Gamma Panorama unit (radiation source – Cs137, gamma dose rate – 14 R/min, duration of irradiation – 58.5 min). 4 experimental and 2 control groups with 7 animals in each have been formed. The medicine dose schedule, allowing to identify both the prophylactic effect and the therapeutic effect of chitosan, was used in the experiment. It was found out in experiments on white mice, with the purpose of determining 50% lethal dose (LD50) that chitosan belongs to the substances of hazard class 4 because its LD50 considerably exceeds 5000 mg/kg; at this, the toxicity of chitosan decreases parallel to its molecular weight decrease. The prophylactic and therapeutic effect of low-molecular chitosan (molecular weight 5-10 kDa) as at abdominal injection at the doses of 200 mg/kg of body weight. It has been demonstrated that the mice from the experimental group, I that received chitosan 3 days before the irradiation remained alive throughout the entire observation period (30 days). In the animals of II of II, III, IV experimental groups that received chitosan in 3, 9 and 22 days after the irradiation, the survival rate by the experiment end was 86, 43 and 29%, respectively, with the 100% death of animals in the control group I (irradiated animals without the use of chitosan) and full safety of animals in the control group II (non-irradiated animals). --- ## Treatments and Prophylactics for a Global Emergency Alert: COVID 19 using Allopathic and Indian Phytomedicine **Authors:** Aravindhanathan Venkatesan, Sudhakar Kothandan, Arun Radhakrishnan, Gowthamarajan Kuppuswamy, Dhanabal Palanisamy, Balasubramanian Somanathan, Suresh Bhojraj **Published:** 2020-04-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2193 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** SARS CoV2, Epidemic 2020, AYUSH Prophylactics, COVID 19 Treatments SARS CoV 2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome novel corona virus-2) to which the world paid the complete attention to face the Global Emergency Alert. COVID 19 was first identified in Wuhan, province in China on December, 2020. There are around 12.7 lakhs reported cases and more than 69.4 thousands deaths (06/04/2020) which pave the way for having the health crises in the entire world’s population. Compared to the SARS CoV and MERS CoV, the fatality rate was lower. But it provides the major impacts on elder population (fatality rate more than 40-50 %). Normal/ low white cell counts with elevated CRP (C-reactive protein ) severs as the laboratory findings for the SARS CoV 2 with the symptoms of cough, sneeze, difficulties in breathing and fever followed by ARDS (Acute respiratory distress syndrome) and multi organ dysfunction. By complete understanding of CoV 2 Pathogenesis, presently many drugs are repositioning to completely eradicate the COVID 19. So many drugs are under clinical trials in which the Hydroxychloroquine produces the greater effects on SARS CoV. Likewise many drugs are subjected to this mega clinical trial by repositioning the drugs. AYUSH recommends some of the prophylactics and dietary supplements for the COVID 19. This global emergency was not only for the researchers but also all professionals and their impact to the world’s developed and developing countries still unknown. --- ## Carica Papaya Leaf Extracts: A Novel Herbal Drug in Cancer Treatment **Authors:** Rajashri R, Mahathi Neralla, Rinku George, Santhosh Kumar M P, Arthi Balasubramaniam **Published:** 2020-04-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2038 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cachexia, Head and neck cancer, oral cancer, Papaya leaf, Treatment, Herbal drug With the continued increase in Cancer incidence and deaths, traditional clinical therapies like surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunosuppression alone are not enough to counteract cancer due to their cost and its associated side effects, thus emphasizing the need for a novel intervention plan. Hippocrates's (5th century BCE) quote "Let food be thy medicine, and let thy medicine be thy food" is well popular all over the world and thus food was chosen to enhance health and emotional wellbeing that caused the change in trend in the market for natural products that help in combating cancer. Cancer statistics showed that the consumption of diets rich in fresh fruits and vegetables is inversely associated with cancer incidence, which leads to study plant-based dietary antioxidants and its therapeutic role in cancer, which was underestimated in the past. This review is about the potential benefits of leaf extracts of Carica papaya in treating various cancers of the body; and its implication in the management of oral cancers. --- ## Synthesis of some novel 3- (4-ethoxyphenyl) -5- (4-substituted) -4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole derivatives as potent antioxidant agents **Authors:** Lakshminarayanan B, Kannappan N, Subburaju T, Kalaichelvan V K **Published:** 2020-04-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2035 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Eelectron donating groups, Electron withdrawing groups, Ethoxy group, In vitro antioxidant activity, Pyrazoline, Synthesis Pyrazolines are the most useful heterocyclic moiety in Pharmaceutical and Chemical fields and as the most potential molecules for the design of new chemical entities. Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, pyrazolines and their derivatives showed a variety of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant properties. In the present study, eleven novel ethoxylated pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized by condensing chalcones with electron releasing ethoxy group at one end and different electron-donating, electron-withdrawing groups in another end with hydrazine hydrate and alcohol. The compounds synthesized were structural elucidated by their spectroscopic studies. All the compounds synthesized were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant potential by 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging assay methods. Some of these molecules possess moderate to good antioxidant activity when compared to standard ascorbic acid. The compound with methoxy group (EH2) exhibits potent antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 9.02 and 9.44µg/ml in DPPH and hydrogen peroxide assay methods respectively and the compound with hydroxy group (EH9) also showed potent antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 12.41 and 14.56µg/ml in DPPH and hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging assay methods respectively when compared to standard. The compounds containing electron-donating substituents were found to be good antioxidants when compared to standard ascorbic acid. --- ## CoVid-19: Unmasking the new face of Education **Authors:** Shatakshi Lall, Nardev Singh **Published:** 2020-04-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2122 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID 19, Online classes, Perception, Students Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a newly discovered infectious disease caused by a virus named "coronavirus." The lockdown due to COVID 19 has largely affected the lives of students as they no more get to interact on a one on one basis with their teachers. This shift in education from traditional classroom learning to computer-based learning might be one of the largest educational experiments to date. As the online teaching-learning process has become more prevalent in India due to COVID 19 pandemic, it becomes particularly important to know its growth and to know whether it's actually helping the students achieve what they expect out of college. The present study was therefore designed to understand the student's perspective, attitudes, and readiness about online classes being conducted at the University level. An Observational, Descriptive study was conducted. The data was collected using a Questionnaire. The present study was carried out amongst 200 students. After analyzing the results, it was found that 74% of the students liked studying through online classes. The most common reason (49%) as to why the students like studying online were that the study time becomes flexible, and they can study anytime they want. Lack of co-curricular activity was the most common issue (34%) of online classes, as reported by the students. Most of the students were found satisfied with the content and procedure of online teaching. About 30% of the students reported that they prefer their lecture being delivered through a PPT with an audio recording. The present study that was conducted among college students revealed that maximum students are in favor of studying through online classes, but they feel that there is a lack of co-curricular activities in the online mode of conducting classes. As the students are in favor of online classes, such classes must be continued with some interventions. Education Ministry must develop certain rules and guidelines wherein certain online activity sessions can be made compulsory along with regular lecture sessions. --- ## Assessment of utilization of anticancer drugs in cancer centre at tertiary care hospitals in Telangana region **Authors:** Praveen Kumar T, Nadeem Ahmed, Sravan Kumar B, Chinna Eswaraiah M **Published:** 2020-04-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2034 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antineoplastic drugs, Carcinoma, Prescription analysis Cancer is a life-threatening disease and is a major economic burden to families in India. Assessment of the utilization of anticancer drugs promotes rationality in using drugs. The main objective of the study was to identify the prevalence of various types of cancers, analyzing the prescribing patterns of anticancer drugs in cancer centers at the tertiary care hospitals in Telangana. It was a Prospective and observational study carried out in hospitals of Telangana for a period of six months, which includes 300 patients. All the patients with respective to age, sex, diagnosis, and treatment, who were on anticancer prescription and were willing to give consent, were included in the study. Among 300 patients selected in our study, 111 (37 %) were males, and 189 (63 %) were female patients. 170 (56.66 %) cancer cases were evident between 71 to 80 years of age. Hypertension is the major comorbidity observed in 68 cancer patients. 54 drugs were prescribed for different cancers patients in our study. The most commonly used class of anticancer agents was tyrosine kinase inhibitors (10drugs), monoclonal antibodies (10 drugs). 33 female patients were suffering from breast cancer, and Lungs cancer was found in 44 patients. Carboplatin was given to 30 (10%) patients, followed by Chlorambucil to 27 patients (9%). Assessment of utilization of Anticancer Drugs promotes education to a physician for rational drug use and can give better health care and also cost-effective treatment. --- ## Improvement of econazole nitrate solubility by using surfactants and phospholipids according to optimized experimental design **Authors:** Ismail Bennani, Lamyae Yachi, Yassir El Alaoui, Aicha Fahry, Nawal Cherkaoui, Abdelkader Laatiris, Jaouad El Harti, Younes Rahali **Published:** 2020-04-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2036 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Solubility, Mixture design, Econazole Nitrate, Surfactants The main purpose of this study is to improve and boost the solubility of Econazole Nitrate in water using phospholipid and surfactants, until it becomes possible to evaluate the utility of a mixture design in order to determine the optimal composition of non-ionic surfactants and phospholipids needed to obtain a significant improvement in the solubility of Econazole Nitrate in water. The design of experiments approach was tested using a mixture design of Lipoïd 75® as phospholipid and Econazole Nitrate, Tween® 80 and Solutol®HS 15 as surfactants,. Solubility was determined by the analysis of samples absorbance at 225 nm. and the measurement size of particles conducted using a Dynamic Light Scattering at the maximum point of solubility. The final results displayed an improvement in solubility with a statistically significant increase in many tested mixtures. Analysis of the design space showed that, the solubility of Econazole Nitrate is importantly affected by the concentration of surfactants. The best obtained test encloses 1% Econazole Nitrate, 2% Tween® 80, 0.5% Lipoid 75®, 2% Solutol®HS 15 and water q. s. for 100% w / w. Our study has demonstrated that optimized experimental design determines the proportions and the effects of every component based on a limited number of experiments. --- ## Gymnemic acid, a potent antidiabetic agent protects skeletal muscle from hyperglycemia mediated oxidative stress and apoptotic events in High fat and High fructose diet fed adult rats **Authors:** Porkodi Karthikeyan, Lakshmi Narasimhan Chakrapani, Thangarajeswari Mohan, Bhavani Tamilarasan, Pughazhendi Kannan, Kalaiselvi Periandavan **Published:** 2020-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2029 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Type 2 diabetes, High-fat diet, Gymnemic acid, Oxidative stress, Apoptosis Type 2 diabetes is delineated by impaired metabolic flexibility, and intramyocellular lipid accumulation, causing insulin resistance, particularly in skeletal muscle by reducing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. High-fat diet and high fructose (HFD and HF) administration in rodents bestows a model for hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and Type 2 diabetes. The current study is focused on elucidating the role of Gymnemic acid in combating hyperglycemia mediated oxidative stress and apoptotic events in the skeletal muscle of HFD and HF induced Type 2 diabetes in Wistar albino rats by boosting antioxidant defense system. Gymnemic acid, a saponin of triterpene glycoside contained in leaves of Gymnema Sylvestre, has potent anti-diabetic properties. Treatment with Gymnemic acid restored the antioxidant status (Gpx, SOD, CAT, GR, Vit C & Vit E) with significant (p<0.05) decrease in free radical levels and reinvigorated the expression of apoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins in Type 2 diabetic rats. Histopathological data demonstrate that oral administration of Gymnemic acid protects skeletal muscle fibers from an oxidative niche in HFD and HF in Type 2 diabetic rats. In accordance with this, Gymnemic acid might be regarded as a promising therapeutic agent against Type 2 diabetes, thereby restoring skeletal muscle integrity and function. --- ## Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of various extracts of aerial parts of Cassia absus: An in-vitro techniques **Authors:** Mythri M, Sanal Dev K T, Kottai Muthu A **Published:** 2020-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2031 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cassia absus, DPPH radical, Nitric oxide radical scavenging, total antioxidant Cassia absus (Linn) (family Fabaceae ) is generally known as “chaksu ” inan ayurvedic traditional system. The current study, aerial parts of different concentrates (Pet.ether, ethyl acetate and methanol) of Cassia absus, was evaluated for its in-vitro antioxidant potential by Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical, nitric oxide activity and total antioxidant activity taking ascorbate as the standard for all the three methods. The IC50 value was originated that methanolic concentrates of Cassia absus more efficient in Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical, nitric oxide activity, total antioxidant activity compared EA&PE concentrates.The methanolic concentrates of Cassia absus & ascorbic acid exhibited antioxidant potential possessing IC50230µg/ml &130µg/ml (Nitric oxide). 205µg/ml &57µg/ml (total antioxidant),195µg/ml & 66µg/ml (Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical) respectively. The difference in the scavenging potential of the extracts can be due to variation in the percentage of bioactive compounds present in different solvents. In vitro antioxidant studies obviouslyshow the methanolic concentrates of Cassia absushave better antioxidant activity. This result indicates that aerial parts of methanolic concentrates Cassia absuscould serve as a natural antioxidant, which may be useful in prevent free radical-induced diseases. --- ## Isolation of chemical constituents and In-Vitro screening of Plectranthus mollis Spreng for anthelmintic activity **Authors:** Haripriya G, Duraiswamy B, Dhamodaran P **Published:** 2020-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2028 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-helminthic activity, Antioxidant activity, GC-MS analysis, Indian earthworm, Plectranthus mollis, Total phenol content The human being are the most affected with diseases than any other animal species. For a long time, almost all the medicines were extracted from plants, and many herbal drugs were used by different civilization and many of them are still used. Tannins and flavonoids are the chemical constituents in the plants that shows the anti-helminthic activity. In traditional medicine, Plectranthus mollis has been used against snakebites, respiratory stimulant and cure for hemorrhage, antimicrobial, treatment of mental retardation and rheumatism. Moreover, Plectranthus mollis is reported to have a high content of tannins and flavonoids. Dried aerial parts of the hydroalcoholic extract of Plectranthus mollis are subjected to preliminary tests for the identification of various active constituents present in the extract. Estimation of total phenolic content were determined calorimetrically using Folin-Ciocalteu method and total flavonoid content were determined by aluminum chloride colorimetric technique for the hydroalcoholic extract of Plectranthus mollis. The antioxidant activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of the plant were carried out by DPPH radical scavenging assay. The anthelmintic activity of dried aerial parts of the hydroalcoholic extract of Plectranthus mollis are evaluated on adult Pheretima Posthuma (Indian earthworm). The chemical compound present in dried aerial parts of hydroalcoholic extract of Plectranthus mollis were isolated by flash chromatography. The isolated compound were detected by HPTLC technique and confirmed by GC-MS analysis. --- ## Effectiveness of dysphagia exercises on swallowing ability among patients with Cerebrovascular Accidents **Authors:** Bhuvaneshwari G, Somiya C **Published:** 2020-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2027 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dysphagia Exercises, Cerebrovascular accident and swallowing ability Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is one of the foremost reasons leading to mortality and morbidity throughout the world. It is the third biggest killer in India after a heart attack and cancer. It is like a chronic health condition which negatively impacts on quality of life. Dysphagia is one of the most successive side effects in patients with a stroke which is a loss of motion of throat muscles. This condition can disturb the gulping procedure and make eating, drinking, taking prescription and breathing trouble. Dysphagia exercises are designed to enhancing muscles and coordinating the nerves and muscles involved in swallowing. The pre-experimental design was used with 60 samples who matched the inclusion criteria who were selected by purposive sampling technique. The study aims is to assess the swallowing ability before and after dysphagia exercises among patients with cerebrovascular accidents. Demographical variables were collected by using self- structured questionnaires and Modified Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability Scale. The study uncovered that the pre-test mean swallowing ability score was 42.45 with a standard deviation of 8.63 among the cerebrovascular accident patients. The post-test swallowing ability mean score of 50.54% with a standard deviation of 8.23 among the cerebrovascular accident patients. The study findings concluded that Dysphagia practices which was an effective, inexpensive, simple measure for improving swallowing ability among patients with cerebrovascular accident. --- ## Development of biodegradable silkworm cocoon derived silk membrane for GTR in the treatment of grade II furcation **Authors:** Archana R Sankar, Sheela Kumar Gujjari, Kulkarni PK, Akhila AR **Published:** 2020-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2033 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bone Fill, Collagen Membrane, Grade II furcation, Silk Fibroin Membrane, Xenograft This was a preliminary study to develop a biodegradable membrane from silkworm Bombyx.mori. The silk fibroin membrane prepared was analyzed for tensile strength and used in patients with grade II furcation defects, which was compared with collagen membrane. Though collagen is the gold standard, it has disadvantages, one of them being slow biodegradability. Hence this research was carried out to see if silk fibroin was good as a regenerative material in providing bone fill in the furcal area. As it is commonly accepted that treatment in the furcal area is better with bone graft and GTR membrane compared with just bone graft and flap surgery, this clinical trial with a common bone graft was carried out in addition to barrier membrane, which were of different sources. The patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were randomized into test and control sites. The test sites received bone graft(colocast) and silk fibroin membrane while the control site received bone graft(colocast) and collagen membrane(cologide). The bone fill was analyzed radiographically using AUTOCAD software 2017. The results of the study showed that both the sites did not show any adverse effects, but improvement were noted clinically and radiographically. Radiographically significant improvement was seen in silk fibroin sites indicating that silk fibroin with bone graft would be better as a regenerative material. --- ## A Comparative Study on Relative Safety and Efficacy of Chlorpromazine and Risperidone in Schizophrenia patients **Authors:** Kala Bahadur Rawal, Sharad Chand, Min Bahadur Luhar, Sreekath B, Muralidhar Reddy N, Shivaraj B, Vijaya Raj, Nisi Grace Kuriakose **Published:** 2020-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2030 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Conventional antipsychotics, second-generation antipsychotics, compliance, adverse effects, quality of life, schizophrenia Patient safety is the foremost concern in the healthcare system. However, only a few studies have been conducted regarding the safety and efficacy of antischizophrenic drugs in the south Indian population. The main objective is to study relative safety profile and efficacy between chlorpromazine and risperidone among schizophrenia patients in teaching hospital. Prospective, observational, comparative study conducted for six months among schizophrenia patients. The data was collected from 62 enrolled subjects with the help of questionnaires and scales, and data was analyzed by using a t-test and other relevant descriptive analysis by using the statistical software SPSS version 20.0. Out of a total of 70 patients, males were 39, and females were 31. Out of 70 patients, only 62 patients completed the study according to the inclusion criteria. The occurrence of schizophrenia was higher in the age of late adolescence and early adulthood. Risperidone was more effective in treating negative and general symptoms compare to chlorpromazine, but equally efficacious in treating positive symptoms. Poor medication adherence was found in patients receiving both drugs. Chlorpromazine is more effective in a patient with predominantly positive symptoms. Risperidone is more effective and should be preferred in patients with positive, negative, and general symptoms. --- ## Assessment of Quinone Enriched Fraction in Nigella sativa Seed Extracts **Authors:** Durga B, Dass Prakash M V, Julius A **Published:** 2020-04-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2024 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nigella sativa, TLC, HPLC analysis, Quinone In recent days, the thirst for the identification of the potential bioactive compounds from the natural sources like medicinal plants is on continuous demand. Among scientists and academicians, it has created many interdisciplinary platforms for research in establishing new drugs from the natural sources. According to many recent studies, Nigella sativa is believed to be the rich source of quinone, an effective bioactive compound with lots of medicinal values. The purpose of this study was to isolate and estimate the quinone in Nigella sativa seed extracts (aqueous and ethanol). Based on the qualitative and quantitative determination, the extracts were further focused for isolation of quinone from both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Nigella sativa. The isolated compound is identified by thin layer chromatography and purity is analyzed in High performance liquid chromatography. From the results we obtained, it was very clear that among the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Nigella sativa, the ethanolic extract has been found with the highest quantity of quinine. This would be predicting that the ethanol extract of Nigella sativa may have good efficacy of pharmacological and therapeutic potentials like antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory properties when compared with the aqueous extract due to the presence of more quinone. --- ## A Comprehensive Review on Current Progressions in Combating The Antimicrobial Resistance **Authors:** Bharatlal Sain, Manohar M, Gowda D V **Published:** 2020-04-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2023 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial resistance, Therapeutic failure, Photodynamic therapy, Vaccines, Nano antibiotics, Microfluidics Anti-microbial resistance (AMR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effect of antibiotics. It has become the most important cause of concern throughout the world. AMR may develop a variety of mechanisms, including resistance, weakness, or due to a certain therapeutic failure. The three major causes of resistance were identified to be over usage of anti-microbials, over-prescription, increased agricultural usage. The mechanism which leads to the development of AMR was found to be Metabolic Inactive Persister cells biofilm formation, Swarming, Obligate intracellular microbes, Reduced uptake and efflux pumps, Modification of the antibiotic binding site, Production of competitive inhibitors. Research is still being carried out and few methods successfully delay or inhibit the progress of Resistance namely Photodynamic therapy, which works on the principle of photosensitization, results in formation of ROS which destroys pathogenic cells, Vaccines, which strengthen the defence system to fight against foreign microorganisms efficiently, Antibiotic adjuvants, work by inhibiting any kind of mechanism related to the resistance increasing the drug’s antibacterial efficiency, Nano antibiotics which acts by interfering with the mechanisms for the development of the resistance and microfluidics give a better understanding of the bacteria and its superior antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Hence, in this review, the above mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance as well, the latest AMR combating strategies are discussed. --- ## Productive indicators of cows and milk quality, when adding amide-vitamin-mineral concentrate to the diet **Authors:** Sergey Yu Smolentsev, Galiya R Yusupova, Nikita V Nikolaev, Zaira F Aukhadieva, Renat A Volkov, Aliya R Kashaeva, Firaya K Akhmetzyanova, Aigul Z Karimova **Published:** 2020-04-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2025 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** cow, diet, energy, AVMC, milk, quality, productivity, economy The effectiveness of dairy breeding largely depends on the intensity of the use of the breeding stock. At the same time, the factor of the duration of economic use of animals is gaining importance, which affects not only the production economy, but also the improvement of stocks and breeds. The lifelong productivity, the quantitative and qualitative growth of the stock, the amount of capital investment in its formation and the efficiency of operation depend on the term for the productive use of cows. The terms of breeding and production use of animals are directly linked with the biologically possible longevity of each animal, in turn, the duration of the productive period of cattle is in the range of 12-17 lactations. The influence of feed on production is associated primarily with the level of digestion and assimilation. The digestive capacity of the digestive tract of animals can be improved by selecting the optimal ratio in the diet of rough, juicy and concentrated feeds, i.e. optimization of animal feeding types. We conducted an analysis of milk productivity in lactating cows, when using AVMC feed additive in the diet. The experiment was conducted in the conditions of the dairy farm of Biryuli CJSC of the Vysokogorsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan on three groups of lactating cows. For the experiment, 30 cows were selected, 10 in each Holstein black-and-white breed according to the principle of analogues. Studies have shown that AVMC with rapeseed oil seeds and AVMC with fus in the diet of lactating cows provided higher animal productivity and positively affected the chemical composition of milk. --- ## A Review on Modern Drug Packaging in Pharmaceutical Industries **Authors:** Parameshwarappa Rajendra Patel, Gowrav M P, Borra Vamsi, Hemanth kumar S **Published:** 2020-04-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2022 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Pharmaceutical packing, medicinal containers, Current trends of pharmaceutical packaging, quick packaging Pharmaceutical packing is one of the markets throughout the world that is progressing at continuous pace. It’s a predictable market that can grow to price $78.79 Billion by 2018. Packaging may be a key available for sale, protection and accomplishment. Like different grocery, prescribed drugs packaging got to be in such a fashion that it'll give quick packaging, safety, identification, goods superiority, patient safety, display and desires of security. Packaging is an art of science where several considerations are involved from the basic development of the design and the technology implemented to pack the product without any instability and providing protection, presentation and observance of manufactured goods during transportation, storage until it reaches the Consumer. Packaging technician designs containers which would maintain the physiochemical, and biological stability of the drug and package would be able to withstand the pressures that would be inflicted the entire supply and transport process. Advancement in analysis of prescribed drugs development has perpetually been obsessed[u1] with the packaging skill.(Analysis of the advancements of prescribed drugs and the packaging skills clearly show that the development of these two are perpetual.) Maintaining the genuineness of prescribed drugs throughout the processes of storing, cargo and transport is guaranteed by quality of packing available. This current evaluation provides an in depth study of the pharmaceutical packaging trends and forecasting the packing outcomes in future. --- ## Influence of para-aminobenzoic acid on young cattle **Authors:** Sergey Yu Smolentsev, Ali H Volkov, Ellada K Papunidi, Leisyan F Yakupova, Ramil N Fayzrakhmanov, Imane Bouadila, Andrey A Rudenko, Pavel A Rudenko **Published:** 2020-04-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2021 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Para-aminobenzoic acid, young cattle, growth and development, organoleptic assessment, meat, meat broth, meat chemistry In the present developmental state of market economy the agricultural sector of Russia has to increase the production of agricultural products. It is one of the most important tasks. This depends on the sustainable development of livestock industries and their intensification based on modern achievements. The agro-industrial complex and its basic type of economic activity - agriculture - are the leading system-forming spheres of the economy of the Chuvash Republic, which form the agri-food market, food and economic security, labour and settlement potential of rural territories. One of the tasks of the Chuvash Republic State program “Development of agriculture and regulation of the market of agricultural products, raw materials and food of the Chuvash Republic” for 2013-2020 is to stimulate the growth of production of main types of agricultural products and food products. A prerequisite for increasing agricultural production is increasing livestock productivity. The experience of using biological stimulants and feed additives under qualified use, with a predetermined task and in optimal quantities, indicates a rather high economic efficiency and safety for animals and humans. Research has been conducted to study the effect of para-amino benzoic acid on the quality of meat in young cattle. The experiments were carried out in the educational experimental farm of the Chuvash State Agricultural Academy. Three young cattle groups were formed, having fifteen in each. The control group received the main diet, to the first experimental group, para-amino benzoic acid was added to the main diet at a dose of 0.5 mg per 1 kg of live weight, the second experimental group – 1 mg per 1 kg of live weight. The chemical composition of the meat of bull-calves does not change significantly with the use of this vitamin. --- ## Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)-A Critical Review **Authors:** Puneet Sudan, Manish Goswami, Arockia Babu M **Published:** 2020-04-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2112 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, pneumonia, Respiratory infection No one has even imagined that infection in the respiratory system in the form of pneumonia because of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) in small town of China, Wuhan during end of December in the year 2019 will come out as an extremely communicable infection. The World Health Organization (WHO) has acknowledged the current epidemic as a threat to whole population worldwide. At present, still we have not reached the advanced levels of research to treat and control this contagious disease. Due to lack of information about the pathogenesis and proliferation pathways of this novel corona virus, whole world is looking forward for its exact prophylaxis. On the basis of recent proofs provided by review and research articles from various genuine sources, we tried thoroughly to summarize the various factors regarding COVID-19 like its epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Through this review we have made an effort to present a common conceptual literature on coronavirus to help community to fight against this dangerous virus, and will hope that this review will be a source of reference to young researchers for advanced studies. --- ## Myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury – A review **Authors:** Elanthendral R, Gayathri K, Saravana Kumar S **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.1986 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** prevalence, risk factors, mechanism, treatment Myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury leads to the development of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular disease. Death due to these diseases is increasing at a high rate. Tissue damage due to ischemia and reperfusion results in the development of the above-mentioned diseases in heart. During prolonged ischemia, various physiological changes such as a decrease in ATP levels and intracellular pH occur due to dysfunction of ATP ase, and accumulation of lactate in myocardial tissue. The consequences of these reactions include increased accumulation of mitochondrial calcium, followed by cell swelling and death. Due to NF-kappa-B signal pathway activation and severe Cx43 degradation, a serious myocardial infarction occurs after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Knowledge related to the mechanism of ischemia-reperfusion injury and its related treatments is important. This review explains the prevalence, risk factors, mechanism, modern medicine and traditional medicine for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Numerous medicinal plants have been scientifically evaluated for cardioprotective activity. Herbs that have been reported to exhibit therapeutic potency against Ischemic reperfusion injury are discussed in detail. There are a lot of diseases that are caused due to ischemic perfusion injury and end up in a significant rise in the rate of mortality. The details about ongoing research related to new drug development against myocardial ischemic perfusion injury are discussed here. --- ## Comparative study of time taken for skin closure, infection rate and postoperative pain in skin closure with sutures and staplers in open inguinal hernioplasty **Authors:** Rajasenthil V, Sriraman K B, Kaliyappa C **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.1998 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Inguinal Hernia, Skin staplers, Sutures Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process and is influenced by surgical technique. Optimal wound healing, with a minimal scar that compromises neither appearance nor function, is the desired result. This process is affected by both local and systemic factors. Many local conditions are readily controlled at the time of wound closure, and several fundamental principles of surgical wound closure exist that should be adhered to in the management. Skin is usually closed with sutures then later with skin staplers. Skin staplers are quick and easy to use, but an assistant is usually required to hold the skin edges accurately with forceps or skin hooks. Stapler's closure also causes considerably less damage to wound defenses than closure with least reactive non-absorbable suture. Standard suturing causes significantly more necrosis than stapling in myocutaneous flaps. We did this study to compare the time required for the closure of skin, infection rate, pain at the operated site with sutures and staplers in open inguinal hernia repair. 80 patients who were posted for elective open inguinal hernia surgery at Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, porur, Chennai was included in this study. Time taken for closure of skin, infection rate and the pain was less in patients with stapler closure than with skin sutures --- ## Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Ximenynic Acid with Anti-Aging Activity from Santalum Album **Authors:** Rakesh S Shivatare, Ramesh Musale, Priya Lohakare, Dipika Patil, Durga Choudhary, Gayatri Ganu, Dheeraj H Nagore, Shailesh M Kewatkar **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2005 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ximenynic acid, Santalum album, isolation, Characterization, Antiaging assay Medicinal plants and its products have been used as a remedial agent in most irising countries for treating diseases. Furthermore, an increasing reliance on the use of medicinal plants in industrialized societies has been traced for the extraction and development of several drugs and chemotherapeutics from these herbal plants. Novel acetylenic fatty acids named Ximenynic acid (XMA) were successfully isolated from the seeds of Santalum album L by N-Hexane extraction. Ximenynic acid (or Santalbic acid) is one of the few acetylenic fatty acids occurring at higher levels in plant seed oils. Ximenynic acid predominantly exists in the seed oil of Santalaceae, Olacaceae, and Opiliaceae families. The structure of XMA was characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Infrared Spectrum (IR), NMR Spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), LCMS spectral analysis. The antiaging activities were assessed by anti-collagenase enzyme assay. Structural analysis revealed that XMA was a crystalline material with a melting point of 38.25°C and an average molecular weight of 278 kDa. Which is composed of carboxylic acid, butylenic acid, methylene, allylic in their structure. The antiaging assay showed that XMA exhibited significant collagenase inhibition activity as compared with Catechin. These findings suggested that the acetylenic fatty acids XMA could be served as a novel antiaging in Pharmaceutical as well as the cosmetic industry. --- ## Un-noticed infections that affects public health: A brief study **Authors:** Vijayasarathy S, Suneetha V **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.1995 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Biofilm, Contamination, Catheters, Drug Resistance, Infection, Nosocomial, Sterilization Human body is a perfectly designed and the most effectively functioning bio-machine. When there is no proper care microbes enter our body and lead to septicemia and makes us asthenic. Much of the pathogens gain entry into our body by contaminated food, water and physical contact with the affected person or material. Pathogens are biological fluids which disrupts homeostasis. The pathogens could be viral, bacterial, nematodal, prional or fungal. The impact of the infection depends on the pathogenicity of the infected pathogen. We are always concerned about the places that we see regularly and we hear frequently. We rarely thimk of certain sites that may cause us an infection. Not only drainages or an unclean surrounding is a place where pathogens grow; even nosocomial sites like catheters, ICU’s or operation theaters can be a site of infection. We never even think of these sites but we need to be cautious about such sites. Our own unclean habits lead us to various opportunistic infections from unnoticed sites like toothbrushes, currency notes etc. Our daily usage things like toiletries must be kept moisture free and clean. Moisture content in such things readily promote microbial growth. The reviewed article gives a brief outline of such unnoticed sites of infection. --- ## Drug recall procedure in United Kingdom and Australia: a regulatory overview **Authors:** Nandhini B, Balamurlidhara V, Aniket Anant Gulumkar, Sridhar S **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2018 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Regulatory authority, Classification, Manufacturer, Wholesaler, Risk Recall occur as a consequence of the safety concerns over a manufacturing defect in a product that may harm its user. Due to their deficient quality, security or effectiveness, medicinal products are accused of being possibly dangerous to customers and may be subject to recall. A recall is defined as the process of recovering. A pharmaceutical product from the distribution chain due to product deficiencies, complaints of serious adverse reactions or corners that the product is or may be defective. The objective of study is to help identify the significance of the recall action and classification and focused on the prospective danger of the patient / consumer defect and, to understand the recall procedure in United Kingdom and Australia. The recall may either be conducted by the license holder or the manufacturer, or and the wholesale dealer. The evaluation should consist of checking the efficacy of the recall and investigating the justification for the recall as well as the remedial measures adopted to avoid the occurrence of the issue. The present work highlights the comparison of the recall procedure between United Kingdom and Australia. --- ## Mucoadhesive Potential of Whey Protein Concentrate in Miconazole Mucoadhesive Prolong Release Tablets **Authors:** Khairnar Akshay, Salunkhe Kishor, Chavan M J, Chintamani Ravindra **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2006 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Buccal Tablets, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Miconazole, Whey Protein Orophygial candidiasis (OPC) is one of the most frequent Candida infections of the oral cavity this condition is common in patients with malnutrition, having chemotherapy, administrating immunosuppressive agents, or severe disease such as HIV. Prolong local administration of Miconazole is a must to treat OPC conditions in patients, which required the prolong mucoadhesion of the dosage form to provide local delivery of drugs for an extended time period with good mucoadhesion. Miconazole is synthetic imidazole antifungal agent, various prescription and over the counter product available like Miconazole Gel, Topical cream, Immediate release Tablet available in the market but that lack in the prolonged period of action to the local mucosa. In the present study combination of Whey protein concentrate (WPC), Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and Lactose were evaluated as a potential buccal adhesive tablet. The various combination of Whey protein concentrate with release controlling polymer was tested using a Miconazole as a potential antifungal agent. The mucoadhesive potential of WPC evaluated using Tensiometer by calculating the detachment force and drug release of Miconazole was performed to study the prolong release activity of Tablet. The optimized combination of WPC/HPMC/Lactose through a statistical study showed significant bioadhesion to the porcine mucosa and prolong drug release for 10hrs. --- ## Studying the association of polymorphic variants of LEP, TG5, CSN3, LGB genes with signs of dairy productivity of cattle **Authors:** Farit F. Zinnatov, Farida F. Zinnatova, Ali H. Volkov, Takhir M. Akhmetov, Azat M. Alimov, Talgat R. Yakupov, Damir D. Hairullin, Natalia Yu. Safina **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2013 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** genotype, polymorphism, DNA, genes, PCR-RFLP, milk production, fat, cows The efficiency of selection and breeding work in animal husbandry depends largely on the accuracy of the evaluation of the breeding value of animals. The integration of molecular genetics into applied science made it possible to assess the genetic potential of animal productivity not only on the basis of phenotype data but also directly at the DNA level. The study was conducted on the basis of Tatar Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences. The object of the study was DNA samples obtained from the blood of Holstein cows belonging to the stud farm “named after Lenin” of Atninsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. Animal blood was taken from the tail vein using vacutainer tubes with 100mM EDTA. DNA was isolated from the blood in the amount of 100 µl using a set of reagents for DNA extraction from the “Ampliprime DNA-sorb-B” clinical material (NextBio, Russia), according to the method presented by the producer. After amplification, each DNA fragment obtained by us in the study of TG5, CSN3, LGB genes, was subjected to cleavage by a restriction endonuclease. Hydrolysis was conducted at 37°C for 12 hours. The analysis of polymorphism of candidate genes of dairy productivity of leptin, thyroglobulin, kappa casein and beta-lactoglobulin with the use of PCR-RFLP was carried out. The most common were homozygous TG5CC, CSN3AA and heterozygous LEPCT, LGBAB genotypes. The study of the effect of polymorphism of these genes on milk production showed that animal carriers of LEPCT, TG5TT, CSN3AB, LGBBB genotypes have the best indicators of dairy productivity. --- ## The novel coronavirus and its possible treatment by vaccines, therapeutics and drug delivery systems: Current status and future perspectives **Authors:** Madhurya Kadavakollu, Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri, Kuppusamy Gowthamarajan, Arun Radhakrishnan, Dhanabal Palanisamy, Somanathan Balasubramanian, Suresh Bhojraj **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2144 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, WHO, Epidemiology, Drugs and Vaccines In the mid-end of December 2019, several cases of pneumonia outbreak of unknown cause and etiology were identified in Wuhan City of Hubei province in China, a city with a population of over 11 million. Till date(April 2020) around 1,051,635 confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) and 56,985 confirmed deaths have been reported according to COVID-19 Situation Report – 75 by WHO. On 7th January 2020, the causative agent was identified and named consequently as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) from throat swab samples. Later, on 12th January 2020, this coronavirus was named as 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by World Health Organization (WHO) and in 11th February 2020,it has been declared the epidemic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 as Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19) as it is spreading rapidly from its origin in Wuhan City to the rest of the world. In this context, the current review provides a landscape of the novel Corona Virus including its origin, transmission, epidemiology, drugs and vaccines in clinical trials for better understanding to the reads and peoples the status and future perspectives of this pandemic disease. --- ## Enhancement of solubility and bioavailability of modafinil using nanoparticles **Authors:** Balachandar K, Subramanian S **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2000 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chitosan, Ionic Gelation, Modafinil, Polymeric nanoparticle, TPP The aim of the present work is to develop polymeric nanoparticles using Modafinil to improve its solubility thereby increasing its bioavailability. Ionic-Gelation method has been employed for the preparation of nanoparticles using chitosan, a natural polymer and TPP, cross linking agent. In this method the drug is mixed with polymer and maintained at pH between 4.5 - 5.5 and the solution of TPP is added to the polymer-drug mixture under magnetic stirring. The size of nanoparticles prepared by this method usually ranges from 1-1000 nm. The reduction in size of particles directly enhances the solubility of drug that increases its bioavailability. Nine formulations (F1-F9) of nanoparticles were optimized by varying the concentrations of chitosan and TPP. Prepared nanoparticles were evaluated for size, zeta potential, PDI and drug content. Formulation F9 with 0.25% of chitosan & 0.5% of TPP concentration has been choose as best formulation and lyophilized to obtain solid nanoparticles. The obtained nanoparticles loaded with modafinil are used for the preparation of tablets and the in-vitro dissolution characteristics are compared with the marketed tablet of modafinil. in-Vitro characteristics of tablets with modafinil loaded polymeric nanoparticles showed improved solubility than marketed tablet. --- ## Patterns of Contraceptives Use and Their Complications in Iraqi Reproductive Age Women **Authors:** Shiren Ali Al-Hamzawi, Sahar Hamza Ali Al-Tameemi **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2010 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oral pills, IUP, Contraceptives, Iraq Contraceptives are the methods, medicines, or devices which are used to prevent pregnancy. The women can select any kind from the available contraceptives. The objectives are to investigate the types of contraceptive methods used by Iraqi women of reproductive age and to throw lights on their complications. A cross-sectional study had been done in the outpatient department of gynecology and obstetrics of Maternity and Children Hospital in Al-Diwaniya city on 400 women of reproductive age between (16-45) years during the period from 20th of September 2016 to 30th of March 2017. A questionnaire distributed among participating women. All the involved women gave their informed consent after describing the aim of the study and ensuring the confidentiality of the data. The data were gathered and analyzed statistically. The study revealed that the most commonly used contraceptives were oral pills, the intrauterine device (IUD), injections, and the condom (53.7%, 35,7%, 7.5%, 3%), respectively. Oral pills are the most commonly used method in all age groups. The complications were present in (55.0%) of women of reproductive age, and they were present in (69.2 %) of users of the Intra-Uterine Device followed by pills users (45.5%). The most common complications for the oral contraceptives were pain, malaise, and psychiatric disturbances (21.8%, 10.6%, 8.3%), respectively, while in the case of Intra-Uterine Device, the most common complications were bleeding and infection (31.4%, 21.6%) respectively. Injection contraceptive users had suffered from the infection (14.3%).The oral contraceptive pills and Intra-Uterine Device are the most frequently used contraceptives. The most common complaints were bleeding, infection, and pain. There is a significant association between the use of contraceptives methods and the women’s age, residence, level of education, occupation, and economic status. --- ## The role of alkaline phosphatase (alp) and γ -glutamyltransferase (ggt) enzymes activities in monitoring the effect of enzyme replacement therapy in children with gaucher disease **Authors:** Yasir SJ. Alrubaye, Mohammed BM. Al-Juboori, Haidar A. Abdulamir **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2002 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gaucher disease, Liver function test, γ-Glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) Enzyme replacement therapy, imiglucerase, β -glucocerebrosidase, Glucocerebroside To assess the role of γ-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the diagnosis of Gaucher disease (GD) and monitoring the response of liver and bone to the treatment with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). A case-control study was done on 67 children age range from 3-10 years who had Gaucher disease recruited from the Pediatric Department and Unit of rare disease at Al Imamain Al-Kathemeaain medical city, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Teaching Hospital, Children Welfare Hospital Consultation Clinic and Central Child’s Teaching Hospital. The activity of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and γ- Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) enzymes were measured in the samples of 67 Gaucher patients who were categorized as newly diagnosed untreated patients (n=9), patients receiving ERT for 3-5 months (n=18) 6-12 months (n=20) and patients receiving ERT for more than one year (n=20) and compared with twenty age-matched control subjects. The data indicated that the levels of both ALP and GGT in GD patients (216.82 ± 64.51, 35.94 ± 7.11; respectively) were significantly higher than those of controls (163.17 ± 49.34, 28.33 ± 3.36; respectively). Levels of ALP showed to return to levels comparable to those of controls after more than one year of treatment, while GGT levels become comparable to controls’ levels within 6-12 months. Negative significant (p<0.05) correlations were obtained between the levels of ALP and GGT activities with the duration of receiving ERT. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve results revealed that GGT showed a higher area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity than ALP activities in all studied groups and subgroups. The possibility of using ALP and GGT as supportive diagnostic markers and as powerful markers for the monitoring of the liver and bone improvement with the administration of ERT. --- ## Prevalence of menstrual symptoms and primary dysmenorrhea among medical undergraduates in south Indian population **Authors:** Pavithra B, Sangeetha A, Anuja A V, Samuel Sundar Doss, Thanalakshmi J, Vijayalakshmi B **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.1997 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dysmenorrhea, Menstrual cycle, Abdominal pain Dysmenorrhea is known as a painful period during menstruation. It is the widely prevalent and common complaint among young women, which affects their quality of life. The aim is to assess the prevalence of menstrual symptoms and primary dysmenorrhea during menstruation among medical undergraduates and its effects on the quality of their life. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 Medical undergraduates at Saveetha Medical college. The participants were asked to complete a self-reported questionnaire on menstrual symptoms and primary dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea was reported in 43.9% (27) of participants. Abdominal pain was reported in 78% (46), and 52% (31) of girls felt weak and tired during menses. In 40% (24) of girls, there has been a family history of primary dysmenorrhea. Abdominal pain was found to be highly prevalent among adolescent girls. Family history, bleeding duration, tiredness are some of the risk factors associated with primary dysmenorrhea. --- ## Phytochemical Analysis and In-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Aerial Parts of Trichodesma indicum **Authors:** Hamsa Lakshmi, Suresh Joghee, Akassh M **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2004 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nitric oxide, Aluminium chloride, Arthritis, Boraginaceae, Gallic acid This study was conducted to assess the physicochemical analysis, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of various solvent (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water) extract obtained from Trichodesma indicum aerial parts. The physicochemical analysis was carried out using standard reported methods. Successive solvent extraction was carried out using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol by the Soxhlet method, followed by maceration with water. Qualitative phytochemical screening was done using standard procedures. The extracts were analyzed for its phenolic and flavonoid contents by Folin - ciocalteu and Aluminium chloride colorimetric methods. For the extracts, antioxidant activity was screened using three different methods, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl assay, Nitric oxide assay, and Superoxide dismutase assay. Ascorbic acid has been used for antioxidant activity as a positive control. The percentage of inhibition was measured at various levels of concentration. The total ash, water-soluble ash, acid insoluble ash, sulfated ash, and the moisture content of the powdered drug was found to be 15.30, 07.50, 03.99, 21.00, 05.00%w/w. The qualitative phytochemicals found in the extracts are carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids, flavonoids, phenols, phytosterols, saponins, tannins, and glycosides. The phenolic and flavonoid content of the extracts was found in the sequence of ethyl acetate ˃ n-hexane ˃ ethanol ˃ aqueous. All the extracts demonstrated significant concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in DPPH assay, Nitric oxide assay, and Superoxide dismutase assay. The findings indicated that all solvent extracts of Trichodesma indicum have promising antioxidant activity and that could be the presence of phytochemicals present in the extract. --- ## The role of Ghrelin Receptor Expression in the Diagnosis of breast cancer **Authors:** Abbas M. Ajeed, Alaa G. Hussein, Nazar Alwakeel, Omar F. Abdul-Rasheed **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2016 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ghrelin, Ghrelin receptor, breast cancer, Malignant breast tumor To determine the possible role of the assessment of Ghrelin receptor expression in breast tissues as a tool for the diagnosis of breast cancer and differentiate it from a benign breast tumor. A case-control study was done on 60 female patients with breast cancer and 60 female patients with benign breast tumors (Fibroadenoma) who were recruited from Al Imamain Al-Kadhemain Medical City and Oncology teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq between May 2018 and December 2018. Immunohistochemical staining was done on the breast tissue samples obtained from patients and compared with the control group, which comprised 75 fibrocystic tissue samples obtained from age, BMI and sex-matched females. The degree of Ghrelin Receptor expression was determined immunohistochemically. The expression of Ghrelin receptors in breast malignant tumor tissues was higher than that in benign breast tumor tissues and controls, in addition to that, results obtained from all groups revealed that Ghrelin receptor intensity and its expression proportion were strongly and significantly associated with the type of tissues. The expression of the Ghrelin receptor can be considered as a highly significant immunohistochemical marker for the detection of breast tumors and for the differentiation between both types of tumors; benign and malignant. --- ## Nefopam induced dose-related changes in renal and hepatic functions **Authors:** Nibras Jamal, Ahmed Muthana, Nada Sahib, Zeena Ayad, Esraa Ghazy, Mays Imad **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.1987 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nefopam, Hepatotoxicity, Analgesic doses, Liver enzymes, Hepatic necrosis Nefopam is a non-opioid, centrally acting, non-steroidal analgesic drug. It is used to treat mild to moderate painful conditions. Although developed about five decades ago, its use has gained resurgence in recent years. This study was designed to investigate the effects of different analgesic doses of nefopam on the liver and kidneys of mice. Forty albino mice were divided into four groups of 10 mice for each group. Group 1, 2 &3 received a daily intraperitoneal injection of Nefopam at 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg doses, respectively. The fourth group (control group) received injections of normal saline. After two weeks of treatment, the animals were weighed and sacrificed, and then blood was collected for liver enzymes analysis and renal function test as well as histological assessment. The results revealed that the bodyweight increase ratio was significantly lower in group 3 (P-value <0.01). All tested liver enzymes i.e., ALT, AST, and ALP levels showed a highly significant (P-value <0.01) change among the tested groups. Although ALT remained within normal limits in the first two groups and normal group, in group 3 (30 mg/kg), its level exceeded the normal value. Liver enzyme changes reflected and supported the histopathological findings in the liver tissue. Group 2 & 3 showed varying degrees of hepatotoxicity, ranging from granulomatous lymphocytic infiltration to micro-vesicular steatosis and apoptotic pictures. Both kidney function test and histopathological examination, on the other hand, illustrated insignificant effect (P-value >0.05) of Nefopam on the kidneys. Nefopam is well tolerable by the liver at low analgesic doses but may have detrimental effects at higher analgesic doses and prolonged duration of intake. --- ## Vitamin D Adequacy and Improvements In Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R, Christopher Amalraj Vallaba Doss, Palanivel R M **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2008 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** DCD, Autoimmune disorders, Diseases, Fractures, fall, Vitamin D Children and adults with Developmental coordination disorder are more prevalent in vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D – Sunshine vitamin is deficient because of poor physical activity in the green land. Vitamin D plays a vital role in muscle coordination & neural activation. It also enhances immunity, boosts metabolism and protects against secondary infections. When research articles related to vitamin D level supplementation are reviewed, it has been identified that the focus of the research was on risk-benefits. Researches were focused towards general interpretations of the test result. Vitamin D requirement for normal population is 20 ng/mL to 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L). wide literature search has proved that a person with cancer, autoimmune disease, Cardiovascular disorders and the person with any developmental disability and DCD must consider 40 ng/mL (100 nmol/L) as a minimum level to avoid co-morbidities. Children and adults with DCD need adequate physical activity in green land, which facilitates sunlight exposure and there should be a compulsory oral supplementation. This study examines vitamin D requirements for the musculoskeletal system and improvements in children with DCD and it insists on the need for vitamin D for enhancing performance in ADL. --- ## Efficacy of breathing retraining program on bedside assessment of pulmonary function **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R, Christopher Amalraj Vallaba Doss, Palanivel R M **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2019 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breathing Retraining, Snider Match Test, Single Breath Count, COPD, Pursed Lip Breathing Breathing retraining alters respiratory muscle recruitment and improves respiratory muscle performance. However, the effectiveness of Pursed Lip Breathing in reducing dyspnoea is controversial. The aims of this study are to determine if breathing retraining is influencing the Single Breath Count performed by dyspneic subjects and to assess the correlation between Single breath Count Test and Snider match test as the standard measures of bedside pulmonary function test in patients with dyspnoea. 100 Patients with dyspnoea were assessed in the baseline with snider match test and they were asked to perform a single breath count. 5 times weekly and for 4 weeks, the participants have been practicing Breathing Retraining. Pursed lip breathing (PLB) and diaphragmatic breathing (DB) are breathing retraining strategies to subjects with dyspnoea; Single Breath Count was measured by asking patients to take a deep breath and count as far as possible in their normal speaking voice without taking another breath. Counting was timed to a metronome set at 2 counts per second. Snider match test was conducted by blowing the matches at increasing the test distance from 3, 6, 9 inches. The result of this study will determine whether breathing retraining is safe and beneficial for people with dyspnoea. --- ## Review on: Epidemiology of Familial Prospect of Alzheimer’s disease on its prevalence rate on Indian population in future **Authors:** Ponmalai srinivasan, Kothai R, Arul B **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2012 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Alzheimer’s, Population, Ageing, Elderly, Epidemiology, socio economical Alzheimer and Dementia were denoted as continuous decline of Brain functions. It particularly affects those who are in the age between 65 and more. The decline of brain functions cause sudden decline of memory Power, thought Process, using language skill and other learning capability. Proper treatment methods are unavailable for Alzheimer, but with certain medication the deterioration may be delayed. The 2011 population censes reads that there are 104 milions of old people and 53 million are female and 51 million are males. Between 1961 and 2011, the elderly population has increased extensively. The reason for this situation were continuously decreasing fertility rate and reduction in the mortality rate and finally due to development of health care system in India. The Population change leads to the change of fertility rate and mortality rate provide bulge in elderly generation as compared to younger ones. In India, this is very common in rural and urban areas. In State level data of elderly population kerala (12.6%), Goa (11.2%) and Tamilnadu (10.4%) takes first, second and third respectively. The simple reason was the good healthcare system available in the above said states. The Percentage of Alzheimer affected elders are anticipated from 8% to 19% in 2050. Certainly, therefore young India today will turn in to a rapidly ageing India in the coming decades. --- ## Evaluation of palliative care knowledge among health care students- A pilot study **Authors:** Ganapathy Sankar U, Monisha R, Christopher Amalraj Vallaba Doss, Palanivel R. M **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2015 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Knowledge, Questionnaire, Undergraduate occupational therapy students, Kattankulathur Palliative care is given much importance in the curriculum of medical and health sciences. Before planning a new design and curriculum development, it is mandatory to test the knowledge and awareness of Occupational therapy students on palliative care. Thus, it will help the expert’s panel to enhance the syllabus designing methods appropriate to the student’s knowledge. Without paying much attention to enhance knowledge on palliative care among students might lead to failure in providing quality care. To evaluate the knowledge in palliative care among undergraduate occupational therapy students. The study population included BOT 1ST Year and BOT Final year students and CRI from SRM College OF Occupational therapy, Kattankulathur. After obtaining informed consent signed from the participants, they have been instructed to fill in the questionnaire. The questionnaire has demographic data and 35 questions under nine groups, for which the students were instructed to answer (Yes, No, Don’t know). A detailed instruction was there in the questionnaire to avoid leaving any questions blank. It was found that occupational therapy students were aware of palliative care. Knowledge in palliative care was not precise among occupational therapy students related to healthcare. Hence there is an emerging need to include palliate care in the curriculum for the development of knowledge in palliative care. --- ## A review: Pharmaceutical excipients of solid dosage forms and characterizations **Authors:** Iyan Sopyan, Ni Made Widya Sukma Santi, Alif Virisy Berlian, Noer Erin Meilina, Qisti Fauza, Restu Amelia Apriyandi1 **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2020 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Solid Dosage Form, Excipients, Functions, Characteristics Excipients play an important role in formulating dosage forms. Exertion is empowered to help manufacture, provide, or collect dosage forms. Although considered pharmacological, excipients may consider a drug, due to chemical or physical interactions with the composition of the drug. Excipients have many functions in pharmaceutical dosage forms, including enhancing active ingredients in dosage forms, assisting active ingredients, disintegration, lubricants, binders, and suppliers. Each excipient has different characteristics. In this review, a library of studios is provided relating to the function, and content of solid excipients in a solid dosage form. Various choices can be used on different compositions; resulting, this difference is also different. In this example, describe the types of excipients that can be used for various components in solid preparations that can be used in the formulation of solid preparations and select the right type of excipient according to the character of the desired solid preparation. In this review also presented a method combining in and characterizing solid excipients to find out its quality. The most commonly used methods for analysis of solid excipients are flow properties, compressibility index, Hausner index ratios, and angle of repose, while the instrumentation commonly used is Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), H and C-Nucleo magnetic resonance (H-CNMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Particle size analysis (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRDP) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). --- ## Therapeutic application of Resveratrol in human diseases **Authors:** Jayaprakash J S, Gowda D V, Kulkarni PK **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2017 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Resveratrol, Cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, antiviral, anti-aging, cancer Resveratrol (3,4,5-trihydroxystilbene) is a member of natural and plant-derived chemicals, which is known as polyphenols and it is getting more consideration because of its various health assistances. Largely in the case of neurological problems, cardiovascular disease, antiviral, cancer, antiaging. Although in the past few years, it has been shown that the families of enzymes Sirtuins, particularly situin1 (SIRT1), have an antiaging action. Thus, the natural compound resveratrol shows a very strong activation of SIRT1 and also shows antioxidant properties. The antioxidant effect mainly elicited by the inhibition of important pathways like the NF-ĸβ pathway. This review highlights the antiviral mechanism of resveratrol in human and animal viral infections. And also, information about cancer-related like colorectum cancer, skin cancer and lung cancer are also mentioned. Resveratrol also gives additional cardioprotective and vasoprotective properties, which include antiatherosclerotic action. Overall observation shows that resveratrol has a high therapeutic potential in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, anti-aging, antiviral and in the treatment of cancer. --- ## Recent Review on Oxidative stress, Cellular senescence and Age-Associated Diseases **Authors:** Nandita H, Manohar M, Gowda DV **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.1990 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Cellular Senescence, Oxidative stress, SASP, skin aging, diseases Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) is considered as the main factor of the Free Radical theory of aging over centuries and it indicates the pathophysiology of aging in mammals. ROS causes oxidative stress, which is a major component in the aging process of higher organisms. ROS also leads to many age-related diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, etc. ROS causes damage to most of the biological membranes that cause these chronic diseases. Enhanced ROS levels at the cellular level lead to cellular senescence. It is a stage of cells where growth arrest happens associated with the secretion of Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors. Senescence maintains tissue homeostasis, functions in normal development and restricts tumor development. In this regard, recent experimental evidence has shown that the genetic or pharmacological ablation of senescent cells extends the life span and improves the health span. Here, we review the cellular and molecular links between cellular senescence and aging and discuss the novel therapeutic avenues that this connection opens. --- ## A biological study of chitinase produced by clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and detection of ChiA responsible gene **Authors:** Tahreer Hadi Saleh, SabaTalib Hashim, Raghad Abdulatif Abdulrazaq Al-Obaidi, Bahaa Abdullah Laftaah AL-Rubaii **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.1989 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chitinase, ChiA responsible gene, Antibacterial activity, Ant-cancer, MTT assay, Pseudomonas aeruginosa All isolates in this study were diagnosed as P. aeroginosa according to the 16srRNA gene. Only two isolates were produced chitinase on chitin agar medium and were positive to the chiA gene. Most of the isolates exhibited high sensitivity (95%) and (90%) to Imipenem and Carbenicillin, respectively, and the resistance to Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid was shown (80%), while revealed a variable degree in their response to others antibiotics. The crude extract activity and specific activity for extracted chitinase enzymes were 33 U/ml and 18.644U/mg, respectively. The enzyme was purified by different steps include: precipitating with saturation 70% of ammonium sulfate and then applied on ion-exchange chromatography using DEAE- cellulose column and then employ the Sephadex G-200 column for gel filtration chromatography. The purification fold and yield was 28.5%. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was determined by SDS-PAGE method, and it appeared at 50 kDa. The results of the MTT assay showed that the chitinase has a cytotoxic effect on cancer liver cell lines at a concentration of 100 µg/ml and increased gradually at a concentration of 600 µg /ml, while it showed no or less cytotoxic effect on normal embryonic liver cell line (WRL-68). Chitinase enzyme appeared a higher antibacterial activity at concentration 600 µg/ml and a lower activity at concentration 400 towards clinical isolates of S. aurous and E. coli. The study of histopathological effects was exhibited little morphological changes on cells of liver tissues. --- ## A comprehensive review on application of stem cells for kidney diseases **Authors:** Chetan Kumar V H, Famna Roohi N K, Gowda D V **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2003 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Pluripotency, Renal replacement therapy, teratomas, Human pluripotent SC The recognition of kidney failure as a complex disease requires multi-factorial therapy in order to correct the conventional non-factorial deficiency. Firstly, self-renewal means the ability of most organisms to reproduce without separation or aging; secondly, more than one form of a mature somatic cell is identified by each of the three regardless of kidney disorders, it can lead to loss of the environment, often bacterial infections. The reconstruction of the kidney has produced a spectacular response in this framework. The restoration of weakened and new kidneys is an alternative to renal replacement therapy. Both teratomas and embryoid bodies consist of three different layers of embryonic germs. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are present. These either provide useful therapeutical resources or can explore pathophysiology, including kidney diseases or infection. The benefit of ESCs is that they are relatively quick to receive and no longer subject to licensing/realty fees. Nevertheless, there are still some major concerns, such as ethical issues, the high risks to degeneration of neoplasm and immuno compatibility. The great benefit of iPSCs is that they have the same genetic history they drive making them an excellent method for studying the impact of genetic variants on disease path the key risk associated with the use of iPSCs are oogenesis, Tumorigenicity, and immunogenicity, the presence of an epigenetic memory, technical and economic issue associated with their long turnaround time and the presence of loyalties are the key risks associated with the use of iPSCs. Human pluripotent SCs have two major areas of use in kidney regeneration: they can be used by way organoid, scaffold, organ-on-a-chip, or blastocyst experiment to develop a "new kidney" or part of it. For encouraging us to hypothesize their medical use, a deeper understanding of the biology of pluripotent SCs is necessary. --- ## Comparison of Therapeutic Results of Open and Arthroscopic Surgery on Functional Level, Duration of Return to Daily Activity and Satisfaction with Treatment in Patients with ACL Rupture **Authors:** Seyed Shahnam Moosavi, Saeed Azar Sina, Mohammad Fakoor **Published:** 2020-04-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2011 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anterior cruciate ligament, Bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft, Semitendinosus-gracilis Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone autograft (BPTB) and four-strand semitendinosus-gracilis (hamstring) graft are the most common methods used for reconstructing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) but there is still controversy over the best method. This study aimed to compare the therapeutic outcomes of two methods of BPTB and hamstring grafts using arthroscopic treatment in patients with ACL rupture. The patients underwent ACL reconstruction surgery, either by bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft (BPTB) (open surgery) (n=23) or four-strand hamstring autograft (semitendinosus-gracilis) (by arthroscopy) (n=25). Lysholm score was used for knee functional status assessment, Lachman test for tendon laxity, and pivot shift test for strength evaluation. The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey questionnaire (SF-36) was also completed and compared at the last follow-up. Patients were evaluated by type of daily heavy or light activities. Two groups showed no significant difference in the Lysholm score (P>0.05) and both groups were classified as “Good”. There was no significant difference between the frequency distribution of patients based on the Lachman test and pivot shift scores (P>0.05). None of the patients in the two groups had any rupture within two years after treatment. Both groups had good satisfaction with treatment and quality of life and there was no statistically significant difference between the mean SF-36 scores (P>0.05). Although complication in short-term follow-up was more in patients undergoing open surgery, the functional level and treatment satisfaction in patients treated by open surgery and arthroscopy were not significantly different after two years. --- ## Effectiveness of Vascular Symptom Management Package (VSMP) on Quality of Life (QOL) among Pregnant women with PIH in Hilly areas of Uttarakhand **Authors:** Gomathi B, Anuchitra R, Ruchira Nautiyal **Published:** 2020-04-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.1983 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH), Quality Of Life (QOL), Vascular symptom Management Package (VSMP) Pregnancy-induced hypertension is a high-risk affecting almost all the vessels, particularly those of uterus, kidney, placental bed and brain result in the symptoms called Vascular Symptoms. Thus, it, directly and indirectly, have an effect on the physical and psychological QOL of pregnant women. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Vascular Symptom Management Package (VSMP) on the Quality of Life (QOL) of pregnant women with PIH. A quantitative approach with the true experimental design was adopted. One hundred twenty women with PIH were selected for study by using a purposive sampling technique. Subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental and control group by using Sequentially Numbered, Opaque Sealed Envelops (SNOSE) (60 in Experimental group & 60 in Control group). The data analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Paired 't' test used to compare the pre-test and post-test QOL scores within the group. The inferential statistics results revealed that the post-test QOL score is decreased in the control group and increased in the experimental group significantly. Independent sample ‘t’ test used to compare the pre and post-test QOL scores between experimental and control groups. The mean post-QOL score of the experimental group was higher than that of the mean post QOL score of the control group. This shows a significant increase in the QOL score in the experimental group. Hence, it can be interpreted that VSMP is effective in improving the QOL. PIH is a life-threatening condition. So VSMP is a nurse-led intervention that can be implemented to effectively reduce the vascular symptoms and improve the QOL of pregnant women with PIH. --- ## Concept and description of Madhumegam (Diabetes mellitus) in Siddha System of Medicine **Authors:** Sendhilkumar Muthappan, Muralidass SD, Eswaran Chinraji, Mantela Durairajan **Published:** 2020-04-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.1985 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Madhumegam, Diabetes mellitus, Siddha, Traditional medicine Rapid socio-economic development and demographic changes, along with an increased susceptibility for Indian individuals, have led to the explosive increase in the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in India over the past four decades. Siddha System is one of the oldest Traditional Systems of Medicine in India and predominantly practiced in southern India especially in Tamil Nadu. The vital part of Siddha Medicine is to revitalize and rejuvenate dysfunctional organs that cause the disease and to maintain a healthy body and mind. According to Siddha, all objects and living bodies are composed of five basic structural elements (Panchabhutams), namely earth, water, fire, air, and vacuum (ether). Siddha believes in the theory of Tridoshams, namely wind (Vaatham), bile (Piththam), and phlegm (Kabam). The Madhumegam has 20 types which divided into Vaatham- 4, Piththam- 6 and Kabam- 10 types. Madhumegam is a clinical condition characterized by the frequent passage of urine more than the normal resulting in deterioration and diminution of Seven Thathus. The diagnosis in the Siddha system is based on the Land (Nilam), Season (Kaalam), Pori alaridhal, Pulan alarithal, Threedosham status (Mukkutra Nilaigal), Udal Thathukal Nilai and Envagai Thervugal. As the researchers looking an alternative way for treating this high burden disease, it is the need of the hour to invests more on to create the evidence to prevent, control and treat this high burden disorder by synthesizing the evidence from the Siddha. --- ## Formulation and Evaluation of Bio-adhesive Pulsatile Drug Delivery System of Telmisartan **Authors:** Patil S. V, Salokhe P. A, Patil S. S, Ustad J. Y, Shedbale S. S **Published:** 2020-04-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.1982 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bio-adhesive drug delivery, Pulsatile drug delivery, Bio-adhesive- Pulsatile drug delivery, lag time The main objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate of Bio-adhesive pulsatile drug delivery system of Telmisartan, an anti-hypertensive drug in order to achieve better therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. The approach of combination of bio-adhesive pulsatile formulation is suitable for gastro retention and time specific drug delivery. The study was carried by preparation of fast disintegrating core tablet followed by incorporation of core tablet to design bio-adhesive pulsatile tablet by press coating. The press coated tablet was prepared with the polymersethyl cellulose and carbopol. The formulation was evaluated for precompression and post compression parameters, lag time, drug release and bio-adhesive study. All evaluation parameters were found within limits. The lag time expected for this disease was 8 hours as need of drug release for this disease was more likely to act in early morning. The 8 hour lag time was obtained in optimized formulation which has shown muco-adhesion for the same period. Thus bio-adhesive pulsatile drug delivery system could be the best precautionary alternative for the drugs having maximum absorption in stomach and used for diseases which follows circadian rhythm. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of self nano-emulsifying drug delivery system of ezetimibe for dissolution rate enhancement **Authors:** Geethanjali K, Vaiyana Rajesh C **Published:** 2020-04-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.1984 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ezetimibe, Self Nano emulsion, Tween 80, Cinnamon oil, Solid Carrier The present study was aimed to develop a Self Nano Emulsifying Delivery System of Ezetimibe (EZM) for enhancing its dissolution rate. Ezetimibe is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, being a lipophilic drug due to its low solubility EZM shows a low dissolution profile. The SNEDDS formulation consisted of excipients Cinnamon oil, Tween 80, PEG 400 as the Oil, Surfactant and Co-surfactant. Twelve formulations with different ratios of Oil, Surfactant and Co-surfactant were prepared. The liquid SNEDDS were then converted into Solid form by adsorption technique using Avicel PH 101 and Aerosil 200 as adsorbents. The liquid SNEDDS was characterised for Particle size, Emulsification time, Dispersibility, percentage transmittance, PCM, Centrifugation, Cloud Point and Freeze thaw cycle. The solid form was characterized for the flow property, SEM, Drug content and in-vitro dissolution. Among the twelve formulations F6 formulation was found to have a particle size of 196 nm and PDI of 0.123. F6 formulation was selected as the best and it was made into solid by adsorption onto solid carriers. The F6 formulation consisted of the 25% Cinnamon oil, 50% tween 80 and 25% PEG 400. The in-vitro dissolution rate of the prepared formulation was compared with the marketed formulation. The in-vitro dissolution data showed that the drug release at the end of 60 mins from marketed formulation was 63.75 % and from SNEDDS formulation was 90.62 %. The dissolution rate of the prepared SNEDDS was increased by 1.42 times than the marketed formulation. The increase in the dissolution rate shows that SNEDDS is a suitable drug delivery system to enhance the rate of dissolution of Ezetimibe. --- ## Anti-diabetic activity of silver nanoparticles prepared from cumin oil using alpha amylase inhibitory assay **Authors:** Preety R, Roy Anitha, Rajeshkumar S, Lakshmi T **Published:** 2020-04-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.1978 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Silver nanoparticles, cumin oil, diabetes, Nigella sativa, alpha amylase inhihibitory effect Studies suggest that cumin oil have many health and cosmetic benefits such as weight loss, improving skin conditions and also treating cancer and diabetes. People have used these tiny black seeds of N. sativa as a natural remedy for thousands of years. Cumin oil contains thymoquinone, which is an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory compound having tumor-reducing properties therefore useful in treating cancer. Plant mediated biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been gaining importance due to its simplicity and eco-friendliness. The aim of the present study was to prepare cumin oil mediated silver nanoparticles and evaluate it for its anti-diabetic activity using alpha amylase inhibitory assay. The green synthesised cumin oil mediated silver nanoparticles were prepared using 1mM silver nitrate. The anti-diabetic activity was evaluated by alpha amylase inhibitory assay. The formation of the nanoparticles was confirmed both by visual colour change as well as by scanning the absorbance by UV-Visible spectrophometer between 300 nm to 700 nm. In the present study, cumin oil mediated silver nanoparticles inhibited alpha amylase in a dose dependent manner. Hence, these nanoparticles may be used for control post prandial hyperglycemia. --- ## Application of design mixture and desirability function in the optimization of pharmaco-technical parameters of macrogols-based suppositories **Authors:** Abdelhafid Benomar, Siham Yanisse, Naoual Charkaoui, Abdelkader Laatiris, Yassir Alaoui, Aicha Fahry **Published:** 2020-04-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.1979 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Desirability, Macrogols, Mixture Design, Optimization, Suppository The objective of this work is to (i) study the effect of variations in the proportions of four Macrogols on the pharmaco-technical characteristics of suppositories, (ii) define the optimal formula for a suppository with immediate effect; maximum disintegration and a minimum of hardness as defined in the European Pharmacopoeia. The lattice design mixture has been proposed as an optimization technique, the formulation factors are presented by the proportions of PEG 400 (X1), PEG 600 (X2), PEG 4000 (X3) and PEG 6000 (X4) and the response variables are (i) the disintegration time (Y1) (ii) the hardness (Y2). The second-degree empirical model was postulated to model the variations of the two response variables using the least-squares method. The selected model explained about 67% and 84% of the variation for Y1 and Y2, respectively. All four factors had significant effects on the properties of the suppository. Interactions negatively affected both responses. The numerical desirability method gave the following optimal formula: PEG400 (28.71334 %); PEG600 (24.23773%), PEG4000 (35.00944%) and PEG6000 (12.03949%) for a disintegration of 25.839 (+/-2.3) min and hardness =2147.321 (+/- 50) g. --- ## SARS-CoV-2 / 2019-Novel Corona Virus: An Epidemic to Pandemic **Authors:** Argha Sarkar, Mayuri Kundu, Padarthi Venkataramana, Pinaki Chakraborty **Published:** 2020-04-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2067 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COVID-19, Wuhan, Spread, Population, India, Prevention An unexpected outbreak of pneumonia of unfamiliar aetiology in Wuhan,Hubei, China was reported in December 2019. World Health Organization identified the pathogen and named it COVID-19. COVID-19 made the world go through a cisis. The impact of this viral disease is now an issue of major concern. Respiratory infections, dry cough with fever are the major symptoms which are due to beta coronavirus, namely Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Within a short spell, COVID-19 spread all over China. Since January to today 24 March 2020 this epidemic turned into pandemic with continuous rise of cases and deaths. Italy, Germany, Spain, USA, Iran, France are the countries where the disease is spreading in a community level and rest of the countries over the globe the positive cases are also coming in the report. As the disease is communicable, it is highly necessary to take measures before it starts spreading in countries like India where the population is very high. The treatment of this severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 is not clear so far. Prevention is the only way to stop spreading this fatal disease. In view of this, the total state of knowledge regarding COVID-19 and the suggestive prevention are discussed by considering countries (considering India) where the population is high and this pandemic just started spreading. --- ## COVID 19: Effect on leading pharmaceutical stocks listed with NSE **Authors:** Aravind M, Manojkrishnan C G **Published:** 2020-04-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2014 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Covid 19, Pharmaceutical Stocks, Contrarian effect, the Momentum effect The purpose of this study is to examine how Covid 19 outbreak has affected leading pharmaceutical stocks listed with the National Stock Exchange of India. We have selected ten leading pharmaceutical companies listed with NSE, and the selection was purely based on the market capitalization of the companies. The general hypothecation of this study was the pharmaceutical stocks will move against the general market trend (contrarian effect). The study period was classified in to pre-crisis period and Covid 19 crisis period. The data consists of 123 daily price observations of the selected 10 pharmaceutical companies. The period of study is ranging from 3rd September 2019 to 28th February 2020. The results reported that momentum effect is persisting with pharmaceutical stocks as the pharmaceutical stocks are moving in accordance with the general benchmarking index. Only two companies, namely Aurobindo Pharma Ltd and Lupin Ltd reported with varied return trend during the study period. This study also signifies that companies like Sun Pharma, Cipla, Glenmark with strong brand reputation were seems to be sustaining in the crisis period in spite of the general falling market trend. This paper is strongly urge the need for backward integration and enhanced research and development activities to Indian Pharmaceutical sector for ensuring their sustainable long-run operations. --- ## A focus on CORONA VIRUS (COVID-19) **Authors:** Saurabh Mitra, Jayati Chatterjee Mitra **Published:** 2020-04-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2009 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, Emergency, Outskirts, Flare-up, Potential Danger The coronavirus episode is a worldwide concern. As time passes, the circumstance appears to change for the most noticeably terrible. An ever-increasing number of individuals are affirmed as contaminated, the death rate goes up somewhat with each deadly case and the infection is advancing outside the Chinese outskirts. The news outlets are everywhere throughout the point, giving day by day or even hourly updates to the inexorably critical circumstance. Be that as it may, most articles and reports appear to concentrate more on instigating alarm and making disarray as opposed to giving an account of logical realities or advancing avoidance measures Along these lines, for this article, how about we leave the frenzy aside and see where that brings us. The Wuhan infection is the main significant wellbeing danger of 2020, yet it's a long way from being the first or the most noticeably awful wellbeing emergency that humankind confronted. Before we had the Ebola infection, Avian flu and SARS, with the keep goisecng on this rundown, really being a kind of coronavirus. All were profoundly infectious and possibly savage, yet none caused such an instinctive response from the populace. Regardless of whether we dismiss those, we have the basic influenza infection that causes a large number of passing right off the bat, and we don't hear much about that in the news, isn't that right? --- ## VYTR hypothesis for the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of GS-5734 treatment in humans with COVID-19 **Authors:** Vityala Yethindra, Ainura Dzhangazieva, Zhyldyz Kurzhunbaeva, Tugolbai Tagaev, Furquan Nazami **Published:** 2020-04-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2007 **Type:** research article **Keywords:** Remdesivir, GS-5734, VITYALA YETHINDRA (VYTR) hypothesis, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Therapeutic treatment, Prophylactic treatment In December 2019, many pneumonia cases were reported without an apparent cause but were associated with seafood and wet markets in Wuhan, China Clinical features were similar to pneumonia, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) (formerly 2019-nCoV) was determined as the causative pathogen. To date, there are no effective antiviral drugs for the targeted treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We provide the VITYALA YETHINDRA (VYTR) hypothesis for the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of GS-5734 treatment in humans with COVID-19. Prophylactic GS-5734 treatment may prevent SARS-CoV-2 induced disease and lung lesions in participants inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 and potentially inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication. Therapeutic GS-5734 treatment may show a reduction in the severity of symptoms, reduce viral replication, the absence of lung lesions in some participants and decrease in lesions in 50% of participants may be possible. As broad-spectrum drugs are capable of inhibiting coronavirus infections, GS-5734 should be considered a broad-spectrum, first-line drug and may inhibit coronavirus infections and COVID-19. More clinical trials are needed to prove that GS-5734 (Remdesivir) is a safe and effective drug for the treatment of COVID-19. --- ## Ayurveda’s Holistic Lifestyle Approach for the Management of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Possible Role of Tulsi **Authors:** Sai Sailesh Kumar Goothy, Srilatha Goothy, Anita Choudhary, Potey G G, Hirok Chakraborty, Arun HS Kumar, Mahadik V K **Published:** 2020-03-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.1976 **Type:** research article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, Coronavirus disease, Traditional remedies, Tulsi Coronavirus disease COVID-19 is caused by the recently discovered corona virus that can spread between animals and humans. The outbreak of the corona virus was begun in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The most common symptoms are fever, tiredness, and dry cough. Some individuals also develop aches and pains, nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, or diarrhea. It was reported that traditional remedies may alleviate the symptoms of COVID-19. Ayurveda is the world's oldest medical system that can manage any disease without side effects. Ayurveda is equipped with varieties of treatment modalities to handle with any type of deadly diseases. However, a major drawback is a lack of adequate scientific basis. Tulsi has multi-modal therapeutic effects, we hypothesize that tulsi may be effective in the prevention and management of COVID-19. Though the existing literature supports the management of symptoms of COVID-19 using tulsi, a lack of standard formulation limits its use. This is the need of time to start with translational research to provide scientific evidence for the efficacy and to establish the standard formulation of tulsi in the management of COVID-19. --- ## Role of GS-5734 (Remdesivir) in inhibiting SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV: The expected role of GS-5734 (Remdesivir) in COVID-19 (2019-nCoV) - VYTR hypothesis **Authors:** Vityala Yethindra **Published:** 2020-03-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.1973 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Remdesivir, GS-5734, VYTR hypothesis, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, 2019-nCoV (2019 novel coronavirus), Anti-viral drugs Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped RNA viruses related to the family Coronaviridae, the order Nirdovales, and observed in humans and other mammals. In December 2019, many pneumonia cases reported by patients with unknown causes, mainly associated with seafood and wet animal market in Wuhan, China, and where clinically resembled viral pneumonia. At present, there is no existence of antiviral drugs for the treatment of CoV infections. The results of our study are GS-5734 strongly inhibits SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in HAE cells, GS-5734 inhibits CoVs at early stages in replication by inhibiting viral RNA synthesis, the absence of ExoN-mediated proofreading in viruses sensitive to treatment with GS-5734. Protease inhibitors can show improved outcomes in some coronaviruses, but mostly 99% of protease inhibitors bind to proteins present in the human body, and only 1% attacks on existed viruses. The expected role of GS-5734 (Remdesivir) in COVID-19 (2019-nCoV) - VYTR hypothesis explained. As broad-spectrum drugs are capable of inhibiting CoV infections, GS-5734 is a broad-spectrum drug and may show inhibition on CoV infections and COVID-19. GS-5734 will show desired results regarding antiviral activity against 2019-nCoV as it showed potent antiviral activity in other CoVs. More clinical trials and experiments needed to prove that GS-5734 (Remdesivir) is a potential and effective drug to treat COVID-19. --- ## 2019 Novel Coronavirus: A mysterious threat from Wuhan, China–A current review **Authors:** Ramalingam Kothai, Balasubramanian Arul **Published:** 2020-03-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.1975 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coronavirus, Types, Global Scenario, WHO recommendations Coronaviruses (CoV) are a huge family of viruses and they cause various diseases from the common cold to very serious illnesses. They also just like the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). But novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a different strain and newly discovered in humans. Several known coronaviruses circulate in animals not yet infected by humans. It is also a zoonotic virus, which means that they are spread between animals and then to humans. Comprehensive studies showed that SARS-CoV was transmitted to humans by civet cats and MERS-CoV by dromedary camels. Respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and difficulty in breathing are common signs of infection. It was started from Huanan wholesale seafood market with the admission of 2-3 patients and now crossed 37251 cases with 812 deaths as on 9th February. In some of the days, the number of new admissions was more than 3000 cases continuously. This review summarises the types, morphology, origin, transmission, symptoms, diagnostic methods, Chinese, global and Indian scenario of this novel deadly virus. The world health organization advises for the public about the avoiding of the spread of the virus, general recommendations for individuals and for the risk groups also reviewed. --- ## Coronary dominance pattern in Myocardial bridged hearts **Authors:** Mohandas G.V, Sitansu Ku.Panda **Published:** 2020-02-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1968 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Myocardial bridging (MB), Coronary artery dominance and, Ischemic heart disease (IHD) Posterior interventricular artery (PIA) present in the posterior interventricular groove over the inferior surface of the heart. Human hearts consist of either Right coronary predominance or Left coronary predominance. Left coronary predominant people are more prone to get ischemic heart diseases. In left coronary predominance entire left ventricle except a part of the right ventricle adjoining anterior interventricular groove supplied by the left main coronary artery. Left coronary dominance has a poor prognosis in acute coronary syndrome when compared with the right coronary predominance. Myocardial bridging may be benign or malignant. So myocardial bridging with left coronary dominance may be a risk factor to the ischemic heart disease. The aim of the present study is to find out the coronary dominance pattern in myocardial bridged hearts in cadavers. Ninety cadaveric hearts were procured from the Department of Anatomy, IMS & SUM Hospital Bhubaneswar. After a simple dissecting procedure, myocardial bridges and coronary dominance patterns were observed. Myocardial bridging was present over the left anterior interventricular artery in 51(56.7%) hearts. Out of 51 myocardial bridged hearts, right coronary predominance is present in 45 (88.24%) hearts and left coronary predominance present in 6(11.76%) hearts. Along with the left dominance, if myocardial bridge present over the left epicardial coronary artery, there may be an increased frequency of myocardial ischemia. --- ## Free radical scavenging activity and cytotoxicity study of fermented oats (Avena sativa) **Authors:** Veena Sunderam, Sathak Sameer Shaik Mohammed, Yasasve Madhavan, Manojj Dhinakaran, Shobana Sampath, Nirmala Patteswaran, Lakshmi Thangavelu, Ansel Vishal Lawrence **Published:** 2020-02-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1967 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Avena sativa, oats, In vitro studies, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer Oats (Avena sativa) is a cereal crop of utmost significance with rich therapeutic and nutritive value. Bioactive substances like tocopherols, phenolic acids, alkylresorcinols, beta-glucan, and avenanthramides present in Avena sativa significantly contribute towards its medicinal action. The current research study aims to assess the antioxidant and anti-cancer efficiency of fermented (FO) and non-fermented (NFO) samples of Avena sativa. In vitro anticancer studies on oats were assessed using colon malignant growth cell lines (HT29) by MTT assay. In vitro studies revealed that fermented and non-fermented oats displayed higher antioxidant activity, having a corresponding IC50 value of 201.03 µL and 236.46 µL, respectively. The cancer cell death percentage at 250 μg/mL concentration ranged between 58.19% and 51.85%, respectively. --- ## Stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Quercetin and Rutin in bulk drug **Authors:** Gomathy Subramanian, Narenderan S T, Meyyanathan S N **Published:** 2020-02-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1966 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Quercetin, Rutin, Forced degradation, High-performance liquid chromatography, Simultaneous estimation A stability-indicating HPLC technique has been developed and validated for Quercetin and Rutin under different stability environments of acid, base, neutral, oxidative, and photolytic degradation. The stability study were executed according to the ICH guidelines. The separation was accomplished utilizing Phenomenex Luna C18 (250 x 4.6mm i.d, 5µ) column at a detection wavelength of 259 nm utilizing the mobile phase established of 20mM Ammonium acetate (pH 3.0) and acetonitrile 60: 40, v/v at the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and injection volume of 20 µl. The linearity of the developed technique was obtained over the range of 1-5 µg/ml and 0.1-0.5 µg/ml for Quercetin and Rutin, respectively, with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.99. Further, the stress degradation studies were performed for which the results obtained stated that Quercetin and Rutin were more susceptible to acidic and oxidative conditions. The developed method provides good sensitivity and excellent reproducibility and can be further used to study the stability in formulations. --- ## Quality of sleep and changes in the level of blood pressure **Authors:** Aruna Jothishanmugam, Sithara Begum K, Hawa Ibrahim Abd Alla Hamid, Amani Abdelgader Mohammed **Published:** 2020-02-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1965 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Physiological parameters, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, sleep deprivation, working adults Sleep is a naturally recurring state of mind and body in which the main features are the changes in the level of consciousness, reduced sensory and motor activity and reduced interactions with the environment. We need to have adequate sleep to maintain an optimal health and wellbeing. Human beings need to sleep at least 6 hours during night to maintain optimal health. People who are sleeping five hours or less than five hours can alter the level of blood pressure. Sleep promotes general health, concentration and regulates the blood stress hormones and it keeps our nervous system healthy. If a person doesn’t have adequate sleep for a longer period, can change the level of stress hormone in the blood and it can increase the level of blood pressure. This study was done to find out the relationship between quality of sleep and the level of blood pressure among working adults. The descriptive research design was used to assess the relationship between qualities of sleep with the history of changes in the level of blood pressure of working adults. The study was done among the working people who are living in Jazan region. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 30 participants were selected by using convenient sampling technique. The Quality of sleep of the participants was assessed by using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire (PSQI). The total number of male participants were 4 and female participants were 26. Majority of them were in the age group between 30 and 40 years, and most of them had a preference for mixed food habits. Majority of them were in the age group between 30 and 40 years, and most of them preferred mixed food habits. Assessment of the quality of sleep of participants shows that overall 60% of the participants have poor sleep quality. --- ## Induction of apoptosis by Stichopus chloronotus and Holothuria nobilis fractions in the human cervical cancer cell line, HeLa **Authors:** Gul-e-Saba Chaudhry, Murni Nur Islamiah kassim, Muhammad Naveed Zafar, Habsah Mohamad, Yosie Andriani, Noraznawati Ismail, Tengku Sifzizul Tengku Muhammad, Yeong Yik Sung **Published:** 2020-02-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1964 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Apoptosis, Cervical cancer, DNA fragmentation, HeLa cells, Marine anticancer compounds, Phosphatidylserine Cancer is an uncontrolled growth of rapidly dividing cells. Decreased efficacy of current anticancer drugs urges to further screening and investigation for a better alternative to current chemotherapeutics. Natural products of marine origin are great sources of potential new drugs of enhanced biological activities. Thus, the work aims to investigate the cytotoxic effects along with the mode of cell death exerted by SC-8, SC-9, HN-3, HN-4 and HN-5 fractions prepared from Stichopus chloronotus and Holothuria nobilis marine-sponge on the human cervical cell line, HeLa. The fractions produced effective cytotoxicity with IC50 values at 72hr of less than 30 μg/ml in the order of HN-3 > HN-4 > SC-9 > SC-8 > HN-5. These fractions induced cytotoxicity via mediating apoptosis in HeLa cells. The early apoptosis was done by fractions via exposure of protein phosphatidylserine (PS) to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and late apoptosis confirmed due to the presence of fragmented DNA in treated cells. The presence of potentially bioactive compounds in these fractions might be responsible for inducing apoptosis and, thus, own potential to be a successful candidate for exploring forthcoming chemotherapeutic drugs. --- ## Therapeutic Uses of Momordica Cymbalaria – A Review **Authors:** Kiruba S, Bupesh G, Sumathy G, Bhaskar M, Sivakumar S **Published:** 2020-02-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1963 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Momordica cymbalaria, Cucurbitaceae, Natural remedy, Hypolipidemic, Herbal drug Momordica cymbalaria is a medicinal plant species that belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family, which is widely spread in southern parts of India. In ancient days the use of the species Momordica cymbalaria plants parts such as root, leaves and fruit were treated for various clinical ailments. In recent times, the uses of this plant species were well documented and it is found to have various significant activities. Cymbalaria has possessed numerous therapeutics value and antioxidant properties in it. Treatment with conventional drugs has an increase in side effects. Hence, natural remedy with herbal drugs like Momordica cymbalaria gives positive responses in various clinical conditions and it has identified with its known properties such as hypolipidemic, hypoglycaemic, neuroprotective, cardio Protective, nephroprotective and hepatoprotective. Infectious diseases such as hepatitis, malaria, colic pain, measles, flu and also used to treat the sores, wound infections, worms and parasitic infections. Therefore, this present review discusses clearly the traditional and medicinal value ant its active principles in the treatment of various diseases. --- ## Preparation and Optimization of Chitosan-hEGF Nanoparticle Using Ionic Gelation Method Stabilized by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) for Wound Healing Therapy **Authors:** Sri widodo, Toto Subroto, Iman Permana Maksum, Anas Subarnas, Bethary Kesumawardhany, Desak Made Diah Dwi Lestari, Abd. Kakhar Umar **Published:** 2020-02-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1962 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** hEGF, Chitosan nanoparticle, Ionic gelation, Diabetic ulcer The administration of human Epidermal Growth Factor (hEGF) for diabetic ulcer treatment has been known to have high effectiveness because hEGF has mitogenic properties and has been proved to increase epithelial cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. However, hEGF in environmental conditions of diabetic ulcers is known to have low stability, so it is necessary to repeat the administration or protect the hEGF using suitable preparation. This study aims to produce a new drug delivery system in the form of chitosan nanoparticle as a therapy for diabetic ulcers. The nanoparticle formulation was carried out by varying hEGF concentrations using the ionic gelation method with sodium tripolyphosphate (Na-TPP) as a crosslinker and Polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a stabilizer. Chitosan-hEGF nanoparticle formed were characterized using particle size analysis, polydispersity index, zeta potential, SEM and TEM, pH, and FTIR to observe the functional groups. Chitosan-hEGF nanoparticle-containing 0.1% chitosan, 0.15% sodium tripolyphosphate (Na-TPP), 2% polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), and 75 ng/mL hEGF has the smallest particle size with an average of 600.6 nm and D90 value of 135.7 nm. Nanoparticle formed were relatively stable with zeta potential reaching +41,29. The results of in vitro testing showed that hEGF 50 ng/mL had an optimal cell viability percentage with a value of 192%. --- ## A Study to Assess the Prevalence of Depression in Cardiovascular Disease Patient in The Nilgiris Population: Association with Blood Pressure **Authors:** Asish Kumar Saha, Asem Veeves Singh, Kavuri Srikar, Anand Vijayakumar P R **Published:** 2020-02-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1961 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HAM-D, Depression, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular disease, Prevalence Depression is a common disorder in Cardio-vascular patients with a prevalence of twenty percent (20%) to forty five percent (45%), which is much more frequent than in the general population. Depressive symptoms are often overlooked in cardiac patients and their manifestation, especially after MI, is considered normal. Almost every life-threatening condition, including MI, stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete the corticotropic-releasing hormone, which stimulates the HPA axis. The two-way connection between depression and heart disease, which share the pathophysiological mechanism of origin, affects the prognosis of post-infarction recovery of depressed patients due to the impact of depression on the HPA axis activation, endothelial dysfunction, platelet reactivation and enhanced inflammatory response. An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted at secondary care government hospitals located at the Nilgiris district on different cardiovascular disease patients using HAM-D questionnaires for the assessment of depression. In this study, the level of depression in cardiovascular disease patients were assessed associating with patient variability in relation to age, gender, education, food habits, social habits, duration of disease and blood pressure values. There was a significant increase in depression score with the increase in blood pressure level. The patients were found to be having depression even though they were on cardiovascular treatment after they were being diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. --- ## Phytochemical Screening, Invitro antidiabetic activity of Muntingia calabura leaves extract on alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes **Authors:** Panneerselvam G, Jothi Narendiran N, Vasanth S, Bupesh G, Prabhu K, Krishnamurthy R **Published:** 2020-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1960 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Muntingia calabura, phytochemicals, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-diabetic Muntingia calabura is a medicinal plant broadly used in conventional therapeutic preparation of many pharmacological activities. In the present study, the Invitro antidiabetic property of Muntingia calabura leaves extracts was analyzed by using standard methods. An in vitro anti-diabetic study was done by inhibition of α-amylase and α - glucosidase enzymes. The phytochemical screening of Muntingia Calabura leaves revealed that the extract is rich in the secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, polyphenols and tannins. The in vitro antidiabetic capability of extracts such as Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Methanol and aqueous through α- amylase enzyme and alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibition studies. The results of the present study concluded that the methanolic extract of Muntingia calabura exhibits 80% in α-amylase and 60% in alpha-glucosidase activity while compared to acarbose. The phytochemistry study portrays the antidiabetic activity of Muntingia calabura is due to the presence of polyphenols --- ## Sinergicity test of silver nanoparticles and clindamycin against Staphylococcus aureus **Authors:** Novi Haryanti, Iskandar syah, Yeva Rosana **Published:** 2020-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1957 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clindamycin, Silver nanoparticles, S. aureus, Synergism Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease. The pathogenesis of acne is multifactorial; one of them is caused by an overgrowth of microbes like S. aureus. Clindamycin is one of the antibiotics recommended for acne therapy. Still, the use of clindamycin causes various side effects such as changes in intestinal function associated with intestinal flora, pseudomembranous colitis, and increases the risk of resistance. Silver nanoparticles are potent antimicrobials, have broad-spectrum activity, and can reduce the development of resistance. Despite having potent activity, the long-term use of silver nanoparticles is reported to have side effects argyria. The use of antimicrobial combinations is a strategy to reduce side effects and increase the effectiveness of therapy. Antimicrobial combinations can use low concentrations but still have the potential to inhibit microbial growth. This research aim is to determine the antibacterial synergism of a combination of silver nanoparticles and clindamycin against S. aureus. Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of silver nanoparticles, clindamycin, and synergism test was carried out by microdilution using 96-well microplate . Synergy test is carried out using the Checkerboard method by calculating the value of the Fractional Index Concentration (FIC). The results showed the MIC values of silver nanoparticles and clindamycin were 16 µg/ml and 64 µg/ml, respectively. The synergy test of the combination of silver nanoparticles yielding an FIC value of 0.75. Based on the result of the study, it was concluded that the combination of silver nanoparticles and clindamycin had partial synergy properties. The Minimum bactericidal Concentration (MBC) value clindamycin alone compared in combination with silver nanoparticles 16 µg/ml reduces from 256 µg/ml to 128 µg/ml. Combinations of silver nanoparticle and clindamycin are the potential to reduce side effects and overcome resistance. --- ## Tumour preventive potential of sclareol on 7, 12 dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA) induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis **Authors:** Anandhi Nallu, Suresh Kathiresan, Sivakumar Kathiresan, Ilanchit chenni **Published:** 2020-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1956 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hamster buccal pouch, DMBA, antioxidant, sclareol, lipid peroxidation Sclareol has demonstrated a broad variety of biological activities that belong to the antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities that are used in traditional medicine. In the current study, we intended to explore the antitumor possible of sclareol along 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) evoked golden Syrian hamster’s buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants were assessed by the buccal tissue, and plasma of DMBA evoked golden Syrian hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis of observational animals. We observed 100% of tumor establishment and noted defects in the biochemical restrictions of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants and also histopathological observations of carcinogenesis in the hamster’s buccal pouch in DMBA only. Sclareol (20 mg/b.wt) has significantly inhibited the tumor burden, tumor volume, and increased phase II detoxification enzymes, antioxidant level, lipid peroxidation, and also phase I enzymes and has improved the histopathologically changes during carcinogenesis in the buccal pouch of DMBA induced golden Syrian hamster. The outcomes of the present scrutinized study proposed that aiming biochemically and histopathologically that act upon the inheritance of cancer characteristics is an effectual system for chemoprevention. Therefore, our results resolved that sclareol has probably owing to its antioxidant or scavenging properties of free radical and transition act on phase I and II enzymes in regard to the evacuation of metabolites carcinogenesis, which is evoked by DMBA in hamster’s buccal pouch. --- ## Observational Study to evaluate the role of Ultrasonography and X-Ray in Urinary Disease **Authors:** Amit Kumar Singh, Mishra S.S, Arun Kumar Dwivedi **Published:** 2020-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1959 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** X-ray, Ultrasonography, Urinary diseases, Renal failure, Ayurveda Urinary diseases are very common in our society which system constitutes kidneys ureters urinary bladder and urethra various abnormalities occur in these organs due to many reasons like infection inflammation metabolic abnormalities neoplastic changes trauma etc. these abnormalities lead to various physical problems ending into death many times the abnormalities of urinary system can be diagnosed by hematological examination urine analysis radiological examination and histopathological examination especially radiological examination provide wide range of diagnosis of disease of urinary system of almost all origin although various radiological technique like X-ray (plain and contrast) Ultrasonography CT scan MRI and many others are available but in present study X-ray (plain and contrast ) and ultrasonography were used for diagnosis of disease of urinary system because of its easy availability and affordability the diseases of urinary system has been described under the name of Mutrakrichha and Mutraghata in ayurveda these two conditions are in fact group of clinical entities in which urination is difficult and retention is present respectively further they are divided into various subtypes these conditions resembles clinically with various types of urinary diseases early diagnosis has been the always advocated by ayurveda by virtue of this prevention and management becomes easy in the present study written informed consent has been taken from all the patients early detection of these conditions facilitates the management otherwise renal failure may complicate the condition. --- ## Cab for Heart Diagnosis with RFO Artificial Intelligence Algorithm **Authors:** Saikumar K, Rajesh V, Hasane Ahammad S K, Sai Krishna M, Sai Pranitha G, Ajay Kumar Reddy R **Published:** 2020-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1958 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** DT, ML, CAB, heart attack CAB coronary artery Blockage is a main difficulty; this causes the heart problems. Different models are utilized to diagnosis the CAB as well as a category of heart problems. This work involves the heart surgery operations & very fast diagnosis. This research just requires the heart images i.e., CT-angiography images. Speed and real diagnosis are possible with technical Image processing (TIP) with the use of ML (Machine Learning) algorithm. With the help of RFO-DT (random forest optimization decision Trees) based, TIP and ML are used to detect the ROH (region of a Heart problem). Entire work consists of 2 stages; at first pre-processing is performed and the second stage DT is extracted, probability values are calculated performed the RFO-DT-ML model. Coronary artery is the main tissue in the heart, so it needs more concentration; normal scanning procedures are not sufficient, so CTA is necessary. In this, data sets are collated from the IEEE data house website. Conventional methods like GA, DE, and GWO are not efficient for heart functionality assessment for coronary artery disorders findings. If a patient with heart diseases have a problem for fast disease findings. So Fast and accurate disease finding models are required; therefore, this model i.e., RFO with AI, gives the best diagnosis results with accuracy. Finally, the design has been done and progressed by 4.766% OV, OF by using 6.5%, OT by 2.5%. These are efficient results. --- ## Effect of ginger tea on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among cancer patients in selected hospitals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha **Authors:** Sasmita Das, Mary Preety Banra, Neethu Maria Joseph **Published:** 2020-02-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1953 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cancer, Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, Ginger tea, Emetogenic potential A quasi-experimental research study (posttest only research design) was conducted to evaluate the effect of ginger tea on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among cancer patients in selected hospitals of Bhubaneswar and to find out the association of level of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting with selected socio-demographic variables. For this study, a quantitative experimental approach and post-test only research design was adopted. 100 patients were selected by convenience sampling technique and categorized into experimental (n=50) and control group (n=50) for this study. Self- structured socio-demographic proforma and self- structured record analysis proforma was used to collect socio-demographic data and modified nausea and vomiting scale was used to measure the level of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among cancer patients. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 20.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Science). The post-testt level of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among experimental and control groups was compared by unpaired‘t’ test and the result showed (p=<0.0001) significant difference between both groups. The chi-square analysis shows a statistically significance association between chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and the emetogenic potential of the drug in both groups and in control group age was also significance associated. The ANOVA test revealed the statistically significance of the posttest level of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting within groups of the emetogenic potential of a drug. The present study concluded that the food component, like ginger tea, is an effective home remedy for the reduction of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among cancer patients. --- ## Mitochondrial Drug Delivery for the Liver Diseases: Comprehensive Review **Authors:** Famna Roohi N K, Mahendran Bhaskaran, Sathish Babu, Gowda D V **Published:** 2020-02-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1955 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Autophagy, Polymeric micelles, Hepatic stellate cells, Nanosystems, Phytosomes The role of mitochondria in liver targeting has been reviewed, which mainly focuses on acute and chronic. This is due to ethanol consumption, which causes liver damage. And how ethanol consumption affects liver disease. Autophagy, which explains the ROS production, in oxygen species, the changes that take place in it have been reviewed below and also helps us to understand the methods and drugs used in targeting the mitochondria differently. The mainly 2 types of targeting has been focused upon that is the active and passive targeting. The other different types of targeting are Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) targeting, Hepatocytes, the drug is targeted, Polymeric micelles, the mitochondrial membranes are affected by the proteins, and the Nanosystems used for the delivery. The other drugs used for the study are lipophilic cation, liposomes, and the TAT peptides. The herbal treatment can also be used for the treatment of liver damage. The herbal extracts that are based on the phytosomes and the anti-oxidants that target on the hepatocytes cells. --- ## Correlation of Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW) and Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Levels, In Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus **Authors:** Adithya Biswas, Chitra Srinivasan **Published:** 2020-02-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1951 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Glycosylated Hemoglobin, Red Blood Cell indices, Glycemic control, diabetic complications The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus is increasing worldwide, with almost 1/3 of adults being affected. It is the major contributor to the morbidity of a man with its multi-organ system complications. Control of blood glucose levels is vital to decrease organ damage and complications. Routine diagnostic tests conducted are blood glucose, lipid profile, renal function tests, HbA1c, and insulin assays with a baseline CBC (Complete Blood Count). HbA1c values continue to be the gold standard for the assessment of glycemic control. The RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width) is a parameter of Complete Blood Count. Several studies have shown elevated RDW values in patients with poor glycemic control and as an early marker for Diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular complications. 610 patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus attending the Diabetic Clinic in Saveetha Medical College were included in a cross-sectional study to compare HbA1c values with RDW values with age and gender. The ratio of patients with poor HbA1c levels: acceptable HbA1c levels of glycemic control was1:4 in the age group 25 years and below. The ratio rose to 1:1 in the 36-45 years age group with a reversal of ratio to 4:1 in patients >65years of age. There was a significant correlation between the values of HbA1c with age - with the number of patients increasing with age and showing elevated HbA1c levels. There was no significant correlation between the values of RDW and age. There was a significant positive correlation between HbA1c and RDW- (p = 0.003, < 0.05 standard). For patients with HbA1c values between 6.2- 6-8 %, there was a particularly strong positive correlation with RDW values. In conclusion, there was a significant positive correlation between values of RDW and HbA1c, which emphasis that RDW is a good predictive factor for glycemic control. --- ## A comparative study to assess the efficacy of permethrin (topical) and ivermectin (oral) in scabies patients seeking care at a tertiary care teaching hospital of northern India **Authors:** Chitti Babu G, Kavita Dhar Bagati, Praveen Agarwal, Sonam Sharda **Published:** 2020-02-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1950 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Therapeutic intervention, improvement, scabies clinical grade, scabies itching grade The evidence for the superiority of Ivermectin (Oral) over topical preparations in the treatment of scabies conclusively lacks at present. Randomized controlled trials comparing ivermectin with topical permethrin have provided us the inconclusive results.To comparatively assess the efficacy of permethrin (topical) and ivermectin (oral) in scabies patients.After enrolling 178 study subjects, they were equally distributed to two study groups (I & II) and were given the desired respective therapeutic medication or interventions. Subjects in Group I was given permethrin 5% cream, and subjects in Group B were given a single dose of tablet ivermectin orally (200 mcg/kg). Efficacy of two groups of drugs was compared in terms of improvement in clinical grading of disease (%) & development in clinical grading of pruritus (%) during follow up visits at the end of 1, 2, 4 & 6 weeks.The mean age (± SD) for study subjects in Group I was 18.18 ± 11.33 years, whereas, in the Group II, it was 25.185 ± 10.67 years. The clinically observed cure rate among two groups i.e., Permethrin and Ivermectin at the end of the first and second weeks were 72% and 40%, and 96% and 58%, respectively. Rapid improvement in itching was noted down among subjects receiving topical permethrin as compared to those who received oral ivermectin. Comparatively, during different visits, permethrin provided better and fast improvement in itching grade than ivermectin.The improvement in scabies clinical grade and itching grade for permethrin (topical) was found to be more efficacious in comparison to ivermectin (oral). --- ## Expression of IGF-1R, SIRT1, and LEPTIN in the therapeutic effect of Cynodon.dactylon in Letrozole induced PCOS rats **Authors:** Anandaramajayan Nallathambi, Rajesh Bhargavan **Published:** 2020-02-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1949 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cynodon. dactylon, IGF-1R, Letrozole, LEPTIN, Polycystic ovarian syndrome, SIRT1 Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a female reproductive disorder with a prevalence rate of 2.2% to 26% in the world and Indian adolescents at a rate of 9.13%. It is a heterogeneous endocrine syndrome related to increase in the secretion of hyperandrogenemia with increasing risk of hyperinsulinism, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Hirsutism dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases and finally leading to an endometrial tumor. Cynodon dactylon or Bermuda grass is seen all over the world. C. dactylon is a stoloniferous, hardy perennial grass, very much variable with long rapid growing, rooting at nodes, forming a dense tuft on the top of the soil. C.dactylon plant was collected and 100gm of plant powder was mixed with 1,000ml of distilled water and heated till boiling temperature. The mixture was filtered and lyophilized. All the animals were induced for PCOS by giving Letrozole with an oral feeding needle for 21 days and the vaginal smear was examined to confirm PCOS. From 22-42 days, the animals were treated with the drug and Metformin. The animals were divided with four groups as Control, Induced group, treatment group with 500 mg/kg (Cynodon dactylon ), and Referral group 100mg/kg (Metformin). After 24hr of the last dose, the animals were sacrificed. Blood and tissue were collected for analysis. IGF-1R. LEPTIN is a gene which mainly acts on the hypothalamus in regulating the gonadotropin release hormone and gonadotropin secretion it regulates the energy level and adipose tissue storage in the body. SIRT1 is a nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide which increases the insulin sensitivity and decreases insulin resistance by modifying the insulin signal transduction pathway. --- ## Isolation, identification and quantification of gallic acid (gallotannins) through HPTLC in leaf galls of Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) j.f. Macb **Authors:** Kumkum dhaked, Preeti Mishra, Rishikesh Meena, Vidya Patni **Published:** 2020-02-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1948 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gallic acid, HPTLC, Insect, Leaf galls, Madhuca longifolia Plant galls (cecidia) are pathologically produced cells, tissues, or organs of plants that have developed by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of plant tissues under the effect of gall causing organisms. Madhuca Longifolia (Koenig) j.f Macb. is an economically and medicinally very important plant of the family Sapotaceae. It is a tropical mixed deciduous tree. Various galls due to insect infestation are found on almost all tree species. Leaf galls of Madhuca longifolia induced by insects of order Diptera and Hymenoptera represent a unique pattern of chemical perturbations which normally do not occur in normal leaf. During the present investigation, an accurate, fast and easy HPTLC method was followed for quantification of gallic acid occur in the normal leaf and dried leaf galls of the Madhuca longifolia plant. The protocol followed in this study resulted in an intense peak and was able to give a good resolution of gallic acid from normal leaf and galled tissues of Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) j.f. Macb. Adaxial leaf gall induced by insect Mohwadiplosis Orientalis Rao belonging to Diptera class, Marginal gall induced by another Dipteran and vein gall by chalcidoiid Hymenopteran class of insect. Variation in Gallic acid present in normal leaf and leaf galls of Madhuca longifolia was critically reported. It was found that Gallic acid content increased almost two folds in gall tissues as compared to normal leaf tissue. Galled leaf (Dipteran adaxial gall) had a maximum amount of Gallic acid (344.4 ng) while in normal leaf and another leaf galls had less amount of gallic acid was found (180 ng). This study is of practical importance because gallic acid is the most important active phenolic acid, which may be correlated with post-infection biochemical defense. Compound gallic acid has been reported for the first time from leaf galls of Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) j.f. Macb. Plant in the study. --- ## The correlation between progesterone/MII oocyte ratio on the day of trigger and ICSI outcome **Authors:** Nassrin Malik Aubead **Published:** 2020-02-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1942 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** progesterone, MII oocyte, Day of the trigger, ICSI The World Health Organization (WHO) defines subfertility as the inability to get pregnant in couples who have more than 12 months maintaining frequent sexual intercourse without the use of contraceptives methods. Subfertility affects approximately 10-15% of couples in fertile age and this figure is increasing. Assess the level of serum progesterone\MII oocyte ratio at the day of a trigger is to determine that if associated with poor ICSI-embryo transfer outcome. A retrospective cohort study carried in the period from Nov.1, 2018 to the end of Nov. 2019, when 50 patients were enrolled within the age between 20-35 years old with mean age (29±5)years and the main age group were in between (25-30) years. The most common cause of subfertility was oligospermia (48.0%) and the HCG was positive in (20.0%) of the patients and negative in (80.0%), Significant association were found between implantation rate and P/MII oocyte ratio (P=0.008), while highly significant association were noticed between pregnancy rate and P/MII oocyte ratio (P<0.001). Progesterone increase should be avoided that lead to advance maturation of the endometrium and impaired endometrial receptivity, so from these results, we concluded that raised serum progesterone\MII oocyte ratio at the day of the trigger is related with reduced ICSI-embryo transfer outcome. --- ## Biochemical and Hormonal Profile of Letrozole Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Wistars Albino Rats treated with Cynodon dactylon **Authors:** Anandaramajayan Nallathambi, Rajesh Bhargavan **Published:** 2020-02-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1947 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cynodon dactylon, Polycystic ovarian syndrome, androgen, hyperinsulinemia, Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Insulin, Testosterone, Letrozole The polycystic ovarian syndrome is associated with increases in androgen, hyperinsulinemia, secretion of a high level of luteinizing hormone, weight gain, anovulation, cyst formation, etc. Metformin is the drug used for treating PCOS with like nausea, vomiting, etc. in order to prevent the side effect and to find a better cure, and then metformin the present drug was selected Cynodon. dactylon is commonly called as Arugampul, which is used for diabetes, antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, etc. The animals were selected based upon the weight (125-150 gm) an oestrus cycle. 36 Wistars albino rat was taken and divided into six groups with each group six animals. Control group, Induced (PCOS) group, Referral (Metformin) group, Treatment group (C.dactylon) 500mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg, 1,500 mg/kg. The animals were induced for PCOS first 21 days by giving Letrozole excluding the control group and examined for PCOS by vaginal smear. In the second 21 days, the animal was treated with the drug and Metformin, leaving the PCOS induced group. There was a significant change with control and PCOS group, PCOS and drug & Metformin group. We were able to observe very high significant changes in lipid profile and also significant changes in hormonal and glucose profiles of C. dactylon group compared metformin group. The present study shows C. dactylon treats PCOS better than Metformin and bring backs the animals for normal condition. --- ## Reasons of Customer Preference towards Allopathy versus Ayurvedic therapy **Authors:** Hemant Katole **Published:** 2020-02-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1941 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Medicines, Allopathy therapy, Ayurvedic therapy The purpose of this research article was to identify the reasons of choosing/preferring Allopathy and Ayurvedic medicines in India. Based on the perception about medication therapy, patients either have a choice to prefer allopathy or ayurvedic therapy. In an ultimate combination of allopathic and ayurvedic medication will be very much influenced and used by allopathic doctors. This research helps to know why patient prefer allopathy or ayurvedic therapy, whether demographic parameters affects the selection of medication therapy etc. For this research, the primary data were collected by using structured questionnaire, with sample of 1018 consumers. The findings revealed that 72.88% of the consumers preferred Allopathic medicines in comparison with Ayurvedic (27.11%). Gender wise males preferred Allopathy medication while females prefer ayurvedic medicines. Age-wise, 61% of the respondents who prefer the allopathic system belong to the 21-40yrs age group, while only 22% of respondents who belong to this Age group prefer Ayurvedic as medication therapy. As per as expenses are concerned, 41.06 percent of respondents have a monthly expense on medication of Rs. 1000-5000. Survey also reveals that post-graduated customers prefer Ayurvedic as medication therapy. Customer Prefer Allopathy Therapy because of convenient to hectic Lifestyle and Easily availability of allopathy medicine Customer Prefer Ayurvedic Therapy because of its cheap price followed by no side effect on the human body and inclusion of natural ingredients in ayurvedic medicine. --- ## A review of the preparation, characterization and application of nanostructured lipid carriers **Authors:** Asha Spandana K M, Jawahar Natarajan, Shailesh Thirumaleshwar, Hemanth Kumar S **Published:** 2020-02-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1946 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipids, liquid lipids, surfactants Lipid Nanoparticles have gained increased attention during the last few decades. These carrier systems offer many advantages over conventional drug delivery system, including protection of the entrapped active ingredient from environmental (pH) or physiological (immune system, enzymes) degradations, improved bioavailability, prolonged circulation time, sustained release of drug and site specific drug delivery, reduced dose and side effects. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN), has been reported as an alternative carrier system to liposomes. However, SLN show some disadvantages such as drug expulsion during storage, low drug loading and aggregation of the particles. Nanostructured lipid carriers are evolved as second generation lipid nanoparticles to overcome the limitations of SLN, by modifying SLN by incorporating liquid lipid to the solid matrix for better drug accommodation to increase drug loading and prevent drug leakage while preserving the physical stability of the formulation. This article describes the features, various preparation techniques, characterization techniques and the therapeutic applications of NLCs in topical drug delivery, brain, oral and pulmonary delivery. --- ## ABCG2 Polymorphism in Hyperuricemia associated Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension Patients **Authors:** Swarnalatha J C, Amar Nagesh Kumar G, Vijaya Rachel K **Published:** 2020-02-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1945 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Genetic polymorphism, ABCG2 gene, Hyperuricemia, Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension Hyperuricemia is one of those syndromes that is highly inherited similar to obesity and body weight. There are many ongoing types of research in connection to the genetic inheritance of hyperuricemia. Existing studies have found out that, abnormal production of SNP rs2231142 of ABCG2gene, that belongs to the ATP-Binding cassette family, is responsible for the increased uric acid levels. Studies have proved that genetic polymorphism on the Q141K and V12M variants of the ABCG2 gene is responsible for the abnormal uric acid levels. Hence, people carrying these alleles are more likely to develop hyperuricemia. However, the extent of association of ABCG2 and hyperuricemia was found to vary with ethnicity. So, we have selected the same SNP rs 2231142 of the variants Q141K, in order to establish the theory of hyperuricemia variation with ethnicity. Here we want to study the significance of ABCG2 polymorphism in hyperuricemia patients suffering from type 2 diabetes and hypertension in the district of Srikakulam in South India. The aim of the present study was to find an association of novel ABCG2 gene with hyperuricemia in Srikakulam population attending GEMS&H, who are diagnosed as hyperuricemic and are suffering from type 2 diabetes and hypertension for more than 5 years. The study population is selected based on the disease conditions such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes. A total of 100 subjects were involved. Genomic DNA is extracted from the whole blood and gene polymorphism was identified by PCR and RFLP. Hyperuricemia was positively associated with age, obesity and alcoholism. The SNP locus rs2231142 of the ABCG2 gene was found to be associated with hyperuricemia and found significant in obese alcoholic men who are suffering from type 2 diabetes and hypertension. --- ## Diagnosis of Type II Diabetes Based on Feed forward Neural Network Techniques **Authors:** Laman R. Sultan **Published:** 2020-02-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1943 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes Type II, Prediction, Feedforward Neural Network Diabetes is a disease caused by an increase in blood glucose levels due to insulin secretion deficiency (type I diabetes) or impaired insulin activity (type II diabetes). More than 90% of people with this condition are diagnosed with type II diabetes. Due to the sharply prevalence of type 2 diabetes in recent years, the prognosis and early diagnosis of the disease have become even more important. In this study, a model for diagnosis of type II diabetes was developed using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method. The execution of the Frequent Pattern Growth algorithm on medical data is difficult. Association rule-based classification is an interesting area focused that can be utilized for early diagnosis. The discretization phase is necessary to transform numerical characteristics. Pima Indians Diabetes Data Set is taken as an input. The execution time, a number of rules generation and the detection of outlier percentage are analyzed. The CFP-growth algorithm utilizes for finding frequent patterns where constructing the Minimum Item Support (MIS)-tree, CFP-array and producing frequent patterns from the MIS-tree. From the set of frequent itemsets found, create all the association rules that have confidence exceeding the minimum confidence. In this study, we aim to build a model that helps Physicians in predicting Diabetes early and accurately. Data were collected from the PIMA Indian data set. Consisted of 768 samples (268 diabetic and 500 non-diabetics). Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation algorithm was used to train the network, and the accuracy of the prediction of whether a person is diabetics or not was 88.8%. --- ## Effect of dual task exercise to develop body balance, movement co-ordination and walking speed among post cervical injury clients **Authors:** Dayanidhi Hota, Sasmita Das, Neethu Maria Joseph **Published:** 2020-02-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1944 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cranio-cervical injuries, exercise therapy, neurorehabilitation, neurophysiotherapy To determine the effect of level of body balance, movement coordination and walking speed among patients with a cervical injury. A true experimental design (pre-test and post-test control group) was set up in the physiotherapy unit of Regional Spinal Injury Centre (RSIC), Cuttack, Odisha. A total of 40 post cervical injury patients were selected who were undergoing single task exercises in the setting. Patients were divided randomly with 20 in experimental and 20 in the control group. The experimental group performed dual-task exercises (for hands and legs) for 6 days a week, continuing for 4 weeks. Body balance was measured using ‘berg balance scale’, movement coordination and walking speed assessed with ‘motor assessment scale’. There was a significant improvement in the scores of body balance and movement coordination among the experimental group. The control group showed no significant difference between the pre and post-test scores. There was no significant change in the pre and post-intervention scores of movement coordination and walking speed among the experimental and control group except in body balance. Dual-task exercises were helpful in developing the body balance, movement coordination and walking speed among post cervical injury patients. --- ## Recent review on Nano sponge **Authors:** Ananya KV, Preethi S, Amit B Patil, Gowda DV **Published:** 2020-02-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1940 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cyclodextrin, drug degradation, drug delivery, nanosponges, targeted site Nanotechnology developments have resulted in the emergence of many forms of pharmaceutical products like Nanoemulsions, Nano micelles, Nano sponges and Nano niosomes. In recent years, through nanotechnology, Nano sponges (NS) has acquired remarkable strength in drug delivery. Later, as they effectively overcome the problems like increasing the solubility of water-insoluble drugs, increasing bioavailability, reducing drug toxicity, avoiding drug degradation and targeting the drug to a specific site, which offers controlled drug delivery for topical use. They can also be used as a carrier as biocatalysts for vaccines, enzymes, proteins and antibodies. Nano sponges are better than micro sponges because the diameter of Nano sponge is below 1μm and the diameter of the microsponge is 10-25μm with the void size around 5-300μm, thereby decreases side effect and protect the drug from degradation. This review study to expound the characteristics of β-cyclodextrin based Nano sponges like factors affecting the formation of Nano sponges, applications in topical formulation and comparison of different marketed products of Nano sponges along with cyclodextrin in various drug delivery and offer high drug loading compared to other Nanocarriers. --- ## Health Promoting Effects of Ziziphus mauritiana : An Overview **Authors:** Akassh M, Fathima T, Mruthunjaya K **Published:** 2020-02-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1937 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ziziphus mauritiana, wound healing, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, cytochrome P450 Natural products are the main source for an alternative system of medicine. Ziziphus mauritiana, commonly known as jujubes, belongs to the family Rhamnaceae and is majorly found in the Indian subcontinent. They are traditionally used to treat chronic bronchitis, insomnia, diabetes, diarrhoea, abscesses, wounds, liver diseases, fever, sleeplessness, constipation, urinary diseases, and abdominal pains. Over the course of many years, various parts of Ziziphus mauritiana has been found to possess hair growth stimulating, anti-platelet aggregating, anti-inflammation, wound-healing, anti-obesity, antibacterial, and antioxidant effects. Various peer-reviewed research articles were collected from SCOPUS, PubMed, Google, Research Gate, and Web of Science databases. A total of 26 papers were selected based on their relevance. Acetyljujuboside B, Mauritine A, and Jujuboside A are some of the numerous chemical constituents present in Ziziphus mauritiana. The present review is an effort to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the health-promoting effects of Ziziphus mauritiana. --- ## Retrospective analysis of symptoms and outcomes of snakebite cases **Authors:** Ismail Y, Haja Nazeer Ahamed, Vijaya Vara Prasad M **Published:** 2020-02-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1935 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rural, Snakebite, Snake anti-venom, Urban and Agriculture Usually, every part of the globe is found with snakes, varying with the species or variety of snakes found in a particular region. It is scientifically known that about 3000 types of snakes are prevalent in all parts of the globe. Among these 300, only 10% of the snakes are reportedly venomous, giving life-threatening risks in human beings. Depending upon the snake group, neurotoxic or hemotoxic venom of the snake is manifested. Symptoms of swelling or without swelling at the site of the bite, flank bite marks, local pain are seen in moderate cases, and the severe cases may manifest with shock, renal failure, and/or coagulopathy. The retrospective data were collected from one tertiary care hospital in Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India. A further retrospective analysis was carried out using snakebite victims or patients. About 20 patients among these were excluded from the study based on incorrect labeling of snake bite. Therefore, complete data for the study was collected from 72 patients for the study who were admitted into the general medical ward. When the duration time of the treatment is delayed, obviously, the snake bite becomes mortal in the case of the patient. This is because, like the time-lapse, the anti-venom action becomes ineffective. However, despite the above findings like clinical presentation, demographic characteristics, and timelines in both the groups. The overall mortality rate in the present study was reported 2%. It can be concluded from the study that by rapid administration of anti-venin in appropriate doses, the snakebite cases can be managed successfully. Thus, we suggest developing an inter-disciplinary approach to reducing the mortality rate of snakebite. --- ## Phytochemistry and Therapeutic potential of Bauhinia racemosa Lam. - A Concise Review **Authors:** Ann Maria Alex, Suresh Joghee **Published:** 2020-02-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1934 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Bauhinia racemosa Lam., ethnopharmacology, pharmacological actions, phytoconstituents, scientific validation Nature has consistently been a healing source of ailments for living organisms from the millennium era. Even though nature comprises of diverse animals and plants of immense therapeutic potential, plants due to its easy accessibility play a predominant lead in this perspective. In this scenario, herbal medicine dawned on the treatment of various diseases and the suffering of mankind. Each plant has to be scientifically explored to validate its therapeutic potential. Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Is a tree broadly distributed in the tropical climate regions of the earth. Bauhinia species are generally flowering trees found in the Caesalpiniaceae family. The plant, from its root to stem bark fibers, possesses curative properties. Ethnopharmacologically, various parts of the plant ranging from the bark of the plant to the gum obtained has been used in a wide spectrum of diseases such as Epilepsy, Diarrhoea, Leucoderma, etc. This plant, due to its wide distribution in the population, is still in use for many ailments among the tribal people. All the therapeutic properties of a plant are the perquisite of the phytoconstituents present in them. B. racemosa is abundant in flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, and tannins. Many pharmacological actions of the plant have already been proved, which include anti-microbial, anthelmintic, antitumor, antidiabetic activity, etc. This review aims at emphasizing the pharmacological actions and phytochemistry of B. racemosa. --- ## Frankincense essential oil extraction and lead compound analysis into cancer cells using molecular docking **Authors:** Adeeb M, Sunil Kumar Shah, Sahab Ahmed **Published:** 2020-02-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1939 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Frankincense oil, Soxhlet extraction, Gas chromatography, Docking, Protein Data Bank, Rasmol, Argus Lab Oil was extracted from Frankincense (Boswellia Sacra) by the soxhlet extraction method and various bioactive compounds were identified using gas chromatography (GC). These compounds can be developed as active pharmacophores. The present study involves the extraction and identification of bioactive compounds and their in-vitro study on the interaction of these compounds to target proteins. Frankincense oil collected from Boswelia Sacra species was subjected to Soxhlet extraction using Hexane solvent and essential oil (EO) was separated using vacuum distillation. Chemical profiling of essential oil was done using GC-MS. Various biological databases like PubChem, Protein Data Bank and software like Argus Lab, RasMol were used to retrieve and analyze the structural and molecular interactions of bioactive compounds from Frankincense oil with receptor proteins. The target protein structure was retrieved from Protein data bank ligand structures that were downloaded from PubChem, which was visualized using Rasmol Software. Protein-ligand interaction was studied using Argus Lab software by docking simulations and various docking poses were analyzed. The energy values of docking conformations were analyzed for obtaining the best docking pose & score. --- ## A Review on Candidiasis resistance current drug development process in its prevention and treatment **Authors:** Guruprasad B M, Famna Roohi N K, Gowda D V **Published:** 2020-02-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1938 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Vulvovaginal Candidiasis, immunocompromised, nanofibers, liposomes A fungal infection caused by Candida albicans leads to illness and death worldwide. This review mainly focused upon Vulvovaginal Candidiasis that is a common fungal infection seen in women, especially during pregnancy; Candida species cause diseases, particularly in immunocompromised patients. This type of infection occurred during the nonsterile environment. The different types of candidiasis mentioned in this review are Mucosal Candidiasis, Oropharyngeal Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Candidiasis, Cutaneous Candidiasis, Invasive Candidiasis, Disseminated candidiasis, and Candidemia. New approaches like vaccination, antibodies, cytokine therapy, amphotericin-B loaded nanofiber, mucoadhesive are required to improve the result of the patients suffering from infections. New insights into the mechanism of anticandidal host response have contributed to the design of novel immunotherapy. The systemic and topical treatment is carried. The novel drug therapy is given in order to avoid the resistivity developed by fungus. Diagnosis is made by different techniques like direct examination and Culture Method. The other examination methods used are Pathogen-related tests, mannan tests, nucleic acid-based assays. Amphotericin–B loaded nanofibers and liposomes are developed and even certain plant extracts are using as an antifungal drug which is safer to use the future trends used for the study are Echinocandins, the latest class of drug used for the antifungal and drug act as a fungicidal that has low drug-drug interaction which makes first-line treatment for invasive candidiasis particularly. The different class of drugs has been used for the treatment are discussed with Azoles that are used in the treatment with a combination of the other class drugs. --- ## Nano-sponges: A Novel Carrier for Delivery of Chemo-therapeutic Drugs **Authors:** Palesh S Rajkondawar, Amit B Patil **Published:** 2020-02-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1933 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cross-linker, Chemo-therapeutic- Agent, Beta-cycodextrin Nano-sponges belong to the category of hyper-cross linked polymer which is based on the colloidal structure. Nano-sized carriers are developed recently and are being used to deliver poorly water soluble drug by modifying the pharmaco-kinetic parameter and provide enhanced prolonged release. As a new class of chemo-therapeutic agents is being developed, formulation is getting difficult to issues such as poor solubility, low loading capacity and less entrapment of the drug in the drug delivery system. Nano-sponges have shown to deliver the most complex and challenging Chemo therapeutic drugs due to its amphiphilic nature. Nano-sponges tend to adhere to the tumor through complex bonding and release the drugs at the tumor site, in response to the stimuli such as temperature and pH thus providing the much needed targeted drug delivery. Nano-sponge delivery system has been able to resolve the bio-availability, dose regime, enhanced formulation flexibility issues and fewer side effects while delivering the chemo-therapeutic drugs. Nano-sponges are usually prepared by cross-linking suitable polymer such as Beta-cyclodextrin with cross-linkers. The below comprehensive articles is a brief review of all chemo-therapeutic agent formulated in the Nano-sponge and various methods for the synthesis of Nano-sponges and loading of the active components in the Nano-sponge drug delivery system. --- ## A Comprehensive review on Dendrimers in current advanced Drug delivery **Authors:** Chirag M, Gowda D V, Sathish Babu, Famna Roohi N K **Published:** 2020-02-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1936 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Dendrimers, Arborols, Cascade, nano polymeric structure In this particular review, it is been noted that Dendrimers are novel three-dimensional globular nano-polymeric structure; having multiple functional groups on the surface enhances their function. Synonymous terms for dendrimer include arborols and cascade molecules. The importance of dendrimers in a large variety of fields has been detected, where the various types of dendrimers helps in various fields of drug delivery with the different types of dendrimers with the generation. Hence the dendrimer gains more attention from researchers among various nano-materials. Convenient synthesis of the structure makes them as a good nano-material for drug delivery. In recent, dendrimers showed their activity in different drug delivery systems having properties like cancer targeting, anti-bacterial, ocular drug delivery, etc.. The future direction about the dendrimers are been discussed. The present review is focused on types of dendrimers like Polypropylene Imine dendrimer (PPI), Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAM), Poly-l-lysine dendrimers, Type of Frechet’s dendrimer, Core-shell tecto dendrimers, Chiral dendrimers, Liquid crystalline dendrimers, Peptide dendrimers, Multiple antigen peptide dendrimers, Glyco-dendrimers, Hybrid dendrimers, Polyester dendrimers in which among these type of dendrimers, the Polypropylene Imine dendrimer (PPI) and Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers are found to be good carriers for various targeting site, Dendrimers are synthesized through various methods like Divergent method, Convergent method, Hyper cores and branched monomer growth method, Double exponential growth method, Click chemistry method, recent advances in dendrimers are used in the Anti-cancer delivery, Anti-bacterial delivery, oral route delivery, pulmonary drug delivery, transdermal drug delivery, ocular delivery, and targeted drug delivery the safety aspects, and future strategies are also been discussed in the below article. --- ## Linear pharmacokinetics of doxazosin in healthy subjects **Authors:** Duaa J. Al-Tamimi, Mays E. Alani, Afaq M. Ammoo, Jaafar J. Ibraheem **Published:** 2020-02-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1932 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Doxazosin, Pharmacokinetics, Iraqi healthy male adult subjects Doxazosin is used for treating symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Besides, it is also prescribed for patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. The object of the current study was to assess the linearity in the pharmacokinetics of doxazosin after administration of doxazosin as a single dose tablet containing 2, 4 and 8 mg doxazosin mesylate. Thirty Iraqi healthy male adult subjects were given 2, 4 and 8 mg doxazosin mesylate tablet in a randomized, cross-over, open-label, fasting, three-period, three-sequence design separated by one week wash out interval between dosing. Serial blood samples were obtained from each subject before drug intake (zero time) and then at 0.33, 0.67, 1.0, 1.33, 1.67, 2.0 , 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12.0, 24.0, 36, 48, 60, and eventually at 72 hours after dosing. The pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, AUC0–t, AUC0–∞, Tmax and Thalf were determined from plasma concentration-time data of the drug by non-compartmental analysis. Statistical analysis of doxazosin pharmacokinetic parameters obtained after administration of the investigated dose ranges 2-8 mg demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics. --- ## Anti-arthritic evaluation of Eclipta alba in a murine model Freund’s adjuvant provoked arthritis **Authors:** Tirupathi Rao Y R K V, Gopal Rao K, Satishchandra A **Published:** 2020-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1929 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Eclipta alba, arthritis, complete freunds adjuvant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory Eclipta alba (E.alba) is a medicinal plant with wide range of biological action encompassing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. However, its anti arthritic activity is not reported till date. So we have evaluated the anti-arthritic property of E.alba methanolic extract in arthritis induced rats. The rats were made arthritic by single intradermal injection of complete freunds adjuvant (CFA) and E.alba (200 and 400mg/kg) were administered for 28 days. The assessment of arthritis was done by evaluating body weight, paw volume and alteration in hematological parameters (WBC, RBC, Hb and ESR). Further, to evaluate oxidative stress, malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH) were measured. The arthritis induced rats showed significant decrease in body weight, elevated paw oedema, and changes in blood parameters. Treatment with E.alba significantly reduced the arthritic symptoms by its anti-inflammatory effect. Further, arthritic rats displayed elevated MDA and decreased antioxidant levels and treatment with E.alba inhibited the lipid peroxidation and restored the antioxidants to normal. The present study reveals that Eclipta alba showed effective anti-arthritic activity through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property. Further the anti-arthritic activity of E. alba might be due to the presence of various phytochemicals such as flavanoids and polyphenols. --- ## Effect of honey mouth-care on xerostomia among semiconscious and unconscious patients **Authors:** Sasmita Das, Sailabala Mohanty, Sonam Debnath **Published:** 2020-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1930 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Honey mouth-care, xerostomia, Challacombe Scale, semiconscious, unconscious patients A quasi-experimental study was conducted to find out the effect of honey mouth-care on xerostomia among semiconscious and unconscious patients in a selected hospital of Odisha. In this study, an experimental research approach and non-randomized control group design were adopted. 40 patients were selected by the non-probability purposive sampling technique and who met the inclusion criteria were selected for the study. A self-structured interview schedule and record analysis performa were used for collecting socio-demographic data. The Challacombe Scale was used to assess the level xerostomia among the selected patients. In unpaired 't' test, there was a significant difference between the level of xerostomia among the experimental group and control group as 't' value was -6.03 (p<0.0001), which represented that honey mouth-care was effective in reducing the level of xerostomia. In paired 't' test, there was a significant difference between the level of xerostomia in pre-test and post-test score among the experimental group as 't' value was -6.45 (p<0.0001) which represented that honey mouth-care was effective in reducing the level of xerostomia. The chi-square association between levels of xerostomia with selected demographic variables revealed that there was a significant association between the level of xerostomia with age and history of the previous hospitalization. No significant association found between the level of xerostomia with the socio-demographic data and the duration of semi-consciousness or unconsciousness and duration of xerostomia. The findings of the study revealed that honey-mouth-care was highly effective in reducing xerostomia among semiconscious and unconscious clients. --- ## Exploration of a novel adjuvant therapeutic regimen using a potent glucocorticoid receptor agonist along with iNOS inhibitor in murine model of asthma **Authors:** Manoj Kumar Sethi, Snigdha Pattnaik, Laxmidhar Maharana **Published:** 2020-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1928 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Asthma, Aminoguanidine, Dexamethasone, bronchoalveolar lavage Allergic asthma is mainly characterized by allergen-induced IAR (immediate airway response) and LAR (late airway response). In regards to the results of lung tissue histology and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis, it was confirmed that there is the existence of a casual relationship of eosinophil and other inflammatory cell infiltration in bronchial sub-mucosa in the mechanism of LAR. This investigation aimed to examine the anti-asthmatic effect of novel adjuvant therapeutic regimens using a low dose of potent glucocorticoid receptor agonist i.e., Dexamethasone, along with iNOS inhibitor i.e., Aminoguanidine in a both acute and chronic murine model of asthma. Female BALB/c mice of 8 weeks of age were taken and divided into 6 experimental groups i.e. normal control, OVA control, aminoguanidine (200mg/kg), combination of aminoguanidine (200mg/kg) along with dexamethasone (0.03mg/kg), low dose dexamethasone (0.03mg/kg) and Dexamethasone (0.1mg/kg) treated group. After sensitization and introduction of drugs, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid analyzed. The result of this study stated that there is a significant reduction in the levels of inflammatory cytokines in combination-treated animals with respect to alone dexamethasone, which may be due to the synergistic effect of aminoguanidine and dexamethasone. From histopathological evidence, it can be concluded that combination treatment having a better lung adaptation mechanism and can improve the condition aggressively. The findings of the study throw some light on an additive therapeutic regimen of aminoguanidine can have a better impact with glucocorticoids. --- ## Impulsivity in major depressive and borderline personality disorder patients **Authors:** Snehalata Choudhury, Surjeet Sahoo, Soumya Ranjan Dash **Published:** 2020-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1931 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Impulsivity, Major Depression, Borderline Personality Disorder, Self-harm behavior Impulsivity is the propensity to follow up on an idiosyncrasy by showing conduct described by almost no thinking ahead, reflection or thought of the outcomes. In psychology, impulsivity (or impulsiveness) is a tendency to act on a whim, displaying behavior characterized by little or no forethought, reflection, or consideration of the consequences. The present study seeks to explore the nature, intensity and extensity patterns of impulsivity in individuals diagnosed as major depression (N: 254) and borderline personality (N: 69). The selected participants were administered Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and Scale Suicide Ideation. Results show significantly high scores on certain domains of impulsivity related to non-acceptance, goals, impulsive difficulty, strategies, and clarity in patients having borderline personality problems (p: <0.001) as compared to no difference at all for awareness in both the groups. This paper brings together eminent scholars and rising researchers from various fields (developmental psychology, neuroscience, animal cognition, anthropology, addiction science) who use various techniques (behavioral assays, imaging, endocrinology, genetics) to provide a comprehensive and cohesive understanding of impulsiveness. A domain and item-wise analysis of the similarities and differences are presented between the two clinical conditions in the light of their suicidal ideation based on associated variables like gender and marital status before discussing their implications for therapy in the context of cultural factors unique to Indian settings. --- ## Cytotoxicity study of Shalmali extract on human endometrial stromal cells **Authors:** Muttevi Hyagreva Kumar, Prabhu K **Published:** 2020-02-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1927 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant, Uterine bleeding, Cytotoxicity assay, Shalmali extract Various herbs are extensively used by the customary medical practitioners for curing numerous diseases in their day-to-day practice. Shalmali (Bombax ceiba) is a recognized plant used in the customary system for the management of various diseases. It has an extensive range of pharmacological and medicinal applications. In the current study, efforts have been made to summarize diverse aspects of scientific studies on the role of Shalmali extract on uterine bleeding. Therefore the cytotoxicity study of Shalmali extract was performed on endometrial cell lines using MTT assay. The absorbance by human endometrial stromal cells (T HESCs cells) was noted and the percentage of cell viability of T HESCs with varying treatment concentration of Shalmali extract was calculated in contrast to the standard placebo. The Shalmali extract showed cytotoxicity effect on T HESCs cells and the IC50 of the extract is 110µg/ml. To conclude that Shalmali extract showed a positive correlation was found to exist between the presence of antioxidant compounds and cytotoxicity against cells. Our results concluded that Shalmali extract could be used for the treatment of uterine bleeding. --- ## Differential expression of glycogen synthase kinase 3 Alpha and 3 Beta isomers in brain cortex of mice following high doses of glucose **Authors:** Mohd Alaraj, Irena Kosinska, Bahaa Deen Al-Trad, Ammar Almaaytah, Tarek D. Hussein, Ashfaque Hossain, Mohamed Jamal Saadh **Published:** 2020-02-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1926 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** histopathology, hyperglycaemia, neurodegeneration, real-time PCR, ultrastructure study Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase. We investigated the effects of Subcutaneous (SC) glucose administration on the expression of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GKS-3) isomers (α and β) genes in the cerebral cortex of mice with the aim of determining the possible mechanism(s) involved in mitochondrial dysfunction induced by hyperglycemia. Adult male BALB/c mice were treated with 12 gm/kg glucose solution SC once daily for 3 days. Ultrastructure study, histopathological analysis, and Real-time PCR investigations were carried out on the cerebral cortex from glucose treated mice and from vehicle-treated control animals. We observed significant ultrastructural damage of mitochondria in the cerebral cortex of mice received high doses of glucose. Histopathological alterations in the cortex of these animals were also detected. A significant increased of GSK-3α gene expression and decreased expressions of GKS-3β gene in high glucose treated animals were noticed. The hyperglycemia-induced ultrastructural changes may occur via modulation of gene expression of GSK-3 isomers, and we hypothesize this as an early etiopathological factor in hyperglycemia-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDD). --- ## Assay method development and validation for butamben drug substance by using high performance liquid chromatographic technique **Authors:** Sachin D. Zade, Padma S. There, Sunanda S. Aswale, Shashikant R. Aswale **Published:** 2020-02-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1924 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPLC, Assay, Butamben, Degradation Stability indicating assay methodology was developed with UV detection for the simultaneous quantification of Butamben drug substance by HPLC. The separation between degradation impurities and the peak due to Butamben was achieved by using Universal C 18, (100 x 4.6) mm, 5.0-micron column. Mobile Phase was made up of Water, Methanol and Orthrophosphoric acid by mixing 350:650:1 ml, respectively. Isocratic method was used by using flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, UV at 250 nm and column oven temperature at 50°C. Relative standard deviation for standard preparation under system precision was achieved within acceptance criteria. Relative standard deviation for retention time was achieved 0.11%, which shows reproducibility during replicate injections. After the successful development of this method, chemically forced degradation was performed by external acid, alkali and peroxide treatment. Not any degradation peak was interfering with any impurity. This newly developed innovative method is found suitable for the Assay analysis of Butamben API. --- ## Development and method validation for determination of 54 pesticides in Okra by LC-MS/MS analysis **Authors:** Hymavati Muppalla, Kiranmayi Peddi **Published:** 2020-02-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1925 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** LC-MS/MS, Multiple Reaction Modes (MRM), Okra, Pesticide Residues, QuEChERS The presence of pesticide residues in primary and derived agricultural products raises serious health concerns for consumers across the globe. The aim of the present study was to assess the level of pesticide residues in Okra in India. A multi-residue method for the quantification of fifty-four pesticides in okra is described in this work. The present study employed a modified quick, easy cheap, effective rugged and safe (QuEChERS) extraction procedure followed by UHPLC-MS/MS (Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry) analysis. Validation of the method was according to the guidelines given by European Union SANCO/12571/2013. The levels of validation were 10.0, 50.0 and 100 µg kg-1. The following parameters such as linearity, the limit of detection (LOD) (nearer to 0.005 mg kg-1) and limit of quantification (LOQ) (nearer to 0.01 mg kg-1) were set to be acceptable. The trueness of the method for 54 pesticides in all Okra commodities was between 80-110% with satisfactory repeatability and within-run reproducibility except for the pesticide residues such as Thiamethoxam and Fenamidone. The measurement of uncertainty for each of the pesticide was below 50% and was estimated to be in the range of 5.37% - 10.71%, which meets the criteria established in the SANCO/12571/2013 document (European Union, 2013). This method is concluded to be applicable for the determination of pesticide residues in Okra. --- ## Derivative spectrophotometric for simultaneous estimation of propranolol hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide in synthetic mixture **Authors:** Suha Sabri Al Samarrai, Khalaf F. Alsamarrai, Eman Thiab Alsamarrai **Published:** 2020-02-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1922 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** First Derivative, Propranolol Hydrochloride, Hydrochlorothiazide, Spectrophotometric Estimation A simple, sensitive and economical spectrophotometric method for simultaneously estimation of PRO and HCTZ. The first derivative (D1) of the UV spectrum was used in the determination of both drugs in their synthetic mixtures. The Peak to baseline and Peak area at suitable wavelengths were used in the study. The linearity of both drugs was up to a concentration of (5-40 µg/ml). The analytical results of the estimation of PRO were, Rec% 97.179-102.424% and RSD% 0.001-4.996 %. While for estimation of HCTZ were, Rec% between 95.406-103.681% and RSD% 0.001-3.676%. The method was accurate, good repeatability and successfully applied in the estimation of both drugs in their synthetic mixtures. --- ## Development of Antibiogram for Secondary Health care Hospital **Authors:** Anand Vijayakumar PR, Lalra mengmawii, Lalduhawmi TC, Manisha S, Shekhar S Deshpande **Published:** 2020-02-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1923 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibiotic, Antibiogram, Secondary Health Care, Microorganism Antibiotics resistance is an emerging problem in the management for infectious diseases. Patients are many a time prescribed with antibiotics without knowing that particular antibiotic sensitivity pattern with respect to the infectious microorganism. This study aims to detect the type of microbes causing certain infections in the hospital and also to detect the sensitivity pattern of the antibiotics to these microbes. We conducted a prospective study for six months on the neonates who were admitted in NICU. The blood samples were collected from these neonates before the administration of antibiotics. The swab samples were also collected from various places of this hospital to detect the types of microorganisms present in the hospital and to study the sensitivity of the antibiotics toward these microbes. The antibiotics used in this study were Gentamicin, Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Amikacin, Piperacillin, Meropenam, and Vancomycin. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were found to be the most common pathogens implicated in neonate's infection. All the organisms showed absolute sensitivity mostly to Ampicillin, Gentamicin, and Piperacillin and resistant to Cefotaxime, Amikacin, and Vancomycin. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus infleunzae, Kleibseilla pneumoniae, Escherichia coli were the most common microorganism found in the swab samples collected from the hospital. A routine bacterial surveillance of prevalent organisms and the study of the sensitivity patterns of the pathogens responsible for neonatal infection should be made an essential component for neonatal care. This information from many parts of the country will be important in policymaking on antimicrobial use not only locally but also internationally. --- ## Drug-Related Problems and Pharmacist Interventions in Inpatients with Chronic Kidney Disease **Authors:** Savitha R S, Madhan Ramesh, Manjunath S Shetty, Kiran K K **Published:** 2020-01-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1921 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic Kidney Disease, Drug-related problem, Pharmacist Intervention, PCNE Studies report poor quality and break in the care of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients due to complex pharmacotherapy, frequent dose changes and adherence issues. The addition of clinical pharmacists on the healthcare team will enable improved quality of care. The aim of the study is to characterize drug-related problems (DRPs) among CKD patients and intervene to improve patient outcomes. This prospective, interventional study was carried out in the admitted inpatients of a tertiary care hospital during the period October 2018 to May 2019. Patients admitted to inpatient wards of nephrology, medicine, surgery and orthopedics who were diagnosed with chronic kidney disease of any stage and etiology and who gave consent to participate were included in the study. Patients diagnosed with cancer and/or receiving chemotherapy, significant liver disease, as evidenced by Child-Pugh grades B and C, and those with substance abuse disorders were excluded from the study. A clinical pharmacist reviewed the patient treatment chart to identify drug-related problems and communicated appropriate suggestions or recommendations to the nephrologist or attending physician. Identified DRPs were categorized according to 'The Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe Foundation (PCNE) classification V 6.2. Among 833 patients included in the study, a total of 250 DRPs were identified from 245 patients. DRPs occurred at a rate of 1.02 per patient in the study population. The most common drug classes involved were antibiotics, tramadol, insulin, and oral antidiabetic drugs. Dose change and the new drug started were the most common interventions made. Pharmacists can make positive contribution in caring for patients with CKD. --- ## The efficacy of xylitol based oral hygiene products on salivary parameters – An invivo study **Authors:** Kathiresan Ravichandran, Jithesh Jain, Bhakti Jaduram Sadhu, Sowndarya Gunasekaran, Poojitha MC, Prasanta Majumder, Nainan Isaac **Published:** 2020-01-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1920 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Salivary flow, Toothpaste, Mouthwash, Chewing gum Xylitol, a five-carbon sugar polyol, is a white crystalline carbohydrate known since a century ago. The objective is to assess the efficacy of xylitol based oral hygiene products (chewing gum, mouthwash, and toothpaste) on salivary parameters - pH, Resting Salivary Flow Rate (RFR) and Stimulated Salivary Flow Rate (SFR) among subjects with medium cariogenic risk. The study recruited sixty participants who were divided into 3 groups of 20 individuals each. Subjects in Group I, Group II, Group III were given xylitol toothpaste, xylitol mouth-wash & toothpaste, and xylitol chewing-gum & toothpaste respectively for 3 weeks. The salivary parameters - RFR, SFR, and pH were assessed before and after the use of xylitol-based products. All three groups showed an increase in the RFR, SFR, and pH after three weeks. RFR was found to be statistically significant in Group I (p=0.006), Group II (p=0.000), and Group III (p=0.000). SFR was found to be statistically significant in Group II (p=0.000) and Group III (p=0.000). pH was found to be statistically significant in Group I (p=0.002) and Group III (p=0.003). Xylitol is a well-known anti-caries agent, and it has been well documented in the prevention of caries. The present study was conducted in the light of these facts to compare the efficacy of different xylitol products concludes that chewing-gum is comparatively more effective than mouthwash and toothpaste. --- ## Analysis of the epizootic situation and improvement of the scheme for the specific prevention of anthrax **Authors:** Ivanova S.V, Melnikova L. A, Rodionov A. P, Makaev Kh.N, Safina G.M, Murtazina G.Kh, Rodionov D.P, Smolentsev S.Yu **Published:** 2020-01-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1919 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** anthrax, Republic of Tatarstan, disease prevention, morbidity structure, monitoring, dysfunctional point The article shows the epizootic situation for three periods (decades): from 1990 to 1999, from 2000 to 2009 and from 2010 to 2019. As a result of the studies, it has been established that since 1990, the 26 sporadic outbreaks of anthrax have occurred in the territory of the republic, 13 of them in territories where the disease was not previously recorded, which indicates the spread of the pathogen in the environment. Due to the special situation of anthrax, which consists of a large number of unidentified anthrax cattle burial grounds, as well as high density and activity of dysfunctional sites, the republican veterinary service recommended vaccinating an adult cattle population twice a year with an interval of 6 months: in spring and autumn, to create the maximum percentage of immune animals. In addition, a method has been introduced in the republic for assessing specific prophylaxis of anthrax, based on the detection of specific antibodies in the blood serum of an immunized livestock by an indirect hemagglutination test. This method allows the detection of animals that were skipped during vaccination and tolerant animals. Thanks to the joint work of veterinarians and scientists who improved the specific scheme for the prevention of anthrax, the republic managed to reduce the number of outbreaks of infection by 15 times, which allows us to predict further improvement in the epizootic situation for this infection. --- ## Creative communication in networking services as the social skill of geriatric pharmacist **Authors:** Yuhansyah Nurfauzi, Djoko Wahyono, Fita Rahmawati, Nanang Munif Yasin **Published:** 2020-01-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1917 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Creative communication, Geriatric pharmacist, Elderly, Network, Social skills, Pharmaceutical services The geriatric pharmacist is one of the professions that play an important role in providing drug services to the elderly. As specialist pharmacists, they are expected to be not only rich in clinical skills but also have good social skills to understand and meet the therapeutic needs of patients. On the other hand, the community views that pharmacists are very accessible, and caregivers trust them as a link with the health care network. Four electronic databases (PUBMED, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar) have been used to explore relevant research. The research articles reviewed were original articles that stated creative communication in networking as an idea of the pharmacist and the application in service by the pharmacist. The articles were selected with several inclusion criteria, namely published between 2000-2019, designed with Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) and/or qualitative studies, in English, and containing ideas or communication activities by pharmacists in networking services for patients or collaborating with another stakeholder. Exclusion criteria were articles which are research protocols, do not mention communication activities and efforts in creating a service network clearly and articles that only examine and assess economic aspects. Search results on 421 articles produced 13 articles that met the criteria for review, 9 articles from RCT and 4 articles from qualitative studies. Pharmacists can make oral, written and direct home visits when they provide advice. Pharmacists inform drugs through sign language, visual media and communication technology. Creative communication as a social skill plays an important role in networking services for doctors, nurses, patient families, caregivers and institutions related to services for the elderly. --- ## Cyanidin prevents hippocampal cell death and promotes astrocytosis in kainic acid-induced neurodegeneration **Authors:** Sitthisak Thongrong, Ratchaniporn Kongsui, Napatr Sriraksa **Published:** 2020-01-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1918 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** astrocyte, cyanidin, granule cell dispersion, hippocampus, neurodegeneration Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the non-communicable diseases characterized by dentate granule cell dispersion (GCD) and the loss of the CA1 and CA3 neurons. This study investigated the effects of cyanidin on neurodegeneration after KA injection. Male Wistar rats were divided into a saline-injected group as a control, KA alone and cyanidin treated group at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW seven days before and after KA injection. The histomorphological analysis revealed that GCD was reduced in the ipsilateral hippocampus of cyanidin treated group when compared with KA alone (P<0.05). There was no neurodegeneration observed in the contralateral hippocampus. In contrast, neuronal degeneration was limited in the ipsilateral CA1 (P<0.01) and the hilar interneurons (P<0.001) of cyanidin treated group when compared with KA alone. However, there was no significant difference in the number of CA3 neurons of the ipsilateral between KA alone and cyanidin treated group. GFAP staining revealed a higher number of reactive astrocytes in the ipsilateral hilus (P<0.001) and molecular layer (P<0.05) of cyanidin treated group when compared with KA alone. Taken together, cyanidin could prevent neurodegeneration and promote astrocyte proliferation as well as mitigated GCD following KA-induced hippocampal injury. --- ## A comparative study of novel biomarkers on preeclampsia in relation to body mass index **Authors:** Sabir Ali Shaikh, Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan, Das Subir Kumar, Pal Manidip **Published:** 2020-01-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1914 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Arginine, Asymmetric dimethylarginine, Body mass index, Glutathione peroxidase, Preeclampsia, Placental growth factor Objective of the study was to compare serum level of nitric oxide (NO), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), arginine, placental growth factor (PIGF), soluble Fms like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), soluble endoglin (sEng), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, in normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies in relation to body mass index (BMI). The study was done on 100 healthy normotensive and 100 preeclamptic pregnant women. Based on BMI, they were categorized into three groups. Group 1 (<25 kg/m2), group 2 (25 – 30 kg/m2) and group 3 (>30 kg/m2). ADMA, eNOS, arginine, PlGF, sFlt-1, sEng were estimated by ELISA method, and MDA, NO, GPx, SOD, and catalase by spectrophotometric method. Statistically, a significant difference was not observed within normotensive and preeclampsia in relation to BMI. But when respective normotensive was compared with preeclampsia, there was a high increase of ADMA, sFlt-1, sEng, and MDA. A significant decrease was observed in arginine, eNOS, NO, GPx, SOD, and catalase in preeclampsia. This study shows that though preeclampsia is associated with overweight and obesity, but during pregnancy, higher BMI has no additional deleterious effect in preeclampsia --- ## Formulation and evaluation of third-generation Cefpodoxime proxetil as an Oro-dispersible tablets for treating infections **Authors:** Akshay Kumar S, Gowda D V, Sharadha M, Famna Roohi N K **Published:** 2020-01-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1916 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oro-dispersible tablets (ODTs), Super disintegrants, Cefpodoxime Proxetil, RTI, UTI The main problems to humans include the infection caused in the respiratory tract and urinary tract, namely respiratory tract infection (RTI) and urinary tract infection (UTI). Cefpodoxime Proxetil drug is available in the market that has a problem with drug release profile and flows property. To overcome this problem, the compacted powder form made into a micro-ionized form for its better flow property and drug release by using a direct compression technique. The study was based on the aim to evaluate and formulate oro-dispersible tablets as an effective approach via orally for the treatment of RTI & UTI prepared by direct compression technique. FTIR and DSC showed no incompatibility between drugs and excipients. The pure drug Cefpodoxime Proxetil and the excipients were blended using an octagonal blender. The Pre-formulation study was performed for this blend and pure drug. Further, the blend was made compressed into a tablet by direct compression technique. Two factorial design was implemented. Prepared tablets were evaluated for drug content, hardness, thickness, uniformity in the weight, friability, disintegration test, dispersion time, in-vitro studies, release kinetics, and also stability studies. The optimized formulation A6 found to have good flow property. The evaluation results of optimized formula A6 showed 99.60% drug content, 390mg average weight, 0.91% weight uniformity, 3.80 kg/cm2 hardness, 0.67%, friability, 23.70sec, disintegration time, 16 sec dispersion time and 95.5% drug release than the other formulation batch. The current study showed that the optimized formula A6 exhibited good disintegration time, drug release, and friability than marketed product X and other batches. --- ## Study of the effect of different levels of arginine in feed on broiler chickens **Authors:** Olga A. Gracheva, Alizade S. Gasanov, Damir R. Amirov, Bulat F. Tamimdarov, Dina M. Mukhutdinova, Sergey Yu. Smolentsev, Irina I. Strelnikova, Tatyana V. Izekeeva **Published:** 2020-01-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1913 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** poultry feeding, broiler chickens, compound feed, arginine level Amino acids are the basic structural units of protein molecules in the body. Currently, about 300 amino acids are known, of which 26 are studied best. Amino acids or their derivatives (for example, immune bodies) are part of enzymes, hormones, pigments, and other specific substances that play a crucial role in digestive and metabolic processes. In the process of metabolism, many amino acids are synthesized in the body from other amino acids or compounds, and therefore they are called interchangeable. Amino acids that are not synthesized in the body or are formed in insufficient quantities are called indispensable. According to the content and ratio of essential amino acids, feed proteins are subdivided into full and inferior. Deficiency, absence, or imbalance of essential amino acids in animal diets is accompanied by a deterioration in protein use, metabolic disorders, and decreased productivity. The following amino acids are indispensable; arginine, viburnum, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine. Among the essential amino acids, especially important ones, are those called critical. These are lysine, methionine + cystia, threonine, and tryptophan. A deficiency, absence, or imbalance of essential amino acids in animal diets is accompanied by a deterioration in protein use, metabolic disorders, and decreased productivity. The effective level of arginine in compound feed for broilers of the Cobb-500 cross was experimentally determined. The use of compound feed with arginine levels in the first rearing period (1 to 10 days) - 1.28%, in the second (11 to 22 days) - 1.15% and in the third (23 to 42 days) - 1.11% gives the opportunity to get broiler chickens at the age of 42 days, weighing 2.654 kg, at a feed expenditure of 1.78 kg per 1 kg of gain. --- ## Common upper respiratory tract infection leading to uncommon retropharyngeal abscess - A case series on paediatrics **Authors:** Lalduhawmi T C, Diya C, Keerthana Arjunan, Jerlin Anusha R, Keerthana Chandrasekar **Published:** 2020-01-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1903 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Poor hygiene, Age, Complications, Neck Mass, Paediatrics Retropharyngeal abscess is the formation of pus in retropharyngeal space, which occurs as a frequent complication of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URI). It is commonly seen in children less than 5 years old. The clinical manifestations includes neck mass, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, neck stiffness, agitation, cough, drooling, torticollis, respiratory distress, stridor, and with signs of tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and otitis media. The first-line treatment includes drugs such as ampicillin-sulbactam and clindamycin. This case series highlights the complications of untreated upper respiratory tract infection leading to retropharyngeal abscess. Oral hygiene should be maintained to prevent future complications. Two patients were admitted in the paediatric inpatient unit and were diagnosed as a case of retropharyngeal abscess, following for which their management was done. After assessing, the clinical presentations and management scenario of the patients, age, and poor hygienic conditions are associated with the patients' risk factors for acquiring Retropharyngeal Abscess. In paediatrics, maintaining hygiene, especially oral hygiene and early diagnosis can prevent future complications of retropharyngeal abscess. --- ## Phytopharmacological and Antioxidant Analysis of Hydroethanolic Extract of Boerhavia diffusa **Authors:** Murugan K, Kalaivani P, Vanitha V, Bothiraj K.V **Published:** 2020-01-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1904 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Boerhavia diffusa, PhyFtochemicals, Hydroethanolic extract, Antioxidant property Boerhavia diffusa, a well-known ethno-medicinal plant and were found in tropics and sub-tropics. Boerhavia diffusa is a traditional medicinal plant and they can cure many human ailments. It has most promising pharmacological activities include antifibrinolytic, immunosuppressive, diuretic, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulatory, antilympho proliferative, analgesic properties and also for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Due to their adverse side effects, the naturally occurring antioxidants has increased and replaced by the synthetic antioxidants. This study is focussed on the phytochemical evaluation and in vitro antioxidant activity of Hydroethanolic extract of Boerhavia diffusa. The qualitative chemical test exhibited the presence of phytocompounds like flavonoids, polyphenols, anthocyanins, coumarin, steroids, terpenoids, triterpenoids, glycosides, emodins and saponins. Quantitative analysis of total phenol, total flavonoid and total tannin was found to be 205.25mg/g, 121.65 mg/g and 61.41mg/g. DPPH, Total antioxidant activity, Superoxide anion radical, Nitric oxide and Hydroxy radical scavenging assay showed that B.diffusa was an excellent scavenger of these radicals. These results are an indication of the potent antioxidant property of the extract and may be responsible for some of the therapeutic uses of Boerhavia diffusa. --- ## Formulation and Evaluation of Floating and Mucoadhesive tablets containing Glipizide **Authors:** Jagdish K Arun, Dharmajit Pattanayak, Shrivastava B, Ramesh Adepu **Published:** 2020-01-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1912 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Glipizide, Mucoadhesive, Floating, Mucoadhesive polymers In the present study, Glipizide, a drug mainly preferred for type-II diabetes, is formulated in the form of floating mucoadhesive tablets to improve its bioavailability. Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose K200M, Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose, Carbopol 974P, Karaya gum, Chitosan, and Xanthan gum were used as mucoadhesive polymers in designing of the floating mucoadhesive tablets. Different proportions of glipizide and polymer were used to prepare tablets. Pre-compression evaluation studies evaluated the powder blend of Glipizide mucoadhesive tablets (Pre-compression blend). It concluded that the blend had good flow property and better compressibility by interpreting the data obtained from the test. Hence the floating mucoadhesive tablets were prepared by direct compression technique. The results of floating lag time, and buoyancy studies suggested that formulations had a satisfactory floating ability. The release profile of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (glipizide) from the prepared dosage form indicated a controlled and enhanced drug release for a period of 12hrs. An in-vivo study done for selected formulation. By the interpretation of data obtained from all the evaluation studies (Pre-compression test, floating property, drug release profile, & in-vivo study) concluded that formulation GF8 containing drug: Carbopol 974P (1:2) was optimized. The drug release kinetics of the formulation GF8 followed the Higuchi model with a regression value of 0.993. --- ## Inhibitory activity and degradation of curcumin as Anti-Biofilm Polymicrobial on Catheters **Authors:** Hasyrul Hamzah, Triana Hertiani, Sylvia Utami Tunjung Pratiwi, Titik Nuryastuti **Published:** 2020-01-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1902 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biofilms, curcumin, Antibiofilms, catheters, polymicrobial Related biofilms in urinary tract infections and cause deaths per 7500 people. Biofilms are a serious problem and are resolved with antibiotic therapy. Curcumin is a pure composition of the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa Linn.) Which has antimicrobial activity, but the activity of polymicrobial antibiofilm on the catheter has never been launched. The discovery of new antibiofilm candidates for polymicrobial biofilms on catheters is a challenge that must be overcome in preventing infections related to biofilms. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of curcumin in inhibiting and degrading polymicrobial catheters. Biofilm inhibition testing and biofilm degradation testing were determined using the microtiter broth method. The effectiveness of curcumin on biofilms was analyzed by calculating the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC50) and the minimum value of biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC50). The mechanism of action of curcumin against polymicrobial biofilms on the catheter was tested using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Curcumin 1% gives 60% inhibitory activity to the formation of polymicrobial biofilms on the catheter in the middle phase by 65.05 ± 0.01 and the maturation phase by 61.23 ± 0.01, and this is better than the control of the drug nystatin in the middle phase and maturation by 57.58 ± 0.01 and 56.31 ± 0.01 and are almost equivalent to the control drug chloramphenicol. Therefore, curcumin is very potential to be developed as a candidate for new antibiofilm drugs against polymicrobial catheters. --- ## A Review on Halodule uninervis – A Potent Seagrass **Authors:** Leelarani Ravilla, Navaith Ahmed S, Kalaivani P, Vanitha V **Published:** 2020-01-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1909 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Halodule uninervis, Needlegrass, Cymodoceaceae, Phytocompounds, Antioxidant, Anticancer Halodule uninervisis a flowering plant commonly known as needle seagrass. Halodule uninervis is widely distributed in the Indo-pacific region. In the Indian Ocean, it is found from Geographe Bay in Western Australia. It is a euryhaline species that can tolerate high salinity, grows, reproduce and complete their entire life cycle undersea at the submerged condition. Halodule uninerviswas found to be rich in phenol and phenylpropanoid derivatives such as p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acids. As the seagrasses are known to produce unique secondary metabolites as a defense mechanism, many research was targeted towards them in order to search novel potent antioxidants or antibiotics. p-hydroxybenzoic acid acts as an intermediate for several bioproducts that are commercially valuable in food, cosmetics, pharmacy, fungicides, etc. Caffeic acid acts as a free radical scavenger. It has been found that caffeic acid phenyl ester inhibits DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in HL-60 cells; thus, it arrests the growth of human leukaemia cells. The western Pacific and Indian oceans are the indigenous origins of Halodule uninervis. Interesting the fact that Halodule uninervisis an important food for the green sea turtle and dugong and as well as it was used traditionally for wound ailments. These make the seagrass Halodule uninervis a potent plant that needs to be exposed. This review elaborates on the features and recent approaches of the seagrass Halodule uninervis. --- ## Solubility enhancement of BCS classified IV drug - Apixaban by preparation and evaluation of Mesoporous Nanomatrix **Authors:** Asati Amit V, Salunkhe Kishor S, Chavan Machindra J, Chintamani Ravindra B, Rajput Singh Rudra Pratap **Published:** 2020-01-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1910 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Apixaban, Solubility enhancement, Mesoporous, Sylysia 350, Nanomatrix Biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class IV compounds, exhibits low solubility, intestinal permeability and oral bioavailability among all the pharmaceutical class of drugs. Therefore, these drugs need a more compatible and efficient delivery system. Since, their solubility in various mediums will remains a limitation. Hence, the mesoporous Nanomatrix approach may prove to be a suitable solution ahead. Therefore, in the present study, the polymer-coated mesoporous material like Sylysia 350, Carbon, Tin Oxide are opted for the BCS class IV drug like Apixaban to attain higher solubility and dissolution. The prepared Nanomatrix was evaluated for its particle size, DSC, Solubility and dissolution studies. For this study, Apixaban was opted for formulating Sylysia 350, Carbon, Tin Oxide based Mesoporous Nanomatrix system. Nanomatrix was prepared by the Amorphous solid dispersion method using probe sonication. The mesoporous Nanomatrix of Apixaban showed improvement in the solubility in water by approx.7 folds when Apixaban used in combination with Sylysia 350 and Polymer HPMC K15M. From the present study, we can conclude that the optimized Apixaban mesoporous Nanomatrix may prove to be a suitable potential option for solubility enhancement, increase in-vitro drug release and effective delivery of BCS class IV drugs. --- ## Antibiotics and its altered pharmacokinetics in the pediatric population : An evidence-based review **Authors:** Keerthana Chandraseka, Diya C, Arun KP **Published:** 2020-01-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1907 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antibiotics, Infections, Paediatrics, Pharmacokinetics, Toxicity A better understanding of altered pharmacokinetic variables in the pediatric population is important to improve both the safety and efficacy of drug therapy. Even though pediatric patients are now considered as a special population for drug therapy, it should not give us the wrong idea of considering them like mini-adults. The difference in their pharmacokinetics may be attributed to the radical anatomical and physiological changes that happen with age. Antimicrobials are one of the most prescribed therapeutic agents, and they are used in the treatment of numerous infections. Children are always susceptible to various infections, which often results in their exposure to a wide variety of antibiotics at such an early age. Recent studies showed higher rates of antibiotic prescribing in the pediatric population. The pediatric population requires more attention when prescribing antibiotics due to the increased probability of serious adverse effects, the time required for the complete development of the organs, and augmented drug resistance. --- ## A study on new experimental induction of wound using metal surface contact in a rat model **Authors:** Balaji K, Perumal Saraswathi, Prabhu K, Shila Samuel, Siva T **Published:** 2020-01-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1899 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Burn injury, metal plate contact, wound healing Burns injury is a global issue; when burns left unmonitored, it may lead to sepsis & hypovolemia. It majorly contributing to the country's morbidity and mortality. Accidental burns are quite common throughout the world. The degree of burns differs variably, and to identify a possible therapeutic option, it is of great importance for the researchers and scientists. Achieving a uniform burn wound model is thus required to study the burns injury at different levels involving epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The goal of this study is to create a simple third-degree contact burn in Wistar albino rats. Third-degree contact burn wound was monitored on 7th, 14th, and 21st day for natural wound healing under gross and histopathological observation. Gross observation reported damaged skin to appear dry, leathery, and charred. Wound closure was observed to be delayed and incomplete on day 21. Histopathology revealed a wound healing process by hematoxylin and eosin method. This metal surface contact method revealed a simplified and cost-effective method for inducing a third degree of a wound in Wistar rats. The study is thus a milestone that could enable research progress in the area of wound healing. --- ## Comparative Study of Effect of Silver Nitrate Gel and Differentiated Dermal Precursors (BMSCs) on Third Degree Burn in Wistar Rats **Authors:** Balaji K, Perumal Saraswathi, Prabhu K, Shila Samuel, Melani Rajendren, Siva T **Published:** 2020-01-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1906 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Burn, Bone marrow differentiated dermal precursors (DDP), Silver nitrate gel Skin is an ectodermal derivative that maintains internal homeostasis of the body. Any damage to the skin like burn injury internal homeostasis is lost, resulting in delayed healing. The aim is to study the histoarchitecture comparative effect of silver nitrate gel, and BMSCs (DDP) on third-degree burns in Wistar rats. A burn wound of size 2.5 cm (length) x 2.5 cm (breadth) x 6 mm (depth) was created using a preheated metal plate on flanks of Wistar rat. Every burn wound was treated with silver nitrate gel (commercially available as silverex), bone marrow differentiated dermal precursors, and monitored for 1, 7, 14, 21 days until wound healing. Wound surface area was measured and compared among groups with histological and gross observations. The healing time was faster in bone marrow differentiated dermal precursors (DDP) group compared to control. Prolonged silver nitrate gel usage heals burn wound with no infection, but silver toxicity was noted. Wound contraction is slower but steady using bone marrow differentiated dermal precursors (DDP) cell when compared to the group treated with silver nitrate gel. The data from this study help use to use bone marrow differentiated dermal precursors (DDP) cells as an alternate and effective way to treat burn wounds. --- ## LC-MS characterization of acid degradation products of metoclopramide: Development and validation of a stability-indicating RP-HPLC method **Authors:** Sriram Valavala, Nareshvarma Seelam, Subbaiah Tondepu, Suresh Kandagatla **Published:** 2020-01-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1895 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Metoclopramide, Stress study, LC-MS characterization, RP-HPLC method The present study aims to develop a simple, accurate and specific stability-indicating RP-HPLC technique for the analysis of metoclopramide in the presence of its stress degradation products and characterization of degradation compounds by LC-MS/MS analysis. As per ICH Q1A-R2 guidelines, the drug was exposed to acid hydrolytic stress condition. Three degradation products were formed for MCP in acid hydrolysis. The liquid chromatography was processed on a Luna C18-(2) 100A,250×4.6mm 5micron column using an isocratic mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water-acetonitrile (20:80, v/v) by adjusting the mobile phase at 1 ml/min flow rate with wavelength detection at 273 nm. The developed procedure was applied to LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) for the characterization of all the degradant components. Total new three degradation compounds were recognized and identified by LC-MS/MS. The developed RP-HPLC technique was validated as per the ICH Q2-R1 guidelines. Limit of detection and limit of quantification values of MCP were evaluated from the linearity graph and were found to be 5.23 µg/ml and 17.44 µg/ml. The linearity of the technique was assessed over the drug concentration range of 50.0 µg/ml to 250.0 µg/ml and the regression equation, slope and correlation coefficient values were found to be y = 10618x + 1623.2, 10618 and 0.9996 respectively. The developed technique was uninterruptedly applied for the quantification of metoclopramide inactive pharmaceuticals. --- ## A HPLC tool for process monitoring: rare sugar D- psicose and D- fructose contents during the production through an enzymatic path **Authors:** Sri Rama Krishna Surapureddi, Kunta Ravindhranath, Saritha Anthireddy **Published:** 2020-01-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1894 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** D-psicose, RP-HPLC, Enzymatic Reactions of D-psicose, Rare Sugars D-Psicose/allulose, a rare sugar, is an essential raw material in the pharmaceutical and food industries. It is scantly found in nature and to meet its demand in industries, D-Psicose is generated enzymatically using D-fructose as a substrate. In these conversions, it is important to monitor D-Psicose, in order to control the process impurities to optimize the reaction time and reduce the process cost. The available analytical methods have their limitations in quantifying D-psicose and D-fructose mixtures. Hence there is a need for the development of a routine, sensitive, quick and precise analytical method for D-psicose production on-line monitoring of reaction mixer. In the present work, a simplified reverse phase HPLC technique is developed and validated for the quick reaction monitoring of D-psicose from D-fructose, during enzymatic conversions procedures. The analysis is conducted at different concentrations ranging from 0.05 % to 0.5 % of the standard solutions of the D-psicose and D-fructose, by using water and Acetonitrile (at a ratio of 20:80) as eluent with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min on isocratic HPLC-RID system with an aminopropyl silane stationary phase [ZORBAX SIL 4.6 x 150 mm, 5 µm particle size column (USP-L8)]. The applicability of this method is illustrated in reaction monitoring, where D-fructose (substrate) is converted to D-psicose (product) in the presence of the enzyme: D-Tagotose 3- epimerase. Separation of D-psicose and D-fructose is achieved within 8 minutes with a resolution ≥ 4 which is the key advantage for reaction monitoring and linearity is established with regression of ≥ 0.99. Additionally, the current method uses a simple mobile phase, without any buffers. It can be used routinely for reaction monitoring. --- ## Neuropharmacology of nicotine dependence **Authors:** Hamdan S. Al-malky **Published:** 2020-01-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1905 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nicotine dependence, Nicotine addiction, Tobacco addiction cycle, Neural survival, Pharmacology of nicotine The occurrence of withdrawal symptoms is regarded as the key to mediating smoking relapse amongst smokers. The present study acknowledged the high relapse rates emerging from the inability to address the causes of powerful addiction effects besides identifying chronic disorders caused by nicotine. The present study explored nicotine addiction and its effects on different smoking patterns to provide an informative platform to design interventions that would deliver effective ways of quitting smoking. The study utilized systemic reviews on publications of previous studies obtained from scholarly journal databases, including PubMed, Medline, EBSCO Host, Google Scholar, and Cochrane. Moreover, the study used secondary information obtained from health organizations using filters and keywords to retrieve relevant information. The use of search keywords and filters limited the study to relevant peer-reviewed journals. The study utilized information retrieved from 35 studies obtained from peer-reviewed journals on “nicotine dependence,” “smoking cessation,” and “pharmacology of nicotine dependence and addiction.” The drug tolerance arising in nicotine dependence involved minimized tolerance often occurring during recurrent administration of drugs translated to neuroadaptation. The brain tends to develop challenges in the absence of nicotine, particularly when individuals quit smoking, thus compelling them to backslide from their abstinence. Higher nicotine dependence demotivates individuals from quitting smoking, making the cessation interventions unfruitful, worsened by the inability to understand the causative factors. The solution to overcome nicotine dependence alongside tobacco usage involves a complex treatment technique that would aim to reduce the probability of relapse. Nicotine dependence, Nicotine addiction, Tobacco addiction cycle, Neural survival, Pharmacology of nicotine. --- ## Isolation and Characterization of Commercial Probiotics **Authors:** Kolli Guna Ranjan, Girija Sankar G, Satyanarayana Raju D V V **Published:** 2020-01-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1900 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Probiotics, MRS agar, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus plantarum Commercial probiotics have bacteria which offer scope for specific treatment as a probiotic against diarrhoea, boosting immune response and relieving stress. Research in probiotics and aquaculture has been done to promote sustainable aquaculture. Studies on microbial ecology in aquaculture and their benefits on human systems are to be assessed. Hence, the present study was aimed at the isolation and characterization of these bacteria obtained from various commercial probiotics. The commercial probiotic samples were collected for isolation using MRS agar. The colonies were selected on the basis of colonial morphology. Isolates were put through cell morphology, physiology and different biochemical tests. Probiotic sample confirmation was done using 16srRNA molecular technique. MEGA7 was used to conduct phylogenetic evolutionary analysis and tabulate a distance matrix. In results, the isolates manifested non-identical growth patterns at dissimilar conc. of NaCl (2.0,4.0 and 6.5) oxygen and at different temperatures (150C, 300C and 450C). On the basis of sugar utilization, physiological testing, biochemical characterization and genetic identification tests, all isolates were established to different species of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Pediococcus acidilactici and Lactobacillus Plantarum. A systematic protocol was done to identify, characterize probiotic samples and identify them by genetic analysis. Probiotic use is carefully assessed by regulations. --- ## Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Coumarin Derivatives **Authors:** Sanaryh Mohammed Al-awad, Leaqaa Abdalredha raheem, Ausama Ayob Jaccob **Published:** 2020-01-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1908 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coumarin derivatives, 1 3 4- Derivatives of Oxadiazole, Biological activities, Coumarin- Oxadiazole derivatives The current work focuses on new architecture, synthesis of coumarin-oxadiazole hybrid derivative products as both these (coumarin ring and oxadiazole) have a wide variety of biological behavior, Compounds containing the nucleus of coumarin (2H-1-benzopyran-2-one) are an interesting class of hetero cycles which hold an important role in the field of natural ingredients and synthetic organic chemistry. It has been exciting medicinal chemists to study native coumarins or synthetic analogs for their application for decades. And they can be further modified to synthesize more effective and potent drugs. Compounds have been characterized by spectrophotometry of physicochemical properties and their structures verified by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) Such new derivatives of coumarinyl-oxadiazole was qualified to estimate the lethal dose, anticancer, anticoagulant and antioxidant activity. Their pharmacological properties depend on their pattern of substitution, compound S4F proved significant anticoagulant activity in concentration (50, 100, 200 mg/ml) similar for heparin, and monitor the coagulation effect on plasma, while compound S4CO give significant anticancer activity against MCF-7 a breast cancer cell. Specific compounds have strong antioxidants with the effective action of radical scavengers; the S4Cl compound with IC50 1.49 is the most potent antioxidant activity note. Basically, all the formulations tested reported satisfactory behavior. The review shows that varieties of coumarin derivatives have synthesized and shown anti-cancer, antioxidant and anti-coagulant potentials. These derivatives synthesis and its biological assay can be further modified in the future to improve the anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and anticoagulant potentials of the versatile coumarin nucleus. --- ## Discovery of a new tetramethylpyrazine based chalcone with α, β-Unsaturated ketone moiety as a potential anticancer agent **Authors:** Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari **Published:** 2020-01-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1901 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chalcone, Ligustrazine, Cancer, Cell line, Natural compound In this study, a new ligustrazine-based chalcone molecule has been synthesized that contains an extra α, β-Unsaturated ketone moiety along with α, the β-Unsaturated carbonyl group of chalone. A new tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) based aldehyde was synthesized to make the TMP (ligustrazine) as part of chalcone and then it was reacted with newly synthesized ketone containing additional α, β-Unsaturated ketone moiety. After characterization, this new compound was evaluated for its effect on different types of cancer cell lines and very promising results were obtained. The growth of these cancer cells was inhibited by newly designed and synthesized compounds, especially for colon and pancreatic cancer cells with IC50 0.04 - 0.05 µM. --- ## Recent Development in Sustained Release Beads **Authors:** Pradeep Kumar S, Gowda D V, Vikas Jain **Published:** 2020-01-27 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1911 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Beads, Coating, Cross-linking, Formulation, sustained release The sustained release system is formulated to release a drug slowly over a period of time in the body. The sustained release system is having more therapeutic activity of a drug when compared to immediate release. Beads is one of the most commonly used technique in a sustained release dosage form. These are the spherical particle with size ranging from 50nm to 2mm, which contains core substances. The molecular size of the drug particle must be lesser than 1000 Dalton to formulate as SRDF. This article also contains the method of preparation by the emulsion cross-linking method. The ionic gelation process used calcium chloride as a crosslinking agent to successfully produce alginate beads. It is concluded that the release of spores and metaloxyl from the beads was controllable and sustainable, which is essential to the environment and ecosystem in the biocontrol of aflatoxin and pesticide management. The drug-like acetazolamide is prepared by using calcium alginate, and glipizide beads is coating is explained. Information about iron cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose gelatin coacervate beads is mentioned, a brief explanation about the oyster hydrolysate containing in liposome in alginate beads is given. Then ofloxacin interpenetrating polymer beads to taste masking for sustained release information is added. The present sustained-release beads in the market is included. --- ## Determination of the Dissociation Constants of Metformin from a Second Derivative UV Spectrum **Authors:** Khalid Waleed S. Al-Janabi, Ali Khalil Mahmood, Hasan M. Luaibi **Published:** 2020-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1896 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** dissociation constant, spectrophotometry, Metformin, second derivative spectrometry, isobestic point An environmentally begnin second derivative spectrometric approach was developed for the estimation of the dissociation constants pKa(s) of metformin, a common anti-diabetic drug. The ultraviolet spectra of the aqueous solution of metformin were measured at different acidities, then the second derivative of each spectrum was graphed. The overlaid second derivative graphs exhibited two isobestic points at 225.5 nm and 244 nm pointing out to the presence of two dissociation constants for metformin pKa1 and pKa2, respectively. The method was validated by evaluating the reproducibility of the acquired results by comparing the estimated values of the dissociation constants of two different strategies that show excellent matching. As well as, the whole procedure was repeated with a new set of standard solutions and buffers for further verification. The average calculated values of pKa1 and pKa2 were found to be 2.72±0.01 and 11.61±0.08, with correlation coefficients (R2)of 0.9916 and 0.9614, respectively. The established method was fast, affordable, reproducible, and the mean pKa values obtained were accurate and can be applied for the estimation of the dissociation constants of other active pharmaceutical compounds. --- ## Isolation and Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the hepatopancreas of cultured white pacific shrimp - Litopenaeus vannamei **Authors:** Kolli Guna Ranjan, Girija Sankar G, Satyanarayana Raju DVV **Published:** 2020-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1897 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vibrio parahaemolyticus, vannamei, TCBS agar, Sample no V44, Sample no V45, Sample no V46 Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most common species among crustaceans, often causing various diseases and significant losses in aquaculture. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a newly emerging shrimp disease that has severely damaged the global shrimp industry. This species of bacteria is associated with gastrointestinal illness in humans and has been implicated in foodborne disease. The present study carried out, isolation and characterization of pathogenic bacterial flora isolated from the infected hepatopancreas of vannamei, obtained from various aquafarms in Andhra Pradesh, India, on 11th June 2018. The collected samples were plated on TCBS- (Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile salt-Sucrose) agar medium and Hi -Chrome vibrio, as described in Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Isolated colonies were subjected to the following tests- microscopic examination, growth at different temperatures, growth at different NaCl concentrations, and biochemical tests. Further purity, maintenance, and propagation of purified cultures were done. The microbial culture was identified using 16s rRNA molecular technique. Phylogenetic Evolutionary analyses and distance matrix were conducted in MEGA7.In the present study, different samples were screened, a total of three green colonies (V44, V45, V46) were isolated, identified by biochemical tests and genetic identification as Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A systematic methodology has been developed to isolate and characterize Vibrio sp. from diseased shrimp and identify them by genetic analysis. --- ## In vitro antioxidant activity of Bougainvillea glabra and Mucuna pruriens **Authors:** Gopi Krishna Rakam, Raja Sundararajan **Published:** 2020-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1898 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bougainvillea glabra, Mucuna pruriens, Methanol extracts, lipid peroxidation, DPPH scavenging assay The purpose of the contemporary in vitro work implemented was to examine the antioxidant effect of Bougainvillea glabra and Mucuna pruriens methanol extracts. Methanol extracts of Bougainvillea glabra and Mucuna pruriens were screened individually for different in vitro antioxidant activity. Commercial antioxidants such as vitamin E, Ascorbic acid were used as reference standard. For ABTS+ assay IC50 value of Bougainvillea glabra & Mucuna pruriens methanol extract were found to be 17.1μg/ml and 23.2μg/ml correspondingly. Likewise, the IC50 values for xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity for Bougainvillea glabra and Mucuna pruriens was found to be 46.7μg/ml and 95.1μg/ml, respectively. For scavenging of various assay models like nitric oxide, hydroxyl and superoxide anion scavenging activity, the IC50 values for Bougainvillea glabra were found to be 45.3μg/ml, 70.1μg/ml and 38.1μg/ml respectively. The IC50 values for Mucuna pruriens for nitric oxide, hydroxyl and superoxide anion scavenging activity, were found to be 92.1μg/ml, 43.4μg/ml and 50.3μg/ml respectively. Bougainvillea glabra and Mucuna pruriens methanol extracts showed 50 % inhibition effect at concentrations 118 μg/ml and 121 μg/ml respectively for lipid peroxidation assay. The IC50 values for DPPH scavenging assay for Bougainvillea glabra and Mucuna pruriens was found to be 13.24μg/ml and 14.4μg/ml correspondingly. For DMPD assay Bougainvillea glabra and Mucuna pruriens possess the IC50 value 16.34 μg/ml and 17.4 μg/ml correspondingly. Methanol extracts of Bougainvillea glabra and Mucuna pruriens exhibited potent in vitro antioxidant activity. --- ## Isolation and Identification of Molecular Markers for Fingerprinting of Chilli Hybrids and its Parental Lines **Authors:** Shishir Tiwari, Shweta Sao, Antu Kurrey, Pulak Das **Published:** 2020-01-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1883 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chilli, ISSR, RAPD, Polymorphism, Fingerprinting Chilli (Capsicum annum) is the predominant sp., which is cultivated in both hot and sweet papers. The maintenance of the genetic purity of chilli plant is a matter of great concern for the breeders. For genetic purity analysis, between true hybrids and off-types, breeders find out morphological differences between them, but this technique is cannot be recognized easily and also costly, tedious to score, and environmentally sensitive. Alternatively, molecular markers based genetic purity analysis can be employed. The molecular marker-based technique was thus used to overcome the conventional method drawbacks. The main objective of the study is to identify informative molecular markers (ISSR and RAPD) capable of distinguishing Chilli hybrids and their parental lines and their utilization in seed purity assessment. Five parental lines of Chilli (i.eCH10, CH12, CH530, CH709, CH734) were used for the production of 3 hybrids. Total 30 ISSR and 8 RAPD primers were selected for the study of 5 parental lines, among them 2ISSR and 1 RAPD primers produced unique fingerprinting across the hybrids. The ISSR marker UBC815 amplified alleles specific to different parental lines(CH10 & CH12) for hybrids (ACH112), The ISSR marker UBC 827, amplified alleles specific to different parental lines(CH709 & CH12) for hybrids (ACH179). Likewise, RAPD primer B20 for hybrid ACH 753 and their parental lines(CH734 & CH530). Thus, the above study showed that the aid of molecular markers are more reliable, highly efficient, and reproducible for assessing fingerprinting of Chilli commercial hybrid seeds with more accuracy. --- ## A Review on Staphylococcus sp. and its pathogens **Authors:** Nuha A. Al-Talib, Maryam H. Abduljala, Zahraa Mohammed Ali Hamodat **Published:** 2020-01-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1888 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bacteria, Bacillus, bladder The genus Staphylococcus is an important microorganism because of its direct and dangerous impact on the lives of other organisms, and Alexander Ogaston was the first to release this designation in 1880 to denote spherical bacteria usually associated with pus in wound infections. The members of this species are found in various environments such as dust, water, air, feces, on the skin, and the mucous membranes of warm-blooded vertebrates, on clothing, and other places. Most species of this species live as natural flora on human skin and mucous membranes, but some are opportunistic pathologies. The species of staphylococcus is characterized by having several virulence factors that increase the efficacy and pathogenicity of its species on the occurrence of infection due to its possession of tequic acid and the adhesion factor and other factors that enable it to get rid of the host defenses as an enzyme (Staphylokinase) or enable it to invade and spread as an enzyme (Hyaluronidase). Its possession of cellular wall proteins, its formation of the capsule and the exogenous polysaccharides and its production of various types of extracellular enzymes and various toxins such as intestinal toxins fixed in the heat, secretion of immune system inhibitors and their containment of antibiotic resistance genes. It shows the total resistance to the degradation of lysozyme. Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to many antimicrobial agents and thus produces treatment problems. The sex of staphylococcus includes 36 species and 80 subtypes, where more is clarified From 20 types of staphylococcus aureus. --- ## Synthesize and Characterization of New Polydimethylsiloxane Derivatives with Evaluation of Biological Activities **Authors:** Reem Mohsen Khalaf Al-Uobody, Raheem Jameel Mheesn, Hatam Ahmed Jassim, Eiman A. Saeed, Alaa A. Ibrahim Al Dirawi **Published:** 2020-01-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1884 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** wound dressing, open wound, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, benzaldehyde, vinyl trimethyl silane, paraflurobenzaldehyde, param ethoxy benzaldehyde, parahydroxybenzaldehyde New polymers of silicone derivatives were prepared. The polymers were characterized by IR, NMR spectrophotometry. The biological activity against Streptococcus, E-Coli, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella were studied. The new polymers have shown more activity against Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella. The wound dressing studied on New Zealand White Rabbits (5 groups) each group contained 6 rabbits (3 male and 3 female), each animal had made 2 wounds,one for control (povidone-iodine, silicone gel) and other for our compounds, all products showed good activity on open wounds more than drugs in market. Benzaldehyde is consists of benzene bearing a single formyl substituent; the simplest aromatic aldehyde and parent of the class of benzaldehydes. It has a role as a flavoring agent, a fragrance, an odorant receptor agonist. Polyvinylpyrrolidone has disinfectant properties, so we used it in our compound to become more potent. --- ## Isolation of Staphylococcus xylosus from Urinary Tract Infection in Al-Diwaniya City, Iraq **Authors:** Ahmed Ali Obaid, Akhlaas Shaker Lateef, Lina Abdulkadhim Oudah, Qusay Jabbar Harjan, Zinah Abdulkadhim Oudah **Published:** 2020-01-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1890 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** streptococcus, staphylococcus, Al-Diwaniyah, Hospital, Iraq One hundred diuresis samples were collected from patients with urinary tract infection from Al-Diwaniyah General Teaching Hospital in Al-Diwaniyah city for the period from January 1, 2019, to August 1, 2019, as 35 isolates belonging to the sex of streptococcus were isolated and with an isolation rate of 35% of the total 100 diuresis samples, The yield of 20 isolates to the negative staphylococcus aureus was tested for cocaine, and 5 isolates were of type S. xylosus, with an isolation rate of 25% of the total negative staphylococci for testing cocaine, and by 5% of the total of the reagent samples. These biochemical bacteria were diagnosed using the API Staph system . The clinical stages of the infection are in the subacute or chronic phase without clear symptoms. Streptococcus unproductive streptococcus resistant and anti-life antibody novobiocin, especially S. saprophyticus, are most common in urinary tract infections in immunocompetent patients, and mild infection in women is accompanied by dysuria. Young women between the ages of 16-16 years old to 42%. It affects the ureter in men. It can cause cystitis, pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis. This group possesses a high affinity to epithelial cells, and this comes from the participation of different proteins such as a 160-Kd protein with Hemagglutinin and Fibriller protein, and it is symbolized by 95-Kd, which is found in 98% of clinical isolates. --- ## Preparation of modified chitosan - Amino acid nanoparticles **Authors:** Abdulhussien Mahdi Aljebory, Tamadhr J. Alsalman **Published:** 2020-01-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1882 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chitosan, Leucine amino acid, Nanoparticles, Phosphate buffer saline, Silymarin Chitosan nanoparticles have increased more consideration as medication transporters in view of their better solidness, basic arrangement and flexible courses of organization. Common and engineered degradable polymers are perfect bearer particles. The medication can be joined into the polymer where the discharge relies on upon either their progressive dissemination from the polymeric lattice, the disintegration of the network, or discharge from the surface of the grid. Chitosan is a remarkable characteristic polymer for the conveyance of helpful specialists since it is non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, and has mucoadhesive properties. To be named "chitosan," the deacetylated chitin ought to contain no less than 60% of D-glucosamine deposits. By fusing drug particles in chitosan nanoparticles, the leeway can be diminished, and the flow half-existence of the medication augmented. The results of this study show that there is a good relationship between the weight of carrier (chitosan) and weight of drug (silymarin), it gives the best total releasing percent at the weight percent 10:1, while the best-encapsulating percent and loading capacity percent occurred at the weight percent of 10:2, and there is no effect on continuous increase in the weight of the carrier. With respect to the dialysis period, it seemed that there is no evidence of increasing the dialysis time more than 12 hours because of the stability of the total releasing percent and loading capacity percent. --- ## Preparation, characterization and analysis of zinc oxide nano-particles using a sol-gel technique as an inhibitor for bacteria **Authors:** Saja S. Al-Taweel, Rana S. Al-Taweel, Hasan M. Luaibi **Published:** 2020-01-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1887 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** zinc, inhibitor, sol-gel technique, bacteria, nanoparticles In this work, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO - NPs) were prepared using a sol-gel methodology and tested for their antibacterial activity against each of the following pathogenic species: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus aureus by well diffusion assay. The sample prepared was characterized by different techniques: Atomic Force Microscope AFM; Fourier Transform Infrared FT-IR; Scanning Electron Microscope SEM and X-Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy XRD. The XRD result showed that ZnO - NPs presence in wurtzite the structure of ZnO. The AFM and SEM of the surface analysis indicate that the most ZnO – NPs appear approximately in a spherical shape with some agglomeration. The average particle size for ZnO - NPs is nearly 37 nm. Volumes 25µl, 50µl, 75µl, 100µl, 125µl, and 150µl of 10 mg\ ml concentration of ZnO - NPs were used, the antimicrobial activity results showed that ability for ZnO - NPs to inhibit the growth of S.aureus increased as the solution volume increased, while the growing of (K. pneumonia) and (E. coli) was inhibited only with the volume 75µl where the inhibition zones diameters were 15mm and 10mm respectively. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of different topical dosage forms for wound healing properties **Authors:** Dandasi Jayachandra Dev, Jayaprakash J S, Kulkarni P K, Akhila A R, Namratha S Saraf **Published:** 2020-01-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1886 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** wound, β cyclodextrin, phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol The aim of the present work was to compare the wound healing efficacy of different topical dosage forms such as β cyclodextrin complex gel, liposomal gel, and ointment on the rat model. Simvastatin was used as a drug, β cyclodextrin was used as a complexing agent to enhance solubility, L α Phosphatidylcholine as a phospholipid, and cholesterol as a stabilizing agent. Liposomes were prepared by thin-film hydration method, β cyclodextrin complexes of simvastatin were prepared by spray drying technique, and the ointment was prepared in simple method. Beta cyclodextrin gels and liposomal gels were prepared by direct incorporation of spray-dried products and lyophilized liposomes into Carbopol gel. The gel was evaluated for drug content, particle size, viscosity, spreadability, surface morphology, in-vitro drug release studies, skin irritation study, and wound healing activity studies. FTIR and DSC studies showed no chemical interaction between the drug and excipients. The particle size of β cyclodextrin complexes was in the range of 0.5 μm to 2.5 μm and for liposomes 163 nm to 725 nm. The in-vitro drug release was 96.7 % at the end of the sixth hour for β cyclodextrin gel, 29.7 % at the end of the sixth hour for liposomal gel, and 96.2 % at the end of 3 hours for ointment. Wound healing activity studies were carried out for 21 days on albino wrister rats, a period of epithelization, and rate of wound contraction was measured on 4, 8, 14, 16, and 21 days. Simvastatin ointment showed a significant effect on wound healing in the rat model compared to β-cyclodextrin gel and liposomal gel. Hence, Simvastatin ointment could be a potential dosage form for clinical utility on wound healing. --- ## Evaluation of the Phytochemical and Antibacterial characteristics of leaf extracts of Xanthium strumarium L. against Bacteria **Authors:** Antu Kurrey, Lata Sharma, Shishir Tiwari **Published:** 2020-01-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1885 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Xanthium strumarium L., Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, phytochemical tests, Antibacterial activity, agar well diffusion Plants are one of the large sources of herbal medicines. Many plants have the capability to produce some bioactive constituents which give defense against microorganisms like bacteria and fungi and also from insects. Xanthium strumarium L. is a wild plant that grows like a weed. Leaves of Xanthium strumarium L. were subjected for extraction in 4 different solvents viz. methanol, chloroform, aqueous, and ethanol. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of methanol, chloroform, aqueous, and ethanol extracts prepared from leaves of Xanthium strumarium L. The antibacterial activity was assessed by using the agar well diffusion assay against tested bacterial strain, Escherichia coli (CGSC 4312) and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 23857). Phytochemical analysis has revealed that Xanthium strumarium L. has most of the significant phytoconstituents like Saponins, Terpenoids, Flavanoids, Phenol, steroids, Anthraquinones, Tannins, Alkaloids, Glycosides, and Carbohydrate. The zone of inhibition was measured and compared by standard antibiotic streptomycin. The outcome of the present work showed that chloroform extract 400µg showed maximum inhibition against E. Coli (23mm), and Ethanol extract 400µg showed maximum inhibition against Bacillus subtilis (24mm). Thus, this plant has many active compounds that can be used for the development of various potent drugs. --- ## Nigella Sativa : A Potential Inhibitor for Insulin Fibril Formation **Authors:** Sandhya A, Gomathi Kanayiram, Kiruthika L, Aafreen Afroz S **Published:** 2020-01-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1891 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Neurodegenerative diseases, Insulin fibril, Anti-aggregation, ThT fluroscence assay, SEM The high order structure from proteins which are self-assembled are known as fibrils. They are collectively called as amyloid fibrils, which generally lead to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, Type II diabetes. Insulin fibril aggregation is identified to be the major cause of neurodegenerative diseases. The effect of Nigella sativa extract is analyzed based on the fibril inhibition process. The formed fibrils is reduced with the concentration increase of Nigella sativa extract. Insulin fibril is found in Type II diabetes patients after repeated insulin injections subcutaneously. Insulin fibrils are formed in organisms or humans irrespective of their places like hips, shoulder, hands and abdomen. These are evident from the anti-aggregation assay. Thioflavin T (ThT) fluroscence and congo red (CR) assay confirms the inhibition of insulin fibril in the presence of Nigella sativa (NS) extract. Further, inhibition of fibril was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), where no insulin fibrils was detected whose secondary conformational changes are studied using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). It is confirmed that insulin fibril inhibition depends on the various concentration of Nigella sativa. Based on the results obtained, it is demonstrated that Nigella sativa extract inhibits the fibril formation and it also provides a therapeutic strategy to prevent insulin fibril formation. --- ## Assessment of in vitro Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Caesalpinia Bonducella Seed Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles **Authors:** Gloria Jemmi Christobel R, Kasi Selvi N, Shyam Sundar J, Abirami M.P, Nebita Maria Jarrett, Radhakrishnan S, Abirami S, Shah Dupesh Khan **Published:** 2020-01-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1879 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** CB seed AgNPs, flavonoid, phenol, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory Membrane lipid peroxidation and DNA, protein damage is mediated by free radicals, which form the basis of chronic pathological complications.AgNPs are an important class of nanomaterials for a wide range of biomedical applications. The present study endeavors in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using medicinal plant extract from Caesalpinia bonducella seeds. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents were determined. The antioxidant potential of capped AgNPs was assessed using DPPH assay, Phosphomolybdenum assay, FRAP assay, metal chelating, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging methods. In vitro anti-inflammatory assay of CB seed, AgNPs were performed against the standard drug. CB seed AgNPs possessed high flavonoid and phenol compared to aqueous CB seed extract. The antioxidant methods confirmed that the silver nanoparticles have more antioxidant activity as compared to vitamin C. The synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited potential anti-inflammatory activity with the IC50 71.3µg/ml. Hence, this work clearly demonstrated that the coated AgNPs with CB seeds act as a potent free radical scavenger and could be considered as a potential source for anti-inflammatory drugs. --- ## A General Overview on Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and its pathogenicity **Authors:** Ahmed Sabah Al-Jasimee, Abbas Mayar Hezam, Wurood Jasim Mohammed, Mohammed M Alkhuzaie, Zinah Abdulkadhim Oudah **Published:** 2020-01-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1880 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bacteria, Bacillus, bladder The first case of bacterial infection was recorded in 1862, while it was first isolated in 1882 from the scientist Gessard, who was called Bacillus pyocyaneus. The most common infections caused by bacteria are the first bacteremia in patients with serious burns, chronic lung injuries in patients with cystic fibrosis, and acute ulcerative keratitis in people who use contact lenses. The gastrointestinal tract is an important gateway for entry into the blood infection caused by bacteria, and the bacteria cause endocarditis, where the bacteria infects the heart valves from the direct invasion of the bloodstream, as it causes meningitis and brain abscesses, and it can invade the central organ The inner and nasal sinuses can also be accessed from a site far from the injury, such as the urinary tract. Other pathogenic infections caused by bacteria are pulmonary injuries, as bacteria are the most common disease associated with lung injuries. They are caused by bacteria Hospitalized lung with a mortality rate greater than 70%. Bacteria are a common cause and acquired by hospitals for urinary tract infections due to their ability to adhere to urinary epithelial cells in the bladder, as they cause cystitis and urinary tract infections. The percentage of deaths caused by bacteria can reach 50% due to many factors, including weak body defenses and bacteria resistance to anti-life as well as the production of bacteria, enzymes and external toxins. --- ## A comparative study on the effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors as an add on therapy in patients with type 2 DM **Authors:** Vishnupriya S, Andhuvan G, Saravanan T, Velammal P **Published:** 2020-01-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1867 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Type II DM, SGLT-2 Inhibitors, DPP-4 Inhibitors There were about 65 million diabetic population in 2016 in India. There were studies which concluded that the Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Sodium Glucose Co-Transportor 2 Inhibitor were providing non-glycaemic control and cardiovascular benefits. Hence, it is important to find out the effect of those drugs on various parameters among the Indian Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus population. The aim is to evaluate and compare the effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors and DPP-4 inhibitors in Type 2 DM patients. The objective is to find out &compare the effects of both class of drugs on the physical profile [Body Weight (BW), Body Mass Index (BMI), Hip-Waist ratio), Diabetic Profile [Fasting Blood Sugar] (FBS), Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1C)] & Side Effect Profile. The patients were categorized into two Group 1 & 2. Both groups were containing 50 patients, each based on the inclusion &exclusion criteria. The collection of demographics and history were done. Group 1 patients were initiated with DPP-4 Inhibitor, Group 2 patients with SGLT-2 Inhibitors, respectively. At baseline and during follow-up, the parameters like the physical profile, Diabetic Profile were noted. In Body Weight, the mean difference between the groups was found to be 2.9 ±0.79 (p<0.05). Similarly, for BMI, it was 2.9±1.36 (p<0.04). For the Hip-Waist ratio, it was 0.07 (p<0.05). For FBS, it was 22.08 mg/dl (0.0001), for HbA1c it was 1.09 (p<0.0043). On the Side effect profile, SGLT-2 Inhibitors were showing higher incidence for the occurrence of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) while comparing with DPP-4 Inhibitors. This can be overcome by proper patient counseling. This study concluded that SGLT-2 inhibitors may serves as the best medication choice for add on therapy in Type 2 DM patients. --- ## Iatrogenic pulmonary edema as a cause of death in burns **Authors:** Thamir M. Kadhim **Published:** 2020-01-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1868 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** autopsy, iatrogenic, pneumonia, septicemia, TBSA (total body surface area) Global mortality from the burn is decreasing while in Iraq is still rising. This study was designed to determine the paucity of data regarding the cause of death in the burn, which may be a participating factor and should eliminate it. A post-mortal field study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine in the province of Babylon, Iraq, for a year period, from the 1st of January 2017 to the 1st of January 2018. The total deaths were 1310, and the whole number of deaths by burn accidents in Babylon, Iraq, was 81(6.18% of all causes of death in a year). 65 were females (80.24%), 16 were males (19.75%). Deaths with no history of admission more than 3day in burn units, age over 45years, cardiovascular diseases patients, heavy smokers, injuries victims, all were excluded, so 68 burn victims were subjected to a full, typical autopsy at the Department of Forensic Medicine in the province of Babylon for one year period, with all necessary laboratory tests, in order to diagnose the direct cause of their death. For assessing small size area burn, we used small paper the size of the victim whole hand (represent 1% of TBSA), for a larger area, the Lund and chart was used. Deaths were divided into 2 groups according to the period of admission at the burn unit. The first group (3-7 days of admission) with 60 victims, and the second (more than 7 days) with 8 victims. 17 victims with in the first group, had no prominent autopsy findings, but severe pulmonary edema, edema of other organs, no pathogenic organisms were isolated, the laboratory tests were accepted. Their medical records in the burn unit showed overestimation in the assessment of burn area size above the actual percentage by (20-35%). The major causes of death in the first group were septicemia 42.46%, pneumonia 32.35% and primary pulmonary edema 25%, caused mainly by overloading the circulation with fluids. Precise assessment of burn area size, ensuring proper fluid replacement and lowering the mortality rate. --- ## Adenoid hypertrophy among school-aged Iraqi children, the effect of severity and duration on its co-morbidities **Authors:** Hulal Saleh Sahib **Published:** 2020-01-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1874 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** pediatrics, Adenoid, hypertrophy, co-morbidities, Iraq Adenoid hypertrophy is a common pediatrics health problem that usually results in several morbidities such as sleep disorder, adenoid facies, impaired physical growth, cardiac complications, glue ear and nocturnal enuresis. Patients and methods: Forty-two school-aged children were enrolled in this study (6-12 years old), thirty were male and twelve were female, all are suffering from chronic snoring. All of them were subjected to standard history and physical examination to the most related health problems such as assessment of physical growth, craniofacial malformation, associated tonsillar enlargement. Investigations were performed in the form of lateral neck X-ray and ECG for all of them. The study period was 9 months from 1st of March 2018 to the 1st of December 2018. Results: There was a significant association between a higher grade of disease and speech disorders, tonsillar hypertrophy, adenoid facies, recurrent otitis media, nocturnal enuresis, impaired school performance, physical growth impairment, apnea at sleep, day time drowsiness, ECG abnormalities and deglutition problems (P < 0.05). The associated co-morbidities, namely Speech disorders, tonsillar hypertrophy, adenoid facies, recurrent otitis media, nocturnal enuresis, impaired school performance, impaired school performance, physical growth impairment, apnea at sleep, day time drowsiness, ECG abnormalities and deglutition problems, were significantly correlated to the longer duration of disease. Conclusion: Longer duration of disease and higher grade of adenoid hypertrophy are strongly correlated with disease complications and morbidities, hence early diagnosis and properly timed management is important to prevent these complications. --- ## Heightening the solubility of poorly soluble fenofibrate by Solid Dispersion Technique **Authors:** Yasmin Begum M, Prathyusha Reddy G **Published:** 2020-01-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1873 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fenofibrate, solid dispersions, PEG 4000, PEG 6000, PEG 8000, Urea, β-cyclodextrin, Fusion technique The intention of the current study was to boost the solubility of Fenofibrate by solid dispersion technique which is an efficient technique in improving the solubility and hence the dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs in the form of eutectic mixtures by producing fine dispersion when in contact with gastrointestinal fluid and also the technique offers the choices of carriers to be combined with drug conveniently to improve the solubility to a considerable extent. Fenofibrate a BCS class II Antihyperlipidemic drug belongs to fibrate class and it is a lipid-lowering drug used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Fenofibrate is insoluble in water and hence shows poor dissolution in gastric fluid with reduced absorption characteristics. In order to improve the solubility, dissolution rate, gastrointestinal absorption and oral bioavailability, it was decided to prepare fenofibrate solid dispersion and evaluated. They were prepared using poly ethylene glycol 4000, 6000, 8000 and β-cyclodextrin by fusion technique and optimized solid dispersion was also lyophilized. Physical characterization of solid inclusion complex of fenofibrate was studied and showed that there were no drug excipients interactions. Dissolution studies showed a momentous rise in a dissolution of Fenofibrate when dispersed in polymers. Inturn aqueous solubility was enlarged linearly as a function of the concentration of β- Cyclodextrin. --- ## In-vitro Anti-inflammatory activity of Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) using Aqueous Extract **Authors:** Vasanth M P, Purushotham KG, Sathish M, Vimal Raj D, Venkatesh M **Published:** 2020-01-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1872 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Glycyrrhiza glabra, Phytochemical screening, antioxidant assays, Anti-inflammatory assays The G.glabra is otherwise called liquorice is a medicinal plant is used for various diseases like cold, cough, hypokalemia and muscle weakness, etc. The liquorice family belongs to the Fabaceae family of the G.glabra. Hence this study tells about the anti-inflammatory and antioxidants. The quantitative study of phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity assay using a response from the root extract of G.glabra The results are showed above preliminary activity phytochemicals were present Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Coumarin, Saponins, Terpenoids, Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides. The antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of G. glabra were evaluated with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide radical (NO), superoxide radical (SO), hydrogen peroxide radical (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO) scavenging activity. This study shows about the activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra herbal medicinal plant aqueous extract using antioxidant assays, Anti-inflammatory assays. The in vitro MTT 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide Cytotoxicity assay were studied GG(G.glabra) extract using the macrophages Raw 246.7 Cell line. The cell line assay were studied in two different activity. One is anti-inflammation studies, and another is cytotoxicty of GG aqueous extract. The anti-inflammation IC50 value is 143.65, and GG extract dry sample were against the IC50 value is 326.27. From above, the results were a potential activity of GG extract R-value 0f 0.991. --- ## A bacteriological study of septicemia in Hilla city **Authors:** Rana S. Al-Taweel **Published:** 2020-01-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1878 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** septicemia, Hilla general hospital, bacterial, Staphylococcus Septicemia is a serious bloodstream infection; it can quickly become life-threatening. The current study aimed to isolate and identify the causative agents of septicemia cases with reference to the antibiogram test. 52 blood samples were collected from a number of incomings and those who lie in Hilla general hospital. After incubation and culturing on suitable media, 30 samples gave growth of one or two species of bacteria. A total of 33 bacterial isolates were obtained, most of them (16 isolates) were belong to coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., followed by E. coli (6 isolates), Pseudomonas sp. (5 isolates), Streptococcus sp. (2 isolates), and one isolate for each of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Acinetobacter sp., and Listeria monocytogenes. When antibiotics sensitivity test was accomplished, most Staphylococcus spp. were sensitive for daptomycin and had high resistance to both of vancomycin and clindamycin, whereas Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive for most the used antibiotics. Half of E. coli isolates were sensitive, while the second half were resistant to the used antibiotics. Imipenem inhibited the growth of all Pseudomonas isolates, whereas 80% of them were resistant to amikacin. The epidemiology of bacteremia is altering with the aging of the population, shifts in healthcare, and progress in medicine, such as increased use of immunosuppressive treatment, intravascular devices, and invasive procedures. --- ## Antifungal potential of Fenugreek Seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Crude Extracts against Microsporum gypseum **Authors:** Puneet Sudan, Manish Goswami, Jitender Singh **Published:** 2020-01-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1870 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antifungal, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Microsporum gypseum Trigonella foenum-graecum (fabaceae) is commonly used as condiments and spices in Indian and Asian food to flavour, colour, and texture of food, and it is employed in various medicinal purposes in traditional systems. The biological activity of fenugreek can be easily accessed from previous research conducted by several researchers. The present research was conducted to find out the antifungal potential of various extracts of dried powder of fenugreek seeds by means of paper disc diffusion method, with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous solvents in 25 μml, 50 μml and 100 μml concentrations against Microsporum gypseum. Clotrimazole was used as a standard. The present study revealed that fenugreek is a potent antifungal agent against Microsporum gypseum. The ethanol extract of fenugreek using 100 μml concentrations depicted the highest zone of inhibition of 16.510+ 0.85mm and 38.395% of mycelial inhibition against a tested pathogen. While drug extracts in other solvents also revealed reasonable to least antifungal potential. This finding tells us that fenugreek extracts tested proved to be a potent antifungal agent against Microsporum gypseum. It was found that ethanol extract of fenugreek is best effective against tested strain. This exploration of fenugreek extracts has confirmed its importance, particularly in the area of influence on dermatophytic fungal strain. --- ## Surgical management of perforated bowel due to typhoid infection. What are the predictive factors for pre-operative diagnosis in the endemic area **Authors:** Hussain Taher Abbas AL Baaj, Ali Abdul Hussein Handoz, Aws Rassul hussain Al-Salih **Published:** 2020-01-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1875 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Small bowel perforation, Antibiotics, Typhoid fever, Grid iron incision, Midline incision, Peritonitis Perforated typhoid fever is a common cause of peritonitis in the endemic areas and associated with high mortality and morbidity if not managed properly. This prospective study included 75 patients with perforated bowel that operated upon in two years ( 2017-2018) and other 29 cases of non-perforated typhoid enteritis presented as acute abdomen. Of 75 cases, 13 (17%) presented as local peritonitis, while 63 (87%) as general peritonitis, which was confirmed by chest X-Ray/ gas under the diaphragm in 80%. 61(81%) patients were males. The age was 15-40 years in 54 (72%) patients. White Blood Cell count [WBC] is low or normal in all cases. 35(46%) patients were presented as an acute abdomen without fever. All patients had at least one perforation in the terminal ileum. There was single perforation in 47(62%) patients. The midline incisions were complicated by dehiscence in 15 (24%) of 54 cases and by wound infection in 35(64%). Six(8%) cases were complicated by fecal fistula and 3(4%) patients unfortunately died. Wound infection complicated 4 (26%) of 15 cases of gridiron incisions, but no wound dehiscence or incisional hernia. WBC is helpful in the diagnosis of perforated bowel due to typhoid infection. This is important for the proper choice of an incision. Grid iron incision is associated with minimal complications and is preferred to the midline one. Acute diffuse peritonitis indicates perforation in almost all cases, but only one-third of local peritonitis caused by perforation. Early limited surgery and the proper choice of antibiotics according to local microbiologist opinion or culture decreased the mortality to 4%. --- ## Iraqi Experience of Factor VII use in Children **Authors:** Hayder Al-Momen, Ban Abdulhameed Majeed, Ali Abdulrazzaq Obed, Mohammed Jalal Hussein **Published:** 2020-01-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1869 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** adjuvant therapy, bleeding disorders, hemorrhage, pediatrics, recombinant activated factor VII Bleeding disorders in pediatrics is an important issue and can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated appropriately. We aimed to evaluate Iraqi pediatric practice (as an example of resource-limited settings) about the use of Recombinant Activated Factor VII (RFVIIa) in bleeding disorders, with emphasis on its effectiveness and safety, in comparison with adjuvant therapy. Budget restrictions may affect the availability of even lifesaving drugs such as (RFVIIa). Therefore, we tried to investigate the local experience of pediatric bleeding, with the evaluation of the potential ability of adjuvant therapy of blood products and vitamin K to substitute RFVIIa in case of non-availability. During a complete one year`s period, 35 patients were recruited prospectively and divided into two categories; study group (on RFVIIa, with or without adjuvant therapy) and control group (only on adjuvant therapy of blood products, and vitamin K), involving 19, and 16 patients, respectively. The mortality rate in the study group was significantly less than the control group; (36.84%) versus (56.25%). Larger drops in prothrombin time (PT) (42%), and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) (47%), with less multi-organ dysfunction (29%) were noticed with the use of RFVIIa. Septicemia-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation was the most frequent indication of both groups; (31.58%) versus (37.50%), with a significant positive outcome in the study group. Total serum bilirubin levels were found to be lower in all neonates with jaundice within the study group. One patient had venous thrombosis following the RFVIIa administration. In conclusion, RFVIIa has the potential to stop pediatric bleeding episodes significantly better than adjuvant therapy alone, with significantly less mortality. Safety was ensured in all survived cases except one who had thromboembolism. Neonatal jaundice was improved by the use of RFVIIa. --- ## Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in secondary school students in Al-Diwanyia city **Authors:** Baheeja A.Hmood Al-Khalidi, Hayder Kamil Jabbar Al-Kaabi, Khatam Ibrahem Al-Mhnna **Published:** 2020-01-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1877 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aflatoxin B1.Mycotoxins, mycotoxicosis, ELIZA, blood The purpose of this study is to investigate mycotoxin (Aflatoxin B1) in high school student blood samples. Thus, 350 blood samples were collected randomly from students in various schools in Al-diwanyia city, and then toxin was detected using ELIZA method. The results showed 287 ( 82% ) of student were had aflatoxin in their blood in a different concentration varying from 2.301 to 3.245 ng/ml and these concentrations were high (2.610 to 3.245) n/L in male rather than female (2.301 to 2.541) ng/L. Intrahepatic AFTs-B1 is activated by the enzymes p450 hemogenic protein, which is reborn into AFTs-B1-8, 9 epoxide, which is responsible for the effects of cancer within the secreted organ. Based on the fact that AFB1 recorded the most important effects of strong malignant tumor disease in both humans and animals, and thanks to the acute problems related to the contamination of AF More attention has been paid to food and feed and its negative impact on public and economic health compared to various fungal toxins. Because absolute safety is incredibly difficult to achieve, many developing countries have tried to reduce aflatoxin toxicity under the rules that management exposure prohibits the limits of such toxins in food and feed. This research was therefore designed to determine the levels of aflatoxin B1 in secondary school students ' blood samples. --- ## Role of Trospium chloride and tamsulosin therapy for treating patients with symptoms of over-active bladder related to benign prostatic enlargement **Authors:** Falah Mahdi Ali, Hayder Mahdi Alaridy, Ahmed Ali Obaid **Published:** 2020-01-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1871 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Trospium, symptoms, (BPE), overactive bladder To assess the benefit and safety of composite therapy (Tamsulosin and Trospium drugs) in treating benign prostatic enlargement complain, mainly overactive urinary bladder symptoms. The study has been designed to estimate the benefit and safety of Trospium and Tamsulosin in processing of symptoms of excessive bladder and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Prospective clinical trial study conducted at Al-Diwaniya teaching hospitals and private clinics from march 2016 to march 2017, to patients BPH and bothersome symptoms. 60 patients were treated with Tamsulocin and 60 patients were treated by Tamsulocin and Trospium. Median scores of IPSS, OABSS, and QOL proved no big difference between two study sets before staring treatment (P = 0.544), (P = 0.287) , (P = 0.668) consecutively. After one month, both treatments led to a big reduction in IPSS, OABSS median score; (P < 0.001), (P < 0.001). Following three months, both treatments resulted in significant reduction in IPSS (P < 0.001), OABSS (P < 0.001), QOLresult, (P < 0.001) consecutively. These results suggest which treatment with Trospium and tamsulosin therapy provides benefit for men with natural - Syndrome of the acute urinary tract and benignenlarged prostate. --- ## Cephalosporins : An imperative antibiotic over the generations **Authors:** Aiswarya P. Nath, Arul Balasubramanian, Kothai Ramalingam **Published:** 2020-01-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1866 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cephalosporins, Generations, Resistance, Pharmacokinetics, Adverse reactions, Clinical use Cephalosporins are the most commonly prescribed class of antibiotics, and its structure and pharmacology are similar to that of penicillin. It's a bactericidal, and its structure contains beta-lactam ring, as like of penicillin, which intervenes in bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cephalosporins are derived from the mold Acremonium (previously called as Cephalosporium). It was first discovered in 1945; scientists have been improving the structure of cephalosporins to make it more effective against a wider range of bacteria. Whenever the structure of cephalosporins modified, a new "generation" of cephalosporins are made. So far, there are five generations of cephalosporins available. They are prescribed against various organisms and infections. The cephalosporin antibiotics interfere with cell-wall synthesis of bacteria, leading to the breakdown of the infectious organism. To achieve this effect, the antibiotic must cross the bacterial cell wall and bind to the penicillin-binding proteins. Various generations of cephalosporins, mechanisms of resistance, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, and their clinical use were reviewed in this article. Most of the cephalosporins are available as parenteral, but the oral formulations are also available for certain drugs. Rather than learn all cephalosporins, it is reasonable for the clinician to be familiar with selected cephalosporins among the parenteral and oral formulations. --- ## Formulation, characterization and evaluation of nanoparticles based dry powder insufflation containing terbutaline sulphate and itraconazole for the treatment of asthma **Authors:** Venugopalaiah Penabaka, Kumar B, Prasad N.B.L **Published:** 2020-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1859 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aerosol dispersion performance, In-vitro dissolution, Itraconazole, Lactose, Physical mixing, Spray drying, Terbutaline Sulphate, Trehalose Many factors affect the pulmonary drug delivery and stability of the nanoparticles an acupuncture consisting of bronchial asthma. Present research envisages on the development of dry powder nanoparticles as insufflation a acupuncture consisting of bronchial asthma (allergy due to Aspergillus fumigatus) using physical mixing and spray drying. Different founding are prepared and characterized with suitable excipients like lactose and trehalose. The particle size distribution of nano milled and spray-dried particles of Terbutaline Sulphate and Itraconazole showed unimodal size distribution. The formulations prepared with trehalose as the carrier showed less Dv90, Dv50 and Dv10 values due to the fineness in the particles of trehalose when compared to lactose. The Dv50 and Dv10 values were in the range of mountains of 0.43-0.89 µm and 0.21–0.49 µm for all formulations, which shows the primary particle size in the nanometer scale. Smooth and nearly spherical particles were produced for spray-dried formulations when compared to milled formulations. Zeta potential comes across until be between +17±0.13 to +32±0.12, which explains the particles as moderately stable. MMAD values ranges from 3.19 µm to 4.78 µm for milled nanoparticles and 3.45 µm to 4.21 µm for spray-dried particles. In-vitro drug release studies explains that spray-dried formulations of Terbutaline sulpahte and Itraconazole using lactose as excipients released the drug upto 98.9% and 99.1% in 180mts. --- ## Effectiveness of reflexology related interventions on physiological and biochemical parameters of metabolic syndrome among women **Authors:** Elizabeth A J, Aruna S, Mercy P J **Published:** 2020-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1863 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** reflexology related interventions, metabolic syndrome, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes The purpose of the study was First to evaluate the effectiveness of reflexology related interventions on biochemical and physiological parameters of metabolic syndrome among women; Second to find out the association between physiological and biochemical parameters of metabolic syndrome among women with socio-demographic variables. The study used a true experimental design with one experimental group and one control group. Data were collected from 40 self-help group women who were the members of Kudumbashree from a selected area in South India. Samples were collected by using multistage sampling. Reflexology related intervention was given to the experimental group for 12 weeks. The control group did not receive an intervention. Repeated measures ANOVA and t-test were used for data analysis. The study found there is a significant change in the physiological and biochemical parameters of metabolic syndrome among the experimental group as compared to the control group (p<0.001). Even if there is no statistically significant difference between the different groups, the observed difference is clinically significant. The study concludes that reflexology related intervention was effective in improving the parameters of metabolic syndrome. It can be implemented in the clinical setting for patients with metabolic syndrome and related lifestyle disorders. --- ## Ameliorative effect of Cubeba Officinalis dried fruits against Tacrolimus induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats **Authors:** Suman S, Hayagreeva Dinakar Y, Suhas reddy P V, Sai Sudha Yadav B, Venkateshwar Reddy V **Published:** 2020-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1862 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cubeba Officinalis dried fruits, Ethanolic extract, Nephrotoxicity, Tacrolimus, Anti-oxidant activity Cubeba Officinalis is traditionally effective in the treatment of various kidney ailments, and the main adverse effect of tacrolimus is nephrotoxicity. There is no documented evidence about the ameliorative potential of Cubeba Officinalis in tacrolimus induced nephrotoxicity. The main endeavor of the study was to determine the nephroprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Cubeba Officinalis dried fruits against tacrolimus induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. The Cubeba Officinalis dried fruits were collected from the local market, and Male albino rats weighing 200-250 g were used for the study. The dose of 200 mg/kg as lower dose and the higher dose of 400mg/kg of test drug (EECO) was used, and silymarin is used as the standard at the dose of 20 mg/kg. The animals were divided into five groups, six animals each, which is started prior to oral administration of tacrolimus and continued with the fourteen days tacrolimus treatment. After the whole period of study, the rats were sacrificed, and histopathological studies and biochemical estimations were carried out. The BUN values were decreased from 33.60±3.84 in nephrotoxic rats to 28.27±2.48 (200mg/kg) and 20.70±0.81 (400mg/kg),creatinine levels from 1.645±0.21 to 0.926±0.19 (200mg/kg) and 0.638±0.07(400 mg/kg),uric acid levels from 1.822±0.249 to 1.092±0.306 (200 mg/kg) and 0.806±0.181 (400 mg/kg) sodium, potassium and chloride levels from 1.607± 0.091, 2.548± 0.293 and 259.8±6.42 to 1.302± 0.169 , 1.023±0.174 and 134.7±9.138 (200mg/kg of EECO) and 0.586±0.092 , 0.831±0.174 and 130.2±2.29 (400mg/kg of EECO). The Ethanolic extract of cubeba officinalis was found to be effective in treating the nephrotoxicity in tacrolimus induced nephrotoxicity. --- ## Microwave-Assisted Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Potencies of N-Substituted Iminothiazodin-4-One Derivatives **Authors:** Sharad K. Awate, Suresh V. Patil, Ravindra S. Dhivare, Renukacharya G. Khanapure **Published:** 2020-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1861 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial activities, benzylideneaminothiazol- 4(5H)-ones, thiazodin-4-ones, MW Synthesis The biggest and most multifaceted class of organic compounds includes heterocyclic compounds. Currently, several heterocyclic compounds are identified, and persistently gratefulness to tremendous synthetic work and synthetic usefulness, the number is increasing exponentially. In most fields of science, including medicinal, pharmaceutical, and agro-chemistry, heterocyclic compounds have a function, and biochemistry is also another area. In this research article, the green approach is administered for achieving the nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur centered five-membered heterocyclic derivatives. By taking the whole thing in to account of hetero-chemistry, the moderately effective analog for gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains was shown for the five-membered heterocyclic compound series of N-substituted iminothiazodine-4-one and N-(benzylideneamino)thiazol-4(5H). Throughout the synthesized series of the compound 6c revealed very much active potent against the gram-negative Escherichia coli bacterial strain and the compound 6b point out moderately active against the gram-positive Bacillus subtilis bacteria strains in accordance with the standard drug. The 5a and 6a compounds showed very strong activity against the fungal strain of Candida albicans and 6b as well as 6c were more active and highly potent than the standard drugs against Aspergillus niger species. In the view of this research drive states that all the synthesized compounds might be used for the development for further heterocyclic entities. --- ## To evaluate the impact of patient education on self-reported adherence, and management behavior of children with asthma **Authors:** Arulprakasam K C, Senthilkumar N **Published:** 2020-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1860 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Asthma, Adherence, Management Behavior, Patient Education The failure to stick to a recommended remedial program for the treatment of an incessant illness might be mindful to some extent for proceeding with the infection movement. Adherence the key territories of enthusiasm for Asthma. The focal point of examination were to recognize issues detailed by families to influence their Adherence to asthma care. To evaluate the effect of patient education to Self-reported Adherence, Management, and Barriers. Children introducing during an intense assault of asthma were enrolled in this investigation. The restorative record of the experience were preoccupied and contrasted and data that were acquired at first visit and after 3 months. There are 986 youngsters 4 to 15 years old living in city evaluation tracts in the examination. The parental report of drugs endorsed, and the data on the disconnected report concurred 95.15% of the ideal opportunity β-Agonists, 86.24% are steroids, and 7.71% are cromolyn. Meds were overlooked a portion of time by 45.2% of the kids, and 52.8% attempted to escape to taking medication. Arrangements of follow-up consideration were kept by 69% of those given an arrangement, by an expected 60.0% of the individuals who were advised explicitly to require an arrangement. Just a single third of guardians report that they had the option to fend off the youngster from realized asthma triggers about constantly. After the subsequent, the huge changes are seen. Adherence to asthma-the executives program includes various territories: prescription, arrangement keeping, avoidance, and applying a crisis strategy. A barrier to Adherence may exist in one or every one of the four of these areas, prompting ineffectual control of asthma. The patient education improving the patient-doctor organization and furthermore improve Adherence. --- ## Vitamin D status and its determinants in Pre Diabetic pregnant mothers attending tertiary care centre in Tamilnadu, India **Authors:** Kavitha Durairaj, Muthulakshmi M, Venkataraman P, Murali R, Rukumani J, Sunitha Samal **Published:** 2020-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1865 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pregnancy, Gestational diabetes mellitus, Vitamin D Vitamin D is a vital nutrient factor in the healthiness of the mother and infant. Vitamin D is mainly amalgamated in the skin following exposure to ultraviolet B radiation. Insufficiency of vitamin D in Pregnancy had been related to various sicknesses, such as respiratory infection, type 1 diabetes mellitus, high risk of childhood wheezing. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of Vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of pregestational diabetes in pregnant women referred to antenatal clinics in SRM Medical College hospital, Tamilnadu, India. 200 pregnant women were recruited, and orwomen referred to gynecologyal glucose challenge test (OGCT), serum calcium and 25(OH) D were determined. Participants were in the age group of 18 to 35 years, with a mean age of 26.29. Among the participants, 59% were multiparous. The present study showed that a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (61.5%) and insufficiency (34%) in pregnant women before supplementation with a mean of 16.84. Vitamin D supplementation during the early weeks of pregnancy might help in the improvement of maternal and child health. --- ## Characterization and antibacterial activity of cocos Nucifera L. Meat extract and powder as a drug and cosmetic agent **Authors:** Dewi Melani Hariyadi, Sisunandar J, Suciati A, Isnaeni A, Noorma Rosita **Published:** 2020-01-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1864 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Characterization, Antibacterial activity, Kopyor meat, Extract Cocos nucifera L. or Kopyor coconut is the natural material plant that has nutrient content, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats and fatty acids. The potential of Kopyor coconut is mainly produced from water and soft flesh or meat. Some benefits of the meat have not been widely studied as an active drug agent. This study was aimed to identify and characterize kopyor meat extract and to test activity as an antibacterial agent. The maceration method was used to extract kopyor meat. The optimized extraction resulted in a yield of 23% efficiency. Kopyor meat extract was identified in terms of loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, extract content and saponification value. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of both dried meat kopyor and extract were conducted. The standardized extract had a loss on drying of 35%, total ash of 8.95%, acid-insoluble ash of 31%, and extract content soluble in water and ethanol of 56.9% and 0.6% respectively. The saponification value showed a value of 56. It was shown that both powder and Cocos nucifera extract had as same high activity as an antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis therefore this recommended for further formulation and evaluation as drug and cosmetic. --- ## Burn-out and stress percipience benefits of a stress management program by autogenic relaxation training for teachers: A pilot study **Authors:** Thephilah Cathrine R, Aruna S, Vijaya ragahavan **Published:** 2020-01-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1847 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Stress management training, Teachers, Autogenic relaxation, Burnout, stress perceptions Stress in the present world is an indivisible piece of life, regardless of social position and status. Burnout is characterized as a negative mental encounter that is responses to work-related pressure. It relates to emotions experienced that require repeated exposure to emotionally charged social situations. In this manner, it is a work-related risk to which all individuals are uncovered, including teachers. The teaching profession is under large occupational pressure and prone to job burnout. The study aims to (i) assess the level of occupational burnout and stress among teachers of private and fully aided schools in the post-test for the experimental and control groups. (ii) to determine the effectiveness of autogenic relaxation on occupational burnout and stress among teachers of private and fully aided schools. A quantitative research approach with a True experimental design with experimental and control group, pre-test - post-test control group design was adopted for this study. Totally, 28 participants selected by consecutive sampling techniques with the age of 25-60 years. Based on the inclusion criteria and availability of teachers, they were allocated into the control group (n=14) and experimental group (n=14). Demographic variables, occupational burnout, stress were assessed by using (Maslach burnout inventory and teacher stress inventory) it was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Stress management program by autogenic training once a week for 6 weeks was given. We found that the median value in the pre-test is significantly different from the median value in the post-test for Maslach Burnout Inventory; the median value is significantly different for the emotional exhaustion sub-scale (t=216 and P=0.02). --- ## The Association Between Iron Over Load and Tanner Stage Retardation in the Females with B-Thalassemia Major **Authors:** Suzan Sabbar Mutlag **Published:** 2020-01-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1856 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tanner stages, β -major thalassemia, serum level of Ferritin, pelvic ultrasound examination Despite optimal therapy of patients with B- major thalassemia included repeated transfusion of blood program and iron chelation agents helped by increasing survival of these patients but remained a major problem in adolescents of these patients such as growth failure and hypogonadism. This study was aimed to determine the relationship between iron overload and tanner stage retardation among female patients with B- major thalassemia in Thalassemia Hospital in Diwaniyah Governorate. The current study occurred on all female patients diagnosed β-thalassemia major depends on the blood tests, with their age range from 13years to 16 years who registered in Thalassemia unit in Al- Diwaniyah Governorate, Republic of Iraq. In the physical examination, the patients were assessed for weight, height, Tanner stages, and body mass index(BMI), which recorded. S. Ferritin value was used to assess the iron load, and pelvic ultrasound was checked to assess the size of the uterus and both ovaries. The results of the currents study revealed that the total numbers of B- thalassemia major female patients are 31 patients, aged 13-16 years. Age of patients at which diagnosed of B- major thalassemia range from 0.17 to 5 year. The frequency of Blood transfusion (time/Year) ranges from 6 to 33 times/Year. The level of serum ferritin of the patients was ranged from 913-12000 ng/ml with. Tanner stage I was predominant, accounting for 87%, whereas stage II and III accounted for 10% and 3%, respectively. There was a significant negative relation between times transfusion of blood and Tanner. There was a significant correlation between Uterus size, ovarian size, and Tanner stage. Because of inflammation falsely increase serum ferritin or due to the relation between body iron in the body and level of serum ferritin is not always within the linear range, especially in the condition of inflammation or tissue damage. So that level of serum ferritin is not an adequate measure of iron stores in patients with major thalassemia. --- ## Beta-glucan: Immune boosting potential and antioxidant candidate **Authors:** Abhishek Kamboj, Aanchal Jain, Tanya Singh, Ajam Shaikh, Amit Gupta **Published:** 2020-01-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1849 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** β-glucan, immune-boosting, antioxidant, cytokine In literature, β-glucan is abundantly found in oats and currently used as well as tested against various varieties of food products. The objective of our study is to evaluate its immune-boosting potential of β-glucan extracted from oats and tested against specific protein antigen i.e., bovine serum albumin (BSA) and also measure its antioxidant activity. For these studies, β-glucan using variable concentration and tested in human whole blood samples (exposed with an optimized concentration of bovine serum albumin, BSA) and examined its immune-boosting potential. In contrast, estimation of Th1 (IFN-gamma) and Th2 (IL-4) cytokines were also measured from cell culture supernatant and also measured its antioxidant potential through DPPH assay. The results showed that β-glucan enhanced immune-boosting activity in a concentration-dependent manner against BSA. In contrast, there is enhancement in Th2 (IL-4) cytokines in a dose-dependent manner, but there is no significant effect in Th1 (IFN-gamma) as compared to control. In addition, β-glucan showed drastic enhanced antioxidant potential, which is confirmed through DPPH assay. The data demonstrate that β-glucan showing immune-boosting properties and antioxidant potential. --- ## Box-Behnken design for development and characterization of nanostructured chitosan-based nanoparticles containing sulfasalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis **Authors:** Ganesh Narayan Sharma, Praveen Kumar C H, Birendra Shrivastava, Kumar B, Arindam Chatterjee **Published:** 2020-01-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1855 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sulfasalazine, Chitosan, Ulcerative colitis, Nanoparticles, Box-Behnken design The present research was designed to improve the permeability of sulfasalazine by loading it into chitosan nanoparticles using the ionic gelation method. The process parameters were screened and optimized through Box-Behnken design. 13 formulations containing sulfasalazine chitosan-based nanoparticles (SCSNPs) were optimized using particle size, zeta potential, and % encapsulation efficiency as responses. The effect of every factor on responses was statistically analyzed using ANOVA and p-Value, and the correlation coefficient of all the responses was found to be >0.99 and >0.96 for optimized CSNPs and optimized SCSNPs respectively with p<0.05. From the predicted and observed values of responses, the optimized formulation (SCSNPs) has a particle size of 261±3.06 nm, with an encapsulation efficiency of 81.3±5.3%. Morphology of the particles using scanning electron microscopy reveals nearly spherical shaped particles with a zeta potential of +41.4±0.5 mV. In-vitro studies acknowledge that sulfasalazine was released in a sustained manner for about 24 hrs in simulated colonic fluid pH 7 and phosphate buffer pH 7.4, when compared to a simulated colonic fluid at fed (pH 6) and fasted state (pH 7.8). --- ## Role of Herbal Medicine in Oral and Dental Health; Ethnopharmacological Study of Medicinal Plants in Iraq/Baghdad **Authors:** Humam M. Al-Somaiday, Manar E. Al-Samaray, Ali Al-Samydai **Published:** 2020-01-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1857 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Syzygium aromaticum, Camellia sinensis, Mentha, Traditional Medicine, Dental Health, Herbal Dental/Oral diseases are one of the major public health problems globally. The application of Herbal medicines for the manager of oral diseases are considered as an effective alternative to synthetic compound due to their lower side effect. The object of This study is a study of the traditional medicine role in dental health, based on active constituents in herbal medicines, which have been practiced by people. In this study, we sought to gather information from Bedouins in Baghdad region of Iraq about used herbs medicine in dental health. Depth interviews (unstructured interviews) are used to collect the data by asking face-to-face to the respondent. The research has been done in two stages, first one directed to traditional healers, folk practitioners, to know the most common used Herbal in dental health, and the second stage was directed to people. Our results shown that Syzygium aromaticum, Camellia sinensis, and Mentha shown the highest used value (UV) up to 0.90, and mostly used for treatment of Toothache, Canker sore and Oral ulcer, also they used them as a homemade mouth wash. Our studies also shown an increasing in demand of herbal medicine in Iraq day by day as an alternative method of oral/ dental diseases treatment due to economic reasons and its lower side effects in comparison with a synthetic compound. --- ## Review of Topiramate Effect on Weight Loss **Authors:** Elham Alshammari, Ahlam Alshammari **Published:** 2020-01-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1851 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Topiramate, Epilepsy, Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), Obesity, Weight loss The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of topiramate in promoting weight loss among obese patients. The study was inspired by the fact that men and women, in addition to the stereotyped teenager are affected by eating disorders. The general scope of this paper will comprise of the evaluation of the effectiveness of topiramate in weight loss amongst obese patients. The research achieves this through a review of past literature. In sum, the reviewed studied found that the use of topiramate was associated with an increase in positive outcomes. Most of the positive outcomes were linked with weight reduction among overweight and obese patients. The review also revealed that the administration of the drug reduced the adverse effects with psychotic drugs, minimized food cravings, alcohol and smoking. Moreover, the combination of the drug with other antiepilepsy medications had more positive outcomes than when used as a monotherapy. --- ## A novel approach of MRI-CT Image fusion using CWT for finding Disease location **Authors:** Syed Inthiyaz, Hasane Ahammad SK, Praveen SR Konduri, Apoorva Inani, Nagineni Rishitha, Dhiraj V, Siva Kumar M, Saikumar K **Published:** 2020-01-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1850 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Medical Image fusion MRI, CWT (coverlet wavelet transform), Entropy, PSNR (peaks to signal noise ratio), SSIM Medical Image processing has tremendous applications in medical diagnosis. This broadsheet offerings the idea of a fusion of MRI (Magnetic Resource Imaging)-CT (Computed tomography) using Coverlet wavelet transform(CWT), which is used to find the disease location in an image. In the Medical field, CT provides maximum information on denser tissue with less amount of distortion and higher resolution images. Whereas, on the other hand, MRI provides information on softer tissue with much distortion. However, both are similar; the main difference lies where CT uses X-rays to produce images while MRI uses radio-Waves to produce images. This paper presents a fusion by concatenating of images using a coverlet wavelet transform technique. The presentation is estimated on the source of locating the disease in the resultant image. In this research, various image type like MRI, CT, PET, ECT, SPECT models has been collected and apply the fusion process such that calculate the performance analysis parameters like SSIM, PSNR, entropy, CWT, etc. this research consist of processing and classification in the step -1 process the image with fusion model has been implemented, for classification estimate the samples with probabilistic functions. Finally calculated the parameters for disease finding and location estimation such that this research is helpful for disease location estimation and finding. At final achieves the better outcomes compared to existed methods. --- ## Overview of Gastric Cancer Treatment and Recent Developments – An Updated Review **Authors:** Arun Kumar Vadikari, Akkihebbal R Akhila, Vishakante Gowda D, Mahendran Bhaskaran, Parthasarathi K Kulkarni, Vikas Jain **Published:** 2020-01-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1854 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Chemotherapy, Gastric cancer, Immunotherapy, Paclitaxel, Surgery, Trastuzumab, Treatment options Gastric Cancer (GC) is one among the serious diseases prevailing globally. GC has immense global life-threatening health issues by taking 4th place among all the widespread cancers and 2nd foremost reason for fatality around the globe. Numerous patients have an inoperable disease at diagnosis or have recurrent disease after resection with curative intent. Surgery remains the principle therapy, while perioperative and adjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiation can improve the outcome of GC therapy. Targeted therapies such as Trastuzumab, an antibody against HER2 and the VEGFR-2 antibody ramucirumab highly preferred in GC. Since the last few years, immunotherapy became a significant approach for the cure of various cancers like GC. In the present review, we have put forward the various stages of GC and all the possible advanced treatments for GC. Surgery is still the first choice analysed in GC followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. New frontiers in treatment suggest the growing consideration for intraperitoneal administration of chemotherapeutics and a combination of traditional drugs with the newer generation. A note is added to relevant studies dealing with neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment concepts and gives an overview of latest trends and developments in GC treatment. --- ## Design of MEMS-based Microfludic Channel to Detect Cancer Cells in Blood **Authors:** Syed Shameem, RamaKrishna T V, Sahithi M, Rohitha B, Keerthana J, Hasane Ahammad S K, Srinivas Babu P S, Saikumar K **Published:** 2020-01-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1858 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diffusion, Cancer, Laminar Flow, Size, Blood Cancer refers to any of countless infections characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and can invade and destroy normal body tissue. Malignant growth frequently can spread all through your body. Cancer is the second driving reason for death on the planet. In this paper, we propose to found a H-cell to screen carcinogenic cells in a given sample of blood based on the principle of diffusion. This model incorporates the planning of a MEMS-based microfluidic channel to screen and recognize different cells depending on the size and various characteristics of the cells. Some of the methods which are implemented not efficient models for cancer cells detection in blood. The mass, displacement technique has been implemented in this investigation for cancer cell detection, with the help of this achieves the accuracy and better throughput. One cancer cell contains = 1.70371e-24 mass, such that with a weight of this formula, find out the total no of cells in the blood. This is the best method compared to existed methods. Using this count, the weight has been calculate early-stage cancer and treatment with a simple manner, CTCs in the blood is the un potential matter for health, H-cells have been measured with proposed weight and force technique such that in this investigation also calculate the healthy and cancer cells also. Finally, using this methodology achieves 93.58% accuracy, 0.00124 MSE. These are very good results compared to conventional methods. --- ## Combined Treatment with Oral Hypoglycemic Agents and Insulin in Longer Run May Lead to Cognitive Derangement Secondary to Hypoglycemia **Authors:** Aman Gupta, Abhishek Kumar Singh, Ramesh Deka C **Published:** 2020-01-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1852 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes, diabetes complications, OHA, Insulin therapy, hypoglycemia To determine the risk associated with combined therapy of oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin in the development of cognitive decline secondary to hypoglycemia. The study comprised of two arms, in arm 1 (n=30) diabetic patients on OHA and insulin combined therapy were observed for cognitive derangement based on Mini Cog score (Pearson’s correlation r was calculated between the two) and the patients were also ruled out for hypoglycemia episodes. Similarly, in arm 2(n=30), only OHA therapy patients were evaluated on the same parameters using Pearson’s correlation. Mean Mini Cog scores were found to be 1.79 in patients on combinational therapy of OHA and insulin. In the case of patients only on OHA for diabetes control mean Mini Cog, the score was 2.0. Pearson’s coefficient r 1 between OHA plus insulin duration of therapy in years with Mini Cog score was -0.5831 at a statistically significant p value of 0.0007. While on the other hand, patients only on OHA therapy (in years) were not significantly correlated with Mini Cog scores.(r 2= - 0.0149 ; p value =0.93771).In the arm 1 (OHA + Insulin(n=30)), the average number of hypoglycemia episodes were found to be 2.633 as compared to the OHA only group in which mean hypoglycemia episodes were 0.866. There was a significant difference in the hypoglycemia episodes, as confirmed by the student t-test (4.06368) at a p value = 0.000147. Based on the study findings, combined Treatment with Oral Hypoglycemic agents and insulin in longer run may lead to cognitive derangement secondary to hypoglycemia.*Significance level <0.01, Negative correlations are indicative of lower the values of battery scores higher would be cognitive derangement. --- ## Sustainability Reporting Pattern in Pharmaceutical Sector : A Study of Top 10 Economies across the Globe **Authors:** Mahesh Kumar, Birajit Mohanty, Madhusudan Narayan, Vadera M L **Published:** 2020-01-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1842 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), Sustainability Reporting, Pharmaceutical Sector, Triple Bottom Line (TBL) Sustainability reporting is now a mainstream activity of global corporations and is an important issue of the decade. Transparency and accountability for stakeholders are most demanding issues in pharmaceutical sectors. Companies or Industries can’t survive without sustainable growth. Since, most of the stakeholders are aware of recent problems such as community health, climate change, education and development, business sustainability etc., the demand for disclosures in these areas have also been remarkably increased. Global companies have started reporting on sustainability disclosure for both economic and non-economic activities such as Triple Bottom Line (TBL) reporting along with accountability of external and internal stakeholders towards the goal of sustainable development. This paper examines the sustainability reporting practices of pharmaceutical companies of top 10 economies across the globe. For this purpose, sustainability reports of pharmaceutical companies of top 10 economies based on Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and Non- GRI guidelines for 5 years (2012 to 2016) were collected from the GRI-Database. The number of pharmaceutical companies along with country name that published sustainability reports has been classified into four categories such as companies with GRI reports published for 5 years, less than 5 years, Non-GRI reports and mixed reports (GRI &Non-GRI) a total number of sustainability reports published in the given time period were compiled and analyzed. The results revealed that the sustainability disclosures in Pharmaceutical sector are basically dominated by the countries like USA, Brazil, and China whereas, least performing in sustainability disclosure parameter are Canada, Italy, Germany and India. --- ## Coronary blockage of artery for Heart diagnosis with DT Artificial Intelligence Algorithm **Authors:** Saikumar K, Rajesh V **Published:** 2020-01-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1844 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** COAB, heart diagnosis, Artificial intelligence, CT, CTA Coronary blockage of an artery (CBA) is a fundamental problem cause of heart attacks. There are different techniques used to diagnosis this CBA as like other category of heart diseases. In this research, open heart surgery operation and quick diagnosis have been analyzed. This CBA diagnosis & operation requires clear images of heart i.e., CTA pictures. Fast and reliable detections are possible with professional image processing techniques (IMT) with the help of Artificial intelligence algorithms (AIA). By the help of Decision Tree (DT) based IMT and “AIA” is used to find the region of heart image CBA diagnosis with a concentration of determination. Total work contains two stages; 1st is pre-processing means image processing training 2nd is decision step, in this extraction, and statistical calculations are performed using the DT-AIA model. Implementation has been achieved and progressed by using 4.766% OV, OF by using 6.5%, OT by means of 2.5%, AI with the aid of 0.21% these are very good results. --- ## Biological Effective of organic solvent extracts of Datura innoxia Leaves in the Cumulative and Non-cumulative for mortality of Immature insect Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera : Culicidae) **Authors:** Wassen Ali Adday, Mohammed Ridha Annon **Published:** 2020-01-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1841 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Datura innoxia, insect, Culex, quinquefasciatus, mortality The present research included the evaluation of the efficiency of organic solvent extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol) separately using ppm (100, 250, 5001500, 1000, 2000) concentrations of Datura innoxia leaves. In the non- cumulative and cumulative mortality of the immature stage of Culex quinquefaciatus Say mosquitoes where LC50 and LC90 by probit analysis were estimated. The hexane extract of the leaves D.innoxia plant was the most affected hexane extract was the most effective of ethyl acetate and ethyl alcohol in the non-cumulative mortality of the immature instar where LC50 for egg mortality was (1495.8, 1727.2, 2199.9) ppm for hexane extract, ethyl acetate and ethyl alcohol respectively For the four larva linstar, the first larval instar were the most sensitive of the larval instar of all extracts The hexan extract was LC50(245.8, 301.1, 418.4, 1128.6) PPM The ethyl acetate extract was LC50 (246.9, 375.3, 622.6, 1188.2) ppm for the four larvae instar respectively. The LC50 for ethyl alcohol extract (332.4, 568.5 1004.7, 1446.6) ppm. In instar pupa, the value of LC50 (1146.5, 1179.6, 1249.6) ppm for hexane extract, ethyl acetate and ethyl alcohol, respectively. As for the cumulative depreciation, the cumulative mortality rate of the immature stage reached 100% at the concentration of 2000ppm and for all organic solvents compared to the control, which was limited to (8-17) %. --- ## Effectiveness of Marketing Strategy Formulation in Biomedical Healthcare Industry **Authors:** Praveen Kumar P, Subhasini J **Published:** 2020-01-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1843 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Strategy, marketing, performance, creativity, outcom Marketing strategies stimulate the firm to unearth areas that are being disturbed by several factors. This is adopted to determine the target market in order to achieve prosperity in the organization. An effective marketing strategy would perhaps help in captivating new customers as well as sustaining for the longer-term. Consequently, this can result in the following benefits such as products and services can be offered with exclusive components, effective department coordination, concentration on scarce resources, thereby building a better marketing plan, selection of target market for easy entry and accumulation of four marketing p's. As a result, the increase in sales can be achieved. The strategy should be effectively formulated to witness the performance outcome. This study focuses on the determinants of marketing strategy on performance outcomes. The data captured from 119 marketing professionals in the field of the biomedical healthcare industry by using a questionnaire. The questionnaire includes variables to measure the demographic profile of the professionals and three constructs of marketing strategy creativity, marketing strategy improvisation, and performance outcome. Collected data were analyzed through analysis of frequency, mean, variance, and regression. Results show that marketing professionals have similar viewpoints on marketing strategies. The findings of the regression analysis argue that the improvisation determines performance outcomes in the marketing strategy. --- ## A Characteristic Study on the Effect of Ginger and Nutmeg Extracts on Pseudomonas and E.coli biofilms **Authors:** Challaraj Emmanuel E S, Vinni Biji, Gayathri N. Krishna **Published:** 2020-01-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1832 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biofilm, phytochemicals, Plant extracts, Ginger, Nutmeg A number of phytochemicals or secondary metabolites were produced by herbs and spices. These were used as food preservatives and also as traditional medicines from long back. These were having various pharmacological benefits which included antioxidant, analgesic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic properties. In the present study two different plant species (Zingiber officinale, Myristica fragrans) were used for studying their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. The phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts was done by using standard methodology. FTIR analysis of the ginger and nutmeg extracts were carried out to study the functional groups present in the respective plant extracts. The extracts were also subjected to NMR spectroscopy. Two different bacteria were used for the studies which are good biofilm producers, Pseudomonas and E. coli. The antimicrobial activity of the methanolic and chloroform extracts of ginger and nutmeg were studied using air liquid interphase coverslip assay and biofilm assay. The results suggest that the ginger and nutmeg extracts have biofilm inhibition activity. The reduction in biofilm was observed in all the 3 concentrations of the nutmeg chloroform extract with maximum biofilm reduction in 100% and was compared with the control. Both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, biofilm inhibition was observed in all 3 concentrations of ginger and nutmeg. --- ## Ayurveda Explorations on Consequences of Excessive physical activity (Ativayayama) and Dose of Physical activity **Authors:** Vandana Verma **Published:** 2020-01-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1840 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Excessive physical activity, Dose of Physical activity, Ativyayama, Prakriti Despite the well-established evidence of health benefits of moderate dose physical activity, there are evolving evidences which suggest that a high dose of long duration excessive physical activity may be associated with adverse health effects like dehydration, hyponatremia, exertional heat illness, musculoskeletal trauma, immune and hormonal deregulation, metabolic derangements, CV stress disorders, etc. However, ancient scholars of Ayurveda have well documented the harmful biological effects of excessive exercise (Ativyayama) and considered it under the category of etiological factors of several disorders. Various clinical conditions have been mentioned in which exercise is contraindicated or should be avoided. The harmful effect of excessive physical activity (Ativyayama) described by Ayurveda scholars are thirst (Trishna), altered taste perception, nausea (Aruchi), vomiting (Charddi), dizziness, exercise-related syncope (Bhrma), exertion (Shrma), cough (Kasa), dysponea (Svasha), injury in the chest (Ksata), weight loss (Kshaya), bleeding disorders (Raktapitta), cachexia (Sosha), exercise-induced heat injury, fever (Jvara), exertional dysponea in asthamatics (Pratamak svasha). Ayurveda scholars have described Physical activity (Vyayama ) in Daily routine (Dincharya), and advocated to performed daily in moderate-intensity only, to get the beneficial effects while the severe grade of exercise is contraindicated. It should be performed after considering the age, diet, season, psychosomatic constitution, psychological state, physiological state of females, disease state, treatment procedures, etc. So it is highly needed to appreciate the perspective of Ayurveda scholars in research, which will be helpful in exploration of a dose of physical activity in the form of mild, moderate and severe grade and its overall effect on health to ascertain that how much activity is needed to get the optimal health benefits. --- ## The impact some of nutrients on swarming phenomenon and detection the responsible gene RsbA in clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis **Authors:** TahreerHadi Saleh, SabaTalib Hashim, Salma Nassrullah Malik, Bahaa Abdullah Laftaah AL-Rubaii **Published:** 2020-01-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1839 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Proteus mirabilis, swarming, indomie, carbohydrates, red pepper The effect of ten different chemical compounds (comprised of carbohydrates, nutrients and nanoparticles) were tested against the swarming phenomenon of clinical isolates that belong to Proteus spp. The carbohydrates used in the experiment were starch, sucrose, lactose and glucose. The largest swarming diameter of the test culture occurred in the presence of glucose due to its stimulatory effect. However, sucrose and lactose showed an inhibitory effect on swarming of the test culture. On the other hand, starch had different effects according to its concentration; it showed an inhibitory effect at 1% and 2%, while it stimulated the swarming at 5 % concentration. Comparatively, when test culture grown on MacConkey agar, swarming did not occur due to the inhibitory role of bile salt and crystal violate. The yeast extract and indomie additives were stimulators for swarming with increased concentration, while Peptone showed moderate effects and red pepper powder had an inhibitory effect on swarming. This study was aimed to isolate and investigate the effect of some chemical and nutrient compounds on swarming phenomenon of P. mirabilis that allows the microorganism to invade human urinary tract and cause infection. We can concluded that Red pepper as natural alternative of antibiotics could be employed in the treatment of patients diagnosed with UTI caused by P. mirabilis due to its inhibitory role on the swarming action. However, consuming indomie noodles with its additives may have a stimulatory effect on swarming which may allow P. mirabilis to reach and colonize other sites of urinary tract and cause infection. --- ## Exploration of Ayurveda blueprint on clinical physiology of Meda (adipose tissue) and Majja Dhatu (bone marrow) in context to obesity **Authors:** Vandana Verma, Sonam Agrawal, Sangeeta Gehlot **Published:** 2020-01-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1830 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Meda Dhatu, Majja, Adipocytes, Obesity, Clinical physiology The state of health depends on the functional state of Dosha, Dhatu, Mala, Srotas, and Agni. The concept of functional and nutritional interdependence of Dhatu as well as a physiological and pathological aspect of all the seven Dhatu has been described by Ayurveda scholars. The metabolic effect of Meda and Majja Dhatu on other tissues like a muscle (Mamsa Dhatu), bone (Asthi Dhatu), and reproductive tissue (Shukra Dhatu) show their functional interdependence. The Ayurveda compendia, as well as recent research data, shows that obesity is the disorder of nutrition, which depends on lifestyle and diet. The obesity has been discussed in relation to Medovaha Srotodushti and Meda Dhatu Vriddhi. Although the physiology of Vasa, Meda, and Majja tissue has not been elaborated much, their clinical physiology has been described. This article aims to comprehend the pathophysiology of obesity as well as manifestations on the disturbed functional state of Meda and Majja Dhatu, as depicted by Ayurveda scholars in light of contemporary science. This article will be helpful in developing a vision regarding the clinical physiology of Meda and Majja, which will be further helpful in the exploration of pathophysiology and the management of obesity and associated disorders manifested by them. On exhaustive study, it was observed that the clinical physiology of Meda and Majja Dhatu shares quite a resemblance with the outcomes of contemporary researches on adipocytes, but still, some of these are still under the research. --- ## Development, characterization and solubility enhancement of BCS class II drug phenytoin by solid phospholipid dispersion technique **Authors:** Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri, Sathish Ananthan, Lavanya Mude **Published:** 2020-01-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1834 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Phenytoin, Solid lipid nano particles, BCS class, SEM, FTIR The poor aqueous solubility acts as a core challenge in oral dosage form development for BCS class II drugs. Phenytoin is taking as a model drug; the present study adopted an innovative solid phospholipid nanoparticle (SPLN) line of attack, and it is parallelly equated with the industrialized methods (freeze-drying) which are used for the boosting of solubility and dissolution of Phenytoin. Phenytoin was articulated along with phospholipid and mannitol at a diverse ratio of phenytoin, PL, mannitol, in which 1:12:18 was the correct ratio for ideal preparation. Freeze-drying helps to prepare SPLNs in orbicular shape, which is amorphous in nature with ≤ 1µm diameter on average. While the amorphous matrix-like structure of solid phospholipid dispersion with larger particle size is obtained by freeze-drying technique. Formulating the formulation from this method improved the dissolution rate in a remarkable way. Tris buffer with pH 7.4acts as an apparent solubility dissolved concentration of phenytoin. The poor aqueous solubility acts as a core challenge in oral dosage form development for BCS class II drugs. The decrease in the particle size or cumulating the drug surface area is the widely used practices to proliferate the solubility. The target of the present work was improvisation in solubility, dissolution of a poorly water-soluble drug, and its release by using solid phospholipid nanoparticles. Phenytoin is taking as a model drug. The solid phospholipid nanoparticles were primed by freeze-drying technique along with phospholipid and mannitol in diverse drug to excipients ratios (1:1, 1:2w: w). These preparations were assessed for compatibility study using FTIR, solubility enhancement study by XRD, entrapment efficiency, surface morphology by SEM, and in-vitro release study. As per the results, there is no influence of the excipients on the drug used. The solubility was increased by folds compared to in house prepared formulation. --- ## An Approach to Derive Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Therapeutic Significance **Authors:** Balaji K, Perumal Saraswathi, Prabhu K, Shila Samuel, Siva T **Published:** 2020-01-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1837 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bone marrow stem cells, cell adherence, CD34 “Mesenchymal Stem cells (MSCs)” are distinct type of cells naturally present in the body that has the ability to separate into any cell type like bone, cartilage, muscle, nerve, tooth etc. There are numerous studies available to efficiently isolate culture, characterize and expand the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Similar such method was utilized to isolate the MSCs from femoral and tibial bone of female wistar rats and the standardized method was used to culture and expand MSCs. The cultured cells were determined to be MSCs with their hallmark properties of spindle shape morphometry, cellular plasticity & cell adherence property. The cells after expansion were subjected to flow cytometry analysis for characterization. The BMSCs showed positive expression for CD90 & negative expression for CD34. In the present investigation, we obtained the BMSCs that would have potential clinical significance as it was performed in a GMP environment with all necessary requirements that could enable its therapeutic value. --- ## Cognitive dysfunction in diabetes is associated with glycemic control in an urban Indian population: A prevalence study **Authors:** Aman Gupta, Abhishek Kumar Singh **Published:** 2020-01-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1829 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes, diabetes complications, Alzheimer disease, diabetes mellitus, positron emission tomography, computed tomography, hypoglycemia We evaluated the correlation between HbA1C and Cognitive derangement of type 2 Diabetics in the current prevalence study. We further investigated the role of poor Diabetes control versus hypoglycemia episodes as independent predictors of cognitive derangement in 240 type 2 Diabetics. In pilot phase, comparison between Diabetics(n=30) and non-Diabetic subjects(n=30) for Cognitive derangement using cognitive batteries: GPCOG, AI tool and MIS was done. PET CT brain findings of one of Diabetic subjects were also observed. Further study was conducted on 240 diabetic subjects using batteries validated in the pilot phase. Pilot study provided statistically significant results of correlation between HbA1C levels versus GPCOG Score, Pearson's Correlation r1= -0.448*, for AI Score Pearson’s Correlation r2= -0.196*and for MIS score Pearson’s Correlation r3= -0.472*. The prevalence ratio for both groups was calculated as 5.8125, which implies Diabetics had > 5-fold risk of deranged cognition as compared to the non-Diabetic group. Using independent T-test, mean GPCOG score in the Hypoglycemia group(n=162) and without hypoglycemia group(n=78) were found to be 3.02 and 4.63 respectively. Similarly, based on the independent T-test, the mean AI score in the Hypoglycemia group(n=162) and without hypoglycemia group(n=78) were found to be 2.068 and 2.564, respectively. PET CT brain findings were suggestive of reduced FDG uptake indicating Alzheimer’s type of cognitive derangement. HbA1C can be linked to poor cognitive derangement in case of poor diabetes control. Hence HbA1C can be a useful biomarker to predict cognitive derangement in type 2 Diabetics. *Significance level <0.01, Negative correlations are indicative of lower the values of battery scores higher would be cognitive derangement. --- ## Studies on Antidiabetic Activity of Atylosia Albicans in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats **Authors:** Sharvana bhava B S, Umasankar K, Kottai Muthu A **Published:** 2020-01-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1836 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atylosia Albicans, total cholesterol, triglyceride, Glibenclamide The present study was aimed to investigate the Antidiabetic effect of Atylosia Albicans extracts in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Rats have fasted overnight, and the plant extracts at doses 100 and 200 mg/kg were administered for 14 days. Streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes mellitus. The standard hypoglycaemic agent selected for this work was Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg). The different test solutions at doses 100 and 200 mg/kg of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts respectively were given a respective group of rats. The anti-diabetic potential was assessed by determining oral glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose, Blood glucose levels, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high‑density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) were evaluated parameters. The methanolic extract with 200 mg/kg was more significant in anti-diabetic activity (P<0.001) on the 14th day and also significantly decreased TG, TC, VLDL‑C, LDL‑C and HbA1c (P<0.001) when compared to diabetic control rats. From the obtained results, it can be revealed that the methanolic extract of Atylosia Albicans has great potent antidiabetic activity. The results suggest that Triumfetta rotundifolia has anti-diabetic activity, thereby justifying its traditional use. --- ## Glucosamine effects on lipids and blood pressure **Authors:** Elham Alshammari, Ahlam Alshammari **Published:** 2020-01-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1838 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Glucosamine, Osteoarthritis, Dyslipidemia, Hypertension, Side effects Glucosamine has in the past, been recommended for various functions, including the synthesis of synovial fluid, inhibiting degradation, and enhancing the healing of articular cartilage. However, there is no outstanding research that has been done to support these uses. The aim of the study is to examine the effects of glucosamine on lipids and blood pressure. Articles were obtained from reputable databases and used to discuss the glucosamine efficacy in osteoarthritis and glucosamine safety profile on lipids and blood pressure. The proposed study hypothesizes that glucosamine causes an increase in cholesterol and blood pressure levels. The authors analyzed past research studies on glucosamine, its efficacy in osteoarthritis, and the safety profile of the compound on lipids and blood pressure. The findings were inconclusive, even though they tended to suggest that glucosamine sulfate does not increase cholesterol levels; neither does it increase blood pressure in humans. Experimental research tended to show that glucosamine sulfate increases the levels of insulin, which might result in an increase in blood pressure. Even so, more recent studies have shown that glucosamine does not increase cholesterol levels; neither does the compound affect the blood pressure levels in human beings. Further studies are needed to ascertain the actual impact of glucosamine on lipids and blood pressure. --- ## An overview on topical drug delivery system – Updated review **Authors:** Sharadha M, Gowda D V, Vishal Gupta N, Akhila A R **Published:** 2020-01-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1831 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Topical Drug Delivery Systems, Skin, Conventional and novel techniques, Skin Permeability The paper reviews an overview of a conventional and novel approach in the topical drug delivery system. Drug delivery via the skin is becoming progressively popular due to its convenience and affordability. The skin is the most important mechanical barrier to the penetration of many drug substances and acts as an ideal site to deliver the drug both locally and systemically. The topical route has been a favored route of drug administration over the last decades. Despite conventional topical drug delivery systems limits in poor retention and low bioavailability. This drawback overcomes by extensive research to develop a novel topical drug delivery system targeting to improve the safety, efficacy and to minimize side effects. The conventional review focuses on dusting powders, poultices, plasters, lotion, liniments, solution, emulsion, suspension, colloidions, tinctures, creams, gels, ointments, pastes, suppositories, transdermal delivery systems, tapes, and gauzes and rubbing alcohol while the novel review focuses on novel gels, aerosol foams, microsponges, muco-adhesive bio-adhesives, novel vesicular carriers, nano-emulsion & nano-emulgel, protein and peptide delivery, polymers, emulsifier-free formulations and fullerenes etc. The key purpose of a topical delivery system is to enhance the skin permeability and to retain in the dermis. This review addresses a basis for further advancement and up-gradation of current techniques and technologies. --- ## Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial studies of Schiff bases of acyclovir **Authors:** Abood S Huda, Abdullah S. Asia, Wrewish S Zainab **Published:** 2020-01-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1835 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Schiff bases, heterocyclic compounds, acyclovir, antibacterial activity There is a crucial medical need for the progress of new antibacterial agents with new and more efficient mechanisms. Schiff bases are stated to have a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, which are largely due to the distinguishing C=N group. Furthermore, heterocyclic compounds containing acyclic hydroxylated side chains, for example, acyclovir (ACV), are an essential class of antiviral acyclonucleosides. Therefore, this work was to synthesize and evaluate a new series of acyclovir analogues bearing a Schiff base moiety. Some of Schiff's bases synthesis in an ethanolic solution of drug, aldehydes, and glacial acetic acid as a catalyst followed in the synthesis of substituted acyclovir drug compounds. In this work, two new series of acyclovir analogues bearing a Schiff base moiety were Synthesised, characterized, and confirmed by various spectral techniques like FTIR, CHN, and 1HNMR spectra, in addition to melting point and retardation factor (Rf.). The biological activity of synthesized Schiff base compounds measured against a panel of various bacteria. The results revealed that these compounds showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as bacillus and Gram-negative bacteria such as proteus, E-coli, pseudomonas, and klebsiella. It concluded that synthesized Schiff base compounds showed higher antibacterial activity than acyclovir that they derived from it. --- ## An Investigation of free radical scavenging activity of various extracts of Olax scandens (family Olacaceae) **Authors:** Pranaya P, AkilaDevi D **Published:** 2020-01-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1833 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Olax scandens, NO radical activity, OH radical activity, total antioxidant activity Olax scandens Roxb. (family Olacaceae) is available in throughout tropical India. In the current study, the aerial parts of different extracts of Olax scandens were assessed by various in-vitro methods. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity(OH radical), Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity(NO radical), and total antioxidant activity (Phosphomolybdic acid method) with reference standard Ascorbic acid. An IC50 value was originated that methanolic extracts of Olax scandensis more efficient in Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Nitric oxide radical scavenging, total antioxidant activity than that of EA and petroleum ether extract. The methanolic extracts of Olax scandens & ascorbate exhibited antioxidant potential possessing IC50 253µg/ml & 135µg/ml (NO radical ), 205µg/ml & 57µg/ml (Phosphomolybdic acid method), 265µg/ml & 65µg/ml (OH radical) respectively. But when compared to all the three extracts with ascorbate (standard), the methanolic extract of the Olax scandens showed a better result. Moreover, the results were observed in a concentration-dependent manner. Invitro antioxidant studies obviously showed that methanolic extracts of Olax scandens have better antioxidant activity. These results indicate that aerial parts of methanolic concentrates Olax scandals could serve as a natural antioxidant, which may be useful to prevent free radical-induced diseases. --- ## Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory activities of the flower extracts of Argemone mexicana L. **Authors:** Prabhakaran D, Rajeshkanna A, Senthamilselvi M M **Published:** 2020-01-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1824 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-inflammatory, Argemone Mexicana, DPPH, FRC, LPS To assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the powder sample derived from the ethyl acetate fraction of the floral Argemone mexicana L. For antioxidant efficiency, the floral extract was evaluated using 1, 1–diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the FRC (Ferric Reduction Capacity) assay. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the production method of nitric oxide (NO). The powder sample extracted from ethyl acetate fraction of the floral of Argemone Mexicana L showed good antioxidant activity with the comparative standard sample in scavenging DPPH radicals and in FRC assay. In the cell viability (PBMC influenced by LPS) method and the Nitric oxide (NO) assay, this sample showed even able anti-inflammative activities. Such results indicate a significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in the powder sample obtained from ethyl acetate fraction in the flower of Argemone mexicana L. --- ## The effect of calpain inhibitor on neutrophils spreading ability **Authors:** Nur Sakinah Nor Adami, Mohammad Rohani Jais, Elysha Nur Ismail, Reezal Ishak **Published:** 2020-01-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1816 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Neutrophils, Cell Spreading, Calpain, Calpain inhibitor Neutrophils spreading are a key event in the development and progression of inflammation, which is signaled by cytokines. In order to undergo inflammation process, neutrophils will migrate towards the site of infection by adhering along the endothelium and undergoing a major morphological transition from a spherical shape to a flattened shape, which is known as neutrophils spreading. Neutrophils transmigrate, whether by migration between the endothelial cells or through an endothelial cell. Calpain are involved in several key aspects of migration, including adhesion and spreading. Neutrophils were isolated from whole blood and observed under the microscope in order to study their spreading behavior. The results of neutrophils spreading were recorded and measured in terms of the cells surface area of spreading after stimulation with chemoattractant. This study showed the inhibition of calpain, which is triggered by Ca2+ influx has prevented neutrophils from changing its shapes and spread to its optimal. fMLP induced calpain inhibitor-treated neutrophils demonstrated smaller spreading areas (116.09µm2±2.58) as compared to the positive control cells (219.88µm2±3.73). Therefore, a calpain inhibitor may play an important part in preventing neutrophils from spreading, which could halt the progression of inflammatory disorders. --- ## Zingerone Ameliorates Hepatotoxicity **Authors:** Julietpoornamathy J, Parameswari C.S **Published:** 2020-01-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1817 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ALP, Histopathology, SGOT, SGPT, Zingerone In medical sciences, toxicity is an area wherein extensive studies have been carried to improve the diseases as well as to prevent. So, there is a high requirement for novel and improved alternative therapeutic strategies to manage diseases. The liver is the largest gland in the body, which executes several important mechanisms; it stores minerals and vitamins and releases them in periods of need. The main aim of this study was to give a closer insight into potent non- toxic compounds that is capable of modifying the responses. Animals were divided into five equal groups viz control (Group 1), administered with food and water ad libitum, (Group 2) administered with olive oil, (Group 3) administered with zingerone, (Group 4) administered with concanavalin A, (Group 5) administered with cyclosporine A followed by zingerone. Our results revealed significant changes in liver marker enzymes and liver histology of zingerone treated rats when compared to control rats. A corollary, zingerone has no toxic effect on hepatocytes and was found to be safe at a dose of 10mg/kg b wt and also ameliorates hepatotoxicity. --- ## The insights on Oro-dispersible tablet **Authors:** Akshay Kumar S, Gowda D V, Sharadha M, Akhila A R **Published:** 2020-01-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1815 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** ODTs, Super disintegrants, Dysphagia, Parkinsonism Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) were the conventional product that disintegrates or dissolves into the buccal mucosa in less than 1mins in the absence of water and without chewing. They were first acquainted with the market during the 1980s and end up one of the quickest developing subdivisions of the oral medication conveyance industry and their items are creating at an extraordinary rate. New orodispersible tablet innovations address numerous pharmaceutical and need of patients, extending from upgraded life cycle the executives for reasonable medicating for pediatric, aged, and mental patients with trouble in swallowing. These supposedly affect about 35% of the all-inclusive community and related to various ailments like Parkinsonism, mental incapacity, motion sickness, obviousness, water inaccessibility, and so on. Other individuals possibly will face difficulties by utilizing control release solid oral product comprise the psychologically ill, partially developed patients, and rare patients those are unco-operative, on taking place diminished fluid consumption and are nauseated. To defeat such troubles, orodispersible tablets have been formulated. In this dosage form, the property of ODTs can be reached by the expansion of various additives such are super- the disintegrating agent is the main excipient. This has been motivated by both industry and academia to develop advanced orally dispersible products and advanced methodologies in the market. The ODTs are the most extensively implemented marketable products than others. The main purpose of this review paper is to provide the complete information of ODTs formulation. --- ## A comparative study between effects of aerobic exercises and conventional treatment on selected outcomes of heart failure clients **Authors:** Sujyotsna Jena, Sasmita Das, Rashmimala Pradhan **Published:** 2020-01-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1827 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Heart failure (HF), aerobic exercises, conventional treatment, selected outcomes of heart failure clients Heart failure (HF) is now a major public health issue with a current prevalence of over 23 million worldwide. Physical exercise is now mandatory for HF management to improve a sense of wellbeing. The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of aerobic exercises with the conventional treatment methods with selected patient outcomes among heart failure patients. A quantitative experimental research approach with a post-test-only control group design was adopted. A total of 40 HF patients were taken as study sample, and they were randomly divided into two groups. One group was given conservative treatment, whereas the other was trained with aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise training was given to the training group for 30 days, and physical, physiological, and psychological changes were assessed by standardized rating scales. A difference of post-test scores of the exercise training group and conservative treatment group were examined using t-tests and Chi-square tests. Out of 40 patients (45% above 60yrs of age, 62.5% male), two groups exhibited an extremely significant difference in terms of HF symptoms, pain, and anxiety (p < 0.00001). HF symptoms, chest pain, anxiety exhibited a significant association with age, edema showed significant association with occupation and oxygen uptake showed a significant association with age and occupation. This study concluded that aerobic exercises are highly effective to improve the activity tolerance of the body and can significantly reduce pain, edema, and anxiety levels in heart failure patients receiving conservative treatment. --- ## Evaluation of Clinacanthus nutans leaves extract on Prothrombin Time and Activated Partial Prothrombin Time test **Authors:** Nur Farahhim Abd Rahman, Azlina Muhsin, Norhaida Che Azmi **Published:** 2020-01-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1813 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clinacanthus nutans, PT, aPTT Limitations in existing anticoagulants have prompted a search for the natural origin of anticoagulants. Since there is an increasing need to source for pharmacological and medicinal materials from a plant source, thus an exploratory effort towards identifying and characterizing new anticoagulants from plants is worthwhile. Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans) commonly known as Sabah snake grass belongs to Acanthaceae family was chosen since it has therapeutic and medicinal benefits. This plant possessed anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities. This study was carried out to identify the anticoagulant activities of C. nutans leaves in aqueous and methanol extracts at different concentrations based on prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). The dried leaves of C. nutans were ground into a fine powder and extracted using aqueous and methanol. Anticoagulant assays of PT and aPTT were done on three different concentrations of C. nutans aqueous and methanol extracts (10 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, and 30 mg/mL) and control group respectively. PT and aPTT of plasma samples were prolonged in both types of extracts (p<0.05). This study highlights that the anticoagulant activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of C.nutans affects the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway, possibly due to the inhibitory action of the clotting factors. These results suggested that aqueous and methanol extracts of C. nutans exhibited anticoagulant activity at certain concentrations. --- ## Maser the Medication Adherence, Factor Influencing Adherence and the Executives of Intense Asthma Children’s in Tamilnadu **Authors:** Arulprakasam K C, Senthilkumar N **Published:** 2020-01-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1818 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Asthma, Adherence, Health Education, Non-Adherence, Self-Action Plan The commonness and related Weight of ailment because of asthma, it required to get an ideal control of the malady and improve the results of these patients. In any case, it has been seen that there is poor adherence to the treatment, which prompts the problematic control of the illness. To read the adherence for treatment in these patients to survey the effect of Wellbeing instruction and self-activity plan to improve adherence. A forthcoming report Was done in a sum of 986 asthma patients over a time of 3 years. When incorporated into the examination, the patients are followed up after 12 Weeks of non-adherence to the treatment. It was seen that solitary 108 patients (10.95%) had normal non-adherence, and 878 patients (89.05%) Were adherence to the treatment. Elements that Were related to poor adherence Were: LoWer instructive level, poor financial status, changes in routine, and patient's evil mentalities toward Wellbeing. Subsequent to utilizing the different systems for improving the adherence in these patients, the adherence expanded in patients (61.32%) among the prior defaulted patients, while the staying 188 patients (38.68%) Were seen as non-adherence even after different instructive procedures. Nonadherence in asthma the executives is an unavoidable truth and adherence improving system likely as a viable decent doctor and patient relationship. Individualized composed activity plans dependent on pinnacle expiratory stream are proportionate to activity plans dependent on indications. --- ## Clinical assessment of Sara and Blood investigations in Madhumeha (T2DM) **Authors:** Santosh Kumar Ranjan, Byadgi P S, Tripathi N S **Published:** 2020-01-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1821 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Prameha, Madhumeha, T2DM, Sara, RFT, LFT, Lipid Profile, Blood Sugar Pratyaksha (direct perception), Anumana (inference), Aptopadesha (testimony), and Yukti (reasoning) are the tools that helps for the diagnosis of the disease. To fulfill this purpose Atura-Pariksha (examination of patients), Dravya Pariksha (examination of medicinal drug and preparations), and Roga-Rogi Pariksha (examination of the patient and disease), etc. are a very important tool. The concept of Sara is described under Dashavidha Atura Pariksha (tenfold examination), and it is an important concept in both Swastha-rakshana (maintenance of health) and Aturasya Vikara Prashamana (treatment of disease). The concept of Sara is explained by different Acharyas elaborately in their own way. In spite of tremendous success in modern medical science, the incidence of diseases are increasing enormously. A sedentary lifestyle and improper dietary habits has led to the emergence of several health problems, including Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), and it is emerging as a major disease affecting mankind with many complications. Hence present study has been undertaken to understand Sara because all persons vary from one another in many ways, and a personalized approach to patient care should be adopted to plan appropriate therapeutics. Dietary factors, lifestyle, and psychological factors are involved in the aetiology of Madhumeha (T2DM). The Twak Sara, Shukra Sara, Asthi Sara, and Majja Sara persons are more prone to develop Madhumeha (T2DM). The Meda Sara and Mamsa Sara are less prone to develop Madhumeha (T2DM). We don’t find the Rakta Sara individuals in our study. --- ## Evaluation of anti-inflammatory property of the roots of Borassus flabellifer **Authors:** Natarajan K, Sangeetha R **Published:** 2020-01-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1825 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-inflammation, Borassus flabellifer, Inhibition of hemolysis, Protein denaturation Inflammation is a defense mechanism triggered by several agents and is observed as a co-morbid condition in various diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Chronic inflammation may lead to organ damage and mortality, and hence synthetic inflammatory agents are administered to cure inflammation. These synthetic drugs induce undesirable side effects, and hence natural agents are preferred. Plants have significant anti-inflammatory potential, and this study intended to assess the anti-inflammatory potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of the root of Borassus flabellifer (REBF). The evaluation was done using in-vitro models like inhibition of hemolysis and denaturation of proteins. The activity of the extract was compared with that of diclofenac, the standard drug of choice. The study results revealed that 800 μg of REBF inhibits hemolysis by 50%. The IC 50 of REBF in manifesting hypotonicity induced hemolysis and heat-induced hemolysis was 2.26 mg and 820 μg. The IC50 of REBF required to inhibit protein denaturation was 2.1 mg. All the assay models reveal that the effect of REBF is comparable to that of diclofenac, and thus REBF is a potent anti-inflammatory agent. --- ## Antidiabetic potential of Triphala Guggul - an ayurvedic formulation in alloxan-induced diabetes animal model **Authors:** Krishna Murthy, Snehal D. Jagadale, Solunke R. S, Shete R. V, Priyanka Nangare **Published:** 2020-01-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1823 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alloxan monohydrate, Antidiabetic activity, Diabetes mellitus, Triphala Guggul The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential antidiabetic drug Triphala guggul (TG), an indigenous polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation in an alloxan-induced diabetes rat model. Diabetes mellitus was induced in rats. The rats were divided into nine groups, including the groups of normal control which received the vehicle, the standard group (Glibenclamide) and rats with induced diabetes were treated with the tablet of Triphala guggul and Triphala guggul churna in doses of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. They were administered orally for 28 days on a single dose. Blood was collected from the vein in the tail on days 7, 14, 21 and 28. Biochemical estimates were made using blood serum. Acute toxicity studies did not reveal toxicity in rats. For 28 days, Administration of Triphala guggul tablet and Triphala guggul churna formulations improved oral glucose tolerance in diabetes-induced rats and after 28 days, resulted in a significant reduction in serum glucose level compared to normal control rats. These formulations do not affect the kidney, adipose tissue, and liver. The Triphala guggul formulation has a promising antidiabetic property and is effective in the treatment of diabetes. --- ## Features of humoral immunity in cows infected with the leukaemia virus **Authors:** Talgat R. Yakupov, Mars M. Valiev, Farit F. Zinnatov, Azat M. Alimov, Albert K. Galiullin, Damir D. Hairullin, Radiy M. Papaev, Sergey Yu. Smolentsev **Published:** 2020-01-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1819 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** leukemia virus, antibodies, antigen, immune complexes, blood serum, cattle The article presents the results of studying the dynamics of the formation of antibodies and immune complexes, reveals the prospects for improving the early diagnosis of cattle leukaemia. Studies were conducted for 6 months on an experimental group of animals consisting of 12 cows. The titers of free and bound antibodies in blood serum and milk were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results of studies showing that changes in titers of anti-leukaemia antibodies in the blood serum of cows naturally infected with BLV (bovine leukaemia virus) are significantly different from experimental infection data are adduced. In cows infected with BLV, there is no definite relationship between antibody titers in milk and in blood serum. With sufficiently high titers of serum antibodies, antibody titers in milk can be minimal for the same cows; conversely, with low titers of serum antibodies, there can be high antibody titers in milk. In the titers of antibodies free and bound in the immune complexes in blood serum with the development of the disease, a certain dependence is traced. With a decrease in titers of free antibodies, in most cases, an increase in titers of “bound” antibodies is observed, i.e., the degree of formation of circulating immune complexes (CECs) increases. There is no clearly defined dependence in the dynamics of changes in titers free and bound in immune complexes of antibodies in milk samples. They can remain at the same level for a long time, both at low and rather high levels. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of antifungal agent in a hydrogel containing nanoparticle of low molecular weight chitosan **Authors:** Deekshitha H M, Namratha S Saraf, Kulkarni P K, Akhila A R, Jayaprakash J S **Published:** 2020-01-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1814 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hydrogel Nanoparticles, low molecular weight chitosan, clotrimazole, nystatin, fungal infection The research aimed to formulate and prepare hydrogel of low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles with the help of antifungal agents such as clotrimazole and Nystatin for the topical application. Using the ionic gelation process, placebo and nanoparticles containing drugs were prepared. By cationic interaction is suitable for pH, and gel sodium tripolyphosphate is used as a crosslinker which cross-links the chitosan particles to form the gel, interaction between drug and polymer was observed during the formulation development. Formulated nanoparticle with chitosan and nystatin and clotrimazole showed the mean diameter 273.7nm, 983nm, and 501nm. Clotrimazole and Nystatin had encapsulation capacity was about 74.6% and 63.0%, respectively. In vitro drug release at pH 4.7 chitosan molecules are examined for the version of clotrimazole and nystatin.it has noticed that both the formulation shows sustained drug release about 12 hours. Using SEM, nanoparticles are directed for surface morphology character; it shows that nanoparticles are smooth and spherical in structure. Chitosan itself has the antimicrobial property; it was carried out for the antifungal activity against the fungus Candida Albicans along with the prepared formulations drugs for the comparative study. This inhibitory effect was due to the parameter such as zeta potential and particle size of chitosan nanoparticles. Hence CTZ and Chitosan were formulated and applied as a natural antifungal agent into nanoparticle to increase the fungal activity. According to the ICH Q1A (R2) guidelines, stability studies are conducted to prove no degradation of the drug. The prepared formulation of chitosan nanoparticles based hydrogel incorporated with clotrimazole and nystatin are promising and significant properties for the efficient treatment of topical fungal infections. --- ## Diagnosis of Kidney Renal Cell Tumor through Clinical data mining and CT scan image processing: A Survey **Authors:** Subarna Chatterjee, Kiran Rao P **Published:** 2020-01-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1778 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Kidney Renal Cell Carcinoma, Contrast enhancement, data mining, medical image processing, Kidney tumor, pathology This study deals with the systematic study of the mining of data and medical image-based CAD to classify or predict Kidney Renal (KRCC) tumors. Kidney tumors are of different types having different characteristics and have different methodologies to classify or predict tumor and its stages. KRCC is the most common type of cancer of the kidney, but there are others. Several factors may increase the risk of a person developing KRCC disease like smoking, obesity, High blood pressure, and many more. In almost all cases, only a single kidney is affected, but in rare cases, both can be affected by KRCC. As cancer grows, it may invade structures near the kidney, such as surrounding fatty tissue, veins, renal gland, or the liver. It might also spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or bones. It becomes essential to detect the KRCC tumor and classify it at the early stage to assist the pathologist in identifying the cause and severity of the tumor and in monitoring treatment. The pathologist examines the kidney diseases by using two different modes of data (Medical images and clinical databases). In this study, we reviewed different CAD tools to classify or predict KRCC tumor and its stages. For this study, two groups of methods that are data mining and medical image processing methods are selected. These methods allow the accurate quantification and classification of KRCC tumors from the clinical tools. Computer-assisted medical image and clinical database analysis show excellent potential for tumor diagnosis and monitoring. --- ## Evaluation of the hepatoprotective activity of various extracts of Dyschoriste littoralis nees on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity rats **Authors:** Ravi Teja P D, Balakrishnan K, Kottai Muthu A **Published:** 2020-01-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1820 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** D.littoralis, Paracetamol, hepatic markers, acute toxicity, hepatotoxicity The current investigation was to examine the hepatoprotective potential of D.littoralis Nees. (family Acanthaceae) On paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The aerial parts of D.littoralis Nees. The powder was concentrated with various solvents (PE, EA, and methanol) through Soxhlet concentrates and different crude concentrates utilized for hepatoprotective activity. Hepatotoxicity was induced by paracetamol (2g/kg b.wt.) on the 5th day of the investigational period and given orally. Paracetamol-induced rats to exhibit elevated activities of liver enzymes such as SGOT, SGPT, ALP, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), creatinine, urea, total bilirubin, total cholesterol & triglyc in serum. Furthermore, Oral administration of the ethyl acetate concentrates of D.littoralis (200 mg/ kgb.wt.) given rats were significant reduction the level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) creatinine, urea, total bilirubin, total cholesterol & triglycerides when compared to other concentrates. They also significantly elevated the concentration of complete protein and albumin when compared to other concentrates. Thus, results suggested that ethyl acetate concentrates of D.littoralis could afford better hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity rats. --- ## Detection of tetracycline antibiotics in honey using high-performance liquid chromatography **Authors:** Gulnara G. Galyautdinova, Vladislav I. Egorov, Alexander M. Saifutdinov, Elvira R. Rakhmetova, Andrey V. Malanev, Damir V. Aleyev, Sergey Yu. Smolentsev, Eduard I. Semenov **Published:** 2020-01-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1822 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** antibiotics, tetracyclines, honey, HPLC method It is hard to overestimate the value of honey since the constituent substances in it are of great importance in the food industry and medicine. The quality of honey is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation (GOST). But the levels of these standards are regulated by outdated methods of analysis, which can not give reliable results. The detection of antibiotic residues in honey is a central issue in the quality and safety control of this product. Accumulation of drugs in honey used to treat bee colonies can cause allergies and dysbiosis in people who have eaten such honey, as well as develop antibiotic resistance in microorganisms. At present, one of the promising directions in the field of detecting medicines in honey is the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It helps selectively and accurately detect antibiotic substances in honey bee productA sample preparation algorithm was developed, and the conditions for chromatographing combined indication of tetracyclines in honey at an acceptable concentration according to the MRL (0.01 mg/kg) with Agilent 1260 Infiniti liquid chromatograph equipped with a column thermostat, a gradient pump, and a UV detector were selected. Under these conditions, the antibiotic retention time was determined: 4.069 minutes for oxytetracycline, 4.331 minutes for tetracycline hydrochloride, 4.642 minutes for chlortetracycline. The developed HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of tetracycline antibiotics in honey was tested on honey bee products from the regions of the Republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. --- ## Study on lipid peroxidation and In vivo antioxidant activity of various extract of Dyschoriste littoralis nees on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity rats **Authors:** Ravi Teja P D, Balakrishnan M, Kottai Muthu A **Published:** 2020-01-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1826 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** D.littoralis, Paracetamol, antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase, catalase The current investigation was to examine the antioxidant potential of D.littoralis Nees. (family Acanthaceae) On paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The aerial parts of D.littoralis Nees. The powder was extracted with various solvents (PE, EA, and methanol) through Soxhlet concentrates and various crude concentrates utilized for hepatoprotective activity. Hepatotoxicity was induced by paracetamol (2g/kg b.wt.) on the 5th day of the investigational period and given orally. Paracetamol-induced rats to exhibit elevated activities of TBARS and reduction the enzymes levels such as Superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAD), Glutathione peroxidise (GPx), Glutathione S transferase(GST) and Glutathione (GSH) in liver and kidney. Furthermore, Oral administration of the ethyl acetate concentrates of D.littoralis (200 mg/ kgb.wt.) given rats were major reduction the level of TBARS and also significantly elevated the levels of the enzyme such as Superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAD), Glutathione peroxidise(GPx), Glutathione S transferase(GST) and Glutathione (GSH) in liver and kidney as compared to other concentrates. Thus, results suggested that ethyl acetate concentrates of D.littoralis could be afford better antioxidant effect against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity rats. --- ## Knowledge, awareness, and practice (KAP) towards intestinal parasitic (IP) infection among university student in Selangor **Authors:** Mehru Nisha, Nurul Nadiah, Khairul Nizam Mohd. Isa, Fabian Davamani **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1809 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Intestinal Parasites (IP), Knowledge, Awareness, Practice, Malaysia, University This study was aimed to obtain baseline information on the knowledge, awareness, and practice (KAP) towards intestinal parasitic (IP) infection among university students in Selangor, Malaysia. Questionnaire surveys were circulated among 150 university students via online to assess social demographics, knowledge, awareness, and practice of parasitic infection. The simple questions with yes-no and listings were used in this survey. Total correspondents were 60 university students from various fields of study from Selangor. Total participation of male and female students was 28.30%, and 71.10%, bachelor students (51.67%), followed by diploma students (45%) and both master and PhD students at 1.67%. Assessment on knowledge indicated that 56.67% of students knew about IP, and 8.3% had an idea on the protozoan parasites, which can be transmitted via unclean environment or contaminate food. However, the students showed a higher level of awareness for IP infection but failed to know that food handlers can spread IP infection. Lastly, for the assessment for practice, generally, all responded positively, despite not knowing that poor hygiene is causative for IP infection. KAP among university students a lacuna still prevails, which can aid them to be susceptible for parasitic infection. --- ## The examination of the water concentrates of laurus nobilis leaves antibacterial activity utilizing various strategies for extraction (In Vitro) **Authors:** Al-Ogaili N, Bilal R, Younis H, Khadim T **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1786 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** decoction, E.coli, Laurus nobilis, maceration, S. aureus The utilization of antimicrobials is essential to battle bacterial ailment. Yet, because of the expanding abuse of antimicrobial medications that are utilized in the treatment of infectious diseases, resistance by bacteria developed. The objective of the investigation is to detect the in vitro antibacterial impact of bay leaf water concentrates utilizing distinctive extraction strategies. The impact of water concentrates of bay leaf ( Laurus noblis) employing maceration and decoction extraction method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were tested by “agar well diffusion” technique. The consequences of the investigation demonstrated insignificant differences between techniques for extractions. The study concludes that the in vitro antibacterial effect might be potentiated against test strains by using different methods for extraction and solvent systems, which might be helpful to defeat antimicrobial resistance. --- ## Flavonoids content of 70% methanolic extract of Erucaria pinnata (Viv.) and its effect as anticancer and antiangiognic: in vitro, in vivo and docking study **Authors:** Nadia I. Zakhary, Emad E.H. El Gemeie, Adel K. Youssef, Marwa Abdel-salam Ibrahim Metwaly **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1779 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** antiangeogenic activity, carbontetrachloride, chemopreventive, diethylnitrosamine, Erucaria pinnata, hepatocellularcarcinoma Erucaria pinnata (Viv.) is a wild annual plant growing in North-Western Coastal Region in Egypt. This study reports for the first time the cytotoxic activity of different extracts of Erucaria pinnata plant against HEP-G2 cell line. The 70% methanolic extract (E1) recorded the best potent cytotoxic activity (IC50=13.6 µg/ml), so we analysis the flavonoids constituent of this extract using HPLC, which show that our extract is rich with important flavonoids compounds (rutin, quercetin, leutolin, etc.). We evaluated its antitumor activity against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (200mg/Kg. b.wt., i.p, single dose) after two weeks, animals received carbontetrachloride (CCl4) (3ml/Kg. b.wt., SC, once a week for 6 weeks) and the experiment continued for 44 weeks in rats. After the experimental period, the administration of DEN/CCl4 showed significant increase in the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase (γGT) and significant decrease in the levels of total proteins and albumin content in the serum with reduction in the liver antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). This was accompanied by increases in serum specific tumor markers (AFP). The 70% methanolic plant extract (E1) was orally administrated (400mg/kg/day respectively) for the whole study period, and it showed a significant improvement at the different biological liver functions, remodeled the antioxidant enzymes activity and down-regulated the serum AFP. All these findings were confirmed by histopathological studies of the liver samples obtained from all groups. --- ## Antifungal activity of hydroalcholic extract of Cynodon dactylon against dermatophytes **Authors:** Puneet Sudan, Manish Goswami, Jitender Singh **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1784 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antifungal, Cynodon dactylon, Epidermophyton floccosum, hydroalcholic, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum Plant-derived antifungal agents will always remain as an area of interest for researchers to overcome the issues pertaining to resistance and harmful adverse effects associated with synthetic drugs. Cynodon dactylon is a well-known plant that grows wildly and used for the treatment of many diseases like wounds, warts, cramps, measles, and also tumors. This research was done as, to date, no scientific evidence was accessible concerning the antifungal potential of the hydroalcholic extract of the whole plant. In the present work, the antifungal potential of hydroalcholic extract of Cynodon dactylon was evaluated against Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Microsporum gypseum. The antifungal potential was evaluated by means of the agar well diffusion method. The diameter of the clear inhibition zone around the well was measured. The hydroalcholic extract of Cynodon dactylon had promising antifungal potential against all the tested fungal strains. Finally, it can be concluded from the calculated findings that hydroalcholic extract of the whole plant of Cynodon dactylon may be considered as a promising antifungal herbal plant and can be exploited as a great herbal resistance-free source for the treatment of various fungal infections --- ## Drug-induced renal disorder-A Mini Review **Authors:** Divya M, Nivetha S. R, Lekshmi Mohan, Arul B, Kothai R **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1802 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Drug, Kidney, Nephrotoxicity, Mechanism, Risk-factors Drug-induced kidney disorder/disease (DIKD) is an origin of kidney disease followed by acute renal failure. Drug-induced renal toxicity is more common in infants and young children in certain clinical circumstances were underlying renal dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. Sometimes, administered drugs may cause acute renal injury, intra-renal obstruction, interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and acid-base and fluid electrolytes disorders in patients. Certain drugs may cause alterations in intra-glomerular hemodynamics, inflammatory changes in renal tubular cells, leading to acute kidney injury (AKI), interstitial tubule disease, and renal scarring. Common risk factors include pre-existing renal dysfunction, volume-depleted state, old age, and use of nephrotoxic drugs. Therefore, the prevention from the disease includes the knowledge about the nephrotoxicity, assessing considering the patient-related, kidney-related, and drug-related factors while prescribing medicines, using of alternative drugs, which are non-nephrotoxic, assessing the baseline of renal function before starting the treatment, monitor the renal function during the treatment and avoid the nephrotoxic drug combinations and withdrawing the offending drugs due to toxicity. The ADRs of the prescribed/ administered are identified at the earliest to prevent the development of the last-stage renal disorder. This review discusses the risk factors associated with drug-induced renal disease, estimation of renal function, mechanism of drug-induced nephrotoxicity, and certain drugs that cause nephrotoxicity. --- ## Pharmacognostical standardization of balamula churna (Sida acuta Burm.f. root powder) **Authors:** Jyostna Kumari T, Penchala Pratap G, Murthy P H C, Goli Penchala Prasad **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1801 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Balamula, Bala, Churna, Sida acuta, Standardization In this study, an effort was performed to produce the data on, physicochemical parameters, preliminary phytochemical screening, histochemical studies, and HPTLC data required for the standardization of Balamula Churna concerning root powder of Sida acuta. The physicochemical parameters such as water-soluble extractive, alcohol soluble extractive, and loss on drying at 105 °C, total ash, and insoluble acid ash was determined according to standard methods. HPTLC studies were carried, and Rf values were documented. Physicochemical parameter values were recorded as pH (6.73%) LOD (7.2%) water-soluble extractive value (4.48%), alcohol soluble extractive value (6.88%) total Ash (11.00%) and Acid Insoluble Ash (2.72%). Preliminary phytochemical screening reveals the presence of glycoside, alkaloid, carbohydrate, phenol, flavonoid, and saponin. HPTLC screening showed the occurrence of significant phytoconstituents with Rf values 0.07, 0.21, 0.54, and 0.86. The obtained results from this study can be effective in the evaluation of quality, detection of adulteration and substitution, and highlighting the importance of standardization. --- ## Recent developments in nano micelles as drug delivery system **Authors:** Pooja Mallya, Gowda D V, Mahendran B, Bhavya M V, Vikas Jain **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1804 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Amphiphiles, Block copolymers, Drug delivery, Polyion complexes, Solubilisation Targeting of the drug directly to the cells, tissues, or organs with no impact on healthy cells is a challenge. In the current era, it's been made possible by therapeutic interventions. The novel drug delivery systems such as nano particulates, liposomes, aquasomes, phytosomes, dendrimers, nano sponges, nano micelles are developed. Nano micelles are developed for efficient targeting and are currently in trend as therapeutic carriers of water-insoluble drugs. Micelles are self-assembling Nano-sized colloidal particles with a hydrophobic core and hydrophilic shell. Among the micelle-forming compounds, amphiphilic copolymers, i.e., polymers consisting of hydrophobic block and hydrophilic block, are gaining increasing attention. Polymeric micelles possess high stability both in vitro and in vivo with good biocompatibility. Nano micelles are used widely because of the smaller size range of 10 to 100nm, with greater drug loading capacity. Advantages over other dosage forms include solubilization of poorly soluble drugs, sustained release, protection of drugs from degradation and metabolism. The property discussed includes CMC, size, and aggregation number, and stability. CMC is the minimum polymer concentration required for micelle formation. Aggregation number (Nₐ) is the number of polymeric chains required to form micelles, and it ranges between tens to hundreds. Thermodynamic stability is based on size, the optical clarity of solution, viscosity, and surface tension. Kinetic stability accounts for micellar integrity. This review will discuss some recent trends in using micelles as pharmaceutical carriers such as to deliver drugs in conditions such as TB, cancer, ocular complications, etc. --- ## The effect of a multicomponent exercise program on cognitive function and functional ability in community dwelling older adults **Authors:** Haripriya S, Dhanesh Kumar K U, Sanjay Eapen Samuel, Ajith S **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1793 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** geriatrics, aged, community dwelling, cognition, activities of daily living, exercise Normal aging results in alterations in the structure and function of the brain, causing impairment in cognitive function and dependency in performing activities of daily living. A multicomponent physical activity program has been recommended to maintain physical and cognitive function in elderly individuals. The present study aimed at measuring the effect of such an exercise program on the cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADL) function in community dwelling elderly individuals. 52 elderly adults living in the community and ambulating independently were selected purposively and underwent a 10-week multi-component exercise program which included aerobic exercise, strength training, balance exercises and functional training. The participants were assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Barthel Index (BI) at baseline and every two weeks up till 10 weeks. The data obtained was analysed usind descriptive statistics and t-test for finding the effect of the intervention program on the outcome measures. The results showed a significant difference in the pre- to post-intervention scores of both the outcome measures. A multicomponent exercise program was seen to be effective in improving the cognitive function and level of ADL activity in community dwelling elderly individuals. Such an exercise program should be recommended to all elderly adults in order to maintain their cognitive and overall functioning and to improve their productivity. --- ## Development and evaluation of medicated cosmetic cream to produce triple effect on skin for the treatment of uneven skin tone **Authors:** Sharadha M, D V Gowda, Famna Roohi N K **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1811 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Triple effect, Medicated cosmetic cream, Diffusion studies, Acute dermal toxicity Combinations of drugs are available in the market only to produce a single effect. To overcome this, a combination of three drugs namely α-arbutin, glutathione, and grape seed extract, are used to benefit the triple effect on the skin. The set forth study to formulate and evaluate medicated cosmetic cream in an effective curative strategy for derma to produce a triple effect. Medicated cosmetic cream containing triple bioactive agents formulated by the O/W dispersion method. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was carried out for characterization. The formulated cream assessed for physical appearance, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, particle size analysis, spreadability, percentage yield, drug content, diffusion studies, release kinetics, acute dermal toxicity studies, and short-term stability studies. FT-IR and DSC studies revealed that no chemical interaction existed between the drug and excipients used. The optimized formula A5 revealed to be off white, semisolid, pleasant odor, smooth & slippery texture, non-greasy smear, easy to remove, and homogenous. The A5 cream exhibited a pH of 5.89, Viscosity of 1597.73 CPS, Spreadability of 20.86 g.cm/sec., the Particle size of 0.237%, Percentage yield of 98.8%, Drug content of 99.22 at 289 nm, 99.75 at 200 nm and 100.1 at 286 nm. The optimized cream demonstrated prolonged drug release 94.41% at 289 nm, 92.68 at 200 nm, and 92.78 at 286 nm up to 12 hrs. The optimized cream remained stable after the heating-cooling cycle at 4° C, 45° C and at room temperature. Furthermore, acute dermal toxicity studies showed the optimized formulation to be non-irritant, with no erythema, and no edema. The present study signified that the multiple combinations showed a better synergistic effect, superior efficacy, and multiple activities that resulted in the best, smooth, and stable medicated cosmetic cream. --- ## Fifth stage pharmacy students’ knowledge and perceptions about generic medicines **Authors:** Dheyaa J. Kadhim, Fajir I. Ahmed, Ronak A. Hussein **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1796 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Iraq, generic medicines, brand medicines, pharmacy students, perception The aim of the current study was to evaluate the knowledge and perception of the fifth stage pharmacy students (college of pharmacy/ University of Baghdad /Iraq) regarding generic medicines. This study is a cross-sectional study carried in a college of pharmacy /University of Baghdad during the period from (November 2018- March 2019). The number of students included in the current study was 168 undergraduate stager pharmacists. A questionnaire was used to collect data of the study. Nearly 86% of the students said that they had heard of generic and brand medicines, and pharmacy was the main source of knowledge regarding generic medicines (66.7%). About (33.3%) of the respondents agreed that generic medicines are bioequivalent to brand medicine. However, (38.1%) perceived generic medicines might not be the therapeutic equivalent of brand medicines. In addition, (35.1%) of the respondents believed that generics are lower in quality, which is why they are cheap and produce more side effects. Moreover, (41.1%) of the sample agreed that generic medicines should be avoided in life-threating situations. About (56.5 %) of the students were found to have a poor level of perception regarding the use of generic medicines. The majority of the fifth stage pharmacy students (college of pharmacy/ University of Baghdad /Iraq) were found to have a good knowledge but a poor level of perception about the use of generic medicines. --- ## In-vivo studies of metformin modified release formulations **Authors:** Nagarajan Janaki Sankarachari Krishnan, Elango Kannan **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1794 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Metformin, Modified Release Formulations, Bioequivalence, Reverse Mode-HPLC The current study was undertaken to conduct in vivo studies and to establish the new validated bioanalysis for the determination of Metformin present in Blood Plasma by using the Reverse Mode-LC Method. The separation of the Metformin was carried out on Reverse mode LC using Shimadzu® LC - 10AT with the following Stationary Phase: Kromasil octadecyl silane column (25 cm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5µm) Eluent: Cyanomethane: 25 mM Pentane Sulfonic acid of pH 3.5. ratio 09:91 % v/v with 1.0 ml/min flow rate has been fixed, and this has been measured at 232 nm, and the sample volume will be 10 ul using Rheodyne 7725i injector. Based on the method established for Metformin, the drug peak is well resolved at 11.11 min and validated as per US FDA guidelines with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness ruggedness, and stability. The calibration curve was found to be linear over a range of 0.025 –1 μg/mL (r2 = 0.9999). The method has proved high sensitivity and specificity. Established method have been used to quantify the Pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t & AUC0-∞, Keli, and t1/2 studied and the values for reference formulation (660.05±91.52 ng/ml, 4.46 ±1.10 h, 8280.41 ± 1356.39 g.h/ml, 9200.31± 1569.26 ng.h/ml, 0.11±0.03 h-1, and 6.96±1.53 h respectively) and the test formulation ( 705.06±102.58 ng/ml, 4.13±0.74 h, 8185.21±2101.56 g.h/ml, 8946.39± 2457.66 ng.h/ml, 0.12±0.03 h-1, and 6.06±1.61 h, respectively) were compared and found to be biologically equivalent. Based on the Pharmacokinetic and statistical analysis Test formulation of Metformin Hydrochloride containing 500 mg Metformin Hydrochloride (modified release formulations) is biologically equivalent to that of the Reference. --- ## Comparison of the use of levobupivacaine with dexamethasone versus plain levobupivacaine in patients undergoing forearm surgeries under an infraclavicular block - a double-blinded randomized controlled trial **Authors:** Anandbabu Medidi, Serina Ruth Salins **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1780 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Brachial Plexus Block, ultrasound-guided infraclavicular block, levobupivacaine, dexamethasone, perineural adjuvants Regional anesthesia can provide greater patient satisfaction. An infraclavicular approach to block the brachial plexus aided with ultrasound is proven to be safe. Lesser toxic, levobupivacaine, advocates its use, with the addition of dexamethasone, to prolong the action. After approval from the ethics committee, the consenting patients, for orthopedic forearm surgeries, were recruited, randomized into two groups of 20 patients. Group-A received 30mls of 0.5% levobupivacaine with dexamethasone 4mgs(1ml) and Group-B,30mls of 0.5% levobupivacaine and 1ml normal saline.18-70 Year olds, ASA I-III, weight greater than or equal to 50 kg, were included and non-consenting, coagulopathic, local infection, pregnant women, general anesthesia requirement, less than 50kg, allergy to local anesthetic, were excluded. Both groups received the infraclavicular block. The onset and duration of sensory and motor blockade were noted. Comparisons made at 3 and 20 minutes. Required data was acquired. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)used to assess pain. The onset of sensory and motor blockade was assessed and graded separately on radial, median and ulnar nerves, with significant findings of about 70-80% in Group-A at 4-5 minutes,80-87% complete at 20 minutes.87.5% Patients in both groups achieved adequate surgical anesthesia. There was a significant improvement in sensory grading of the median nerve and ulnar nerve between at 3 minutes and 20 minutes and also in motor grading improvement at 20 minutes duration in the Group-A than Group-B. Postoperatively, the VAS score showed scores hovering around 1-4, over 24 hours, with no difference, in scores, duration, and use of rescue analgesia in both arms. There were no statistical differences in the onset and duration of sensory and motor blockade in both groups, with some difference in the quality of analgesia between the nerves studied in group-A. --- ## Benefits of electronic prescriptions for administering medication and treatment, as compared to traditional written prescriptions **Authors:** Alshammari Mohammad A, Alenzy Muhya T **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1787 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** electronic prescription, benefits, safety, written prescription, prescription error Addressing the controversies to drug therapy involves talking about and discussing emotional, cognitive, behavioural, and social problems. Also, several pieces of literature and comparative studies have been established to understand the intervention practices of medical staff in patient counselling in terms of improving patient care. But with limited knowledge in counselling-related studies, these issues can be tackled by qualified and knowledgeable pharmacists. The study aims to conduct relevant quantitative data to determine if pharmacists' role in counselling is of high essentiality towards medical care to promote public health and quality care. Also, the research topic revolves in establishing how much pharmacists' obligations are practical towards the patients' counselling. A cross-sectional survey of community pharmacists (n-400) working in the Hail region hospitals in Saudi Arabia was conducted during May 2019. The survey infrastructure comprised of six different sections, gender, age, degree, profession, workplace, and experience. The qualitative data gathered was first explored using frequency distribution and descriptive analysis. The total pharmacist valid response (210) was accepted, and both genders contributed towards such results. Moreover, most of the pharmacists attested to the elements of lack of medical tools and proper training as a significant medical issue towards appropriate counselling approaches. Nonetheless, it was proven that leading problems that undermine the effectiveness of pharmacists towards promoting acute counselling were a lifestyle (mean of 2.96), smoking cessation (mean of 269), time to administer each drug (mean of 3.05), and missed a dose (mean of 2.05). --- ## Immunomodulatory Activity Test of Syrup Dosage Form of Combination Phyllantus niruri Linn. And Sterculia quadrifida R.Br. Extract **Authors:** Rollando Rollando, Mauren Engracia, Eva Monica, Siswadi Siswadi **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1806 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Phyllantusniruri Linn, Sterculiaquadrifida R.Br, Optimization of Formulation, Immunomodulators Meniran (Phyllantus niruri Linn.) is used generally as an immunomodulator and hepatoprotector. Empirically, bark of faloak (Sterculiaqudrifida R.Br.) is used as a medicinal plant to cure diseases such as hepatitis, gastroentritis, and diabetes. The combination of meniran extract and bark of faloak extract has the potential as a natural immunomodulatory agents. Immunomodulators are compositions of either recombinant, synthetic, or natural, which can restore the immune system. Therefore it is necessary to optimize the optimal formula in obtaining syrup preparations which have optimal immunomodulatory activity. The aim of this study was to find out the optimal syrup combination of meniran extract and faloak bark extract to produce optimal response values in the in vitro immunomodulatory activity test with TNF-α and NF-κB parameters, and immunomodulatory activity tests in vivo with activity parameters macrophages. The extract was obtained through reflux extraction. The results of the extract were formulated and approved to determine their ability to induce TNF-α and NF-κB, and in the test of mice balb/b (Mus musculus L.) orally for 21 days. The lymph organs were isolated, rinsed with an RPMI-1640 solution, and analyzed using ELISA reader 450 nm. The determination of optimal formulas is done by using Rstudio v.3.5.3 software with ANOVA test parametric test and using Design Expert v.11 software using the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method. The results showed that the formula for the preparation of combination syrup to produce results induced TNF-α and NF-κB, and macrophage activity, namely the formula using meniran and faloak 0.96993: 0.0300704. --- ## A cross-sectional observational study on drug utilisation pattern, prevalence and risk factors for the development of diabetic nephropathy among type 2 diabetic patients in a south indian tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Madhavi Mannam, Lavanya Nalluri, Dhanalakshmi Pinnika, Mounika Pothuraju, Ravindrababu Pingili, Anjani Kumar C, Jaidev Sudagani, Naveen Babu Kilaru **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1791 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Type 2 diabetes, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Diabetic Nephropathy, Metformin, Insulin Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, and it is estimated that ~ 20% of type 2 diabetic patients reach ESRD during their lifetime. The objective of the present study was to assess the drug utilization pattern, risk factors, and prevalence of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a south Indian tertiary care hospital. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 613 subjects (254 with and 359 without diabetic nephropathy). Prevalence of diabetic nephropathy was measured, and risk factors for the development of diabetic nephropathy were determined by calculating odds ratios using graph-pad prism statistical software, and drug utilization pattern was assessed. Metformin (47.05%), a combination of Glimepiride and Metformin (30.71%), a combination of insulin isophane and insulin regular (29.41%), teneligliptin (10.45%), insulin regular (9.80%) were the anti-diabetic medications mostly given to the T2DM patients with nephropathy. The present study revealed that the risk factors for the development of diabetic nephropathy were multiple. --- ## Phenytoin induced Steven Johnson syndrome **Authors:** Naga Subrahmanyam S, Nagaraju G V, Tagoore Vijaya Lakshmi D **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1803 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Phenytoin, Steven Johnsons Syndrome, 10 mg.36 Years, Female, WHO Scale, Naranjo’s Scale, Adverse Drug Reaction Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant and Hydantoin, it is mainly used in the management of Seizures, and it stabilizes the neuronal membranes and decreases seizure activity by increasing efflux or reducing the influx of sodium ions across cell membranes in the motor cortex during the generation of nerve impulses. It is available in the market in the form of oral and intravenous forms, a loading dose of Phenytoin for the management of seizures is 10-20 mg, divided into 2-3 doses. Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a rare and serious adverse effect of the skin along with the membranes of the mucous. It is caused by specific Drugs or Viral Infections. We have performed causality assessment by using the WHO and NARANJO'S ADR rating scale. It will seem, it is a Probable ADR, and severity assessed it confers a Type-A ADR, and it should be in Probably Preventable. So being a Reliable Clinical Pharmacist, we recommend to all health care professionals be aware of adverse drug reactions, and Desirable vigilance is necessitated toward safe and effective management for specific patients, strictly observe the patients in sequence anticipate Dangerous Adverse events. --- ## Molecular activities in Moringa oleifera Linn - Review **Authors:** Sridevi Subramonie, Nagaraja Suryadevara, Balavinayagamani Ganapathy, Gokila Devi T **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1798 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Moringa oleifera, anticancer, phytochemicals, anti-tumour, Antimicrobial The terrific increase by the word "modernization" in various fields in the world without boundaries affects the total environmental system, which leads to the emergence of various new diseases in various forms. In that case, cancer is considered as one of such a dreadful disease which is also measured as a leading cause for the death of the people. Even with the advanced treatment of modern medicine in treating cancer and reduce the rate of cancer recurrence using advanced technologies such as immunotherapy, targeted therapy, robotic radiosurgery are still very subjective to the individual, and it causes tremendous side effects to the patient. Alternative medicine plays a vital role in the treatment and management of diseases even before centuries. Many pharmaceutical companies involved in the research development of anticancer properties as a holistic approach in the treatment and management of cancer. Moringa oleifera, traditionally used as food sources, has attracted many researchers to evaluate the biochemical properties of Medicinal, antioxidant, as an antiulcer, antimicrobial, antitumour and anticancer. Each part of the tree is nutritive and personalized selective on phytochemicals as an anticancer drug are essential in treating the cancer cells. Limited knowledge on the cytotoxic activity and therapeutic index of M. oleifera in treating specific types of cancers are still under study by many researchers. However, the molecular analysis of anticancer properties in Moringa oleifera as sustainable preventive and management of cancer therapy still lacking in Malaysia. --- ## A Review on Phytochemical and Pharmacological activities of Syringodium isoetifolium **Authors:** Kalaivani P, Kavitha D, Vanitha V **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1808 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Seagrass, Syringodium isoetifolium, antioxidant, antibacterial, silver nanoparticles, Pheophytin Seagrass are marine plants, grown in saline environments and fully submerged in the sea. They are widely distributed along the tropical and subtropical regions. A seagrass called, Syringodium isoetifolium comes under the family Cymodoceaceae, this grass is otherwise called as noodle grass. Phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids coumarins, xanthoproteins, sugars, carboxylic acids can be extracted by the solvents such as methanol, hexane, and acetone. Syringodium isoetifolium has pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antihemolytic, antibacterial cytotoxicity, and antifungal activity. During photosynthesis, lacunal gas is discharged from lacunae, and it is composed of oxygen and nitrogen. Pheophytin a compound was isolated from the crude extract of Syringodium isoetifolium by treating it with human pathogens. Binding sites of the pathogen can be found by the Molecular docking study. In this article, we discuss about the phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and morphological characteristics of Syringodium isoetifolium. --- ## Nurses’ Perception of Factors Contributing to Medication Administration Errors **Authors:** Gehan Abd Elfattah Elasrag, Hana Mohammad Abu-Snieneh **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1781 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nurses’ perception, factors, Medication Administration Errors Safety and quality care of patients are key aspects and the mean goals of effective health care systems. The reality that medical treatment can harm patients is one that has had to be addressed by the healthcare community in recent years. This study aimed to explore nurses' perception of factors contributing to medication administration errors and reasons for which medication administration errors are not reporting. Descriptive exploratory cross-sectional design carried out to achieve the study aim. The study was conducted in two regional hospitals in Egypt. They had a total bed capacity of 512 beds distributed over three units (emergency, intensive care, and surgical units). A convenient sample of 146 nurses distributed in the morning and afternoon shifts in the units mentioned above was recruited in this study. Medication Administration Errors (MAEs) Reporting Scale used to collect data regarding the nurses' perception of factors contributing to the MAEs. The participants were ranked the most important factor for MAEs occur system reasons (24.73±1.46), followed by nurses staffing as the second reason of MAEs (24.11± 2.25). Third, fourth, and fifth-ranked reasons were physician communication (13.37± 2.7), medication packaging (12.84±1.87), transcription-related (8±0.1), respectively. Finally, pharmacy processes (6.9±2.93) viewed as the least factor for the frequency of MAE. The findings of the present study concluded seven perceived reasons for MAE, namely system reason, nurses' staffing, physician communication, medication packaging, transcription, and pharmacy process. The study recommended the development of active quality assurance systems in all health care environments concerning medications and drug administration. --- ## Determination of Sunscreen activity of Viola odorata (Banafsha) ethanolic extract and its formulated Gel by UV Spectroscopy **Authors:** Reecha Madaan, Rajni Bala, Anuja Verma, Rajdeep Sarma **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1800 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Viola odorata, Banafsha, SPF, herbal gels, Natural sunscreen In the present study, ethanolic extract of Banafsha i.e., Viola odorata (Violaceae) and its gel formulations was evaluated for its sun protection activity by ultraviolet spectroscopy method. The phytoconstituents like flavonoids, phenolics present in Viola odorata may be responsible for scavenging action on UV-induced reactive oxygen species. Extraction of aerial parts of the plant was done in the Soxhlet apparatus using ethanol as solvent. 1ml, 2ml, and 4ml of ethanol extract (200µg/ml) of the plant were used to formulate three gels (F1-F3) using Carabopol 940, 0.5% Methyl paraben, 0.2% Propyl paraben, Propylene glycol 400 and Triethanolamine. Mansur et al. UV spectrophotometric method was used to investigate the in vitro SPF of the Viola odorata ethanolic extracts (100&200µg/ml) and its formulated gels (F1-F3). Physical parameters like color, appearance, spreadability, pH, homogeneity, viscosity was determined to evaluate formulated gels. Based on the calculated SPF value, F3 formulation was chosen for the stability study. Ethanolic extract of Viola odorata (100 µg/ml and 200µg/ml) have SPF value 4.05±0.07 and 11.66±0.04, respectively. Gel formulations (F1-F3) containing 1, 2,4ml of 200µg/ml of ethanol extract have SPF values about 2.89±0.11, 4.20±0.08, and 5.63±0.07, respectively. The SPF values determined to confirm the capacity of gels to absorb UV radiation. No significant alterations in physicochemical parameters and SPF values were observed during the stability evaluation of F3 gel. Results proves that Viola odorata is a safe alternative which can be used over harmful chemical sunscreens used now a days in the industry and in the future plant can be explored for active component for better protection against sun rays. --- ## Green coffee bean seed and their role in antioxidant–A review **Authors:** Bothiraj K V, Murugan S, Vanitha V **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1812 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antioxidant, Chlorogenic Acid, Green coffee bean seed, Phytocompounds All around the world, Coffee places an important position in the beverages. It contains phenolic acid as well as polyphenols. It has the property of antioxidant; mood enhances mood, and also increases alertness, reduces weight, efficiency against hypertension, and antitumor property because of its polyphenols and phenolic constituents. Chlorogenic acids (CGA) are the main components found in the fraction of phenols from green coffee beans. CGA has several therapeutic properties, which include antioxidant activities and also has hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, and antiviral properties. Several essential compounds found in CGA in green coffee beans are caffeoylquinic acids, caffeoylquinic acids, feruloyl quinic acids, p-coumaroylquinic acids, and quinic acid. Therefore, this review highlighted the health benefits and anticancer activities of green coffee bean. --- ## Stability studies of hydralazine hydrochloride orodispersible formulations **Authors:** Muthukumar S, Sundaraganapathy R, Sankar C, Sundaramoorthy C, Yuvaraja K R **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1788 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hydralazine Hydrochloride, Mouth dissolving tablets, Fast dissolving oral thin films Solid dosage forms also have a impervious difficulties in patients especially for geriatric and paediatric patients.Dysphagia is common among all age groups. Orodispersible formulations (Fast dissolving tablets & Fast dissolving oral thin films) constitute an inventive dosage form that overcome the problems swallowing and provides speedy onset of action. The objective of present study was to formulate orodispersible formulations of Hydralazine HCL by different methods (Direct compression method, Sublimation method and solvent casting method). Based on physiochemical evaluations F9 (Direct compression method),SF9 (Sublimation method) for Fast dissolving tablets and H2 formulations (Solvent casting method) for Fast dissolving oral thin films were found optimized formula. The optimized formula were kept for stability under long term, accelerated and intermediate conditions for the study period of six months as per ICH guidelines.Based on stability reports the H2 formulations (Fast dissolving oral thin films) got a better drug release than Fast dissolving tablets. --- ## Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity of different extracts of entire plant of Ipomoea pestigridis Linn **Authors:** Bheemreddy Thrinitha, Murali R, Manichandrika P **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1805 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** I.pestigridis, Nitric oxide radical scavenging, total antioxidant, Iron chelating activity Ipomoea pestigridis (Linn) (family Convolvulaceae) is commonly known as “Tiger Foot Morning Glory” in English and locally known as ‘Pulichuvadi’ or ‘Pulichuvadu’ in Malayalam. The current study, aerial parts of different concentrates (Pet.ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol) of I.pestigridis, was evaluated for its in-vitro antioxidant potential by nitric oxide activity, total antioxidant activity, iron chelating activity taking ascorbate & Ethylenediamine tetraacetate as the standard correspondingly. An IC50 value was originated that EA concentrates of I.pestigridis more efficient in nitric oxide activity, total antioxidant activity, Iron chelating capacity compared methanolic & PE concentrates. The ethyl acetate concentrates of I.pestigridis & ascorbic acid exhibited antioxidant potential possessing IC50 226µg/ml & 66µg/ml (Nitric oxide). 185µg/ml & 60µg/ml (total antioxidant), 287µg/ml & 65µg/ml (iron-chelating Activity) respectively. The difference in the scavenging potential of the extracts can be due to variation in the percentage of bioactive compounds present in different solvents. Invitro antioxidant studies obviously show EA concentrates of I.pestigridis have better antioxidant activity. These results indicate that aerial parts of methanolic concentrate I.pestigridis could serve as a natural antioxidant, which may be useful in preventing free radical-induced diseases. --- ## Spirulina, The Boon of Nature **Authors:** Vidya Banakar, Qumre Alam, Rajendra SV, Aman Pandit, Acquline Cladious, Gnanaprakash K **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1782 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Spirulina, cultivation, chemical composition, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, anticancer Dr.Darwin, who was an algae scientist from Germany, Discovered the spiralshaped algae presence and designated it Spirulina. Spirulina, a seaweed which is a blue-green algae biomass, belongs to the class of cyanobacteria discovered by non-referenced Mexicans in the 16th century and has been used as a daily food source. The first large-scale spirulina plant was created in 1970 and is now being grown in many areas of the globe. Many species of spirulina have been identified in recent decades, but among them are spirulina platensis and spirulina maxima. It is enriched with lots of vitamins, nutrients, antioxidants, proteins, pigments, minerals, …etc…, and is considered a wonder of nature. It is a powerful dietary supplement wealthy in nutrients and vitamins used by National Aeronautics and Space Administration and European Space Agency as a food supplement during space missions and capable of fighting against multiple microbial illnesses by enhancing immunity. Spirulina exhibits anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and many other activities and also found useful in the production of feedstocks. --- ## Inhibition of carbohydrate degrading enzymes by the root of Borassus flabellifer – an in vitro evaluation **Authors:** Natarajan K, Sangeetha R **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1797 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aldose reductase, anti-hyperglycemic, amylase, diabetes mellitus, glucosidase, Borassus flabellifer root Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder which is characterized by hyperglycemia. Chronic elevation in blood glucose level causes micro and macrovascular complications. Therapeutic management of diabetes involves the control of hyperglycemia by inhibiting carbohydrate degrading enzymes like amylase and glucosidase. This study was aimed at investigating the inhibitory potential of the root of Borassus flabellifer against enzymes such as amylase and glucosidase. The hexane, chloroform, petroleum ether, ethanol, and hydroalcoholic extracts of the root of Borassus flabellifer were studied for their inhibitory potential against amylase and glucosidase. The inhibitory potential of the extracts were compared to the potential exhibited by the standard inhibitor, acarbose. The hydroalcoholic extract was found to be the most potent inhibitor of both the enzymes with an IC50 of 652.37 and 607.06 µg/ml, much comparable to that of acarbose (612.55 and 550.38 µg/ml). The extract could inhibit 50 % of aldose reductase activity at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The observations of this study suggest that the root of Borassus flabellifer may be a promising source for developing effective oral anti-hyperglycemic drugs. --- ## Bioanalysis and in-vivo studies of clarithromycin modified release solid dosage formulations by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy **Authors:** Nagarajan Janaki Sankarachari Krishnan, Elango Kannan **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1789 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clarithromycin, Modified Release Formulations, Bioequivalence, LC-MS The current study was undertaken to develop the new bioanalytical method and validation for determining Clarithromycin by LC-MS Method and as well as to conduct in vivo studies. Princeton octadecyl silane column (10 cm x 4.6 mm id, 5µm) used as adsorbent and cyanomethane: 0.5 % Methanoic acid was treated as the eluent for the separation of the analyte from the biological fluid in an isocratic mode having the ratio 60:40 % v/v and 0.5 ml/min as flow rate, and injection volume was set as 20 µl. APCI and the mass detected of Clarithromycin and Azithromycin (act as internal standard) was detected at 748.45 and 749.70, respectively. Developed bioanalytical methods have been used to quantify the Pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t & AUC0-∞, Keli, and t1/2 studied and the values for reference formulation (3.382µg/ml, 7.333 h, 114.429µg.h/ml, 131.435µg.h/ml, 0.031 h-1, and 23.397h respectively) and the test formulation (3.847 µg/ml, 7.417 h, 132.318 µg.h/ml, 151.388 µg.h/ml, 0.031 h-1, and 23.187 h, respectively) were compared and found to be bioequivalent. Based on our study, the test formulation of Clarithromycin modified-release formulation containing 500 mg of Clarithromycin is Bioequivalent to that of the reference. Compare to our method (LC-MS) is simple, sensitive, precise as well as comparable with the reference formulation of the modified release product of clarithromycin 500 mg. --- ## Povidone iodine loaded film-forming topical gel and evaluation of its chemical stability **Authors:** Jamal Mohamed A, Perinbam K, Vahitha V, Devanesan S, Janakiraman K K **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1799 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Wound Healing, Povidone Iodine, Honey, Topical Gel, Film Forming The main aim of this study was to develop Povidone Iodine loaded film-forming gel for excellent wound healing property with various formulations, and corresponding application stratification was prepared with Povidone Iodine, polyethylene glycol-400, polyethylene glycol-4000, aloe vera, and honey. Povidone Iodine is a broad-spectrum antiseptic for topical application in the treatment and prevention of infection in wounds. Among the antiseptic and antimicrobial substances, Povidone-Iodine still occupies its position of lasting importance in everyday human and veterinary medicine. Povidone-iodine products display the broadest spectrum of antimicrobial effect with high clinical efficacy together with extremely low toxicity in clinical practice. The purpose served by dressing includes protecting wounds, promoting healing, and providing, retaining, or removing moisture. Wound repairing is a complex process involving an integrated response by many different cell types and growth factors to achieve rapid restoration of skin integrity and protective function after injury. In recent years, there have been tremendous advances in the design and composition of bandages and dressings, and there are numerous wound care materials. The film-forming optimized gel formulation composed of povidone-iodine, polyethylene glycol-400, polyethylene glycol-4000, aloe vera, and honey and this composition provides suitable consistency, spread ability, and adhesiveness. The prepared trials were coded PGAH-01, PGAH-02, PGAH-03, PGAH-04, and PGAH-05, respectively. Among these all formulations, the PGAH-04 formulation parameters were found within the limit. --- ## Stability indicating UPLC method to quantify Emtricitabine, Tenofovir, and Efavirenz simultaneously in tablets: Method establishment **Authors:** Sravanthi T, Madhavi N **Published:** 2020-01-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1795 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tenofovir, Emtricitabine, Efavirenz, Vonavir tablets, UPLC, stability-indicating, Analysis An easy, precise, specific, and accurate UPLC method for the quantification of emtricitabine (ETC), tenofovir (TFR), and efavirenz (EVR) in their tablet dosage form was developed and validated. ETC, TFR, and EVR were separated and estimated using Waters UPLC with HSS C18 (100 × 3 mm, 1.7 μ) column. The mobile phase was 0.01 N potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 4.5) and acetonitrile (40:60, vol/vol). The elution of ETC, TFR, and EVR was achieved using flow rate at 0.4 ml/min and detected at 265 nm using a photodiode array detector. The detector response was linear from 75 to 450 μg/ml for TNF, 50 to 300 μg/ml for ETC, and 150 to 900 μg/ml for EVR. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.601 µg/ml and 1.82 µg/ml, 0.330 µg/ml and 0.100 µg/ml, 0.911 µg/ml and 2.76 µg/ml for TNF, ETC and EVR respectively. Validation was carried out in compliance with ICH guidelines. It was noticed that all validation parameters were inside the permissible range. --- ## Knowledge, Awareness and Perception of Cention Being Used as a Replacement for Amalgam Restoration **Authors:** Kirtana Gopalasamy, Manish Ranjan **Published:** 2020-01-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1777 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cention, Amalgam, posterior restorations, restoration, materials Cention N, a newer replacement for amalgam used in posterior restoration, has been proven to provide superior aesthetics and better retention in comparison to Amalgam. The study was carried among 150 Undergraduate, Postgraduate Students and staff in Saveetha Dental College. Each student and staff were asked to independently fill the survey, which consisted of questions related to Cention N being used as a replacement to Amalgam in posterior restorations. This study mainly gave us an idea of the extent of how many dental students and dental practitioners know about Cention N and it's a progressive increase from dental practitioners to postgraduates when compared to the final years. This can be accredited to increased awareness, knowledge and training into clinical practice and in-depth knowledge into various recent advancements in restorative material. Thought most of the students and staff seemed to be aware of Cention N, very few had used it in the clinical setup for treatment. --- ## Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in rotenone induced rat models of Parkinson’s disease **Authors:** Suchitra Kavuri, Senthilkumar Sivanesan, Vijayaraghavan Rajagopalan **Published:** 2020-01-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1776 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Parkinson’s disease, Anti-oxidant properties, rotenone administration Parkinson disease (PD) is involved in the damage of neurons of the brain that secretes dopamine. Understanding the mechanisms involved in Parkinson's disease helps to develop effective management methods. Hence, the present work aimed to unravel the variations, if any, in the parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant markers between oral and ip rotenone-induced rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Male Wistar rats weighing between 250-300g were housed in solid bottomed polypropylene cages under strict veterinary supervision and maintained in rooms with 12hrs light / dark cycle. The randomly selected male Wistar rats were equally divided into four groups, with six rats in each group. The study results provide scientific evidence for marked changes in both the oxidative and antioxidant parameters, followed by the ip or po rotenone administration. It is the need of the time to consider the neuroprotective and antioxidant properties while developing the newer treatment modalities for the management of PD. --- ## Evaluation of some Biochemical and Hematological parameters in Pulmonary Tuberculosis patient in Al-Qadisiyah Province **Authors:** Ali Abdul-Ameer Al-Anbaki **Published:** 2019-11-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1768 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tuberculosis, Albumin, AST, ALT, ESR, HB, zinc The experiment was designed to investigate the impact of tuberculosis in patients with the disease. This cross-sectional study was performed in Al-Qadisiyah province, Iraq. This examination was conducted with 60 males that age ranges from 25-55 years, which divided into 30 males with Tuberculosis disease and 30 voluntaries healthy as a control group. Assay of study evaluation of parameters levels that include: Bodyweight Albumin, total protein, AST, ALT, urea and creatinine, ESR, Hb, and WBC count. Also, the study included Zn estimation by using solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results reported a significant (P<0.05) decreased in biochemical investigation in this study (Bodyweight, albumin, total protein, and ALT) while the hematological analysis showed substantial decreased in Hb but exhibited a significant (P<0.05) increases in ESR and WBC count in male's patients with Tuberculosis disease as compared with healthy groups. Although, the result showed significant (P<0.05) decreased in Zn level in a patient with Tuberculosis compared with control, While AST doesn't show significant (P<0.05) compared with control. Urea and Creatinine levels were significantly decreased in patients Tuberculosis disease compared with control healthy. The current study concluded that tuberculosis disease affected the liver and kidney by decreasing the protein and enzyme produced in the liver, and the kidney also causes a defect in hematological parameters in patients with the disease. --- ## Development and validation of a questionnaire assessing the knowledge, attitudes and practices of young adults in Malaysia towards sugar sweetened beverages **Authors:** Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng, Norsham Juliana Nordin, Siti Zarifah Abd Latif **Published:** 2019-11-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1584 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Adolescents, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice, Obesity, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages The objective of this study is to produce a validated and reliable questionnaire that can assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of Malaysian young adults towards sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Content validation was done using I-CVI and face validity index (FVI) was used to performed face validation. Construct validity was examined using Exploratory Factor Analysis. Cronbach’s Alpha (α) was established to determine internal reliability and Pearson Correlation (PCs) was used to measure inter-rater reliability of the items. The settings include three public universities in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The subjects include experts in Nutrition and Health Sciences and undergraduates aged 18 and above. Our results showed that I-CVI lead to the elimination of one item in the attitude domain and all items obtained satisfactory levels of FVI. The measurement of α lead to the elimination of several items and PCs indicated excellent inter-rater reliability (r > 0.7; p < 0.05) for all of the remaining items. In conclusion, the evidence on the validity and reliability of a questionnaire to assess KAP on SSB has been obtained. It can now be used among young adults in Malaysia. --- ## Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Capsaicin from Capsicum annum Grown in Jordan **Authors:** Ali Al-Samydai, Talal Aburjai, Walhan Alshaer, Hanan Azzam, Farah Al-Mamoori **Published:** 2019-11-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1767 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Capsicum annuum, Capsaicin, Soxhlet, HPLC, Column Chromatography, Thin layer chromatography As there is an increasing demand for Capsaicin from pharmaceutical firms worldwide, the aim of the present study is to find a simple, fast, and reproducible method for its extraction from the fruit of capsicum annuum. Soxhlet extraction method using n-hexan as a solvent was used. Capsaicin was isolated and purified using a combination of column chromatography (CC), and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Capsaicin was further identified by a spectroscopic method, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Mass spectroscopy). The extraction yield was 11.5%, and Capsaicin concentrations in the extract was 8332.3 mg/kg with purity up to 73.95%, then purification of the extract was done by column chromatography, through using two solvent system until the purified Capsaicin detected and collected. Our results present a simple, fast, and reproducible method for the extraction of Capsaicin from the fruit of C. annuum with an almost high yield. The main advantage of the present method, in addition to its simplicity, it cut many steps that usually found in the literature. --- ## Gravimetric and differential thermal analysis and activation energy Studies of unsaturated polyester using date seeds powder and walnut shells **Authors:** Ebtehag Z . Sulyman, Amel G. Abed, Abeer Q. Younis **Published:** 2019-11-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1773 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Date seeds powder, Gravimetric thermal analysis, polymeric composites, unsaturated Polyester, walnut shells powder The effect of date seeds powder and walnut shells powder on the thermal properties of unsaturated polyester resin was studied after reinforcement with different weight ratios of date seeds and walnut shells powder (1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%), The thermodynamic properties of polyester before and after reinforcement were studied, comparing values of (Wt%)360 with IDT and CDT values, we found that these values were consistent with CDT and IDT values for all supported polyester composites. The highest percentage for polyester with walnut shells powder (UP + WSP), with Treatment temperatures (24,53°C) did not affect the values of IDT and CDT, while some values increased and some decreased by increasing the processing temperature, where the values (Wt%)360, IDT, CDT), increase by increasing the weight ratios of the supported materials for poly ester while the others decreased by increasing the weight ratio. The activation energy was calculated using the Foz equation , E = RTi2 / Wi (dwi/ dTi). The activation energy values of the treated polymer composites at 24°C were often found to be higher than that at 53°C. The activation energy of the date seeds powder -supported polyester was higher than the polyester supported by walnut shells powder and that reinforced by walnut shells and date seeds powder together. --- ## Isolation and characterization of bacteria with multiple traits: Hydrocarbon degradation, antibiotic-resistant and metal tolerant **Authors:** Neeta Bhagat, Pranita Roy, Sohini Singh, Tanu Allen **Published:** 2019-11-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1770 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biodegradation, metal tolerant, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Increasing soil pollution all over the world has instigated global concerns as enormous quantities of toxic chemicals and heavy metals like cadmium, lead, mercury, petrochemicals, insecticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and chlorophenols are finding their way into the environment, affecting the land and soil, causing soil pollution and thus posing a threat and menace to health and well- being of people and ecosystem. The ubiquitous dissemination, low bioavailability, high perseverance of contaminants like poly-hydrocarbon and metals in soil have the potentially destructive effects to human health, envisages to study the biodegradation of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and PACs (polycyclic aromatic compounds). The diversity of micro-organisms that diminish the PAHs/PACs can be utilized in the advancement of bioremediation techniques. The role of metal-tolerant, (PAH)-degrading bacteria helps in the biodegradation of organic compounds at miscellaneous polluted sites. The isolation of (PAHs)-degrading bacteria from contaminated soil samples collected from garages and petrol pumps of Delhi and NCR region was carried out in the present study. Also, the bacterial samples were tested for the tolerance towards 4 heavy metals- arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg). Morphological studies and biochemical tests were conducted to find the genera of the bacterial samples. The study indicates that hydrocarbons were degraded by the isolates P1, P2, P4, P5, P5*, G1, G3. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was tested against various antibiotics. Thus the study suggests that the isolates identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are not only PAH-degrading but metal-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant too and are of immense potential for bioremediation of contaminated soils. --- ## Regulatory on stability studies for In-vitro diagnostic medical device **Authors:** Sella Senthil M, Arun Radhakrishnan, Venugopal M, Gowthamarajan Kuppuswamy **Published:** 2019-11-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1633 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Stability, Shelf-life, Performance, Real-time stability, Accelerated Stability The stability of an in-vitro diagnostic (IVD) medical device reagent is the ability to maintain the performance characteristics over a defined time interval. The stability studies are performed to demonstrate that the product remains viable under the specified storage condition until the claimed time period. Since, stability of the IVD cannot be directly assessed through accuracy, performance attributes or customer testing; it is the responsibility of the manufacturer to evaluate the performance of the product by identifying critical factors affecting the stability through developing stability plan, stability protocol and conducting real-time stability studies, accelerated stability studies, in-use stability studies and transport simulated stability studies --- ## Interaction between Two Transcriptional Factors CTCF and YB-1 – Truncated domains in Brain Cancer Cell line **Authors:** Daruliza Kernain, Shaharum Shamsuddin **Published:** 2019-11-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1642 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pull Down, CTCF/YB-1, Transcription factor CTCF is a protein involved in the regulation of transcription, insulator function, and the X-chromosome inactivation. It is an 11 ZF transcriptional factor which is highly conserved between the species. Identification of proteins interacting with CTCF can help to elucidate the function in the cell. Previously reported studies had identified numerous CTCF protein interacting partners, and one of the interacting partners chosen in this study is YB-1. Brain cancer cell –RGBM was selected as a model to study the interaction between CTCF and YB-1. Firstly, proteins were transformed and expressed in the bacterial expression system, and these proteins were chosen to further map the interaction via pull-down assay. Results showed CTCF-ZF was the only domain able to binds to YB-1 CSD. Other truncated areas did not show any interaction hence demonstrating the interaction between these two proteins took place at the ZF for CTCF and CSD for YB-1. Next, the significant of the interaction was further characterized using the mammalian two-hybrid system. Results show strong interaction when both we co-transfected into RGBM cells. Thus, this study shows a significant binding between CTCF/YB-1 interaction in the brain cell line. --- ## Association of sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) with different parameters that may be related to fertility and reproduction **Authors:** Daad Emad, Nadia Khalil Al-Rawi, Sallama Hamid Abbas **Published:** 2019-11-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1769 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** DNA fragmentation test, Semen, Seminal fluid analysis, Smoking Aim of study to see the association of the presence of DNA fragmentation in males with smoking, low sperm motility, infertility, and recurrent pregnancy loss. Sperm DNA integrity is an important factor in normal fertilization and embryo development. Test for SDF seems to be a good option for the husband of females with unexplained history of recurrent miscarriages or infertility. DNA damage can be induced by environmental mechanisms like smoking.40 males referred to our genetic laboratory for DNA fragmentation test for different causes, we calculate the incidence of SDF among them and evaluate their conditions regarding association with infertility, recurrent abortions, and also we study their age, smoking and sperm count and motility. 27 patients had positive results, so the incidence of DNA fragmentation was 67.5 %. 8 of 27 their age were more than 35years (29.6%).12 of 27 were smokers (44.4%).15 of 27 had sperm count less than 15 million (55.5%).20 patients of these 27 had a history of infertility (74%).7 patients of 27; their wife had a history of recurrent pregnancy loss (25%).DNA fragmentation associated with low sperm count and motility, smoking, and high incidence of infertility and recurrent miscarriages. --- ## GC-MS analysis of Croton scabious Bedd. Extracts & their molecular docking studies for anti-cancer activity against Breast & lung cancer factors **Authors:** Vijaya Jyothi M, Naresh babu C, Bhargav E, Ramalingam P, Hemanth Vikram P.R, Gowthami M **Published:** 2019-11-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1771 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Terpenoids, Molecular docking, Breast cancer, Lung cancer Terpenoids are naturally occurring aromatic or volatile hydrocarbons with isoprene units generally present in the form of essential oil in plants, fungi, and many living organisms. Terpenes demonstrate interesting biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-cancer activities. The present original research emphasises on the identification of bioactive terpenoids from bark extracts of Croton scabious bedd. An endemic plant of Euphorbiaceae family by phytochemical tests and GC-MS analytical methods and some of the important identified terpenoids were docked using Schrodinger Glide software 2019_1 with Human cyclin-dependent kinase 2 complexed with CDK4 inhibitor (PDB ID:1GII) and Human Estrogen receptor α ligand-binding domain in complex with 4-Hydroxy Tamoxifen (PDB ID:3ERT) as breast cancer inhibitors. Crystal structure of the EGFR kinase domain in complex with Gefitinib (PDB ID:2ITY) and Crystal structure of VEGFR2 (juxtamembrane and kinase domains) in complex with sunitinib (PDB ID: 4AGD) was selected to assess lung cancer-inhibiting the potential of these molecules. Fenretinide had revealed significant inhibitory activity on CDK, aromatase, and epidermal growth factor receptors to substantiate anticancer activity against breast & Lung cancers among the identified terpenoids. --- ## Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of phytocomponents of sargassum polycystum **Authors:** Nurul Najwa Zamimi, Noorhazayti Ab. Halim, Deny Susanti Darnis, Widya Lestari, Md Muziman Syah Md Mustafa **Published:** 2019-11-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1533 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fatty acid, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Phytocomponents, Sargassum polycystum, Seaweeds Sargassum polycystum is a brown seaweed, which has been reported to contain various phytoconstituents especially antimicrobial properties. However, the study on phytochemical components and biological activities of S. polycystum are yet fully understood. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to evaluate the best extraction solvents for S. polycystum and to determine the percentage of phytocomponents obtained in the n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol extracts of S. polycystum via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. S. polycystum was collected from the coastal area of Sabah, Malaysia. After collection, it was rinsed, dried and extracted with n-hexane, DCM and methanol by soxhlet extraction. The fatty acid compounds (FAME) analysis was done using The Perkin Elmer Turbo Mass Spectrometer. This study showed that methanol is the most efficient solvent as it produced the highest extraction yield with 3.83%, followed by n-hexane with 1.69% and lastly DCM with 0.59% in S. polycystum. On top of that, this study has found 19 phytocomponents in all extraction methods of S. polycystum, which have been proven to possess antibacterial constituents such as palmitic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, pentadecanoic acid and behenic acid as assessed by GC-MS analysis. --- ## Antioxidant and antiproloferative activity of methanolic and ethanolic extract of Excoecarica Agallocha leaves on human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 **Authors:** Palagati Rohithkumar Reddy, Priya durairaj, Rajeswary Hari **Published:** 2019-11-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1772 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chemotherapy, Deoxyribose sugar, ROS, RNS, Antitumor activity A comparative free radical scavenging and antiproliferative potential of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of leaves of Excoecaria agallocha (MEEA, EEEA) were investigated. The free radicals such as superoxide, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity were evaluated using standard protocols. Tryptan blue assay was performed to evaluate the antiproliferative activity. Quantitative estimation phenols and flavonoids were also done. The EEEA extract exhibited significant antiproliferative and antioxidant activity than the MEEA extract which was comparable to the positive drug doxorubicin and ascorbic acid used in the present study which may be due to the presence of phenols and flavanoids. The antioxidant and anticancer activity observed in the present study may be due to the presence of phytochemicals along with the phenols and flavanoids. --- ## Exploring the Electronic and Optical Properties of Biologically Active Chloro-Coumarin Derivative via DFT analysis **Authors:** Suresha Kasala, Kavitha BS, Ashok N. Pyati, Sabira Begum Shaik, Vijayalakshmi AR **Published:** 2019-11-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1513 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coumarin derivative, Mulliken, UV-Vis, MESP, FMO This study delves into the biologically active chlorocoumarin derivative, 7-chloro-3-(1-hydroxy-2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (7ECL), through Density Functional Theory (DFT). We meticulously analyzed the energy components of 7ECL in its ground state, both in isolation and various solvent environments, to understand solvent effects. Our investigation includes optimized geometries, Mulliken charge distributions, and calculations of the highest occupied molecular orbital, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap, solvation energy, ionization potential, electron affinity, chemical hardness, electron chemical potential, electronegativity, and global electrophilicity. Additionally, Time-Dependent DFT (TD-DFT) was employed to examine UV-Vis spectra and emission energies. Through density distribution analysis, we mapped total electron density and molecular electrostatic potential to unravel the potential distribution across the molecule. Frontier molecular orbitals analysis was also conducted to provide further insights. Our comprehensive study aims to elucidate the electronic, thermodynamic, and spectroscopic parameters of 7ECL, focusing on solvent and solute-solvent interactions. The findings enhance understanding of the compound's behavior across different mediums, with significant implications for potential biological applications. This in-depth analysis provides a deeper comprehension of the structural, electronic, and optical properties of 7ECL, opening avenues for further research and development in related fields. --- ## A comparative study to assess the efficacy of permethrin (topical) and benzyl benzoate (topical) for the treatment of scabies patients **Authors:** Chitti Babu G, Kavita Dhar Bagati, Praveen Agarwal, Jyostna Sharma **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1755 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Comparative study, efficacy, scabies, benzyl benzoate, permethrin Several attempts have been made to come up with the anti-scabies drugs that are more efficient and safer. In India, scabies is more prevalent in overcrowded communities with low socioeconomic conditions, due to which the best efficient anti scabies drugs or treatment are unaffordable to them. To comparatively assess the efficacy of permethrin (topical) and benzyl benzoate (topical) in scabies patients. Study subjects with a confirmed diagnosis of scabies were included in this study. After enrolling 178 study subjects, they were equally distributed to two study groups (A & B) using a computer-generated random allocation number and were given the desired respective therapeutic interventions. Subjects in Group A were given permethrin 5% cream. The Benzyl Benzoate 10% to 25% emulsion was allocated for Group B subjects. Efficacy of two groups of drugs was compared in terms of improvement in clinical grading of disease (%) & improvement in clinical grading of pruritus (%) during follow up visits at the end of 1, 2, 4 & 6 weeks. The mean age (± SD) for study subjects in the Group A was 18.18 ± 11.33 years, whereas, in Group B, it was 28.86 ± 12.39 years. The clinical cure rate of Permethrin and Benzyl benzoate was 72% and 34% at the end of the first week. It was 98% and 60% at the end of the second week. Data shows that permethrin is more efficacious than Benzyl benzoate. Comparatively, during consecutive visits, permethrin provided better and fast improvement in pruritis grade than benzyl benzoate. In the treatment of scabies permethrin (topical) was found to be more efficacious in comparison to benzyl benzoate (topical). The clinical cure rate of Permethrin and Benzyl benzoate was 72% and 34% at the end of the first week. Permethrin provided better and fast improvement in pruritis grade than benzyl benzoate. --- ## Genotoxic property of poly herbal formulation of annona squomosa, zingiber officinalis and triticum aestivum plant extracts by in vitro chromosomal aberration test **Authors:** Rajesh R, Jagadeesh Singh S D, Channabasava R **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1662 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Genotoxicity, Poly herbal, Chromosomal aberration, CHO Cells, Cytotoxicity and Mitotic index The present study was aimed to evaluate the genotoxic potential of polyherbal formulations by chromosomal aberration test. Cancer being the second most cause of death among all ailments even after the improvised medications needs alternative sources of treatment. Herbal sources were always among the one as prime treatment sources. Polyherbal formulations were taking the lead in medications because of their broad spectrum of activity and synergic effects. Annona squamosa, Zingiber Officinalis, and Triticum Aestivum formulation with 1:2:3 ratio has shown significant results in the definitive and confirmatory chromosome aberration assays. Indicated the test article PF3 did not induce a statistically significant increase in the percentage of cells with aberrations both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. PF3 was found non-clostagenic at a maximum dose of 15 µg/ml in the CHO cell line. Inhibition of chromosomal aberration, DNA fragmentation, and maintenance of cellular integrity may prevent the genotoxic effect. Further optimization and in vivo authenticated studies need to be proven. --- ## Antibacterial activity of water spinach herbs against acne-inducing bacteria **Authors:** Singgih M, Ivan A, Fidrianny I **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1669 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial, Water spinach, Propionibacterium acnes Acnes is commonly caused by infection by Propionibacterium acnes when the sebum is overproduced from the body. Based on previous research, water spinach extract had antimicrobial activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic Forsk.) herbs extract against bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. Extraction was carried out by the reflux method using three different polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using a rotary evaporator. Antibacterial activities were assessed by using disc diffusion, microdilution, and equality to reference antibiotics. All three extracts of water spinach herbs had better antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. The ethanol-water spinach herbs extract had the best antibacterial activity against P. acnes. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of ethanol-water spinach herbs extract on P. acnes was 1280 µg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was > 5120 µg/ml. The equivalency of ethanol-water spinach herbs extract to tetracycline hydrochloride presented 1163.87 µg ethanol extract (with density 1% extract: 0.780) equal to 1 µg tetracycline hydrochloride. All three extracts of water spinach herbs had antibacterial activity against P. acnes. The ethanol extract had the best antibacterial activity against P. acnes among all three extracts. --- ## Assessment of arteriovenous fistulas made with the oval-shaped anastomosis technique in the end-stage renal disease patients **Authors:** Samer Makki Mohamed Al-Hakkak, Firas Shaker Mahmoud Al-Faham, Alaa Abood Al-Wadees, Mehmet Besir Akpinar **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1751 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** oval, anastomosis technique, arteriovenous fistula, atherosclerotic artery, arteriotomy The end-stage renal disease still holds significant health problems, getting, good, long term functioning vascular access for hemodialysis is our utmost value. Autogenous techniques are generally used for access. There are many surgical methods for getting autogenous access in hemodialysis patients. We aimed to assess the outcomes of the “oval-shaped anastomosis” technique used during the creation of arteriovenous fistulas in patients with advanced renal impairments. We randomly selected and retrospectively examined 52 patients on whom the “oval-shaped anastomosis” technique had been performed. Forty-nine (94%) patency rate in the 52 randomly selected patients on whom we used this mechanism in the first 6 months follow up. The patency and good functioning fistula created for hemodialysis is our priority in advance renal impairment. This technique has been particularly useful in stiff arteriosclerotic arteries, and it provides a more comfortable and clear anastomosis. --- ## Design, Molecular Docking and In-Silico Analysis of Novel thiadiazole-azetidinone hybrids as Potential Antitubercular Agents **Authors:** Vedika Dadlani, Pushpendra Tripathi, Rakesh Somani **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1756 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Shikimate kinase, Azetidinones, Anti-tubercular activity, Docking Studies, In silico ADMET screening The recent emergence of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis has become a cause of concern for the management of tuberculosis globally. Shikimic acid pathway seems to be a potential and favorable target for the drug design of new anti-infective agents. This work aims to change the focus from traditional cell approaches to the target-based design of novel thiadiazolyl-azetidinone derivatives with Shikimate kinase as the drug target for anti-tubercular activity. Thiadiazole and azetidinone derivatives were methodically reprised to design a series of 3-chloro-4-(aryl)-1-(5-sulfanyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)azetidin-2-one derivatives (AZ1-AZ12). Molecular docking studies were performed on a crystal model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Shikimate kinase (MtSK) using Vlife MDS 4.4 suite to evaluate their anti-tubercular potential. Further, drug-likeness properties and ADMET prediction were performed by molinspiration and admetSAR software to better describe the designed molecules as prospective candidates. 3-chloro-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(5-sulfanyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)azetidin-2-one (AZ3), was found to be have better dock score when compared with the natural substrate, Shikimate. Docking studies confirmed that the molecules showed significant binding in the active site region of Shikimate kinase. Strong hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with amino acid residues and other parameters further explicate their effectiveness for inhibition of MtSK. Thus these molecules could be explored as a lead for further anti-tubercular studies with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Shikimate kinase as the drug target. --- ## Acute toxicity study of ethanolic extract of Apium leptophyllum Pers in swiss albino mice **Authors:** Siva Ganesh M, Radhika J **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1764 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Apium leptophyllum Pers., Acute toxicity, Ethanolic extract, Biochemical parameters, Haematology, Histopathology The recent study was planned to determine the acute toxicity study of Apium leptophyllum Pers. A single dose of 400,1200,2000 mg/ kg of ethanolic extract of Apium leptophyllum Pers according to the OECD guidelines and the dose level was administrated orally into swiss albino mice. Oral administration of maximum level of ethanolic extract of Apium leptophyllum Pers upto 2000 mg/kg body weight to experimental group of albino mice was evaluated. Biochemical, haematological and histopathological parameters were checked throughout the study. Signs of toxicity, mortality and body weight were monitored for 14 days post treatment of Apium leptophyllum Pers. There is no substantial variations were noticed in control and treated groups. Result revealed that the ethanolic extract of Apium leptophyllum is safe and no toxicity was caused. --- ## The knowledge, attitude and confidence on first aid response among childcare providers following FAT4CP© training in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia **Authors:** Sahar Azmani, Nadia Mohd Effendy, Izuddin Fahmy Abu, Faizul Helmi Addnan, Mohd Radzniwan A Rashid, Abd Rahman Hayati, Che Ilina Isahak, Norsham Juliana **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1741 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Basic life support, Childcare, Emergency, First aid, Trauma injuries Children daycare centres have nowadays become a necessity due to the guardians’ job constraint in this modern globalization era. Increasing demand of daycare centres showed ramification on unintentional injuries at the childcare settings. The incidence is becoming more common and this may lead to a lawsuit for negligence. Failure to provide proper first aid response is one of the issues faced by the caregivers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the effects of first aid training and certification on knowledge, attitude and confidence (KAC) among childcare providers in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. A self-administered questionnaire was given to 54 Negeri Sembilan childcare providers before and after they received a comprehensive module on the first aid training. Throughout the training, participants were given a series of lectures, hands-on practicals and small group discussion on specified topics from the module. Overall results showed a significant increase in knowledge, attitude and confidence (p<0.001) after the respondents’ had received the FAT4CP© training. The first aid training provided to the childcare providers was found effective and had successfully improved their knowledge by 12.5% and their confidence to perform first aid increased by 20.0%. They are now more prepared and efficient at handling any emergency situations at childcare centres. Therefore, the programme is suggested to be implemented at all childcare centres in order to improve and sustain the providers’ abilities in handling emergency situations. --- ## Portal vein thrombosis post-splenectomy in thalassemia major patients **Authors:** Kussay M. Abbas Zwain, Samer M. Mohamed Al-Hakkak, Alaa A. Al-Wadees, Zainab Mahdi Majeed **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1645 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** portal vein thrombosis (PVT), beta-thalassemia, splenectomy, complication β-thalassemia major is a chronic, inherited hematological disease that leads to chronic anemia in the affected children. One of the options of treatment in such patients was splenectomy; however, it is not without risk of many complications; one of them is the thrombotic events. A prospective study of 55 patients with β-thalassemia inscribes in this study. 14 patients (25.5%) had a normal thrombocyte count and 41 patients (74.5%) have an abnormally high thrombocytes count which was significantly associated with PVT (P. Value <0.001), Regarding the WBC count, it extended between 4000 to more than 30,000, in both genders with non-statistically significant differences between both genders, (P>0.05). Regarding the serum ferritin, the mean level was 2908.5 ± 1024.3 ng/ml. In males, the mean S. Ferritin was relatively higher than that of females, 3167.6 ± 1841.3 mg/dl, and 2573.8 ± 1150.6 ng/ml. The weight of the spleen was up to 1500 grams in 25 (80.6%) of males and 20 (83.3 %) of females while it was more than 1500 grams in the remaining and females and males, without a significant difference statistically in the spleen weight of, (P>0.05). The most frequent presenting symptom was abdominal pain. Post splenectomy PVT in thalassemia the patient is relatively frequent (5.5%) complication that require a high degree of doubt for diagnosis early, especially in patients with postoperative pain of the abdomen within 2 months after surgery, Female gender, Large spleen and postoperative increase number of platelets are risk factors for PVT so one can initiate surveillance by Doppler ultrasound postoperatively and start antiplatelet prophylactic therapy immediately for such patients. --- ## Chronic periodontitis and its correlation with socio-demographic and oral health parameters: A retrospective study in adult population **Authors:** Munirah Yaacob, Nurul Farahin Mahirah Fazid, Siti Mahirah Sao’di, Juzaily Hussain, Suhaila Muhammad Ali, Siti Mahirah Sao’di **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1739 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** chronic periodontitis, socio-demographic, periodontal parameters Chronic periodontitis is the second most common oral disease worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease with a bacterial plaque as the necessary factors; however, other factors such as age, systemic conditions and social habits do play a determining role in the development of periodontitis. Therefore, this study evaluated the correlation between the severity of chronic periodontitis with a series of socio-demographic background and clinical variables. This was a retrospective, observational study of chronic periodontitis population that attended IIUM Dental Clinic from the year 2014 to 2017. The data was extracted from patients’ case records systematically using structured data extraction form. Only case records with full clinical history and periodontal charting were undertaken as samples. IBM SPSS-24 was used for data analysis. Chi-square (χ2 ) and Mann-Whitney U tests were applied to infer the above relationship. Those who are professional workers, suffered from systemic diseases and were addicted to tobacco exhibited more severe disease, though statistically not significant. Patients with moderate and severe chronic periodontitis showed greater plaque deposits and had deeper periodontal pockets than those with mild form (p<0.05). Severe chronic periodontitis was found prevalent in the studied population. As a conclusion, the clinical and socio-demographic characteristics showed non-significant correlations with the severity of the disease except for gender, plaque control levels, and a number of deep pocket sites. Future studies should consider including more sample size from multicenter population. --- ## Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological activity of Ibuprofen Acyl Hydrazones and their Conversion into 1,3,4-Oxadiazoline Derivatives **Authors:** Mustafa Q. Alderawy, Leaqaa A. Alrubaie, Falah Hassan Sheri, Basim Jasim Hameed **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1744 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** The heterocyclic compound, Anti-inflammatory, Acyl hydrazones, Oxadiazoline derivatives This work implicates the synthesis of Ibuprofen Acyl Hydrazones and then Converted into the new 1,3,4-Oxadiazoline derivatives that characterized by proton-NMR, FT.IR and elemental microanalysis (CHN) techniques. The intermediates and final compounds were investigated for their physicochemical properties, including the melting point, color, the yield percent, and thin-layer chromatography performed by using TLC silica gel (60) F254, Merck (Germany), to identify the purity of the products and to know the reaction endpoint. Compounds were monitored by UV light irradiation and the elution by using the following systems:: ethyl acetate: hexane ( 3:7), ethyl acetate, ethanol:dioxan (1:1) and methanol: chloroform (1:9). The study was performed using Swiss albino mice (25-30 g) for the pharmacological activity assessment. Hind edema template of carrageenan used for anti-inflammatory activity assessment and the analgesic activity evaluated using ( writhing induced by acetic acid ) and hot plate method, the results show that all the final compounds present with good anti-inflammatory plus analgesic activities exhibited in the animal model of our experimental work , we observed that the standard compound and the synthesized derivatives substantially reduced carrageenan-induced edema at all-times (2,4,6,24) hours, all chemically synthesized new compounds actually significantly reduced the number of acetic acid writhings induced in mice and finally in hot plate method there is high increase in the reaction time to painful stimulation. --- ## Evaluation of mutagenic property of poly herbal formulation of annona squamosa, zingiber officinalis and triticum aestivum plant extracts by bacterial reverse mutation test **Authors:** Rajesh R, Jagadeesh Singh S D, Channabasava R **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1657 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mutagenicity, Poly herbal, Reverse mutation, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Toxicity Cancer is the second deadliest cause among all ailments even after the development of modern research and technologies. This leads in search of alternative sources of treating cancer. Herbal formulations were considered to be the rich sources of treating agents for most of the ailments from agelong days. Bacterial Reverse Mutation method of evaluation is one among the preliminary phase incorporated to assess the mutagenic potential of herbal formulations. The selected Polyherbal Formulation (PF3) of Annona Squamosa, Zingiber Officinalis, and Triticum Aestivum in 1:2:3 ratio was evaluated for its mutagenic potential. The results with method I - Plate incorporation and method II - Preincubation indicate that, the PF3 extract at a maximum dose of 5 mg/plate did not cause a positive increase in the mean number of revertant colonies per plate with any of the tester strains either in the presence (+S9) or absence of metabolic activation (-S9). The rich flavonoids and other phytoconstituents of the formulation may be responsible for antimutative properties with the possible inactivation of mutagens or by interfering in the process of mutagenisis. The higher studies were needed to be proven further to authenticate the mutagenic potentialities. --- ## Neurobehavioral and neuroprotective role of captopril in the rotenone model of rat Parkinsonism **Authors:** Prakash KG, Bannur BM, Madhavrao C, Saniya K, Sudha M J, Viveka S **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1728 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, neuroprotection, dopaminergic neurons, Parkinsonism, rotenone model Angiotensin-converting enzymes are increasingly being tested in therapeutics of Parkinsonism. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the behavioral changes and neuroprotective role of captopril in the rotenone model of Parkinsonism in rats. Adult Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups of six each. Parkinsonism was induced with rotenone (3 mg/Kg intraperitoneal) in three groups. The experimental group was treated with captopril (20 mg/kg intraperitoneal). The effects were compared with a standard group treated with levodopa (12 mg/Kg) and Benserazide (3 mg/Kg). Behavioral effects were evaluated by the rotarod test, spontaneous locomotor activity, hole board test, forced swim test, and tail suspension test. Neuroprotection was noted with an estimation of glutathione and lipid peroxidation from rat brain homogenate. Levels of dopamine, serotonin, and GABA were also noted. Haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of the brain evaluated for any histoarchitectural changes. Rats pre-treated with captopril have shown a significant increase in the duration of stay in the rotarod test, a significant increase in the number of head dipping in hole board test, significant lower duration of immobility in forced swim test and tail suspension test. Captopril has shown significant improvement in motor coordination (as evidenced through rotarod test), exploratory behavior (hole board test), depression (forced swimming test, and tail suspension test). Captopril significantly reduces oxidative stress conditions. Captopril has not shown major histoanatomical changes in the rotenone model. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; neuroprotection; dopaminergic neurons; Parkinsonism; rotenone model --- ## Preparation and characterization of vetiver oil encapsulated polymeric microcapsules for sedative and hypnotic activity **Authors:** Syed Ansar Ali, Amit Kumar Nayak, Kalyan Kumar Sen, Prabhakar T **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1743 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vetiver oil, Alginate, Sedative and hypnotics In the present work, in view of the medicinal properties of vetiver oil (extracted from the roots of Vetiveria zizanioides L.), we made an attempt to encapsulate vetiver oil in a biocompatible polymeric system made of sodium alginate with gellan gum or karaya gum. Sodium alginate and gellan gum or karaya gum were ionotropically cross-linked to encapsulate vetiver oil. Vetiver oil encapsulations in these microcapsules were 35.92 ± 3.18 % to 78.55 ± 3.35%. Vetiver oil encapsulated microcapsules were of spherically shaped with 656-769 µm mean diameter. This vetiver oil encapsulated microcapsules made of alginate-gellan gum blends were found capable of providing a long release of encapsulated oil, showing the potential for the sustained release application. These microcapsules were analyzed by FTIR, DSC, and SEM, etc. In addition, sedative and hypnotic activities of vetiver oil encapsulated polymeric microcapsules in the male Swiss albino mice were evaluated. The sedative-hypnotic activity of vetiver oil encapsulated polymeric microcapsules in rats was observing the number of crossing and motilities. The results proves that vetiver oil encapsulated polymeric microcapsules decreased motility when compared to the control group. --- ## Effectiveness of Afatinib and Gefitinib in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Mutations in Indonesia: Observational Studies with Retrospectives **Authors:** Seftika Sari, Tri Murti Andayani, Dwi Endarti, Kartika Widayati **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1727 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Effectiveness, Afatinib, Gefitinib, NSCLC Effectiveness data can describe the results or performance of an intervention (treatment) in daily clinical practice and also provide recommendations to policymakers regarding the need or not of health technology to be implemented into the health care system. Research related to the effectiveness of afatinib and gefitinib is still minimal, especially in Indonesia. This study aims to provide an overview of the effectiveness of afatinib and gefitinib in daily clinical practice (the real world) as first-line therapy. This research is an observational study with a retrospective approach that observes the medical records of NSCLC patients who have EGFR mutations in Dr. Sardjito General Hospital Yogyakarta and Dr. Kariadi General Hospital Semarang, Java Island, Indonesia in the period January 2016 - March 2019. There were 113 patients identified, 27 patients using afatinib, and 86 patients using gefitinib. Afatinib had significantly superior progression-free survival (448 days or 14.7 months; 95% CI = 12-17.4 months; p = 0.002) compared to gefitinib (344 days or 11.3 months; 95% CI = 8, 4-14.3 months), however, overall survival of afatinib is no better than gefitinib (472 days or 15.5 months; 95% CI = 13.8-17.2 months vs 653 days or 21.4 months; 95% CI = 18-24.8 months) with a value of p = 0.302. Afatinib has superior progression-free survival compared to gefitinib, but not overall survival as first-line therapy in NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations. --- ## Nephroprotective activity of Sinapis alba in gentamicin induced murine model of renotoxicity **Authors:** Nikitha Suvarna J, Amrita Parida, Basavaraj Poojar, Sumanjali Daggupati, Manju V, Rashmi R. Rao **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1766 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** White mustard, Nephroprotective, Phytochemicals, Pharmacognosy Sinapis alba, belongs to the family Brassicaceae and is known to possess an antioxidant capacity. Based on this background, this study was planned to look for the nephroprotective activity of Sinapis alba seed extract against nephrotoxicity caused by gentamicin in rats. Sinapis alba seeds were dried in the shade and then powdered. Then, the powder was subjected to extraction with 95% ethanol and brought to a syrup consistency by distilling the solvent and reducing the pressure using a water bath. Animals were divided into four groups. Each group had six animals in it. Group 1 serves as normal control, while the next group was disease control (received gentamicin). The rats in third and fourth groups were treated with the extract of Sinapis alba (200 and 400 mg/kg). The animals were sacrificed, and biochemical and histopathological studies were carried out after the 8th day of study. Results of the study showed positive effects with 200 mg/kg as well as 400 mg/kg doses of Sinapis alba extract. Serum urea, creatinine, and BUN was reduced significantly in the test group compared to the group which received gentamicin (p<0.05). Moreover, this biochemical evidence was also validated with the histopathological results indicated with the absence of necrosis and casts in the tubular lumen. Ethanolic extract of Sinapis alba administered by the oral route in an experimental murine model using gentamicin as an instigator of damage to the kidney, effectively reduced renal damage in rats, therefore provides a scientific evidence of a renoprotective effect. --- ## Consumer buying behavior and attitude towards pharmaceuticals **Authors:** Suraj Kushe Shekhar, Tony P Jose, Rehin K R **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1649 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Consumer behavior, attitude, pharmaceuticals, knowledge, expectations, trust Pharmaceutical industry is a fastest growing industry in India. It is valued at above US 40 billion dollars. India exports large amount of drugs to difference parts of the world. Nowadays people are conscious of what they buy. Even if doctors prescribe a medicine, consumers resort to internet to get more information on the medicine before they consume it. Consumers have different perceptions on various kinds of drugs. Understanding the consumer attitude towards drugs will help the marketers to formulate marketing strategies better. The present study examines as to what the consumers look out when they reach to purchase a drug from the pharmacy. This paper scrutinizes and gives insights on consumer behavior and their attitudes towards buying different types of pharmaceuticals (like over-the counter drugs, herbals, ayurvedic, analgesics etc). The paper highlights the importance of factors like price, trust and brand in making importance purchase decisions. Further it was also observed that most of the people prefer buying over-the-counter drugs, which might end up being misused by the consumers. However, it was also found that consumers try to be well-aware of the medicine before buying or consuming it. Along with it, price sensitivity is something which majorly dominates the buying behavior of the consumers. --- ## Studies on the evaluation of some strains of Calocybe indica P and C for cultivation in Jammu **Authors:** Pourush Shrikhandia S P, Geeta Sumbali **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1494 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Jammu, milky mushroom, cultivation, sporophores Calocybe indica, commonly known as milky/summer white mushroom, ‘kuduk’ or ‘dudhi chatta’, is a lignocellulolytic, tropical mushroom of Indian origin, which requires a temperature of 30-35°C and a relative humidity of 80-90°C for good growth. It is a new introduction to the domestic mushroom family. There are 40 different species of C. indica, out of which four are edible, that is, C. carnea, C. ionides, C. gambosa and C. indica. In northern part of our country, very few efforts have been attempted towards the cultivation of C. indica. Therefore, the present study was conducted to screen some strains of C. indica viz., DMRO-309, DMRO-319, CI-6, CI-9 and APK-2 procured from Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan for their growth behaviour, morphometric characters, yield and biological efficiency on wheat and paddy straw for cultivation in Jammu district. On the basis of the results obtained, C. indica strain DMRO-309 and APK-2 emerged as the best performers under the climatic conditions of Jammu region. --- ## Ratio spectrum derivative quantitative analysis of propranolol and diazipam in combind pharmaceutical mixtures **Authors:** Suhad Abdel Moneim Yassin, Khalaf F Al-Samarrai **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1749 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Validation, Quantitative Analysis, Propranolol, Diazipam, Ratio Derivative Two new spectrophotometric methods were developed for the simultaneously estimation of DZP and PRO using the first ratio derivative method (DD1) and the second ratio derivative (DD2). The two methods were succeeded to the estimation of both drugs with a range of concentrations from (5-50 µg.ml-1), depending on Peak to baseline, peak area, peak to peak at specific wavelengths for each compound. The analytical results and of the estimate of The DZP and PRO showed that Rec% values ranged from 95.04-104.97% and 96.30-104.69, and RSD% were between 0.00948-4.87736 % and 0.1163-3.37655%, for the first and second ratio derivative respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the estimation of both PRO and DZP in its pharmaceuticals forms. --- ## Hepatitis B and C Viral Infection in B-Thalassemic Children **Authors:** Mokhles Mahdi Abolewaikh Almayyahi, Flayyih Hassan Shnawa Al-Hameedawi **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1762 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Viral Infection, Thalassemia The main objective of this study is to show how both hepatitis B and C Viral Infection in B-Thalassemic patients occurs and a study of their liver functions. To define the occurrence of either hepatitis A or B and C viral infection across the B-Thalassemia key clients/patients in Thalassemia Center of AL-Diwanyia Maternity and Children hospital from 1st. Jan. – 1st.Nov.2017. To carry out the study, it enlisted 54 patients; 31 patients were male (57.4%) in which the male to the female ratio was 01.4:01. Results for this study revealed that 2 patients had Hepatitis B (3.7%), and 6 patients had Hepatitis C (11.1%). The Liver enzymes were significantly more in those patients having either Hepatitis B or C viral infection. According to this study, it was revealed that the occurrence of HBsAg seropositive in B-thalassemic patients was 307%, and Anti-HCV seropositive were 11.1%, and the rate is lower than reported in many countries. The occurrence of Anti-HCV seropositive is higher than that for HBsAg seropositive. Also, the probability of having liver injury was high for thalassemic patients whom were HBsAg positive & Anti-HCV positive than that of seronegative for HBsAg & Anti- HCV. --- ## Investigation of hair growth promoting ability of herbal gel containing Zingiber officinale **Authors:** Trivedi R.V, Bansod P. G, Taksande J. B, Mahore J. G, Tripurneni S. R, Rai K. R, Umekar M. J **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1724 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Zingiber officinale, ginger extract, hydroalcoholic gel, topical use, hair growth In East Asia, Zingiber officinale has been used traditionally to stimulate hair growth. In the present investigation, extraction of the powdered rhizomes of Zingiber officinale was carried out using alcohol: water (1:1), water, and alcohol. Preliminary pharmacognostic evaluation of various phytoconstituents was done by various chemical tests. Obtained extracts were studied for their antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The further herbal gel of 5% of extracts of Zingiber officinale and 5% minoxidil (standard) were prepared using carbopol 934 as a base. Prepared formulation (F1-F4) were evaluated for various parameters like pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity, stability studies, drug content, in vitro release, skin irritation, and in vivo hair growth activity. Amongst the prepared formulations, a gel containing hydroalcoholic extract (F1) showed better spreadability, homogeneity, optimum viscosity, nearly neutral pH, faster release, produced negligible erythema and edema, was stable at different temperature. It was found that gel (F1) showed better results on the length of the hair strand (28mm), which was nearly equivalent to the standard solution of minoxidil (25mm). Conclusively, the hydroalcoholic extract of Zingiber officinale could be used to improve hair growth. --- ## Evaluation of anti bacteria effects of citrate-reduced silver nanoparticles in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli **Authors:** Hor Jia Wei, Mohd. Syafiq Awang, Nor Dyana, Daruliza Kernain, Yazmin Bustami **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1745 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** AgNPs, chemical reduction method, antibacteria mode of action, Staphylococcus aureu, Escherichia coli, Silver nanoparticles Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has long known for its inhibitory and bactericidal effects. However, due to its attractive antibacterial property, on-going research with various synthesis strategies actively been conducted. In this study, the synthesis of AgNPs was reported, using a simple chemical reduction method with citrate as the reducing agent. TEM was used to characterize the obtained AgNPs. Then, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were used to identify the antibacterial activity of AgNPs. The inhibition effects of AgNPs against these two bacteria were observed via disc diffusion, and MIC assays and the effects of AgNPs mode of action on both bacteria were further observed under TEM. The formation of AgNPs at ̴ 400 nm, which is the surface plasmon resonance peak was observed using UV-vis spectroscopy. The size of AgNPs mostly in the range of 1-10 nm and their morphology appeared to be spherical. Based on the MIC assay, Escherichia coli exhibit low MIC value with 0.049 mg/ml as compared to Staphylococcus aureus with 0.391 mg/ml MIC value; correspond to the effective antibacterial activity by the citrate-reduced AgNPs. Further observation on the bacterial surface structure can be seen with cross-sectional TEM image, and it provides an insight into the AgNPs mechanistic aspects of AgNPs against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Silver nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized using the citrate reduction method. Results obtained in this study thus elucidating promising findings to employed AgNPs as an antibacterial agent, and this composition needs to be further study and develop into an antibacterial agent. --- ## Aloe Vera as Topical Hydrogel; Formulation and Rheological Assessment **Authors:** Hala M Alkhalidi, Khaled M Hosny **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1754 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aloe Vera, Topical gel, Rheology, Pseudoplastic, Thixotropy Aloe is a genus containing over 500 species of flowering plants. The most widely known species is Aloe Vera [AV], which mainly used internally and externally on humans as alternative medicine. The commercial topical dosage form has some limitations as absorption variability, short retention time, and improper viscosity and consistency. This research aimed to reformulate AV as a topical hydrogel, to assess the rheological properties of this formulation, and to study the effect of storage on its rheological properties. AV hydrogel different formulation was prepared by using 0.5, 1, and 2% Carbopol 934 as a gelling agent in different concentrations. The rheological properties as viscosity, Farrow's constant, and rheological behaviors were determined. The effect of storage for twelve-month on the rheological properties was also performed. The results indicate that direct and non-linear relation between the concentration of carbopol 934 and the estimated viscosity of the hydrogel. The viscosity ranged from 9073 -936451 cp, which is suitable for topical application, the Farrow's constant was > 1; which confirmed the pseudoplastic flow with a thixotropic behavioral rheology. The effect of storage of formulation for 12 months has no significant effect on all rheological parameters at p ≤ 0.5, which indicated the stability of the prepared hydrogel. AV successfully prepared as a topical hydrogel; this formula will help in the elimination of improper consistency associated with topical marketed products. The rheological assessment indicated the suitability of the prepared formulation for topical application, the excellent stability in flow properties against storage for a prolonged period, and the formulation exhibited pseudoplastic flow with thixotropic behavioral rheology --- ## The Design and Anticancer Activity of a Citropin1.1 Hybrid Peptide with Selective Activity Against Highly Invasive Metastatic Cell Lines **Authors:** Ammar Almaaytah, Mohd Alaraj **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1730 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anticancer peptides, hybrid peptides, metastasis, drug design, cancer Citropin 1.1 is an amphipathic alpha-helical cationic peptide that exhibits potent anticancer activity in vitro. Citropin 1.1 was found to be active against 60 cancer cell lines, and this activity was mainly attributed to its ability to bind and lyse membranes of cancer cells. One of the major drawbacks of developing Citropin 1.1 as an anticancer agent is its lack of apparent selectivity toward cancer cells and its ability to cause significant lysis of normal human erythrocytes and mammalian cells at high concentrations. This low selectivity index places severe restraints on the development of Citropin 1.1 as a novel anticancer agent. In this study, we have designed a Citropin 1.1 analog named Citropin A that retained the biological activity of the parent peptide. Citropin A was fused to an anionic fragment in order to neutralize the positive charge carried on the parent peptide rendering it inactive. The resultant hybrid peptide named Citropin-MMP was designed to contain a Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) cleavable consensus sequence that would be cleaved to release the active Citropin A once it encounters highly metastatic MMP producing cancer cells. Citropin-MMP was found to be completely inactive against non-MMP producing cancer cells and normal mammalian cells. However, when Citropin-MMP was administered to MMP producing cells, its antiproliferative activity was regained, and the peptide displayed exclusive activity against MMP producing cancer cell lines. The data of our study indicate that this enzyme-based cleavage strategy could prove to be successful for the development of Citropin-MMP as a novel therapeutic agent for the purpose of inhibiting the proliferation and invasion of highly metastatic invasive cancer cells. --- ## Efficacy of Garlic and Onion against virus **Authors:** Neha Sharma **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1738 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Garlic, onion, virus, antiviral, quercetin, allicin In the current scenario, pharmaceutical industry is dependent on chemical based drugs to treat viral infection. However, these drugs are known to induce many side effects in human body. There is pressing need to promote safe alternative to chemical based antiviral drugs. Onion and garlic are natural sources which are known to possess antiviral properties. It is well known that onion and garlic are rich source of organosulfur compounds. Organosulfur compounds like quercetin and allicin are associated with inhibition of viral infection. These chemicals can hinder virus attachment to host cell, alter transcription and translation of viral genome in host cell and also affect viral assembly. Quercetin can affect entry and attachment of Enterovirus and Influenza virus on host cell. This compound also has ability to inhibit RNA polymerase which is necessary for viral replication. Quercetin also inhibit process by which virus alter signalling pathway in host cell. Organosulfur compounds like allicin, diallyl trisulfide and ajoene are main chemicals which impart antiviral property to garlic. It is known that allicin can pass through phospholipid membrane of cell and can further contribute in inhibiting viral multiplication. Considering numerous studies which corroborate antiviral effect of onion and garlic, this paper recommends consumption of these plants as a safe alternative to prevent virus infection. --- ## Evaluation of hydrated extract of phaseolus Vulgaris L. (bean plant) on hypoglycemia and hypolipidemic in streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino Wistar rats **Authors:** Helisha Ruth Obonyo, Senthemarai Selvi V **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1757 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aldohexose, Bean plant, LDL, glibenclamide, Polygenic disorder, STZ, SGPT The current research was intended to comprehend hypoglycemic and anti-lipidaemic exercises of hydrated common bean (phaseolus Vulgaris L.) seed extracts on streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino rats. At a set portion fluctuate of 100, 200,300 mg/kg body weight of common bean extracts was orally directed as one portion for every day to polygenic disorder rats for a measure of thirty days. The impact of P.vulgaris L. on hypoglycemic, glycosylated hemoprotein (HbA1c) and blood serum lipid profile (Total cholesterin), Triglyceride (TG), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), High-density lipoprotein (HDL)) in plasma were estimated in the regular and diabetic induced rat. The outcomes demonstrated that quick glucose, serum TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, levels were significantly (p<0.05) attenuate, while blood serum HDL, the level was extensively (p<0.05) upgraded inside the diabetic rats. The inconclusive amount of pace of 300 mg/kg is more reasonable than that of a hundred mg/kg. Our examination so shows that Phaseolus vulgaris L has a powerful adversary to diabetic and anti-lipidaemic impacts on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and results were comparable to reference drug glibenclamide. --- ## The association between the presence of fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) and the incidence of obesity in Iraqi persons in Holy Kerbala **Authors:** Zainab Nizar Jawad, Kamal Abul Rasool **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1747 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** obesity, FTO, rs9939609 and rs17817449 SNPs Obesity is regarded nowadays as one of the worldwide medical and psychosocial problem so that many researches had been dealt with the underlying causes of resistant obesity and increased body mass index “BMI”. Recent data demonstrate the strong association between the presence of obesity with specific gene called fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO). Many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was detected that are discovered that closely related to the increased incidence of obesity among populations, notably rs9939609 and rs17817449 SNPs. To evaluate the presence of these SNPs as a predisposing factor in obese persons with BMI exceeds 30. A 100 obese persons were selected randomly along with 50 body-fitted people as a control group. Molecular detection of these SNPs was done by RT-PCR followed by statistical analysis. there was significant increase in expression of AA genotype of FTO rs9939609 SNP in obese persons in comparison to non-obese group (0.60 ± 0.04 versus 0.28 ± 0.06 respectively at P > 0.002) and significant increase in expression of GG genotype of FTO rs1781744 SNP in obese persons in comparison to non-obese group (0.59 ± 0.04 versus 0.22 ± 0.05 respectively at P > 0.001). --- ## The Effect of Exercising on Smokers’ Lung Capacity **Authors:** Sondos Majdi Taher, Marit van Silfhout, Asiya Nazir **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1658 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** smoking, vital capacity, real lung capacity, estimate lung capacity, lung function, exercise The purpose of this research paper is to investigate whether exercising can reduce the harmful effects caused by smoking. Additionally, the hypothesis of this research study proposes that results will show that the percentage lung capacities of smokers who exercise are similar to non-smokers who don't exercise in which it will prove that exercising does, in fact, decrease the harmful effects of smoking as a smoker who exercises is almost as healthy as a non-smoker who does not exercise. Henceforth, the hypothesis of this research will be accepted. To know that, a questionnaire was prepared, which assisted in placing the individuals in one of 4 groups. The sample size included 152 participants aged 18 and above from the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. A spirometer was used to find the real lung capacity of the participants. The estimated vital capacity was calculated by substituting the height and weight of a person into an equation that gives the body surface area, and then the answer is either multiplied by 2,500 or by 2,000 to find the estimated lung capacity for males or females respectively. After collecting the essential data, it was found that people who smoke and exercise have higher lung capacity than those who smoke but don’t exercise. The t-test was used, and it was found that the difference is significant between those two sets of data. The results imply that exercising could, in fact, reduce the harmful effects of smoking as it has been predicted in the hypothesis. However, in order to be completely free of the risks of smoking, it is highly recommended to quit smoking as well fully. --- ## Prediction of maternal diabetes and adverse neonatal outcome in normotensive pregnancy using serum uric acid **Authors:** Shaymaa Kadhim Jasim, Hayder Al-Momen, Afraa Mahjoob Al-Naddawi **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1736 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes, Foreseeing, Small for gestational age, Uric acid Diabetes mellitus, with adverse neonatal events are challenging issues to all obstetricians and pediatricians, where uric acid could play a vital role. We aimed to assess the relationship and prognostic benefits of serum uric acid measured at about 20 weeks’ gestation in normotensive pregnancy, with subsequent maternal diabetes, and neonatal complications. All singleton normotensive pregnant women with normal blood glucose, serum creatinine, and weight before pregnancy, whom attended Medical City Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Baghdad, were involved and regarded as the case group, on the condition that their serum uric acid measured at 20 weeks’ gestation > 3 mg/dl, but if ≤ 3 mg/dl, they would be registered as a control group. A complete follow up was performed regularly during pregnancy, and after delivery; regular assessments of maternal blood glucose were done up to one year. Maternal diabetes mellitus (DM), small for gestational age (SGA) neonates, and preterm delivery (PD) constituted (27.59%), (43.60%), and (1.97%), respectively in case group which had significantly included maternal DM and SGA (P <0.001). Also, elevated mid-pregnancy serum uric acid was strongly associated (P <0.0001) with maternal DM (5.86 ± 0.69) and SGA (4.78 ± 0.34). Cut-off values of uric acid of 4.76 mg/dl were best associated with maternal DM, while 4.33 mg/dl with SGA. In conclusion, the cut-off points of 4.76 and 4.33 mg/dl of maternal mid- normotensive pregnancy serum uric acid have the potential ability to predict Maternal DM and SGA, respectively. --- ## Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial evaluation of some sulfonamide Schiff base derivatives **Authors:** Mustafa M. AL-Hakiem, Rita S. Elias, Munther A. Mohammed-Ali **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1729 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial activity, Schiff base, Sulfonamides, Zone of inhibition New series of Schiff base compounds obtained from sulfa drugs have been synthesized by the reaction of sulfonamide compounds (sulfadiazine, sulfapyridine, sulfamethazine, or sulfamerazine) with corresponding aromatic aldehydes (3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde or 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde). The synthesized compounds were characterized by FT-IR, ESI-Mass, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy to confirm the chemical structures of synthesized compounds. The purity of all synthesized compounds were verified using pre-coated TLC (MERCK) plates using dichloromethane: methanol (9:1) solvent system. The chromatographic plates were viewed under ultraviolet(UV) light at 254 nm The sulfonamide Schiff base compounds were tested for antibacterial evaluation against two pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp.) and two pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia). The antibacterial activity of synthesized compounds was evaluated by assessing the inhibitory concentration by measuring their inhibition zone versus certain kinds of standard antibiotics with concentrations (500, 750, and 1000) μg /ml. Most synthesized compounds at high concentration were moderately active against all tested bacteria ,compound SH7 showed best antibacterial activity for both (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) bacteria while SH8 compound exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and weak activity (<10 mm) against Gram-negative bacteria and all synthesized compounds were less antibacterial activity for all tested bacterial strains than standard drugs. --- ## Writer's Cramp or Focal Dystonia- Case report of a Rare Neurological Disorder **Authors:** Ghalaut P S, Meenal Babra **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1735 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Dystonia, Behavioural therapy, Botulinum Toxin, Baclofen There are various neurological disorders which are clinically diagnosed and treated every day. Focal dystonia's such as Writer’s cramps or musician’s cramps is one such neurological disorder that is not very common, but if remains undiagnosed or not treated appropriately causes severe disability and anxiety to the patient. It not only hampers them emotionally and socially but also leads to professional problems. There are various treatment modalities available. Patients complain of spasm or cramping of muscles, which is sometimes associated with pain and inability to write or play an instrument which he/she used to play perfectly some time ago. Identifying this disorder and treating it in time can benefit the patient to a great extent. Though not a single treatment has turned successful in all patients. Some patients get relieved by behavioural therapy, while others respond to medical treatment. --- ## Biosynthesis of Silver nanoparticles using Desmodium Gangeticum leaf extract **Authors:** Niladry Sekhar Ghosh, Ritu M Giilhotra, Ranjit Singh, Angshu Banerjee **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1758 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biosynthesis, Desmodium Gangeticum, FTIR, FESEM, HR TEM, Silver nanoparticles A range of methods is available for the synthesize nanoparticles. However, these methods are associated with the production of undesirable byproducts which are quite hazardous and high costs. Thus, a number of efforts are being made to develop novel cost-effective safe & reliable "green" procedures which caned produce desired nanoparticles. In this study, we caned successfully develop a green synthesis method for preparation of silver nanoparticles using Desmodium gangeticum leaf extract as reducing & capping agents. The method was found a quite effective inversion of silver ions to silver nanoparticles in a short interval of time. The developed nanoparticles exhibited Surface plasmon resonance at around 500 nm. The particles are nearly spherical, and the size ranged between 16-64nm. The average size was noted to be around 40 nm. The nanoparticles were characterized for their morphology using UV-vis, TEM, FTIR analysis and FESEM. The developed method carries the advantage of the completion of the reaction in a short time. The crystalline nature of the synthesize nanoparticles was assessed & confirm by XRD & EDX Studies. From FTIR studies, it can be understood that the flavonoids could be adsorbed on the metal surface by interaction with carbonyl groups. The process was carried out in the environment-friendly condition. --- ## Compaction behaviour and mechanical characteristics of chewable binary tablet mixture containing lactose (Flowlac 100) and date (Phoenix dactylifera) powders **Authors:** Fara Wahida Ahmad Hamidi, Mohd Shamsul Anuar, Azhari Samsu Baharuddin, Mohd Afandi P. Mohamed, Mohd Nazli Naim, Suraya Mohd Tahir **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1648 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Binary mixture, Compaction, Date powder, Elastic work, Flowlac 100, Plastic work This study aimed to develop a formulation for a chewable tablet using date powder (DP) and Flowlac 100 utilizing a direct compression method. The powders were compacted as single and binary mixtures at five different formulations (DPL1, DPL2, DPL3, DPL4 and DPL5) to study their compaction behaviour. Stressor ranging from 15 to 74 MPa in a cylindrical die with flat face punches were introduced during the fabrication process, and the mechanical properties (plastic work, elastic work and tensile strength) of formed tablets were investigated. Findings of this study demonstrated that with a high percentage of DP in the formulation resulted in a high reading of plastic work, while a low amount of DP revealed low elastic work. Tensile strength of the tablet, on the other hand, varies with the percentage of DP present and applied pressure used. Formulation with 60% DP (DPL4) displayed the highest tensile strength compared to the other formulations, and it is coherent with industrial preferable tensile strength limit. In conclusion, the current findings could be useful in formulation and fabricating date chewable tablet which can be used as a food supplement by all categories of consumers since it is easy to be consumed by a wide range of age. --- ## Study of in-vitro antioxidant activity of various extracts of aerial parts of Olax scandens **Authors:** Pranaya P, Akila Devi D **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1664 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Olax scandens, DPPH radical scavenging, Superoxide radical, Iron chelating activity Olax scandensRoxb. (family Olacaceae) Available in throughout tropical India. The current study, aerial parts of different concentrates of Olax scandenswas evaluated for its in-vitro antioxidant potential by Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl activity, superoxide scavenging activity, iron chelating activity taking ascorbate, quercetin & Ethylenediamine tetraacetate as the standard correspondingly. An IC50 value was originated that methanolic concentrates of Olax scandensis more efficient in Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical, superoxide radical activity, Iron chelating capacity compared EA & PE concentrates. The methanolic concentrates of Olax scandens & ascorbate exhibited antioxidant potential possessing IC50 226µg/ml & 66µg/ml (DPPH). 185µg/ml & 60µg/ml (Superoxide) , 287µg/ml & 65µg/ml (iron-chelating Activity) respectively. Invitro antioxidant studies obviously show methanolic concentrates of Olax scandens have better antioxidant activity. These results indicate that aerial parts of methanolic concentrates Olax scandens could serve as a natural antioxidant, which may be useful in preventing free radical-induced diseases. --- ## Ulipristal acetate determination using MBTH **Authors:** Giri Prasad Gorumutchu, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, Kishore VNV **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1646 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ulipristal acetate, MBTH, Oxidative coupling, Method development, Validation A simple visible spectrophotometric method is proposed for the determination of ulipristal acetate present in bulk and tablet formulation. The currently proposed method is established based on MBTH oxidation by ferric ions to form an active coupling species (electrophile), followed by its coupling with the ulipristal in acidic medium to form high intensified green colored chromophore having λmax at 609 nm. Validated the method as per the current guidelines of ICH. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 6.25 – 37.50 μg mL-1 with a high regression coefficient (r > 0.999). Reproducibility, accuracy, and precision of the method are evident from the low values of R.S.D. This method can be used in quality control laboratories for routine analysis of ulipristal acetate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms. --- ## Histological and Antioxidant Effect of different phone waves on the liver and kidney of male rats **Authors:** Nuha Sh. Ali, Haidar Alsaedi **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1731 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** phone waves, Histopathological, Free radicals, Antioxidants There is tremendous concern about the potential harmful effects of cell phone microwaves. The results are contradictory. However, the effects of these waves on the body have been reported. In this study, the effect of cellular microwaves on sperm parameters and total antioxidant capacity in relation to the duration of exposure and frequency of these waves were studied. This experimental study was conducted on male Sprague Dawley rats (150-200 g). The animals were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 18). Group 1 Natural control rat were fed to standard laboratory feeding Animals for 14 days. Group 2 animals were exposed to cell phone receiver stimulated waves (915 MHz frequency) for 14 days, and Group 3 animals were exposed to simulated waves of a cell phone antenna (950 MHz frequency) for 14 days. The results indicated that the total antioxidant capacity in all exposure groups decreased significantly compared with the control group (P <0.05). Increased exposure time within two weeks caused a statistically significant decrease in sperm motility and mobility (P <0.05).Effect of phone waves on liver and kidney of male Sprague Dawley rat. The study of pathological anatomy revealed a clear and appropriate deviation. These results found blood enzymes such as amino-aspartase transferase (AST), amino amines (ALT), and creatinine levels. The results showed no significant changes in both liver and kidney physiological functions. Malondialdehyde level (MDA) and total antioxidant contents were performed. The level of glutathione (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) was in normal ranges. Exposure to cell phone waves can reduce sperm movement and mobility in rats. These waves can also reduce the total antioxidant capacity in rats and lead to oxidative stress. --- ## Molecular study of BRCA-1,2 and P53 gene polymorphisms among post-operative breast cancer patients **Authors:** Aws Rassul hussain Al-salin, Hammadi Al-Hilaly, Rawaa Magid **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1733 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** BRCA genes, P53, Breast cancer Breast cancer is a malignant tumor i group of cancer cells that may develop into (invade) or spread to distant body regions around tissues. In both advanced and developing nations and in many parts of the globe, the burden of breast cancer is rising. It's the most prevalent malicious person illness in females, with 18% of all female cancers and the third most prevalent cause of cancer death globally. This case-control study was organized to explore the potential role of chosen genetic parameters in the Al-Diwanyia province in random samples of breast cancer patients the research, 5 ml of blood samples from 50 women with post-operative breast cancer attending the outpatient oncology department at Al Diwaniyia Teaching Hospital were employed compared to 50 women without cancer, patient ages and control ranged from 18 to 80 years. Among the three susceptibility genes studied, BRCA In BRCA-1 GG genotype evidently proposed a risk factor for tumor as had an (OR 5.3191) and risk factor (EF 0.065); AG & AA genotypes, on the other hand, played a rather preventive part as they had no risk factor (PF) of 0.0476 & 0.1667 respectively and low OR (0.7619 & 0.7917 respectively) and patients had 16%, and 84% of patients had G and A alleles respectively. The genotype of BRCA-2 AG As had the risk factor (OR 13.4146) and the risk factor (EF 0.1851), the AA genotype, on the other hand, did not have a risk factor role since it had a protective fraction (PF) of 0.9103 and a low OR (0.0731). The GC genotype, on the other hand, did not have a risk factor as it had (PF) of 0.087 and low OR (0.4565) and patients had 56 percent of G allele and 44 percent of C allele compared to 52 percent of G and 48 percent of C control. --- ## Enhanced bioactivity of Pure ZnO and ZnO-Ag nanocomposite Using Sol-Gel method for Self-Cleaning Application **Authors:** Azhar J. Bohan, Ghaed K. Salman, Duha S. Ahmed **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1748 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ammonia solution NH4OH, Sol-Gel method, antibacterial activity, a plating count method, nanocomposites In the current study, Pure ZnO and Ag-ZnO nanocomposite are established using the sol-gel method with the influence of ammonia solution NH4OH to incorporate Ag ions into ZnO and form Ag-ZnO nanocomposites. Then pure ZnO and Ag-ZnO nanocomposites were annealed at 450oC for tow h in a muffle furaning using temperture controlling, and heat rate was set at temperature 100oC per min. The structural and morphological properties of samples were characterized using XRD, FTIR, and FESEM with Energy dispersive X-rays (EDX). In addition, the antibacterial activity of pure ZnO and Ag- ZnO nanocomposite was evaluated against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms by plate count test. The results of the test revealed strong antibacterial behavior of nanocomposite against bacteria as compared to pure ZnO and improved efficiency of incorporation Ag ion on ZnO. --- ## Comparative evaluation of wound healing activity of tilvadi ghrita and durva ghrita on diabetic wound model in rats **Authors:** Shakila Shabbeer Shaikh, Krishna Murthy, Rajkumar V. Shete, Rahul S. Solunke **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1647 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetic wound, Durva Ghrita, Excision wound model, Tilvadi Ghrita, Wound healing Previous studies proved the wound healing potential of Tilvadi Ghrita (TG) and Durva Ghrita (DG) on normal wounds, so this study was conducted to investigate wound healing activity of TG and DG on diabetic wound model in rats. Forty-eight adult female Wistar rats in eight groups were used. Alloxan was used to induce diabetes in diabetic groups. Excision wound was made on the dorsal shaved surface of rats, and then Framycetin sulfate cream (FSC) 10%, TG and DG were applied in control and treatment groups. While in normal control and diabetic control groups, no medication was done. Wound photographs were taken on alternative days to evaluate wound healing. Percentage wound contraction, the effect on wound size, and epithelization period parameters were studied. Ghritas were investigated for their preliminary phytochemicals, Physico-chemical properties, skin irritation test, and wound healing activity in normal and diabetic rats. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM and analyzed using Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple range test. Studies revealed that TG and DG do not cause any harmful skin reactions, so both ghritas were found to be safe for topical application. Both formulations showed better and fast healing as compared to untreated normal and diabetic control groups. After comparative investigation, it was observed that DG possesses higher wound healing potential in normal and diabetic groups with comparison to TG. Wound healing action in normal and diabetic wounds, it endowed due to the presence of different phytoconstituents reported in the literature and proved to be beneficial in the management of wounds. --- ## Impact of melatonin against pilocarpine incited seizures in rats **Authors:** Osama Q. Fadhil, Waleed K. Abdulsahib, Hussam H.Tizkam, Faruk H. AL-Jawad **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1661 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Melatonin, epilepsy, Pilocarpine, Valproic acid Epilepsy is a standout amongst the most widely recognized genuine mind issue, can happen at all ages and have numerous potential causes. Epilepsy takes place because of a wide range of cell or biochemical changes, for example, modifications in particle channels work, synapse level (excitatory and inhibitory), synapse receptor work, vitality digestion and oxidative stress. This study was performed to explore the possible antiepileptic effect of Melatonin against pilocarpine-induced seizure in male rats. The research was carried out on (40) healthy male Wister rats weighing between 200-300 gm; they were equally allocated to four groups (10 rats in each group).Group (1) normal group (not received any drug), Group (2) negative control group (received only pilocarpine during induction of seizure, Group (3) positive control group (Valproic acid group received 20 mg/kg orally twice daily) and Group (4) Melatonin group (3 mg/kg received orally once a day).Rats of each group (except normal group) were injected intraperitoneal with pilocarpine hydrochloride (400 mg/kg) after 21 days of tested drugs administered orally. The mean onset and duration of seizure were determined to evaluate the efficacy of tested drugs and to compare these effect with that of the normal group and Valproic acid group. Besides, the mean of onset and duration of seizure, neuroprotective effect (Neu N), NMDA receptor, Sodium channels were measured in all groups after convulsion had been induced to detect the effects of the tested drugs on these parameters by comparing them with normal, negative and positive groups. Melatonin had a preventive and anticonvulsant effect against pilocarpine-induced seizure in rats due to decreasing the onset and severity of seizure this effect may be by blocking sodium channels and NMDA receptor also Melatonin had a neuroprotective effect by preventing damage to neurons this effect by decreasing the inflammation and oxidative stress. --- ## Solution state stress degradation studies of antifilarial drug albendazole **Authors:** Sanju Nanda, Mohini Bajaj **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1763 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Albendazole, hydrolytic, oxidative, pH, solution-state stability This study was conducted to explore the stress degradation studies of antifilarial drug albendazole (ALB) in the solution state. The stress conditions targeted were hydrolytic (acidic, neutral, and basic) as well as oxidative. The drug was degraded under different concentrations of stressor and the time of exposure. All the degraded samples were then subjected to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) as a detector. The final concentration of stressor, as well as the duration of exposure for each condition, were optimized from the results. The method optimization was done on a C18 stationary phase with a varying mobile phase composition. The parameters of the mobile phase varied were organic modifier, buffer (type and concentration) and gradient as well as run time. The optimized method included acetonitrile as an organic modifier, 10 mM potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (pH 3.0) as a buffer that was pumped in a gradient mode, and run time was fixed at 57.00 min. The samples were further characterized by subjecting to instrumental technique Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The results highlighted the degradation products formed under the study conditions. Some of the degradation products were common to all hydrolytic conditions, but some were seen only under oxidative conditions. --- ## Comparison of health-seeking behaviour between urban and rural malay population of negeri sembilan, malaysia **Authors:** Mohd Dzulkhairi Mohd Rani, Muslimah Ithnin, Nadeeya ‘Ayn Umaisara Mohamad Nor, Norsham Juliana, Nadia Mohd Effendy, Sahar Azmani, Khadijah Hasanah Abang Abdullah, Muhammad Shamsir Mohd Aris, Izuddin Fahmy Abu **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1742 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Healthcare facility, Health-seeking behaviour, Malay population, Rural, Urban There is a growing interest on research related to health-seeking behaviours. However, there are minimal studies in Malaysia which focus on this issue. This paper aimed to determine the health-seeking behaviours among the Malay population and its association based on the localities of the urban and rural population. To achieve this purpose, a cross-sectional survey was conducted using face-to-face interview method. A total of 480 respondents participated in this survey with the majority (57.7%) of them were from a rural area. Among all the subjects, 4.9% and 5.4% of urban and rural participants respectively, did not seek treatment when they were sick. The reasons being are they chose to ignore the pain (80%), time-consumption (8%), and they do not believe in modern treatments (8%). A higher number of rural participants chose public healthcare facilities compared to urban (82.3% vs 72.6%, p<0.001), whereas a higher number of urban participants chose private healthcare facilities in contrast to rural participants (25.3% vs 16.4%, p<0.001). For participants with chronic diseases, 5.3% did not go for follow-up, 91.2% rely on healthcare staffs for information on the diseases, and 18.9% took traditional or supplementary medicine. Majority of the participants are in agreement that the accessibility to public healthcare facilities in terms of distance, transportation and operational time, as well as the services to get treatments, were good. However, there is a small number of participants who did not seek for treatments, including those with chronic diseases. --- ## Evaluation of the effectiveness of sterilization materials added to drinking water in the elimination of the Larval stages of parasites in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate **Authors:** Sahira Ayed A. Al-Musawi **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1750 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Intestinal, parasites, Entamoeba histolytica, river The study was conducted to investigate the cysts and eggs of intestinal parasites in drinking water in four models of drinking water for water purification projects in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate for the period from 1/10/2017 to 1/10/2018. The results of the examination of river water in four districts in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf governorate showed the presence of five species of parasites are cysts of Entamoeba histolytica by 39%, and the eggs of the Ascaris worm by 12%, worm Ancylostoma duodenale by 4%, Giardia lamblia cysts 40%, and the eggs of Enterobius vermicularis by 18%. The results of the tap water examination showed that there were five types of intestinal parasites, but at a lower rate than in river water, Entamoeba histolytica cysts by 16%, eggs of Ascaris by 7%, Ancylostoma duodenale eggs by 2%, Giardia lamblia cysts by 29%, and Enterobius vermicularis by 5% overall. --- ## Effects of commonly used medicinal herbs in Jordan on serum total antioxidant status and clinical laboratory testing **Authors:** Yousif. Y. Bilto, Nessrin. G. Alabdallat, Ali. M. Atoom, Noaman. A. Khalaf **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1723 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Zingiber Officinale, Rosmarinus Officinalis, Verbena Triphylla, Verbena TriphyllaSalvia Triloba, Nigella Sativum, Serum antioxidant status, Clinical chemistry tests, Clinical laboratory testing The use of medicinal herbs is widespread and growing. We tested the in-vivo effects of commonly used medicinal herbs in Jordan, on normal human volunteers after oral administration of aqueous extracts for several days, to see whether the in-vitro chemical antioxidant activity of a given herb replicates in-vivo and to see whether a given medicinal herb affects the results of selected clinical chemistry tests performed on the serum. Healthy volunteers were given orally aqueous herbal extracts daily for five days. Venous blood samples were taken before and one hour after the first dose of aqueous extract and then one day after the last dose of day five. Total antioxidant status and 13 of routine clinical chemistry tests were assayed on the serum. The tested herbs caused a significant increase in serum total antioxidant status. The studied herbs can be arranged in decreasing order of their in-vivo antioxidant strength after one hour of first consumption as follows: Nigella sativum > Rosmarinus officinalis > Zingiber officinale > Verbena triphylla > Origanum syriacum > Salvia triloba. The studied herbs except for Rosmarinus officinalis also caused a significant increase and/or decrease in 10 out of 13 laboratory tests performed on the serum. These results indicate that oral administration of aqueous extracts of medicinal herbs although improve the serum total antioxidant status, they could also significantly alter some laboratory results used for diagnosis or evaluation of diseases and this may negatively affect patient’s care. The present study highlights the importance of obtaining information regarding patients’ uptake of herbal products that might interfere with some laboratory testing. --- ## Emtricitabine, Tenofovir, and Rilpivirine from their degradation products Analysis by HPLC **Authors:** Srikanth Kanithi, Chebolu Naga Sesha Sai Pavan Kumar, Thulaseedhar Alumuri **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1753 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** RP-HPLC, Stability Indicating Assay, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir, Rilpivirine Forced, Degradation Studies A simple, expeditious, and explicit stability-indicating High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analytical test method was developed for the quantitative analysis of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir, and Rilpivirine in bulk drugs and combined dosage formulations. Using the ICH guidelines method was validated using a C18 column of size 250 mm X 4.6 mm, 5µ, maintained at 25oC. The total run time maintained was 10 min. Acetonitrile and 0.1% TEA prepared in water adjusted with pH 3.0 was adapted as a mobile phase. The injection volume of samples was 20μL and UV-DAD detector system set at 265 nm used for UV detection. As per the ICH guidelines method was validated. The retention times were observed as 2.52, 3.27, 6.70 min for Emtricitabine, Rilpivirine, and Tenofovir disoproxyl fumarate, respectively. Linearity ranges were observed 24-56 µg/mL Emtricitabine, 3-7 µg/mL Rilpivirine and 30-70 µg/mL Tenofovir. Relative Standard Deviation not exceed 2%. In contract to the conventional method of HPLC, a method developed was able to give better resolution of swift retention times in the separation of various degradation products along with the pure active pharmaceutical ingredients. The proposed method exhibited excellent reproducibility and repeatability. The stress studies performed by following ICH guidelines indicated that the present HPLC method is explicit and stability-indicating. Since the present HPLC method has the capacity to separate the drugs with high resolution in tablet dosage forms, hence the method can be exploited for routine analysis of quality control sample and stability analysis. --- ## Assessment of potential use of garlic (Allium sativum) against growth of microbes **Authors:** Neha Sharma **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1726 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Garlic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral Garlic (Allium sativum) is cultivated worldwide for its medicinal and nutritional value. Garlic is an effective antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal and antiviral agent. Garlic contains organosulfur compounds which impart antimicrobial property. Garlic is known to be highly effective in reducing growth of bacteria. Garlic bulb contains organosulfur compound, allicin, which is responsible for the efficacy of garlic against the growth of microbes. This compound can hinder the formation of bacterial acetyl-CoA, a precursor required for metabolic activities in bacteria. The present review indicates that garlic exhibit considerable inhibitory effect on microbial growth. Thus garlic can be used as a sustainable alternative to treat diseases and provide a solution to minimize our dependence on chemical-based drugs in future. --- ## Effect of an oat extract on oxidizing Stress and antioxidant defense in male rats with type 1 diabetes **Authors:** Haidar Alsaedi, Reem abdul Raheem Mirdan alsaad, Huda Raheem Hashim **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1740 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oat, antioxidant capacity, type 1 diabetes The strong n-butanol extract of oats (Avena sativa) seed was studied in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats to improve lipid peroxidation and inhibitor standing. Four teams, NDM, and three diabetic teams were allocated thirty-two male rats. Diabetes was caused by injection- streptozotocin (60 mg / kg B.w., i.p. Two hundred mg/deal of blood sugar rodents was used as a diabetic. Diabetes groups (G2, G3, and G4) were trained to extract n-butanol (60 mg / metric unit weight, B.w.) or twenty-one days of endocrine injection (4 IU / animal). Weight gain was reported on the 22nd day. Fluids were collected for knockout cells to judge glucose concentrations and subcellular of aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, catalase, biochemical dismutase (SOD), glutathione - transferase, reductase, malondialdehyde and glutathione reductase (Gr) concentrations. Diabetes rat (G2) showed a significant increase in glucose. The weight gain increased in the ALT, SOD, CAT, GSH-transferase But there decreased GSH enzyme and old AST. Treatment of N-butanol extract from oats (G3) or endocrine (G4) varied between old glucose, weight gain and normalization of all supermolecule inhibitors. Finally, n- Butanol from oatmeal has a strong role in lowering hyperglycemia and as an antioxidant. --- ## Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Anti-stress and Cerebro-protective activity of ethyl acetate extract of bark of Entada rheedi **Authors:** Marasani Anil, Swarna Latha D, Eswar Kumar K **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1321 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Entada rheedi, Flavonoid, Anti-stress, Cerebral ischemia, Antioxidants Entada rheedi is claimed to have antistress activity by folklore which is available abundantly in several places of India. The present study was planned to evaluate the phytochemical, antioxidant, anti-stress and cerebroprotective activities of ethyl acetate extract of bark of Entada rheedi (EAER). The bark of Entada rheedi was collected and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract was subjected to phytochemical screening (chemical and HPTLC), antioxidant (in-vitro), anti-stress (mice model) and cerebroprotective activities (cerebral ischemia model). EAER showed the presence of flavonoids as primary phytoconstituents. EAER significantly reduced the immobility time in swimming endurance and tail suspension test. EAER significantly reduced the TBARS levels and augmented tissue antioxidants in restraint stress model and cerebral ischemia model. The levels of MOA-A were reduced in the EAER treated animals and cortisol levels also reduced in EAER treated animals. Histopathology also supported the biochemical parameters. The EAER effect was compared with reference standard diazepam and Ashwagandha. EAER showed significant antioxidant, anti-stress and cerebroprotective activities and the protective effect could be due to the presence of flavonoids as phytoconstituents. --- ## GC-MS analysis of phytochemical components in the ethanolic extract of Acanthus illicifolius from mangrove forest Purworejo Indonesia **Authors:** Heni Setyowati Esti Rahayu, Nasrud din, Kartika Wijayanti, Puspita Septie Dianita, Prasojo Pribadi **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1765 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acanthus Illicifolius, Phytochemical, GC-MS, Mangrove Jeruju has the potential as a source of bioactive components. Steroids are commonly found in mangroves, especially in the mangrove leaves (Acanthus Illicifolius) or better known as jeruju plants. However, the use of mangroves in Indonesia as a medicinal plant is still very limited. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the bioactive components of mangrove plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the active content of jeruju leaves (Acanthus Illicifolius) as an analgesic with the Gas Cromatographic Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis method. The design of this study was experiments with the stages are sampel preparation, extraction and fractionation and GC-MS analysis. The results of the Acanthus Illicifolius study contain protein, carbohydrate, saponin, sterooid, triterpenoids, and phenol. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) results showed that the compound separation was evidenced by the presence of spots as a result of elution with the detection of ferric chloride spray at UV 254 nm and 365 nm. Blotches eluted fluorescently on UV 365 nm with spot colors of phenolic compounds in visible black gray with phenol Rf detected 0.85. At the retention time of 40.22 to 43.89 minutes, there were 3 peaks of a large chromatogram and indicated the presence of topiramate, budesonide, and spingosine. --- ## The development of analytical methods to determine metoclopramide-hydrochloric acid in the standard raw and it compared with pharmaceuticals **Authors:** Khawla Salman Abd-Alrassol, Qutaiba A. Qasim, Maitham Ali AL-Rikabi, H. N. K. AL-Salman **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1663 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** metoclopramide-HCl, coupling reaction, complex formation, spectrophotometric studies, stability constants The three novel easy, to the prepare and sensitive spectral methods, were used to estimate metoclopramide in both standard and pharmaceuticals. The effective double–electron, was present in the metoclopramide compound helps to interact in an acidic medium with a reagent such as diazetide resorcinol and 8-hydroxyquinoline reagents. The present article was extended to find out three analytical methods with UV-V is the detector. In both A and B methods, two azo-dyes are formed, they are orange-red and red stable and have high water solubility, giving highest absorption values at 415 nm and 485 nm but the C method will depend on a complex colour configuration with the p-benzoquinone reagent, which has a maximum absorption at a wavelength of 285 nm. Beer's law was applied in a range of concentrations between 1 and 10 μg / ml, 2-20 μg / ml and 1-30 μg / ml. The values of the molar absorption factors were (4.1224 × 104, 3.0229 × 104 and 1.7373 × 104) L mol-1cm-1 with a sensitivity of Sandell’s equal to 0.2606 × 10-4, 0.9834 × 10-4 and 0.2568 × 10 - 4 μg cm-2 to methods A, B respectively and LLOD values were 0.255, 0.553 and 0.158 μg / ml to methods A, B and C. LLOQ 0.512, 0.898 and 0.455 μg / ml to methods A, B, C respectively. The constant fixed Kf configuration was also calculated for the colored outputs of the reaction where it was found to be equal to 43.6435 × 108, 54.6261 × 10-8 and 17.29099 × 106 L2 mol-2 to all methods A, B, C respectively. The values of G were calculated based on -43.9293 KJ / mol, -44.3735 and -51.2019. G values, molar absorption factor, Sandell sensitivity, detection limit. --- ## Assessment of Novel Cardiovascular biomarkers in patients with chronic heart failures **Authors:** Abbas Sabbar Dakhil **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1761 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biomarkers, Chronic heart failure, GDF-15, ST2, H-FABP, suPAR In a recent analysis, incessant heart failure (HF) stays a significant remedial test with decreased launch division. There is a growing need to tame HF in contemporary. In a bid to the reduction of financial burden and mortality rate brought by chronic heart, failure medics have developed approaches to deal with situations to enhance the better living condition of people. The current study was aimed to the investigation of new cardiovascular biomarkers, for instance, development factor 15 (GDF-15), soluble suppression of tumorigenicity (sST2), heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP), and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in patient with dilative cardiomyopathy (DCM) or ischaemic (ICM).200 patients from different parts were enrolled in the study for analysis of the diseases. The various test was carried out on patients who presented themselves in the lab. As the control measure in the study, they included around 76 patients without heart failure or coronary artery diseases. 59 patients who were suffering from ICM and 65 who were diagnosed with DCM were included in the study. The analysis was conducted through the use of ELISA by taking a sample of samples from all patients. H-FABP, suPAR and sST2 were high in patients with DCM and ICM contrasted with the control gathering (p <0.00010). The analysis also indicated that there was no significant difference between DCM and ICM biomarker levels. Analysis indicates that novel cardiovascular biomarkers, for instance, GDF-15, ST2, H-FABP, and uPAR, offers high potential for diagnostic DCM and ICM patient precisely. --- ## Role of various signalling mechanism in pathogenesis and therapeutics of obesity **Authors:** Yash Prashar, Nilesh J Patel **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1650 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Obesity pathogenesis and therapy, BMI, AMPK system, Appetite regulate the mechanism, MAPK signals This paper is a summary of appetite pathogenesis, therapy, and various mechanisms involved in obesity. Pathogenesis related to obesity deals with energy expenditure physiology and energy intake. The pathogenesis of obesity also contributes to energy regulation. Obesity usually happens when the consumption of energy is more than energy expenditure. It also includes relative research of monogenetic triggers contributing to deficiency of nutrition consumption and depression in key legislation. Obesity therapy involves the finding of hormones, neuropeptides, receptors, and transcription factors that involve the growth and regulation of eating behaviour, metabolic rate, and adipocyte. This paper also deals with various pathways which have a huge scientific basis in research in obesity. This review also focusses on the relation the pathways share by bringing them under one preview to understand their importance in the research area of obesity. It also includes comparative research and study work, which included the role and importance of various mediators like PYY, Ghrelin, Leptin, Adiponectin, along with inflammatory mediators like TNF Alpha and Interleukins. An insight into the role of oxidative stress highlighting its role and importance in obesity is also reviewed. Obesity therapy overview as well as newer strategies are also discussed. It also includes the methodology of exploration and obesity treatment in a novel way. Overall the review is a blend that incorporates major problems along with the latest treatment strategies to understand the demonic nature of this disease. --- ## Fasten, simple, and specific stability of the avant-garde RP-HPLC method for estimation and validation of nystatin in pharmaceutical formulations **Authors:** Dawood CH. Al-Bahadily, Rasool Chaloob, Kulood H. Oudah, H. N. K. AL-Salman, Falah Hassan Shari, Hussein H. Hussein **Published:** 2019-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1760 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nystatin (NYS), pharmaceuticals varied, antifungal medication In this study, a simple and reliable stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the analysis of Nystatin in the pharmaceuticals. The chromatographic separation was performed in the isocratic mode on an Ion Pac column; Arcus EP‑C18; 5μm, 4.6×250 mm, 30 °C) using a mobile phase consisting of ammonium acetate 0.05 M buffer/ Methanol mixture (30:70) and a flow-rate of 1.0 mL/min with UV detection at 305 nm. The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min. The HPLC analysis method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity, according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The results indicated that the retention time was 8 min, and no interferences were observed from the formulation excipients and stress degradation products. The specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD, and LOQ of the method were validated. The method was linear over the range of 5–500 μg/mL with an acceptable correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9996). The method’s limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.01 and 0.025 μg/mL, respectively. The results indicate that this validated method can be used as an alternative method for the assay of nystatin. This validated HPLC method could be used for routine analysis, quality control, and the stability of analysis of Nystatin formulations. --- ## Integrated medicine management system for malaysian healthcare sector **Authors:** Rabbia Alamdar, Allan Mathews, Sharanjit Kaur, Khairulanwar Husain **Published:** 2019-11-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1644 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Components of Medicine Management System, Clinical Decision Support System, E-prescription, Electronic Health Record Medicine management is an approach supported by evidence to prescribe and manage the patient’s medicines to protect the safety, tolerability, and potency of the medication. It helps practitioners to achieve the optimum use of medicines for a patient, optimizes the treatment benefits and accomplishes the best results for each patient. The three components of the Medicine Management System (MMS), which are Electronic Health Record (EHR), e-prescription, and Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) are vastly used. Despite the values of MMS, only 15.2% of public hospitals in Malaysia utilize the system using different features. This paper reviewed the components of the current MMS, the utilization and challenges of MMS implementation in the Malaysian context, and proposed a new integrated MMS. The proposed MMS is grounded on three theories, namely System Theory, Utilization Theory, and Evidence-Based Theory. The main aspects of the integrated MMS are e-prescription, appropriateness of dosage regimen, covering best current evidence, show alerts of any medicine-related issues, and centralization of patient data that will be designed for all healthcare centers. If any issues arise in the prescribed medicine, an alert will be supported by the current foremost evidence that shows on the prescriber’s system. However, if no issue is detected, the prescription will be saved in the patient’s record and will show on the pharmacy system with direction and cautions related to the medicines. The proposed MMS is postulated to increase the productivity of the healthcare system by reducing medicine-related issues, improve communication among healthcare professionals, enhance patient health, and enhance practitioner operations --- ## Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) expression system using TorA signal peptide for Recombinant Human Albumin (rHA) secretion **Authors:** Iman P. Maksum, Astri Lestari, Retna P. Fauzia, Saadah D. Rachman, Ukun M.S. Soedjanaatmadja **Published:** 2019-11-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1640 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Human serum albumin (HSA), E. coli BL21(DE3), recombinant protein secretion, TorA Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant protein in blood plasm. This protein consisted of 585 amino acids with a molecular weight of 66 kDa and 17 disulfide bonds. HSA obtained from conventional technique allow viral or prion contamination. For that reason, recombinant DNA technology becomes a promising alternative. Because of its well-known genetic, simplicity, and capacity to accommodate many foreign protein, Escherichia coli remains the most widely used in the production of recombinant proteins. But, overproduction of protein may lead to the formation of inclusion bodies and proteolytic degradation. These problems can be overcome by using protease-deficient strain and protein secretion into periplasmic space. The objective of this research is to secrete recombinant HA on E. coli BL21(DE3) using TorA signal peptide and proved using SDS-PAGE. This research method begins with the preparation of competent cell and transformation of E. coli BL21(DE3), expression of recombinant HA in E. coli BL21(DE3), and characterization of expression result by using SDS-PAGE. The result of this study was rHSA can be secreted into extracellular medium using TorA signal peptide with a molecular weight of ± 66.5 kDa. --- ## Development and validation of stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of related substances in Raloxifene hydrochloride tablets dosage forms **Authors:** Babu C, Suresh Reddy K.V.N, Shashi Kumar K.N **Published:** 2019-11-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1641 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Raloxifene hydrochloride, RP-HPLC, Method Validation, Degradation products, Stability indicating method This work is intended to thrive a stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of Raloxifene HCl related compounds in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The separation was achieved Inertsil C8 (150 x 4.6 mm ID, 3.5μm)column using a gradient method. Mobile phase A is 0.01M KH2PO4 buffer (pH4.5), and mobile phase B is acetonitrile used in this work. 1.0 mL/ minute is the flow of rate and at 280nm noticed wavelength is monitored. For specificity, the limit of quantification, the limit of detection, linearity, accuracy, method precision, intermediate precision, robustness and stability this method is validated. The six injection impurities of standard solutions at the 4.0 µg/mL conjecture concentration were confirmed experimentally for LOQ values. The correlation coefficient of the impurities is more than 0.99. All impurities meet the criteria for linearity of both the impurities and raloxifene. The RSD recoveries obtained for impurities are not more than 10%. The achievement of this study demonstrated that the method is selective, linear, precise, rugged, robust and stability-indicating for the determination of related substances in raloxifene HCl tablet dosage form. --- ## Body fat distribution, cardiorespiratory fitness, and lipid profile in first degree relatives with type 2 diabetes mellitus **Authors:** Shaik Azmatulla, Rinku Garg, Anil Kumar Sharma, Navpret Mann **Published:** 2019-11-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1637 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Body fat, cardiorespiratory fitness, high-density lipoproteins, visceral fat Evaluation of people at increased risk like first degree relatives of type 2 diabetes mellitus (FDRDM) may be useful to reduce the risk of disease progression, development, early intervention, and to take precautionary measures. By considering the multifactorial pathophysiological changes of D.M., we have examined the body fat distribution, cardiorespiratory fitness, and lipid profile of FDRDM. Similar age, height, waist-hip ratio (WHR) in both groups, significantly higher body mass index (BMI) in FDRDM, was observed in our study. Percentage body fat and blood glucose levels in fasting were elevated considerably, and 12 min walk distance was low in FDRDM. Visceral fat was slightly high, but it was not statistically significant. In FDRDM, High-density lipoproteins (HDL) were less but not statistically significant. Significantly higher levels of Total cholesterol (T.C.), triglycerides (TGL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) were seen high in FDRDM when compared to controls. Higher body fat percentage reduced cardiorespiratory function and abnormal lipid profile in FDRDM may lead to the development of severe cardiovascular events and necessitates lifestyle modification at early phases of disease development --- ## A non-randomized interventional study to promote the knowledge, attitude and practices of community pharmacists towards pharmacovigilance **Authors:** Kumaraguru Anbalagan, Shanmugasundaram P **Published:** 2019-11-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1634 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adverse Drug Reactions, Community Pharmacists, Educational Intervention, Pharmacovigilance Pharmacovigilance promotes the safe and effective use of medicines and thereby optimizes the treatment quality. However, lack of awareness among community pharmacists towards pharmacovigilance decreases the proportion of adverse drug reactions reported and impairs the signal detection process. Hence this study was designed to assess and promote the awareness and attitude of community pharmacists towards pharmacovigilance. This educational interventional study was carried out with 102 community pharmacists across Chennai. A pre-validated three domain-containing questionnaire, 20 items was used to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice before and after the educational intervention. Knowledge, attitude and practices of community pharmacists towards pharmacovigilance was significantly increased after the educational intervention (P<0.05, 95%CI). Median difference in an overall score of knowledge and practice was observed to be 4 and 4.5, respectively. Though the frequency of ADR reporting was not found to be greatly increased in our study, mass educational programs with adequate sampling intervals are needed to strengthen the signal generation process. --- ## Preparation of self micro emulsifying drug delivery system(smedds) of poorly soluble drug eprosartan mesylate and its in vitro evaluation **Authors:** Sabitri Bindhani, Snehamayee Mohapatra, Rajat Ku. Kar, Utkalika Mahapatra **Published:** 2019-11-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1636 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Eprosartan Mesylate, Poorly soluble drug, Pseudo ternary phase diagram, Self micro emulsifying drug delivery system, Solubility and dissolution rate Eprosartan Mesylate (EM), an angiotensin II receptor blocker used in the treatment of high blood pressure. But poor solubility and bioavailability (13%) of eprosartan mesylate is a major challenging factor for improving its drug release rate. The main objective of the present work to develop and characterize self micro emulsifying drug delivery system of eprosartan mesylate by using compatible oil, surfactant and co-surfactant. For the selection of oil, surfactant and cosurfactant, solubility screening studies has been carried out. The nine formulations are prepared using peppermint oil, tween 80 and PEG 400. A pseudo ternary phase diagram was prepared to determine the self emulsion region. Four optimized formulations were prepared at 1:1 ratio(a mixture of surfactant and cosurfactant). These four formulations were evaluated for self-emulsification time, droplet size measurement, drug content analysis robustness to dilution test, viscosity analysis, f.t.i.r. The study and in-vitro diffusion studies. The ratio of scosmix (a mixture of surfactant and cosurfactant) of optimized formulation (pf5) was varied to pfa1 (2:1), pf2 (3:1), pfa3 (1:2) and compared with pure drug. The formulation having pfa1 (2:1) shown drug release of 93.13 % in 330 minutes where as pure drug showed a drug release of 54.51% in 330 minutes. So the prepared SMEDDS formulations were efficient and better than the pure drug, and it followed Korsmeyer pappes due to highest r2 value followed by Hixon crowel. It was concluded that incorporation of eprosartan mesylate in selfmicroemulsifying system is a great potential for improving the solubility and dissolution rate of eprosartan mesylate. --- ## Inflammation and oxidative stress in first degree relatives of type 2 diabetics **Authors:** Shaik Azmatulla, Rinku Garg, Anil Kumar Sharma, Navpret Mann **Published:** 2019-11-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1638 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** High Sensitive C reactive protein, Total antioxidant status, Malondialdehyde, Interleukin 6 Indians are more susceptible to diabetes mellitus (DM) because of genetic reasons & improper life-style habits. Currently, the occurrence of DM has been prevalent in youngsters especially in India, in our present study, we attempted to explore the role of oxidative stress, inflammation in first degree relatives of type 2 diabetes mellitus (FDRDM). Inflammation was assessed by using high sensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP), Interleukin 6 (IL6), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), and oxidative stress by using malondialdehyde and total antioxidant status. FDRDM and control groups had similar for age, height, and waist-hip ratio (WHR). Weight and body mass index (BMI) was significantly high in FDRDM. Total antioxidant levels (TAOS) were less, and malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly more in the FDRDM group. Inflammatory markers were significantly high in FDRDM. We conclude that increased oxidative stress and inflammation may lead to more derangements in glucose homeostasis in first degree relatives of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), it could increase the chances of development of cardiac events and necessitates early lifestyle modifications. --- ## Impact of glycaemia, dyslipidemia and anxiety level on oxidative stress in prediabetic and diabetic patients **Authors:** Remya Paul, Mukkadan J K **Published:** 2019-11-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1635 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dyslipidemia, Glycaemia, Oxidative stress, Prediabetes Diabetes is one of the growing health crises. The current study was conducted to analyze the impact of glycaemia, dyslipidemia and anxiety level on oxidative stress in prediabetic and diabetic subjects. This cross-sectional study comprised of 140 subjects. Based on ADA criteria, subjects were divided into diabetic patients (n= 54) and pre-diabetic patients (n=44). Forty-two healthy subjects with normal fasting blood glucose level were served as a control group. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressures were measured using standard procedures. The biochemical parameters for measuring oxidative stress, blood glucose levels and lipid profile were estimated. Anxiety level was measured using the STAI questionnaire. The serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (nmol /ml) were significantly higher in pre-diabetes (3.14±0.42) and diabetes mellitus (3.43±0.78) compared to normal controls (2.26±1.08). The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (U/ml) were higher in diabetes (11.35±3.51) and pre-diabetic subjects (8.55±2.50) compared to healthy subjects (8.11±4.11). MDA had a significant positive correlation with fasting blood sugar (FBS), Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), waist to hip ratio and waist circumference. SOD also had a significant correlation with FBS, HbA1c, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio and body mass index. The present study confirmed that diabetic and prediabetic patients are suffered from more oxidative stress than nondiabetic subjects and it is influenced by their glycemic status and abdominal obesity which is leading to the progression of the disease. Dyslipidemia and anxiety levels didn't mark influence on oxidative stress in prediabetic and diabetic patients. --- ## A clinical study on Soothaga vaayu (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome) with the evaluation of siddha drug Moosambara melugu - A clinical trial **Authors:** M Sasikala, P Parthiban, R padmavathi, s Vijayakumar **Published:** 2019-11-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1514 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Moosambara Melugu, Oligomenorrhea, Efficacy, Clinical trial, oligomenorrhea Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, characterized by hormonal imbalances that lead to various clinical manifestations. Traditional Siddha medicine offers moosambara melugu, a formulation with potential therapeutic benefits for PCOS. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of moosambara melugu in managing PCOS symptoms using traditional Siddha diagnostic principles and modern medical investigations. A cohort of 40 female patients diagnosed with PCOS was enrolled from the outpatient department of Pothmaruthuvam, Government Siddha Medical College, Chennai, India, between 2014 and 2016. Demographic and health-related parameters were recorded, and patients were evaluated using traditional Siddha diagnostic criteria and modern assessments. Treatment outcomes were assessed based on changes in symptom severity before and after the intervention. The study revealed a diverse demographic profile among PCOS patients, with most falling within the 21-25 age group. Treatment with moosambara melugu showed significant improvements in symptoms, with 62.5% of patients reporting good improvement. Moosambara melugu shows promise in managing PCOS symptoms,. Integrating traditional Siddha principles with modern investigations enhances the holistic approach to PCOS management. --- ## Assessment of comparative bioavailability of Itraconazole capsule 100 mg under fasting conditions by average bioequivalence (ABE), population bioequivalence (PBE) and individual bioequivalence (IBE) approaches **Authors:** Francis Micheal, Balamurali MM, Mohanlal Sayana, Rajendra Prasad M **Published:** 2019-11-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1643 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Itraconazole, average bioequivalence, population bioequivalence, individual bioequivalence, fasted state The assessment of interchangeability (prescribability and switchability) is one of the debatable topics in the generic drug industry. Currently, the question is whether we have an adequate assessment system for the evaluation of generic drug products. The objective of the study is to assess the comparative oral bioavailability of Itraconazole capsule 100mg after administering single dose to adult, healthy, human subjects in fasted state by different bioequivalence approaches like average bioequivalence (ABE), population bioequivalence (PBE) and individual bioequivalence (IBE) and to monitor the safety of study subjects. An open-label, balanced, randomized, two-treatment, two-sequence, four-period, crossover, single-dose comparative oral bioavailability study was conducted in sixteen healthy, adult, human subjects in a fasted state. Test formulation, Itraconazole capsule 100mg, and reference formulation, SPORANOX® (Itraconazole) capsule 100mg, were administered in a fasted state. The test formulation, Itraconazole capsule 100mg, showed bio-inequivalent against reference SPORANOX® (Itraconazole) capsule 100mg in study subjects under a fasted state. Also, the test formulation exhibited a similar safety and tolerability profile compared to the reference formulation. There was no report of serious adverse events (SAEs) and deaths in the study. The test formulation was found to be bio-inequivalent to reference formulation in the study subjects under a fasted state by estimating different bioequivalence approaches like average bioequivalence, population bioequivalence, and individual bioequivalence. --- ## The distribution of gastric malignancies in AL-Diwaniyah province-Iraq, a retrospective study **Authors:** Osamah Tahir Muslim, Mohammed Abdulmohsin Abdulmaged, Ali Abbas Radhi **Published:** 2019-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1626 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gastric cancer, adenocarcinoma, intestinal, diffuse Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting gastrointestinal tract. It a multifactorial illness, both genetic and environmental factors involving in etiology. A wide variation in the incidence of gastric cancer in different geographical regions. Endoscopy is the most sensitive and specific method for the diagnosis. The aims of this study is to describe the distribution rate of gastric cancer in AL-Diwaniyah province in Iraq in correlation with the patients age, sex and the histopathological types of gastric cancer. From about (4078) patients who underwent gastroscopy for different indications at AL-Diwaniyah gastroenterology and hepatology center in Iraq during the period between November 2015 and April 2019, (76) patients were founded to have gastric cancer by documented histopathological study of tissue biopsy. Gastric cancer distribution was about (1.8%). Males are affected more than females in a ratio of (1.37:1). Out of (76) total number of patients with gastric cancer ;(69) patients (90.79%) having gastric adenocarcinoma ( most common type) with male to female ratio of (1.46:1). (5) Patients (6.58%) having gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) and (2) patients ( 2.63%) having lymphoma. In patients with adenocarcinoma,(12) patients (17.39%) were less than (40 years) of age, (31) patients (44.93%) were between (40-60 years) and (26) patients (37.68%) were older than (60 years). The intestinal-type adenocarcinoma was the most common histopathological type (63.77%), followed by diffuse type (30.43%), mixed (4.35%) and mucinous(1.45%). Gastric cancer incidence is increasing with advance age; it still a public health and challenging problem. Mass screening or surveillance programs is the best method for the detection and diagnosis of gastric cancer at an early stage --- ## Effectiveness of contrast hydrotherapy on knee pain among osteoarthritis patients **Authors:** Thenmozhi P, Nisha P, Prema J, Shreeba Rthenmozhi.sethu@gmail.com **Published:** 2019-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1625 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Osteoarthritis, hydrotherapy, contrast hydrotherapy, knee pain, Heat application, cold application Many patients with osteoarthritis experiences knee pain, but if untreated, it may lead to chronic knee pain. This may quietly limit the functional abilities and impairs the quality of life. Thus the study was conducted with the aim to determine the effect of contrast hydrotherapy on knee pain. Quasi-experimental research design was adopted with 30 samples who met the inclusion criteria. Samples were assigned into experimental and control group by convenience sampling technique. A pre-test was conducted by using Numerical pain rating scale in both experimental and control group. Contrast hydrotherapy was administered to the experimental group, and the control group was continued with the routine practice. Post-test was conducted after 7 days with the same tool for both the group. Data were analyzed using SPSS. The study findings revealed that contrast hydrotherapy was effective in reducing the level of knee pain at the level of p<0.05 in the experimental group. Contrast hydrotherapy is inexpensive, safer method, does not cost the time, reduce the risk pharmacological intervention and can be affordable by all the participants. This therapy may be recommended in both clinical and community setting to reduce the pain, thereby improves the quality of life. --- ## In vitro screening of antioxidant, free radical scavenging and antimicrobial potential of Micrococca mercurialis whole plant extracts **Authors:** Thendral Hepsibha B, Gayathri Devi R, Lijitha L **Published:** 2019-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1630 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidants, Bacillus subtilis, Free radical scavenging, GC-MS, HRBC stabilization, In vitro anti-inflammatory activity, Micrococca mercurialis, Staphylococcus aureus Micrococca mercurialis is widely used for the treatment of sores, skin diseases, cold, fever, rheumatic pain, and infections. The present study aimed to study the antioxidant, free radical scavenging and antibacterial potential of different whole plant extracts (aqueous, ethanol, petroleum ether) of Micrococca mercurialis by in vitro methods. The amount of phenols, tannins, flavonoids and Vitamin C were estimated by conventional methods. Free radical scavenging potential was assessed by DPPH and FRAP assays. HRBC membrane-stabilizing study was done to determine its anti-inflammatory property by in vitro method. Activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were determined in Micrococca mercurialis extracts. The phytoconstituents in the extracts of Micrococca mercurialis were explored by GC-MS analysis. The extracts of Micrococca mercurialis exhibited varied in vitro antioxidant, free radical scavenging, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. The GC–MS results confirmed the presence of twenty-nine phytoconstituents totally responsible for the biological activities of Micrococca mercurialis. This pilot study has provided a scientific validation for the folkloric use of Micrococca mercurialis against many infections and diseases. --- ## Smartphone app for asthma self-management – a literature review of contents and functions **Authors:** Ghozali MT, Satibi A, Zullies Ikawati, Lutfan Lazuardi **Published:** 2019-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1632 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Asthma self-management, asthma management app, smartphone apps A self-management is an important thing in achieving optimum health outcomes. One of the many effective ways that help improve the outcomes of self-management in asthma is through the use of smartphone applications or popularly known as apps. The apps have been designed to help patients in controlling asthma complaints. This study aimed to examine contents and functions featured in the reviewed studies as well as to suggest what functions and contents should be featured in an asthma self-management smartphone app.This study used a systematic approach to examine and review the contents and functions of asthma management apps from selected studies. Inclusion criteria of the study included studies related to the use of asthma control or asthma self-management apps, providing information about contents and features of asthma apps, apps in the reviewed studies designed for laypersons or patients, studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals in English, and original articles. All the studies had been taken from 2013 to 2018 from three databases, namely Pubmed, Science Direct, and ProQuest. Exclusion criteria included full text unable to be accessed and unable to obtain complete full statistical data. Less popular functions and contents included a chat with others, Air Quality Health Index, and Quality of Life Questionnaires. --- ## Cytotoxic effects of Ceiba pentandra L. mediated silver nanoparticles on HCT-116 colon cancer cell lines through ROS generation and cell membrane damage **Authors:** Masese Osoro Brian, Selvi S **Published:** 2019-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1627 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anticancer, C.pentandra, Colon cancer, Silver nanoparticles In this study, we assessed the biological effect of Ceiba pentandra bark silver nanoparticles (CP-AgNPs) on HCT-116 cancer cells with an emphasis on cell cytotoxicity, quantification of ROS and determination of mitochondria membrane potential. The synthesized Ceiba pentandra bark silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis spectrometer, High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The synthesized silver nanoparticle cytotoxic and apoptotic effects were studied on colorectal cancer cells (HCT-116). The nanoparticles exhibited an inhibitory concentration (IC50) at (60μg/mL). CP-AgNPs significantly inhibited cell viability and changed the morphology of HCT-116 colon cancer cells. Moreover, CP-AgNPs increased the level of reactive oxygen species, induced cell apoptosis in HCT-116 cell lines through the interference of the mitochondrial membrane potential. These results indicated that Ceiba pentandra bark silver nanoparticles (CP-AgNPs) might act as prospective anticancer agents in colon cancer cells. --- ## Isolation and identification of various Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producing uropathogens in a tertiary care hospital, Chhattisgarh **Authors:** Rajesh Kumar Sahu, Sagarika Pradhan, Shweta Sao, Ramanesh Murthy, Ekta Agrawal, Anubha Patel, Neha Pandey **Published:** 2019-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1629 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Uropathogens, ESBL, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Extended Spectrum B-Lactamase producing bacteria has become a worldwide problem and made the treatment very much complicated due to their resistance ability against the wide number of antimicrobial drug. This study was undertaken to measure the emergence of ESBL producing bacteria in urine collected from the patient Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Science, Bilaspur, C.G. A total of 141 Eterobactericeae groups isolates and identified. A Total of 81 ESBL producing uropathogens were identified. The most prevalence of ESBL producing bacteria was E. coli 59(41.84%) followed by Klebsiella species 12(8.51%), and Enterobacter species were 06(4.26%). ESBL producers are confirmed by the Phenotyping confirmatory disc diffusion test. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby-Bauer method showed most resistance were ampicillin (88.9%), Ciprofloxacin (69.1%), amoxycillin clavulanic acid (76.5%) resistance to ESBL producers and least resistant to imipenem 15(18.5%). We are confident that this research will be helpful in human beings and further medical microbiological study. --- ## Drug induced psychiatric disorder-A mini review **Authors:** Nivetha S. R, Divya M, Arul B **Published:** 2019-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1631 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Psychiatric disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, hallucinations, delusions, drug dependency, drug abuse, sedative effect This article reviews the agents that are responsible for producing psychiatric symptoms in an individual as a result of drug abuse, which may lead to delusions and hallucinations. There are several categories of drug that are responsible for producing psychiatric syndromes such as benzodiazepines, cannabis, amphetamines, alcohol, inhalants and hallucinogens. Long term use of these drugs may lead to drug dependence, intoxication and may even worsen the condition. The general management of drug-induced psychiatric disorder is to minimize the use of the drug, gradual withdrawal of the drug and patient counseling. --- ## A Review on Bacterial Food-Borne Disease **Authors:** Abbas Mayar Hezam, Ahmed Sabah Al-Jasimme, Faiza Kadhum Emran **Published:** 2019-11-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1628 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** food poisoning, food-borne disease, toxins, bacteria Food-borne illness are diseases happened because eating polluted water or nutriment containing microbes or their toxins. This paper reviews previous studies of foodborne illness, particularly foodborne illness happened because bacteria which represent 66% of problems. Vibrosis, Shigellosis, Bacillosis, Listerosis Salmonellosis, Botulism, and staphylococcal food poisoning are the main dietary disease happened because of bacteria. Bacteria in nutrition will increase beneath optimal cases and secrete poison in nutrition. After swallowing, poisons were absorbed by Intestinal epithelial lining that make natural harm to tissues. In certain cases, poisons are transmitted to tissues or devices like the central nervous system, kidney nor liver where they can cause damage. Foods carried diseases are divided into two collections which are food infection and poisoning. Food infection is happened because eating food, including fertile pathogens that secrete toxins in the intestine only, while poisoning is acquired by eating poison formed by pathogens (secrete toxins directly in the food). The most clinical sign of food poisoning are abdominal cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and headache. Diagnosis of foodborne illnesses carried by a patient’s record and the symptoms. Protection of foodborne diseases can be depended on food safety control during the production, processing, and distribution, secession of uncooked from cooked food, cooking carefully, and save food at a safe temperature. --- ## Optimization of Persea Americana pulp incorporated cookies using sensory analysis: a response surface methodology **Authors:** Jobil J Arackal, Parameshwari S **Published:** 2019-11-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1624 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Optimization, Sensory, Response surface methodology, Trails The sensory properties are vital in catching shopper eye and subsequently impacting their inclinations and purchasing choices for nourishment items. Taste, colour, texture, mouthfeel, aroma, flavour, and overall acceptability are sensory properties which are regularly used to portray the nature of the treats, just as to foresee customer response. In this examination were embraced to discover the impact of various degrees of Persea Americana fruit pulp (A), honey (B) and wheat flour (C) consolidated treats and their ideal levels. Information got from Response surface methodology of Persea Americana incorporated cookies treats were exposed to the investigation of change (ANOVA) and examined utilizing a second-request polynomial condition. Response surface methodology was demonstrated to be a satisfactory methodology for displaying the organoleptic parameters and the level of preferring of good Persea Americana cookies. After the effects of this investigation discovered that a most extreme attractive score that can be accomplished with the ideal estimation of taste was 7.8, texture 6.68, flavour 7.11 and by and overall acceptances 8.44 scores. This example was viewed as the best advancing hotspot for tangible traits. --- ## New bio-amphiphilic structures of sucrose via amides linkages **Authors:** Salih Mahdi Salman **Published:** 2019-11-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1612 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Staudinger reaction, Zemplen reaction, Sucrose core, silylation, biosurfactant A series of four new derivatives of sucrose have been synthesized using the straightforward methodology in order to give a mono substituted analogs of sucrose at C-6’ of fructose moiety. The synthesis was started from the reaction of sucrose with tert-butylchlorodiphenylsilane, which is able to react with an only less steric hindrance hydroxyl group at C-6’ due to its bulky structure. The other hydroxyl groups were acetylated by the reaction with acetic anhydride in pyridine. Then free the hydroxyl group at C-6’ again by the treatment with t-butylammonium fluoride in THF. The later was activated by conversion to a good leaving group via tosylation, followed by functionalized via azidation to give the precursor of the target series hepta-O-acetyl-6’-azido- sucrose. The precursor was coupled with four alkyl halides (C12, C8-4, C14, C10-8) via Staudinger reaction to produced the target structure after deacetylating. The purity and chemical structure of the synthesized compound was confirmed by CHN elemental analysis, high-resolution mass and 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy. --- ## Public policy of GST in India: A study on pharmaceutical sector with special reference to Healthcare **Authors:** Arun Gautam, Shivani Kampani, Gaurav Lodha, Vadera M L **Published:** 2019-11-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1611 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Revenue, Tax rate, Goods and Services Tax, Indian Economy, GDP, Economics, Finance, GST, Healthcare Sector, Medicines Tax, Health Services Tax India's greatest duty move is now a reality. 1999 was the year when GST was thought of. The amending bill for the full-powered launch of GST was approved by the Rajya Sabha on 8 August 2016, and it was enacted in late August. It is essential to comprehend that GST isn't a duty concession scheme where every good and service has become way cheaper just because the administration has decreased the duty rates. The single Revenue Neutral Rate (RNR) was a difficult system to manage, and thus the Indian govt. I wanted to fix it. Nonetheless, because of practical reasons, "four GST slabs have been set at 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%. Precious metals have a special rate. The rate of 18% would anyway be relevant for most goods. GST was enacted on 1 July 2017." --- ## Efficacy of anti-bacterial and anti-fungal action on four medicinal plants extract the A.arabica, T.chebula, A.indica, and V.vinifera against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans -An in-vitro study **Authors:** Sunayana Manipal, Lubna Fathima, Sajid T Hussain, Venkat R **Published:** 2019-11-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1608 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, minimum inhibitory concentration, medicinal plant The aim of the study was to test the anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal activity of four medical plants extract the A.arabica, T.chebula, A.indica, and V.vinifera against the streptococcus mutants and Candida albicans organisms. The extracts obtained from the medicinal plant of A.arabica, T.chebula, A.indica, and V.vinifera was procured and powdered. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the obtained extracts was determined by using the tube dilution method, and the bacterial strains of Streptococcus mutants and Candida albicans were cultured into the extract obtained at a concentration of 1mg/ml, 500µg/ml, 250µg/ml, and 100µg/ml respectively. The extracts obtained from A.arabica and T.chebula had a better anti-bacterial property when compared to the other two medicinal plants and the extracts obtained from A.indica and V.vinifera had a better anti-fungal property when compared to the other two medicinal plants. These plants extracts showed the anti-bacterial property in previous studies to add on to the review of literature in our study it proved that A.indica and V.vinifera had a better anti-fungal activity when compared to another two medicinal plant extract. The clinical significance of the medicinal plant extract can be effectively used as an anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agent as it was compared with the gold standard values of Streptomycin and Amphotericin B. --- ## A study on understanding the blood lipid profile of the hemodialysis patients in Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq **Authors:** Shaymaa Rabeea Madhkhoor, Jameel K. Alumeri **Published:** 2019-11-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1613 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HDL-C, LDL-C, lipid profile, renal failure, TGs, total cholesterol One of the most frequently worldwide recorded health conditions, is a chronic renal failure (CRF), especially in elderly individuals induced due to renal damage. Kidney damage and therefore, dialysis have several detrimental effects on the body organs and their functions. According to those effects, this study was conducted to recognize the blood lipid profile of the hemodialysis patients in Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq. Such determination gives assurance for overall functions of the body organs in order to place proper medical management of those levels if disturbed. From Al-Diwaniyah General Teaching Hospital, Diwaniyah City, Iraq, 68 (50, 33 males and 17 females, hemodialysis CRF (H-CRF) patients and 18, 11 males and 7 females, healthy individuals) samples of blood were collected. For revealing the levels of serum blood lipids of the participants, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were tested using a cholesterol oxidase method for TC and HDL-C, a glycerol kinase method for TG, and the Friedewald formula for LDL-C. The results unveiled significant (p˂0.01) higher TG levels in H-CRF patients than those in healthy individuals. In addition, HDL-C revealed significant (p˂0.01) lower levels in the H-CRF patients than those in healthy people. No significant (p˃0.01) data were observed from the TC and the LDL-C levels in both groups. This work demonstrates the level changes of the TGs and the HDL-C in the serum of the hemodialysis patients which need proper medical intervention for the correction of those levels. --- ## Level of Stress and Adapting approaches among Caretakers of Cancer Patients receiving Palliative Care **Authors:** Jagadeeswari J, Prathap Mohan M **Published:** 2019-11-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1619 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Stress, Adapting approaches, Caretakers, Cancer Patients, Palliative Care Cancer influences the patients as well as his/her whole house. Managing Cancer patients is a regular task of handling them. In the expansion of making stress to the clients, it puts monetary, individual, stress and social disturbance to the relatives. The study focuses on evaluating the level of stress and Adapting approaches among Caretakers of Cancer Patients receiving Palliative Care. A descriptive study was conducted among caretakers of cancer patients receiving palliative care, Data were assembled using self-administered stress rating scale, COPE inventory, and structured interview schedule. Multistage sampling technique was adopted. The sample size was 60. The outcomes demonstrated that 72% of the members were females, and 28% of them were placed with the age bunch of 51 and 60 years. 52% of them belong to the Hindu religion, and 41% were jobless. 63% of the patients were reliant on relatives for all tasks of day by day living. Evaluation of stress uncovered that 85% of the members had moderate stress, and 15% had severe stress. Members received both negative and positive adapting. There was a huge negative connection (r = 0.80, P = 0.01) among stress and adapting. Palliative care is stressful, testing and can affect the parental figure's physical, enthusiastic, mental, and social prosperity. Comprehension lived encounters of caretakers of cancer patients receiving palliative care is significant for the health personnel's to improve the help, direction, and training given to the caretakers of cancer patients receiving palliative care. --- ## Papillary thyroid cancer patient with hyperthyroidism­ - a case study **Authors:** Punitha S, Vedha pal jeyamani, Sindhu S, Bhuvaneshwari P, Arshath A **Published:** 2019-11-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1617 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Papillary Thyroid carcinoma, Hyperthyroidism, chemotherapy Thyroid carcinoma is the majority widespread endocraine malignancy in that papillary thyroid cancer is a well-differentiated type. Since hyperthyroidism protects from thyroid cancer due to lack of reproduction of thyroid tissue by the thyroid-stimulating hormone. The papillary carcinoma is the fast-growing and metastases to local region rapidly. A 60 years old post menopausal women with a known case of hypertension of past 6 years on treatment and with hyperthyroidism of past 2 months was presented in the outpatient department in the hospital with chief complaints of mass in the neck with dyphagia, cough, breathlessness, sense of fullness and odynophagia of past 2 weeks. On physical and general examination patient found with diffuse thyroid swelling with enlarged right sided lymph node. The patient was diagnosed with papillary thyroid caricinoma with various investigation reports includes CT Scan, Immouno history chemistry reports, Histopathology and Two fine-needle aspiration biopsies. The patient has undergone 6 cycles of chemotherapy with the corticosteroids, anti-cancer drugs which includes Vincristine, Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, anti- emetic drugs and also with H2 receptor blockers. The papillary thyroid cancer is common and occurs predominantly in females than in males and with good prognosis and decreased death rates. The higher level of thyroid function is very rare in case of PTC. --- ## Role of nutrition in rehabilitation of patients following surgery for oral squamous cell carcinoma **Authors:** Mahathi Neralla, Jones Jayabalan, Rinku George, Jyotsna Rajan, Santhosh Kumar M.P, Ahmed Elham Haque, Arthi Balasubramaniam, Pradeep J. Christopher **Published:** 2019-11-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1622 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cachexia, Head and neck cancer, Malnutrition, Mini nutritional assessment, Oral cancer, Weight loss Malnutrition in oral cancer patients leads to poor response to treatment and reduced quality of life. The present study assessed the nutritional status of patients treated for oral squamous cell carcinoma and evaluated the need for implementation of any institutional protocol regarding the type of nutritional intervention employed for these patients. Patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma who had undergone primary tumor resection with or without neck dissection and reconstruction from June 2015 to June 2018 were evaluated. Of the patients with complete data recalled for review, only 25 reported to our Institute, including 12 who had undergone surgery alone and 13 who had undergone surgery plus adjuvant radio and/or chemotherapy. Their nutritional status was assessed by measuring their Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) scores, and MNA scores in the groups that underwent surgery alone and surgery plus adjuvant therapy compared by independent sample ‘t’ tests. Mean MNA score was significantly higher in patients who had undergone surgery alone than in patients who had undergone surgery plus adjuvant therapy (p=.001). Postoperative care of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma should include nutritional management to improve patient prognosis and quality of life. --- ## Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among a Sample of Chronic Hepatitis C Patients in AL-Najaf Province /Iraq **Authors:** Hanan Najem Najaf, Dheyaa J. Kadhim, Ahmed J. Alkofee, Dheyaa A. Al-Mashhadani **Published:** 2019-11-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1616 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic hepatitis C infection, depression, anxiety, stress, Iraq Previous studies in Euro-American countries have shown that patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection have increased levels of neuropsychiatric symptoms. While chronic hepatitis C virus infection has been reported in Arab countries such as Iraq, there are little studies about the neuropsychological burden associated with chronic hepatitis C among patients in the Arab region. The aim of the current study was to measure the prevalence and level of severity of depression, anxiety and stress among a sample of chronic hepatitis C patients in AL-Najaf province /Iraq. The current study was cross-sectional study carried out on (110) already diagnosed chronic viral hepatitis C patients who attended the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Center/Al-Sader Medical City/Najaf/Iraq during November 2018 to May 2019. In addition, (100) apparently healthy subjects were included as a control group. The Arabic version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) was used to assess mental health. Both the prevalence rates and severity levels of depression, anxiety and stress were significantly higher in chronic hepatitis C patients compared to the control group (P<0.001). Stress level is negatively correlated with age and is significantly more in single. Anxiety level is less with a higher level of education. Depression was significantly higher in those having children. The study indicates that the presence of chronic hepatitis C infection is associated with a higher risk of psychological burden. Accordingly, meeting the psychological needs of such patients would need to be addressed --- ## Regulatory compliance of herbal medicines – A review **Authors:** Malathi Seshasayee Konda Ramadoss, Kailasam Koumaravelou **Published:** 2019-11-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1609 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Herbal Medicinal Product, World Health Organization, Harmonisation, Regulatory bodies Recently, herbal medicinal products (HMP) have gained importance and are extensively used in the prevention and treatment of various ailments. A commercial herbal medicinal product should comply with the regulatory requirements of quality, safety and efficacy. Currently, the standards and regulations of herbal medicinal products are varying from country to country, which poses a challenge to the manufacturing companies to place a standardized herbal product in the global market. Hence a collaborative effort must be taken both by regulatory bodies and the World Health Organization (WHO) to establish harmonized regulations for a herbal medicinal product. An attempt has been made in this review which may pave the way to meet out the constraints and challenges in the manufacturing and marketing of herbal medicinal product worldwide. --- ## Synthesis and characterization Some of heterocyclic compounds from Nitrogen derivative **Authors:** Sarah Mohammed Abed, Hasan Thamer Ghanem **Published:** 2019-11-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1621 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Azo compounds, multi-reaction steps, Schiff bases, Oxazepine This paper involves the synthesis of new oxazepine derivatives by multi-reaction steps. The first step synthesis azo derivative from 2-naphthol with 3-aminoacetophenone. The second step was the condensation reaction between ketone group of the azo compound and different primary aromatic amines (4-amino phenol, 3-nitro aniline and 4-methyl aniline) to yiled new azo Schiff base compounds (S1-S3) respectively. In the final step, Oxazepine compounds (L1-L3)and (L4-L6)were prepared from reaction imine compounds (S1-S3) with maleic and phthalic anhydride in toluene as solvent. All these derivatives were characterized by melting point, FTIR, HNMR and 13CNMR. --- ## Dual evaluation of some novel chalcone annulated pyrazolines as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents via in-silico target study on cyclooxygenase-2 **Authors:** Thangavelu Prabha, Selvaraj Jubie, Palanisamy Selvamani, Subbiah Latha, Thangavel Sivakumar **Published:** 2019-11-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1615 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, COX-2, pyrazoline, docking A novel series of chalcone bearing pyrazoline moieties were (P1 to P7) synthesized and characterized by various analytical techniques. The anti-inflammatory studies showed the compounds P1, P2, P5, and P6 have produced the noteworthy inhibition on protein denaturation (81.39 - 96.57 %) when compared to standard 98.17% whereas, the antiproteinase activity was in the range of 84.55- 90.44 % when compared to the standard, 95.95 %. The compounds, P1, P2, P5 (2-Cl, 4- Cl & -NO2 substituent) bearing electron-withdrawing groups and the compounds P3 & P6 (4-N(CH3)2 & -OH substituent) possessing electron-donating group in its phenyl ring system exhibited the prominent activity. Further, to explore the molecular mechanism, the in-silico docking study against COX-2 enzyme was performed. The compounds were also screened for their antibacterial activities. Among them, the compounds P1, P2, P3, P5 and P6 showed the significant antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogen such as, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus typhi with maximum zone of inhibition within the range of 12-14 mm and 19-25 mm for 100 and 200 µg/ml concentrations respectively when compared to that of standard drug Gentamycin, whose ranges between 15-18 mm and 25-28 mm correspondingly. --- ## Prediction of risk of major bleeding with using CRUSADE bleeding score in Acute coronary syndrome patients: A case series **Authors:** Castelino Renita Edwin, Jitha Thankachan, Lisa Mathew Adackapara, Aneena Suresh **Published:** 2019-11-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1623 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Acute Coronary Syndrome, Bleeding, Hematuria, Hemorrhage, Hospital Use of intravenous heparin in Acute coronary syndrome possess a major risk of bleeding to patients. However, the estimation of risk using bleeding scores in Indian settings is yet to be established. These case series assess the risk of major bleeding associated with the use of Antithrombotic agents in patients with acute coronary syndrome using CRUSADE (Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA guidelines) bleeding score. Relevant patient data was collected from hospital records and patients were followed up till discharge. All the four cases reported showed the risk of in-hospital bleeding with anti-thrombotic agents evident as two cases of hematuria, one case of gum bleeding and one case of hemorrhagic stools. All the patient presented with chest pain to the hospital; following a diagnosis of the acute coronary syndrome, they were prescribed with antiplatelets and anticoagulants. This accompanied a bleeding event which was categorized using CRUSADE bleeding risk score. In-hospital major bleeding imposes a burden on the patient's quality of life. Use of CRUSADE bleeding score helps to predict the severity of risk in a less expensive, non-invasive manner. Further, large scale studies will pave the way for using CRUSADE as an efficient bleeding predictor score. --- ## Face and content validation of Phacoemulsification Techniques Related to Surgically Induced Astigmatism questionnaire **Authors:** Md Muziman Syah Md Mustafa, Nazaryna Marzuki, Khairidzan Mohd Kamal, Noorhazayti Ab. Halim **Published:** 2019-10-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1531 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Face validity, Content validity, Phacoemulsification, Questionnaire, Surgically induced astigmatism Phacoemulsification surgical techniques are associated with surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) in post-cataract surgery. However, no established tool is currently available to gather information on the surgeon's phacoemulsification techniques. This study aimed to validate a newly developed ‘Phacoemulsification Techniques Related to Surgically Induced Astigmatism’ (PTechSIA) questionnaire. PTechSIA questionnaire was designed to collect information on surgical techniques used by surgeons during phacoemulsification. Questionnaire items were generated based on peer-reviewed literature of related domains to phacoemulsification surgical techniques. The self-administered tool consisted of fifteen close-ended questions. Ten subject-matter experts were recruited for face validation using qualitative approach and content validation using Lawshe’s method. Content validation ratio (CVR) was calculated for each item; items with CVR value of less than 1.00 were eliminated, and the final content validity index (CVI) of the questionnaire was obtained. Out of fifteen items, six items with CVR value of less than 1.00 were eliminated with initial CVI of 0.61. After the modification process, the number of final items was nine, with an overall final CVI score of 1.00. Hence, the findings indicate that the PTechSIA questionnaire can be utilized for future assessments of surgical techniques and their association with SIA. --- ## A study to assess the prediabetic risk among adults **Authors:** Tamilselvi S, Bhuvaneshwari G, Aneesha C Anto, Deepa R, Indhumathi S, Iyeswariya K **Published:** 2019-10-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1599 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Assess, Prediabeticrisk, Adults Prediabetes is a high-risk state for diabetes that is defined by glycaemic variables that are higher than normal but lower than diabetes thresholds. 5–10% of people per year with prediabetes will progress to diabetes, with the same proportion converting back to normal glycaemia. The prevalence of prediabetes is increasing worldwide, and experts have projected that more than 470 million people will have prediabetes by 2030. Prediabetes is associated with the simultaneous presence of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction abnormalities that start before glucose changes are detectable. Hence the present study to assess the risk factors of pre-diabetes risk among the adults in SMCH and to associate the prediabetic risk with demographic variables among adults. Quasi-experimental design was employed with 100 adults who met the inclusion criteria were selected by non-probability purposive sampling technique. The researcher collected the demographic variables and assessed the prediabetic risk among adults by using Indian diabetic risk score. The data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result shows that Out of 100 samples, 15(15%) is at low risk, 55(55%) is at moderate risk and 30(30%) is at high risk among adults. The mean and standard deviation of this study are 54.6 and 16.6, respectively, for adults. The association between the prediabetes risk and the demographic variable is statistically significant. The study reveals that the adults have a moderate risk for prediabetes which is analysed using Indian diabetic risk score. --- ## Study of the effect of Nerium oleander extract in the destruction of Argulus foliaceus and Lernaea cyprinacea in ornamental fish **Authors:** Sundus Wafi Al-zayyadi **Published:** 2019-10-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1596 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Argulus foliaceus, Lernaea cyprinacea, Nerium oleander, onamental fish The effect of the extract of the Nerium oleander was studied on ornamental fish in vivo and in vitro, Using different concentrations and different periods. The results of the current study showed that the destruction of Argulus foliaceus in 50 g / 5 ml and 0.25 g / 5 ml of water after 62 and 135 minutes respectively when using the extract directly on the lice (in vitro), Lernaea cyprinacea was tested in the fish. The results of the study showed that Lernaea cyprinacea was destruction at a concentration of 50 mg/L after 15 minutes but did not affect lice, The results of the study showed that fish were cured from lice after one month of treatment at 33.33 mg/L for 72 consecutive hours. When fish were placed at 50/1500 g/L of the extract, they were treated from lice but caused the fish to die after 15 minutes after placing in a pure water bath. --- ## Anti-inflammatory activity of Myristica fragrans extract **Authors:** Farhat Yaasmeen Sadique Basha, Rajeshkumar S, Lakshmi T **Published:** 2019-10-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1607 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nutmeg extract, Inflammation, Immune response, Anti-inflammatory drug In simple terms, inflammation can be defined as a reaction from the body to an injury in living tissue. Anti-inflammatory drugs help in controlling and reducing this inflammation. Natural spice showing anti-inflammatory properties with no side effects, hence they can be used as an efficient anti-inflammatory drug in the near future. To determine the anti-inflammatory activity of Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) using MTT Assay. The plant material was obtained as a gift sample from Life Care Phytolabs Private Limited. An extract was prepared from the sample. Cell viability assay – MTT Assay was performed, and Raw cell line 247 was used to study the anti-inflammatory potential of the extract. The results collected were put into a graph and table for discussion. A gradual decrease in the number of inflammatory cells as the concentration of the extract was increased was observed in the inflammatory cell line. The cell viability, which was 7.08% when the concentration of the extract was 1ng increased up to 30.6% when the concentration of the extract was increased up to 100ug. The MTT assay test on a raw cell line 247 showed that the Myristica fragrans extract exhibits some level of the anti-inflammatory property. Further research on isolating the specific component of the extract responsible for its anti-inflammatory property can be done in the future --- ## Impact of pharmacist mediated educational program on knowledge and practice of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls **Authors:** Bhupalam Pradeepkumar, Narayana G, Haranath Chinthaginjala, Ramalingam P, Somasekhar Reddy K, Sudheer A, Veerabhadrappa KV, Vijayajyothi M **Published:** 2019-10-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1598 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Menstrual hygiene practice, Menstruation, Knowledge, Adolescent girls In India, awareness about menstruation before menarche was low, and it is viewed as unclean or dirty in society. In adolescent girls who attained menstruation for the first time, menstrual hygiene management is constrained by social, practical and economic factors such as the expense of sanitary pads, lack of water facilities, lack of private rooms for changing sanitary pads, and limited education about the facts of menstrual hygiene. The practice of good menstrual hygiene reduces the incidence of reproductive tract infections. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of pharmacist mediated educational program on menstrual hygiene practice. A self-administered questionnaire comprises socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge related to menstruation and menstrual hygiene practice was used to collect data. The collected data was analyzed to assess the knowledge related to the menstrual hygiene practice, school attendance during the menstrual period at baseline and after providing education on menstrual hygiene. Pharmacist mediated program had a positive impact on menstrual hygiene practice, Government of India need to conduct more educational programs on menstrual hygiene management at a community level. --- ## Treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia with Generic Imatinib in patients from Northeastern part of India **Authors:** Siddharth Samrat, Lalit Prashant Meena, Jaya Chakravarty, Madhukar Rai **Published:** 2019-10-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1604 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** CML, Imatinib, Cytogenetics Imatinib is now used as the first-line drug to treat CML patient. However, the emergence of resistance to Imatinib in CML patient, the side effect of bone marrow suppression, fluid overload and gastritis are a major limitation of the use of Imatinib in the treatment of CML. This study was conducted to see the therapeutic response and side effect profile of generic Imatinib Mesylate in newly diagnosed CML patients. All cases of CML were given generic Imatinib and followed prospectively with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. They were followed at an interval of 2 weeks till complete hematologic response, thereafter at an interval of 6 to 8 weeks. Cytogenetic and molecular response at the end of one year also evaluated. Among 36 CML patients, 33 were in chronic phase 2 in accelerated phase and 1 in blast crisis while 35 were Philadelphia+ve and 1 was ph–ve at initial presentation. Minimum duration to achieve CHR was 2 weeks with a mean of 5 weeks. At 3 month except one 35 patients achieved CHR (97%). Out of 36 patients, 27 were subjected for Philadelphia chromosome at one year which shown 23 patients (85.18%) achieved a major cytogenetic response. 8 (38%) patients achieved a major molecular response and one patient (4.76%) was having a complete molecular response at one year. 8 (22.22%) patients developed hematological toxicity to Imatinib with Pancytopenia most common. In conclusion, Generic Imatinib is having an excellent therapeutic response in CML patients although higher response rate may be due to smaller sample size and lesser duration of follow up. --- ## Efficacy of mri in diagnosis, staging, and treatment response assessment of carcinoma cervix: a comprehensive study **Authors:** Hemhnath M S, Aarathi E M **Published:** 2019-10-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1515 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), carcinoma cervix, FIGO staging, diagnostic accuracy Cervical carcinoma is the most common form of female genital cancer in India, accounting for 86-90% of cases. Proper evaluation of disease spread and staging is crucial for managing cervical cancer effectively. Previous staging methods, including cystoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and pelvic examinations, provided insufficient data. MRI, in conjunction with CT, has become the preferred imaging technique for clinical staging of cervical cancer. A study was conducted to assess the accuracy of MRI in detecting and grading cervical cancer. The study included 90 newly diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed cases of uterine cervical carcinoma, all of which had received chemoradiotherapy prior to the study. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system was used to assess the tumors via MRI, which was performed using a 1.5 Tesla magnet. In newly diagnosed cases, suspicious masses were observed in 86.84% of cases, while recurrent cancer cases showed these masses in 80.7%. Diagnostic accuracy in new cases reached 89.82%, with sensitivity at 90.20%, specificity at 18%, positive predictive value (PPV) at 93.14%, and negative predictive value (NPV) at 95.45%. For recurrent cases, diagnostic accuracy was 68.54%, with sensitivity at 91%, specificity at 42%, PPV at 72.36%, and NPV at 76%. MR imaging provided superior results in tumor staging, disease extent evaluation, and treatment response compared to clinical examination. --- ## Kinetics studies on biodegradability of pharmaceutical effluent by pseudomonas aeruginosa ES 10 **Authors:** Farqad Alaa Hwaidi Al-Challabi, Pandu. Brahmaji Rao, Papathoti. Narendra Kumar **Published:** 2019-10-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1595 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Industrial samples, TSS, BOD, COD, TDS, Pseudomonas auruginosa Every Industry has problems of effluent treatment. This can be revealed by the effective treatment of the effluent. The effective treatment can be done by using microorganisms to stabilize the organic and inorganic load of the effluent. The aim of the present work is to study the Industrial effluent microbiota and to identify some new active strains which can bring about fast biodegradation of the organic compounds. Studies were carried out to isolate the microorganisms from the collected effluent sample from the Industries of Bollaram, Hyderabad. An investigation was carried out to analyze Physicochemical parameters like Total suspended solids (TSS), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of untreated effluent and to degrade the effluent using native and non-native bacteria. The results of the parameters analysis revealed that untreated effluent was black in colour with an offensive odour. pH was alkaline with a high organic load such as TSS, TDS, BOD and COD which were higher than the permissible since the effluent had a high organic load, microbes (bacteria) present within the effluent was identified and isolated. The results of the study revealed the occurrence of Pseudomonas spp. And named as Pseudomonas auruginosa ES10. The presence of bacteria indicates the pollution status of the untreated tannery effluent, suggesting that it should be treated before its disposal using the biological method, particularly native and non-native bacteria for comparing their degrading efficiency. The results of the degradation study show that native bacteria Pseudomonas auruginosa ES10 was found to be very much successful in the reduction of toxic substances at the percentage range of 60-90% at different pH and incubation time, the bio-treated water can be reused for the agricultural and aqua-cultural purposes. --- ## A study to assess the quality of life among parents of autism spectrum disorder patients **Authors:** Mary Minolin T, Jojimol J, Jemima M, Kowsalya K **Published:** 2019-10-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1606 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Autism Spectrum Disorder, Quality of Life, Parent Children with autism are more at risk for developing many due to expressive communication difficulties. Research continues to show that stress is related to parenting practices and parent effectiveness within the family system, the parents, the child, and their interaction are three possible sources of parental stress which disturbs the quality of life. The study aims is to assess the demographic variable on quality of life among parent of autism child and to assess the knowledge on quality of life among parents of autism child. A quantitative research approach was adopted with convenient sampling technique to select 40 parents who attend the child development hospital. Data was collected by using standardized questionnaire . The data was organized and analyzed in term of descriptive statistics. The data collection tabulated and analyzed by using mean and standard deviation. Majority of the sample has a fair quality of life, some of the samples has a good quality of life, and a minority of the sample has a poor quality of life. The study results suggest that parents of autism children's need more guidance to improve their quality of life. --- ## Analgesic potential of methanolic extract of fucus vesiculosus **Authors:** Sadia Batool, Safia Saad, Amani Ali, Sara Abdullah, Sara Mohammad **Published:** 2019-10-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1602 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fucus vesiculosus, Indomethacin, Analgesic, Hot plate, Acetic acid Pain Fucus vesiculosus is a seaweed rich in various phytochemicals. Although it has documented systemic effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-oxidant, the effects on pain have not been evaluated. This study is aimed at evaluating the analgesic potential of this plant. Methanolic extract of the whole dried plant was prepared by maceration technique and was subjected to phytochemical screening. Phytochemical screening yielded positive results for flavonoids, saponins, tanins and steroids. Mice were divided into five groups (n=5). Normal saline 0.9%, 2ml (negative control), Indomethacin 10 mg/kg (positive control) and extracts at 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg were administered orally to mice in their respective groups. The latency to pain was assessed at 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes for each animal using the hotplate protocol. The latency to pain was increased in groups who received Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) and extracted at all doses (100,250,500 mg/kg) when compared to the negative control (0.9% N/S). However, the results were statistically significant (p-value < 0.05, < 0.001) for Indomethacin and extract-treated groups at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg dose. Acetic induced writhing demonstrated analgesic activity at 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg treated doses, which were statistically significant (p-value < 0.05) when compared with the negative control. Our study has demonstrated the central and peripheral analgesic potential of fucus vesiculosus methanolic extract. The specific active constituent and effects at cellular level need to be evaluated. --- ## Phyllanthus reticulatus mediated synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative pathogens **Authors:** Gomathi M, Prakasam A, Rajkumar P.V, Rajeshkumar S, Chandrasekaran R, Kannan S **Published:** 2019-10-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1603 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** green synthesis, optical, structural, antibacterial studies In this study, silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by using Phyllanthus reticulatus leaf extract at different concentration (5, 10, 15 mL). The prepared samples were analyzed their optical, structural, surface morphological properties, and along with these properties, the antibacterial properties were analyzed. The UV-vis absorption spectra show SPR band around 450 nm, shift to lower wavelength due to increasing extract concentration. This shift can be ascribing to a decrease in particle size. The crystallinity nature of the prepared samples is observed by the XRD profile the calculated particles size by Scherrer’s formula displays a decrease in size with respect to leaf extract volume. From the SEM image, it can be seen that irregular and large size particles prepared at 5-10 mL and the smooth spherical shape and tiny particles were observed in the sample prepared at 15 mL. The small and spherical shape nanoparticles show good antibacterial activity against gram positive and negative bacterial pathogens. The activity of large and irregular shape particles may be due to the release of Ag+ ions and generation of ROS. Because of cell wall difference in bacteria, the better activity is observed against gram negative bacteria. --- ## Assess the attitude and perception regarding mental illness among the care givers of mentally ill patients **Authors:** Angelin Lavanya, Vishnu Priya **Published:** 2019-10-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1597 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mental illness, mentally ill patients, attitude, perception, care givers Mental health is defined as a state of well being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stress of the life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution towards his or her own community. Mental illness refers to a condition of emotional and mental impairment that disturbs a person’s thinking, mood and ability that relate to others and daily functioning. The aim of the study was to assess the attitude and perception regarding mental illness among the care givers at saveetha medical college and hospital. A quantitative research approach was adopted with convenient sampling technique to select 100 care givers of mentally ill patients at saveetha medical college and hospital. Data was collected by using self - structured questionnaire technique. The data was organized and analyzed in term of descriptive statistics. Association between the level of attitude and the selected demographic variables were analyzed in which there is a significant association between the demographic variables such as education, residence and the type of care givers regarding mental illness. In related to on assessing the association between the level of perception and the selected demographic variables were analyzed in which there is a significant association between the gender, education, occupation, type of family and the type of care givers. This study has demonstrated that the care givers has a decreased level of attitude in relation to education, residence, type of care givers and decreased level of perception in related to gender, occupation, education, type of family and the type of care givers. The study concluded that the care givers have a low level of attitude and perception in related to mental illness. --- ## Quinazolinone novel derivatives synthesis and their Biological Evaluation as Antimicrobial and Antitubercular agents **Authors:** Neha Krishnarth, Santosh Kumar Verma, Anu rag **Published:** 2019-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1590 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Quinazolinone, Vilsmeir reagent, Mycobacterium H37Rv, antitubercular, antimicrobial At a global level, tuberculosis (TB) is the disease of human values. It suffers from major health, social and economic burden in many countries. There is an inability of an effective vaccine or the use of vaccine were too long and expensive, have increased risk of spread of this disease. A series of quinazolinone derivatives prepared with the help of 2-Amino-3,4,5-trimethoxy benzoic acid and Vilsmeir reagent. Synthesized compounds were characterized by various spectral methods. Different activity like antimicrobial activity of the synthesised compounds were performed, and the most active compounds of the series were further screened for antitubercular activity against bacteria mycobacterium H37Rv. Results showed that all the synthesized compounds have antimicrobial activity. Compounds IV c, IV f, IV h and IV o showed maximum activity in the synthesized series. These four compounds further screened for antitubercular activity. Compounds IV c, IV f, IV h and IV o showed significant antitubercular activity. --- ## Better in solubility enhancement : salt or cocrystal? **Authors:** Iyan Sopyan, Tazyinul Qoriah Alfauziah, Dolih Gozali **Published:** 2019-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1589 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** salt, cocrystal, solubility, crystal engineering Nowadays, most of marketed APIs are in the salt form. But not every single API was ionizable. Thus cocrystallization technique arised to overcome the problem. The aim of this review is to compare the solubility profile of salt and cocrystal. Both salt or cocrystal were used to improve the solubility of APIs and claimed for each other, which is the most effective in solubility enhancement. The salt was sformed by ionic interaction, whilst cocrystal formed by hydrogen. Both interactions changed the interaction energy and crystal packing, thus changing the physicochemical properties of APIs. Besides, other factors affecting the solubility of the binary system were melting point, particle morphology, and solubility of coformer. The solubility comparison led to understand the underlying mechanism on solubility enhancement of salt and cocrystal itself. --- ## Role of Dexamethasone on immune dysregulation mediated through Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in mice challenged with type 1 diabetes and allergic asthma **Authors:** Ravikumar N, Kavitha CH N **Published:** 2019-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1593 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Asthma, Immune dysregulation, Ovalbumin, Type 1 diabetes, Th1/Th2 imbalance Dysregulated equilibrium between T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and asthma. Conflicting evidence exist explaining the association between T1D and asthma and is still a point of debate. In the present study, our objective was to investigate the influence of associated T1Dco morbid condition on the induction of experimental asthma in mice and also to evaluate the efficacy of Dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.ly) in these mice. Type 1 diabetes was induced by a single intravenous injection of alloxan (80 mg/kg) in Balb/c mice. Following diabetes induction, mice were sensitized with an intraperitoneal injection of 50 µg ovalbumin (Ova) emulsified in 2.5 mg aluminum hydroxide on days 3 and 8. From day 13 to day 15, animals were challenged intranasally with 100 µg Ova in 25 µl of sterile saline. Dexamethasone treatment was initiated on sensitization day and continued once in 2 days thereafter until day 15. Control animals received only saline without Ova. On day 16, mice were subjected to nasal hyperresponsiveness (NHR) immediately after the Ova challenge. Bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), blood, and lungs were collected 1h post completion of NHR for further analysis. Alloxan diabetic mice showed significantly lower levels of eosinophils in BALF and blood with the corresponding decrease in inflammatory cells around airways in hematoxylin & eosin-stained lung sections, but with no change in NHR than in non-diabetics after Ova sensitization and challenge. The presence of T1D featured a unique, yet the intermediary stage of asthma induction and also presented an altered magnitude of Dexamethasone efficacy compared to the absence of T1D in the murine model of Ova induced asthma. --- ## Efficacy of microbes in bioremediation of tannery waste water at Dindigul district **Authors:** Ramees Raja Hussain A, Aneez Mohamed M **Published:** 2019-10-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1591 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bioremediation, pH, BOD, COD Tannery waste water contains an enumerous amount of chemicals and a high level of pH, TDS, TSS, BOD, and COD, which gets directly into the natural aquatic environment, thus polluting to the water quality. Because of that important to develop a cost-effective and eco-friendly technology to treat the tannery waste water. Our present research work has been done to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of tannery waste water and to decrease the value of BOD, pH, and COD by the procedure of bioremediation using microbes. Among the physical and chemical characteristics analyzed BOD, pH and COD were find to be very huge value. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus were identified and isolated and utilized in the decrease of BOD, pH, and COD in the tannery waste water. Four different concentrations of untreated tannery waste water (control, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) were prepared. The treatment was carried out for 48 hrs (2 days). It is inferred from the results that Bacillus cereus to be more effective in reducing pH, BOD, and COD than the bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the untreated tannery effluents. --- ## Cloud point extraction for separation, preconcentration and determination zinc (ii) in different pharmaceutical samples **Authors:** Ghusoon Jawad Shabaa **Published:** 2019-10-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1587 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** cloud point, solvent extraction, Zn (II), Azo derivatives, pharmaceutical chemistry Joining solvent extraction with cloud point extraction methods obtained a susceptible method for separation, pre-concentration, extraction and categorization of Zn (II), after forming an ion-pair association complex between Zn+2 and 4-(3-methyl phenyl azo)-4,5- diphenyl imidazole (MPADPI) with wavelength for maximum absorbance λmax.=496 Nm. This study shows optimum conditions for the formation and exaction ion-pair association complex under pH=9 and 0.5 mL Tritonx-100, 1×10-4 M (MPADPI) and heating at 80 Co for 20 minutes so that this study involved the effect of electrolyte and interferences along with the spectrophotometric determination of Zinc (II) in diverse samples. --- ## Prevalence of amoebic dysentery and giardiasis in Al-Najaf **Authors:** Muna Hashim Ghazzay, Shimaa Jabber Kiad, Shimaa J. Shamran, Meison Abdulbary **Published:** 2019-10-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1576 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, amoebic dysentery, giardiasis The infestation with amoebic dysentery and giardiasis in the intestine play an important role in the human health deficiency in Al-Najaf since the infections may lead to gastroenteritis in human. To learn about the range of extending amoebic dysentery and giardiasis in people ( male and female ) which their ages range (1-50 ) years old this study was established for 7 months (January 2018 to July 2018) in Al-Najaf. A total of 377 patient examined in this study,119 infections Giardia lamblia and 258 infections Entamoeba histolytica, Results indicated that the highest infection was 16.3 in age range (31-40 ) in male patients infected with giardiasis, and in amoebic dysentery also the highest infection was 17.8 in age range (31-40) in male . its referred that no significant differences between Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia according to age (31-40) in male. As The results indicated that the rate of infection in males is higher than females in all age and in both parasites. The results recorded the highest rate of infection in both parasites during the months of the study in July reaching 12.9 in Giardia lamblia and 19.2 in Entamoeba histolytica , This is evidence of significant differences between Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica in infections during the months of the study, Where the rate of infection was increased in the amoebic dysentery reaching(16.3 in April),(19.4 in May and June) and (19.7 July) respectively. --- ## Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitude and confidence regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation among ambulance drivers in Malaysia **Authors:** Jamie Foong Siew Wei, Mohd Azmani bin Sahar, Ahmad Zulkarnain Ahmad Zahedi **Published:** 2019-10-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1581 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Attitude, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Confidence, Knowledge Out of hospital cardiac arrest is a major cause of death worldwide. The outcome from out of hospital cardiac arrest remains poor, thus requiring immediate emergency medical intervention and high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ambulance drivers are part of the prehospital care team and therefore play a critical role in providing cardiopulmonary resuscitation to cardiac arrest patient. As present, there is no study that has been developed to assess the knowledge, attitude and confidence regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation among ambulance drivers. Thus, this study has developed a reliable and validated a questionnaire called AmKAC to evaluate their knowledge, attitude and confidence. The questionnaires are available in two languages, English and Bahasa Malaysia, in view of different educational background. The content validity was then assessed by content experts. Subsequently, the questionnaires underwent face validity which were pretested among 10 ambulance drivers to check for the understanding, language and readability. Afterwards, the refined questionnaires were administered to 108 ambulance drivers from the emergency trauma department of six different hospitals. The process was repeated one week after for the retest. This study reviewed reliable questionnaires in measuring knowledge, attitude and confidence among ambulance driver with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.685, 0.703 and 0.905, respectively. In addition, the questionnaire also showed good test-retest reliability and correlation between the items, by using Spearman’s rho and intraclass coefficient, respectively. In conclusion, the developed, validated AmKAC can be used in future to provide better insights of the ambulance drivers knowledge, attitude and confidence level regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation permitting organization of courses and training. --- ## Anti-inflammatory activity of cinnamon oil mediated silver nanoparticles -An in vitro study **Authors:** Mohamed Thamemul Ansari K A, Anitha Roy, Rajeshkumar S **Published:** 2019-10-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1579 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Silver nanoparticles, Cinnamon oil, Nanotechnology, Inflammation, Spices, UV-Visible spectroscopy Cinnamon is one of the main spice which is not only used for cooking but also for medicinal purpose. Recently, plant-based silver nanoparticles are explored in various research areas. In this study, Silver nanoparticles were prepared with cinnamon oil using 1mM silver nitrate solution, and its formation was confirmed by using UV -Vis spectroscopy. The prepared cinnamon oil mediated silver nanoparticles were further evaluated for its anti-inflammatory property. It is done using a technique by Inhibition of albumin denaturation assay, and the result was compared with standard diclofenac sodium. It was found that there was a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on inflammatory activity and at 100uL, the cinnamon oil mediated silver has showed almost equal activity of diclofenac sodium, the standard used in the study. Silver nanoparticles synthesised using cinnamon oil exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity, and hence, it may be used for its anti-inflammatory activity. --- ## Recent updates on dry powder for inhalation for pulmonary drug delivery systems **Authors:** Sanjeevani Shekhar Deshkar, Alisha Swizal Vas **Published:** 2019-10-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1575 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Pulmonary drug delivery system, deposition and clearance mechanisms, dry powder for inhalation, novel drug delivery systems Pulmonary drug delivery system is an attractive and most promising approach which is gaining great impetus for the delivery of various therapeutic agents which includes administration of proteins and peptides, agents for the treatment of tuberculosis, asthma, diabetes chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), various fungal infections, cancer, etc. This route has gained great importance due to its large surface and the absorptive area, which can potentially bypass the hepatic first-pass metabolism. The dawn of nanotechnology has brought a lot of advancement in the pre-existing formulation aspect with respect to reducing the systemic toxicity and dosing, specific targeting and enhanced efficiency of the treatment. This review reflects on the basics of pulmonary drug delivery, various formulations options available for administration via dry powder inhalers and advances in the same. --- ## Aflibercept or ranibizumab for the treatment of diabetic macular edema; A retrospective study **Authors:** Khlood M. Aldossary, Anfal Alruzuq, Ghady Almohanna, Hessa Almusallam, Sara Alamri, Fatima Alshehri, Arwa Alzahrani, Attiqa Chaudhary **Published:** 2019-10-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1586 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetic macular edema, Efficacy, Aflibercept, Ranibizumab Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a significant cause of diabetic retinopathy and a major cause of vision loss. In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two injectable drugs; intravitreal Aflibercept and intravitreal Ranibizumab for the treatment of DME of the eyes. A retrospective chart review was conducted for patients diagnosed with DME from March 2014 to January 2019 who received either intravitreal Aflibercept or intravitreal Ranibizumab injection. A total of 57 eyes were included, of which 19 eyes were treated with intravitreal Ranibizumab injection, and 38 eyes were treated with intravitreal Aflibercept injection; all eyes were examined for 3 months. Two outcomes were assessed in this study, namely; visual acuity (VA) and central macular thickness (CMT). The mean age in the Ranibizumab group was 61.1±9.5 vs 64.3±10.2 in the Aflibercept group with no significant difference (p-value=0.25). The ratio of improvement in visual acuity (VA) in the Ranibizumab group was 68.4% vs 44.7% in the Aflibercept group; (p-value=0.038) which demonstrates the superiority of Ranibizumab over Aflibercept concerning visual acuity result. However, there is no statistically significant difference between the ratio of improvement in central macular thickness (CMT) results in both groups; (p-value=1.00). In fact, the ratio of improvement in CMT in both groups was the same 78.9% for both the groups. However, Ranibizumab is superior in improving visual acuity compared to Aflibercept. Further comparative effectiveness trials between Aflibercept and Ranibizumab are still warranted. --- ## A study to evaluate the magnitude of understanding on harm’s way associated with heart disease among clients attending NCD clinic at nemam PHC **Authors:** Bhuvaneshwari G, Selvarani R, Suriyamathi B, Allwyn Moses M, Kalichwaran S **Published:** 2019-10-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1583 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Risk factors, heart diseases, knowledge Non-communicable Disease (NCD), almost completely heart diseases, malignancy, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases are the main source of demise worldwide killing additional human beings further wise entire further sources merge. In 2008 nearly two-thirds of the demises were due to NCD, a 36 million out of 57. Out of this almost completely 80% of demise happens in little and medium earnings nation with over 50% of them happening amid human beings completely amount 70 years old and 29% under 60 years of age. At current heart diseases (CVD) are the numeral single sources of demise worldwide with little and medium earning nations existence pretentious uneven. So the current research is ready to evaluate the magnitude of understanding on harm’s way associated with heart disease among clients attending NCD clinic at nemam PHC. A descriptive research design was chosen to evaluate the magnitude of understanding on harm’s way associated with heart disease among clients attending NCD clinic at nemam PHC 100 samples are included within our study. Prospective sampling techniques method was utilized in selecting the samples. A self-arranged questionnaire was utilized to gather statistics. The evaluate the magnitude of understanding on harm’s way associated with heart disease among clients attending NCD clinic at nemam PHC are Inadequate knowledge: 23%Moderate knowledge: 56% Adequate knowledge: 21%. The study concludes that there is moderation risk factors associated with heart disease among clients attending NCD clinic at Nemam PHC. --- ## Effectiveness of cumin cyminum plus lime administration on obesity among womens **Authors:** Karpagam K, Priya U **Published:** 2019-10-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1577 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cumin Cyminum, Limes, Obesity Obesity is a medical condition which occurs due to accumulation of excess body fat to an extent that results negative effect in health. Obese are generally known when the body mass index (BMI) of a person is above 25. According to World health organization obesity and corpulent are defined as a risk of body health due to over or abnormal accumulation of fat in a human body. 50 (25 experimental group and 25 control group) women’s who met the inclusion criteria were selected by using non probability convenience sampling technique. After selecting the sample, the investigator explained the purpose of the study and informed consent was obtained. Demographic variables were collected pretest was done by using BMI for both experimental and control group. For experimental group, cumin cyminum plus lime water given for 3 weeks on early morning in empty stomach. The data were tabulated and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The calculated ‘t’ value is significant at P< 0.005.The study indicates that administration of cumin cyminum plus lime water is effective in reducing overweight. The present study showed that cumin cyminum plus lime was not only beneficial but also safe and effective in the treatment of obesity. --- ## Evaluation of grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera) as a crosslinker on the stability of dentine collagen in total-etch adhesive systems: An in-vitro study **Authors:** Dennis D, Fenika Maitari, Trimurni Abidin, Wandania Farahanny **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1552 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** bond strength, proanthocyanidine, grape seed extract, crosslinker The bond strength between resin-dentine is determined by the integrity of collagen, dentine and resin monomers. The susceptibility of the dentine bond results from the instability of the bonding structure that adheres to the bonding material. This can be achieved by using collagen cross-linker, synthetically and naturally in dentine substrates which are effective in protecting collagen fibrils from degradation, as proanthocyanidine. The aim of this study was to see the effect of grape seed extract as a crosslinker on the stability of dentine collagen and see the differences between groups. This study used 27 fresh premolars or third molars which were divided into 3 groups, namely group I giving grape seed extract 6.5%, group II giving chlorhexidine 2%, and group III only giving bonding ingredients. Samples were analyzed using SEM with 1000x magnification. Data was analyzed using the kappa statistic, Kruskal-Wallis, dan Mann-Whitney. The result of the study significant differences between treatment groups (P <0.05), the 2% chlorhexidine group showed the highest value compared to the grape seed extract group and without treatment. Grape seed extract can be used as an alternative to chlorhexidine as a crosslinker to maintain bone strength of the composite restoration. --- ## Formulation and characterization of flurbiprofen loaded microsponge based gel for sustained drug delivery **Authors:** Naresh Kshirasagar, Goverdhan Puchchakayala, Balamurugan K **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1546 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Microsponges, Franz diffusion cell, Flurbiprofen, Sustained action The new investigation in this present work is to develop microsponges constructed novel drug delivery system for sustained action of Flurbiprofen. Quai-emulsion solvent diffusion method was engaged using Ethyl cellulose and Eudragit RS100 with drug: polymer ratio for development of microsponges. For optimization purposes, several factors are considered in the investigation. Several evaluation studies for the formed microsponges were carried out FT-IR, SEM, DSC, X-RD, particle size analysis, morphology, drug loading and In vitro drug release. Finally, it was concluded that there is no drug-polymer interaction as per DSC & FT-IR. Encapsulation efficiency, particle size and drug content showed a higher impact on alteration of drug-polymer ratio. SEM studies showed that morphological microsponges are spherical and porous in nature and with the mean particle size of 38.86 μm. The gel loaded with microsponges, were followed by In vitro and Ex vivo drug release studies by modified Franz diffusion cell. Skin delivery of optimized formulation enhanced the drug residence time and maintained therapeutic concentration for an extended period of time, which is possible to show sustained action of the drug. --- ## Sublingual spray: a new technology oriented formulation with multiple benefits **Authors:** Aravindhanthan V, Anjali P B, Arun Radhakrishnan **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1567 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Sublingual spray, current status, formulations, evaluation tests Sublingual drug delivery system was a well-established platform for delivering the drug that need to exhibit quick action without any first-pass metabolic effect, but various pitfall in the regular sublingual drug delivery systems such as a tablet, capsule etc., that can be overcome by novel sublingual drug delivery technology such as particulate sublingual spray. Sublingual spray for drug administration has gained attention in the market since it proved its propensity to by-pass the first-pass metabolism and to initiate a rapid onset of action due to its atomized micro particulate nature, which is significantly higher than the other sublingual formulations. The approval of sublingual spray by the regulatory agencies may commence further research in this field by subsuming various essential drugs for indications such as cancer pain, cardiovascular issue etc. This article comprises a detailed study on the drawback of conventional sublingual drug delivery system and the approach by which these drawbacks can be overruled by spray technology in the sublingual area and the, in-depth mechanism of drug delivery through sublingual with the help of atomization followed by the entire formulation strategy along with evaluation and industrial perspective of the sublingual spray dosage form as a future tool of patient-friendly drug delivery. --- ## Assessing quality of life among sample of iraqi patients with rheumatoid arthritis **Authors:** Mirna K. Faiq, Dheyaa J. Kadhim, Faiq I. Gorial **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1564 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** rheumatoid arthritis, quality of life, WHO-BREF questionnaire Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the common chronic disease, which lead to great disability and chronic pain, and has a main adverse economic and social effect upon patients. The reason for the addition of quality of life as a pointer for health outcome result is attributed to the affectability of this measure for the evaluation of patient's health status after taken treatment and its health outcome. The purpose of the current study was to assess quality of life among a sample of Iraqi patients with rheumatoid arthritis and to determine the possible association between health’s related quality of life and some patient-certain factors. This study is a cross-sectional study carried out on 250 already diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis patients who attended Baghdad Teaching Hospital/Medical City/Rheumatology department. The mean age of the patients was (50.8 ± 13.1 years). The Arabic version of the (WHOQOL-BREF) Questionnaire was used to measure Quality of life. The results of the current study showed that rheumatoid arthritis has a significant effect on the quality of life of patients. The mean of the total quality of life score was 46.9 ± 9.7. Older age was associated with the reduced psychological and environmental score. Female patients had high physical and psychological score compared to male patients. Higher education levels worked patients directly predict the elevated quality of life score. High disease activity associated with low quality of life score. Future studies should investigate how interventional approaches addressing these predictors may lead to improve quality of life among rheumatoid arthritis patients and their impression on disease control. --- ## A study to assess the effectiveness of lukewarm water compress on prevention of nipple pain among primi parous mother **Authors:** Resmy V, Juliet Jenifer **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1551 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nipple pain, primi parous mother, lukewarm water compress Parenthood is a very civilizing experience. Mother is placed at the level of soul to provide sacrifice, love and affection and satisfy the need of her child. It is generally a cheerful event. The word ‘postnatal’comes from Latin word ‘post’ means ‘secundum', and ‘nativitas’ means ‘delivery’. The postpartum period begins immediately after the birth of a child and extends up to the first six weeks. The main aim to assess the effectiveness of lukewarm water compress on prevention of nipple pain among primi parous mother. The study was conducted in Thiruvallur district headquarters hospital with 60 samples. The information was collected using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. The result indicates that the application of lukewarm water compress is effective on nipple pain among primi parous mother. --- ## Cost effectiveness analysis of anti-hypertensive drugs used for chronic kidney disease patients **Authors:** Mohamed Saleem TS, Sreeja N, Kiran Karthik J, Bhanu Sree K **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1553 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Calcium Channel Blockers, Hypertension, Kidney Disease, Pharmacoeconomics Cost effectiveness analysis branch of pharmacoeconomics is a technique used to aid in decision making between alternatives. A prospective observational study would be conducted in the nephrology department at O.P, Patients with CKD with hypertension, with or deprived of diabetes are included in the study. Patients with drug-induced renal disease or unknown cause. Pregnant women with chronic kidney disease are excluded from the study. The research was conducted in150 patients in which common are men. The mean age of the research people was found to be 51.2 ±7. 02. It was observed that calcium channel blockers 127 (84.6%), diuretics 51 (34%), α agonists 33 (22%), β blockers 21 (14%), α blockers 17 (11.3%), α+β blockers 10 (6.6%), Angiotensin receptor blockers 3 (2%) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors 1 (0.6%) were the numerous antihypertensive drugs given to the study people. Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio was assessed, and it was observed that Rs.31.80 was extra required while using diuretics than Calcium Channel Blockers for achieving respective maintenance value. The major classes of antihypertensive drugs prescribed in all of them are CCB+α agonist was found most effective CCB+ Diuretics were the second most effective. Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio was calculated, and it was found that Rs.4.40 was Extra needed to attaining essential upkeep of blood pressure. Pharmacoeconomic study shows that Calcium channel blockers were the utmost cost-effective antihypertensive in CKD patients when linked to other antihypertensive drugs. In two-drug combination therapy, CCB+α agonist was found most effective. --- ## Non-pathological bony features causing snapping scapula syndrome : a study with correlation to gender and side **Authors:** Ritu Singroha, Usha Verma, Suresh Kanta Rathee **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1568 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Crepitus, Orthopaedic, Snapping, Tubercle A patient of snapping scapula usually presents with perceivable, appreciable and agonizing crepitus during the movements of scapula. This study aimed at focusing on bony features which are responsible for snapping scapula and study their incidence, morphology and correlation to gender and side of the scapula. The study was performed on 50 pairs of the human scapula of known sex in the Department of Anatomy at PGIMS Rohtak. The parameters recorded were medial scapular border morphology, presence of Tubercle of Luschka and the presence of Teres major tubercle or process. The most common type of medial scapular border was found to be Convex (73%) followed by Straight and Concave types. Luschka’s tubercle was observed in only 6% of the scapula. Teres Major tubercle was present in 29% of the scapula, whereas Teres Major process was present in only 11% of the scapula and the process was curved in only 2% of the scapula. These findings are very important for orthopaedic point of view in the diagnosis and treatment of snapping scapula syndrome. --- ## Patient satisfaction on Trigger finger management **Authors:** Ashok Thudukuchi Ramanathan, Ganesan G Ram **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1547 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** A1 pulley, Daycare, Outpatient area, Percutaneous release, Patient satisfaction, SAPS, Trigger finger Trigger finger relatively a common hand problem with varied treatment options from conservative to surgical release done as outpatient and daycare procedure with its own applications and limitations. Our aim is to assess patient satisfaction among the different types of trigger finger release at different areas of health care. 60 patients (Female 60%: Male 40%) with single-digit trigger finger involvement (Ring finger28.33%, Thumb26.66%, Middle finger25%, Index finger18.33%) with a mean age of 49years were divided into four groups based on card selection. The mean Short Assessment of Patient Satisfaction SAPS score was highest amongst the group in which the procedure was done at the outpatient area under percutaneous needle release technique, while the mean lowest score was obtained from group IV in which the procedure was done at the operation theatre by open release technique as daycare. Patient satisfaction and compliance were found to be higher in the group who underwent a procedure at an outpatient area. --- ## Antifungal activity of neem and Aloe vera formulation mediated zirconium oxide nanoparticles **Authors:** Santhanam P, Rajeshkumar S, Lakshmi T, Anitha Roy **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1565 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Neem, Aloe Vera, Nanoparticles, Zirconium oxide, Antifungal activity The aim of the research is to access the Anti-fungal activity of Neem and Aloe Vera composition mediated zirconium oxide nano particles. The procedure includes a collection of Azadirachta indica (neem) and Aloe Vera plant leaves and preparation of plant extract, Synthesis of zirconium oxide nanoparticles using a herbal formulation and Anti-fungal activity determination of synthesised zirconium oxide nanoparticles. The objective is to evaluate the activity done by neem and Aloe Vera composition mediated zirconium oxide nano particles against fungal infection. As a result, the addition of nanoparticles to prepared plant extracts showed mild or no colour change. Thus zirconium oxide nanoparticles are colourless in nature. But turbidity in solution appears after the addition of nanoparticles. Graphical representation of the synthesis of nanoparticles showed a peak at 350 nanometers(nm) in both initial and final readings, but the rate of absorbance showed a mild increase in final reading which confirms the synthesis of the nanoparticle. The anti-fungal activity was checked against 3 pathogenic fungi Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and it showed mild ring of a zone of inhibition around the well. Zone of inhibition increases with an increase in the quantity of nanoparticles in the well. Zone of inhibition proves the anti-fungal activity. To conclude, Azadirachta indica (neem) and Aloe Vera composition mediated zirconium oxide nanoparticles show anti-fungal activity. --- ## Controlling of oral pathogens using ginger oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles **Authors:** Karthikeyan Gayathri, Anitha Roy, Thangavelu Lakshmi, Rajeshkumar S **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1580 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ginger Oleoresin, Green synthesis, oral pathogens, silver nanoparticles Silver have become a substance of great interest among researches in the present time due to its low cost and its wide range of applications in various fields. Moreover, recently, green nanotechnology has been gaining popularity because of its exclusion of damaging reagents and cost-effectiveness. In this study, ginger mediated silver were prepared and confirmed with spectroscopy. The ginger mediated silver were then tested for its antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus and . The antimicrobial activity was found to be highest against among the test organisms. Silver using natural substances can be used in control of oral pathogens. --- ## Invitro and insilico anti hyperglycemic activity of cadaba fruticosa leaves - an enteric approach **Authors:** Evangaline Rachel T, Hemapreethi S, Sridevi S, Mythreyi R, Rajeswary Hari **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1559 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti hyperglycemic, α amylas, Cadaba fruticosa, α glucosidase In the present study, an effort was made to identify the anti hyperglycemic potential of ethanolic extract of Cadaba fruticosa leaves concentrating the enteric system. The glucose-lowering potential was studied by using the in vitro methods such as α amylase inhibitory activity, inhibition of glucose diffusion, glucose adsorption and uptake by yeast cells. In silico methods comprising of the molecular docking of the selected phyto constituents as antagonistic ligands to the disaccharide digesting enzyme α glucosidase and glucose level maintaining enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV. The plant extract inhibited α amylase enzyme and the glucose diffusion considerably, which was found to be concentration-dependent. The uptake of glucose by the yeast cells in the presence of the extract was also found to be increased. In the molecular docking analysis based on the docking score, iso quercetin was found to be a potential antagonistic ligand for both enzymes α glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV since they exhibited similar amino acid interactions shown by the acarbose and Sitagliptin which are the standard competitive inhibitors of these two enzymes. It can be concluded that the leaves of Cadaba fruticosa may serve as a potential anti hyperglycemic drug in future for the management of diabetes mellitus. --- ## The use of sarcoptes scabiei crude extract as allergen: An attempt to prepare a vaccine **Authors:** Malak Majid Al-Musawi, Hadi Rasool Hasan, Azar Hadi Maluki **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1563 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sarcoptes scabiei, Skin Prick Test, Allergen, Immediate type-1 hypersensitivity Scabies stands for a skin parasitic infestation as a result of mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is a neglected international health problem; about 300 million cases develop scabies worldwide annually. Sarcoptes scabiei mite proteins are extracted, then heat-stable mite proteins concentration has been established by Bradford's method. SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis was used. The activity of mite allergens was assayed through skin prick test (SPT) in scabietic patients with 1.2 μg/ml and 2.4 μg/ml. House dust mite (HDM) antigens were skin prick tested in patients with scabies and controls. The results revealed that the SDS-PAGE profile of the parasite heat-stable proteins consisted of protein bands with molecular weights ranged from less than 10 to over than 100 kDa. Skin test demonstrated that 70% and 80% of scabietic patients had a positivity against 1.2 μg/ml and 2.4 μg/ml of sarcoptic mite extracts, respectively when prick tested. HDM extract was found to be positive in 40% of scabietic patients; while controls revealed a negative result. Sarcoptic proteins contain heat-stable allergens which able to cause immediate type-1 hypersensitivity when 1.2μg/ml of mite protein is skin prick tested, and there is cross-reactivity between Sarcoptes scabiei and HDM allergens. --- ## Evaluation of some trace elements status in females type 1 diabetics patients and its relationship with oxidative stress **Authors:** Seenaa kadhum Ali, Elham Abed Mahdi, Zinah Kadhim Kareem, Mohanad Kadhim Ali, Ayad Kadhim Ali **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1405 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Trace elements, diabetes, serum level, biochemical analysis Disorders of trace elements in diabetic patients with type 1 are possibly led to glucose metabolism disturbance and increased oxidation, which may promote the development of diabetes and insulin resisting. We aim to clarify the role of the serum level of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), Zn/Cu ratio and their relations with the degree of oxidative stress in females T1D. The study included 35 healthy women and 54 women with insulin-dependent diabetes Serum levels of trace element have determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results showed a decrease levels of Cu, Fe, Zn and MDA in diabetes patients compared to controls (p <0.000), (p < 0.000) (p< 0.001) (p <0.001) correspondingly. Significance in correlations amid Zn and age (r= -0.449, p <0.032), significance in correlations among Co in addition to age (r= -0.434, p <0.038) with significances in correlation amid Fe and MDA (r= 0.024, p <0.366). --- ## Potential of mangrove (Acanthus Ilicifolius) leave extract as an alternative root canal irrigation in removing smear layer (in-vitro study) **Authors:** Dennis D, Winda Fatika Sari, Trimurni Abidin, Widi Prasetia **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1566 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acanthus ilicifolius, EDTA, root canal irrigation, NaOCl, Smear layer Factor that should be considered in the use of irrigation is the loss of the smear layer on root canal walls. Therefore the prepared root canal can be irrigated using materials, such as EDTA 17% and 2,5% NaOCl and of extract Acanthus ilicifolius 7,5% and 10%. To determine the potential of extract Acanthus ilicifolius leaves as an alternative of root canal irrigation in removing smear layer at a concentratiom of 7,5% and 10%. The type of this study is a laboratory experimental with post-test only control group design. The total sample is 24 teeth samples that have been prepared and irrigated consisting of four groups. 6 samples for irrigation 7,5% extract Acanthus ilicifolius, 6 samples for irrigation 10% extract Acanthus ilicifolius, 6 positive control samples for combination 2,5% NaOCl and EDTA 17%, and 6 negative control samples. Shooting tool used to observe the cleanliness level in the walls of the root canal is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Data were analyzed using Kappa statistics, followed by Kruskal wallis analysis test and continued with Mann-Whitney analysis. Acanthus ilicifolius 7.5% and 10% extracts can remove the smear layer when compared with the negative control group. The combination of 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA is better in smear layer removal compared to 7.5% and 10% Acanthus ilicifolius extracts. Acanthus ilicifolius was able to clean the smear layer on the root canal and can be used as an alternative root canal irrigation. --- ## Effect of hydroethanolic extract of Piper betle in isoproterenol induced cardiac hypertrophy **Authors:** Doss VA, Sreeja Jeevan, Madhumitha Paranjothi, Dharaniyambigai Kuberapandian **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1594 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cardiac hypertrophy, Isoproterenol, Losartan, Piper betle Cardiac hypertrophy (CH) is a condition in which myocardial mass is increased beyond the normal range due to irreversible fibrotic events that lead to various complication like ventricular chamber dilation, thinning of the internal walls and extensive myocardial damage. In this study, the cardioprotective potential of the hydro-ethanolic extract of Piper betle (P. betle) was evaluated against cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol in male albino Wistar rats. Isoproterenol (10 mg/kg b.w., i.p., 7 days) induced cardiac hypertrophy in experimental rats which were simultaneously treated with the standard drug losartan (50 mg/ kg b.w., oral., 7 days) and hydro-ethanolic extract of P. betle (200 mg/kg b.w., oral., 7 days). Biochemical estimations revealed increased levels of glucose, protein, albumin, lipid profiles (total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides), urea, creatinine, cardiac maker enzymes (SGOT; SGPT and LDH), reduced enzymic antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GPx) and serum were observed during CH which were reciprocated to normal when treated with plant extract. Histopathological analysis of the heart tissue (left ventricles) showed repairment of cellular architecture with reduced stiffened cell layers and necrosis in plant extract administered rats thereby indicating the anti-hypertrophic potential of P. betle. --- ## Amla fruit mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and its antifungal activity **Authors:** Srinisha M, Rajeshkumar S, Lakshmi T, Anitha Roy **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1554 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ZnO NPs, Fruit, Antifungal, Aspergillus To study the antifungal activity of ZnO nanoparticles synthesised from amla fruit. Nanotechnology has offered great possibilities in various fields of science and technology. It has been playing a crucial role in the development of modern materials in recent years. The antifungal activity of ZnO occurs by the deformation of fungal hyphae leading to the death of fungal hyphae, which may lead to cellular destruction. Preparation of plant extract, Synthesis of nanoparticles, Characteristics of nanoparticles, Preparation of nanoparticles powder, Antifungal activity of nanoparticles against Candida albicans. The peak found in the spectroscopy indicates the formation of ZnO nanoparticle. It is clearly seen from the graph that increase in concentration results in an increase in antifungal activity. The antifungal activity, in this case, was proved with Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus. The results conclude that ZnO nanoparticle can be used to prevent any antifungal diseases. --- ## Health-related quality of life in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation with tyrosine kinase inhibitors treatment: a systematic review **Authors:** Seftika Sari, Tri Murti Andayani, Dwi Endarti, Kartika Widayati **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1570 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** TKIs, HRQOL, NSCLC, Mutation of EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) have been recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) as first-line therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients with EGFR mutations. In addition to prolonging Progression-Free Survival and Overall Survival, one of the treatment goals also considers improving the health-related quality of life (HRQOL), which can help to achieve the patients' treatment targets. Several systematic review studies related to HRQOL in advanced NSCLC patients have already been carried out, but there are only a few studies of HRQOL in NSCLC patients who experience EGFR mutations and are treated with TKIs in their specific treatment. Relevant studies were identified from Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus. Electronic data-based search produced 112 articles, with 21 articles matched the title and abstract, yet only nine articles met the inclusion and exclusion to be reviewed. In general, the impact of HRQOL on TKIs is better than platinum and placebo-based chemotherapy. Afatinib, erlotinib, and gefitinib further improved HRQOL compared to platinum and placebo-based chemotherapy seen from the improvements in symptoms, physical function, and social function scale. However, gefitinib vs erlotinib showed no significant difference in patients’ the quality of life. TKIs provide better HRQOL than platinum and placebo-based chemotherapy. --- ## Effect of positioning on physiological parameters on low birth weight preterm babies in neonatal intensive care unit **Authors:** Alice Jeba J, Senthil Kumar S, Shivaprakash sosale **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1550 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Neonatal intensive care unit, Nesting, physiological parameters, prematurity, neonate Preterm infants are babies who are delivered before the completion of 37 weeks gestation period. They are born with immature functioning of the brain. In Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), these infants receives many environmental stimuli, and their comfort will be disturbed. These various sensory stimulus received in NICU influence the functional and neurodevelopmental outcome of these infants and also their quality of life. So this study was intended to evaluate the axillary temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation level of these infants prior to nesting and after nesting at the 60th minute. Forty preterm infants who fulfilled the criteria of selection were included in the study by simple random sampling and segregated into case and control groups by blocked randomization. Data was collected and recorded. The temperature was recorded by a digital thermometer, respiratory rate was counted by the number of times the infants' chest rises, heart rate and oxygen saturation readings from the pulse oximeter. The result of the study showed that there was statistically significant effect of nesting at 60th minute, temperature (t=5.03966,p<0.05), respiratory rate(t= -2.13,p<0.05) and heart rate (t=-2.59766,p<0.05). But the effect was not significant on oxygen saturation level (t=1.2,p=0.238). Hence this study result supports the use of nesting in NICU. --- ## Comparative anatomy of acromion process and its association with prevalence and prevention of impingement syndrome **Authors:** Ayesha Parveen, Yuvaraj Maria Francis, Nivedha V, Senthil Kumar S, Gunapriya Raghunath, Ponnusamy Kasirajan Sankaran, Kumaresan M, Balaji K **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1572 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Impingement syndrome, Acromion process, canine, bovine, equine The objective of this study is to compare the morphometric features of, acromion process of humans with that of other vertebrates, and find its association with impingement syndrome. This study also aims to prevent the incidence of impingement syndrome by using various prevention techniques. For the comparative study, human scapulae were morphometrically measured and compared with the scapulae of other vertebrates. The influence of physical activities over modification of growth of acromion into various types was studied among the swimmers' population with radiographic evidence. The acromion process of 90 scapulae collected from the Anatomy Department of Saveetha Medical College and the scapula of other vertebrates like- canine, bovine, equine and apes collected from the Anatomy Department of Madras Veterinary College were studied and measured. The mean breadth of the right side and left side curved acromion is 24.26mm and 23.84mm, respectively. And for the right side and left side flat acromion it is 25.26mm and 25.36mm respectively. For canine, it is 14.87mm and 14.34mm, respectively. For bovine it is 20.33mm and 19.94mm respectively. It is concluded that apes do not have impingement syndrome due to the cranially oriented spinous and acromion process. This study also gives evidence that physical activities influence the growth of acromion into its various types, which is one of the important factors causing impingement syndrome. --- ## Paclitaxel loaded transfersomal vesicular drug delivery for the treatment of melanoma skin cancers **Authors:** Sivarajakumar Raahulan, Bharat Kumar Reddy Sanapalli, Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1569 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Transfersomes, Melanoma skin cancer, Edge activator, Transdermal delivery system Over the last few years, there is tremendous growth of melanoma skin cancer in all around the world. Paclitaxel is an antineoplastic drug which is widely used for breast cancer, lung cancer, and Kaposi sarcoma. It is available only in the form of intravenous (IV), which produces tissue damage and hypersensitivity in some patients if the dose is over. In the present article, the new initiative formulation is done for melanoma skin cancer with transfersomes drug delivery systems. A different formulation of transfersomes is prepared using Span. The various characterization is done for the transfersomes like morphology, entrapment efficacy, in vitro drug release dialysis bag method. By using the Carbopol 940, the transfersomes gel was prepared. Paclitaxel-loaded transfersomes (FS-2) shows the positive entrapment efficacy 68.2% and the vesicle size 200 nm. From the in vitro dialysis bag method, FS-2 showed the high rate of drug release by nearly 72% in 12 hrs. We conclude that this will be the initial step for the further studies of melanoma skin cancer and provide the better treatment for skin cancer --- ## Effect of probiotic and prebiotic in the formulation and elaboration of sausage as an alternative of consumption **Authors:** Mosquera C, Donoso E, Valenzuela Y M, Arizaga R, Ahmed El Salous **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1548 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Functional foods, lactobacillus casei, polydextrose In Ecuador, sausages are one of the most commonly used in typical foods, but traditionally these have only been beef, pork and chicken, which in turn do not contain any health benefits, on the contrary, their limited consumption is recommended. This research aims to provide the market with a new nutritional alternative that increases the variety of existing products with the difference that these sausages have an added value that are probiotics and prebiotics. To obtain a sausage formulation, variations were made in the percentages of the ingredients that were used, obtaining 3 treatments. The most popular treatment was determined by means of a sensory panel made up of 50 people, resulting in treatment 3 being the most accepted. A corresponding analysis was carried out whose result gave the presence of lactobacillus with a value of 8.8 x 108, proteins: 17.64% total fats: 26.48% cholesterol: 29.34 mg Carbohydrates: 0.82 mg / 100g dietary fiber: 3.17, the caloric intake of the sausage was 312 kcal, sodium: 495.23 mg / 100g, starch: 0.31% and according to the study of shelf life in refrigeration at 5 ° c the maximum time of consumption of the product is 22 days. --- ## Evaluation of an echocardiogram in the preclinical stage of valve endocardiosis in dogs using an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and an aldosterone antagonist **Authors:** Vyacheslav V. Annikov, Anton S. Mikhalkin, Lyudmila V. Annikova, Alla V. Yegunova **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1571 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** endocardiosis of atrioventricular valves of dogs, electrocardiography, echocardiography The article presents the results of a study of the dynamics of ultrasonographic changes in dogs with endocardial atrioventricular valve endocardiosis during therapy with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and aldosterone antagonist. The authors also propose a new method for estimating the cubic volume of the left atrium based on the "area-length" method borrowed from humane medicine and correlation with the routine estimation method for measuring the size of the aorta and left atrium with further calculations of the dynamic index for assessing the remodeling processes. It has shown that the appearance of diastolic dysfunction by the type of slowing down the relaxation of the transmitral flow in the left apical four-chamber projection characterized by a decrease in the ratio of early diastolic filling (peak E) and filling due to systole of the left atrium (peak A) and an increase in the time of early diastolic filling (DTE) were determined at the beginning of the disease. However, changes in the trans mitral diastolic flow after 6 months took the form of "pseudonormalization", which was seen in the Dopplerogram as normalization of the ratio of early diastolic filling (peak E) and an increase in filling due to left atrial systole (peak A) and time of early diastolic filling (DTE). After 12 months of therapy, the diastolic flow through the mitral valve in the Group 1 and partly in the Group 2 became "restrictive", characterized by an increase in the ratio of early diastolic filling (peak E) and filling due to systole of the left atrium (peak A) and a decrease in the time of early diastolic filling (DTE). However, the authors found that the appearance of diastolic dysfunction, an increase in the left atrium and a dynamic remodeling index directly correlate with the onset of the clinical manifestation of endocardiosis. --- ## A study to evaluate and assess the antibiotic prescription pattern for the surgical prophylaxis to prevent post-operative wound infection (SSI) in a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Kisshore Kumar G, Preethy R, Srinivasan V **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1549 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Surgical site infection, Antibiotics, cephalosporin, comorbidities, multi-resistant Surgical site infection is a major complication following surgery affecting up to 50 % of operated patients which can be prevented by appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis. Hence this study aims to investigate the pattern of the prophylactic antibiotic usage in patients undergoing elective surgery and to assess the percentage of drugs included in the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM). This is a Prospective study conducted at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital from April 2018 to April 2019 included medical records of 1093 Patients above 18yrs of age including both sex (male and female) who has undergone elective surgery in Department of General Surgery. Patient's demographic data and comorbidities was also collected and verified for antibiotic prophylaxis, i.e. choice and duration of antibiotics, time of administration, intra-operative dosing, choice and duration of the postoperative use. Pediatrics, Neonatal Surgeries, Pregnant and lactating women were excluded from this study. The obtained data was analyzed, and conclusions were drawn with the help of SPSS analysis software. The results shows Third-generation cephalosporin's injection Taxim (Cefotaxime) was mainly used preoperatively in 486(44.46%) patients by intravenous route followed by cefixime-191(17.47%),ciprofloxacin-161(14.73%). This study revealed that third-generation cephalosporin Cefotaxime was considered as the main pre and post-operative drug, which is based on surgeon's experience, type of surgery and local antibiotic resistance pattern. Various measures like the development of local hospital Policy, surveillance on SSIs, hospital antibiotic policy, promoting good surgical techniques and strict asepsis in the operating theatre, usage of single antibiotics, and completion of course of antibiotics can prevent the emergence of multi-resistant organisms. --- ## A study to assess the effectiveness of foot massage on reduction of cancer pain among palliative care patients **Authors:** Tamilselvi S, Iyeswariya K **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1555 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pain, Foot massages, cancer Pain is an unpalatable sensory and emotional in contact with actual or potential tissue damage. Approximately 70% to 90% of people with cancer suffer with severe pain while undergoing treatment. Cancer pain can result due to poor blood circulation, a bone fracture that occurs due to metastasis, infection or inflammation in the affected part and side effects from cancer treatments. Hence the present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of foot massage on reduction of cancer pain among palliative care patients. The quasi-experimental design was employed with40 patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected by non-probability convenience sampling technique. The researcher collected the demographic variables and done pretest to assess the pain score by using a numerical pain scale for both the experimental group and the control group. For the experimental group, foot massage was given twice a day for five days. Control group received routine care. At the end of the fifth-day, post-test was done for both the experimental group and the control group. The data analysis was done by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The calculated ‘t’ value is reveals that the experimental group seems to be highly significant than the control group. So foot massage is effective among cancer patients on the reduction of pain. --- ## Effect of Interferon-Beta (IFN-β) on tumor suppressor and apoptotic markers in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line **Authors:** Hend Okasha, Marwa Hassan, Tarek Aboushousha, Safia Samir **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1574 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Caspase-3, hepatocellular carcinoma, immunohistochemistry, Interferon-beta, p53 IFN-β (Rebif) is a drug with valuable cancer therapeutic potential as it mediates anti-proliferation and apoptosis induction. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-proliferation of IFN-β through assessing gene expression of p53 and caspase-3 in hepatocellular carcinoma cell (HCC) line (HepG2). The 50% inhibition viability concentration (IC50) of IFN-β was calculated by cytotoxicity assay, and it was tested on normal cell line (Vero). After treating HepG2 cells with IFN-β, p53 and caspase-3 expression was analyzed, at time intervals of 2, 4, 6, and 24 hrs, by real-time PCR, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. IC50 of IFN-β was 420 ng/ml, which wasn’t cytotoxic on normal cells. P53 expression was gradually up-regulated by time, and then, it was decreased after 24 hrs incubation. However, no expression of caspase-3 was detected compared to cell control. Histopathologically, cells degeneration was remarkable after 24 hrs while no change was noticed in control. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a decline of p53 and caspase-3 expression in ttreated cells with IFN-β after 24 hrs, to 30% compared to cell control (75% and 60%, respectively). In conclusion, IFN-β has the potential to be utilized as a suppressor of HCC proliferation and inducer of malignant cells apoptosis. --- ## Kinetics of periodate oxidation of polyoxyethylene – 300, a biodegradable pharmaceutical polymer **Authors:** Koteswara Rao K.V.S, Venkata Nadh R, Venkata Ratnam K **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1558 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Periodate, Oxidation, POE, PEG-300, Alkaline medium, Kinetics Polyoxyethylene – 300 (POE) is a well-known biodegradable pharmaceutical polymer. In order to understand the stability of POE and to derive the reaction rate law, the title reaction was carried out in aqueous alkaline medium. Reaction was found to be first order dependent on the concentration oxidant (periodate) and independent of substrate (POE) concentration. A retardation of reaction rate with an increase in hydroxide concentration shows an inverse fractional order in it. Based on the studies of the temperature dependence of reaction, evaluated the activation parameters. --- ## Study to evaluate the role of serum LDH in the diagnosis of Megaloblastic anemia by treatment response at a tertiary care center in the northeastern part of India **Authors:** Saurabh Chopra, Lalit Prashant Meena, Jaya Chakravarty, Madhukar Rai **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1573 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Serum LDH, Megaloblastic anemia, Therapeutic response Megaloblastic anemia and Myelodysplastic syndrome are generally considered mutually exclusive diagnosis and at times becomes difficult to diagnose on the first encounter even after performing bone marrow examination. Aim of this study is to evaluate the role of LDH in the diagnosis of Megaloblastic anemia by treatment response at a tertiary care center in the northeastern part of India. Patients with age more than 12 years, Hemoglobin of patients less than 10 gm/dl, MCV ≥ 100 fl, Reticulocyte count <2.5 were included in the study. Based on serum LDH level patients were divided into two groups. Group A with serum LDH level ≥ 1200 U/L and Group B with serum LDH level of less than 1200 U/L. All these patients of serum LDH ≥1200 U/L were given a treatment trial of injectable Vitamin B12 containing 1000 μg of Vitamin B12 for 14 days. The response to treatment was monitored by an increment in reticulocyte count at day 5 and day 14. Bone marrow aspiration was done in all patients who had serum LDH less than 1200 mg/dl. Seventy-nine consecutive patients, who presented with anemia (Hb<10 g/dl) and macrocytosis (MCV > 100 fl) were included in the study. Median LDH values were higher in the patients who responded (vitamin B12 deficient megaloblastic anemia) as compared to non-responders. 93.5% of patients with megaloblastic anemia had Vitamin B12 deficiency, and in comparison, the folic acid deficiency was present among just 6.5 percent patients. Serum Vitamin B 12 and Folic acid level should not be used as a sole criterion for the diagnosis of Megaloblastic anemia and other parameters such as MCV, LDH, and characteristic blood picture, should all be taken into consideration before planning an appropriate treatment strategy. --- ## Copper oxide nanoparticles synthesis and characterization using UV-vis spectrophotometer and TEM **Authors:** Sadhvi B, Rajeshkumar S, Anitha Roy, Lakshmi T **Published:** 2019-10-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1562 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nanoparticles, copper oxide, TEM, characterisation, spectrophotometer To synthesise Copper oxide nanoparticles and study it's characterisation using UV-vis spectrophotometer and TEM. Copper oxide nanoparticles are eco-friendly, cost-efficient and diverse utilisation all over the medical field. The shape of the CuO nanoparticles are spherical, and its characterisation is done using TEM, and UV-vis techniques. The size of the nanoparticles mediated in each plant extract differs from one another. Collection and Preparation of Plant extracts, Synthesis Of CuONPs, Characterization of copper nanoparticles, preparation of nanoparticles powder. The plant extract is in green colour, and the CuO nanoparticles are seen in light yellowish in colour. The particle size ranges from 2-100 nm and shape is spherical. The graph reached its peak at the wavelength of 300 nm. The TEM shows spherical shape, dispersion and versatile nanoparticles. They appear to be arranged in a cluster, open and quasi-linear superstructures. This research shows that CuO nanoparticles shows excellent biocompatibility. The particles which are smaller in size shows great immunity. Hence the nanoparticles are expected to be used in future for effective drug systems. --- ## A study to assess the quality of life among the women with osteoarthritis **Authors:** Bhuvaneshwari G, Thephilah Cathrine R, Rinson Kunjachan, Soundarya S, Yamuna A **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1534 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** quality of life, women, osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most habitual type of arthritis in both developing and developed countries. It is a long-term, dynamic musculoskeletal disorder characterized by abrupt loss of cartilage in joints which results in bones rubbing together and make stiffness, impaired movement and pain. Osteoarthritis primarily affects the elderly population. It’s a significant cause of disability in elderly peoples worldwide. So the present study is done to assess the quality of life among the women with osteoarthritis, residing at Thirumazhisai. A descriptive research design was done in an urban area of Thirumazhisai. 100 women with osteoarthritis are included in our study. Purposive sampling techniques method was used in selecting the samples. Modified Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score(KOOS)checklist were used to collect data on quality of life among the women with osteoarthritis. The woman aged above 40 years has the percentage of mild pain (26%), moderate pain (72%), and severe pain (2%). In conclusion, women aged above 40 years were found to be experiencing moderate osteoarthritis pain and quality of life of women aged above 40 years experiencing a reasonable quality of life. --- ## The prevalence of poly cystic ovary syndrome among young adult girls **Authors:** Tamilselvi S, Nalini S J **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1526 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Young adult girls, BMI, PCOS Polycystic ovarian disorder (PCOS) is a typical endocrine issue experienced in ladies and is related with issues, for example, menstrual inconsistencies; anovulation; barrenness; hirsuitism; heftiness; insulin opposition, dyslipoproteinemia; and, in later life, with diabetes mellitus and uterine malignant growth. Early determination is fundamental for early treatment and to limit the prompt and constant results. The predominance of PCOS in our general public has not yet been resolved. This investigation is an endeavor to evaluate its pervasiveness of youthful grown-up young ladies 18-25 Years. PCOS was analyzed by utilizing self-appraisal apparatus and BMI, and the predominance was observed to be % of the population. --- ## Effect of topically applied nimodipine on the intraocular pressure on ocular normotensive and betamethasone-induced hypertensive eyes in rabbits **Authors:** Waleed K. Abdulsahib, Osama Q. Fadhil, Hussam H.Tizkam **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1537 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Calcium channel blocker, open-glaucoma and Timolol Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only strategy documented to delay the appearance and retard the progression of vision loss. The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of topical nimodipine (0.5%) drop on IOP of both normotensive and induced -hypertensive eyes in rabbits. Thirty-six rabbits were included in the present study. Two groups (each group contains 6 rabbits) were used to evaluate the effect of nimodipine, one as a normotensive group and the other for induction of hypertensive. Nimodipine ophthalmic solutions were instilled twice daily for 7 days in both normotensive and induced -hypertensive eyes (that induced by weakly subconjunctival injection of 0.7 ml of betamethasone suspension for 4 weeks). On the other hand, another two groups were used to evaluate the effect of (twice daily installation for 7 days) of Timolol and distilled water (DW). IOP measured by Schiotz tonometer daily at about the same time (9.0 am) to avoid IOP diurnal fluctuation. The main findings of the present study were the followings: Nimodipine (0.5%) was very effective in lowering IOP in both normotensive and ocular hypertensive rabbits. Mean IOP decreased after one day of nimodipine installation by (1.5 ± 0.43 mmHg) in normotensive eyes and by (4.5± 1.45 mmHg) in hypertensive eyes. A significant results (P ≤ 0.05) were obtained when compared the results of nimodipine with DW (as a negative control group), on the other hand, no significant differences were obtained when compared with that of Timolol (as a positive group). The results obtained in this study provide experimental evidence for the effectiveness of nimodipine (0.5%) ophthalmic solutions in the reduction of IOP. In addition to the above nimodipine in applied doses were found to have a tolerable ocular hypotensive effect. --- ## Review on current status of dengue and its prevention in India **Authors:** Bhavatharini Sukumaran, Alan Tom, Krishnaveni Kandasamy, Shanmuga Sundaram Rajagopal, Sambathkumar Ramanathan **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1543 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Female mosquito, Anti virals, Ayurvedic, Vaccines Dengue is an acute viral infection with potential deadly complications transmitted by both Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus female mosquitoes and is said to be a severe and increasing public health problem with 2.5 billion individuals at risk. WHO currently estimates that with around 24,000 fatalities, 50 million cases of dengue disease may occur globally once a year. In India, too, the condition is getting worse as morbidity and mortality rise. Several policies have been adopted to decrease dengue burden through applied research, field-based training, and capacity building among appropriate regional and national public health stakeholders. --- ## A study to assess the level of knowledge on first aid management of dog bite and treatment modality of rabies among adult **Authors:** Vimala S, Bhuvaneshwari G, Janaki Priya S, Ishwariya K, Inbarani S **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1530 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rabies, First Aid, Dog Bite Dog bite lacerations are an extensive community health problem in worldwide. Dogs assault and ensuing lesions can lead to an enduring defect. They also cause a budgetary difficult for the sufferer. So the present study is done to assess the level of knowledge on first aid management of dog bite and treatment modality of rabies among adults living in Mappedu village. A descriptive research design was done in a rural area in Mappedu. 60 samples are included in our study. Purposive sampling techniques method was used in selecting the samples. Self-Structured interviews were used to collect data. The level of knowledge on first aid management of dog bite and treatment modality of rabies.16 (26%) are inadequate, 42(70%) are moderate,2(3.3%) are adequate. The study concludes that there is inadequate knowledge on first aid management of dog bite and treatment modality of rabies among adults. There is a more need for health education regarding a dog bite, rabies among adults. --- ## Estimation of serum electrolyte concentration among fuel pump/petrol station workers in Kirkuk city **Authors:** Dlawer Abdulhammed Ahmad **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1401 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Petrol, Electrolyte, Kidney Occupational exposure to petrol has been reported to cause serious health hazards especially liver and kidney disease. Electrolytes like Na+, K+, and Cl- are the important mediators of several physiological functions. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of petrol exposure on the serum electrolyte concentration among the workers at the Kirkuk petrol station. The cross-sectional study analyzed 29 petrol pump workers who were continuously exposed to petrol more at least one year in the Kirkuk city and did not have a history of any systemic illness, and 10 healthy age-matched controls who never had exposure to petrol were enrolled. The serum electrolyte levels (Na+, K+, and Cl-) were assessed in the petrol station workers working at Kirkuk city petrol station and the controls by FUJI DRI-CHEM system (Fujifilm (Japan) and expressed as mmol/l. These serum electrolyte levels were compared between the workers and the controls by Mann-Whitney U test and p values ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All the participants in the study were males. None of the participants was smokers or alcohol consumers. No significant (p=0.32) difference was found in the mean age of the petrol station workers (34.22±6.57) years and the controls (36.70±6.33) years. The serum Na+ levels were significantly higher in the petrol station workers as compared to the controls. Similarly, serum Cl- levels were significantly higher in the petrol station workers as compared to the controls. Although the levels of the electrolytes studied were in the normal recommended range but the levels of Na+ and Cl-were significantly higher in the petrol station workers than the controls. Extensive studies involving larger sample sizes should be conducted to conclude the effect of petrol exposure on the electrolyte levels. --- ## Stress profile and university performance of pharmacy students **Authors:** Elham Alshammari **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1522 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Stress management, academic stress, cognitive, social scores The objective of the study was to examine the stress profile and university performance of pharmacy students. The study was necessary since high academic expectations among pharmacy students can expose them to stressful conditions. In return, stress can affect their level of performance. A quantitative approach was used to meet the objective of the study. A survey questionnaire was electronically administered to the study participants (n=591) to collect socio-demographic data, the student’s overall academic cumulative GPA, and stress indicators. The collected data was analysed quantitatively through the use of SPSS, more so using descriptive statistics and correlation tests. The study first examined the relationship between academic performance and stress and found no correlation between these two variables. The relationship between age and academic stress was also examined, and no correlation was evident. In addition, the year of study was compared to academic stress, and a significant relationship was found to exist between the two variables. Additionally, the year of study was also found to affect cognitive as well as social and interpersonal scores. The findings of the study, therefore, demonstrated the existence of no correlation between academic performance, stress, and age. These findings were unexpected, considering the general assumption that many pharmacy students experience elevated levels of stress compared to their counterparts pursuing less intensive courses. In sum, only the year of study was found to contribute to perceived stress among pharmacy students. Since academic factors are directly under the control of learning institutions, it is key that the management puts in place measures to minimize the resulting stress. --- ## A study to assess the benefits of awareness programme on mammary gland self-observation to women residing at mappedu **Authors:** Bhuvaneshwari G, Vidhya G, Yasmin banu, Jothi meena, Kalai selvan **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1528 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast self-examination (BSE), Awareness Programme, Mammary Gland Self-Observation, Women Mammary gland self-observation is still suggested as a universal reach. Mammary gland health awareness permits for early disclosure of any malformation. Mammary gland self-observation proceed to be suggested by physical protection practitioner because it is free of cost, easy, require small mechanics and teaching is workable. In the current review, a descriptive research design was handed down to execute the objectives of the study. The review was organized in Mappedu rural village. In the current review, the representative consists of 100 women. Self-design questions on knowledge about mammary gland self-observation have developed to learn the representative. Detailed and a prior census have being to examine the statistics.5(5%) women experiences adequate learning regarding mammary gland self-observation. 59(59%) women experience moderate learning regarding mammary gland self-observation. 36(36%) women experiences inadequate learning regarding mammary gland self-observation. This research shows that the organized education on awareness programme was successfully expanded the knowledge of women in Mappedu regarding mammary gland self-observation. --- ## Assess the knowledge regarding the risk of cardiovascular diseases among systemic lupus erythematosus patient **Authors:** Parimala L, Vanitha R **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1539 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases, Systemic Lupus Erythematous India is a country with different beliefs like religious, cultural, variation and economic diversity in the health care setting. SLE is a long term disease which involves multisystem, leading to loss of immune tolerance to own antigens. The study aims to assess the knowledge regarding the risk of cardiovascular diseases among systemic lupus erythematous patient at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. A quantitative research approach was adopted with convenient sampling technique to select 60 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who attend at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. The data was organized and analyzed in term of descriptive statistics. The study findings revealed that among 60 samples, 10 (16.7%) had inadequate knowledge; 16 (26.7%) had moderate knowledge, 34 (56.7%) had adequate knowledge on systemic lupus erythematous risk. The majority of the patients with systemic lupus erythematous had moderate knowledge regarding the risk of cardiovascular. --- ## MRSA as a causative factor for ecthyma gangrenosum: a rare case report **Authors:** Kiran Madhusudhan, Madhu sudhan **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1541 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Diabetes, Ecthyma gangrenosum (EG), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), non-Pseudomonas Ecthyma gangrenosum is a skin manifestation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in immunocompromised individuals. Here we report a case of a 64-year-old diabetic female with Ecthyma gangrenosum lesions on both lower limbs, admitted for surgical debridement. Pus culture taken during surgery showed growth of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The patient was started on appropriate antibiotics with reasonable glycemic control using parenteral insulin. The patient responded well to the above treatment and was discharged. --- ## Key conditions of alpha-tocopherol encapsulation in gum Arabic dispersions **Authors:** Muhammad Fuad Al Khafiz, Yuanita Hikmahwati, Khairul Anam, Dwi Hudiyanti **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1520 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drug delivery system, Encapsulation efficiency, Loading capacity, Rate of release Alpha-tocopherol or TOC is among substances that has medicinal capabilities. However, alpha-tocopherol is vulnerable to surrounding milieu settings. This leads to the necessity to shield it against unforeseen alterations during the storing or handling procedures. Encapsulation is presented as a procedure which can shield active agents from adverse changes by means of coating with polymers. In this study, gum Arabic (GA), a biopolymer derived from Acacia species, was used as the encapsulation matrix. Encapsulation process was done at different concentrations of GA dispersions (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) and at various pH levels (5.4, 6.4, 7.4 and 8.4). To evaluate the key conditions of TOC encapsulation in GA dispersion we analysed TOC encapsulation efficiency (EE) and rate of release (RR) from GA dispersions as well as loading capacity (LC) of GA for TOC. The EE, RR and LC were determined by measuring the TOC concentration in the GA dispersions using UV Visible spectrophotometry at 291 nm. Results disclosed that the key conditions for achieving a high LC by GA with high efficiency of TOC encapsulation were in a dispersion of 20% GA at pH range of 6.4 and 7.4. The best EE of TOC and LC of GA were 48% and 2.8%, respectively, with a TOC average RR of 1.05-1.09 ppm/day. The results indicate that gum Arabic is a potential matrix to encapsulate alpha-tocopherol --- ## Anti-hypercholesterolemic agent from Indonesian rice bran **Authors:** Syaikhul Aziz, Elfahmi A, Andreanus Andaja Soemardji, Sukrasno A **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1538 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antihypercholesterolemic, hexane extract, rice bran, β-sitosterol This research was conducted to determine the total oryzanol content of various extracts and bioassay-guided isolation of active anti-hypercholesterolemic agent from Indonesian rice bran. Hot solvent extraction was done by reflex method using single and binary solvents, namely hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, isopropanol, acetone, hexane-ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v), hexane-isopropanol (1:1, v/v), and chloroform-ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v). TLC densitometric was used to quantitatively analyze the total oryzanol content in various extracts. The hexane extract was selected for fractionation and evaluated for their anti-hypercholesterolemic activity. The structure of an isolated compound was determined on the basis of NMR and Mass spectroscopy. The total oryzanol content was obtained using various solvents ranging from 27.92 to 43.59 mg/100g rice bran, in which hexane extract showed the highest amount (43.59 ± 3.36 mg/100g rice bran). β-sitosterol has been isolated from rice bran hexane extract, which shows a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol level. In summary, hexane is the best solvent to extract oryzanol compound using reflux method, and β-sitosterol was suspected to be responsible for anti-hypercholesterolemic activity in addition to existing compound such as oryzanol that contained in the rice bran. --- ## Quality of life assessment in behçet’s disease: an observational case control single center study **Authors:** Faiq I. Gorial, Mais Ajeel Jabbar **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1518 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Behcets disease, Vasculitis, Quality of life, Short form 36 Behçet’s disease (BD) is a multisystemic inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent exacerbations. Limited studies have shown it has a negative impact on patients quality of life(QoL). This study aimed to evaluate Quality of Life in Patients with Behçet’s disease compared with healthy controls. A case-control study involved 71 patients with BD compared with 71 healthy controls matched in age and sex. Health-related quality-of-life was evaluated using the Short Form-36 (SF-36). All the components of Short Form-36 (SF-36), its summary scores, and Total Short Form-36 (Total SF-36) score was significantly lower (p-value <0.001) in patients compared to controls. Each organ involvement studied may affect independently specific SF-36 subscores. Central nervous system involvement in BD had a strong impact since it affects most of the SF-36 subscores. Health-related Quality of life was significantly impaired in Iraqi patients with Behçet’s disease compared to healthy controls. Each organ involvement studied may affect independently specific SF-36 subscores. --- ## Drug utilisation pattern and risk factor assessment on abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive aged women in a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Kothai Ramalingam, Atheena Gigi, Anu Sara Thomas, Abdul Mohsin Mootaparambil, Arul Balasubramanian **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1529 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Abnormal uterine bleeding, Tranexamic acid, Perimenopause, Drug utilization review, Risk factors To study the drug utilization pattern and risk factor assessment on abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-aged women in a tertiary care hospital at Salem district, Tamil Nadu, India. This retrospective study was carried out for a period of 6 months from November 2017 to April 2018 in which 150 prescriptions were selected for study by considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 150 prescriptions were analyzed in reproductive-aged women. Patients of age group between 41-50 years were mostly diagnosed 75 (50%) of abnormal uterine bleeding. Considering the types of AUB 59 patients (39.33%) were diagnosed as adenomyosis while 49 (32.67%) of the patient has been diagnosed as leiomyoma. Anaemia 102 (68%) are the most seen co-morbid condition in our survey, along with Hypertension 28 (18.6%), Infective disorders 28 (18.6%). Our findings showed that among the drugs prescribed, that antifibrinolytics were the most often prescribed drug class for AUB, and the most prescribed drug is tranexamic acid. Perimenopause 57 (38%) is the main risk factor in abnormal uterine bleeding, along with dysfunctional uterine bleeding 49 (32.6%). From we concluded that the mostly used class of drug for abnormal uterine bleeding in our tertiary care hospital is antifibrinolytics and mostly used drug agent is tranexamic acid during the period of data collection. It is found to be that perimenopause is the main risk factor in abnormal uterine bleeding along with dysfunctional uterine bleeding. --- ## A cross sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practice towards tuberculosis among health care workers **Authors:** Ajith Kumar G, Saranya P **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1521 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** clinical pharmacist perspective, drug-resistant tuberculosis, health care workers, KAP, prospective study, RNTCP, tuberculosis Health care providers play a major role in the management of tuberculosis (TB). The knowledge, attitude and practice towards TB in health care providers will have an impact on the treatment success or failure. Studies have reported that inadequate knowledge of the health care providers led to the delivery of improper counselling content to the recipients. We assessed the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards tuberculosis among health care workers in and around Chennai. A cross sectional study was conducted among 382 health care workers of the chest and tuberculosis department of government hospitals and directly observed treatment short-course clinics. The principal investigator administered a structured and validated questionnaire to the study participants. Around 500 healthcare workers were approached, and 382 showed interest to sign the informed consent. A majority (70%) of the study participants were between the age group 20-30 years. There was a highly significant difference response to the statement that patient medication non-adherence to ATT was due to its adverse effects, between participants who had a history of active tuberculosis and undergone treatment for the same, and the participants with no history of TB. There was a significant difference between the study population based on their qualification and profession (P = 0.001 and P = 0.007 respectively) in using the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program guideline for reference. The knowledge attitude and practice towards TB was good in more than 80% of the respondents, yet there is room to improve. Structured periodic training towards TB will further improve the KAP of health care workers. --- ## Diagnosis of lung carcinoma using computed tomography images **Authors:** Sagar V, Akshatha Prabhu **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1535 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Image Pre-processing, Nodules Feature Extraction, Computed Tomography, Image Segmentation Lung carcinoma disease is a serious leading death every day. Early recognition and treatment can save cancer affected the human’s life. Lung carcinoma is the most hazardous and dangerous disease. Computed Tomography scanning images are the most commonly using scanning technology in the health care industry, Computed Tomography scan images are used by doctors to analyze and identify the cancerous lesion present in the lung CT scanned images. The CAD system is a powerful tool for the radiologist to diagnosis the lesion cells in an accurate way. Computer-aided techniques and machine learning techniques use digital image processing methods to implement CAD systems. The prime aim of this investigation and experimentation is to analyze the different CAD techniques, recognizing the best-developed methods and collecting their disadvantages, faults. Analyzing the drawbacks from the previously proposed model, we are implementing new techniques to overcome the drawbacks analyzed with best accuracy results. For developed methods, the feasibility study is carried on each and every step, improvements can be made were listed out. The analysis shows that having a few low accuracies and some have high accuracy but not having 100% accuracy. In this research, K-means algorithm is used to segment the images. K-means algorithm is unsupervised learning, which is used when we have unlabeled dataset, the project aims to increase the accuracy of up to 100%. --- ## The population dynamics of T - and B-lymphocytes in blood of the cattle vaccinated against anthrax **Authors:** Aleksandr P. Rodionov, Lilia A. Melnicova, Haris N. Makaev, Ekaterina V. Pankova, Svetlana V. Ivanova, Albert K. Galiullin, Sergey Yu. Smolentsev **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1403 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** anthrax, preventive measures, immunity, lymphocytes Anthrax remains a serious problem for many countries in the world. Containment of major outbreaks of this disease is possible only with the help of specific preventive measures as vaccinating all susceptible livestock. Immunization of animals should create solid immunity in the organism, which should resist the development of the infection process when introducing field strains of an agent. However, there are no data on the dynamics of the development of immunity in the literature. The purpose of this work is to study the cellular component of adaptive post-vaccinal immunity in animals at different stages after immunization against anthrax. The authors have studied the dynamics of the quantitative composition of T- and B-lymphocytes in cattle during a year. Isolation of T- and B-cells causes spontaneous rosetting of lymphocytes with erythrocytes of heterologous species of animals: sheep and mouse respectively. Recording of the reaction was carried out under a light microscope. 200 lymphocytes were counted, and the percentage of rosette-forming cells was calculated. It was found that immunization leads to an increase in the number of lymphoid cells and epiphylaixis. The number of T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood of vaccinated animals has been observed for 35 days after immunization and has been maintained at the same level for two months; 3 months later the number of cells decreased, which shows weakening of the immune system and immune memory by the 6th month after immunization of animals. --- ## Assess the prevalence of leucorrhoea among women in reproductive age group **Authors:** KalaBarathi S, Jayabharathi K **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1540 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Prevalence, Reproductive age, Women Leucorrhoea is one of the major problems encountered in Gynaecological practice. The most common cause of leucorrhoea is physiological, followed by vaginal infections due to bacteria, virus, fungi and parasites. Other causes include foreign bodies, cervicitis and atrophic vaginitis. The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of leucorrhoea among women in reproductive age group and to determine the association between the demographic variable and prevalence of leucorrhoea. A Non-experimental descriptive design was used to assess the prevalence of leucorrhoea among women in reproductive age group. Purposive sampling method was used. A total of 60 reproductive age group women participated in the study. Checklist method was used to assess the prevalence of leucorrhoea. The data was collected, organized and analyzed in term of descriptive statistics. The findings of the study revealed that out of 60 samples, 28(46.66%) were mild, 32(53.33%) were moderate, and none of them was severe. There is a statistically significant association with variables such as age, a number of child, income and education at P<0.05 level. Thus this study reveals that leucorrhoea is most likely among women in reproductive age so as nurses should assess the early manifestations to prevent the gynaecological diseases. --- ## Effectiveness of salt water application on episiotomy wound among postnatal mothers **Authors:** Resmy V, Kadirvelu Divya **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1527 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pregnancy, Post natal mothers, Episiotomy, Salt water application Pregnancies, as a whole, has extended and widen changes for an antenatal mother. Maternal schemes play an important role in mother, baby and family during the antenatal period. 60 (30 experimental groups and 30 control group) patients (postnatal mothers) who met the inclusion criteria were selected by using non-probability convenience sampling technique. After selecting the sample, the investigator explained the purpose of the study and informed consent was obtained. Demographic variables were collected pre-test was done by using the REEDA scale (experimental and control group). For the experimental group, the saltwater application was given twice a day for five days in 8 hours. Control group receives the routine hospital care. On the third postnatal day, post-test was done for the experimental and control group. The data were tabulated and analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The result shows that in experimental group pre-test (3.33%) were mild healed, and 29(97%) were not healed and in control group 30(100%) were not healed. post-test in experimental group 22(73%) were healed, and 8(27%) were moderately healed, in the control group 2(7%) were healed, 15(50%) were moderately healed and 13(43%) were mild healed. The calculated‘t' value is significant at P< 0.005. The study indicates that the application of salt water is effective on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers. --- ## A retrospective study on the effect of Vitamin C in the management of dengue fever in three different states of India **Authors:** Kothai Ramalingam, Christina S Varghese, Chinchu Elias, Gigi M Mathew, Arul Balasubramanian **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1525 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dengue fever, Platelet count, Thrombocytopenia, Vitamin C The objective of the study was to analyze the effect of Vitamin C in the management of dengue fever in the tertiary care hospitals of selected three states of India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Madhya Pradesh). This retrospective study was carried out for a period of 6 months from November 2017 to April 2018, in which 200 patients were selected by considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. It included 100 patients who were administered with Vitamin C and another 100 patients who were not given Vitamin C. All data were entered into the prepared PROFORMA. Mainly the increase in platelet counts and the duration of the hospital stay for both categories of patients were studied. Majority of dengue cases were in Tamil Nadu, followed by Kerala and then Madhya Pradesh depending upon the seasonal variations. Occurrence in male patients (58.5%) were more than female patients (41.5%). The most commonly affected age group ranges from 0-15 years (35.5%). Among the various types of dengue fever, a large number of patients had common dengue fever (87.5%). The 100 patients who were treated with vitamin C were mostly administered by oral routes. It was seen that the patients who were administered with Vitamin C had a greater percentage increase in their platelet count and a shorter duration of hospital stay. Study indicates that there exists an association between Vitamin C intake and length of hospital stay. --- ## Hepato & nephro protective effects of naringenin-loaded tpgs polymeric nanosuspension against cisplatin-induced toxicity **Authors:** Sumathi Rajamani, Gobinath Kalyanasundaram, Tamizharasi Sengodan, Sivakumar Thangavelu, Nikhitha K Shanmukhan, Arun Radhakrishnan **Published:** 2019-10-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1544 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cisplatin, Cancer, Naringenin, Hepatotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity Cisplatin (Cis-Diammineplatinum (II) dichloride/CIS) is one of the most potent chemotherapeutic agents widely used in treatment of various cancers. Naringenin (NAR), a natural flavonoid, protect against CIS-induced injury in rats without hampering CIS beneficial cytotoxic activity. Even though NAR exhibits therapeutic potency, clinical evolution of the molecule is embarrassed because of very less aqueous solubility which corresponds to low availability at the site of the tumor. In our former analysis, nanosuspension of naringenin (NARNS) was developed by the method of high-pressure homogenization. The study had been continued to evaluate the protective role of D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) coated NARNS, against oxidative stress-induced hepato and nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats upon CIS treatment. Induction of acute hepato and neprotoxicity was done by intraperitoneal injection (i.p) injection of CIS (7 mg/kg of body weight) and administration of NAR and NARNS. Administration of NARNS virtually suppressed CIS-induced and liver injury evidenced by a reduction of lipid peroxidation level, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, creatinine and elevated enzymatic antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in rats liver tissue. Histological studies substantiated the biochemical parameters. The study suggests that NARNS has strong hepato and nephroprotective effect compared to NAR. --- ## A study to assess the knowledge of Karaya powder application on diabetic wound healing among diabetic mellitus patients **Authors:** Tamil selvi, Nivitha S, Priya B, Monika A **Published:** 2019-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1532 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetic foot ulcer, karaya powder, diabetic mellitus, wound healing Diabetes mellitus is a serious debilitating longtime illness that grows in nearly 5% of the world’s peoples. People with this illness have a shortage of insulin or lessen capacity to use insulin; the hormone controlled blood glucose level. The study aims to assess the Karaya powder application among diabetic mellitus clients. The study was conducted in Mappedu village with 60 samples. The data was collected by using Structure interview questionnaires on Karaya powder. The result revealed that extract has significant effect increase knowledge on Karaya powder application on diabestic wound healing among diabetic clients. --- ## Development of biodegradable scaffolds loaded with vancomycin micropartricles for the treatment of osteomyelitis **Authors:** Souvik chakraborty, Gowda D V, Vishal Gupta N **Published:** 2019-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1519 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vancomycin hydrochloride, Chitosan Polymer, Microparticles, Biodegradable Scaffolds In this present research work, the development of biodegradable scaffolds loaded with Vancomycin micropartricles was carried out for the treatment of Osteomyelitis. Characterization Vancomycin Loaded microparticles and evaluation of the microparticles loaded scaffolds and also to carry out In-vitro release studies. Vancomycin hydrochloride microparticles were prepared with the help of double emulsion method. HPMC and Polaxomer 407 has been taken as the main polymers for the preparation of the microparticles. Chitosan was taken as the major polymer for the preparation of scaffolds for its greater biocompatibility and biodegradability. The preparation was done with the help of the solvent casting method. The formulation was taken for further characterization and evaluation studies. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Differential scanning calorimetry were carried out for the pure vancomycin drug, and the chitosan polymer X-ray diffraction was carried out to check the crystallinity of the prepared scaffolds. The particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index for vancomycin loaded microparticles were found to be 577.0±102.5 nm, 1624 mv and 0.254. The maximum and sustained release rate of the drug was found to be 95.6±0.478, at 16th Hr. By taking all the reports, a conclusion can be drawn that, the formulated VLM biodegradable scaffolds will show burst release at the initial time of administration, which is essential for the wound healing activity and will be sustained throughout the process of treatment of osteomyelitis. --- ## Formulation of flurbiprofen transdermal patche: In vitro and Ex vivo report **Authors:** Srilatha Malvey, Venkateshwar Rao J, Kottaimuthu A **Published:** 2019-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1524 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Flurbiprofen, Ex-vivo skin permeation, transdermal patch The main aim of this study was to expand the present formulation with patch and to evaluate the transdermal patches of Flurbiprofen, an NSAID (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug) used in the treatment of arthritis. Flurbiprofen is required at a sustained rate of its short half- life (3-4 hours) long term percutaneous absorption is required for its gastrointestinal side effects. Hence in this study, an effort was done to develop transdermal patches of Flurbiprofen by employing a different combination of polymers were prepared by the solvent evaporation technique. Nine formulations were prepared consists of Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) E15 and polyvinylpyrrolidone in the ratios of 1:1, 1:2. Formulation, HPMC E15 and Ethylcellulose (EC) in 1:1, 1:2. Formulations, HPMC E15 and Eudragit RS100 in 1:1, 1:2, and Formulation HPMC E15 and Eudragit RL100 in 1:1, 1:2. Formulations (F1- F8). F9 formulations contain HPMC E15, Eudragit RS100 in 2:1 ratio with permeation enhancer DMSO 20% v/w of propylene glycol was used as a plasticizer in all the formulations. The developed patches were considered for several physicochemical parameters. In vitro drug release studies showed maximum percentage in 24 hrs for F9 formulation 94.31±1.43, showed maximum Ex-vivo skin permeation of 10,120±0.91 µg/cm2, and the obtained flux meets the required flux. The resultant data was fitted into zero; first, Higuchi and Peppas model and Formulation F9 followed zero order with R2 0.972. Drug compatibility studies were resulted by FTIR. The results specify that Flurbiprofen transdermal patch can be designed with the required amount of flux with desire mechanical properties for the cause of better therapeutic benefits. --- ## Rule of vitamin C in the treatment of idiopathic facial paralysis IFP (Bell's palsy) **Authors:** Abbas Kinbar Kuser, Redha Alwan Al-hashimi **Published:** 2019-08-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1514 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vitamin C, Bell’s palsy, idiopathic facial paralysis (IFP) This study was designed to show the rule of Vitamin C in the treatment of Bell's palsy when adding to the treatment of bell's palsy in compares to treatment without ascorbic acid and how its effect of fastening time of recovery. Six months from February to July 2019, and 60 patients were collected for this study, 22 patients treated with classical treatment for Bell's palsy, and on the other side 38 patients, we added Vitamin C (500mg) besides classical treatment for Bell's palsy. The results of the current study revealed that Patients with IFP were treated with vitamin C and classical treatments are gotten complete recovery within 4 weeks (92.1%) as compared to classical treatment alone (14.6%) with significant P value 0.0001. About complete resolution after4 to 6 weeks, there is no difference between both vitamin C and classical treatment (92.1%) and classical treatment alone (86.4%) with non-significant P-value. About facial residual, after 6 weeks, there is no difference between both vitamin C and classical treatment (10.5%) and classical treatment alone (10%) with non-significant P-value. It has been concluded that there is the significant value of vitamin C in the treatment of Bell's palsy as compares with classical treatment alone; but this positive value when treated early and good recovery in the first 4 weeks of IFP. A very good result in the hastening of the recovery period in the first 4 weeks but the same as a classical treatment alone after 4 weeks. In this study, no significant values of vitamin C to prevent complications of IFP. --- ## Recent advancement in wound healing dressing material **Authors:** Awadhesh Kumar Pandey, Arun Kumar Dwivedi **Published:** 2019-08-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1512 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** biodegradation, dermal patch, Poly (lactic acid), woundhealing Wounds have been occurring as long as the existence of life. Presently available advanced wound care products for dressing are beyond the reach of the majority Indian population, and they also do not completely fulfil the required benefits of therapeutic value. The dermal patch technology is the best-known and widely used approach for delivering drugs. It has been proven to be the fastest, easiest, safest and most economical way for drug delivery. The use of biodegradable polymers in wound management has been brought into prominence with new innovations in drug delivery system. Thus with a new dimension for the use of polymeric materials in or as wound healing, drug delivery devices involves incorporation of biodegradability into the drug delivery system. A number of degradable polymers are potentially useful for drug delivery including a variety of synthetic and natural substances such as Poly Lactic acid, Poly Crypolactone, Chitosen etc. Among all these Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is the most readily biodegradable polymer in the surgical field. The biodegradable polymers have gained growing importance in the medical area, and these have been used in a wide number of applications in the human body, such as surgical sutures, controlled drug release systems, artificial skins, guides for nerves, veins and artificial arteries and orthopaedic devices. Biodegradable polymers have several physical and chemical characteristics, such as molecular mass average and distribution, glass transition and/or melting temperatures, monomer ratios and sequencing for copolymers. The knowledge of physicochemical characteristics of Poly Lactic acid polymers essential to understand its thermo-mechanical performance. In order to achieve appropriate wound healing, sustained release of the drug from the bio-degradable patch is necessary. So the assessment of the interaction between the drug and polymer is indispensable. --- ## Assessment of clients satisfaction with primary health care services in Basra City, South of Iraq 2012 **Authors:** Essam Mohammed Abd-Alsaid **Published:** 2019-08-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1510 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Assessment, Client satisfaction, Primary health care Client satisfaction has been defined as the degree of congruency between a client’s expectation of ideal care and his/her perception of the real care receive. In Iraq, there has been a recent concern at the Ministry of Health (MOH) about improving the quality of Primary Health Care (PHC) services being considered the first health “gate” for the community. This study aimed to assess the level of clients’ satisfaction with PHC services in Basra, Iraq, 2012. A cross-sectional study was performed on 12 randomly selected PHC centers from the total eight PHC districts at Basra Health Directorate, where 1200 clients aged 18 years and above were selected systematically. Data was collected via a direct interview with clients using an Arabic language questionnaire. The satisfaction was rated at a scale of 1-5 points, and the data was analyzed using c. The results of the current study revealed that the overall clients’ satisfaction was 90.8%. The highest score for clients’ satisfaction was for nurses’ staff domain of PHC services (91.9%), and the lowest was for waiting for the domain (74.5%). Old age, females, retired and illiterate clients showed significantly the highest overall satisfaction. Clients reported their main dissatisfaction for the availability of the medicines item (53.4%) and the waiting time to see medical staff item (59%). The present study concluded that overall clients’ satisfaction was relatively high, and socio-demographic characteristics played major roles in deciding the extent of clients’ satisfaction. --- ## Detection of bacterial pathogens causing a chronic suppurative otits media and study of antibiotic susceptibility in Iraqi patients **Authors:** Alaa Sameer Neamah **Published:** 2019-08-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1511 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic supportive otitis media, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, antibiotic susceptibility, Amikacin A complete number of 100 ear swabs were researched for the present study. This investigation is to discover the microbiological profile and their anti-microbial affectability designs in patients with constant suppurative otitis media in an Al-hububi clinic. Gram recoloring, direct microscopy with KOH, culture affectability and biochemical tests were completed to distinguish the living beings and to realize the affectability design. Every one of the swabs were gathered from patients with the clinical conclusion of unending suppurative otitis media. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (37.21%) was generally secluded life form pursued by Staphylococcus aureus (27.91%) from the samples. Amikacin was found to be the most effective antibiotic with low resistance rate. The investigation of microbial example and their anti-infection affectability decides the predominant living beings causing unending suppurative otitis media in neighborhood begins fitting treatment of otitis media and its intricacies for effective result. --- ## Evaluation of metabolic stability of antimalarial and antiretroviral drugs **Authors:** Sunitha G N, Satyavati Dulipala D, Girish Gudi **Published:** 2019-08-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1515 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Metabolic Stability, Clearance, Ritonavir, Artimisinin drugs, Atovaquone, Proguanil, liver microsomes The concomitant administration of antiretroviral drugs and antimalarial drugs is recommended for the treatment of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) patients coinfected with malaria resulting in drug-drug interactions (DDI) causing either lack of efficacy or toxicities. Drug metabolism is often the first step in understanding the DDI potential of either a new chemical entity or a combination of drugs. Protease inhibitor (PI) such as ritonavir is a potent CYP 3A4 inhibitor and may interact with these antimalarial drugs that are metabolized by CYP3A4 to cause metabolism-related DDI's. Hence the present study is an attempt to evaluate the potential for a drug-drug interaction between antimalarials and antiretrovirals through invitro metabolic stability studies. Metabolic stability of antimalarial and antiretroviral drugs alone and in combination with and without ritonavir and lopinavir was evaluated using human liver microsomes (HLM). The antimalarial drugs artemether, artesunate and amodiaquine were metabolically unstable alone (% metabolism ≥ 80%) and in combination with other antimalarial drugs in HLM. Lumefantrine, atovaquone and proguanil were metabolically stable (% metabolism ≤ 30%). Antiretroviral drug lopinavir was metabolically unstable while ritonavir was moderately stable. In-vitro intrinsic clearance of antimalarial drugs artemether, artesunate and amodiaquine decreased from 106.4, 290.6 and 230 ml/min/kg to 32, 44.8 and 49.5 ml/min/kg in the presence of ritonavir. However, there was no change in the in-vitro intrinsic clearance of lumefantrine, atovaquone and proguanil in the presence of ritonavir. Lopinavir did not alter the clearance of antimalarial drugs. This study suggests that ritonavir affected the clearance of a few antimalarial drugs in HLM probably by the inhibition of CYP3A4 and findings may need to be further evaluated in clinical studies. --- ## The correlation of clinical and subclinical presentations with dengue serotypes and plasma viral load: the case of children with dengue hemorrhagic fever in Vietnam **Authors:** Tram Van Ta, Hai Thanh Tran, Quyen Nguyen Than Ha, Xuong Tuyet Nguyen, Vu Kien Tran, Hien The Pham, Cameron Simmons **Published:** 2019-08-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1513 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Correlation, Clinical, Dengue serotypes, Dengue hemorrhagic fever, Subclinical presentations, Vietnam Numerous studies have been carried out on patients afflicted with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), but various issues related to the disease, including the characteristics of the dengue virus (DENV), remain unclear. To address this deficiency, the current research was conducted to determine the correlation of clinical and subclinical presentations with dengue serotypes and plasma viral load. This prospective cohort study, which was performed at Tien Giang General Hospital from 2009 to 2014, involved 481 children who were under 15 years of age and had DHF for less than 72 hours. Results showed that among the patients, the highest proportion were composed of those suffering from DENV-1 infection (44.7%). The progression of the disease to dengue shock syndrome (DSS) owing to infection with DENV-2 and DENV-1 was significantly higher than that caused by infection with DENV-3 and DENV-4. No statistically significant differences in DENV viremia were found between the non-shock DHF and DSS groups. Finally, no correlation was found between dengue plasma viral load and clinical and subclinical presentations. The findings led to the conclusion that dengue serotypes can be used as a basis in ascertaining the prognosis of DSS and DHF. --- ## The role of different serotypes and dengue virus concentration in the prognosis of dengue shock syndrome in children **Authors:** Tram Van Ta, Hai Thanh Tran, Quyen Nguyen Than Ha, Xuong Tuyet Nguyen, Vu Kien Tran, Hien The Pham, Cameron Simmons **Published:** 2019-08-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1509 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dengue, DHF, Shock syndrome, Serotype, Vietnam Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a burden of disease in tropical countries, caused by any one of four-dengue virus (DENV) serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4). Although there have been many studies on patients with DHF, many things remain unclear, including the role of DENV serotypes and DENV concentration. The objective of this study was to determine the role of different serotypes and DENV concentration in the prognosis of dengue shock syndrome. This was a prospective cohort study, conducted to show information relating to patients’ conditions, such as hematocrit, platelet, leukocytes, and DENV concentration and the differences between DENV serotypes. The study also expressed the relationship between two groups, DHF without shock and DHF with shock, in terms of immune status, different DENV serotypes, and DENV concentration. Two-hundred and thirty-four patients were serologically confirmed as having a DENV infection. On hospital admission day (fever within 72 hours), results showed that almost all patients had a secondary dengue infection (76.5 %). DENV-1 accounted for the highest number of cases (61.11%), and DENV-4 accounted for the lowest (0.43%). No statistically significant difference was found when comparing the two groups (DHF with shock and DHF without shock) or when comparing the groups of different DENV serotypes. The study concluded that different DENV serotypes or DENV concentration in the first day of hospitalization (fever within 72 hours) cannot be used for prognostic of DSS. --- ## To study the effect of taurine on the effects of vital bones and regulate the level of glucose in type II diabetes **Authors:** Falah Hassan Shari, Hiba Dawood, Jubran K. Hassan, Qais A. ALJazeari, Mazin A.A. Najm, Ahmad Salahuddin, H. N. K. Al-Salman **Published:** 2019-08-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1508 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Taurine, Diabetic patients, Osteocalcin, Glycemic control Taurine is sulfur containing semi-essential amino acid that has important roles in many biological processes, but its effect on glucose homeostasis, weight, growth and bone mineralization weren’t well-defined.The evaluation of oral Taurine effects has used for 3 months on bone mineralization biomarker, glycemic control and body weight in type ll diabetic patients. The interventional double-blind placebo-controlled study in which 80 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (age range 45-55) assigned in either control (n=40), or study group the (n=40) group. The last group has received a 1000mg capsule of Taurine once a day for three months. Parameters measured were serum calcium, 25(OH) vitamin D and osteocalcin, NTX-1 HbA1C% with fasting blood glucose before and after 3 months. Taurine led to significant (p<0.05) rise in osteocalcin, significant lowering in body weight, BMI and there were no significant changes in serum calcium, NTX-1, Vitamin D, HbA1C and fasting blood glucose, all as compared with the control value. The 3 months of oral Taurine are used in type II diabetic patients may modulate bone mineralization represented by elevation of osteocalcin and reduction of body weight, but has no significant effect on glycemic control and did not reduce HbA1C%. --- ## The role of cytokines in the prognosis of children with dengue shock syndrome in Vietnam **Authors:** Tram Van Ta, Hai Thanh Tran, Quyen Nguyen Than Ha, Xuong Tuyet Nguyen, Vu Kien Tran, Hien The Pham, Cameron Simmons **Published:** 2019-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1502 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cytokine, Dengue hemorrhagic fever, Dengue shock syndrome, Dengue virus, Vietnam Dengue shock syndrome (DSS) is a severe complication of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and can lead to death, but DSS incidence and effects are difficult to predict via clinical examination. With consideration of this issue, this research determined the role of cytokines in the severity and prognosis of DHF in children. This prospective cohort research involved 234 patients who were aged 18 months to 18 years old, admitted to Tien Giang General Hospital, and diagnosed as having DHF. The cytokine levels of the patients were recorded from admission to discharge. Almost all the patients (>67%) exhibited increased interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-6, and IL-2, whereas only 0.43% (the lowest) presented with elevated IL-12. Concentrations of IL-2, IL-4, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor-α were highest i the patients infected with DENV-1, followed by those infected with DENV-3 and DENV-2. IL-12 concentration decreased with increasing days of fever occurrence. No correlation was found between cytokine concentrations in the first day of hospitalization and shock in the DHF patients. The concentration of cytokines during the first day of hospitalization (i.e., patients with a fever lasting less than 72 hours) cannot be used as a guide in determining DSS prognosis. --- ## The pattern of cataract in Amara city, south of Iraq, 2017 **Authors:** Hasan Abdulameer Al-Mu’mar **Published:** 2019-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1505 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** cataract, pattern, Amara city A cataract is the leading cause of blindness and visual impairment throughout the world according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and it has been shown that visual impairment and age-related cataract may be independent risk factors for increased mortality in older persons. This study was aimed to determine the epidemiological characteristics of cataract patients and their management. A cross-sectional study with an analytic element. It was conducted in the department of ophthalmology in Al-Sadder teaching hospital in Misan governorate, Iraq. During 2017, the study, including the patients who attend the Ophthalmology Unit regarding some characteristics features with underwent a full eye examination with some investigations. The results of the current study revealed that the total study sample was 109 patients who diagnosed as cataract patient, out of them about 63 (57%) was female and 46 (43%) was male. There were 61(56%) of the case with age ≥ 50 years old, while the rest (44%) of the case with age less than 50-year-old. More than two-thirds of cases was lived in urban(72.5%). About 28% of cataract patients was a smoker, and 17.4% was a positive family history. The positive history of Systemic disease, Ocular disease or trauma and steroid was 50,4%, 21.1%, and 14.7, respectively. There was a three type of cataract was noted by the study as following; nuclear sclerotic was 53%, posterior sub-capsular was 34%, and cortical was 13%. A statistically significant association between cataract types and patients age, address, steroid maturity and IOP where p-value ≤0.05. Surgery used in 50% of patients. Cataract mostly occurs in female, more than 50 years old patients and steroid used. Common treatment was surgery. --- ## Evaluation of in vitro anthelmintic activity of extracts of Jasminum sessiliflorum **Authors:** Ruby Philip, Kathiresan Krishnasamy, Elessy Abraham **Published:** 2019-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1507 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anthelmintic, Jasminum sessiliflorum, Pheretima posthuma, Albendazole Plant preparations are most popular from ancient times for the treatment of various diseases. The ancient people had an appreciable on the application and usage of plant preparations for the common ailments. Based on the investigation, it has been found that various species of this plant has been used as an anthelmintic. The extracts of Jasminum sessiliflorum was investigated for anthelmintic potential using earthworms, Pheretima posthuma. Different concentration of plant extracts were used for the evaluation. Albendazole (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug. The method employs the determination of paralysis time and death time of the worms and these results were recorded. Extracts showed significant activity. The ethanolic extract was found to be most efficient. --- ## Inhibitory role of Metformin for tamoxifen induced ‎uterine cell proliferation in diabetic ‎patients with ER-‎positive Breast cancer **Authors:** Ghasak Kais Abd-Alhussain, Mohammed Qasim Yahya Mal-Allah Al-Atrakji, Wieeam Abdulfattah Saleh, Aqeel Shaker Mahmood **Published:** 2019-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1506 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Metformin, tamoxifen, endometrial thickness, uterine carcinoma, diabetic The objective of the current work to evaluate the role of metformin in inhibiting the tamoxifen induced endometrial changes in diabetic patients with ER-positive breast cancer, a case-control study, carried out between December 2018 to May 2019, forty diabetic women in postmenopausal phase with ER+ breast cancer on tamoxifen (20mg/day), metformin (1700 mg/day) GROUP A, and 40 diabetic patients with ER+ breast cancer on the same dose of tamoxifen, but other hypoglycemic agent GROUP B, were selected as controls. Uterine thickness was assessed by ultrasonography imaging at the beginning of treatment with tamoxifen and after 2 years of treatment. Hysteroscopy was done, and pathological findings also recorded. Mean uterine thickness of diabetic patients on other hypoglycemic was significantly higher than diabetic patients on metformin (14.79±3.6 vs 4.37±1.8). Uterine thickness >5mm were 2 (5%) vs 36 (85%) reported with the diabetic patient on metformin and the diabetic patient on other oral hypoglycemic group. Three cases (7.5%) of the diabetic patients on other hypoglycemic agent were developed uterine polyps, and one case (2.5%) of diabetic patients on metformin were developed uterine polyps. One case (2.5%) of uterine carcinoma was reported with diabetic patients on other hypoglycemic group. In conclusions metformin significantly inhibit tamoxifen-induced endometrial changes and offers favorable endometrium protection. --- ## Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Jasminum sessiliflorum extracts **Authors:** Ruby Philip, Kathiresan Krishnasamy, Elessy Abraham **Published:** 2019-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1501 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** J.sessiliflorum, anti-inflammatory, phytochemical analysis, carrageenan, paw edema Medicinal plants are important resources for the development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs have several adverse effects. Medicinal plants have numerous bioactive phytoconstituents that are safer as well as better substitutes for the prevention and management of various diseases and disorders. The ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Jasminum sessiliflorum were evaluated for their potential as anti-inflammatory agents in vivo by inducing paw edema in rats using carrageenan. The anti-inflammatory activity of the reference drug was compared with the extracts of Jasminum sessiliflorum. The extracts on screening indicated the presence of phyto-constituents such as phenolics, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins. The study established significant anti-inflammatory nature of the Jasminum sessiliflorum extracts in a manner which is dose-dependent. The results indicate that both the extracts of Jasminum sessiliflorum possess anti-inflammatory activity of significance and can be used in the development for novel anti-inflammatory moieties. --- ## C-reactive protein in children with dengue fever in Vietnam **Authors:** Nguyen The Nguyen Phung, Thi Thai Phien Nguyen, Thanh Liem Bui, Thanh Hung Nguyen, Diep Tuan Tran **Published:** 2019-08-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1503 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biomarker, C-Reactive Protein, Child, Dengue fever, Vietnam Precise diagnosis of the severity of dengue fever (DF) and its timely treatment reduce its mortality, but the sensitivity of clinical presentations is low for the classification of severity. Research on biomarkers is ongoing, and some studies in adults have shown the utility of C reactive protein (CRP) in the early diagnosis of dengue severity. However, the role of CRP in children with DF is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the value of CRP in distinguishing between DF and severe DF. A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2016 to April 2017 at Children's Hospital 1 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Serum CRP was tested on days 4 and 5 of the disease. Laboratory tests for DF were based on either a positivity for non-structured glycoprotein-1 antigen (NS1Ag) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immunoglobulin (Ig) M in acute phase serum. Among 270 patients, 29.6% had DF, 26.7% had DF with warning signs, and 43.7% had severe DF. The CRP level was measured in 123 patients on day 4 and 147 patients on day 5 of the illness. The median CRP level for DF was 2.4 mg/L, for DF with warning signs was 6.7 mg/L, and for severe DF was 7.3 mg/L. The CRP level was higher on day 4 than on day 5. The CRP level showed a statistically significant difference between the group with circulatory dysfunctions (p=0.02) or liver dysfunction (p= 0.04) and the other patients. The CRP cut-off point on day 4 that distinguished DF and severe DF was 5.8 mg/L and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.89, with a sensitivity of 82.9% and specificity of 80%. The CRP concentration in the early stage of illness may, therefore, help to distinguish between DF and severe DF. --- ## Statistical design and optimization of ketorolac tromethamine gastroretentive multiparticulate delivery system **Authors:** Rakesh Mishra, Pavan Suradkar, Tanaji Nandgude **Published:** 2019-08-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1486 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ketorolac Tromethamine, Extrusionspheronization, Eudragit RS100, Floating pellets, Factorial design The aim of the present research is to design and optimize floating multiparticulate drug delivery system of Ketorolac tromethamine (KT) so as to reduce its irritant effect on the gastric mucosa. Extrusion and spheronization process were used to prepare a drug-containing core pellets. A 3 level 2 experimental factor design was used to examine the effect of the amount of Eudragit RS 100, effervescent agent (NaHCO3: HPMC K4M) on floating lag time and drug release in 6 h. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrum, physical characterization, particle size distribution analysis, scanning electron microscopy, floating studies and in vitro drug release studies of prepared floating pellets were evaluated. The study reveals the significant effect of the amount of Eudragit RS 100 and NaHCO3: HPMC K4M on floating lag time and drug release. The optimized batch showed floating lag time of 3.2 min and 95.15% average drug release in 6 hours. 80–95% of pellets remained floating for up to 6 h. All the batches showed excellent flow properties having an angle of repose in the range 29.85±0.20 to 21.60±0.50, Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio in the range of 14.49±0.26% to 7.54±0.32% and 1.08±0.04 to 1.16±0.7 respectively. The sustained release gastroretentive floating pellets of Ketorolac tromethamine were obtained and could be effectively used in the delivery of drug with less irritant effect on the gastric mucosa. --- ## A study on the physico-chemical characteristics of Tannery Waste Water at Tiruchirappalli district **Authors:** Ramees Raja Hussain A, Aneez Mohamed M **Published:** 2019-08-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1489 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tannery, Effluent, COD, BOD The waste water generated by the tanning industry are the potential sources of pollution in Tiruchirappalli district. The tannery effluent can cause serious impact to water and soil. This study evaluates the physico-chemical characteristics of tannery effluent and soil. The chemical and physical parameters and water quality index of tannery wastewater were observed to be toxic as it contains large values of organic and inorganic chemical elements. The tannery effluent contains large values of TDS, EC, anions and cations. The major pollutants in tannery effluents are high chlorides, sulphide and total dissolved solids (TDS). The organic impurities in tannery wastewater are the cause for its bad odour. Tannery wastewater polluted soil was analysed and found to have high values of PH, ESP(Exchangeable sodium percentage), EC, sodium, chloride, sodium adsorption ratio, micronutrients and macronutrients and low values of organic matter, moisture content, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, than the garden soil Unpolluted soil. --- ## External cueing on gait parameters in Parkinson’s Disease **Authors:** Deepa S, Ramana K **Published:** 2019-08-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1493 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cadence, Audio, Visual, Cues, Gait Parameters, Stride Length, Step Length Parkinson's disease which is characterized by a paucity of movement, leading to the abnormal gait parameters. The gait pattern is characterized by shuffling as festinant gait. Freezing is an incapacitating motor symptom is also one of the leading causes of gait abnormality leading to falls. Cueing strategy evokes a more goal-directed type of motor control results in improved gait parameters. The purpose of this study to find the effectiveness of external cueing on the gait parameters as cadence, step length and stride length. 30 subjects diagnosed as Parkinson's disease were randomly assigned to three groups, the walking ability was assessed using a 10 meter walk test, and pre-test score was recorded. The external cueing technique was applied for a session of 4 days per week for 4 weeks; each session lasted for about 30 minutes, at the end for 4 weeks, the post-test scores were recorded. External cueing with a combination of audio- visual showed significant improvement in the gait parameters. The improvement showed in the pre-test to post-test reflected the need for introducing the external cueing in improving gait and attention during a motor task. --- ## Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery among women who attended Al Sadder teaching hospital, Misan, Iraq, 2016 **Authors:** Aqeela Haidar Majeed **Published:** 2019-08-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1499 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** vaginal birth, Cesarean delivery, women, Misan A trial of labor has become the advisable choice for delivery in women with one previous low transverse segment and no recurring indication for elective repeated CS. However, a controversy exists regarding the safety and efficacy. This study was aimed to assessed Vaginal Birth after Cesarean Delivery among Women. A prospective study was conducted in Missan province at Al-Sadder Teaching Hospital during the period of January 2016 to January 2017. One hundred women with a single previous lower segment, incision attended the maternity unit with labor pain were selected. All data were collected through direct interview. Main characteristics of the study group were described using figures and tables comparing VBAC and CS groups. The data entered and analyzed using by SPSS software version 20. Statistically significant differences were defined as p < 0.05. The results of this study revealed that the mean age was 28 years (± 2.2 SD); 89% were housewives, 73% have had 2-5 previous conceptions, and 80% reported less than two years between the previous CS and the current delivery. This study showed that 55% of the total study group delivered vaginally. The higher incidence of VBAC was among women aged 15-24 and 25-34 year. Significantly the majority of housewives were more likely to deliver vaginally compared with. The highest incidence of successful VBAC was among women when the interval between the previous CS and the current delivery is <2 years. We concluded the study revealed that VBAC is an acceptable choice for delivery, especially if women have been selected with proper criteria with appropriate timing and close supervision. --- ## Effect of multiple emulsion on mortality of drosophila virils **Authors:** Areej Al-Khalaf **Published:** 2019-08-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1492 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drosophila virils, Insecticides, Multiple emulsion, Mortality, Peritrophic membrane The frequent use of insecticides has led to the development of insecticide resistance by many insects. In some insect populations, resistance can be developed to multiple pesticides. Up to this, insecticides resistance became a key challenge, and the amounts of the used pesticides must be as lower as possible. In this study, we measured the potency of multiple emulsions on the mortality of Drosophila virils and the ability of the fly to ingest and excrete the emulsions as a new strategy to avoid the great use of pesticides. The obtained data showed that the value of the lethal concentration of half the number of individuals decreases when the exposure duration increases, which demonstrates the sensitivity of the larvae to the toxic effect of the formulation. This can help to suggest that this type of material can be more effective and lasting effect for as long as possible. Moreover, the ingestion and excretion of the formulated product in the hind-gut can help to suggest the ability of the studied formulation to pass through the peritrophic membrane and the midgut acidic regions as two important barriers. In conclusion, the formulated microcapsule has a satisfactory insecticidal potency against D. virilis in a dose-dependent manner which might help to avoid the developed resistance to commonly used insecticides. --- ## An efficient technique for identification of leukemia in microscopic blood samples using image processing **Authors:** Meghana M.R, Akshatha Prabhu **Published:** 2019-08-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1487 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** leukemia, white blood cells, bone marrow, blood cancer, classified Leukemia is a blood cancer which features through the ejection of manipulated and strange fabrication of white blood cells which is the way of bone marrow within the blood. The project aims at designing and developing an efficient technique for the detection of luekemia based on image segmentation techniques and nuclei analysis which incorporates the affected percentage and are compared and classified using KNN and SVM. The DNA of youngster cells, for the maximum detail white platelets, subsequently finally ends up harmed here and there. This version from the norm reasons platelets to increase and separate constantly. Sound platelets bypass on inevitably and are supplanted by approach of new cells, which might be brought in bone marrow. --- ## Effect of muscle energy technique on pain pressure threshold in sacroiliac joint dysfunction **Authors:** Saumya Srivastava, Dhanesh Kumar K U, Harramb Mittal **Published:** 2019-08-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1495 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Algometer, tenderness, posterior superior iliac spine, sacroiliac pain, manual therapy Patients with conjectured sacroiliac joint dysfunction (SIJD) commonly complaints of tenderness and pain around the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS). The tenderness can be objectively recorded using pain pressure threshold (PPT) as an outcome measure. However, to date, no studies have been conducted to ascertain the effect of muscle energy technique (MET) on PPT. Consequently, the study aims to determine the effect of MET on PPT in SIJD. Twenty-five SIJD patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria participated in the study. Outcome measures like PPT, Visual analogue scale (VAS), and Oswestry disability index (ODI) was taken prior to the intervention and also after 4-day treatment sessions. There was a significant improvement (p<0.05) seen in all the outcome measures. The study concluded that MET could be beneficial in reducing tenderness around PSIS and also helps in reducing pain and disability in patients with SIJD. --- ## Phytochemical screening and Anti-oxidant activity of Ammannia octandra L.f **Authors:** Kavitha G, Sivakkumar T, Elessy Abraham **Published:** 2019-08-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1496 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ammannia octandra L.f, DPPH assay, Super oxide radical, scavenging activity, Nitric oxide radical, Hydroxyl radical, Total antioxidant activity The investigation includes phytochemical screening of different extracts of Ammannia octandra L.f. Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol as well as the aqueous extracts of Ammannia octandra L.f showed many phytoconstituents. The phytoconstituents of Ammannia octandra L.f were found to be glycosides, alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins and phenolic compounds. Antioxidant activity was determined for three extracts (Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanolic). DPPH assay, Superoxide free radical scavenging activity, Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity as well as Total antioxidant activity methods were followed for antioxidant assays. The ethanolic extract showed better antioxidant activity. Pharmacological screening of different therapeutic activities of Ammannia octandra L.f has to be carried out so that it may be used in future as a good natural antioxidant source. --- ## Spinal cord segmentation and classification of degenerative disease **Authors:** Arjun A, Kanchana V **Published:** 2019-08-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1490 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Spinal cord, MRI, IVD, degenerative disease, MLD, SC Spinal cord plays an important role in human life. In our work, we are using digital image processing technique, the interior part of the human body can be analyzed using MRI, CT and X-RAY etc. Medical image processing technique is extensively used in medical field. In here we are using MRI image to perform our work In our proposed work, we are finding degenerative disease from spinal cord image. In our work first, we are preprocessing the MRI image and locate the degenerative part of the spinal cord, finding the degenerative part using various segmentation approach after that classifying degenerative disease or normal spinal cord using various classification algorithm. For segmentation, we are using an efficient semantic segmentation approach. --- ## Preliminary phytochemical screening and anticancer potential of Kohautia aspera (Heyne Ex Roth) Bremek **Authors:** Kavitha G, Sivakkumar T, Elessy Abraham **Published:** 2019-08-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1500 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Kohautia aspera (Heyne ex Roth) Bremek, Phytochemical screening, MTT assay, Anticancer potential Phytochemical screening followed by anticancer potential evaluation of Kohautia aspera (Heyne ex Roth) Bremek was the purpose of the study. Successive extraction was performed with four solvents of different polarity as well as hot percolation method for the aqueous extract. The anticancer potential of the plant was investigated by standard MTT assay against (MCF-7) human breast adenocarcinoma cells. The extracts showed many phytoconstituents. In vitro cytotoxic activity of plant increased with increasing concentration of extracts. The presence of important phytoconstituents in plants may provide protection against a number of diseases. The investigation concludes that Kohautia aspera (Heyne ex Roth) Bremek possesses significant anticancer potential. --- ## Comparison of Malondialdehyde Level in the Cord Blood of Newborn Infants of vaginal and cesarean deliveries **Authors:** Eman Khammas ALSaadi, Batol Faisal Taher, Mohammed Abid Darweesh, Mohammed Abul Al-Monther **Published:** 2019-08-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1498 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Malondialdehyde, Cord Blood, Newborn Infants, Apgar score The oxidative stress injury that has been linked to poor perinatal outcome and birth asphyxia may be found even with normal pregnancy, and it is severity in a newborn may be related to modes of delivery for which our study aimed to identify. Furthermore, this study was aimed to study the effect of both related- maternal, and related neonatal characteristics on baby’s oxidative stress marker level (Malondialdehyde). Fifty newborn children were selected in both labor ward and operating theater of Al-Sadder Teaching Hospital, Misan, Iraq. They were divided into two groups. The first group comprised 28 newborns, who were born by a vaginal delivery; the second group consisted of 22 newborns who delivered by elective cesarean section. The laboratory measurement of levels of an important antioxidant factor [malondialdehyde (MDA)] in baby’s cord blood has been extracted and used as an indicator of stress. The results of this study revealed that MDA level was higher among neonates delivered through Elective Cesareans Section than those delivered through Vaginal Delivery with significant statistical value (p>0.0001). The previous delivery mood has a statistically significant value of (p>0.02) among mothers who had no previous deliveries. While there were no significant statistical values regarding maternal characteristics as (ages, parity, residency, antenatal care, history of previous abortion, and body mass index) as well as fetal and neonatal characteristics as (sex, birth weight, fetal presentation, and Apgar score) and high MDA level. The current study was concluded that babies delivered by Elective Cesarean Section had been exposed to more oxidative stress compared to the normal Vaginal Deliveries especially for the Primigravidas. --- ## Stress and fertility-Past conviction, present cognizance and future orchestrations **Authors:** Mishra Sarita, Parameswarappa S. Byadgi, Mishra S.P **Published:** 2019-08-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1484 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ayurveda, fertility, life style, stress Different studies have been done to study the effect of stress on reproductive physiology and fertility. Pathogenesis of stress-induced infertility /decrease fecundity is explained by various neuro-hormonal axis and theory of oxidative stress, but proper management of stress and regulation of these neurohormonal axis along with oxidative stress is lacking in modern medical science. A better understanding of stress and its relation with body physiology, especially fertility, is attempted in light of Ayurveda to get knowledge about the etiopathogenesis of stress-induced infertility and its holistic management. In Ayurveda concept of stress is not only confined to psychological factors, but it is the state of disturb body homeostasis, i.e. the state where doshas, dhatus, malas &agni are not in their proper functioning. Diet and lifestyle have their role in maintaining body homeostasis. Along with diet and lifestyle various drugs, therapeutic procedure (panchakarma) & non-materialistic treatment (achar rasayan-rules and beliefs to be followed in life) have been described in Ayurveda to manage disturbed body homeostasis, and thus it helps in the management of stress in a holistic way. Concept of stress management by Ayurvedic concepts like diet, lifestyle, Agni, body purification methods along with rasayan and ojo-vardhak objects (diet, lifestyle, and drugs) will open a vast area of research about the applicability of these concepts in stress management by the holistic way. It will help to serve society by providing not only cure of stress-related infertility but also give a healthy reproductive life. --- ## Effectiveness of acupressure on pain management among mediosternotomy patients **Authors:** Pritha L, Valliammal S, Vijayaraghavan R **Published:** 2019-08-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1404 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acupressure, Pain management, Mediosternotomy patients Acupressure is an alternative therapy that uses fingers and hands to stimulate acupoints and maintains the balance of energy. It was well documented that acupressure is effective in relieving different types of pains in patients with different conditions. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of acupressure in pain and improving the bio-physiological parameters among mediosternotomy patients. The present study was conducted at Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Whitefield, Bangalore. A total of twenty male and female patients those who undergo open-heart surgery via median sternotomy were part of the study after obtaining the written informed consent. After recording the demographic data, the participants were randomly grouped into control and intervention groups using random numbers generated by computer with 10 participants in each group. The intervention will be provided at PC6 acupressure point, situated on the inner side of the forearm, three fingers below the wrist joint, three times a day for four days. Numerical Rating Scale of pain was used to assess the pain of the Participants. There was a significant decrease in the pain score of the participants, followed by the acupressure. The study provides further evidence for the effectiveness of the acupressure in pain management and also recommends detailed research in this area. --- ## Development and validation of a new analytical RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of Glibenclamide and Atenolol in bulk **Authors:** Anitha P, Ramkanth S, Satyanarayana S V **Published:** 2019-08-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1491 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atenolol, Glibenclamide, Combination, HPLC, Validation A new, simple, reliable, fast, sensitive and economical RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of two fixed-dose combinations frequently prescribed in coexisted chronic diseases such as diabetes (GLB) and hypertension (ATN) in bulk for the first time. The mobile phase used for the chromatographic runs consisted of 0.01N potassium dihydrogen ortho phosphate (pH 4.8) and acetonitrile (55:45, v/v). The separation was achieved on column (BDS C18 250 x 2.1mm, 1.6m) using isocratic mode. Drug peaks were well separated and were detected by a UV detector at 235.0 nm. The method was linear at the concentration range 2.5-15µg/ml for Glibenclamide (GLB) and 6.25-37.5µg/ml for Atenolol (ATN), respectively. The method has been validated according to ICH guidelines with respect to system suitability, specificity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The method was validated for system suitability, linearity, accuracy, precision, detection, quantification limits and robustness and was found it is acceptable in the range of 2.5–15 µg/ml for GLB and 6.25–37.5 µg/ml for ATN. The LOD and LOQ of GLB was found to be 0.48 µg/ml and 1.47µg/ml and for ATN was found to be 0.72µg/ml and 2.20 µg/ml, respectively. The method was applied to drug interaction studies of GLB with ATN to illustrate the scope and application of the methods to manage two different therapeutic classes of drugs, as they may co-administered in concurrent diseases. --- ## Effect of ritonavir on pharmacokinetics of antimalarial drug combinations in rats **Authors:** Sunitha G N, Satyavati Dulipala D, Girish Gudi **Published:** 2019-08-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1497 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pharmacokinetic drug interactions, ritonavir, artemisinin drugs, atovaquone, proguanil, CYP3A4 The current treatment for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients coinfected with malaria involves the coadministration of antimalarial and antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends artemisinin-based therapy for malaria that usually consists of artemether, artesunate or dihydroartemisinin with non-artemisinin derivatives such as amodiaquine, lumefantrine and mefloquine. Protease inhibitors (PI) such as ritonavir contribute to the improved health of HIV-positive individuals, and the inclusion of ritonavir in antiretroviral regimens is common in clinical practice. Ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of human CYP3A4, which is the primary enzyme involved in the metabolism of many of artemisinin-based drugs, as well as amodiaquine and proguanil. Upon co-administration, ritonavir can potentially influence the metabolism and thus increase the systemic exposure of these drugs. In order to understand this pharmacokinetic (PK) drug interaction, the current work evaluated the effect of ritonavir (50 mg/kg orally) on the PK of antimalarial drug combinations in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. When co-administered with ritonavir, the exposure (AUC) of the antimalarial drugs artemether, artesunate and proguanil was increased by approximately 3.5-fold. Correspondingly, peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of these drugs increased as well. There was no apparent influence of ritonavir on the PK of lumefantrine, amodiaquine and atovaquone. This study demonstrates the potential influence of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of at least some anti-malarial drugs, likely a result of inhibition of CYP3A. Further evaluation of clinically relevant drug interaction in humans may be warranted to ensure safe and effective use of anti-malarial and anti-HIV drugs concomitantly. --- ## Mirror therapy to improve hand function in spastic cerebral palsy children **Authors:** Elanchezhian C, Swarna Kumari P **Published:** 2019-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1483 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cerebral palsy, Hemiplegic, Spasticity, Mirror therapy, Functional activity Hand function is one of the important functional activities of the human being to perform a daily activity. One of the impairments is hand function commonly observed in spastic hemiplegics. Spasticity is one of the major factors affecting children, as a result of increased muscle tone, that influences hand movement. Children become more dependent when hand function is impaired. Normal muscle tone is a prerequisite for moving the hand to activity for normal hand function. Hand movement improves by reducing spasticity, which in daily living activity helps the child functionally independent. The aim of this research is therefore to enhance the hand function by using mirror therapy in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy. 46 subjects are studied and divided into two groups, namely the group of mirror therapy (Experimental) and the conventional group. The informed concern was taken from their parents. Conventional training was given to one group and mirror therapy was given to another group. Both groups were treated for 60 min/ each session, 5 days/week for the duration of 4 weeks. Modified Ashworth scale was used to evaluate spasticity, 9 hole peg boards were used to measure finger dexterity, Fegl Meyer assessment upper limb was used to assess changes in the motor improvement, and Upper Extremity Functional Index was self-evaluating questionnaire done my parents or caretakers. The independent "t" test was used to analyze the outcome measures, the effect of spasticity effect and ability to function by hand. The mean post-test values of all mirror therapy variables were better than those of the conventional group (p<0.005). The study shows spasticity reduction and improvement in the function of the hand in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy using mirror therapy. --- ## A significant role of biomarkers in breast cancer, cervical cancer and colorectal cancer - A review **Authors:** Malar kodivelraj, Maymun sahana N, Manimaran T, Aruna M, Dinesh kumar P **Published:** 2019-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1481 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biomarkers, cancer care, Ki-67, HER2, p161INK4a, VEGF, Diagnostic biomarkers The early discovery of malignancy can altogether reduce disease mortality and spares lives. In this way, a lot of exertion has been dedicated to the investigation of new advancements to distinguish early indications of the ailment. Biomarkers have various potential applications in oncology, including peril examination, screening, differential end, an affirmation of figure, desire for response to treatment, and checking of development of illness. Malignant growth biomarkers spread an expansive scope of biochemical substances, for example, nucleic acids, proteins, sugars, little metabolites, and cytogenetic and cytokinetic parameters, just as whole tumor cells found in the body liquid. They can be utilized for hazard appraisal, finding, anticipation, and for the expectation of treatment adequacy and danger and repeat. A thorough comprehension of the pertinence of cach biomarker will be imperative for diagnosing the malady dependably yet in addition help in the decision of various restorative choices at present accessible that is probably going to profit the patients. In this review, we provide a information about late advances in disease biomarker discovery, different signalling pathways for specific tumors like breast malignancy, cervical malignancy, colorectal malignancy and finding, forecast and restorative purposes, which incorporate markers as of now in clinical practice just as different upcoming biomarkers. --- ## A critical analysis of Satmya with special reference to Madhumeha (Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus) and certain biochemical parameters **Authors:** Santosh Kumar Ranjan, Byadgi P.S, Tripathi N.S **Published:** 2019-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1480 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Satmya, Madhumeha, Pariksha, biochemical parameters Ayurveda is an ancient medical science that deals with the well being of the human being as well as measures to treat diseases. There are two main purpose of Ayurveda, first being to maintain the healthy status of the healthy people and the second one is to cure the disease of the unhealthy person. For the diagnosis of the disease, ancient Acharyas have given much importance of knowledge obtained by Pratyaksha (direct perception), Anumana (inference), Aptopadesha (testimony), and Yukti (reasoning) during the examination of the patient for a successful treatment. To fulfill this purpose, Atura-Pariksha (examination of patients) Dravya Pariksha (examination of medicinal drug and preparations) and Roga-Rogi Pariksha (examination of the patient and disease) etc. are a very important tool. The concept of Satmya is described under Dashavidha Atura Pariksha (tenfold examination), and it is an important concept in both Swastha-rakshana (maintenance of health) and Aturasya Vikara Prashamana (treatment of disease). The concept of Satmya is explained by different Acharyas elaborately in their own way. The process of adopting Satmya from Asatmya is well explained in the classics. To evaluate the significance of Satmya pariksha in Madhumeha (T2DM) patients. Assessment of Satmya status and biochemical parameters in Madhumeha (T2DM) patients. Satmya might be an important tool for the assessment of the strength of patient and also helpful for proper planning of treatment. --- ## Evaluation of ayurvedic therapy in management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia **Authors:** Arun Kumar Dwivedi, Awadhesh Kumar Pandey **Published:** 2019-08-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1479 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Vasti, Ultrasonographic evaluation Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition that affects 50% of men in their 50th decade. There have been many advances in the treatment of this condition, which aim to improve the patient’s quality of life. Although there is no cure for BPH, but there are many useful options for treating the problem. Treatment focuses on prostate growth, which is the cause of BPH symptoms. Once prostate growth starts, it often continues unless treatment starts. The prostate grows in two different ways-in one type of growth, cell multiply around the urethra and squeeze it whereas in the second type of growth is middle lobe prostate growth in which cell grow into the urethra and the bladder outlet area. This type of prostate growth typically requires surgery. The first line of care for treating BPH is often medication. Efficacy of Vasti therapy an Ayurvedic therapeutic procedure was studied in 75 patients of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). The treatment was given for 21 days, and then the effect was assessed clinically and objectively. Objective observations include determination of size (weight) of prostate and residual urine in the urinary bladder by ultrasonography, estimation of blood urea, serum creatinine and routine, microscopic and microbiological study of urine was also done. After the therapy in 70.67% of 75 patients, the size of the prostate was found regressed, and in 82.14% of 56 patients, the residual urine volume was decreased along with other objective and subjective improvement. --- ## Categorizing the stages of lung cancer using Multi SVM Classifier **Authors:** Ashwini P, Sherin Antony, Kanchana V **Published:** 2019-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1472 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Computed tomography image, gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), Multi Support vector machine (Multi SVM) Detection of cancer is the utmost fascinating analysis space for scientists in the early period. The projected method is meant to identify cancer in the beginning phase. The projected method comprises several phases, such as image acquisition, pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification. In our proposed work, segmentation is done to fragment the CT image. We use solid feature extraction (GLCM) technique to extract certain essential features from the segmented images. Further extracted features are considered for classification (Multi SVM) process to check whether cancerous or non-cancerous. --- ## Stabilizing effect of chitosan-poly vinyl alcohol complex on simvastatin loaded nanoformulation **Authors:** Irisappan Sarathchandiran, Nandakumar Selvasudha, Kailasam Koumaravelou, Kandasamy Ruckmani **Published:** 2019-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1464 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Simvastatin, Chitosan, Poly vinyl alcohol, HPTLC, Stability, Accelerated stability Biopolymers are attractive new and general means of presenting more stable drug delivery system. This is accomplished by encapsulation of polymers to respective drug molecules which offer formation of bonds between them. In this work, chitosan-coated simvastatin nanoformulation was formulated using a method named solvent evaporation technique, and various stability studies were performed. The steadiness of preparation was evaluated by accelerated stability method and forced degradation method. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) was utilized to detect the degradant present in formulation after subjecting it in different stress condition. Simulated annealing process for the prediction of nanoformulation stability was also performed. The accelerated stability study was performed at three altered temperature conditions, (i.e.) accelerated temperature (40 ± 2 °C/75 ± 5% RH), room temperature (25 ± 2 °C/60%) ± 5% RH, and freezing temperature (4°C) and change in drug content, solubility, % cumulative drug release, moisture content and molecular weight were calculated. Standard sample and nanoformulation were exposed to different stress conditions (thermal, base, acid, and light). Finally, the percentage of decomposition was calculated by HPTLC method. All stability studies, along with the simulation method, represented the stability of simvastatin in nanoformulation. Establishment of adequate shelf life also was achieved. This work evidenced the extensive stability offered by chitosan polymers to the prodrug simvastatin. Also, give insight when the problem of poor stability of drug molecules limits its practical applicability. --- ## Exploring the status of treating chronic pain among elderly patients hospitalized in internal medicine wards in saudi arabia **Authors:** Allehabi Muhaisn A, Alshammari Mohammad A, Alenzy Muhya T, ALshehri Mohammed A, Almusri Ali D **Published:** 2019-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1478 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic Pain, Treating, Internal Medicine, Elderly Patients, Pain Anxiety Symptom Scal The elderly population experience many health issues that range from emotional, psychological to physiological conditions. Previous studies reveal that chronic pain is among the major health issues affecting old people. The processes of managing chronic pain among the elderly have proven to be challenging practices since individuals exhibit different health complications in advanced age. Saudi Arabia is among the countries that have made progressive improvements to the approaches employed to address chronic pain. Thus, exploring the status of elderly patients experiencing chronic pain in three major hospitals in Saudi Arabia is an educational strategy to understand the situation both in the middle east and the rest of the world. The notable chronic ailments associated with the elderly in Saudi Arabia include diabetes, back pain, and depression. Several studies have shown that the systems for treating older adults that suffer from chronic pain in Saudi Arabia are effective. The study used the 20-item pain anxiety symptom scale (PASC) to asses chronic pain for 53 patients draw from King Fahad Hospital in Jeddah, Asir Central Hospital, and King Khaled hospital in Najran. The study revealed that chronic pain causes fear. Inability to think properly. Concertation problem and lack of sleep, among other issues. Apparently. The study borrows from other studies done outside Saudi Arabia to explore the issue problem in a broader spectrum. The understanding of chronic pain status is an inevitable exercise towards establishing effective pain management programs or systems. --- ## A review on the neuroprotective effect of Nelumbo nucifera seed pod **Authors:** Ruvanthika PN, Manikandan S **Published:** 2019-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1469 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Receptaculum Nelumbinis, neuroprotection, quercitin, memory enhancement Receptaculum Nelumbinis, the dried seed pod of Nelumbo nucifera, exhibited good efficacy for improving learning and memory abilities. Earlier, studies revealed that Receptaculum Nelumbinis can exert therapeutic effects in diverse disorders like heart failure, neoplasm via anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities. In the central nervous system (CNS), Receptaculum Nelumbinis (RN) also has beneficial effects on various disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), depression, Parkinson's disease (PD), cerebral ischemia, epilepsy, and Huntington's disease (HD). RN also enhances memory and cognition ability of rodents in dissimilar pathological conditions, such as stress exposure, diabetes, aging and high-fat diet (HFD). The effect of noise stress on exploratory, locomotor, and anxiolytic activity in the open-field behavior (OFB) test and the effect of drug RN and active component quercetin, a flavonoid isolated from seedpod in overcoming these changes. Optimistically, getting a vibrant impression concerning the role of RN in the CNS, the present paper summarizes and discusses the pharmacological effects of RN as well as its possible mechanisms in CNS disorder prevention and or therapy. --- ## Study of the effect of pvp k30 in the enhancement of solubility of telmisartan by polymer assisted crystal agglomeration using polymer enriched bridging liquid technique **Authors:** Manoj K, Seenivasan P, Arul K, Senthil kumar M **Published:** 2019-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1466 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Telmisartan, Polymer Enriched Bridging Liquid technique (PEBL), PVP K 30, Solubility enhancement Polymer Enriched Bridging liquid is a novel approach for enhancing the flow characteristics, micromeritic properties, solubility and dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs. Telmisartan is an orally effective Angiotension II receptor antagonist used extensively for the effective management of hypertension. Telmisartan is a poorly water-soluble drug and an ideal candidate for this approach. PVPK30 is used as the hydrophilic polymer. Various formulations were prepared with the addition of PVPK30 in the bridging liquid by Polymer Enriched Bridging Liquid Technique (PEBL). The preparations were subjected to particle size analysis, micromeritic characteristics, FTIR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning Electron microscopic analysis. The crystal agglomerates were found to be spherical in nature with excellent flow characteristics. The crystallinity of the pure drug was found to be decreased without any drug-polymer interaction. The saturation solubility studies showed that the optimized formulation STP04 showed 30.695 folds increase in solubility in water and 29.462 folds enhancement in pH 7.5 phosphate buffer. The in vitro drug release studies also confirmed the enhancement in dissolution rate. The stability of the prepared aggregates was determined by accelerated stability studies. The addition of polymer in the bridging liquid during crystallization stage improved the effective incorporation of the hydrophilic polymer in the aggregates. Polymer Enriched Bridging Liquid technique can be considered as an ideal technique for solubility and dissolution enhancement. --- ## Preparation of a polymeric aggregate of unsaturated Poly ester with sawdust and studying its physical and mechanical properties **Authors:** Ebtehag Zeki Sulyman, Hamid A. Salih, Thaer Abed Hallow **Published:** 2019-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1465 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** polymeric composites, polyester, powdered sawdust, Diffusion Coefficient In this study a type of polymeric composites from melting poly Unsaturated polyester as a basic substance with powdered sawdust was prepared, studying some of it is mechanical properties, which was included: Impact Strength (I.S), Yong modulus (E), Brinell hardness (B.H) and compression Strength (C.S). Polymeric composites before and after reinforcing were studied by comparison between them. It was noticed increasing resistance of Yong modulus (E), Impact Strength (I.S), Brinell hardness (B.H) and compression Strength (C.S). Also, It is studied the effect of some acids like (HCl, H2SO4, HNO3) with concentrations (0.5 N; 1N and 1.5N) respectively. Some physical properties were studied as absorbance and poly propylene's diffusion coefficient before and after reinforcing. The results showed increases in values of these properties with increasing concentration of acid and time of polymer's immersion in the acidic solution. --- ## Triazoles with long chain alkyl groups as a potential biological compounds **Authors:** Salih Mahdi Salman **Published:** 2019-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1475 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Triazole ring, click chemistry, biological activity, alkylation, esterification New series of four compounds was synthesized from multi hydroxyl group compounds such as methyl glycoside by coupling with long-chain alky propargyl ester (C10, C12, C14 and unsaturated C18) via click chemistry after activation the hydroxyl at C6 position by chlorination with N-chlorosuccinimide NCS and functionalized with sodium azide NaN3. The chemical structures and the purity of the resulting triazoles derivatives was confirmed by elemental analysis (CHN) and spectroscopic analysis 1H NMR & 13C NMR. The biological activity for the target compounds was investigated, and they show good antibacterial and antifungal properties against some selected gram-posative and fungi, which make them suitable for medical applications. --- ## Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Postpartum Haemorrhage among Women in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia **Authors:** Sharifah Nadiah Syed Idrus, Nurjasmine Aida Jamani, Radiah Abdul Ghani **Published:** 2019-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1474 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Maternal mortality, Postpartum haemorrhage, Kuantan Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is defined as excessive bleeding of 500 ml or more within 24 hours after birth. It is known as one of the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide. In Malaysia, from the year 2009 to 2014, PPH remained as one of the top contributors to maternal deaths; this suggests that the knowledge, attitude and practice on PPH among mothers in Malaysia still need to be improved. This cross-sectional study is aimed to determine the level of knowledge, attitude and practice on PPH, in addition to examining the association of socio-demographic factors with knowledge, attitude and practice of women in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. This study involved 105 women who have experienced pregnancy and delivered at least once and is living in Kuantan. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed from February until March 2018. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package Software for Social Sciences (SPSS). From the findings, the level of knowledge on PPH among women in Kuantan was average (n=73, 69.5%), whereas the level of attitude and practice of most respondents was found in a good level, 101 (96.2%) and 98 (93.3%) respectively. The factors that have significant associations with knowledge on PPH in this study were age group (p=0.016) and background of education (p<0.001). In conclusion, this study showed that most of the participants in Kuantan have a moderate level of knowledge on PPH yet possess a good attitude and practice on the management of PPH. --- ## Comparative assessment of the efficacy of voglibose and metformin combined with insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus **Authors:** Kothai Ramalingam, Veenah Ganesan, Sooraj Sasi, Surya Shanmugam, Arul Balasubramanian **Published:** 2019-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1462 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Metformin, Voglibose, Insulin, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus The present study was conducted to assess the efficacy of metformin and voglibose combined with insulin in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. This retrospective study was conducted in tertiary care hospitals of Salem district Tamil Nadu with 120 patients who are taking either metformin and insulin or voglibose and insulin according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The total number of patients were divided into two groups each consist of 60. Group A was the patients prescribed with metformin and insulin and group B was the patients prescribed with voglibose and insulin. The average efficacy of metformin and voglibose combined with insulin for 10 days, 20 days, 30 days & 40 days were compared using FBS, PPBS, RBS and HbA1C values. The result shows that patients treated with metformin and insulin, the average efficacy of FBS levels on 10, 20, 30 and 40 days were 22.96%, 27.46%, 30.49% and 36.78% respectively. Whereas in the case of voglibose and insulin the efficacy was 23.48%, 28.38%, 32.57%, 40.47% for 10, 20, 30 and 40 days respectively. In the same way, the PPBS, RBS and HbA1C levels were also calculated. While comparing both the groups of patients, the average efficacy of treatment with voglibose and insulin was more effective than metformin and insulin in the tertiary care Hospitals of Salem district. --- ## Antioxidant profile of chicken bile extract and correlation with chemical content **Authors:** Tuty S, Fidrianny I, Sukrasno A **Published:** 2019-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1470 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chicken bile, Antioxidant, Chemical content Component in chicken bile may be similar to bear bile, which contains an immunostimulant agent ursodeoxycholic acid and related to antioxidant effect. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the antioxidant potential of chicken bile extract by the DPPH method, analyze the correlation between total phenolic and flavonoid content with IC50 of DPPH scavenging activities. Chicken bile was cut and dried using freeze dryer, then extracted by reflux using different polarity solvents. A rotary evaporator was used to concentrate the extracts. Calculation of total flavonoid and phenolic content, antioxidant potential using DPPH assay were carried out by UV-visible spectrophotometry, and Pearson’s method was used to analyze their correlation. IC50 of DPPH of ethanolic chicken bile extract was 46.64 µg/ml, while ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts were 69.99 µg/ml and IC50 71.65 µg/ml, respectively. The highest phenolic content and flavonoid content were given by ethanolic chicken bile extract. The total phenolic and flavonoid content in chicken bile extracts had a significant and negative correlation with IC50 of DPPH. All chicken bile extracts are potential antioxidants by DPPH assay. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds in chicken bile extracts contributed together in antioxidant capacity by DPPH assay. --- ## Fertility and sterility in some Iraqi families **Authors:** Eqbal Dohan Chillab, Dhuha Salman, Nabaa Salah, Dhurgam A. Rahman **Published:** 2019-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1471 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fertility, hereditary, families, Consanguineous, Iraq The present study aims at examining some hereditary effects (sterility and fertility) in sampled Iraqi families. The study includes 1000 families chosen from different areas. The samples are randomly chosen and from different cultural levels. The results show that there are normal differences in the ratio of the influencing factors on reproduction, such as fertility and sterility among foreign married and consanguineous ones. The high rate is found in the first step Consanguineous marriage where it reaches 3.5 (9.2-7.9X2) with the possibility of 0.05 free degree for the first and the second steps as compared with the foreign marriage. The ratio of the spontaneous abortion, the embryo death and the child death under the age of two years are high as compared with the rate of the foreign marriage which are as follows: (22.1), (3.3) and (5.2) respectively (valued 6.8-8.3X2)with the possibility of 0.05 free degree. Also, it is noticed that the ratio of the reproduction disorder of the sample under study is 53%, which is high as compared with the rate of the other studies that were carried out in Iraq. Also, it has been seen that there is a decrease in the internal marriage factor (F=0.27) and the ratio of Consanguineous marriage in this study is 56.6%, which is high as compared with other studies. This is evidence that the heredity danger awareness from the consanguineous marriage is below the required level. --- ## Isolation and characterization of components from roots of Premna latifolia Roxb **Authors:** Gowtham M, Asharani I V, Paridhavi M **Published:** 2019-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1463 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Premna latifolia, Isolation, Stigmanstan -3β-olyln-octadec-9ʹ, 12′-dienoate The aim of the current work was to isolate and characterize structurally fascinating and biologically intriguing compounds from the dried roots of . Dried plant roots were subjected to with ethyl alcohol and later to column chromatography. The individual compounds were isolated by thin-layer chromatography followed by structural characterization using various spectral ways like LCMS, IR, 1D-NMR and 2D-NMR (1H-1H NMR and 1H-13C NMR). Three totally different compounds were isolated and as Compound 1: , Compound 2: -3β-olyln-octadec-9ʹ, 12ʹ-dienoate and Compound 3: for the first time from roots. --- ## Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial evaluation of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives **Authors:** Suhail H. Derawey, Mazin N. Mosa, Ekhlas Qanber Jasim, Rawaa M. O. Hraishawi **Published:** 2019-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1477 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** heterocyclic compound, antibacterial, Oxadiazole -3- thiol deravitive The present work includes synthesis and characterization of some novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives and the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the synthesized compound against pathogenic isolated gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The activity result showed that some compound exhibited efficient effect against these bacteria. Some compounds had significant inhibition zone against Escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The compound OXD3 and OXD4 gave inhibition zone against resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa while stander drug cefepime doesn’t give an activity. --- ## Studying the effect of variables on baclofen floating microsponge **Authors:** Faten Q. Ibraheem, Anmar A. Abdelrazzaq **Published:** 2019-08-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1467 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Baclofen, microsponge, delivery system, controlled released The aim of the present work was to develop a microsponge delivery system of baclofen to control its release and thereby reducing dosing frequency and enhancing patient compliance. The microsponge was produced by oil in oil emulsion solvent diffusion method. The effects of drug/polymer ratio, stirring time and type of Eudragit polymer on the physical characteristics of microsponges were investigated. The prepared microsponges was characterized for production yield (PY), loading efficiency (LD), particle size, surface morphology, and in vitro drug release. The results showed that the microsponge formula with Eudragit RS100 had optimum physical properties with PY % equal to 97 %, and LD % equal to 81% and controlled drug release (75% of drug release in 8 hours) when compared with other formulas and pure BFN. Therefore, the non-aqueous emulsion solvent diffusion method is a promising method to produce baclofen microsponges. --- ## Development, characterization and solubility enhancement of poorly water soluble drug telmisartan by polymer enriched bridging liquid technique using peg 4000 as hydrophilic polymer **Authors:** Manoj K, Seenivasan P, Arul K, Senthil kumar M **Published:** 2019-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1457 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Crystal aggregates, Polymer Enriched Bridging Liquid technique, PEBL, solubility enhancement, spherical crystallization, Telmisartan The solubility and bioavailability enhancement of poorly water soluble drugs has been a foremost challenge in formulation development. Telmisartan belonging to Angiotension II receptor antagonist, extensively used candidate for the treatment of hypertension possess poor water solubility and bioavailability. Polymer Enriched Bridging Liquid (PEBL) method was adopted here for enhancing the flow properties and solubility of Telmisartan. The techniques involve the incorporation of a hydrophilic polymer, PEG4000 into the bridging liquid during the crystallisation process. The drug content determination suggested the better incorporation of polymer into the crystal aggregates. The FTIR analysis showed the absence of any chemical interaction. The DSC analysis showed a significant reduction in the enthalpy and melting point. The crystallinity of Telmisartan was reduced from 50.789 to 34.655% indicated by the reduction in peak intensity analysis and peak area calculation by X-Ray diffraction. The SEM analysis revealed the spherical nature of crystals resulting in the improvement of flow properties. The saturation solubility analysis revealed that the formulation STPG03 has shown 25.86 fold increase in the solubility in water and 24.217 folds in pH7.5 Phosphate buffer. The in vitro dissolution data also supported the results of solubility analysis. Hence, PEBL technique provided a better alternative to enhance the flow characteristics, solubility, dissolution and bioavailability of Telmisartan. --- ## AMPA receptor localization in trigeminal ganglion and its upregulation in migraine **Authors:** Sankaran PK, Gunapriya R, Yuvaraj MF, Siva T, Kumaresan M, Priyadharshini A, Karthikeyan G, Senthil Murugan **Published:** 2019-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1453 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** AMPA, Migraine, Sensory ganglion, Glutamate Migraine is characterized by headache due to imbalance between excitation and inhibition of neurons disabling normal day to day activities. The excitations of neurons are done by excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate which plays the key role in creating any pathology related to neurons. This study was done to identify GluR1 a subunit of AMPA glutamate receptor in the cells of trigeminal ganglion after inducing migraine and compare it with control rats. The GluR1 subunits were localized in the cytoplasm of neurons, and these subunits were up-regulated following a migraine. The GluR1 was also localized in satellite glial cells and nerve fibers, indicating these subunits expressed in neurons and migrate during nociceptive sensitization. This GluR1 expression in the cells of trigeminal ganglion may be crucial in nociceptive sensitization leading to migraine and other painful conditions like trigeminal neuralgia. --- ## Detection and classification of brain tumor using machine learning approaches **Authors:** Pushpa B R, Flemin Louies **Published:** 2019-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1442 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Masking, SVM, DWT, GLCM, Morphological operation This paper proposes a method where a framework is constructed to detect and classify the tumor type. Over a period of years, many researchers have been researched and proposed methods in this space. We have proposed a method that is capable of analyzing the heterogeneous data and classifies tumor type. MRI images have been considered for this project since it gives the clear structure of the brain, without any surgery it scans and gives the structure of the brain this helps in further processing in the detection of the tumor. Human prediction in classifying the tumor from the MRI leads to misclassification. This motivates our project to construct the algorithm to predict the tumor. Machine learning plays a key role in predicting tumor. In this proposed paper, we have constructed a framework for detecting the brain tumor and classifying its type. The approach goes under pre-processing to filter and smooth the image. The segmentation is carried out by using morphological operation followed by masking, which increases the accuracy in the classification step. The multiple feature extraction methods are utilized to extract the feature from the masked image, and for classification, the kernel SVM is used. --- ## Evaluation of Anti-fertility activity of Decaschistia crotonifolia leaves on female wistar rats **Authors:** Afsar Shaik, Prasanna Raju Yalavarthi, Chadrasekhar Kothapalli Bonnoth **Published:** 2019-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1451 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hormonal alteration, Fertility potential, Dechachistia Crotonifolia, Formation of implants Medicinal Plants were used from the ancient to the modern era and has proved in treating and preventing many different types of diseases which are not treatable with other means of treatment. The present study was aimed to prove the anti-fertility activity of Decaschistia crotonifolia leaves on female wistar rats. The extracts were mainly estimated for their anti-implantation activity by taking mainly 2 dose levels: 200 & 400 mg/kg, respectively. The extracts were also tested for their hormonal alteration effects on female wistar rats. The reports obtained in this study strongly prove the anti-fertility potential of leaves extracts of Decaschistia crotonifolia, as the extracts has shown a potential decline in the formation of implants (100%), and also the increase in uterine weight projects its estrogenic effect in Ovariectomised rats. Hence by considering the above-mentioned results, it may be proved that the leaves extracts of D. Crotonifolia poccess strong anti-fertility activity. --- ## Hair pin bends of epicardial coronary arteries - a unique feature in multiple myocardial bridges **Authors:** Mohandas G.V, Sitansu k.Panda **Published:** 2019-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1460 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Myocardial bridge, Left anterior descending artery, Epicardial coronary arteries Myocardial bridge(MB) is an anatomical variant. Sometimes MB can cause compression over the coronary arteries and causes ischemic heart diseases.MB associated with bends of coronary arteries double the risk of coronary artery disease. So the present study aimed to find out the incidence of bends of the coronary artery along with the myocardial bridging. 100 heart specimens were obtained from routine dissection conducted for undergraduate students in the department of Anatomy IMS & SUM Hospital Bhubaneswar. After the simple dissecting procedure, epicardial coronary arteries, their branches and myocardial bridges and hairpin bends of coronary arteries were observed. Myocardial bridges present 41 (41%) over Left anterior descending artery(LAD) only. Among 41 hearts single myocardial bridge present in 37((90.25%) hearts, double myocardial bridge were present in 3((7.31%) hearts and triple myocardial bridges present in only one heart(2.44%). Hairpin bends of the coronary artery were present in double and triple myocardial bridged hearts only. No hairpin bends of the coronary artery was observed in the single myocardial bridge. Hair pin bends of the coronary arteries are the unique features of the myocardial bridges in multiple myocardial bridges, i.e. double and triple myocardial bridges. However, hairpin bends of coronary arteries were absent in single myocardial bridged hearts. --- ## Morphometric analysis of greater sciatic notch and its correlation to sexual dimorphisim in adult pelvic bones **Authors:** Kalyan Ram, Sankaran PK, Yuvaraj Maria Francis, Gunapriya Raghunath, Kumaresan M, Balaji K, Karthi keyan, Siva T **Published:** 2019-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1454 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Greater sciatic notch, Archaeologist, Morphometric, Sexual dimorphism, Differentiation To identify the sex determination of an unknown person from the skeleton remains the first and primary important step come across by the anatomical, forensic and archaeological experts. Many researchers have considered various morphometric parameters for sex determination using hip bone. The current study was carried out to identify the sex of hip bone using various dimensions of the greater sciatic notch. Adult hip bones of a known person were studied and evaluated. The hip bones were assessed using various parameters. The posterior segment, posterior angle and index II of a hip bone were found to be more helpful in sex determination. --- ## AntiHIV, antitubercular and antibacterial activities of novel 1-substituted-3-(3-(4-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo pyrimidin-2-yl amino) isothioureas **Authors:** Narendhar B, Chitra K, Alagarsamy V **Published:** 2019-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1414 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial, AntiHIV, Antitubercular, Condensed pyrimidine, Substituted thiosemicarbazide In this research, substituted thiosemicarbazide group was placed at 2nd position & 4-methylphenyl group was placed at 3rd position of condensed pyrimidine nucleus. Entire prepared title analogues were examined for its antibacterial, antitubercular, & anti HIV activities against selected bacteria & virus. The target compounds 1-substituted-3-(3-(4-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydrobenzopyrimidin-2-yl amino)isothioureas (TTS01 – TTS10) were synthesized from 2-hydrazino-3-(4-methylphenyl)benzopyrimidin-4(3H)-one (5) by reacting with various alkyl/aryl isothiocyanates followed by methylation with dimethyl sulphate. Among the test compounds, 2-methyl-3-(3-(4-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydrobenzopyrimidin-2-yl amino)-1-(3-chlorophenyl) isothiourea (TTS09) and 2-methyl-3-(3-(4-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydrobenzopyrimidin-2-yl amino)-1-(4-nitrophenyl) isothiourea (TTS06) shown most potent activity against S. epidermidis, S. Aureus, and P. vulgaris 3 µg/ml MIC. Compounds TTS06 & TTS09 exhibited the antitubercular activity with 12.5 µg/ml MIC and antiHIV activity at 9.06 and 8.56 µg/ml, respectively against HIV1 and HIV2. Thus for further optimization & development of novel antitubercular and antiHIV drugs, compounds TTS06 & TTS09 may act as a pilot derivative. --- ## Effects of Riluzole on Nr2B subunits of NMDA receptors in rat migraine model **Authors:** Sankaran PK, Gunapriya Raghunath, Joy Ghoshal, Yuvaraj Maria Francis, Siva T, Kumaresan M, Karthi keyan, Nandha Kumar **Published:** 2019-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1458 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Migraine, Riluzole, Glutamate, Headache, NMDA Migraine, a major public health problem, occurring due to the consequences of serial multi-pathophysiological changes in the trigeminal nerve ganglion leading to an imbalance in the excitation and inhibition. The glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, causing excitotoxicity to the sensory neurons leading to sensitization and nociception. The present study was done to determine the effects of Riluzole on the Nr2B subunits of NMDA receptors after inducing a migraine. The rats were treated with Riluzole after inducing migraine with nitroglycerin 10mg/kg. The nitroglycerin treated rats showed intense staining for NR2B subunits, and there was a decrease in the expression after Riluzole treatment. This study concludes that the NR2B subunits are upregulated during migraine and Riluzole can be used to control those upregulations by its neuroprotectant property. --- ## Patch analysis based lung cancer classification **Authors:** Shobha Rani N, Rakshitha B S, Rohith V **Published:** 2019-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1443 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Connected Component Analysis, Gray level co-occurrence matrix, Gaussian Smoothing, Morphological opening, Normalized Cross-Correlation, Naive Bayes, Region of Interest Lung Cancer may be a variety of Cancer that begins in the Lungs because of those that smokes often. However, there Area unit rare probabilities those area unit non-smokers get Affected because of unhealthy pollution and Harmful gasses. The detection of tumor is incredibly vital that helps to detect affected neoplasm areas in the lungs. Computed tomography help us to understand the cancer positions in patients. The detection of cancer tumours are performed by scanning the images of computed tomography. Lung cancer identification system goes with a method of Morphological opening and Gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) feature extraction and Normalized cross-correlation with patches Analysis. Lung cancer classification using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) gives good results of Accuracy of 81.81%. Patch Analysis is a new method to find lung cancer. --- ## Proper digestion as a regulator of female reproductive physiology-An Ayurvedic perspective **Authors:** Mishra Sarita, Parameswarappa S. Byadgi **Published:** 2019-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1452 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Agni, Ahar, Artava dhatu, Artava-vaha strotasa, HPO axis, Reproductive physiology Neuro-hormonal regulation of female reproductive system is a well-established theory till today which believes that Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone(GnRH) is the primary signal that control the activity of Anterior Pituitary Gonadotrops which regulates secretion of Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinzing Hormone (LH). Further FSH and LH regulate growth of ovarian follicle and their proper balance results in ovulation. There is consensus among experts about hypothalamus that secret GnRH is the primary site that regulates female reproductive physiology. Now researchers are focused on the factors regulating HPO axis. Since last one decade role of GIT in regulation of HPO axis became the area of interest for researchers. Various studies have been done showing relationship between GIT and HPO axis. In Ayurvedic samhitas artava dhatu and artava-vaha strotasas are considered as the factors regulating reproductive physiology. In present study literature review of Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya was done to understand concept of artava dhatu and its regulatory factors. It was found that artava dhatu is formed only after proper digestion. Various factors e.g. type of diet, life style and Agni (status of digestive capacity) having their role on digestion that indirectly influencing artava and artava-vaha strotas. It can be concludes that Ayurvedic concept of ahar, agni and digestion have their regulatory role on female reproductive physiology by regulating formation of artava dhatu. --- ## Antifertility activity of Walsura Piscidia Roxb leaf extract on male rats **Authors:** Afsar Shaik, Prasanna Raju Yalavarthi, Chadrasekhar Kothapalli Bonnoth **Published:** 2019-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1444 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** male antifertility, D. Crotonifolia leaf extract, testosterone levels, testes & epididymis The main aim of the present study was to estimate the fertilization parameters in male rats by using methanolic leaf extract of Walsura Piscidia. The animals were divided into three groups of five animals each. The first group (I) served as control and received normal saline remaining Groups (II & III) were treated with plant extract at a dose of 200 & 400 mg/kg p.o. Respectively for a period of 21 days. Dose-dependent significant decrease in the weight of testes & epididymis was observed. Also, a dose-related reduction in sperm count and motility was observed. In conclusion, the methanolic leaf extract of Walsura Piscidia has produced dose-dependent antifertility effect of male rats. --- ## Synthesis and evaluation of coumate analogues as estrogen receptor inhibitors for breast cancer therapy **Authors:** Selvaraj Jubie, Basheer A, Neetu Yadav, Ashish Wadhwani, Mohammed Afzal Azam **Published:** 2019-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1455 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Estrogen receptor, coumate, breast cancer, Schiff bases, cytotoxicity A sulphatase inhibitor 667 COUMATE is in clinical trials for estrogen-positive breast cancer therapy for postmenopausal women, while there are a number of similar sulphatase inbitors are under development. Schiff's bases are versatile pharmacophores in which the N atom involves in hydrogen bonding with active cell centers interfering in normal cell biology. A library of novel coumate analogues with Schiff bases were designed, and structural based drug design was performed with human estrogen receptor (PDB ID: 2IOG) (Already reported). Based on the in-silico outcomes, seven coumate-schiff bases were synthesized. The compounds were obtained in good yield. The novelty had been ascertained by sci finder software. The synthesized molecules were consistent with their assigned spectra such as IR, Mass and NMR spectral data which confirmed their formation. The cytotoxicity study was performed by MTT assay for all the synthesized compounds. Most of the compounds have good IC50 values (below 100 µg/ml).Two of the synthesized compounds COU-2 and COU-5 have shown good IC50 values such as 19µg/ml and 39µg/ml, respectively. They suppressed the proliferation of estrogen receptor overexpressed MCF-7 cells. --- ## Drug utilization review of corticosteroids in a tertiary care hospital of Salem District, Tamilnadu, India **Authors:** Arul Balasubramanian, Rinson Reji, Rosmy Jose, Sarika Sasidharan, Kothai Ramalingam **Published:** 2019-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1459 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Corticosteroids, Drug interactions, Drug Utilization Review, Rationality Corticosteroids are widely used compounds for allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory conditions, hormone replacement therapy etc. Hence, with widespread use and actions, these have several interactions with drugs and diseases. The purpose of this study was to obtain information about Corticosteroids prescribing and utilization pattern, to understand the prescribing behaviour of physicians and to identify drug interactions. A retrospective observational study was conducted in the department of dermatology and general medicine in a tertiary care hospital for 6 months. All the patients receiving any category of steroid therapy were included, and the prescribing and tapering pattern of steroids were reviewed. Drug utilization pattern (DUR) was observed and analysed among 150 patients during the study period. The results revealed that steroids were prescribed for various respiratory illnesses (66%) and skin-related conditions (34%). The steroid utilization was found to be more in elderly patients, particularly in males. Intravenous administration was common in 33% of cases. Budesonide was the most commonly prescribed steroid (36%), followed by Hydrocortisone (24%) and Dexamethasone (14%). The most frequent drug-drug interaction was between Hydrocortisone and Theophylline as well as Hydrocortisone and Hypoglycaemic agents. Most drugs were prescribed rationally, although some factors like prescribing drugs in the brand name, without mentioning route of administration, frequency and dose were deviating away from rationality. Not much variation was found in the pattern of prescription amongst healthcare professionals. Although most of the drugs were prescribed rationally, the involvement of a clinical pharmacist in patient care can help in more rational prescribing along with prevention and early detection of ADRs which can directly promote drug safety and better patient outcomes. --- ## Preparation of herbal formulation and it’s application on nanoparticles synthesis and antibacterial activity **Authors:** Srijan Sunar, Rajeshkumar S, Anitha Roy, Lakshmi T **Published:** 2019-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1447 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Copper nanoparticles, Staphylococcus aureus, toothpaste, oral medicine, nanotechnology Copper nanoparticles makes important progress in the area of nanotechnology and nanomedicine due to their good optical, electrical and anti-fungal/bacterial application. It is prepared using some methods such as vacuum vapour deposition, microwave irradiation methods, chemical reduction and laser ablation. The chemical reduction method is simple, inexpensive and gives a liable control of geometrical nanoparticle characteristics like size and shape. 20 millimolar of 80 ml copper sulphate prepared using double distilled water. The plant extract is added with the metal solution and was made into 100 ml solution. The synthesised nanoparticles solution is preliminarily characterized by using UV- vis-spectroscopy, 3ml of the solution is taken in cuvette and scanned in double beam UV-vis- spectrophotometer from 300 nm to 700 nm wavelength. The agar well diffusion method is used. Different concentration of Cu NPs was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans (gram +), and Pseudomonas sp. The result reveals that Moringa Oleifera with Andrographis paniculata formulation mediated with copper nanoparticles show effective antibacterial activity. CuNPs ex significantly higher activity with an increase in the zone of inhibition diameter. The plant extract is observed to be dark green, and the copper nanoparticles are seen to be in light greenish in colour. They can be used in toothpaste and oral medicines due to their antibacterial activity. Nanoparticles are expected to be used in future for the effective drug systems and immunity against diseases. --- ## Molecular characterization of covalently closed circular plasmid DNA in local Streptomyces strains isolated from soil with detection of antibiotic production and antibacterial activity **Authors:** Suad A Al-Hilu, Wisam H Al-Shujairi **Published:** 2019-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1441 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Streptomyces Species, Antibiotic Producers, Secondary Metabolites, Covalently Closed Circular Plasmids Various of Streptomyces species have two kinds of plasmids, circular plasmids (8 to 31 kb) and linear plasmids (12 to 1700 kb). Covalently closed circular (CCC) plasmids are profuse in the genus of Streptomyces and involved in production and resistance of antibiotics by genetic controlling. We collected fifty clinical soil samples from different regions in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf province/Iraq. The samples included five from Al-Ghadeer Quarter, five from Al-Karama Quarter, 10 from Kufa University, five from Al-Ameer Quarter, four from Al-Forat Quarter, 10 from North Quarters and eleven from desert roads in Al-Najaf. Diluted samples were cultured on Yeast extract Malt extract (YEME) agar medium as a selective medium; then the presumptive Streptomyces colonies were subcultured on Tryptone Yeast extract (TYE) agar, then incubation at 37ᵒC for 7 days. Seven biochemical tests for identification of Streptomyces isolates these are: Catalase test, Oxidase test, Urase test, Kligler Iron Agar test (KIA), Simmon᾽s Citrate test, addition to MacConkey agar test and Mannitol Salt agar test. Five antibiotic discs were used for detection of antibiotic sensitivity of the Streptomyces isolates; these are: Tetracycline, Gentamycin, Vancomycin, Ampicillin, Erythromycin. The sensitivity of the antibiotics was observed by recorded the diameter of inhibition zone around the discs. Two test bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli) were used for the determination of antibacterial activity. Plasmid isolation was done by the alkaline lysis method. This method is characterized by the rapid isolation of DNA from Streptomyces. Then, detection of Plasmid DNA occurred by using agarose gel electrophoresis. --- ## Nutritional and total phenolic analyses of unfermented and fermented red grape (Vitis vinifera) beverages **Authors:** Parameshwari S **Published:** 2019-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1448 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Grape juice, Titrable acidity, Total phenolic content, Total anthocyanin content Grape juices-fresh, homemade fermented and commercial non-alcoholic were evaluated for their nutritional, Physico-chemical, phenolic and anthocyanin content. The grape juices obtained were clear, purple, and pH ranging between 3.3-3.5. The titrable acidity increased in the commercial grape juice (8.65%) whereas total solids (22.67%) was higher in the homemade fermented samples. The nutritional parameters such as carbohydrate, protein, dietary fibres etc. increased in the commercial sample except for vitamin C, which was higher in the fresh juice sample. The total phenolic content (2650 mg/lit) and total anthocyanin content (310 mg/lit) of commercial grape juice was higher compared to the homemade fermented sample. The increase in various parameters in the commercial sample could be attributed to manufacturing and processing techniques used during the production of grape juice. --- ## In situ gel loaded with curcumin-based fluvastatin nanostructured carrier effective against squamous tongue carcinoma **Authors:** Amal M. Sindi **Published:** 2019-08-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1456 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fluvastatin, Curcumin, Nanostructured Lipid Carriers, In-situ gel, HCS 3 cell line, Tongue Carcinoma The aim of the study was to devise a novel Fluvastatin (FT) based curcumin (CR) nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) loaded into an in situ gelling system (ISG) for localized and prolonged chemotherapy in the treatment of aggressive tongue carcinoma. FT-CR NLC was prepared using the solvent evaporation method, characterized, and optimized. FT-CR NLC was loaded in a Poloxamer 407 and polyvinyl alcohol-based ISG, further characterized and evaluated. The percentage of cellular viability and caspase-3 enzyme levels were evaluated for the optimized FT-CRNLC, and loaded ISG formulations were applied to HCS-3 cancer cell lines. Stability studies were performed. The optimized FT-CR NLC was spherical with an indicated particle size of 107 ± 4.5 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.38 ± 0.6, surface charge of -31.1 ± 1.8 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 98.4% ± 0.81%. The optimized ISG had an optimum sol-gel transition temperature. The FT IC50 was decreased by half for FT-CR NLC–loaded ISG in comparison to plain FT and FT-CR NLC. The studies indicated that CR’s synergistic anti-oxidant effect in the FT NLC formulation led to a higher inhibition against HCS-3 cancer cell lines. FT-CR NLC–loaded ISG had a prolonged release that can be significant in localized therapy as an alternative to surgery, especially in the treatment of aggressive tongue squamous cell carcinoma. --- ## Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using herbal formulation and its characterisation **Authors:** Revathi B, Rajeshkumar S, Anitha Roy, Lakshmi T **Published:** 2019-08-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1436 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Synthesis, CuO nanoparticles, Moringha oleifera, TEM, UV vis spectroscopy To study the biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using herbal formulation and its characterisation. To study the copper oxide nanoparticles biosynthesis using Moringha oriefera (I) Synthesis of nanoparticles using copper sulphate (II) Characterisation of nanoparticles using UV-visual spectroscopy. The size of the synthesised nanoparticles are found to be 2-100nm. The graph reached its peak at the wavelength of 300nm using UV-vis spectroscopy. The shape is spherical. These TEM and UV spectroscopic analysis confirmed the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles. Overall results, confirmed the size and shape of CuO nanoparticles using this process and suggested their applications in biomedicine. The biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles are spherical in shape with an average size of 2-100nm. The present research about the biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using the plant extract Moringa Oleifera has excellent biocompatibility. The particles which are smaller in size shows more immunity. Hence the nanoparticles are expected to be used in future for the effective drug systems and immunity against diseases. --- ## Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and serum ferritin level in healthy women **Authors:** Mohanad Adel Mohammed, Mushtaq Talib Abed, Muhannad Shweash, Hayder Adnan Fawzi, Muntaha Qasim Hendi, Ashwaq Talib Duraij, Ghuran Mahdi Salih **Published:** 2019-08-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1431 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** anemia, healthy women, vitamin D3 deficiency, age Vitamin D is an essential vitamin that regulates many biological processes and involved in the activity of many organs like the skin, bone, kidney, etc. ferritin is an essential marker for assessment of anemic status. The current study aimed to assess the relationship between ferritin and vitamin D3 in healthy women at various age groups. A cross-sectional study carried out in Ramadi city and involved 92 healthy women aged from 20-50 years, the participants divided into two groups according to age: group I with age ‏ 20 – 35 years and group II with age 36 – 50 years. In the present study mean vitamin D3 in group II 11.8 ± 3.5 ng/dL was significantly lower than group I (35.3 ± 12.2 ng/dL) p-value < 0.001, a similar finding observed for ferritin (19.6 ± 13.9 vs 66.7 ± 52.1, p-value <0.001). There was a direct relationship between ferritin with vitamin D. However, this relationship was only significant in group II (p-value <0.05), while in group I it was statistically significant. In conclusion, low vitamin D levels associated with low ferritin, indicating that vitamin D deficiency is associated with anemia. --- ## Standardization and bacteria inhibitory test of purified extract of mahogany (swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq) seeds and leaves **Authors:** Virsa Handayani, Rezki Amriati Syarif, Ahmad Najib, Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad, Abdullah Mahmud, Nurasyiah Jumaris St **Published:** 2019-08-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1439 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bacteria, Inhibitory test, Mahogany, Purification, Specific parameters, non-specific parameters, Standardization, Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq) is one of the plants that is often used by the community as traditional medicine. One of them is antifungal, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and eczema. Standardization of purified extract of mahogany has been carried out according to the monographs of extract standardization guidelines, which include testing of specific and non-specific parameters. The results of the specific parameter testing showed that the purified extract of mahogany seeds is a thick extract, brown to reddish, smells distinctive and has a bitter taste. While the purified extract of mahogany leaves is a thick extract, greenish-brown in color, distinctive smell and has a bitter taste. The chemical content of purified extract of mahogany seeds and leaves showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and saponins. Water-soluble essence levels in mahogany seeds and leaves was 14.84% and 10.28%. While the ethanol-soluble essence levels in mahogany seeds and leaves were 15.38% and 12.43%. Testing of non-specific parameters on mahogany seeds and leaves showed the results of drying shrinkage levels of 0.22% and 8.84%, moisture content of 2.60% and 4.04%, total ash content of 1.71% and 1.93%, levels acidic insoluble ash 0.38% and 0.32%, Total Plate Number (ALT) of mahogany seed bacteria 1x102 colonies/g, Number of mahogany mold seeds 4x10 colonies/g, heavy metal lead contamination and cadmium in mahogany seeds 0.0607µg/g and<0.003µg/g. The inhibitory diameter of each concentration of leaves against Escherichia coli, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%, is 10,27; 10,90; 13,46; and 15,68 mm, respectively. --- ## Heparin-induced gross haematuria : a case study **Authors:** Sumit Kumar Rai, Khayati Moudgil **Published:** 2019-08-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1440 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Gross, Haematuria, Anti-coagulant, Heparin, Urine, Blood Spotting blood in urine can be alarming. In many instances the cause is harmless, but blood in urine can indicate a serious disorder. Haematuria can be categorized into two categories, such as gross haematuria and microscopic haematuria. Gross haematuria is visible with naked eyes, and easily identifiable, whereas microscopic haematuria can be identified after doing a urine test under a microscope. It is important to know the primary cause of bleeding. It can be either due to medications, kidney disorders, urinary tract infections or strenuous exercise's. Here we report a case series of gross haematuria for three patients where it has been caused by anticoagulant drug heparin. Our case series illustrates a strong causal relation with heparin causing gross haematuria. --- ## Reduce the toxicity of prepared copper sulfide nanoparticles **Authors:** Manar M. Rashed, Nada H.A. Al-Mudallal, Ali A. Taha **Published:** 2019-08-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1433 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Copper sulfide, CuS-BSA, Nanoparticles, Antibacterial, Anticancer, RD cell line, L20B cell line Copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles have attracted increasing attention from biomedical researchers across the globe, because of their intriguing properties, which have been mainly explored for energy and catalysis related applications. The aim of the study is to prepare CuS NPs by BSA entrapment to reduce the toxicity, characterizing, comparative the toxicity before and after entrapment against bacteria and check the toxicity against RD and L20B cell lines. CuS-BSA NPs was an easy, low toxicity and low cost chemically synthesized. The CuS-BSA NPs was identified though UV-VIS spectrophotometer, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and Zeta potential. The antibacterial activity against different G-positive and G-negative bacterial strains have been investigated for (2 mg/ml) concentrations of CuS-BSA NPs and commercial CuS. A result showed that CuS-BSA NPs have more antibacterial activity than commercial CuS. Using different parameters of CuS-BSA NPs, its anti-cancer bioactivity for every compound synthesized in RD and L20B cell line was explored, and the result proved there was significant toxicity against RD and L20B cell lines. --- ## Factors affecting the outcome in surgically treated civilian penetrating head injury: Case series **Authors:** Ali Adnan Dolachee, Ghazwan Alwan Lafta, Abdulqadder Nabil Mohammed, Alyaa Khalid Al-Zubaidi **Published:** 2019-08-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1437 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** penetrating head injury, civilian, Head injury, outcome Penetrating brain injury (PBI) is any injury that causes penetration of the scalp, skull, meninges, and brain. It is a traumatic brain injury caused by either low-velocity sharp objects, high-velocity projectiles or blast injury is the consequence of the detonation of complex explosives with or without PBI and closed head injury. To evaluate the factors that affect the surgical outcome of civilian PBI. The data include thirty-nine (39) operated patients with PBI. Data information includes the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), radiological investigations (computerized tomov graphy (CT-scan) and plain X-ray) the outcome determined by Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS). The surgical outcome of the penetrating head injury in this study was assessed by GOS and was as follow, good recovery 10 patients (25.6%), moderately disabled 11 patients (28.2%), severely disabled 5 patients (12.8%), vegetative 6 patients (15.4%), Dead 7 patients (18.0%). Good outcome 21 patients 53.8% while poor outcome 18 patients 46.2%. GCS is significant factor (p-value = 0.002), time not affecting, CT-finding is significant factor (p-value = 0.000), blood pressure >= 90 mm Hg is a good predictor factor (p-value =0.001), speech difficulty is poor predictor factor (p-value = 0.004), outcome of inlet alone better than inlet and outlet. There are many factors affecting the surgical outcome in civilian penetrating head injury, and the significant factor is pre-operative GCS, CT-scan which is the best radiological investigation for pre-operative and post-operative assessment and show the details of the injury, blood pressure > = 90 mm Hg which is a good prognostic factor. --- ## Design, optimization and comparative IN VITRO evaluation of sustain release matrix tablet using ARAUCARIA HETEROPHYLLA gum **Authors:** Gayathri R, Sundaraganapathy R **Published:** 2019-08-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1435 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Araucaria heterophylla, Pharmacopoeial limits, Matrix tablets, Aceclofenac The present study deals with the formulation of oral sustained-release tablets using natural gum of Araucaria heterophylla, and the results were compared with existing polymer. The gum was isolated from the bark exudates of Araucaria heterophylla tree. Sustain release matrix tablets of aceclofenac as a model drug were prepared with the proportions 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of Araucaria heterophylla gum by direct compression method. The results were compared with sustain release matrix tablets formulated from similar proportions of Guar gum and HPMC K4M. The tablets were evaluated for their physical characteristics. The formulation with 30% concentration of the gum showed a release of 91.68±0.72% whereas the formulation with 30% guar gum showed drug release of 91.26±0.41% after 8 hrs, while HPMC at 30% concentration gave a drug release of 86.26±0.61after 8 hrs. The other parameters were satisfactory and were within the Pharmacopoeial limits. The stability studies carried out under accelerated conditions as per ICH guidelines infer that the gum is chemically stable, compatible and maintain its physical and in vitro characteristics throughout the shelf life of the formulations. --- ## Hypolipidemic effect of Azima tetracantha on lipid profile markers of carbon tetrachloride induced liver toxicity in rats **Authors:** Saleem K, Nargis Begum T, Muhammad Ilyas MH **Published:** 2019-08-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1434 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Azima tetracantha, Carbon tetrachloride, Lipid profile, Silymarin This study was aimed at evaluating the hypolipidemic effects of ethanolic extract of Azima tetracantha Leaves against liver toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in male albino Wistar rats and to compare the same with the reference drug silymarin. Six groups of rats with six rats in each group were used as the experimental subject. Animals were allocated into a control group and liver toxicity control group. The remaining four groups received in addition to CCl4, silymarin (20 mg/kg/d) as a reference treatment and Azima tetracantha (100, 200 and 400mg/kg/d). Once the experiment period was completed, the biomarkers of lipid profile, including total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)] were evaluated. Azima tetracantha significantly decreased the serum lipid profile markers cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids, VLDL, LDL, and increased HDL. Azima tetracantha could be a promising protective agent against cholesterol through the improvement of liver function, modulation of CCl4 by-products formation and thus has hypolipidemic potentials. --- ## An R based interface to understand cognitive ability of different participants using fixation and saccade detection **Authors:** Akshay S, Ashika P, Aswathy Ramesh **Published:** 2019-08-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1438 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Eye-tracking, Fixations and saccades, R shiny app, Cognitive ability Eye-tracking is an emerging area of science in a wide range of computer vision-based applications. Eye-tracking mainly deals with where the person is looking at and for what duration. In this work, we propose an R based interface to visualize the eye-tracking data as fixations and saccades that depicts where the person looking at –fixations and saccades and what duration – fixation duration. Through the eye-tracking metrics that are visualized in our work, one can visualize the difference between the viewing behaviour of various participants. The differences thus depicted can later be studied in order to understand the cognitive abilities of the participants. The paper contains a detailed survey of the existing literature and the experimental results generated using the R interface. --- ## Insilico screening chemical compounds α-glucosidase inhibitor from Cordia myxa L. **Authors:** Ahmad Najib, Virsa Handayani, Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad, Syarif Hikmat **Published:** 2019-08-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1421 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cordia myxa L, Diabetes Mellitus, Docking, Insilico, Pyrex Program One mechanism to maintain blood glucose level for diabetes mellitus is the inhibitor of the α-glucosidase enzyme to reduce the increased level. The research aimed to determine the chemical compound of Cordia myxa L. that can inhibit an α-glucosidase by insilico screening using the computer simulation with some docking program. The 3 D enzyme target receptor downloaded from Protein Bank Data (PDB) with 1LWJ code, and the macromolecules of a chemical compound from the sample were resulted from GC-MS analysis and optimizing the 3D conformation by. Screening of chemical compound by Autodock Vina on Pyrex Program. The results showed that 19’s chemical compounds of (Cordia myxa L.) having the value of free bonding energy (∆G) in the range of -5.3 kcal/mol to -9.3 kcal/mol, two compound with the higher ΔG value than the others are Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (ΔG -7.8 kcal/mol) and 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-(3,8,2,16-tetramethylheptadeca, 3,7,11,15, tetraenyl-cyclohexanol) (ΔG -9.3 kcal/mol). --- ## Effectiveness of acupressure on bio-physiological parameters in mediosternotomy patients **Authors:** Pritha L, Valliammal S, Sai sailesh Kumar Goothy, Vijayaraghavan R **Published:** 2019-08-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1427 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acupressure, Pain management, Bio-Physiological parameters, Alternative therapy Acupressure is one of the emerging alternative therapies for the management of the pain, anxiety and other physiological indexes. The present study was conducted at Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Whitefield, Bangalore. A total of twenty male and female patients those who undergo open-heart surgery via median sternotomy were part of the study after obtaining the written informed consent. After recording the demographic data, the participants were randomly grouped into control and intervention groups using random numbers generated by computer with 10 participants in each group. The intervention will be provided at PC6 acupressure point, situated on the inner side of the forearm, three fingers below the wrist joint, three times a day (6 am, 12 noon, 6 pm). There was a significant decrease in the heart rate and blood pressure and a significant increase in the partial pressure of oxygen. Further, there was a decrease in the serum troponin T levels. The study support implementation of the acupressure. --- ## A comparative study on different segmentation and classification methods for the diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease **Authors:** Pushpa B.R, Nayana.P. Kamal, Amal P.S **Published:** 2019-08-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1422 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alzheimer Disease (AD), FCM (Fuzzy–C Means), CNN (Convolutional Neural Network), SVM (Support Vector Machine) Alzheimer Disease (AD) is one of the brain disorders which progressively expand over the years. It gradually harms the reasoning ability and memory of the affected person. Earlier identification can keep away the severity of the disease and can advance the feature of life. Alzheimer's disease diagnosis using image processing is an important but challenging problem around medical science since image processing made hard by noise, low contrast and other imaging ambiguities. There are many methods that exist in medical image analysis, which includes preprocessing, feature extraction, image segmentation and classification. Although several models have been widely used, there is a need to implement a system with more accuracy. A comparative analysis for the segmentation which comprises FCM and K-means clustering methods and classification of AD using SVM and CNN performed. These methods are used for segmentation and classification, which calculates the accuracy and consolidates their advantages. Finally analyzing efficient for the diagnosis of AD. --- ## Exploration and evaluation of efficient pre-processing and segmentation technique for breast cancer diagnosis based on mammograms **Authors:** Shobha Rani N, Chinmayi S Rao **Published:** 2019-08-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1423 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** CLAHE (Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization), Log (Laplacian of Gaussian), GMM (Gaussian Mixture Model),, Gray Level (Co-occurrence Matrix), Ensemble Based Technique Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death for women everywhere in the world. Since the reason behind the disease remains unknown, early detection and diagnosis is the key challenge for breast cancer control. In this work, mammogram images are initially subject to pre-processing using Laplacian filter for enhancement of tumour regions, Gaussian mixture model, Gaussian kernel FCM, Otsu global thresholding and FCM technique are employed for segmentation. Further, the efficiency of segmentation techniques is analyzed by classifying the samples into benign, malignant and healthy using Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) features. Linear discriminant analysis classifier is used a combination based on which efficiency used for classification of mammograms. Ensemble methods are evaluated. The efficiency has resulted in better accuracy with the ensemble-based method. The experimentation is conducted in the mini MIAS database of mammograms, and the efficiency of the linear discriminant analyzer is found to be 89.19% for GKFCM, 83.78% with Otsu and 78.38% with FCM method with GLCM features. --- ## Effect of caloric vestibular stimulation in a paraquat-induced parkinsonian mouse model **Authors:** Sai Sailesh Kumar Goothy, Srilatha Goothy **Published:** 2019-08-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1430 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Caloric vestibular, stimulation, Parkinson’s disease, Neurotransmitters The present study was taken up to observe the effect of caloric vestibular stimulation on brain neurochemicals in a paraquat-induced Parkinso-nian mouse model. 24 healthy, adult male Swiss albino mice with body weight ranging between 25 - 40g were used in the study. The middle ear cavity of the mice was irrigated with hot (40oC) water. 0.5 ml of water was taken in 5 ml syringe with the needle removed. The ear was irrigated with water drop by drop, using the syringe. Gently the earlobe of mice was shaken. The procedure was continued with the other ear. Acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin and GABA were estimated. The results of the present study show a positive impact of vestibular stimulation in the management of the Parkinson’s disease. Further detailed research is required to understand the mechanism of action behind the performance of vestibular stimulation and could be adopted in the management of Parkinson’s disease. --- ## Poisoning trends in intensive care unit at secondary care hospital – a pilot study **Authors:** Sri Nanda G, Balaji S, Khayati Moudgil **Published:** 2019-08-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1417 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Poison, Self-Harming, Poisoning trends, Awareness, Pesticides Poison is known as a toxic and hazardous substance that is capable of causing illness to the living organisms. It can lead to some fatal outcomes. Self-harming has become a global issue, which is a burden on society. Every year millions of people die due to the consumption of toxic compound and leaving their loved ones behind in grief. The prospective pilot study was performed on a small scale for a period of three months. Each type of poison case admitted to Intensive care unit for the three months from July 2018 to September 2018 were taken into consideration. The informed consent has been obtained from all the patients, whereas demographics details of the patient were obtained using a predesigned data collection form. During the study period, 37 cases of poisoning were reviewed. The incidence is found to be more in males 28 (75.6%) when compared to females 9 (24.3%). Our study results showed that pesticides are the major reason for poisoning with an intention of self- harming. Majority of the poisoning cases were seen in the age group of 21-30 where physical and mental stress is the major reason. --- ## The association between gene polymorphism of certain cytokines (IL-6, IL-10) and hepatitis C virus infection locally **Authors:** Najwan Abdul karim Habib Naji Alzubaidi, Syoof Khoman Alwan **Published:** 2019-08-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1418 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** polymorphism, cytokines, hepatitis, HCV, virus Thirty blood samples were collected from people infected with HCV and collected 30 blood samples from healthy individuals as a control group. The samples were collected from the virus department at Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, Women's Hospital and Educational Children and the Blood Bank in Diwaniyah Governorate, during the period from July 2018 until February 2019. Antibodies (Anti-HCV ) to HCV were detected in the infected serum using ELISA technique, and the diagnosis was confirmed Using the polymerase chain reaction test. Select gene polymorphism of interleukin -6 at site 174, which represents 3 genotypes GG, GC, CC in patients with HCV and control group. GG was significantly increased in patients with hepatitis C virus (63.3%) compared to the control group (30 %). The genotypes GC, CC were significantly decreased in patients with hepatitis C virus (16.7% and 20%) compared with the control group (43.3% and 26.7%), respectively. It also identified gene polymorphism of interleukin -10 at site 592, which represented 3 genotypes AA, AC, CC in patients with hepatitis C virus and control group. Genotype AC was significantly increased in patients with hepatitis C virus (53%) compared with the control group (30%). The genotypes CC, AA were significantly decreased in patients with hepatitis C virus (26.7% and 20%) compared with the control group (26.7% and 43.3%) respectively. Conclude from our current study that genotypes or alleles of IL-6 and IL-10 may play an essential role in increasing the risk of HCV in humans or play a vital role for prevention against. --- ## Kidney tumor detection and classification using image processing **Authors:** Rohith V, Simmi A, Ramya N **Published:** 2019-08-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1412 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Segmentation, Computed Tomography, GLCM, multiSVM Kidney cancer is a disorder where the cells of the kidney become abnormal and develop into a tumor. It is also referred to as renal cell carcinoma. The detection of kidney tumor in the early stages is very important; it is said that different imaging techniques can help doctors to decide the cancer stage and determine the appropriate treatment method. The detection and diagnosis of kidney tumors are performed by scanning images of computed tomography. Most existing works in renal kidney cancer is detection and diagnosis of the existence or absence of tumor in the kidney and classify the tumor as harmless or malevolent. The fundamental goal of this paper is to propose a strategy that will characterize the type of cells present in the kidney tumor. This can be accomplished through methods like segmentation, feature extraction using GLCM and classification using multiSVM. --- ## Antibiotics resistance - a stumbling block to antibiotics research **Authors:** Sivasankari Marimuthu, Arul Jayanthi Antonisamy, Sankar Malayandi, Karthikeyan Rajendran **Published:** 2019-08-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1410 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** resistance, antibiotics, archaea, halophiles Antibiotics are natural or synthetic substances that inhibit the growth of infectious microorganisms and prevent from them, causing serious infections. Though the discovery of penicillin was claimed to be accidental, later on, systematic procedures for antibiotic discovery was introduced by Waksman through his streptomycin discovery. Adopting Waksman's platform, many researchers are exploring natural sources in search of antibiotics. On the other hand, the development of resistance to antibiotics is growing at a rate faster than the discovery of new antibiotics. While a number of semi synthetic and synthetic compounds with antimicrobial properties are emerging to combat the above problem, the microorganisms are in no way working inferior to resist the actions of such substances. In fact, the development of resistance by microorganisms to above said alternatives are observed at an even faster rate than the natural antimicrobial compounds obtained from microbes. The reason behind such a faster resistance development is due to the similar structural features of semi-synthetic and synthetic compounds to natural antibiotics from microbes. The treatment of infectious diseases becomes a big task and requires a greater concern nowadays to avoid increased rates of mortality. This is an alarming condition demanding for the discovery and development of new antimicrobial compounds that would end up as a better solution for the existing problem and avoid the development of resistance. This review presents the background of antibiotics discovery and resistance development and also provides an insight into the available strategies to combat the problem. --- ## A Comparative approach to cluster maternal data using k-means and k-medoid **Authors:** Bipin Nair B J, Adarsh C K, Nishin S, Nihar K P, Shivaranjith P **Published:** 2019-08-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1416 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** K-means, K-medoid, Elective LSCS, Emergency LSCS In our work, we cluster the data collected on pregnancy women through hospitals, into three different categories such as elective LSCS, emergency LSCS and normal delivery. We aim to identify outliers so that we can predict the complications that can occur during pregnancy. These complications can even lead to maternal death. Clustering is performed by the aid of k-means, and k-medoid procedures which are implemented in windows form application to run in Microsoft Visual Studio, a comparison is provided on its performance and efficiency between both the algorithms and also the outlier, i.e. normal delivery cases are detected and depicted. From our work, we can clearly say that K-Means works better when the dataset is between the range of 50 – 100. Suppose the data set is greater than 500 then K-medoid works efficiently. In our work, we are considering various maternity cases. Here we are detecting normal delivery cases as an outlier. --- ## Evaluation the mechanical properties of PMMA / ZrO2 nanoparticles for dental application **Authors:** Logean Qadri Al-Karam, Sadeer M.Majeed **Published:** 2019-08-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1409 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), denture, Zirconium nanoparticle (ZrO2) Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) mechanical strength still has a couple of disadvantages form long term denture. This work aims to evaluate the influence of Zirconium nanoparticle (ZrO2) with various concentrations (0.15, 0.35, 0.6, 0.9) on tensile, compression, fatigue strength, and hardness test. The rise of the ZrO2 nanoparticles ratio yielded to a proportional increase in the material composite strength of tensile. In addition, the compression test showed that the ZrO2 ratio rise increased the compressive strength of the compound material. As for the hardness test, it has been noted that the article has a high hardness ratio and is almost perfect. Moreover, the rate of fatigue test, which is a measure of the susceptibility of corrosion-resistant material, yielded good result in which the content has shown the ability to resist erosion for a long time. All over, the results mentioned above showed reliable capacity for denture base material with improved strength, fatigue, hardness and compression with the of addition ZrO2 nanoparticles to PMMA. --- ## A death calls from unsafe heights. A study of factors influencing the outcome of surgically treated pediatric head trauma patients in baghdad **Authors:** Ghazwan Alwan Lafta, Ali Adnan Dolachee, Alyaa Khalid Al-Zubaidi, Samer S. Hoz **Published:** 2019-08-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1408 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Outcome, pediatric head trauma, surgery, pediatric trauma score Pediatric head injury accounts for a large number of admissions in emergency rooms, it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children over 1 year of age. The aim of this study is to assess the outcome of surgically treated pediatric patients with head trauma in Baghdad. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in neurosurgery hospital in Baghdad including fifty-two patients of the pediatric age group from 1 year to 14 years old with surgically operated head trauma, in the period from 1/10/2014 till 1/10/2015. All the patients were received; examined and managed properly and followed up till 6 months after surgery. The outcome was truly affected by the mechanism of injury (p=0.001), falls from heights were the most common mechanism, and it was significantly related to mortality, it also increased the rate of disability, while it had no significance regarding a good functional recovery. There were associated orthopedic injuries which also affected the outcome significantly (p=0.01) increasing the mortality and disability. The outcome was truly affected by pediatric coma scale (p=0.001), functional recovery was increased with higher score and mortality increased with a lower score, and disability increased in both severe and moderate scores. Pediatric trauma score had a significant effect on the outcome (p=0.001), in the score (less than 0) it increased the mortality, in the score(0-5) morbidity was increased. Falls from heights are the most common mechanism of pediatric head trauma and greatly affect the outcome. Concomitant orthopedic injuries are associated with poor outcome. Pediatric coma scale, pediatric trauma score are significant tools in predicting the outcome. --- ## A case of scrub typhus presenting as ARDS **Authors:** Ahmed Siddique A, Jagadeesan M, Mariraj I, Ramkumar M, Prasanna Karthik S, Kannan R, Damodharan J, Mageshkumar S **Published:** 2019-08-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1411 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** ARDS, Eschar, febrile illness, Rickettsia, Scrub typhus Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a rapidly progressive disease, mainly occurring in critically ill patients. The systemic spread of infections mainly causes ARDS due to the seepage of fluid in the interstial spaces of the lung parenchyma. Scrub typhus is a rickettsial infection caused by Orientia tsutsugamuchi. The bite of trombiculid mite transmits it. Scrub typhus is frequently underdiagnosed due to its non-specific clinical presentation and relatively low level of suspicion in treating physicians. The clinical presentation of scrub typhus is varied from fever, myalgia, rashes, headache, lymphadenopathy to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, central nervous system involvement. The disease is usually indistinguishable from other febrile illness like enteric fever, weils disease, malaria and certain viral hemorrhagic fevers. Identification of an eschar points to the diagnosis without which the diagnosis is based on a high index of clinical suspicion. We report an interesting case of scrub typhus presenting as acute respiratory distress syndrome. --- ## Synthesis of novel 4-oxo-N-(4-oxo-3-substituted-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl amino)-2-phenylquinazoline-3(4H)-carboxamidines as AntiHIV, antitubercular and antibacterial agents **Authors:** Sulthana M.T, Chitra K, Alagarsamy V **Published:** 2019-08-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1449 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial, Anti-HIV, Antitubercular, Quinazoline A series of novel 4-oxo-N-(4-oxo-3-substituted-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl amino)-2-phenylquinazoline-3(4H)-carboxamidines are prepared from methyl 4-oxo-2-phenylquinazoline-3(4H)-carbthioimidate & 3-(substituted)-2-hydrazino-quinazoline-4(3H)-ones. The starting material 4-oxo-2-phenylquinazoline-3(4H)-carbthioimidates were prepared from anthranilic acid while the 3-(substituted)-2-hydrazino-quinazolin-4(3H)-one was prepared from a range of 1° amines using multistep preparation. Entire synthesized analogues were screened for their antitubercular, anti-HIV and antibacterial activity. Among the series, N-(3-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl amino)-4-oxo-2-phenylquinazoline-3(4H)-carboxamidine (BQC7) and N-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl amino)-4-oxo-2 phenylquinazoline-3(4H)-carboxamidine (BQC9) showed most potent activity against S. epidermidis, S. aureus & B. subtilis with the MIC of 3 µg/mL. The compound BQC7 displayed the antitubercular potency at 12.5 µg/mL and anti-HIV activity at 8.53 µg/mL against HIV1 and HIV2. Thus, these derivatives are useful in the development of novel antitubercular & antiHIV agents. The results obtained from this study confirm that the synthesized and biologically evaluated quinazolines showed promising antimicrobial, antitubercular and anti-HIV activities and are new scaffolds for antimicrobial activity. --- ## A typical drug design approach for AIDS in HIV genomics using various MD methods **Authors:** Bipin Nair B J, Akshay Raj V P, Chithranand V Nair **Published:** 2019-08-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1413 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** AIDS, HIV, MD, PDB In our work we are working with HIV genomes and AIDS proteins. In our method we are performing sequence alignment using Needle man wunch algorithm of development and application the approach to calculate free energy and entropy by using non-physical, alchemical path through a thermodynamic series while the drug will interact with the protein. Here we are working in the principle based on protein-protein, protein-peptide, protein-ligand, virtual screening and compulsory free energy estimation for HIV genomics and AIDS proteins.for sequence comparison we are using Needleman Wunsch algorithm. --- ## Recognistion of glaucoma using otsu segmentation method **Authors:** Naga Kiran D, Kanchana V **Published:** 2019-08-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1407 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** glaucoma, OC, OD, otsumethod, NRR, CDR, RDR, ISNT, SVM classifier Glaucoma is an eye disease once it occurs, it cannot be cured. Be that as it may, in the event that it is starting stage doesn't take the therapeutic treatment its prompts the lasting visual impairment. Most of the literature surveys explain various techniques which are used with the help of the optic cup and optic disc to detect glaucoma. It tends to be successfully identified through the best possible segmentation of optic cup and optic disc. In this paper, we proposed about, NRR [neuro retinal rim] OTSU segmentation based technique. The disease will be confirmed by calculating the CDR [cup to disk ratio], RDR [rim to disk ratio], ISNT ratio [inferior, superior, nasal, temporal] and in analysis of glaucoma detection CDR and SVM [support vector machine] play the major role in identifying the glaucoma present or not. Our experimental technique has got the outcome of 94% accuracy. --- ## Protein supplements between consumer's opinion and quality control: an applied study in jordan **Authors:** Talal Aburjai, Rudaina Othman Yousif, Mahmood Jasim AlSamydai, Ali Al-Samydai, Farah Al-Mamoori, Hanan Azzam **Published:** 2019-08-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1402 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Testosterone, Protein supplements, Attitude, Consumer beliefs, HPLC The consumption of dietary supplements has nowadays become popular, especially in Jordanian sports clubs and gyms. In fact, there is a widespread idea, among consumers, that these proteins contain hormones in order to increase their efficiency. The objective of this study is to develop a better understanding of customer opinion in an era that increased growth in Jordan and improves a chromatographic method to detect the testosterone in protein supplements. The method of this study, six popular types of proteins in the Jordan market have been chosen after conducting a primary study of the proteins' users by questionnaires to identify their opinions about these proteins. These proteins have been analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography by developing an easy and fast method to detect testosterone signal between 8-9 minutes of the chromatogram. The results of the study showed that 61% of the users believe that sport proteins contain hormones and other substances that are not mentioned in the list of ingredients. While 39% believe otherwise. On the other side, HPLC results of six proteins showed no signs for testosterone hormone. The main reason that drives them to take sport proteins is for building muscles in spite of they believe it could be harmful due to containing hormones and other substances. So in future investigations, it might be possible to use different brands and investigate them by using the same method. --- ## Synthesis and characterization of new diacid monomers and poly (ester-imide) s: a study of thermal property relationship and solubility **Authors:** Ruaa Jameel Kamel, Mohammed Ali Mutar, Farah Safi Khlewee **Published:** 2019-08-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1397 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** pol (esters-imide), Diols, pyromellitic anhydride (PMDA) polycondensation, dicarboxylic acid Two dicarboxylic acids [2,2'-(((4-hydroxyphenyl) methylene) bis (3-Bromo-4,1- phenylene)) bis (1,3 dioxoisoindoline 5 carboxylic acid)) and 2,2 '(((2,4dichlorophenyl) methylene) bis (4,1-phenylene)) bis (1,3-dioxoisoindoline-5-carboxylic acid)] were madeby the reaction of pyromellitic anhydride (PMDA) with diamine in asolvent of gpyridine/glacial acetic acid at refluxing temperature.The organization of the diacid monomers is defined by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy.The sequence ofnew poly (ester-imide) s are arranged of two di acidsand aromatic diols: [Bis (4hydroxyphenyl) 2 furelmethaneand 4,4'((1,4phenylene (methanylyidene)) bis (azanylylidene)) diphenol] by employing the polycondensation in the company of the dibutyltine dilaurate as a catalyst. The PEIs were defined by FTIR, 1HNMR, and TGA. Poly (ester-imide) s showed excellent solubility in polar aprotic solutions because of the existence of flexible groups in the polymer backbone. Furthermore, they displayed better thermal constancy, and the heat at that 10% loss of weight happened about700 to 800°C. --- ## Conventional and molecular detection of Vibrio cholerae isolated from environmental water with the prevalence of antibiotic resistance mechanisms **Authors:** Suad A Al-Hilu, Ali M Al-Mohana, Zainab Jaber **Published:** 2019-08-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1400 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vibrio cholerae, ctxA, Selective medium, environmental water sample Environmental water is an important source for Vibrio cholerae, which is autochthonous to the aquatic environment, monitoring this bacterium in water is important for control of cholera. Vibrio cholerae represents an enormous public health problem around the world, especially in developing countries. One hundred samples were collected and selected. All presumptive isolates were confirmed by using a series of biochemical tests including Oxidase test, Simmon Citrate test, DNase test, Indole test, Klingler Iron Agar (KIA) test, MacConkey agar test and motility. Confirmed Vibrio cholera strains were then screening for slide agglutination test by using commercially antisera polyvalent and monovalent O1 and O139 for determining strain serotype. The resistance to antibiotics by Vibrio cholerae was determining by using thirteen standardized disc diffusion including Amikacin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Gentamycin, Tetracycline, Streptomycin, Tobramycin, Cephotaxime, Nalidixic Acid, Norfloxacin, Cephalothin, Rifampicin, Cefixime. From one hundred water samples were detected, fifty-six samples were motile and positive for biochemical tests. Fifteen isolates confirmed as Vibrio cholera by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay with primers designed for ctxA and 241bp band was observed. They showed sensitive to all antibiotics except Amikacin, Streptomycin, Cefixime, Norfloxacin, Cephalothin. the aim of this study was determined the accurate method for detection of Vibrio cholerae in environmental water. In the current study, we found that the molecular method using Polymerase Chain Reaction performance using the ctxA gene-specific primers for detection of Vibrio cholerae was faster and accurate and specific. --- ## Interleukin-6 gene polymorphism (-174 G/C) association with seropositive Toxoplasma gondii infection patients in Al-Diwaniyah hospital **Authors:** Fatima Ibrahim Mohammad, Mustafa Ali Abdul Ameer **Published:** 2019-08-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1399 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** IL-6, polymorphism, CG genotype, Toxoplasma gondii, pregnant women The present study aims to detection Interleukin-6 gene polymorphism (-174 G/C) from seropositive Toxoplasma gondii pregnant women patients and healthy control from individuals reviewers to AL-Diwaniyah hospital. 80 samples were collected for the period from October 2018- April 2019, including two groups of 30 samples healthy control and 50 samples from pregnant women infected with Toxoplasma gondii. The results of the present study indicated the presence of IL-6 (-174 G/C) polymorphism in pregnant women infected with Toxoplasma gondii and healthy control. Where was observed that CG genotype more frequent in patients indicating the association of this genotype with the disease compared to the control group where CG genotype appears less. Also, the results of the current study indicate the appearance of allele C more frequently in pregnant women patients compared to healthy control. We can conclude from the present study there association of appearance allele C with Toxoplasma gondii infection. --- ## Molecular analysis of multi –drug resistant acintobacter baumannii isolated in baghdad hospital **Authors:** Dunya Jawad Ridha, Munim Radwan Ali, Kifah Ahmed Jassim **Published:** 2019-08-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1406 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Molecular analysis, multi –Drug Resistant Acintobacter baumannii, meningococcal patients Qurum sense is regulatory systems that enable bacteria to expretion for a specific set of genes by making collective decisions and regulation of virulence factors of pathogenic Acintobacter baumannii, the prevalence of carbapenem resistance among (8) different antibiotic groups pattern. In the MDR index, all isolates showed high MDR, ranged from (6-21) antibiotics. MDR index is between (0.29-1.0).Quantitative biofilm production assay showed that 118/124(95.1%)of isolates were biofilm-formers. Detection of QS genes showed that (97.6%)121/124,(98.3%)122\124 and (4.8%)of isolates carried luxR, rhlI and rhIR genes, respectivelly. Identification of abaI gene in A.baumannii producing the QS signal molecules detected in124\124(100%). The current study revealed a strong relationship between Q.S genes luxR,rhII,rhIR and oxacillinases presence OXA23, OXA69. All isolates carried Integron I(n=124)(100%) with a significant presence of (luxR, rhII) genes, while INT2,3 had a highly significant level with rhIR. Noteworthy, (n=105) 84.7% of OXA51 positive isolates have carried ISAbal-blaOXA-51, whereas all isolates which have OXA23 carried ISAbal-blaOXA-23(n=65)52.4% most of them revealed IMP&MEM resistance phenotype. Insertion sequence(ISAbal-blaOXA-51) showed significant correlation with luxR, rhII genes, while there was no correlation among ISAbal25, ISAbal, ISAbal25-blaADC and luxR, rhII. Positive correlation recorded with all IS with rhIR, except ISAbal-blaADC.ads-a gene was observed in 77/124(62.1%) of isolates, which associated with aminoglycoside resistance, and included within the 93 XDR isolates. Studied isolates showed the same prevelance rate for ompA, smpA which was122\124(98.4%) of isolates. --- ## Factors affecting the decision to purchase innovative pharmaceutical products by the thai pharmaceutical industry **Authors:** Sorranut Chetsurakul, Achara Chandrachai, Narueporn Sutanthavibul **Published:** 2019-08-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1395 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** purchasing decision, pharmaceutical excipients, orally disintegrating tablet (ODT), innovative product, Thai pharmaceutical industry The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between factors affecting the decision to purchase and the need for innovative pharmaceutical products by the Thai pharmaceutical industry. An orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) is an example of an incremental pharmaceutical innovative product which is still a new concept in Thailand. The results show that financial factors, as well as government policy and drug regulations, have a positive effect on the purchasing decision of pharmaceutical excipients for ODT from the Thai pharmaceutical industry. --- ## Mets and oscillating energy manual therapy in chronic lateral epicondylosis: a comparative study **Authors:** Rayees Unnisa, N. Sivajyothi, G.Yatheendra kumar, M.A Wajid Ur Rahman, Imaduddin Ahmed **Published:** 2019-08-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1394 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** functional activities, grip strength, manual therapy, pain, lateral epicondylosis Lateral Epicondylitis (LT) term was used previously thinking that it as an inflammatory condition, but it is tendinosis of Common extensor tendons of the forearm due to overuse. The incidence of the condition is about 4000 - 7000 per year in the general population in the United States. Conventional treatments practiced on the concept of inflammation have shown forty to eighty percent of unsuccessful results. Individuals with lateral epicondylosis may have symptoms like pain during activity, weakness, swelling and functional disability. The primary objective of the study is to find out the effectiveness of oscillating energy manual therapy (OEMT) compared with muscle energy technique (MET) on functional outcome in subjects with lateral epicondylosis. Total of 30 subjects with unilateral lateral epicondylosis was selected and was divided into two groups of 15 each in a group. Group A (received oscillating energy manual therapy) and Group B (received muscle energy technique). NRS (Numerical Rating Scale), Grip Strength and PRTEE (Patient Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation) scale were measured pre and post-treatment for both the groups and also at follow up of the sixth week. Muscle energy technique group showed improvement in pain levels, muscle strength and functional activities. The statistical analysis demonstrated that results were more significant in group B at 4th week and also at follow up with a mean difference of (2.3) for NRS, (57.4) for PRTEE and (5.9) for grip strength than group A. --- ## Effect of vitex agnus castus fruits methanol extract against murine mammary adenocarcinoma cell line (amn3) and rat embryonic fibroblast normal cell line (ref) **Authors:** Zeinat. W. Ribat, Hayder B Sahib, Ahmed M. Al-Shammari **Published:** 2019-08-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1393 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vitex agnus castus, mammary gland adenocarcinoma cell line, rat embryonic fibroblast cell line, antiproliferative activity Vitex agnus castus showed antiproliferative activity in several previous studies. Angiogenesis is one of the targets in the remediation of cancer. This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of methanol fruits extract of vitex agnus castus on mouse mammary gland adenocarcinoma cell line and rat embryonic fibroblast cell line. The cell lines used in this study were obtained from tissue culture unit/ Iraqi Center for Cancer and Medical Genetic Researches, Al-Mustansiriyah University was maintained in RPMI- 1640 tissue media after preparing from 10% fetal calf serum, antibiotics solution and other materials to make complete growth medium. Serial solutions of vitex agnus castus, methanol crude extract have been tested on 10*4 of AMN3 and REF in each well of 96 well plates. The results of the current study showed that the concentration that inhibits fifty percent of cell line after 72 hours of the experiment (IC50) was 129 ug/ml for AMN3 and 1324ug/ml for REF cell line. The antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus castus may indicate the proliferation inhibition activity of Vitex agnus castus methanol extract. The study concluded that this extract might be of benefit if used in combination with other anti-cancer drugs as adjuvant therapy. --- ## Self nano emulsifying solid of clopidogrel - developement, characterization, evaluation and effect on bioavailability **Authors:** Subramanian Somaskandan, Satheesh Manoharan **Published:** 2019-08-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1398 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** SNEDDS, rate of dissolution, Clopidogrel, surfactant, average size, zeta potential The aim of the present study is development and characterization of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs) to improve the rate of dissolution of poorly water soluble anti-platelet agent clopidogrel bisulfate. The solubility was estimated in various vehicles to select proper components and compositions. Cinnamon oil (as oil), Tween 80 (as surfactant), polyethylene glycol 400 (as co-surfactant) and Water is used to construct pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. Stability, dispersibility and robustness to dilution were performed to optimize formulations by using phase diagram. Formulations were prepared with different composed of cinnamon oil, Tween 80 and PEG 400 (Smix) ratios. The globule size of the optimized system was less than 200 nm which could be an accepted nanoemulsion size range. The selected formulation F 7 SNEEDS of z-average size was 140.8 nm and zeta potential was -28.6. In vitro drug release studies showed significantly enhanced rate of dissolution of F 7 SNEDDS when compared to the marketed formulation. --- ## Evaluation of rituximab infusion therapy in patients with recalcitrant pemphigus vulgaris **Authors:** Akeel Hamed Jabur, Farah Saleh Abdul-reda, Suhad Jassim abdlkadhim **Published:** 2019-07-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1390 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** recalcitrant pemphigus vulgaris, rituximab, Iraq The usual approach is to treat pemphigus vulgaris by corticosteroids and in some cases, immune suppressive agents may be indicated. The response is often satisfactory to the patient and acceptable clinically; however, the use of such agents is not free of side effects. Adverse effects associating the use of corticosteroids and immune-suppressing agents are numerous, but the principal side effects are those of fatal infections and neoplastic disorders. Therefore, we planned and conducted the current study to assess the efficacy of this drug in the treatment of recalcitrant cases of pemphigus vulgaris in a sample of Iraqi patients in the Mid-Euphrates region. To assess the efficacy of Rituximab in the treatment of recalcitrant cases of pemphigus vulgaris in a sample of Iraqi patients in the Mid-Euphrates region. The current cohort study included 10 patients with pemphigus vulgaris. Those patients were selected from the pool of patients visiting the dermatology consultation unit at Al-Diwaniyah teaching hospital, Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq during the period from January 2017 through June 2019. Age, gender, duration of disease, previous treatment, and maintenance treatment were the main variables included in the study; the outcome was a response to treatment classified as satisfactory, partially satisfactory and unsatisfactory. All patients were given an intravenous infusion of Rituximab in a dose of a 375 mg/m2 in a weekly basis. The patients were followed for a minimum of 6 months. All patients were treated by intravenous rituximab and followed for a period of 6 up to 18 months, mean of 11.30 ±3.83 months. Four (40.0 %) patients developed a satisfactory response, 5 (50.0 %) had partial satisfaction, and a single patient had an unsatisfactory response. Good rate of satisfaction can be obtained following the use of weekly based intravenous retuximab in patients with recalcitrant pemphigus vulgaris. --- ## Interleukin 15 and granulocytes colony stimulating factor levels in relation to ICSI outcome in subfertile PCOS women **Authors:** Zainab Obaid Jaddoa, Ahmed Abdul- Hassan Abbas, Najah Shakir Al Khalil **Published:** 2019-07-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1389 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** cytokines, IL15, G-CSF, ICSI, polycystic ovary, syndrome Polycystic Ovary Syndrome constitutes a complex heterogeneous disorder, considered one of the leading cause of delayed conception in women. Serum and follicular fluid cytokines are subject of extensive studies to identify their role in subfertility with controversial results. Ovarian hormonal stimulation conducted according to GnRH antagonist protocol, then serum & follicular fluid obtained at the day of oocyte retrieval for measurement of G-CSF & IL 15 concentration measured by ELISA method, then statistical analysis is used to, retrieved oocyte number, oocyte maturity, number of 2PN oocytes, number of grade1 embryones, biochemical pregnancies and clinical pregnancy rates. Serum estradiol (E2) on hCG day was (2238.70 ±468.95 vs. 1997.40 ±291.95 pg/ml), endometrial thickness (10.80 ±1.49 vs. 10.24 ±0.98 mm), total follicle number (15.53 ±3.86 versus 12.43 ±2.25), oocyte number (13.03 ±3.10 vs. 9.83 ±1.52), mature oocyte (MII) number (9.48 ±2.45 vs. 7.75 ±1.48) mean number of fertilized oocytes (2PN) was (6.25 ±1.41 vs. 5.35 ±1.08), being higher in PCOS women compared to the control group. On day of oocytes retrieval, both median level of serum G-CSF (54.30) (35.35) and follicular G-CSF (59.00) (38.72) levels were significantly higher in PCOS than control groups, while there was no significant difference in median level of serum IL15 (59.10) (17.75) and median level of follicular IL-15(61.40) (16.00) between PCOS and control groups. In spite of higher levels of G-CSF and IL15 in serum and follicular fluid of PCOS women, a relation between G-CSF and IL15 with ovarian response could not be established in comparison to control group, however, both (G-CSF and IL15) may be a predictor of pregnancy among the same group of women both PCOS and controls. --- ## Impact of pharmacist directed counseling on knowledge, attitude, practices and medication adherence among hypothyroidism patients: a quasi-experimental design **Authors:** Narayana Goruntla, Vijayajyothi Mallela, Devanna Nayakanti **Published:** 2019-07-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1388 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hypothyroidism, KAP, Medication adherence, Patient counselling The pharmacist plays an important role in providing counseling services to patients suffering with various chronic disorders and to improve health outcomes. The study aims to evaluate the effect of pharmacist mediated counseling on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) and medication adherence (MA) among hypothyroidism patients attending outpatient department of a secondary care referral hospital. This is a Quasi-Experimental design without control. A total of 403 patients were enrolled and subjected for KAP assessment by pre-validated questionnaire, and medication adherence levels by pill count and visual analogue scale methods. All patients were counselled by the pharmacist regarding hypothyroidism and its management. After three months, post-KAP and medication adherence levels were measured. Chi-square test was used to compare the adequacy of KAP levels. The paired t-test was used to compare mean medication adherence and mean KAP percentage levels. The mean KAP percentage levels were significantly improved after counselling (80.5±16.4; 86.2±15.7; 67.5±13.8) compared to before (34.1±21.7; 33.8±22.9; 24.5±20.9) with a P value less than <0.0001. There was a significant improvement in mean medication adherence levels measured by visual analogue scale method and pill count method after counselling (92.4±4.8, 97.4±3.2) compared to before counselling (76.8±6.8, 80.3±6.4). Improving KAP and medication adherence levels will promote positive clinical outcomes and prevents complications associated with hypothyroidism. --- ## Maternal risk factors for low birth weight of neonates in al- diwaniyah province, iraq **Authors:** Adel J. Hussein **Published:** 2019-07-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1391 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** low birth weight, maternal factors, Iraq The LBW infants as weighting less than 2.5kg at birth. Infants with low birth weight are probable to suffer medical trouble and delay development from the time of delivery to adult life. This study was planned to discover the prevalence of LBW infants in Ad-Diwaniyah city (Iraq) and the maternal risk factors, which contribute to the occurrence of low birth weight, and it is rated and what the suitable recommendations can be made to prevent this problem. The present study was aimed to identify the prevalence of LBW and possible maternal factors in children, teaching hospital in Al-Diwaniyah city during the period of the beginning of February 2017 to February 2018. This is a cross-sectional survey held out in Pediatric, teaching hospital through 1012 pregnant mothers giving a live LBW. Whole children weight on a weighing machine. Data was collected through the interview of mothers. Maternal age and education level, socioeconomic condition, number of prenatal visits, interpregnancy interval and maternal diseases, and infant gender were registered in questionnaire format. The highest percentage of them (LBW) was preterm 67.4% and full, term (IUGR) 32.5%. 61.5% of the children in the LBW group were male, and 38.4% were female. Besides the outcome indicates that there are many important risk factors contributed to the incidence of LBW, these are; multiple pregnancies were found to be 66.8% of LBW infants, maternal age 21 – 35 years (39.7%), lack of Prenatal Care (60.3%), delivery by cesarean section (70.6%), mothers who illiterate (64.8%), a large number of mothers from the rural area (68.6%), the presence of maternal diseases (63.5%), all these are considered a risk factor. The current study demonstrates the essential elements give rise to low birth weight in neonates are gestational age (preterm delivery), maternal education and age, multiple births, regular prenatal care, cesarean section, and bad obstetric history. --- ## Synthesis and characterization of new imidazole azo ligand with some of transition metal ions, and their biological effect on two pathogenic bacteria of burn patients **Authors:** Israa N. Witwit, Husham M. Mubark, Hutham Mahmood Yousif Al-Labban, Ahmed abduljabbar jaloob aljanaby **Published:** 2019-07-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1382 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** imidazole azo, metal complexes, burn patients, biological activity, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa New imidazole azo ligand (DPIDA) was prepared by coupling reaction between 4,5-di phenyl imidazole and N1,N1-dimethylbenzene1,4-diamine di hydrochloride and studied the complexation of this ligand with Mn(II) , Co(II) , Ni(II) , Cu(II) , Zn(II) , Cd(II) , and Hg(II) ions , The free ligand and it’s complexes characterized by Mass, 1HNMR, IR, UV-Vis and molar conductivity that indicated the octahedral geometry of them with a bidentate ligand which coordinated from (N3) atom of imidazole ring and one nitrogen atom of azo group. Biological activity of ligand (DPIDA) and it's complexes tested against two multi-drug resistant aerobic pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients with a burn. Three concentrations were selected (50, 100, 150) mg/ml for each crud synthesized derivative compounds. The derivative compound (4,5-diphenyl imidazole) with concentration 150mg/ml had an excellent antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with inhibition zone 21.83 ± 0.1764 mm and 24.30 ± 0.4163 mm respectively. --- ## Development of novel bioadhesive niosomal formulation for the transcorneal delivery of moxifloxacin hydrochloride in the treatment of corneal ulcer **Authors:** Manoj K, Suhail K **Published:** 2019-07-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1387 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Corneal ulcer, Moxifloxacin hydrochloride, Niosome, bioadhesive polymer, Buffalo cornea Corneal ulcer is an open sore or epithelial defect with an inflammation of the cornea of the eye. Most of the corneal ulcers are caused by bacterial infections and are common in people who wear contact lenses. Moxifloxacin eye drops are frequently used for the treatment of infectious ulcers. However such formulations have a major drawback, that is the short duration of action and usually, require 4-6 times instillation daily. A bioadhesive polymer coated niosomal formulation of moxifloxacin was purposed to show a longer retention time on eyes and subsequent reduction in dosing frequency. Niosomes were prepared by solvent injection method using cholesterol and span 60. The coating of the niosomes was done using Carbopol 934or HPMC as bioadhesive polymer. The mean particle size of bioadhesive niosomes found to be below 200nm. Optimization of the coating was based on in vitro diffusion studies, ex vivo transcorneal permeation studies and bioadhesion studies. The retention time of the formulation was determined by in vitro and ex vivo bioadhesion testing. The antimicrobial assay confirmed the potency of the formulation against the gram-negative organism. The current study revealed that bioadhesive niosomal formulations have longer corneal retention time and have sustained drug release for a period of 24 hours. --- ## Lung cancer detection using Adaptive Bilateral Filter (ABF) techniques **Authors:** Asuntha A, Andy Srinivasan **Published:** 2019-07-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1383 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Image processing, Adaptive Bilateral Filter(ABF), superpixel segmentation, SVM classifier and Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) Lung cancer plays a major role among the people who are affected with cancer. The major reason is the presence of nodule in a lung region. Early diagnosis of this nodule may decrease the severity also increase the life span of a patient. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to detect the lung nodule and nodule region using texture features. Various image processing techniques are used in this paper. CT images are taken as input over MRI because of its advantages over less exposure of radiation. The given input image is denoised by using adaptive bilateral filter and image contrast is improved by the histogram equalization technique. Superpixel segmentation is used for the segmentation process. A Simulation process has been done using MATLAB software. --- ## Oxidative injure occur of citalopram and floxtein in rat with embryos in different organs **Authors:** Rasha Noori Abid AL.Shammary **Published:** 2019-07-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1384 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oxidative injure, Citalopram, Floxtein, Rat, embryos, Organs The reason of this study was investigate effects Citalopram and Floxtein for histological embryos in different organs with anatomical effects in male reproductive organs of adults rats for 90 days. The 45 rats were divided into three equal groups (control and two treated groups), and animals were treated as follow: 1- Control group (n=15) 2-Treatment group (n=15) treated each day with citalopram tablets 20mg in distal water for 80 days.3-Treatment Group (n=15)treated daily Fluoxetine capsules 20mg in distal water for 80 days. At 84 days animals sacrificed then male reproductive organs, with embryos weighted and take organs for histopathological study. The present study shows that treatment with Citalopram and Floxtein cause a significant reduce in body weight of embryos and effects on organs. --- ## Stability indicating RP-HPLC method development and validation for the simultaneous estimation of Pibrentasvir and Glecaprevir in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form **Authors:** Narayanaswamy Harikrishnan, Vjaya Vara Prasad M, Gejalakshmi Subramanian, Babu S **Published:** 2019-07-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1381 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Accuracy, Glecaprevir, Linearity, Pibrentasvir, Precision, Specificity A plain sailing, unambiguous, speedy and error-free methodology was progressed for the quantifiable concurrent estimation of Pibrentasvir and Glecaprevir in conglomerated pharmaceutical dosage form. The contrivance was based on Chromatographic separation of both the drugs in reverse phase mode using C18 (250 X 4.6 mm), 5μ by utilizing phosphate buffer (pH 4.0) and Methyl alcohol in the ratio of 30:70 v/v was allowed to flow through column at a rate of 1.0 ml/min, and the detection wavelength was set at 251 nm. The time of retention was found to be 2.205 min for Glecaprevir and 4.996 min for Pibrentasvir. The dimensionality of Glecaprevir and Pibrentasvir was in linear range with a parametric statistic of 0.999 and 0.999. The acceptance criteria of precision was RSD should be not more than 2.0%, and the method showed precision 0.6 and 0.5 for Glecaprevir and Pibrentasvir, which shows that the method was precise. % Assay was found as 100.83 and 100.23, which show that the method was useful for routine analysis. The total recovery was founded to be100.40% and 100.25% for Glecaprevir and Pibrentasvir. LOD and LOQ for Glecaprevirwas found as 2.98 and 10.00 and LOD and LOQ for Pibrentasvir was found as 3.00 and 9.98. The methodology was assessed by various validation parameters in accordance with ICH Guidelines which indicates the method can be employed for routine quality control analysis --- ## Evaluation of novel and superior formulation CaroTexTM developed by Biofusion Technology **Authors:** Sneha Bagle, Suraj Muke, Sagar Saha, Shankarnarayanan Jayakodi, Arunkanth Krishnakumar, Sadhana Sathaye **Published:** 2019-07-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1385 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Beta carotene, Retinal, Bioavailability, Biofusion technology As Per WHO, vitamin A deficiency is a systemic disease affecting cells, organs throughout the body. The gradual depletion of vitamin A stores results in xerophthalmia, night blindness, xerosis etc., reversed by vitamin A therapy. Beta-Carotene, a carotenoid, is the precursor of vitamin A, which cannot be synthesized by the human body. Hence, beta carotene formulation has gathered considerable attention in the healthcare industry. Hydrophobicity of Beta carotene being a major challenge in the formulation, Zeushygia Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd (Telangana India) developed a novel beta carotene formulation, CaroTex, with enhanced bioavailability. The present study assesses the bioavailability of CaroTex in a rodent model. The animals were divided into 5 groups, Normal Control, Vehicle Control, Standard beta Carotene, Comparator and CaroTex. As rats efficiently convert beta carotene into vitamin A, high dose of beta-carotene (50mg/kg) was given orally for 7 consecutive days. Beta carotene, its metabolic product retinal were measured in rat liver. It was observed that beta carotene concentration in rats fed with CaroTex was about 1.70, 2.55 times higher than Comparator and control respectively whereas the concentration of retinal was the same in all groups. It is evident from this study that novel formulation technology (BioFusion Technology) of CaroTex reflects in relatively higher concentration levels of beta carotene. --- ## Optimization extracellular secretion of Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor (hEGF) in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pD881-OmpA-hEGF by using Response Surface Method (RSM) **Authors:** Annisa Indriyani, Nenden Indriyani Anggraeni, Sri widodo, Iman Permana Maksum **Published:** 2019-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1378 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** extracellular secretion, LOWRY, recombinant, RSM, Sandwich ELISA Human Epidermal Growth Factor is techno-economically protein that has the function for stimulates a process of proliferation and cell differentiation. Because of that function, it can be a candidate for wound healing in ulcer diabetic. In the previous study, hEGF can extracellular secreted by OmpA signal peptide using recombinant DNA. The production method of recombinant hEGF will be extracellular secreted by Escherichia coli. However, the optimum secretion of Outer Membrane Protein A (OmpA) has not been studied. Therefore the purpose of this study is to determine the optimum conditions using the RSM method. This research begins with a rejuvenation of culture, extracellular secretion, and optimization with the RSM method, followed by protein production at optimum condition. Secreted recombinant protein measured by Sandwich ELISA method and LOWRY. The result showed that the optimum condition was found in the medium concentration of 1.5x and induction time at 2 hours 10 minutes and the total protein yield of expression was 21.247 mg/mL with optimization percentage 2.96% and efficiency 50.56 % and recombinant protein hEGF concentration in fermentation media 416 μg/mL. --- ## Bacteriocins: Production, different strategies of purification and applications **Authors:** Vishakha Sharma, Rahul C Ranveer, Neelam Jain, Gajender Kumar Aseri **Published:** 2019-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1376 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Food Safety, Food quality, Bacteriocins, Preservation Food safety and quality are the major concern for food processing industries. In today's world, people are getting more conscious about food safety parameters. In this regard, bacteriocin plays a major role in ensuring the safety and quality of food products. From those, LAB bacteriocins are of great interest due to their GRAS status. They are widely used in food preservation, agriculture and pharmaceutical industries. They have also been incorporated into food packaging material due to their both antibacterial and antifungal properties. In this review, we highlighted the possible ways to produce and purify bacteriocin and also the potential application to be used as a natural preservative. --- ## A study on knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) towards contraceptive use among married women attending a tertiary care centre **Authors:** Nithyananthan P, Jagadeesan M, Prasanna Karthik S, Kannan R, Bavithra K, Pavithra P S, Kaviya T, Shilpa R **Published:** 2019-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1379 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Awareness, Contraception, KAP, Married women, Reproductive age In the Indian society, various factors other than mere knowledge have shown to have a more significant impact over contraceptive usage and choice such as educational levels of women, marital duration, cultural and social factors, and exposure to mass media. This study focuses on assessing the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of contraceptive use among married women. A cross-sectional study was conducted among married women aged between 18 to 49 years attending a tertiary care hospital in the city of Chennai from June to September 2018. A total of 146 women were interviewed, and the KAP parameters were assessed using a pretested structured questionnaire. Though 97.9% (n=143) of the women in this study had knowledge about some form of contraception, only 24.7% (n=36) practiced them. Among the users (n=36), the decision to adopt contraception was made by the husband in 69.4% (n=25). Among the non-users (n=110), the major reasons for not practicing contraception were lack of interest in 37.2%(n=41) and fear of side effects in 35.5% (n=39). This study demonstrates a significant gap between the knowledge and practice of contraceptives in our population. Improving doctor-patient relationship and encouraging a positive attitude of the husband towards contraception are the key factors in promoting adoption of the contraceptive practices. --- ## A study about Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) regarding worm infestation among the caregivers of children aged between 5 – 12 years in a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Jagadeesan M, Mariraj I, Prasanna Karthik S, Kannan R, Nivaas M, Lohitya J, Lohitya J, Farah Kamaludeen **Published:** 2019-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1377 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diarrhoea, deworming, KAP, sanitation, Worm infection Worm infection is a public health problem, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries as it has a negative impact on the child’s development. Proper sanitation and personnel hygiene have to be emphasized and monitored to overcome the nutritional deprivement in children. The study is done to evaluate the knowledge and attitude about worm infestation and to assess the deworming practices employed among the caregivers of children aged between 5 – 12 years attending a tertiary care hospital. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 206 caregivers of pediatric age group after obtaining proper informed consent. The KAP parameters were assessed using a pretested structured questionnaire, and the results were analyzed. Out of 206 caregivers, 61% were mothers, 37% were fathers. Their mean age was 30 years. 41% belong to class III socioeconomic status. 23% were reported to play in the mud, 17% nail-biting and 6% keeping objects in mouth.12% Had open-air defecation practice, which is quite alarming in a developing country.67% were found to have the knowledge and 33% lacked the knowledge about worm infestation. Knowledge was directly proportional to the socioeconomic class. 88% were aware that worm infestation would cause clinical manifestations. 85% preferred allopathy medicines, while 15% preferred homemade remedy. 68% didn’t practice any prophylactic measures, where in 21% of the caregivers dewormed their kid once in 6 months and 11% once a year. Health education, frequent monitoring, and conducting interventional programs among parents and caregivers would be vital so that the prevalence of the disease can be minimized. --- ## Identification of Diabetics Mellitus using Iridology **Authors:** Asuntha A, Sree Charan Y, Siddartha M, Udhaykumar K, Andy Srinivasan **Published:** 2019-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1325 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Iridology chart, Image processing, Diabetes mellitus, Pancreas Diabetes is a general illness regularly contaminated in people. Numerous approaches to recognize diabetes, one of them is checking circulatory strain, however, along these lines isn't compelling, in light of the fact that it takes blood first and takes a ton of time. Iridology is a one-way investigation wellbeing dependent on the iris. In this manner, we need an apparatus used to recognize pancreatic harm as a sign of diabetes through iridology. The Burden picture is the initial step to distinguish pancreatic organs dependent on the iris. The eye picture that we utilized as the info framework originates from the eye facility database. The subsequent stage is a versatile middle sifting utilized in the process preprocessing to lessen the commotion on the picture. After that, the subsequent stage is a division process utilizing Hough circle change technique. The consequences of division will be standardized and take the Region of intrigue. Return for money invested will be done element extraction by utilizing GLCM (Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix). To know the state of a pancreas organ utilizing back propagation strategy. --- ## A hybrid feature extraction approach for the detection of melanoma using neural network **Authors:** Asuntha A, Faizy A, Rahul S, Akshay Menon, Pranjal A, Andy Srinivasan **Published:** 2019-07-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1380 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ABCD rule, Back propagation Neural Network (BPN), Gray level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), Hue Saturation value (HSV), Local Binary Pattern (LBP), RGB color In spite of the gargantuan number of patients affected by melanoma every year, its detection at an early stage is still a challenging task. This paper illustrates a method which involves the combination of the existing ABCD (Involving symmetry, border, color, and diameter detection) rule and grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) along with Local Binary Pattern (LBP) for identification of malignant melanoma skin lesion with greater accuracy. Several steps, such as image acquisition technique, pre-processing (RGB to HSV) techniques and segmentation processes are undertaken for the skin feature selection criteria to successfully determine the skin lesion's characteristic properties for classification. Texture features such as contrast, entropy, energy and homogeneity of the affected region is obtained using LBP and GLCM for discriminatory purposes of the two cases (melanoma and non-melanoma). Finally, the back propagation neural network (BPN) is used as the classifier to determine whether the dermoscopic image is benign or malignant. --- ## A comparative study on the effectiveness of PNF stretching versus static stretching on Pain and Hamstring flexibility in osteoarthritis knee patients **Authors:** Arul Pragassame S, Mohandas Kurup VK, Soundarya N **Published:** 2019-07-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1312 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Osteoarthritis knee, PNF stretching, Static stretching, Wax therapy, Hamstring flexibility Osteoarthritis (OA) knee is a long-term chronic disease characterized by the destruction of articular cartilage and underlying bone. Pain, limitation of motion and functional impairment are common clinical features. Poor hamstring flexibility is a major problem for patients with OA knee. The stretching of the hamstring is a necessary intervention in the management of the OA knee. This study is therefore intended to compare the effectiveness of static stretching vs PNF stretching for pain, hamstring flexibility and functional mobility in OA Knee patients. 30 patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (N=15) received PNF stretching, wax therapy and isometric quadriceps exercises, and group B (N=15) received static stretching, wax therapy and isometric quadriceps exercises. The intensity of the pain was measured using the NPRS (Numerical Pain Rating Scale), hamstring flexibility by AKET (Active Knee Extension Test) and functional mobility by TUG (Timed up and go) test. The results showed that significant differences in NPRS (Z=4.64, P=0.001), AKET (t=9.61, P=0.001) and TUG (t=8.19, P=0.001) were observed in group A patients when compared to group B. In conclusion, the PNF stretching treatment program is effective in reducing pain, improving hamstring flexibility and functional mobility in patients with OA knee compared to static stretching --- ## Transfersome vs liposomes as drug delivery vehicle for the treatment of skin cancers **Authors:** Sivarajakumar Raahulan, Bharat Kumar Reddy Sanapalli, Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri, Sai Kiran S.S. Pindiprolu **Published:** 2019-07-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1375 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Skin cancer, Melanoma, Transfersomes, Edge activator, Topical, Transdermal Skin cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It is estimated that by 2030, there will be around 13.1million deaths can occur due to skin cancer. Current treatment of skin cancer includes surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Chemo-resistance, off-target effects and poor bioavailability are the major challenges for currently available drugs for the treatment of skin cancer. Transfersomes is a novel, elastic vesicular drug carrier composed of phospholipids, surfactants and ethanol for enhanced transdermal delivery. This article we have reviewed about merits/demerits, liposomes vs transfersomes, preparation methods, characterization, mechanism of skin delivery, and application and regulatory aspects of transfersomes in treating various skin cancers. --- ## Serological markers of autoimmunity ‎in women with polycystic ovary ‎syndrome **Authors:** Wasan Wajdi Ibrahim, Ekhlas Jabbar Kadhim, Nada Saeed Abbas, Saba Ryadh Younis, Hayder Adnan Fawzi **Published:** 2019-07-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1366 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ANA, DsDNA, hormone, polycystic ovary syndrome In the present study, we evaluate the serum level of common autoimmunologic markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and study their relationship with hormonal parameters. The study was an observational case-control study, done in a Tertiary referral hospital, the study included 50 women with polycystic ovary syndrome and 50 matched control. Serum levels of Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) and anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) were significantly higher in polycystic ovary syndrome women compared to control. Also, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and LH/FSH ratio were significantly higher in polycystic ovary syndrome women compared to control. dsDNA had excellent ability to differentiate PCOS from control (AUC=0.901) while ANA had good discrimination ability (AUC=0.809). There was a significant direct relationship between ANA, dsDNA, and TSH with FSH in PCOS women, ‏also a significant direct relationship between ANA and TSH with LH, while DsDNA did not correlate with LH. In conclusion, there is a clear relationship between immunological markers (ANA, dsDNA) with polycystic ovary syndrome in various components of the disease, dsDNA offer better ability than ANA as a predictor of PCOS, indicating that dsDNA can be used as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for PCOS. --- ## Vacuum-assisted closure dressing in split-thickness skin grafting **Authors:** Ali A Ali, Yasir N Qassim, Ali N Areef **Published:** 2019-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1364 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Split-thickness skin graft, vacuum-assisted closure, wound, graft take, negative pressure dressing Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) has been applied to a variety of acute and chronic wounds that are difficult to manage, and is associated with improved wound healing outcomes. It involves the application of sub-atmospheric pressure in a controlled way to secure a split-thickness skin graft on the wound that has been sealed with an occlusive dressing. A study was conducted on the patients with a variety of indications for skin grafting, admitted to Azadi Teaching Hospital between March 2010 and August 2017. After the application of split-thickness skin graft, a closed, controlled suction was applied on the wound. The graft was then continuously observed, and the dressing was changed as needed. A total of 39 split-thickness skin grafting procedures were performed on 37 patients (20 male, 17 female), the age of the patients ranging between 7 and 68 years. The average grafted area was 12±70 cm2, and the percent graft take ranged from 90 - 100%. Vacuum-assisted closure opposes the graft firmly on the wound bed, sucks out the seroma and/or hematoma, prevents shearing of the graft and aids in immobilization of the grafted part; thus improving the quantity and quality of the graft take. This study also established that VAC was particularly useful when the wound site is difficult to access, the wound is highly contoured and the conditions are less-than-ideal for complete graft take. --- ## Antifungal susceptibility testing of candida – Methods and issues in current practice **Authors:** Lakshmi Krishnasamy, Priya Santharam, Chitralekha Saikumar **Published:** 2019-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1372 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antifungal resistance, susceptibility testing, Candida Despite the availability of many antifungal drugs in clinical practice, the occurrence of antifungal drug resistance is on the rise. Since the antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) is not done routinely in many of the microbiology laboratories, it is very difficult to determine which antifungal agent is very effective for a particular infection. There is a real need for precise, reproducible and extrapolative antifungal susceptibility testing methods to aid the therapeutic management. The practice of empirical treatment for fungal infections further promotes the emergence of resistant strains. The AFST practice would essentially help the clinicians in appropriate decision making. Although conventional AFST methods are somewhat cumbersome, many novel AFST methods are currently available in many laboratory settings which would provide a quicker result many times. In essence, the application of AFST along with identification of the fungus up to species level would definitely be very helpful in selecting the primary antifungal agents for treatment especially in difficult to manage and invasive fungal infections. This review will throw light on the various AFST methods available and their issues in the current practice. --- ## Nephroprotective potential of Neermulli/Nerunjil Kudineer on Cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats **Authors:** Noorul Alam, Gopal V, Vasanthi C, Prabal Kumar Manna **Published:** 2019-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1362 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nerunjil kudineer, Neermulli kudineer, Cisplatin, Nephrotoxicity, Nephroprotective, Oxidative stress Nerunjil kudineer/Neermulli Kudinner is an official Siddha polyherbal formulation used for the various ailments related to the kidney. Cisplatin is an alkylating agent used in chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. Its use is limited due to their nephrotoxicity. In this study nephroprotective effect of Nerunjil kudineer (NK) on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino Rats was studied. Male Wistar albino rats were used for this study. Animals were divided into 5 groups (n=6) as control, Cisplatin control (Single dose 7 mg/Kg i.p on the 7th day), Cisplatin with Cystone (p.o), NK200 and NK400 mg/Kg (p.o) for 10 days. At the end of the study, animals were weighed and sacrificed to estimate the relative kidney weight, serum creatinine and Urea. Kidney tissue was estimated for oxidant-antioxidant parameters (MDA, GSH & SOD) and histology study was carried out. Cisplatin reduced body weight and increased kidney weight significantly (P<0.0001). It deprived the renal function by elevating serum creatinine & urea, MDA and reduction in endogenous antioxidants GSH and SOD significantly (P<0.0001). Cisplatin group exhibited focal tubular necrosis and congested blood vessels in histology study. The standard drug Cystone and NK400 significantly increased the body weight, reduced the kidney weight, normalized the kidney function parameters (Serum Cr and Urea), bolstered antioxidant status and showed a trend towards the recovery of histological alterations. NK showed a dose-dependent activity and higher dose, NK400mg /Kg possessed strong nephroprotective activity, which may be due to the efficient antioxidant potential, which reduces lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress induced by cisplatin. --- ## Absent vagina a description of cases with varied ages, presentations and reconstructions **Authors:** Ali Adwal Ali, Khalida M. Amin, Emil N. Azzo, Ayla K. Kahya **Published:** 2019-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1365 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** vagina, agenesis, adolescent, amenorrhoea The aim is to describe cases of vaginal agenesis of varied ages presentations and managements and report the outcome of interventions regarding restoration of continuity of reproductive tract and normal sexual activity. A prospective descriptive case series study. Five female patients with vaginal agenesis were recruited from November 2005 to November 2016. Three were adolescents and had a functioning uterus. Three patients underwent vaginoplasty using McIndoe method, one had vagino-vaginal anastomosis, and the other had hysterectomy to remove source of menstruation. Age ranged from 12 to 24 years. The outcome of vaginoplasties to the 2 young females and to one of the adolescent girls was adequate vagina, whereas the other 2 adolescent girls had failed redo vaginoplasty and ended with a patent narrowed vagina in one and a closed vagina in the other which required a hysterectomy. On Follow up (range 5 - 42 months) 2 of the adolescent’s girls had regular menstruation with no pain and pelvic collection, while the third one had amenorrhoea following a hysterectomy. The 3 patients who had successful vaginoplasty got married and enjoyed satisfactory intercourse. Patients with absent vagina presents at variable ages depending on whether a functioning uterus is present or not. The success of vaginoplasty is less when it has to be done in adolescence than when it is done in adulthood when patient is grown-up. Best outcomes require accumulative experience, ideally with the aid of doctors of other specialties. --- ## Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological activity of new 2- imino –thiazolidine-4-one derivatives **Authors:** Raghdah M, Alwis wasy, Raheem Jameel M, Basim Jasim Hameed **Published:** 2019-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1369 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Inflammatory, 2-iminothiazolidin-4- ones, synthesis, anti-inflammatory, analgesic A new 2-iminothiazolidin-4-ones compound and its derivatives were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, CHN, and 1HNMR techniques. The target compounds were assessed for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, and the study was performed using Swiss albino mice (25-30 g) for investigation. A hind edema model caused by carrageenan, while the analgesic activity was assessed using an acetic acid-induced writhing and a hot plate test evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity --- ## The significance of uteroplacental ratio in the prediction of perinatal outcome in pregnancy-induced hypertension **Authors:** Iman Allami M **Published:** 2019-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1368 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Uteroplacental ratio, Doppler waveform, Gestational hypertension normotensive and PIH, The uterine corridor is viewed as more indicator for a fatal result Doppler velocimetry investigations of placental and maternal flow have picked up a wide prominence as it could give significant data with respect to fetal prosperity and could be utilized to distinguish embryos in danger of bleakness and mortality, in this manner giving a chance to improve fetal results. In such manner, the accessible typical reference estimations of uteroplacental proportion (UPRs) for example uterine corridor Doppler waveform parameters to those of umbilical course and impact of hypertension on Doppler waveform of the obstetric populace of various countries, were not unequivocally illustrated. The examination incorporates 60 pregnant ladies (in two periods 33-36 weeks and 37-40 weeks of incubation, 40 of them with pregnancy instigated hypertension and 20 normotensive as a control. The uterine courses and umbilical corridor files were determined just as uteroplacental proportions (UPRs) for the RI,PI and S/D, subsequent to gating the normal estimations of both uterine conduits files, the proportion between the uterine supply route and umbilical vein records was taken(normal uterine supply route/umbilical vein proportion, UPRs). The 95% confidence interval of the mean for four weeks were 0.77-1.0, 0.78-1.11, 0.74-0.99, respectively. At 37-40 weeks: RI= 1.00 ± 0.26, PI =1.05 ± 0.43 and S/D =1.03 ± 0.36. The 95% confidence interval of the mean for four weeks were 0.85 - 1.61, 0.79- 1.31 and 0.81-1.25 respectively. The 95% confidence interval of the mean for four weeks were 0.59- 0.80, 0.57- 0.90 and0.56- 0.78 respectively. The 95% confidence interval of the mean for four weeks were 0.59- 0.80, 0.76-1.13 and0.78-1.06respectively. A starter foundation of uteroplacental proportion (UPRs of RI, PI and S/D) of Iraqi obstetric populace in normotensive and PIH at third trimester is most likely settled. The present investigation gave reference ranges in regards to uterine and umbilical supply routes RIs, PIs and S/Ds at 33-36 and 37-40 weeks of incubation in both. --- ## Anticancer potential of the extract of Melothoria maderaspatana on DMH induced colon cancer in albino rats **Authors:** Ramachandran K, Venketnarayanan R **Published:** 2019-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1370 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Melothoria maderaspatana, colon cancer, chemotherapy, herbal medicine Cancers of the large and small intestine are major contributors to worldwide cancer morbidity and mortality. Out of all the cancers, colon cancer is one of the most common diseases in the world. Every year 1.2 million patients are diagnosed for colon cancer. The rate of colon cancer incidence was low in India but is presently increasing; out of 3.5 million cancer cases, 35,000 have colon cancer. As a part of chemotherapy, lots of anticancer drugs are in the market, but the main problem associated with these drugs is their side effects. Because of chemotherapy treatment side effects, the patient needs secondary palliative care treatment. Plant medicines are well known for their non-toxic side effects, so the objective of the study is to develop a drug from medicinal plant against colon cancer with non-toxic side effects. It plays an important role in the discovery of lead compound for the development of conventional drugs. About 60% of currently used anticancer agents are derived from a natural source. In the present study, Melothoria maderaspatana was used to study the anticancer potential of the extract and to synthesize new anticancer moiety. With the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the plant Melothoria maderaspatana and possess anti-colorectal cancer activity. Before the clinical usage of extract, thorough toxicological profile has to be determined on the crude extracts as well as on isolated compounds to confirm the safety of the drug. --- ## Study of the correlation between CA15-3 and each of prolactin hormone and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in women with breast cancer in THI – QAR governorate – Iraq **Authors:** Hadeel Rashid Faraj **Published:** 2019-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1367 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast cancer, CA15-3, Prolactin, Lactate dehydrogenase The most malicious tumor in women is breast cancer. Its treatment at the early stage of its recognition in a woman provides her multiple options for diagnosis. Physical inspection and mammography are helpful screening processes for the primary recognition of breast cancer, they are also labor dependent and need health specialists who are exceptionally prepared and skilled. This experiment was designed to estimate and compare the CA15-3 level, Prolactin hormone, and Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in Breast Cancer patients and in apparently healthier individuals. Blood CA15-3, Prolactin hormone, and Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme levels were determined in 65 Women with Breast Cancer and 55 apparently healthy subjects. The levels of serum CA15-3, Prolactin hormone, and Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme were showing a significant increase in women with Breast Cancer in comparison to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). The study also investigates the correlation between the concentrations of the CA15-3 and each of Prolactin hormone, and Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme, However, we compared all measurement parameters according to the type of disease. In Breast cancer patients, we finding increase CA15-3, Prolactin hormone, and Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme can clearly occur, and we finding positive correlation relationship between CA15-3 and each of PRL and LDH through coefficient correlation (r). --- ## Effect of passive, active and combined warm up on the lower limb of healthy individuals **Authors:** Sujatha Baskaran, Priyanga Seemathan, Sangeetha Sadhasivam **Published:** 2019-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1311 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Active warm up, Passive warm up, Vertical jump test, Healthy individuals Aim of the study is to determine the effect of passive, active and combined warmup on lower limb of healthy individuals. The methodology of the study is 30 individuals based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Detailed procedure will be explained in patient words, and informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Effect of active, passive and combined warm-up will be evaluated in the subjects. The post-test value will be taken after four weeks. The results we determined from the static analysis has been revealed that there is a significant improvement in physical fitness of combined warm- up group than the active and passive warm-up separately. In the vertical jump test for passive warm-up group, the pre-test mean is 37.71, with the standard deviation being 6.53 and the post-test mean being 38.24 with a standard deviation of 6.60. And for the active warm-up group, the pre-test mean is 38.69, with the standard deviation being 6.606 and the post-test mean being 39.4 with a standard deviation 6.65. And for the combined warm- up group, the pre-test mean is 38.94, with the standard deviation being 7.12 and the post-test mean being 40.57 with a standard deviation of 6.88. Hence, we conclude that it has been proved statistically that although improvements have been observed in three groups, the improvement is much more significant in the combined warm-up group. --- ## Development of nano structured lipid carrier based hydrogel for the treatment of psoriasis **Authors:** Vishal Gupta N, Kowshik K, Nikita Sehgal **Published:** 2019-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1360 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Methotrexate, Psoriasis, Hydrogel, Topical application, Sustained release The present work aimed to develop Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Based Hydrogel for the treatment of psoriasis, delivered as a topical application on to the skin. Nanostructured Lipid carrier based Hydrogel loaded with methotrexate is a new technique for topical administration for psoriasis. Methotrexate loaded NLC's were prepared by a hot homogenization method using high-pressure homogenizer. Stearic acid and oleic acid were selected as the solid lipid and liquid lipid, respectively. Tween 80 used as a surfactant. The developed lipid formulations were incorporated in 1% Carbopol 934 gel medium to maintain the topical application consistency. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was employed to identify their functional groups. The particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index for the MTX-NLC were found to be 239.12±3.65nm, -24.61mV and 0.245 to 0.517. Scanning electronic microscopy studies will reveal the surface morphology of the nanoparticles. The pH of the drug-loaded formulation was in the range of 4.93 to 5.83. Spreadability was in the range of 3.01±0.59cm to 8.13±0.34cm. Viscosity at 25±2oC was 67325 cps. In vitro studies suggest that initial release rate was observed within first 4 hrs and amount of drug release was 35 to 47± 3.61%, fast and sustained release rate reached by 24th hr and release rate of the drug was 72%. The stability studies reported that the formulation was stable for 30 days after the incorporation of the drug, and there was no drug degradation or decomposition and no change in physical appearance. Hence, results indicate the sustain release activity of MTX-NLC Hydrogels, which could help in preventing the cell division and proliferation of cell acting as a major barrier in the topical application of psoriasis. --- ## Uranium concentration variation dependency on gender correlated with age of bladder cancer patient **Authors:** Aseel S. Mahmood, Omar Sh. Shafeq, Mohamed S. Shafiq **Published:** 2019-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1363 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** uranium excretion, bladder cancer, gender, sex-hormone Human health was and still the most important problem and objective of all most researches. Finding out what causing in decadency of healthiness of Iraqi population is our tendency in the present work, Uranium causing cancer that is affected by correlation between age and gender of bladder cancer patients is studied in the present work. Mean of Uranium concentration (Uc) decreased with increasing age for all age group without dependency on gender. While, there is a wide dispersion in Mean Uc excretion between males and females, due to the effect of correlated gender with age, where female Mean Uc is maximum at age 50-69 year (2.355 µg/L) and it's higher than male Mean Uc (2.022 µg/L) in this age stage because of menopause, also average period of illness and percentage of patients are affected by correlated gender with age. So that factor of gender correlation with age is affect in calculation of background levels and radiation exposure and causing bladder cancer incidence. --- ## Impact of plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocaline level on early outcome of a patient with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction **Authors:** Sadiq J. Al-Muhana, Zahraa Abdulaali Al-Mudhafar, Rawaa Bahlool, Najah R Hadi, Safaa Imran Musa **Published:** 2019-07-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1341 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocaline, ST-elevation myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis In patients with the atherosclerotic arteries, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocaline (NGAL) may play a part in vascular remodeling and the instability of atherosclerotic plaques. Patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease have significantly higher levels of serum NGAL compared with persons with normal coronary arteries. This study aims to determine the short term prognostic value of NGAL serum levels in a patient with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. This is study enrolled twenty patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and twenty healthy subjects as control. Serum NGAL level was compared between the patients and control and then correlated with early outcome of the patients. There was a significant elevation of serum NGAL in STEMI patients COMARED with control, and significant relationship was observed between admission serum NGAL early complications and mortality. High NGAL level associated with poor outcome in STEMI patients and can be use as initial indicator for close monitoring of high-risk patients. --- ## Antioxidant effects of vitamin E on diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats **Authors:** Siva T, Girija Sivakumar, Sankaran PK, Yuvaraj Maria Francis, Gayathri T, Kumaresan M, Karunakaran Balaji **Published:** 2019-07-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1337 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diclofenac, malondialdehyde, vitamin E and liver Drug-induced liver injury possesses a major clinical problem and has become a leading cause of acute liver failure and transplantation. Overstressed liver compromises its detoxification role, which may expose it to a variety of diseases and disorders. The present study was to determine whether pre-administration of various doses of vitamin E would have a protective effect against diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar male rats. Twenty-four albino male rats weighing 180-200g were divided equally into four groups. In control group rats were administrated with physiological saline 2ml/kg b.wt /intramuscularly. Another group with 50mg/kg b.wt/ intramuscularly/seven days diclofenac was used for inducing toxicity. In experimental groups, rats were administrated with different doses of vitamin E along with diclofenac sodium [200 and 400 IU orally and 50mg/kg b.wt/ intramuscularly/seven days]. Showed that there was a rapid increase in the levels of liver function test in diclofenac-treated group, which was significantly decreased after pre-treatment with high dose than low dose of vitamin E. Although the exact mechanism by with diclofenac injuries liver is not understood, some studies explain the toxicity by affecting cytochrome P 450, leading to the production of active metabolites. Administration of different dose of diclofenac sodium induces severe adverse effects in the liver and kidney. --- ## Optimization of linseed cultivation, a promising way to enhance its secoisolariciresinol diglucoside lignan content **Authors:** Amira S. El Senousy, Sabah H. El Gayed, Saber H.A. Mostafa, Saeed Z.A. Zidan, Mohamad Louai M. Hariri, El Tanbouly, Essam Abdel-Sattar **Published:** 2019-07-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1359 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Agronomical treatments, Fertilization, Flaxseed, Humic acid, Irrigation, Lignan, SDG There is strong evidence on the anticancer properties of secolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), the predominant flaxseed lignan, especially for mammary and prostatic carcinomas. Although the effect of cultivar and location on flaxseed SDG level has been reported, much less is traced regarding the influence of agronomical treatments. The purpose of this study is to determine if agricultural management practices could enhance SDG accumulation in flaxseed. We studied the effect of irrigation frequencies (I), added nutrients (N, zinc and humic acid) and fertilization treatments (F) and their interactions on SDG level and seed yield of the Egyptian flax cultivar Giza 9. Samples were extracted and analyzed for SDG, after alkaline hydrolysis, using HPLC-UV method. The concentration of SDG and its yield varied between 415.55-845.95 mg/100 g whole seeds and 1.77-4.05 Kg/feddan on a dry weight basis, respectively according to different agricultural treatments. I, N and F factors and their interactions had a significant effect on SDG. I × N × F interaction contributed to the majority of SDG variation (31.81 %), followed by I factor (27.96 %), whereas seed yield was more affected by F factor (72.7 %). The I × F interaction was the only significant interaction on the seed yield contributing only for 0.43% of the variance. Moderate irrigation frequency with the humic acid foliar application and mineral nitrogen fertilizer was the best combination for achieving the highest SDG levels. Using optimum agronomic practice would benefit the nutraceutical industry by optimizing flaxseed lignan content and hence enhancing its anticancer, health-promoting effect. --- ## Development and validation of chemometric assisted analytical methods for simultaneous estimation of Atorvastatin calcium and Aspirin in capsule dosage form **Authors:** Keerthisikha Palur, Bharathi Koganti, Sreenivasa Charan Archakam **Published:** 2019-07-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1342 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Principal component regression, Partial least-square regression, Response surface methodology To develop two analytical methods like UV and RP-HPLC methods for the quantification of calcium (ASC) and Aspirin (APN) in the capsule dosage form. models used in UV were Principal component regression model (PCRM) and Partial least-square regression (PLSR). Both the models were applied for the drugs in the calibration ranges of 4-20 and 30-150 / for ASC and APN respectively. Total of nineteen laboratory prepared mixtures were used for calibration and prediction set of the models. In addition, RP-HPLC method by using approach for was developed using C18 column at room temperature with a mobile phase of : methanol: (53.1:11.9:35 v/v/v), pH- 3.0, with detection at 275 nm.PCRM and PLSR models were evaluated by statistical parameters and RP-HPLC method was optimized by using Response surface methodology. The developed methods like UV and RP-HPLC by using showed almost similar results and both the methods can be used for their analysis. --- ## Enantiomeric separation of Midodrine hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form by chiral HPLC **Authors:** Jenifer Ashwini S, Narenderan ST, Meyyanathan SN, Babu B, Gowramma B **Published:** 2019-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1320 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Midodrine, Enantiomers, HPLC, Validation, ICH A simple, sensitive chiral liquid chromatographic method was developed for the separation and quantification of enantiomers Midodrine. A chiral PAK IG3 (150 x 4.6 mm) 3µm column was used for the separation of the enantiomers. The mobile phase consists of 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate in water and acetonitrile in the ratio of 95:5, v/v with a flow rate of 0.7 ml/min. The detection was done at 290 nm with column temperature maintained at 40°C. The method linear ranged between 10 – 110 μg/ml and 5 – 100 μg/ml for (+) and (-) Midodrine enantiomers. The recovery of the method was found to be in the range of 99.1 to 101.2 %. The detection limit for the (+) and (-) enantiomers was found to be 4 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml, respectively. A simple validated chiral HPLC method with reverse elusion is described for the separation and quantification of the enantiomers of Midodrine in bulk and formulation. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of bilayer tablets: Glimepiride in floating drug delivery and Metformin in sustained release **Authors:** Harish Choodappa, Subramanian Somaskandan **Published:** 2019-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1319 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Glimepiride, Metformin, Bilayer tablet, Floating tablet, Sustained release tablet In this study, we aimed to prepare bilayer tablets of Glimepiride in floating drug delivery and Metformin in sustained release formulation. Glimepiride is chosen in floating drug delivery to overcome the gastric irritation and gastric emptying time. Glimepiride was prepared by different polymers such as guar gum, xanthan gum, carbopol and sodium bicarbonate act as effervescent agent, and other excipients were mixed and compressed by direct compression as the first layer. Metformin was chosen in sustained release to reduce dose frequency using different polymer HPMC K100M, methylcellulose, PVP K30 in different ratio and other excipients were mixed and compressed as the second layer. The first layer and second layer are combined as a bilayer tablet. Tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, weight var iation; the In vitro studies were done for all formulation. Among all formulation, F2 was selected as best formulation and release kinetics studies were evaluated for formulation F2. --- ## Optimization of the extraction process for extract yields, total flavonoid content, radical scavenging activity and cytotoxicity of Curcuma aeruginosa RoxB. rhizome **Authors:** Eka Nurul Qomaliyah, I Made Artika, Waras Nurcholis **Published:** 2019-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1331 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Curcuma aeruginosa, Extract yields, Extraction, Flavonoids, Radical scavenging activity, Cytotoxicity, Simplex-centroid The rhizome of Curcuma aeruginosa RoxB. (RCA) Is used traditionally for several diseases. The flavonoid compounds contained in the RCA that responsible for biological activities. In this study, ethanol, water, and acetone had been used as solvent extraction of RCA and applied the simplex-centroid design to optimize the extraction process. The radical scavenging activity and total flavonoid content were investigated using in vitro assays, while cytotoxicity was evaluated by brine shrimp lethality test. ANOVA suggested a linear model for all responses. The ethanol: acetone extract had the highest extract yield with a value of 25.15%, and this result showed no significant with acetone extract at p < 0.05 (22.86%). The ethanol extracts confirmed the higher degree of total flavonoid content and cytotoxicity with a value of 17.97 mg QE/g and 140 μg/ml, respectively. The ethanol: water extract, ethanol extract, and water extract (IC50, 100-500 μg/ml) showed moderate radical scavenging activity compared with ascorbic acid (IC50, 7.19 μg/ml). Regarding the correlation analysis, the negative correlation was weakly observed between flavonoid content and IC50 of free radical scavenging activity, which indicates that the flavonoid in RCA contributes not significantly to the antioxidant activity. Introductory studies on the extraction process of the advanced flavonoid extracts exhibited a scavenging and cytotoxic effect of the ethanol extract on C. aeruginosa rhizome. --- ## Assessment and prevalence of depression among cardiovascular disease patients in Nilgiris District observational cross-sectional study **Authors:** Anand Vijayakumar PR, Asem Veeves Singh, Asish Kumar Saha, Kavuri Srikar **Published:** 2019-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1330 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Depression, Cardiovascular disease, Hamilton depression scale, Secondary Health Care, observational study Depression deter mental catabolic effect over the time, symptomatically affects quality of life which leads to worse health outcomes that linked to higher mortality and morbidity rates with huge impact on public health. Chronic conditions like Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVDs) deteriorates patient health with cognitive impairment that progresses to somatic dysfunction, which can exacerbate to the occurrence and development of depression with the increased risk of inducing Chronic Diseases. Depression is often neglected, overlooked and remains unrecognized and under treated in the patient, especially in CVDs patient are considered as normal that instances to poor prognosis. The association of depression and CVDs are not incidental, but the lack of diagnosis for the coexistence of these comorbid condition and poor treatment hindrance the disease outcome. Depression emerges an alarming cardio vascular risk factor which is associated with higher cost of care for the patient as well as burden to the healthcare system. Prior detection and identification with rational intervention of depression at CVDs will help to change the scenario by improving the standard of health and overall quality of life of patient. Here, in this study we assess the prevalence of depression at cardio vascular disease patient in Nilgiris population. --- ## Hepatoprotective effect of vitamin A and E on diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar albino rats **Authors:** Siva T, Girija Sivakumar, Sankaran PK, Yuvaraj Maria Francis, Gayathri T, Lakshmi Thangavelu, Karunakaran Balaji **Published:** 2019-07-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1334 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diclofenac, hepatotoxicity, osteoarthritis, Vitamin A and Vitamin E This study was done to show the changes in the liver following diclofenac treatment and to study the hepatoprotective effects of Vitamin E and A in diclofenac treated rats. Rats were divided into four groups of six rats each. Group-1: Control rats (n= 6), Group-2: Rats (n= 6) treated with diclofenac at dose of 50 mg/kg IM for 7 days, Group-3: Rats (n= 6) treated with Vitamin A at dose of 400 IU/kg orally followed by diclofenac at 50 mg/kg IM 2 h later for 7 days, and Group 4: Rats (n= 6) treated with Vitamin E at dose of 200 IU/kg orally followed by diclofenac at 50 mg/kg IM 2 h later for 7 days. Later it was analysed with standard bio markers, and it was histologically interpreted. The results showed that there was an rapid increase in the levels of liver function test in diclofenac-treated group, which was significantly decreased after pre-treatment with vitamin E than vitamin A. The liver acinus showed centriacinar necrosis of hepatocytes after 7 days of diclofenac treatment, which was prevented by administration of Vitamin E and A. Drug-induced liver injury possesses a major clinical problem and has become a leading cause of acute liver failure and transplantation. --- ## Sequencing and structure analysis of UBC gene for breast and lung cancer **Authors:** Saleen Salam Abdulhadi, Abbas Abdullah Mohammed **Published:** 2019-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1329 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** UBC gene, sequencing, mutations In the present study, sequencing approach has been adopted for exploring the genetic alteration of sequences for the ubiquitin gene (UBC) in patients of breast and lung cancer and comparing the results with a normal sequence that obtained from NCBI. The aim of this study was to detect for genetic alterations of UBC gene in the breast and lung cancer patients then compare with healthy control subjects, to investigate the association between the mutations at the intron region of the UBC gene and cancer disease, 40 blood samples were examined from patients with breast and lung cancer aged ranged from (17-65) years, were collected at Al-Amal Hospital of cancer in Baghdad province/Iraq, the period of collecting samples were from October/2018 to January/2019. While twenty-two blood samples from healthy control subjects were collected at ages ranged from(19-59). After DNA extraction, the PCR primer was designed to amplify the region in the UBC gene (part of exon 1 and the whole intron). Here we report the polymorphism of the intron sequence of the UBC gene in Iraqi population as the results of sequencing the PCR amplified products showed three different transition mutation G→A, C→T, T→C in patients with breast cancer were also appeared in healthy control subjects. While nine transition mutations appeared in lung cancer patients, at different locations of the sequence were detected by BLAST tool. --- ## Simultaneous estimation of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir in bulk and its dosage forms by stability indicating RP-HPLC method **Authors:** Ismail Y, Vara Prasad M **Published:** 2019-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1328 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** RP-HPLC, Ledipasvir, Sofosbuvir, Stability Indicating The fixed-dose ledipasvir-sofosbuvir combination offers an effective and well-tolerated pill for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection. Only a few analytical works were carried out to estimate the Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir drug combination in the various dosage forms. This work aimed to simplify the estimation process using RP-HPLC methodology. The method was developed on a reversed phase Agilent C18 (4.6 x 150 mm, 5 µm) column. The isocratic elution process was performed using a mobile phase ratio of Methanol (70% v/v): Water (30 % v/v) with 0.6 ml/min flow rate. Elute was scanned using the PDA detector at the wavelength of 235 nm. The results of the elution process showed that the Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir elute the peak at a concentration of 9 μg/ml and 40 μg/ml with retention times of 7.745 min and 2.345 min respectively. The percentage purity of Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir was found to be 99.40 % w/v and 98.20 % w/v. The proposed method was found to be a high degree of precision and reproducibility. The percentage recovery was found to be 99.92 % for Ledipasvir and 99.82 % for Sofosbuvir. The LOD and LOQ were measured, and the results were within limits. The developed validation method can be applied for degradation evaluation of Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir for the various dosage forms. --- ## Molecular detection of Candida species by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of PCR from HIV infected persons **Authors:** Sandhya Rani T, Srikumar R, Prabhakar Reddy E, Latha S **Published:** 2019-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1317 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oropharyngeal Candidiasis, PCR- RFLP, MspI, HIV patients, Non-albicans species Oral Candidiasis an important opportunistic fungal infection in HIV patients. This is the first sign of HIV infection. It can spread from the mouth through the pharynx to the oesophagus. Oral Candidiasis is most regularly complicated with oesophagal Candidiasis, which may restrain nourishment and result in weight reduction, alarming the overall health of the HIV tainted persons. In present study, we have a tendency to determine in Candida species by blend of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) examination of PCR from HIV tainted people and furthermore we demonstrated that phenotypic and genotypic identification method was vital to work out the species. We recognized seventy-two Candida confines acquired from a hundred and fifty patients contaminated with HIV by utilizing PCR-RFLP assay. All inclusive primers for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) area (ITS1– ITS4) of the fungal DNA qualities were utilized for this measure. We distinguished the diverse Candida spp. By utilizing the limitation enzyme MspI. Here most of the isolates were obtained from male patients 40(51%). Candida albicans was the recurrent species segregated (46.8%) pursued by C. tropicalis (30.3%), C. glabrata (7.59%), C. parapsilosis (6.3%) C.dubulinesis (6.3%) along with C. krusei (2.5%) detected successfully. PCR- RFLP is a high definite, sensitive, quick, reliable technique and also applicable method for fungal detection in clinical laboratory for identification of medically important Candida spp. --- ## Convolution Neural Network Based ECG Classifier **Authors:** Sharanya S, Sridhar PA, Poornakala J, Muppala Vasishta, Tharani U **Published:** 2019-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1327 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Electrocardiogram (ECG), attributes, ConvolutionNeural Network (CNN), MIT-BIH database Classification of Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals plays a significant role in the identification of the functioning of the heart. This work pertains with the ECG signals, where the classifier is developed for identification of normal or abnormal conditions of the heart. The raw ECG signals are collected from an online database (www.physioNet.org) for classification. The raw ECG signal is pre-processed for noise removal, and the frequency spectrum is analysed to compare raw and denoised ECG signal. Attributes (P, Q, R, S, T time intervals) from denoised ECG signal is analysed and classified using Convolution Neural Network (CNN). The paper reports a classification technique to differentiate ECG signals from the MIT-BIH database (arrhythmia database, arrhythmia p-wave annotations, atrial fibrillation). The CNN analyses the deviation between nominal ranges of attributes (amplitude and time interval) and classifies between the abnormality and normal ECG wave. This work provides a simple method for interpreting ECG related condition for the clinician and helps medical practitioners to make diagnostic decisions. --- ## Development of Graphical User Interface to Classify Cardiac Abnormalities using ECG Signal **Authors:** Sharanya S, Sridhar PA, Suresh MP, Poorana Mary Monisha W, Tharadevi R **Published:** 2019-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1326 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Artifacts, Cardiac Arrhythmia, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Graphical User Interface (GUI) Analysis of Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal can lead to better detection of cardiac arrhythmia. The important steps involved in the ECG signal analysis include acquisition of data, pre-processing of signal to remove artefacts, feature extraction of attributes and finally identifying abnormalities. This work proposes an efficient implementation of the R-R interval-based ECG classification technique for detecting abnormalities in heart functioning. ECG signals from an online database (PhysioNet.org) was analysed after noise removal for R-R interval, as R peak has the maximum prominent amplitude in ECG wave. Deviation in the R-R interval values obtained from unhealthy was observed and compared with healthy subjects. This observation of cardiac activity can be visualised in our developed Graphical User Interface (GUI). The GUI platform requires only the input of the ECG signal that is to be analysed for abnormalities, which can provide the clinician with the result of cardiac abnormality classification and can help in diagnosis. --- ## Correlation of pupil to limbus diameter ratio (PLD ratio) with blood pressure and pulse rate in hypertensive males **Authors:** Harini Krishnan, Archana R, Kannan Rajendran **Published:** 2019-07-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1314 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Autonomic function test, Blood pressure, Hypertension, Pulse rate, Pupil to limbus diameter ratio (PLD ratio) Hypertension is known to be a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, vision loss which remains asymptomatic until late in its course and even severely elevated pressures can be clinically silent for years. Measurement of diameter of the pupil is indicative of autonomic function, and recording of the pupil to limbus diameter (PLD) ratio correlates with alterations in blood pressure. As hypertension is more prevalent in males and the incidence is increasing year by year, measurement of PLD ratio can be used as a simple screening tool in the general population to measure the autonomic alterations associated with changes in blood pressure. This study aims at finding the correlation of pupil to limbus diameter (PLD) ratio with blood pressure and pulse rate in Hypertensive Males. 45 male patients attending O/P of Saveetha Medical College and Hospital in the age group of 30 to 65 years, fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. It's a case-control study with non-probability convenient sampling. Blood pressure, using a sphygmomanometer and pulse rate were measured by the physician according to AHA criteria, and PLD ratio was assessed by the two- box method. There was a significant decrease observed in PLD ratio when normal and hypertensive groups. Mean pulse rate of hypertensive males was significantly higher compared to the control group. The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were significantly high in hypertensive male patients. A significant difference in PLD ratio exists between the control and hypertensive males though no positive correlation was observed. --- ## An investigation of bioactive and free radical scavenging potential of moringa Oliefera leaf extracts **Authors:** Uzma Sayyed, Pratibha Pandey, Rohit K. Tiwari, Rafia Shekh, Preeti Bajpai **Published:** 2019-07-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1313 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Moringa oliefera, Leaves, Phytochemical, Antioxidant Moringa oleifera Lam, commonly known as Sehjan belongs to the Moringaceae family. It is widely used for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases. This study was an attempt to evaluate the morphological characteristics, percent yield, the bioactive and antioxidant potential of M. oleifera leaves that would help in elucidating a promising therapeutic and curative agent for the treatment of different ailments. The maximum percentage yield was obtained in methanolic extract (29.55%) of M. oliefera leaves. Qualitative analysis also revealed the maximum presence of all the metabolites in methanolic extract. Quantitative analysis revealed an appreciable presence of phenol (53.1 mg/g) flavonoids (47.7mg/g) and carotenoids (16.46 mg/g) in M. oleifera leaves. The methanolic extract had shown the maximum antioxidant potency in a dose-dependent manner during the evaluation of enzymatic (SOD and CAT) and nonenzymatic (DPPH and FRAP) antioxidants with minimum IC50 value. Thus, it could be concluded from the present study that methanolic leaf extract of M. oliefera could be amongst the principle extract for the antioxidant activity of M. oliefera, which could be used for the treatment of several ailments. --- ## Evaluation of the effectiveness of transvaginal ovarian drilling under ultrasound guide in patients with resistant polycystic ovary syndrome to clomiphene citrate **Authors:** Asma Z Fadhil, Thuraya Husamuldeen Abdullah, Hayder Ali Lafta Mossa **Published:** 2019-06-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.1335 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Transvaginal Ovarian Drilling, Resistant Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Clomiphene Citrate, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), is a heterogeneous disorder found in 3% - 10% of women worldwide, and it constitutes about 80 % of anovulation infertility. In cases of resistance to CC surgical option in form of ovarian drilling, for using maneuver with less invasive than laparoscopy we study the effect of transvaginal ovarian drilling under ultrasound guide in patients with resistant polycystic ovary syndrome to clomiphene citrate This study was conducted o evaluate the effectiveness of transvaginal ovarian drilling under ultrasound guide in patients with resistant polycystic ovary syndrome to CC. In this, A prospective, clinical trial study 42 infertile women with PCOS resistant to 3 months course of treatment with CC enrolled in this study. The preoperative assessment includes history, physical examination, the serum levels of FSH, LH, AMH, testosterone, and TVS was done for ovarian morphology. Transvaginal ovarian drilling under ultrasound guide using a needle connected to manual vacuum pressure that punctured each ovary between 3 – 6 punctures. Postoperatively Signs of spontaneous ovulation, levels of FSH, LH, AMH, testosterone, and pregnancy rate were recorded. The results revealed that There is a significant reduction in the level of LH, FSH, Testosterone, and Anti-Mullerian hormones. Signs of spontaneous ovulation was developed, and the pregnancy rate after the operation was recorded. This low cost, no recorded adverse effects, and quickly done manoeuvre has an excellent result in improving fertility rate in resistant PCOS women to CC. --- ## Absorption enhancement effect of piperine and chitosan on ganciclovir solid lipid nanoparticles: formulation, optimization and invivo pharmacokinetics **Authors:** Ravindra Babu M, Ravi Prakash P, Devanna N **Published:** 2019-06-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.395 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Absorption Studies, Everted Sac Method, Ganciclovir, Invitro Absorption Studies, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles The purpose of the present study was to formulate Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) of Ganciclovir (GCV) in combination with Chitosan and Piperine for absorption enhancement effect. GCV loaded SLNs were prepared by hot homogenization method, optimized and characterized. Formulated SLNs were incorporated with absorption enhancers and characterized for invitro absorption (with chicken intestine), histopathological and invivo pharmacokinetic studies. Invitro absorption studies revealed that the permeability coefficient of the prepared formulation is more when compared to the pure drug, so the permeability is more for prepared formulation. In vivo pharmacokinetic study showed a significant increase in the Cmax, AUC, biological half-life and decrease in elimination rate constant for prepared formulation compared to pure drug. Histopathological studies also showed mild reversible damage of epithelial cells with Chitosan which indicates the safety and efficacy of the formulation. Thus, GCV loaded SLNs prepared with Chitosan can be clinically promising for enhancing the oral, intestinal absorption of the said BCS Class-III drug. --- ## Identification of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from pregnant women by 16srRNA gene **Authors:** Haneen Kadhum Abdul-Hamza, Ghaidaa Jihadi Mohammed **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.783 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Streptococcus agalactiae, Pregnant Women, 16SrRNA The main goal of the current study is to isolate and diagnose of Streptococcus agalactiae by using the diagnostic 16 SrRNA gene. S. agalactiae was isolated from 850 samples including (425) vaginal swabs, (425) rectal swabs and identified by studying the morphological characteristics of colonies on culture, microscopic characteristics of bacterial cells, biochemical methods, Vitek 2 system, API-20 Strep, and then confirmed the identification by detection of 16SrRNA gene by Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) followed by DNA Sequence analysis for this gene. A total of 16 isolates of S.agalactiae were isolated from 12 (2.82%) vaginal swabs, 4 (0.99%) rectal swabs, and 16SrRNA was detected in 100% of the S.agalactiae isolates. --- ## Anti-venom activities of methanol extract of Marsilea quadrifolia Linn (Marsileaceae) against Russell’s Viper venom **Authors:** Mohanraj Subramanian, Sangameswaran Balakrishnan **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.873 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Marsilea quadrifolia, Methanol, Antivenom The methanol extract of Marsilea quadrifolia Linn is explored aimed for the first time for anti-venom activity. The Marsilea quadrifolia Linn extract extensively antagonized Russell’s viper venom-induced lethality, haemorrhage, necrotizing, defibrinogenating and paw edema activities were extensively neutralized by plant extract. The above explanation confirmed that methanol extract of Marsilea quadrifolia Linn acquire persuasive snake venom neutralizing capability and could theoretically be used for therapeutic rationale in case of snakebite envenomation. --- ## Ethnobotanical treatments for earache and sore throat **Authors:** Behrooz Farzan, Saber Abbaszadeh, Hassan Teimouri **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.541 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Pain, Sore Throat, Ethnobotany, Iran Different organs of the body may develop complications for various reasons and cause pain. The pain may also occur in the ear and throat, and cause discomfort in the patient. In traditional medicine, medicinal plants are used to treat these complications. Therefore, in this review, the medicinal plants used for the treatment of ear pain and sore throat in the Iranian ethnobotanical studies will be reported. The information obtained in this review article was obtained by searching for relevant materials using keywords such as ear pain, sore throat, pain, ethnobotany, phytotherapy, medicinal plants and Iran in articles indexed in databases such as Megiran, Scientific Information Database, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ISI. Artemisia, pumpkin, Quarcus brantii, sheng, barangan, Solanum nigru, Mentha pulegium, hashshir, sage, eucalyptus, currant, bullfish, cannabis and cumin are among the most important medicinal plants used to treat sore throat and ear pain in Iranian traditional medicine. --- ## Effect of acute Atorvastatin treatment in an experimental model of colitis **Authors:** Mohammed J Manna, Eithar S Al-Karagoli, Zahra Shakir Fadhil **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.782 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atorvastatin, Phenolic Moiety, Ulcerative Colitis, Oxidative Stress Acute atorvastatin treatment in an experimental model of colitis was studied using the acetic acid induction modality for colitis in rats. This study was aimed to evaluate possible therapeutic effects of atorvastatin against acetic acid-induced colitis in a rat model and to find out the correlation between severity index with oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory markers. Experimental colitis was induced in rats by rectal administration of 4% acetic acid (vol/vol). Rats with colitis were received either atorvastatin 10mg/kg or sulfasalazine 100mg/kg orally for 7 days. Macroscopical and microscopical assessment and the measurement of the colonic cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), oxidative stress markers; myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and adhesion molecules (E-Selectin and ICAM-1). Both the macroscopical lesion area and histological colonic injury induced by acetic acid were reduced significantly by both atorvastatin and sulfasalazine. These were associated by attenuation of the increased colonic MPO activity, MDA and proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, there is the downregulation of the adhesion molecules. In the present study, Atorvastatin had shown therapeutic effects in experimental colitis. The anti-inflammatory actions involve antioxidant effect related to phenolic moiety along with inhibition of adhesion molecule synthesis in the colonic tissues. --- ## Characterization and spectroscopic study of 4- (4-Nitro Benzene Azo)-3- amino benzoic acid compound by Gaussian 09 Program: A review **Authors:** Barakat A F Kamel, Olfat O Neif, Hanan G Shaaban, Mohammed A K Alsouz **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.253 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Azo Compounds, Computational Chemistry, Gaussian 09 Program, Thermodynamic Functions Gaussian 09 program was used to follow up the theoretical calculations of 4-(4-nitro benzene azo)-3-amino benzoic acid in a method of Hartree-Fock to calculate IR, H-NMR and C-NMR spectrum, as used method ZINDO to calculate the electronic spectrum (UV), was adopted method (TD-SCF (self consistent field) /DFT (density functional theory)/ B3LYP to calculate the energies of orbital's (HOMO and LUMO) and found that the electron density centered at the carboxylic group COO and N=N group this means that the compound is capable of working as a ligand to synthesize many complexes, bond lengths and thermodynamic functions (∆Ho, ∆Go and ∆So) were calculated and found that the values of ∆Ho and ∆Go to be negative, which refer to exothermic and spontaneous reaction. --- ## Estimation of IgE level and Rh factor in patients with atopic dermatitis **Authors:** Eman Wahab Kadhum **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.1358 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Family History, Gender Blood Groups, Ige, Atopic Dermatitis Atopic dermatitis (AD), also called atopic eczema, is a common chronic or recurrent inflammatory skin disease and affects 15–20% of children and 1–3% of adults worldwide; IgE is likely to be of more relevance in pediatric disease than in adult disease, in order to detect the incidence of AD and its association with elevated total serum IgE level, 68 people were involved in the current study, their ages were (1-45) years and from both genders fifty of them was with atopic dermatitis and the other healthy eighteen were considered as control groups. They are all subjected to the estimation of total serum IgE level by using Nephelometry methodology technique in the central health laboratory and Hilla Teaching Hospital the period Nov. 2017 to Feb. 201in Babylon Governorate. A significant increase in the level of IgE in AD patients was detected in all age groups in comparison with the control group. The results also showed that patients of blood group (o+) are the most frequent by percent (28%) followed by B+, AB+, A+ and AB¯ with percent reached (24, 20, 14and 4%) respectively. Furthermore, there is a genetic tendency in the frequency of onset of AD as 10% in both parents and (30 & 24%) in mothers and fathers respectively while 36% of the disease does not appear in their families. Results also showed a significant increase in the age groups (31-45) years in comparison with (1-15) and (16-30) years. The disease also rises in males compared with females. A significant increase in IgE for patients with Atopic Dermatitis. --- ## Identification of anticancer activity of phytoconstituents from mangrove **Authors:** Sheela Devi A, Joseph J, Bhuvaneshwari V **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.254 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Avicennia marina, Anticancer, Apoptotic Cell Death, Cervical Cancer, Mangrove, MTT Assay Medicinal plants from the marine ecosystem are a rich source of medicinal plants having a potential for miracle drugs. It is clear from the observation that the local inhabitants of Pichavaram mangrove forest have excellent knowledge about the phytomedicine. Thus they have developed their traditional system of utilizing these mangroves for medicinal purposes. Cancer is the name given to a collection of related and multistep disease. In all types of cancer, a few of the body's cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into the surrounding. It is developed by environmental, physical, chemical, metabolic and genetic factors. In this study, methanol was used to prepare an extract from A. marina leaves and screened for anticancer activity. The phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin and tannin present in the extract were quantified, and anticancer activity of the same was identified. Further, the apoptotic cell death effect of methanol extract on the Hela cell line was determined. The flavonoids of A. marina showed higher anti-cancer activity on Hela cells followed by tannin, alkaloids and saponin. The result of the apoptotic cell death effect of A. marina may provide an effective therapeutic strategy against cervical cancer. Finally, it is concluded that the extract of A. marina exhibited anticancer activity. --- ## Health implications of exposure to coal mine dust in workers – A Review **Authors:** Ganesan S, Sangeetha R **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.257 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Bronchitis, Chronic Pulmonary Obstructive Disease, Coal Mines, Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis Major health problem for workers is prevalent in all nations due to occupational hazards. Coal mining is one of the largest and oldest industries in the world. However, no such information is available in the literature regarding the health status of coal mine workers. Coal is a basic necessity for the production of electricity and steel. Along with machines, humans are the workforce in every coal mine industry. Air pollutants and dust mixed with silica are the two major factors that affect the health of coal mine workers. Coal mine workers run the risk of getting respiratory damage due to high levels of dust and other chemical particulate matters. Some of the disorders caused by coal mines are Chronic Pulmonary Obstructive Disease (COPD), Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis (CWP), Asthma and massive fibrosis. Prolonged exposure to coal mine dust may cause a variety of diseases like Tuberculosis, Chronic Bronchitis, Heart Diseases, Lung Cancer, Pneumonia, liver disease, kidney damage, DM and Reproductive disorders. All these diseases may be induced if mine workers are subjected to prolonged exposure. This review article highlights the outcome of research works done in the past three decades on the health implications of coal mine workers. Further studies are required with respect to the degree of damage to each organ and to prepare a set of guidelines to be followed by coal mine industries to be strictly followed to safeguard the wellbeing of coal mine workers. --- ## A comparative study for the effectiveness of Tamsulosin alone versus Tamsulosin plus Tadalafil combination as an expulsive medical treatment in the management of lower ureteric calculous in Al-Diwaniyah teaching hospital **Authors:** Ahmed Abdulameer Alwan, Hussain T Ajeel, Ahmed Hamza Abd **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.875 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Urinary Calculi, Tamsulosin, Tadalafil To evaluate the efficacy & safety of tamsulosin alone versus tamsulosin plus tadalafil combination as expulsive medical treatment of distal ureteric calculus. From March 2015 utile March 2017, two hundred patients (one hundred thirty males and seventy females), who attended the outpatient urology clinic and presented with stones size 5 to 10 mm in distal ureteric part, have been randomly allocated into two equal treatment groups. Group A treated with tamsulosin alone, and group B treated with tamsulosin plus tadalafil. Both treatments were given for a maximum of six weeks’ duration. The rate and time to the calculous passage, type of analgesic use, adverse effects of the drugs, number of outpatient urology clinic visits for pain, and follow-up were noted. Both treatment groups have higher expulsion rate with a lower time to expulsion with no statistically significant differences between them (p=0.350, p=0.074, respectively). Group B showed a significantly lower rate in admission to the hospital for pain and need for analgesia than in group A. no dangerous adverse events had been observing in both groups. Additional benefit seen in group B was the improvement in erectile function regarding male patients. Using tamsulosin and tadalafil as an expulsive medical treatment for distal ureteric calculous is safe and efficacious. Such combination therapy may provide additional advantages in cases of erectile dysfunction co-exist with distal ureteric calculi. --- ## Levetiracetam and Memory Loss **Authors:** Elham Alshammari **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.416 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Levetiracetam, Epilepsy, Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs), Cognitive Performance, Memory Epilepsy is defined as a chronic disorder that causes a sudden rush of electrical activities in the brain. These seizures may be partial or general. While fractional annexations affect a solitary part of the brain, comprehensive seizures distress the entire brain and its activities. There exist myriad options for seizure treatment. Use of Keppra, the brand name for Levetiracetam, is one of the most adopted forms of treatment. These seizures are generally caused by low blood sugar, alcohol withdrawal as well as head trauma. For one to be prescribed seizure drugs, signs such as simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures as well as general seizures must be present. There are other options for managing seizures such as brain surgery, adopting a Ketogenic diet and anti-epileptic drugs. Levetiracetam is typically prescribed as an add-on to these seizure drugs to boost their effectiveness and as well ensure improved quality of life. While essential resources and information are recommending the use of Levetiracetam, there are also sources discrediting the drug with evidence of causing memory loss and reduced quality of life. Therefore, this study aims at collecting information from different scholarly articles, journals, and websites about the side effects of using Levetiracetam in different populations. After the data is explored, the study offers a comprehensive conclusion based on the information available. The study, therefore, affirms that the use of Levetiracetam improves the quality of life and it does not affect or interfere with the cognitive functions of the brain. The study seeks to demystify the linking of Levetiracetam to memory loss of its users. --- ## Assessment of the outcome of the tubularized incised plate (T.I.P) technique in the management of distal hypospadias; prospective single-centre study **Authors:** Ahmed Abdulameer Alwan, Ahmed Ali Obaid, Hussain T Ajeel **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.874 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hypospadias, Urethroplasty, Fistula To assess the consequence of tubularized incised plate urethroplasty on primary hypospadias repair. Total of 42 male patients underwent hypospadias repair in AL-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital/Iraq. from April 2016 to April 2018. The levels of the hypospadias defect, age at operation, type of sutures and dressing, type of catheter and time of removal and complications were verified. Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty done for all patients and mean patients age at operation was 4.4 years (range 1 year to 8year). Post-operative follow up was 1 to 3 months. Generally, meatal stenosis, dehiscence due to infection and an urethrocutaneous fistula occurred in 3, 2 and 6 patients, respectively. T.I.P. urethroplasty has come to be the favourite surgical procedure of distal hypospadias cases at our hospital. The technique has a small number of complications in addition to prove success and adaptability that continue to increase its application. --- ## Impact of herbal drugs and its clinical application **Authors:** Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Saminathan Kayarohanam, Ashok Kumar J, Vinoth Kumarasamy **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.537 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Herbal Drugs, Human Health, Drug Formulation, Adverse Effects Since ancient times until now exploring the importance of herbal medicines to treat the variety of diseases. Currently the herbal medicines searching for health, wellness and aim to achieve effective treatment without much side effect. Recent days the impact of herbal medicines well established even herbal treatment is one of the alternative medicines for most of the diseases such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus etc. Medicinal plants always have been rich sources of bioactive compounds, and that will be very helpful to human health. The reasons for herbal medicines attracted by the health care professionals and common individuals, including concern about confidence and safety of drugs. Allopathic medicines have many side effects and sometimes failing to treat and most of the herbal drugs proven better therapeutic effects without any major adverse effects. With the demand for phytomedicine user, this review highlights modern herbal drug formulation and its clinical use. --- ## Clinical implications morphometric study of the cervical spine on MRI **Authors:** Swati S More, Anita R Gune, Jeetendra K Patil **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.422 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cervical Canal, SAC, Cervical Stenosis, Radiological Study Degenerative changes, history of trauma or inflammation usually progressed to cervical spinal canal stenosis. This condition leads to cervical spondylosis neuropraxia and cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). SAC (space available for the cord) value is important to understand the symptoms of spinal cord compression in cervical canal stenosis. The aim of our study is to establish cervical spinal canal morphometry in Western Maharashtra population observed by MRI of cervical region. 70 subjects aged between 18- 70 years. The sagittal vertebral body diameter, the sagittal spinal canal diameter and the sagittal spinal-cord diameter were measured at the C3 - C7 level. The SAC was determined. For each variable a two-way ANOVA was performed, sagittal canal diameter, sagittal spinal cord diameter and SAC were significant with p-value P< 0.0001**. Mean vertebral body diameters observed were 1.49-1.51. Values of SAC observed were C3-1.5 cm, C4- 1.51cm, C5- 1.49cm, C6- 1.5cm, C7- 1.49cm. Average sagittal spinal canal diameter from C3-C7 was 14.1± 1.3 mm. The range of SAC was between 6.4-9.5mm, least at the C5 level. We conclude that subjects in our study do not have an increased risk of spinal cord compression. --- ## Effect of natural antioxidants and important herbal medicines on blood infections and sepsis: A systematic review **Authors:** Hamid Reza Sherkatolabbasieh, Afshin Hasanvand, Saber Abbaszadeh, Behrooz Farzan **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.546 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Microbial Infections, Sepsis, Antibacterial Drugs, Natural Antioxidants Phytochemical and pharmaceutical studies have shown that medicinal plants are rich sources of antioxidant and biologically active compounds. The medicinal plants can have inhibitory effects on various types of parasitic diseases, microbial infections, blood infections, and sepsis. This review was done to report important medicinal plants effective on the prevention and treatment of blood infections and sepsis. Based on the results obtained from the review of numerous articles, indexed in the databases Information Sciences Institute, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar etc., the most important medicinal plants effective in the treatment and prevention of sepsis and parasitic, microbial, and viral blood infections are Veronica officinalis, Allium sativum, Paeonia lactiflora, Angelica Sinensis, Hippophae rhamnoides, Melissa officinalis, Ziziphus Spina-Christi, Astragalus species, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Rheum palmatum, Sophora flavescens, Scutellaria species, Phyllanthus amarus, Calendula officinalis, Scrophularia striata, Lawsonia inermis, Artemisia species, and Plantago major. Sterolic, luteolin, tannins, quercetin, saponins and some other bioactive ingredients are the most important bioactive compounds and flavonoids of these medicinal plants that may be used in producing new anti-blood infections and anti-sepsis drugs. --- ## The value of 5% topical imiquimod cream for the treatment of flat warts in a sample of Iraqi patients **Authors:** Asmaa Abdul Jaleel Swadi, Suhad Jassim Abdlkadhim, Akeel Hamed Jabur **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.1374 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Topical Imiquimod Cream, Flat Warts, Human Papilloma Virus Flat warts are mainly caused by HPV type 3 and 10. The condition is usually seen in young people in visible skin areas such as the back of hands, face, and forehead. Medical treatment may be prolonged in some situations for months and rarely for years making patients unsatisfactory Surgical approaches such as electrocoagulation, cryosurgery, and laser are used when medical treatment fails to control the disease, but surgical removal carries the risk of scar formation and is usually costly.The current study was planned and carried out to evaluate the response of plane warts to 5% imiquimod cream in a sample of Iraqi patients with plane warts. The present cohort study included 20 patients with plane warts. Those patients were selected from the pool of patients visiting the dermatology consultation unit at Al-Diwaniyah teaching hospital, Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq during the period from September 2018 through June 2019. Age, gender, and duration of disease were the main variables included in the study; the outcome was a response to treatment classified as complete, partial, and incomplete. All patients were treated by topically applied 5% imiquimod cream once daily and were followed up for a period of time, ranging from 2 weeks to 12 weeks. The results of the current study revealed that treatment duration and response to treatment is shown in Table 2. Mean duration of treatment was 7.95 3.33 weeks, and it ranged from 2 to 12 weeks. Complete response was seen in 60 %, partial response was identified in 30 %, and no response was the outcome in 10 % of patients. Treatment response was not correlated to the age or gender of patients, but longer duration of disease predicted poor response to treatment. In view of available data in the current study and in previous reports, 5% topical imiquimod cream appears to be an efficient and safe mode of treatment for flat warts. --- ## Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) as bio-indicators **Authors:** Ebtesam Kadem Khudher, Ahmed Sabah AL-Jasimee **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.1354 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Diatoms, Bacillariophyta, Bioindicators, Aquatic, Freshwater, Eutrophication Bio-indicators such as diatoms from algae considered to be key factors in ecological studies as an assessment of freshwater ecology. Algae are very sensitive to environmental changes and reflect the spatiotemporal changes on exists or biomass of diatoms in waters. Diatoms have been used not just for the assessment of water quality, but also can be used as an organic pollution indicator in the freshwater ecosystems, such as algal water bloom. The reason for using diatoms as bio-indicators was for several characteristics such as rapid growth, and represent high biomass in the freshwater ecosystem. Also, diatoms have high biodiversity among the other aquatic biota and energy flow and cycling. Compared with the other aquatic biota, diatoms reflect ecological disturbance due to high sensitivity to light, temperature, water flow, pH, and oxygen content. Additionally, diatoms are used as an assessment of eutrophication, organic pollution and climate change. --- ## A Review on the role of BCG Vaccine in type-1diabetes **Authors:** Manjuladevi K, Rajashanmugam B, Sukhdev R, Subhash Krishnan R, Rahini P **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.389 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Diabetes, Vaccination, BCG Vaccine in Type-1 Diabetes, Hyperglycemia, Insulin Diabetes mellitus (DM) is outlined by mistreatment of continual hyperglycemia and proteins, weakened sugars, and lipids digestion as a result of overall or incomplete inadequacy of hypoglycemic agent discharge or doubtlessly hypoglycemic agent hobby. Two types of Diabetes mellitus less common "INSULIN DEPENDENT" and most common "NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT". Vaccines constitute a useful contribution to the branch of biotechnology as they supply protection in opposition to numerous sicknesses. All organisms are liable to one or greater styles of infectious and noninfectious sicknesses throughout their lifestyles. To save you those infection researchers discovered plant-primarily based vaccine which is an immune-biological substance, used for particular protection in opposition to each infectious and noninfectious illnesses. Use of vaccines for the diabetic patient will reduce the inflectional disease caused by diabetes, but it not prevents diabetes. Because the polygenic disease is of unconventional immune mechanisms, and vaccines act with the help of making a defence to numerous pathogens and some vaccines (in specific BCG) had been studied to seem if they supply safety in opposing to polygenic disease. In animal experiments, BCG will appear to be protecting con to polygenic disorder, but researchers have not been able to translate this profit to humans. The establishment of an Institution was initiated by the Australian Government Department of the diabetes institution. --- ## Diagnostic Usefulness of 1, 5 Anhyroglucitol in Diabetes Mellitus: A Review **Authors:** Swaminathan S, Abirami MJ, Oviya Senthilraj **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.278 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** 1,5 A, T2DM, HbA1c, GA, FA, CVD, CLD 1,5 AG is a six carbon chain monosaccharide and is one of the major polyols present in humans. The approximate normal levels of 1,5AG are about 20-40 µg/mL. The main source of 1,5AG is diet containing carbohydrates, and this 1,5AG undergoes similar metabolic pathways like other saccharides and is distributed in all organs and tissues. Once DM is confirmed and treatment initiated, it is important to monitor glycemic control at regular intervals of time. While HbA1c has been used as a gold standard to monitor diabetic control during the preceding 2-3 months, GA and FA were used to monitor short time glycemic control. But none of the above three serves to monitor glycemic excursion after meals. 1,5AG has been emerging as an alternative short-term diabetic control monitoring marker to assess short term glycemic excursions. 1,5 AG has also been found to be useful to monitor CVD, CLD patients as well in the clinical usefulness of subtypes of DM. This review article gives a condensed version of research findings during the last two decades and will be very useful for future researchers to expand the clinical usefulness of 1,5AG in other areas of human health. --- ## Evaluation of patients with myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using low dose dobutamine stress echocardiography **Authors:** Reem Jamal Jabir, Affan Ezzat Hasan, Qasim Mohammed Jumaah, Layth Rafea Taqa **Published:** 2019-05-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.781 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Left Ventricle, Speckle Tracking Echocardiography, Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography, Global Longitudinal Strain, Ejection Fraction, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a spectrum of heart diseases which has the highest mortality in the world. Systolic left ventricular (LV) function is an important predictor of outcome, and its precise assessment remains of great importance for the choice of treatment in populations with myocardial infarction (MI). This study was aimed to assess the function and viability of ischemic myocardium of LV before and after the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) by using 2dimentional (2D) STE with LDDSE and to know the usefulness of low dose dobutamine (LDD) test in detecting the viable ischemic LV area. STE with LDDSE was performed in 30 Iraqi patients (mean age 39-74 years, mean ejection fraction 45.8±7.96%) with previous MI (ischemia before more than 30 days ago) who were referred to Ibn Al-Bitar Specialized Center for Cardiac Surgery in Iraq-Baghdad for evaluation of LV myocardial function and viability and possible need for coronary angiography. There was significant change (improvement) in the GLS and EF after 3-6 months of doing PCI of the viable ischemic LV area in comparison to its value at rest (P-value < 0.001). Left anterior descending artery (LAD) is the most common affected artery in our study. The study concluded that GLS provides a sensitive measure of LV function and appears reduced despite preserved LVEF also GLS can detect the viability of ischemic myocardium of LV with using LDD test which then assessed by PCI. --- ## Development and radiographical evaluation of floating tablets with combination of Amoxicillin Trihydrate and Ranitidine Hydrochloride **Authors:** Parepalli Srikanth, Hemalatha S, Suggala Venkata Satyanarayana **Published:** 2019-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.727 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Duodenal Ulcer, Floating Tablets, Simultaneous Estimation, Vierordt's Method Stomach Specific Floating Tablets (SSFT) with a combination of Amoxicillin-Trihydrate (AT) and Ranitidine Hydrochloride (RH) were developed by using different grades of Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMCK) (i.e.HPMCK 100M, HPMCK4M and HPMCK15M), to treat patients with H. pylori-infected duodenal ulcer. Floating tablets were prepared by direct compression method, developed formulations were evaluated for different pre-compression and post-compression parameters like angle of repose, compressibility index, hardness, weight variation, floating lag time, content uniformity, and in-vitro drug release. In-Vitro release of two drugs (Amoxicillin-Trihydrate and Ranitidine hydrochloride) from the developed formulation was estimated by the Simultaneous Estimation method (Vierordt's Method). The optimized formulation was subjected to Radio graphical evaluation by incorporating the BaSO4, a radio-opaque substance by replacing a part of the drug from the optimized formulation of into the formulation and then it was administered to the healthy human volunteers to find out the in-vivo residence time. In-vivo X-ray studies were conducted both in fed condition, as well as fasted condition the optimized formulation showed a gastric residence time of more in fed state than that of fasting state. From these studies it was clearly observed that the floating tablets should be given to patients after a standard food and with frequent intake of water. --- ## Phytochemical study in ethanolic leaves extract of Aloe vera using Gas chromatography **Authors:** Jannathul Firdous, Karpagam T, Vara lakshmi, Sugunabai J, Gomathi S, Revathy A, Noorzaid Muhamad **Published:** 2019-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.720 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aloe vera, Anti-Cancer Activity, Flavonoids, Gas Chromatogram, Tannins Medicinal plant Aloe vera are reported to have anti-cancer properties. In the present work, a phytochemical study in Aloe vera was evaluated qualitatively and further analysed using gas chromatography. Aloe vera leaves were washed, shade dried and homogenized to get a filtrate which was extracted in ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus. The ethanolic extract was subjected to various phytochemical tests and also evaluated using gas chromatography. As a result, the qualitative phytochemical analysis of A.vera ethanolic leaves extracts confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, saponins, phenols, terpenoids and phytosterols. Gas chromatographic analysis of A.vera ethanolic leaves extracts showed all these eight compounds. All these compounds are of pharmacological importance as they possess properties such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, analgesic, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. Future work is essential to explore its therapeutic applications. --- ## Level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with transfusion-related acute lung injury - Multiple comparisons between patients, controls and donor **Authors:** Adil Shaker Al-Tamimi, Israa A Dheeb **Published:** 2019-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.715 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines, Donor Transfusion-related acute lung injury recently regarded as the leading cause of death after transfusion. Several pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL6 and IL8 have been linked to the pathogenesis of TRALI, supported by the findings of increased their serum levels in recipient patients. This is a prospective case-control study, twenty-five patients with a diagnosis of TRALI after transfusion of blood products were included and compared to another 25 transfused patients. Serum was obtained after the onset of TRALI in patients and controls. Other samples were obtained from the saved donor transfused bag or segments. All samples were utilized for cytokines assay. The intubation rate among TRALI patients was 48%. No difference was found in the regarding the type of transfusion and the cytokine level for each specific type of blood or blood component transfused between TRALI and controls. The over- all TRALI associated mortality was 4%. Results revealed significantly increased TNF alpha IL-6 levels in sera of TRALI patients as compared with control and donor unit for patients with TRALI. Serum levels of IL-8 were significantly higher in patients with TRALI (mean 42.11 pg/ml) as compared with sera of control and donor unit for TRALI patients. Serum level of TNF, IL-6 and-8 in patients with TRALI was significantly higher in patients with longer incubation time. Serum cytokines assay in patients with TRALI may add the significant advantage of assessing the severity, associated mortality and predicting the time of ventilator support. --- ## Antibiotics susceptibility patterns of Citrobacter freundii isolated from patients with urinary tract infection in Al-Najaf governorate – Iraq **Authors:** Thualfakar Hayder, Ahmed Abduljabbar Jaloob Aljanaby **Published:** 2019-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.722 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Urinary Tract Infection, Citrobacter freundii, Antimicrobials Resistance, MDR, XDR Citrobacter freundii is one of the most causative agents of urinary tract infection in human due to their high antimicrobials resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the ability of Citrobacter freundii to resist to fifteen antimicrobials. A total of 461 urine samples were collected from patients infected with urinary tract infection, females and males, age groups between 18 to 60 years old performed in Al-Najaf central hospital in Al-Najaf City, Iraq, during April to December 2018. Antimicrobials susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method according to the Kirby-Bauer method onto Mueller Hinton agar surface. There were 30 isolates (6.5%) diagnosed as Citrobacter freundii. Antimicrobial resistance rate of the 30 isolates to Amoxicillin and Chloramphenicol were all high (25 isolates 83.4%), Ciprofloxacin, Streptomycin and Sulfonamide (24 isolates 80%). The good resistance rate was observed for Penicillin, Amoxiclav and Ceftazidime (21 iso- lates 70%). The moderate resistance rate was observed for Cefotaxime (19 isolates 63.3%), Ceftriaxone (20 isolates 66.7%), Gentamicin (15 isolates 50%), Tobramycin (18 isolates 60%) and Erythromycin (20 isolates 66.7%). The lowest resistance rate was observed for Tetracycline (19 isolates 63.3%). While Imipenem provided full antibacterial activity (30 isolates 100%). Of the total 30 isolates, 22 (73.3%) were multi-drug resistance, 8(26.7%) exten- sive-drug resistance and no isolates were pan-drug resistance. While 19 isolates (63.3%) were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Citrobacter freundii. Citrobacter freundii has highly resistant against most antimicrobials and became more dangerous bacteria cause urinary tract infection. --- ## Antimicrobial activity of some Bacillus spp. Separated from the soil **Authors:** Zhara Tareq Abdulhameed Baqqal, Rafal Mhaidi Younus, Saja Dhyaaldain Mustafa **Published:** 2019-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.718 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp, Aspergillus niger, E .coli In this study select two active isolate from nine isolates of local agricultural soil of Mosul, were collected from 10 sample of 6 different region depending on antimicrobial activity to some test bacteria and fungi, Identified as gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria and, biochemical test, the selected isolates belonged to Bacillus genus, gave signal B1 and B2 were effective against both pathogenic bacteria Gram-positive and Gram-negative, two isolates gave high inhibition zone about 23mm against Staphylococcus aureus whereas gave less inhibition zone against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Aspergillus niger and Candida spp, 20, 16, Furthermore studied the effect of temperature on the growth of two isolates which gave good growth at 40-45 degree whereas there was no growth at low temperature 5°C. Furthermore, studied the effect of salt on the growth of two isolates that gave good growth at concentration 3% NaCl; the two strains were analysed utilizing agar publishing way and cross streak method. --- ## The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity for some new synthesized Schiff bases derived from Ascorbic acid **Authors:** Taiseer Abdul-Kader Saleh, Rafah Razooq Hameed Al-Samarrai, Noor Essam Abdul-Razzaq **Published:** 2019-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.730 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ascorbic Acid, Schiff Bases, Antioxidant, Microwave Irradiation This study was carried out to synthesise some new Schiff bases compounds through condensation of ascorbic acid (keto form) with some compounds which have amine group in their structure also these compounds synthesized by using of microwave irradiation and traditional method and compare the results obtained. Microwave irradiation of organic reactions has quickly acquired popularity as it increases the speed of the reaction towards multiple kinds of synthetic transformations, solventless procedures without the use of supporting reagents and therefore eco-friendly, the antioxidant properties were studied for all compounds included in this study, the results indicate that IC50 for the compounds synthesized by using of microwave irradiation method were higher than the traditional method, and also the biological activity of the prepared compounds were also studied to estimate capability of suppressing Enterococcus, Staphyllo coccus aureus and E. Coli than the starting materials that have biological activity on these bacteria. This study shows that the diameters of inhibitions in Petri dishes have higher and wider at a concentration (10 mg / ml) for used bacteria. --- ## Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various clinical samples of the patients attending in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Puducherry **Authors:** Vamsi Muni Krishna P, Sreenivasulu Reddy V, Praveen Kumar V, Suresh P **Published:** 2019-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.721 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial Susceptibility, CLSI, Methicillin – Resistance, MRSA, Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococci spp has been reported as a major cause of hospital and community-associated infections. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen causing a variety of infections relatively begins minor skin in sections (abscess. cellulitis, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome) to live threating systemic infections like endocarditis, septic arthritis, pneumonia joint, and bone infections, toxic shock syndrome. Methicillin resistance was reported in 1961 and emerged in the last several decades as one of the most important nosocomial pathogens which were reported just one year of the launch of methicillin. MRSA now a day a big problem is because it is creating life threating problems medical institutions. The knowledge of MRSA prevalence and current antibiogram profile is necessary for the selection of appropriate treatment for related infections. Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus were done by standard conventional microbiological methods. The Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains were tested by using Cefoxitin 30μg disc on Mueller - Hinton agar and antibiotic susceptibility testing were done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Insititute guidelines (CLSI). All the 164 MRSA (100%) strains were sensitive to Tigecycline, Vancomycin, Teicoplanin followed by Linezolid (92. 68%). Tigecycline, Vancomycin, Teicoplanin has until now excellent activity against clinical isolates of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. --- ## In vitro anti-motility and antispasmodic effects of Garcinia mangostana extracts in isolated chicken ileum preparation **Authors:** Michelle Ooi Yi Ching, Sasikala Chinnappan, Mogana Sundari Rajagopal **Published:** 2019-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.714 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-Motility, Antispasmodic, Chicken Ileum, Garcinia mangostana Garcinia mangostana pericarps have been traditionally used in Southeast Asia for a variety of medicinal conditions. The present study was carried out to determine the anti-motility and antispasmodic effects of methanolic and aqueous G. mangostana extracts (MEM and AEM) on isolated chicken ileum. Extracts were prepared from the pericarp of G. mangostana using maceration technique with methanol and distilled water. Isolated ileum preparations were set up for recording in Tyrode’s solution at 37°C. Dose-response curves were plotted using various doses of agonist as control such as acetylcholine (ACh) and histamine. Atropine, mepyramine and extracts were used as an antagonist. The results showed that methanolic and aqueous extracts possess significant concentration-dependent inhibitory effects (p<0.05) on agonist-induced contractions. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of extracts and standard antagonists were higher than the agonist alone. Both methanolic and aqueous extract of G. mangostana exerts anti-motility and antispasmodic effects on smooth muscle contractions. The study provides findings that support G. mangostana can be the potential treatment for diarrhoea and spasm. --- ## The effect of polyamide microparticles addition on some mechanical properties of light-cured acrylic resin **Authors:** Adnan R Al Assal, Abdalbaset A Fatalla, Mohammed Moudhaffar, Ghasak H Jani **Published:** 2019-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.719 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Polyamide, Transverse Strength, Impact Strength, Hardness, Light Cured Acrylic The general upgrading of polymer denture base material and research continuously looking for ideal restorative dental material with better properties, adequate esthetic properties, less expensive and easier to handle material to develop photo polymerization dental materials. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of addition polyamide on mechanical microparticle properties light cure denture base material. One hindered sixty specimens from light-cured acrylic resin (Aurora). The divided mainly into four groups according to test used (Transverse strength test, impact strength test, hardness test and tensile strength test) with 40 specimens for each group. The results show an increase in Transverse strength, impact strength, hardness and tensile strength in all experimental group when compared to control group the highest mean values for all tests included in the study appeared in group B 1% polyamide. The addition of polyamide microparticle improves transverse, tensile, impact strength and hardness properties of denture base material. --- ## Design, synthesis, characterization and antitubercular activity of some novel 2, 4-disubstituted thiazole derivatives **Authors:** Gobala Krishnan P, Gnanaprakash K, Chandrasekhar KB **Published:** 2019-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.729 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 2-aminothiazole, Pyrazine 2-Carboxylic Acid, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb), b-Ketoacyl-ACP Synthase (KasA), Antimycobacterial Action Literature reviews reveal that thiazole and pyrazine carboxamide derivatives exhibit anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-tubercular activities due to the presence of –S-C=N- and-CO–NH- moiety. A series of thiazolyl pyrazine carboxamide derivatives (5a-j) were synthesized by condensation reaction between 2-amino, 4-substituted phenyl 2-amino thiazole and pyra- zine 2-carboxylic acid. These synthesized thiazole derivatives (5a-j) were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), H37Rv using microplate Alamar Blue assay (MABA). The compound, 5c and 5h showed high anti-mycobacterial activity with MIC value of 6.25 µg/ml, and the compound 5g also exhibited anti-mycobacterial activity with MIC value of 12.50 µg/ml. Molecular docking studies of these synthesized molecules with b-Ketoacyl-ACP Synthase (KasA) protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) have been carried out to understand the mechanism of anti- mycobacterial action. --- ## Detection of duodenal giardia using giemsa stain **Authors:** Ali Fadhil Hashim **Published:** 2019-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.717 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Duodenal Biopsies, Giardiasis, Giemsa Stain, Duodenitis The objectives of this study are to evaluate the benefit of using Giemsa staining in endoscopic duodenal biopsies if it provides an appropriate tool to diagnose giardia parasite more accurate than the usual hematoxylin-eosin stain. A retrospective study including fifty patients have been nominated with upper abdominal pain, attended gastrointestinal tract (GIT) consultation unit in medical City of Imam Al-Hussein-Karbala/Iraq complaining from upper abdominal discomfort. They have been examined by esophagio-gastro duodenoscopy. All duodenal biopsies have also been collected from pathology excluding all celiac disease cases. All biopsies have paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin looking for Giardia; in the following, the slides are stained with Giemsa stain following the manufacture-instruction. Results: 50 patients (27 females and 23 males) have been examined depending on the hematoxylin and eosin staining, respectively, the diagnosis is non-specific chronic duodenitis with low MARSH score. Eleven patients from total fifty-two ones (21.15%) have shown positive symptoms for giardia cyst and trophozoite using the Giemsa stain. Giardia infection is difficult to be diagnosed with hematoxylin-eosin stain, especially with low infection. Consequently, Giemsa stain might be used to increase the efficacy of histopathological diagnosis of the parasite. --- ## The validity of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 in serum and saliva as a new type for diagnosis in Iraqi kids having cystic fibrosis **Authors:** Maryam Qussay Issa, Shatha MJ AL-Khateeb, Hala Sameh Arif, Muhi Kadhem AL-Janabi **Published:** 2019-05-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.713 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ca19.9, Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator, Saliva, Cystic Fibrosis, Case-Control Study Cystic fibrosis is a life-limiting, recessive disease; it occurs due to mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19.9) is a tumour-associated, primarily occur in patients having biliary tract and pancreatic cancers but are also observed in patients having other malignancies. Conditions related to benign like cholestasis, cirrhosis, cholangitis, plus pancreatitis also result in CA 19-9 elevations. Raised levels of serum CA 19-9 seems in CF patient to be related to disease pulmonary exacerbation also in the lung the amount of sputum. Investigate whether serum and saliva (CA19.9) level may contribute to cystic fibrosis diagnosis establishment in patients. This "case-control study" consists of 80 individuals (30 patients and 50 healthy controls). Their age was range between one month and 18 years. Blood and saliva samples were taken from patients. Saliva level in patients was 1.775±1.030U/ml (P<0.001) as compared to control group (0.956±0.682 U/ml). A serum level of CA19.9 was found to be increased (P<0.001) by 0.818±0.601 U/ml in CF patients as compared to healthy (0.334±0.101 U/ml) control. From this study, we can conclude that the salivary CA19.9 level can be diagnosed as a marker for cystic fibrosis. --- ## Spectrophotometric method for the determination of benzocaine by cerium ammonium sulphate with promethazine hydrochloride in pure and pharmaceuticals preparation **Authors:** Amal H Mhemeed **Published:** 2019-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.707 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Benzocaine Drug, Promethazine Hydrochloride, Pharmaceutical Preparation Easy, the accurate, sensitive spectrophotometric method used to determine Benzocaine in a pure and pharmaceutical preparation. The proposed method depends on using Promethazine hydrochloride as a reagent. Where it depends on oxidative coupling reaction of benzocaine by cerium ammonium sulphate with promethazine hydrochloride in the presence of hydrochloric acid to form green dye product, lmax 615 nm. Beers law is obeyed in the concentration of (5 –300 µg.ml-1). The molar absorptivity is (1.77 * 10 3) L.mol -1.cm-1, a sandal sensitivity of (0.0098) µq.cm-2 and RSD (± 0.56 %). The method gave a successful determination for benzocaine in a pharmaceutical preparation. --- ## Biological effective dose, cumulative radiation dose, risk of malignancy and mortality rate estimation in adult patients who have a history of cancer and exposed to recurrent computed tomography **Authors:** Amjaad Majeed Hameed, Dergham Majeed Hameed **Published:** 2019-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.585 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Radiation Dose, Computed Tomography, Malignancy, Mortality Rate Computed tomography is commonly used for the initial diagnosis of a tumour to provide information about the stage of cancer & to assess whether the disease is responding to treatment. Leukemia & solid tumour may have developed as a result of exposure to a low dose of diagnostic ionizing radiation so another primary tumour may develop as a result of radiation exposure. We used information in the patient sheet to measure patient effective radiation dose(E) in millisievert (mSv) & calculate cumulative dose by summation of dose over three years, estimated life attributed risk & mortality rate. The results of the current study revealed that from 50 patients 37 (74%) of them were female & 13 (26%) of them were male, age range 23-80yr, breast cancer was the commonest cause of malignancy follow by lung cancer. Cumulative dose in mSv/yr rang 12-80 mSv, about 43(86%) of our patients exposed to more than 20mSv /yr & 7(14%) of them expose to 20 & less than 20 per year. Collective dose in three years’ range was 35-250 mSv mean 97 ± 37 Es- timated radiological effective dose was more than 100 mSv in 22 (44%) per three years & 28(56%) of them had less than 100mSv. Life attributed risk for incidence of cancers was 1:285 -1:40 & mortality rate 0.21%-1.5%. A high percentage of patient 86% with cancer receive high radiation dose annually from CT scan more than considerable safe radiation dose for a worker in this field and 44% of our patient expose to cumulative dose more than 100 mSv per three which is also excess allowed dose for the radiological worker. --- ## Comparison of acute and delayed antiemetic effect of adding Aprepitant to Odansitron and Dexamethasone regimen in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy **Authors:** Dara Abdulla Mohammed, Esraa Ghazy Jabar, May Siddik Al-Sabbagh, Hayder Adnan Fawzi **Published:** 2019-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.581 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aprepitant, Hodgkin Lymphoma, Odansitron, Nausea, Vomiting Cancer is a class of disease in which group of cells show out of control growth, invasions and sometimes metastasis to different parts of the body. Few side effects of cancer treatment are more feared by the patient than nausea and vomiting. Although nausea and emesis (vomiting and retching) can result from surgery or radiation therapy, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are potentially the most severe and most distressing. A randomized, single-blind controlled clinical trial conducted in Hiwa Center for Cancer in Sulaimani city for the period from January to December 2015. A total of 70 Hodgkin lymphoma patients presented to Hiwa Center for Cancer and treated with ABVD chemotherapy regimen were selected. The patient's received either the treatment (Aprepitant, Odansitron and Dexamethasone) or the standard regimen (Odansitron, Dexamethasone) in a 1:1 ratio, computer-generated, random allocation schedule. A total of sixty-three Hodgkin lymphoma patients were included in the present study with a mean age was 47.8±14.4 years; 34.9 % of them were ageing 60 years and more. Nausea and vomiting score was significantly higher in the treatment group from 2nd day to 4th days; the number of rescue therapy was significantly higher in the standard therapy group. In conclusion, the use of Aprepitant, Odansitron and Dexamethasone regimen showed superior and valuable results in the prevention of cancer induced nausea and vomiting by patients on chemotherapy. --- ## Effects of flipped class based teaching in orthodontics & dentofacial orthopedics – A prospective study **Authors:** Deepak Nallaswamy V, Saravana Pandian S, Subha M **Published:** 2019-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.619 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Orthodontic Dentistry, University Examination, Flipped Class The aim of this prospective study is to evaluate the students appearing for university examination in Orthodontic dentistry. A total of 150 students enrolled in this study from two consecutive academic sessions. In Group I (2015-2016) final year graduate students of 75 students received conventional class room lectures; group II (2016-2017) final year graduate students of 75 students received flipped class room lectures. The curriculums for both the groups were approved from the department of Orthodontic Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Committee Members for Education, Saveetha University. At the end of each academic year marks scored out of 200 marks were obtained and subjected to statistical analysis. All the students cleared the university examination held at respective academic years for both the groups. The mean marks obtained for CCR group was 130.93 ± 9.12 and for FCR group was 150.35 ± 10.93.). Independent samples test revealed there is highly significant difference seen (p <0.01). In the recent year it was found that the flipped class system has gained a significant attention amongst all educators. The characteristic feature of flipped class system is that in flipped class they have videos & clipping related to the subject. The students will be given the videos of the classes on the previous day of the class so that they can go through it & will have a better idea regarding the topic & it will even motivate them to even search & know better of the topic. The only point is such that teachers have to spend a bit more extra time is creating the video’s related to the topics. --- ## Hide and seek in pathology - A research on game-based histopathology learning **Authors:** Brundha MP, Deepak Nallaswamy **Published:** 2019-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.606 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Histopathology, Morphology, Pathological Lesions, Acute Appendicitis To know the effectiveness of a Game-Based Histopathology learning method. To create a new Image oriented Game Based Histopathology slide reading method. To know the usefulness of the new method. To compare the conventional learning and game-based learning methods. Two groups of undergraduate students were tested with two different learning methods to identify pathology slide sections of four lesions. For each group, sixteen Undergraduate dental students were selected randomly. A game was created by using histopathology images of those four lesions, and circulated among the group one. The conventional method of slide reading was given to the group two. Both the group was tested for diagnosing the four pathology lesions through light microscopy spotter identification. Results were calculated accordingly. A questionnaire survey was done based on the pattern and pathology features oriented diagnostic capacity. Results of the questionnaire survey were also analyzed. Statistically, the results of both the two groups were analyzed. An Independent t-test was done and found out there was no significant difference between the two learning methods. The questionnaire survey revealed that the group learned through game-based pathology slide learning method learned the morphological features better than that of the conventional slide learning method. The image oriented game based pathology slide learning helps the undergraduate students to diagnose the pathology lesions with proper knowledge of morphological features than the conventional slide learning method, which is mainly pattern oriented. Though it is a very complicated procedure, the game based slide learning method is fun, creative and involves a majority of the student’s attention towards morphological features of any pathological lesions. --- ## Socio-demographic profile of a sample of drug dependent patients who visit the psychiatric unit at Al Dewanyea teaching hospital, Iraq **Authors:** Sahar Albermany **Published:** 2019-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.710 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Socio-Demographic, Psychiatric, Tramadol, Al Dewanyea, Iraq Like many other subjects, not enough data is present about drug addiction in Iraq. So, it is needed to be researched especially for the social and economic impact it has on the society in general. To identify different sociodemographic characteristics of patients with drug abuse and to know what types of drugs that have been abused, and to know the settings that introduced these patients to drugs. A sample of 150 patients was selected from those who attended the psychiatric unit at Al Dewaniya teaching hospital along 6 months' period and were interviewed and diagnosed according to DSM 5 criteria for substance dependence disorders. The mean age of patients was 36.94 ± 11.93 and men formed 88% of the sample. The sample most common sociodemographic characteristics were primary school education (46.7 %), unemployment (45.3 %) and mostly married (44 %). The most commonly abused drug was procyclidine 52.7% followed by diazepam 45.3%, then alprazolam 24.7%. of the sample only (48 %) had psychiatric comorbidity and 70% of them were introduced to drugs via a non-medical source. Procyclidine, benzodiazepines and tramadol are the most commonly used drugs, and patients with mental illness are at risk of developing drug dependence introduced to them via a doctor prescription. --- ## Development and evaluation of Punica granatum fruit based herbal lipstick **Authors:** Venkatalakshmi Raganathan, Chan Xia Pyng, Prasanthi Sri **Published:** 2019-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.709 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cosmetic, Lipstick, Punica granatum, Physicochemical Evaluation Cosmetics are designed to enhance and bring out the facial features of women, beautify them, in hope to boost their confidence. One of the most commonly used and known cosmetics is lipstick. Lipstick formulations are mostly used to enhance the shape and beauty of lips and add a touch of glamour to the makeup, completing the whole look. Most of the lip product available commercially on the market globally is based on chemical compounds, with the possibility of various side effects such as skin irritation or rash to certain women with skin sensitivity issues. The chemical in the cosmetic also possesses a risk to the wider environment. In order to cope with this problem, some of the cosmetic company started creating environmentally friendly vegan products based on natural sources, creating products that possess less harm to the consumers as well as to the environment. With this aim and objectives in mind, I attempt to develop an herbal-based lipstick by using Punica granatum extract. The herbal-based lipstick was manufactured through various stages of melting, mixing, moulding, flaming and packaging. The formulated lipsticks were then evaluated for its physiochemical evaluation such as melting point, hardness, spreadability, surface anomalies, aging stability, solubility, pH, and perfume stability. The formulated lipstick will also be evaluated for its manufacturing defects such as sweating, bleeding, laddering, deformation, cratering and stability study. --- ## Mechanical properties improvement of epoxy composites by natural hydroxyapatite from fish scales as a fillers **Authors:** Alhussein Arkan Majhool, Ismail Zainol, Saripah Salbiah Syed Abdul Azziz, Che Nor Aziza Jaafar, Mustafa Mudhafar Jahil **Published:** 2019-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.708 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mechanical Properties, Epoxy, Hydroxyapatite, Fish Scales, Filler This study was carried out to prepare epoxy/ natural hydroxyapatite composite for potential biomedical application. Natural hydroxyapatite (nHAp) powder was extracted from Tilapia fish scales via the thermal method. The natural hydroxyapatite was milled for 48 hours and dried by spray method. The nHAp particle size was determined using mastersizer 2000 particle size analyser and the chemical structure was confirmed using (XRD) and FTIR analysis. The particle size of nHAp was identified to be between 1 and 10 microns. Mechanical properties of epoxy/ natural hydroxyapatite were investigated by using impact and flexural test. The highest flexural strength of epoxy/nHAp composite was recorded when the nHAp filler was 10 wt% which is 77 % increment as compared to epoxy alone. The impact strength was increased up to two-fold as compared to neat epoxy. The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and EDX analysis showed uniform dispersion of nHAp particles within the epoxy matrix for the composites with 10 wt% filler loading. --- ## Spectrophotometric determination of neomycin sulphate in tablets form via reaction with ninhydrin reagent **Authors:** Khalaf F Alsamarrai, Menaa Abdulsalam Al-Abbasi, Eman Thiab Alsamarrai **Published:** 2019-05-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.548 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Spectrophotometric, Neomycin Sulphate, Ninhydrin Reagent, Neomycin Tablets A new, sensitive, simple and cheap spectrophotometric method for the determination of Neomycin Sulphate (NEO) in pharmaceutical forms has been developed. The method is based on the reaction between NEO and NIN in basic medium. The maximum absorbance was at 574 nm. The conditions affecting the reaction were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.0002-0.0011 mol/L. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 5.423×10-6 mol/L, and 1.643×10-5 mol/L, RSD% of seven replicate was 0.8217-0.8321% and Rec% was between 99.2168-100.8857%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of NEO tablets form. --- ## Development of protocol for screening of formulation attributes and the assessment of common quality problems in oleuropein loaded nanostructured lipid carriers **Authors:** Sucharitha P, Satyanarayana SV, Bhaskar Reddy K **Published:** 2019-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.545 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gelation, Oleuropein, Particulate Characters, Thermal Studies The current study aims to explore and identify the screening of formulation components and evaluates the quality issues of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for the phenolic secoirodoid Oleuropein. The stepwise screening of the components for preparation of NLCs includes the selection of solid lipid, liquid lipid based on the relative solubility of Oleuropein in different lipids. Polaxomer 188 was selected as the main surfactant for the preparation of NLCs because of its good emulsification efficacy for the solid lipid liquid mix. Lecithin was used to enhance the stability of NLC. The optimized formulation was also evaluated for different quality issues. Thermal analysis by DSC revealed that the lipid particles maintained sufficiently good melting point even after nanonization. Absence of gelation and resilience for the stress provided by autoclaving further established the quality of the developed NLCs. In a nutshell, a systematic protocol was developed for designing of Oleuropein NLC with good particulate parameters of minimum particle size and maximum zeta potential with narrow polydispersity index. --- ## Comparing the rate of retraction in canines in males and females **Authors:** Shreya Kishore, Saravana Dinesh SP, Srirenga lakshmi, Arvind Sivakumar **Published:** 2019-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.535 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Individual Canine Retraction, Synergy Brackets, Self-Ligating Brackets, Sliding Mechanics, Gender Correlation, Males & Females There are multiple factors that affect the treatment duration and the rate of canine retraction between males and females. A difference in the levels of calcitonin and the maintenance of the appliance by both genders varies the treatment duration. Hence this study was conducted to analyse the difference in the rate of canine retraction between males and females using two different bracket systems, synergy and self-ligating. The study was designed as a prospective randomized controlled split-mouth clinical trial, which included 16 subjects, 8 males and 8 females, of ages 12-30 years, divided into 2 groups, the left and the right quadrants receiving Self Ligating and Synergy brackets based on simple randomization, along with a 19*25" SS wire and closed coil springs for individual canine retraction. The patients were reviewed every 21 days for four appointments and records were taken for each review. Digital Vernier calliper was used to measure the amount of canine retraction, and statistical analysis was conducted. The values were calculated and tabulated, and independent ‘t' test was used to analyse the statistical difference. There was no significant statistical difference between the two genders. There are various factors that affect the rate of canine retraction and gender of the patient undergoing orthodontic treatment is one of them. With increased amounts of calcitonin in males, making the alveolar and basal bone denser when compared to women, would likely increase the treatment time in males, when compared to females. Hence this study was conducted to compare the difference and showed that there is no statistical difference between males and females in the rate of canine retraction. --- ## Correlation of nerve growth factor with antioxidants and sperm parameters among Iraqi infertile males **Authors:** Shaymaa Jawad Abdulrahman, Ibtisam A AL-Ali, Thikra Abd Aun Hassan, Ammar Mohammed Qassim **Published:** 2019-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.531 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** NGF, Total Antioxidant Capacity, Catalas, GSH, Sperm Parameters The level of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the blood and seminal plasma of asthenozoospermia and oligoasthenozoospermia patients were compared to normozoospermic males and the relationship between NGF with sperm parameters and seminal antioxidant capacity were estimated to determine the role of NGF in the etiology of male infertility. Eighty-one infertile males and 40 normospermic control subjects were included in this stud. NGF levels were measured in the blood and seminal plasma, and its correlation with total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) levels and sperm parameters were studied. There was a general trend of decreased in serum and seminal NGF concentrations of asthenozoospermic and oligoasthenozoospermic when compared to the normozoospermic samples. There was no significant association between NGF and seminal antioxidant status in asthenozoospermia and oligoasthenozoospermia males. Nevertheless, CAT positively correlated with sperm concentration, total sperm motility, and normal sperm morphology but only showed a statistically significant correlation to total sperm motility in asthenozoospermic males. A strong positive association was detected between seminal plasma TAC activity and total sperm motility in both asthenozoospermic and oligoasthenozoospermia males. A decrease NGF levels in serum and seminal plasma could have a significant role in the etiology of impaired sperm functions. --- ## Comparing the accuracy of manual tracing to digital tracing – Angular measurements **Authors:** Shreya Kishore, Saravana Dinesh SP, Srirenga lakshmi, Arvind Sivakumar **Published:** 2019-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.530 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Phytomolecules, Camptothecin, Enzyme, Carotenoid Cephalometric radiography is an essential tool for studying growth and development of the facial skeleton, diagnosis and treatment planning, and evaluating pre- and post-treatment changes. In clinical orthodontics, the efficacy of both commercially available cephalometric tracing software programs and commonly used cephalometric analyses need to be evaluated for accuracy in order to allow the clinician to select appropriate software and methods of analysis. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the cephalometric measurements by manual tracings and computerized tracings using Facad software. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of cephalometric measurements using Digital (Facad software) with manual tracings. The sample consisted of 20 lateral Cephalometric radiographs of patients randomly selected from the existing records of patients. Angular measurements were analyzed on each radiograph. All the lateral cephalographs were hand-traced and the same cephalographs were then scanned digitally traced with Facad software. The results were then tabulated and analysed. The level of significance (p-value) was 0.05 and was set at p < 0.05. Paired t-test was performed using SPSS software for comparison between tracing done by manual method and by Facad software. All the measurements were calculated and tabulated. Mean values were assessed and paired t-test was performed, which indicated there was no significant difference between the two variables for each angular measurement. Both digital and manually traced angular measurements were accurate and reliable and a non significant difference. Digital (Facad software) tracing can be adopted as a reliable way of cephalometic diagnosis. --- ## Comparing the rotational control during canine retraction using two different bracket systems – Synergy and Self Ligating brackets – Split mouth study **Authors:** Shreya Kishore, Saravana Dinesh SP, Srirenga lakshmi, Arvind Sivakumar **Published:** 2019-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.538 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rotational Control, Individual Canine Retraction, Synergy Brackets, Self-Ligating, Brackets, Sliding Mechanics Canine, being the cornerstone of the dental arches, shares an important role in oral functions, esthetics, arch shape and stability. With the new bracket systems that have come to light, which have reduced friction, there is not much literature on how much of a rotation control they have on the cuspids. Hence this study is conducted to compare the efficiency of two least frictional resistance offering brackets – Self-ligating and synergy brackets in terms of rotational control. The study was designed as a prospective randomized controlled split-mouth clinical trial, which included 16 subjects of ages 12-30 years, divided into two groups, left, and the right quadrants receiving Self Ligating and Synergy brackets based on simple randomization, along with a 19*25" SS wire and closed coil springs for individual canine retraction. The patients were reviewed every 21 days for four appointments, and records were taken for each review. Photographs were taken of the cast at every review, and the degree of canine rotation was measured and compared. The results indicate that there is no statistical difference between both the groups in the amount of canine rotation during individual canine retraction with a p-value greater than 0.05 at every interval. The results also indicate that there is a significant amount of canine rotation in Group 1 – Self-ligating brackets and Group 2 – Synergy brackets independently, when comparing T0 to every interval. Overall results show that there is no significant statistical difference between Synergy and Self-Ligating brackets in the amount of canine rotation during canine retraction. The mean or average amount of canine rotation for Group I Self-ligating was 3.32º ±6.55°. The mean or average amount of canine rotation for Group 2 Synergy was 4.08º ±3.85°. --- ## Bioanalytical method development and validation of garenoxacin mesylate in human plasma by RP-HPLC **Authors:** Ajitha A, Sujatha K, Abbulu K **Published:** 2019-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.534 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Garenoxacin Mesylate, Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride, RP-HPLC, Method Development, Validation A simple, precise, accurate Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed for the estimation of Garenoxacin mesylate in human plasma using Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride as an internal standard. Chromatographic conditions used are stationary phase Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18 (250x4.6 mm, 5m), Mobile phase 0.1% orthophosphoric acid and Acetonitrile in the ratio of 50:50 (% v/v) and flow rate was maintained at 1.0 ml/min, detection wavelength was 240 nm, injection volume of 50 µL and the column temperature was set to 30°C. The retention time of Garenoxacin mesylate was found to be 4.0 min. % Coefficient of Variation of the Garenoxacin mesylate was found to be 4.30. % Recovery was obtained as 98.97%. The linearity of the proposed method was established in the concentration range of 0.04 to 4 µg/ml (Correlation Coefficient = 0.999). The lower limit of quantification was 0.04 μg/ml (S/N Ratio 21) which reach the level drug possibly found in human plasma. Further, the reported method was validated as per the ICH guidelines and found to be well within the acceptable range. --- ## Interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels in blood and saliva in hypothyroidism accompanied with periodontitis **Authors:** Sahar H Al-Hindawi, Batool Hassan Al-Ghurabi **Published:** 2019-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.539 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hypothyroidism, Periodontitis, Serum, Saliva, il-1β, Il-6, Tnf-α Relationship between thyroid dysfunction and periodontal disease has been mediated through an immune response. Cytokines are implicated in the initiation, consequences of immune response and a crucial role in the pathogenesis of thyroid disease, directly target thyroid follicular cells; and in the development and progression of periodontitis. This study aimed to detect cytokines levels which known to be associated with periodontitis in serum and saliva, to test the hypothesis that hypothyroidism influences the levels of biomarkers of periodontitis. Samples were collected from sixty patients with hypothyroid age ranged (20-64) years, thirty of patients were without periodontitis (group I) and 30 with periodontal disease (II); moreover, 30 subjects considered as control (group III) with age (20-53) years. Detection of cytokines was performed by ELISA. The results showed a significant elevation in serum and salivary levels of IL-1β (P<0.001) among patients’ groups (I and II) as compared to group III, as well IL-1β increase significantly in group II (P<0.001) than in group I and also than group III. There are non-significant differences (P>0.05) in serum level of IL-6 and TNF-α and salivary levels of TNF-α among all study groups. Nevertheless, the salivary level of IL-6 is increased significantly (P<0.05) in group II as compared with group I and group III, and their non-significant differences (P<0.05) between groups I and III. The present finding proposed that hypothyroidism might encourage periodontitis development; as well as serum and salivary levels of IL-1β, with salivary IL-6 may represent important biomarkers for the early detection of periodontitis in hypothyroid patients. --- ## Influence of Diallyl disulphide on Hepatic Gluconeogenesis suppression by CREB Binding protein phosphorylation **Authors:** Prashanthkumar Goudappala, Ethirajan Sukumar, Kashinath RT **Published:** 2019-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.536 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes, Diallyl Disulphide, Hepatic Glucose, CREB, Alloxan Diabetes is an important human ailment affecting many lives in different countries. Diallyl disulfide (DADS), the antidiabetic compound found in garlic, acts as a therapeutic agent in diabetes mellitus condition. This research aimed to investigate the role of DADS on the gluconeogenic mechanism in the liver tissue and the potential involvement of CREB in glucose homeostasis in a Wistar rat model. The alteration in the body weight, liver weight and glycogen content in diabetic rats were prevented by this therapeutic compound: the cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), an important transcriptional regulator of the gluconeogenic mechanism. The glucose uptake potential was studied by the expression of CREB protein in DADS treated diabetic rats using the western blotting technique. A high level of hepatic CREB protein expression was noted in diabetic status in the chronic hyperglycemic model which was reversed by DADS. The antihyperglycemic effect of DADS was almost similar to that of known antidiabetic drug metformin. The therapeutic action of DADS on diabetic status is due to the control of the glycemic imbalance in liver tissue. --- ## Spectrophotometric determination of methyldopa in pharmaceutical preparation via ion pair formation **Authors:** Khalaf F Al Samarrai, Eman Thiab A Al Samarrai, Baidaa Adnan Al Samarrai **Published:** 2019-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.542 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bromothymol Blue, Ion Pai, Methyldopa, Spectrophotometric Method A simple, rapid and low-cost spectrophotometric method for determination of Methyldopa (MDA) based on ion-pair formation using Bromothymol blue (BTB) as a reagent in alkaline medium (pH 8.7). The absorbance of the green-blue-coloured product is measured at 616 nm. Beer's Law is obeyed at concentration range up to 5-20μg/ml with molar absorptivity 0.8279x104 L/mol.cm. The correlation coefficient, limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.9982, 0.4318 μg/ml and 1.4393 μg/ml respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of Methyldopa in pharmaceutical preparations. --- ## A randomized clinical trial investigating pain associated with Bio-kinetic plus nickel–titanium and Conventional nickel-titanium archwires during the initial hours of levelling and aligning the phase of orthodontic treatment **Authors:** Shreya Kishore, Saravana Dinesh SP, Srirenga lakshmi, Arvind Sivakumar **Published:** 2019-04-26 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.533 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acute Inflammatory, Visual Analogue Scale, Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic force application leads to periodontal ligament tissue injury and the initiation of acute inflammatory processes. Therefore, it is recommended that light force should be used during orthodontic treatment to minimise tissue damage and subsequent pain and discomfort. The present study was aimed to assess the pain perception between two types of nickel-titanium wires. To investigate and compare the effects of Bio-kinetics plus nickel–titanium and conventional nickel-titanium archwires on pain during the initial hours of the initial phase of orthodontic treatment. To compare and evaluate the pain perception using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) between 0.016 Con- ventional NiTi (Group 1) and Bio-Kinetix Plus NiTi (Group 2) at regular intervals of 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours each consisting of a sample size of 7. A total of 14 subjects participated in the study, each group consisting of 7 subjects. The mean pain perception score was 1.71±0.48 and 1.71±0.48 at 0 hours, 2.42±0.97 and 2.71±0.48 at 24 hours, 3.42±0.97 and 2.85±0.69 at 48 hours, 3.85±0.69 and 2.57±0.53 at 72 hours, for Group 1 and Group 2 respectively. There is no significant difference between the two groups, but there is a significant difference (p=0.001) in group 2, by 72 hours, indicating there is a decrease in pain perception. For overall pain, there was no statistically significant difference between the two wires. However, subjects with bio-kinetix plus nickel–titanium archwires had a significantly lower pain at peak level. --- ## Extraction of phytochemical constituents from the root of Eclipta alba through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry procedure **Authors:** Satheesh Naik K, Gurushanthaiah M, Kavimani M, Mahesh GM **Published:** 2019-04-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.414 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Root Extract of Eclipta alba, GC-MS Analysis, 2-Thiophenecarbaldehyde, -[5-(thien-2-yl)thien-2- yl], Zizanyl Acetate The higher herbal values of Eclipta Alba have a long history in the treatment of various ailments in traditional and folk medicine in many tropical and subtropical countries. Medicinal plants play a significant role in human culture and civilization. Eclipta Alba plant roots were powdered. By using simple soxhlation method, methanol extract was prepared. The powdered extract of Eclipta alba and methanol extract was concentrated and analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy to identify the biochemical components of Eclipta Alba root extract in the present study. A wide range of active ingredients such as 2-Thiophene carbaldehyde, 5-[5-(thien-2-yl) thien-2-yl]- 0.08%, Dodecanoic acid - 0.19, 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- (CAS) OLEOAMIDE - 0.29, Loliolide – 0.37 and – 44.86. This study supports, methanolic extract of eclipta alba has potential antimicrobial, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. --- ## Urinary N-telopeptide - A diagnostic Test or A Screening Test? **Authors:** Ganesan G Ram, Jambu N **Published:** 2019-04-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.424 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bone Biomarkers, Fracture, Osteopenia, Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan is the gold standard investigation for diagnosing osteoporosis. The limitations of "gold standard" Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan were many. The aim of this study is to find whether urinary n telopeptide can be used to diagnose osteoporosis — prospective cohort study done at Sri Ramachandra Medical University between August 2014 to December 2018. The study was done amongst the postmenopausal females and older males who came to the University hospital as an inpatient or an outpatient with suspected osteoporosis. We had 110 persons participated in the study. The patients were divided into two groups. Group I was cases whose Dexa scan was osteoporosis/osteopenia, and Group II was a control that had standard Dexa. The results from Dexa Scan are taken as the gold standard against urinary n telopeptide and a 2x2 table formed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, likelihood ratio, area under ROC curve will be calculated. The mean value of urinary N Telopeptide in the case group was 182.5 and in control group was 49.8. The ROC curve was formed and cut off was calculated to be 71. Urinary N telopeptide can very well be considered as a diagnostic test and can’t be considered as a gold standard diagnostic test as there is some limitation as it is a bone resorption biomarker having some pre-analytical and biochemical variability which can alter the results. It can be used as an adjuvant and as a screening test along with gold standard Dexa in diagnosing osteoporosis. --- ## Effect of Long term bilateral and unilateral vestibular stimulation in cognition in scopolamine-induced dementia **Authors:** Archana R, Jinu KV, Mukkadan J K **Published:** 2019-04-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.421 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dementia, Caloric Vestibular Stimulation The aim of the study is to provide preliminary evidence on beneficial effects of long term caloric vestibular stimulation as an alternative therapy for enhancement of cognition and motor activity as well as delay/prevent dementia symptoms in scopolamine induce dementia in a rat model. Adult male Wistar albino rats were chosen in the current study. Scopolamine was the drug of choice to induce dementia and donepezil was used as a standard drug in this study. Vestibular stimulation method was Caloric vestibular stimulation which was administered by injecting hot water of 45 degrees centigrade into the middle ear cavity with the help of syringe for 60 days (both bilaterally and unilaterally). In conclusion, bilateral and unilateral left vestibular stimulation had found to beneficial in improving spatial memory, motor control and various cognitive neurotransmitter levels in scopolamine-induced dementia rats. But the mechanism is largely unclear and unknown. Further detailed studies should be conducted in this area to explore mechanisms of action. --- ## The effectiveness of vestibular stimulation by rocking and vestibular exercises on postural stability, depression, anxiety and stress in elderly **Authors:** Sahaya Rani, Archana R, Shyla Kamala Kumari **Published:** 2019-04-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.423 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Postural Stability, Vestibular Stimulation, Stress, Elderly Using swings and rocking chair is a universal practice. Rocking was soothing as it offers relaxation through vestibular stimulation. Stimulation of vestibular receptors will begin during fetal life, and it was recommended to continue throughout life. The present study was undertaken to observe the effectiveness of vestibular stimulation by rocking on postural stability in the elderly. A total of 150 elderly male and females were part of the study after obtaining the written informed consent. After recruiting the participants, they were randomly grouped into three groups with 50 participants in each group. Neither exercise nor rocking was administered to the control group. Rocking was administered using a rocking chair once a day for 5 days in a week for 6 months for a rocking group. Rocking was administered using a rocking chair once a day for 5 days in a week + vestibular exercises were practiced two sessions per week for 6 months for rocking and vestibular exercise group. Demographic data were not significant between the groups. There was a significant decrease (P<0.001) in the stress score in both rocking the only group and rocking along with vestibular exercise group. The present study highlights the beneficial role of vestibular stimulation by rocking and by vestibular exercises in improving the postural stability and reducing the negative emotions like depression, anxiety and stress. Hence, the study recommends practicing vestibular stimulation either by rocking or by exercises in day to day life for better quality of life in general. --- ## Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of fused heterocyclic compound [1,2,4] triazolo [4,3-b] [1,2,4,5] tetra zine **Authors:** Bassam A Hassan, Hameedi N Naser, Abdulridha M **Published:** 2019-04-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.417 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial, Evaluation, Fused, Synthesis, Triazolotetrazine Nitrogen-containing, heterocycles, have special importance and vital, role in the discovery of effective bioactive, agents in the pharmaceutical, industry. The present article reports the synthesis of new fused, heterocycles triazolotetrazine by cyclo condensation, reaction as shown in scheme (1). The structures formula of synthesized compounds newly was evaluated by Ft-IR,1H-NMR spectrum, and C, H, N elemental analysis. Antimicrobial activity of triazolotetrazine studied against some pathogenic bacterial strains isolated from patients like Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, E. coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus. Eventually, antibacterial of the fused heterocyclic compound was exhibited significant growth inhibition against some pathogenic bacteria which consider an important source of new antimicrobial compounds. The results, of such studies, are discussed in this paper. --- ## Measurement of Serum Chemerin and Deoxypyridinoline Levels in Iraqi Osteoporotic Postmenopausal Women with and without Metabolic Syndrome **Authors:** Rana Ali Hamdi **Published:** 2019-04-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.420 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Metabolic Syndrome, Osteoporosis, Chemerin, Deoxypyridinoline, Postmenopausal Women Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of medical conditions composed of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and lipid abnormalities, in which each can affect bone in different ways. We examine the association between metabolic syndrome and metabolic bone disease (osteoporosis) by measuring adipose tissue marker (chemerin) and bone resorption marker (deoxypyridinoline) in the serum of osteoporotic postmenopausal women with and without metabolic syndrome. A case-control study included 112 postmenopausal women from 51 to 67 years of age. Women were selected from Osteoporosis Clinic-Al Yarmouk Teaching Hospital and were divided into two groups: group (1)- patients group included 57 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (35 osteoporotic women with metabolic syndrome and 22 osteoporotic women without metabolic syndrome) and group (2) - control group included 55 postmenopausal women without osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome. A serum sample was taken from each woman and analysed for assessing chemerin, deoxypyridinoline, fasting serum glucose, and lipid profile. We found a significant increase (p-value<0.001) in the mean value of serum chemerin and deoxypyridinoline levels in patients compared to controls. In conclusion, chemerin is an adipose tissue marker associated with metabolic syndrome and may have an impact on bone turn over and development of metabolic bone disease which enhanced by the strong positive correlation between chemerin and bone resorption marker (deoxypyridinoline). --- ## Difference in height of maxillary alveolar ridge on edentulous women and dentate women using panoramic radiography **Authors:** Cek Dara Manja, Dennis A **Published:** 2019-04-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.415 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Maxillary Alveolar Ridge, Dentate Women, Edentulous Women, Panoramic Radiography The height of the maxillary alveolar ridge can be measured using panoramic radiography. The decline occurred because the height of the alveolar ridge undergoes slow physiological resorption due to the absence of mechanical stimulus. The purpose of this research is to know the difference and the average height of the maxillary alveolar ridge in edentulous and dentate women using panoramic radiography. This study is an analytical method with a cross-sectional approach. A total sample of 40 women, edentulous and dentate has been measured. Measurements were made by measuring the distance between the lowest point of the infraorbital ridge and alveolar crest maxilla on the incisor point, right and left premolar, right and left molar. A statistical test is done using independent t-test. The results showed that the average value of a dentate women sample is greater than edentulous. The average value obtained by the dentate sample is greatest in incisor point by 37,57mm± 3,34mm and the smallest at the right molar point by 33,87mm ± 2,81mm. The average value obtained by the edentulous sample is greatest in incisor point by 35,30mm ± 2,79mm and the smallest at the right molar point by 31,84mm ± 3,85mm. It can be concluded that there is a significant difference in the height of the maxillary alveolar ridge on an edentulous sample and dentate, except the right molar teeth. The average height of the maxillary alveolar ridge in an edentulous sample is 33,35mm ± 3,43mm, and the dentate sample is 35,66mm ± 3,21mm. --- ## An experimental study to assess the effectiveness of fresh amla juice with elemental iron versus elemental iron supplementation on anemia among adolescent girls in selected school at Chennai **Authors:** Devi JK, Jain vanitha, Fabiola Dharaj **Published:** 2019-04-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.418 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anaemia, Amla Juice, Iron Supplement The present study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of fresh amla juice with elemental iron versus elemental iron supplementation on anaemia among adolescent girls in selected school at Chennai. A total of 50 adolescent girls within the age group of 13-16 years with mild to moderate anaemia from selected schools in Chennai were part of the study after obtaining the written informed consent and assent as per guidelines. After recruiting, the participants were randomly grouped into two groups. Group 1: (n=25) 20ml fresh amla juice was given before lunch daily for 30 days and elemental iron 100 mg per week. Group 2: (n=25) 100mg of elemental iron per week for 30 days. Result – after intervention in the experimental group I the mean haemoglobin level increased (1.03gm/dl) than in control group II. The present study pro- vides further evidence for the beneficial effects of amla juice in the management of anaemia. It concluded that fresh amla juice helps in iron absorption thereby increasing the HB level in experimental group I. We recommend further detailed studies in this area to recommend amla juice as a nutritive supplement for the management of anaemia. --- ## Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Brassica juncea (Mustard) and Silk dyeing effluent’s impact on the spectral studies **Authors:** Sumayya AR, Saranya R S, Sivagami Srinivasan, Mohammed Rafiqkhan, Brindha PS, Mohammed Sabeek M, Sangeetha S **Published:** 2019-04-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.419 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azospirillum sp., Silk Dyeing Effluent, Amide, Isocyanides, UV, FTIR, HPLC Analysis The exclusive, low-cost nominal technology for the meagre entrepreneurs of Silk dyeing effluent has been planned and executed. Environmental pollutants exit like Silk dyeing effluent are destructive and needs a high-cost Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) to achieve Zero effluent discharge limits which are not reasonably priced for a low venture capitalist. The Green leafy vegetable Brassica juncea sowed seeds were treated in pot study with fresh water, raw Silk dyeing effluent and Biotreated effluent (with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Azospirillum sp. biofertilizers separately). After 45th days the GLV’s extracts Brassica juncea were grown in fresh water (BJN), in crude effluent (BJE) and in biotreated effluent (BJT) were subjected to UV, FTIR and HPLC analysis. Thus, from the functional group studies by FT-IR, the alcohol, alkane, alkyl halide and amine groups were found in GLV irrespective of the treatments, even in crude effluent, the plants managed to synthesize these organic compounds. The isocyanide group was found only in B. juncea, grown in fresh water, which was unable to synthesize isocyanide group in plants grown in crude effluent and biotreated effluent. While the biotreated B. juncea methanolic extracts had shown two peaks of similar to the freshwater B.juncea methanolic extracts whereas the crude effluent had its effect in HPLC Analysis. So it clearly indicates that the effluent's effects have been encountered by the Pseudomonas fluorescens. --- ## Protein profile of the most common fungi at Sultan Idris education university, Malaysia **Authors:** Ghassan Hadi, Mai Shihah Abdullah, Rosmilah Misnan **Published:** 2019-04-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.413 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fungi Allergy, Fungi Protein Profile, Sultan Idris Education University Fungi are vital pathogens related to airway and deferent diseases. Exposure to fungi will have adverse effects on human health through severe immune responses. Allergic diseases like allergic rhinitis, asthma, airborne dermatitis, or allergic conjunctivitis. These diseases may well be aggravated by fungi allergens from the natural atmosphere or from the indoor environment in enclosed areas, workplaces and houses. Fungi allergy prevalence for the Malaysian population has yet to be reported. Therefore, information on allergens of fungi species in Sultan Idris Education University (UPSI), Sultan Azlan Shah Campus will be used to profile the nation prevalence on fungi allergy. Hence, the present study is conducted at UPSI to identify the ten most common air-borne fungal species as a preliminary work prior to sensitization study on common fungal allergens. Dust was collected from 54 rooms situated within the 3 blocks at UPSI Sultan Azlan Shah Campus buildings using a vacuum cleaner. The sieved dust was cultured using PDA media and incubated at room temperature to propagate pure culture and sent to the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute for identification using PCR. In this study the 10 most common species were identified as, Penicillium simplicissimum, Aspergillus aculeatus, Rhodosporidiobolus ruineniae, Ceriporia lacerate, Aspergillus caliodustus, Syncephalastrum sp., Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium sp., and Penicillium canescens. Fungi profile exhibited in this study will lead to a further study on fungi allergy with skin prick test and immunoblotting to be carried out. --- ## Protective role of eclipta alba against hyperlipidemia induced by high-fat diet in albino rats **Authors:** Satheesh Naik K, Gurushanthaiah M, Nagesh Raju G, Lokanadham S, Seshadri Reddy V **Published:** 2019-04-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.403 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Serum, High-Fat Diet, Eclipta alba Eclipta Alba has been used in traditional and folklore medicine to treat Hyperlipidemia and hepatic disorders. The present study was aimed to investigate the Antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective potentials of Eclipta Alba in high-fat diet-induced Albino rats and to determine the underlying mechanism. A total of 30 adult albino rats of Wistar strain weighing 165–215 g were utilized. Animals were treated with high-fat diet for 8 weeks followed by post-treatment of E. Alba for 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks, respectively. After 12 h of fasting on the last day of the experiment, serum blood samples were collected in EDTA vials and processed for biochemical analysis. A significant decrease in levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides was noted on animals treated with E. alba compared to high-fat diet animals. Treatment of hypercholesterolemic rats with E. Alba showed a marked decrease of serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very LDL cholesterol concentrations compared to the hypercholesterolemic rats. High-fat diet feeding worsened the levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase enzymes, whereas the same markers were significantly improved by supplementation with E. alba compared to the normal group. E. alba acts as an antihyperlipidemic agent in hyperlipidemic conditions and helps for better health. --- ## Prediction of the allergic response of extracellular amylase producing bacteria through in-silico method **Authors:** Neha Sharma, Shuchi Kaushik, Rajesh Singh Tomar **Published:** 2019-04-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.404 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** AlgPred, Salmonella species, Proteus vulgaris, Amylase Allergies intolerance is a common problem worldwide. The major difficulties are related to the correct diagnosis of causes which is associated with amino acid sequences present in the epitope region of allergen. So there is a need to find out the factors causing allergies and allergens themselves. In the present study a bioinformatics tool is used to predict amino acid sequence and mast cell association with different integrated approaches. Internet databases for amylase producing bacteria were used in In-silico method to check the allergy for microorganism producing the extracellular enzyme. Amylase is an extra-cellular enzyme isolated from soil bacteria Salmonella species and Proteus vulgaris. It is very important in the pharmaceutical industry to check the allergenicity of any drug, protein or enzyme that be used in the treatment of diseases or food industries for various purpose. The aim of the present study is isolation and characterisation of extracellular enzyme produced from soil bacteria and to analyzed allergic response through AlgPred tool of bioinformatics. From results, it was concluded that the protein sequence of amylase did not contain any epitope, no hits for mast and blast which proved that it was not an allergen. So, bacterial isolates from the industrial soil are a good alternative source of enzyme production and may be used as an industrial level. Thus, from the results, it may be concluded that microbes from soil sample can be a good source of industrially important enzymes without any allergy. --- ## The effectiveness of TIPER (Tailor Made Interventional Package to Enhance Relaxation) on depression, anxiety and stress among elders at old age homes, Puducherry **Authors:** Prakash P, Nappinai Seran, Navaneetha A, Malar vizhi, Pradeep Thilakan **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.392 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Elders, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Relaxation, Exercise, Old Age Homes A Quasi-experimental study was conducted to explore the effectiveness of Tailor Made Interventional Package (TIPER) among the elders at Voluntrait, POINCARE (Pondicherry Society Care for the Aged), Clunny Home for aged and Anbu Nilayam in Puducherry. TIPER consists of Jacobson Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Guided Imagery and Mindfulness Meditation Total enumerative sampling technique was adopted with 211 samples in phase one, and 90 samples were obtained in phase two was randomized into study and control group of 45 each. Control group samples were administered with physical exercises. A tool used in this study was Socio-demographic Variables, Mini-Mental Status Examination, Modified Kuppusamy Socio-Economic Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale(DASS-21), ICD-10 Criteria for Depression & General Anxiety, State and Trait Anxiety Scale. Results reveal that analysis of pre-test and post-test score in study group using paired ‘t' test shows the ‘p' value was <0.01 level were as in control group was not less than 0.01 level. Hence, TIPER was found effective in reducing the level of depression, anxiety and stress among elders at old age homes. --- ## Hypolipidaemic effect of alcoholic extracts of the plants Curcuma longa and Guatteria gaumeri **Authors:** Venkatesan H, Rohit paul **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.383 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** α- & β-asarone, Curcumin, Curcuma longa, Guatteria gaumeri, Hyperlipidaemia Hyperlipidaemia is one of the commonly affecting diseases and a major risk factor for Diabetes mellitus, Obesity, Systemic Hypertension, Coronary heart disease, Stroke, etc., which alarms the essential need to maintain the blood lipid levels under normal limits. Curcuma longa L. belonging to Zingiberaceae family commonly called as ‘Indian Turmeric’ is a small perennial plant distributed in South Asia and is cultivated extensively throughout warmer parts India. It has many rhizomes on its root which are the source of Curcumin, a collection of 3-6% polyphenolic mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. These Curcuminoids are major components responsible for various biological actions like anti-oxidant, anti-cancerous, anti-septic, anti-coagulant, anti-edematic, anti-hepatotoxic, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, etc., The alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa & Guatteria gaumeri were compared for their Hypolipidaemic effects by means of a Randomized Control Trial on Hyperlipidaemia patients which was executed with a Placebo control group for higher significance. Pre & Post Treatment Blood Lipid Profile results were analysed statistically. By the end of the study both the extracts showed good Cholesterol Lowering effect. Guatteria gaumeri (Mean lowering modulation - 45.9 mgs%) has proved to be much effective than Curcuma longa (Mean lowering modulation - 23.1 mgs%). --- ## Study of the effect of exposure to Phytoestrogens (Genistein) and estradiol (17β- estradiol) in the level of gene expression (CYP19A1) and quantification of aromatase in female rats **Authors:** Ahmed Nassir Faisal, Hanaa Enaya Mahod **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.388 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Phytoestrogen, Genistein, CYP19A1, 17β-Estradiol The current study was carried out to investigate the role of Phytoestrogens (genistein) in different concentrations and estrogens manufactured in tablets coated with or without progesterone at the level of gene expression of CYP19A1 and quantitative estimation of aromatase compared to control group. The results of the present study showed a significant increase in (P<0.05). In the level of quantitative estimation of serum aromatase enzyme and for all treatments compared to the control group (124.12). The highest level of the enzyme (322.00) in the group treated with genistein in combination with estradiol, while, the lowest rise in the level of aromatase enzyme (164.37) in the group treated with genistein combined with progesterone. There was also a significant decrease in the concentration of ribosomal RNA and all the treatments compared to the control group (1068.95), the Lower of RNA concentration was (373.70) in the group treated with genistein at a concentration of 50 mg | kg, While Less low concentration of RNA (1068.95) was observed in the groups treated with concurrent genistein with estradiol. The results of the present study indicate that there was a significant increase (P <0.05) in the level of gene expression of the aromatase enzyme in ovarian tissue and for all the treatments compared to control group (305.51). The highest level of gene expression of the enzyme (7.189) was observed in the groups treated with concurrent genistein with estradiol, While the lowest level of gene expression of aromatase (2.204) was observed in the groups treated with genistein combined with progesterone. --- ## Cytological and histopathological studies on the effect of honey in experi mentally infected wounds in Wistar rats **Authors:** Neeraja Rani Guruvu, Bandaru Narasinga Rao, Vijayaraghavan R, Sukumar E, Senthilkumar Sivanesan **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.405 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Wound Healing Activity, Infected Wounds, Honey, Cytology, Histopathology, Wistar Rats Honey is used as food and home remedy in of India and other countries. Scientific studies have been carried out to support these properties of honey in this investigation, incision wounds of rats that were infected with three bacterial strains viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have been treated with honey and evaluated for its effect on days 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 post-operatively with the help of smears and biopsies collected from lesions. Cytological and histopathological investigations of infected wounds conformed significant healing property of honey in and reduction in size. --- ## Factors affecting the fetal and maternal outcome in a trial of labour after previous one caesarean section **Authors:** Aseel Ghazi Rifat **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.390 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tolac, Caesarean Section, Vaginal Delivery This study was designed to evaluate maternal and obstetrical factors associated with a successful trial of labour after one caesarean section (TOLAC) as well as evaluating the associated fetal and maternal outcomes and to determine the rate of vaginal delivery and repeated C/S. A prospective cross-sectional study was done on 237 women with previous one C/S then patients were selected for the trial of labour based on the department protocol. Those who were chosen for TOL were strictly monitored & observed for the progress of labour and the outcomes were recorded in terms of mode of delivery, maternal & fetal complications and were analysed and compared with those who had repeated C/S. Seventy-three (30.8%) patient was delivered by elective C/S without trial, 109 (46%) of the patients who were admitted to labour room delivered vaginally while 55 (23.2%) delivered by emergency C/S. It has been found that maternal BMI of (<25), history of vaginal birth after C/S (VBAC) and smaller gestational age were significantly associated with the success of TOL and can predict the outcome. Higher maternal & fetal complications rates were reported in cases delivered by emergency C/S compared to those who delivered vaginally or through elective C/S. The trial of labour after one caesarean section is a safe alternative to repeated C/S and decreases the associated morbidities with repeated C/S. The success rate of TOLAC reported in this study was (66.5%). A successful TOLAC is associated with normal maternal BMI, smaller gestational age and history of the previous VBAC. --- ## Neuromodulatory effects of aqueous extract of Coriandrum sativum seeds against acrylamide induced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster **Authors:** Sathya N Prasad, Murali dhara **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.393 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acrylamide, Coriander, Drosophila, Negative Geotaxis Assay, Oxidative Stress, Neurotoxicity Acrylamide (ACR) exposure leads to neuronal damage in both experimental animals and humans and has been established as a neurotoxin. The primary focus of this study was to assess the potential ameliorative effect of aqueous extract of coriander seeds against ACR-induced neurotoxicity in a Drosophila model. In this co-exposure study, adult male flies (8–10 days) were exposed (7 days) to ACR (5 mM) with or without aqueous extract of coriander seeds (0.005% and 0.01%) in the medium. The incidence of mortality among flies fed with ACR and extract was significantly reduced (40-60%). The ACR fed flies showed improvement in negative geotaxis assay when co-exposed with coriander extract (50-60%). Further, a significant attenuation in the ACR induced oxidative stress parameter such as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) was evident. Although the effect of ACR with or without extract showed a differential effect on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione –S – transferase (GST), the reduced levels of Thioredoxin Reductase (TRR) activity was robustly enhanced with extract supplement. Further, the cholinergic and dopaminergic function was assessed among all flies. While ACR induced elevation of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity remained unaltered with coriander supplement, a significant improvement was evident in the ACR induced reduction of dopamine levels. While the underlying mechanism of action needs further investigation, the protective effects may be at least in part related to the antioxidant capacity of the phytoconstituents of coriander. --- ## Chrysin protects mice liver and kidney from methandienone-induced oxidative stress, inflammation a multi-biomarker approach **Authors:** Marwah Y Falih, Abbas A Mohammed, Ghassan M Sulaiman **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.386 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Methandienone, Chrysin, Cyclophosphamide, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Renal Function Methandienone is a medication that has wide uses by competitors and young people in gyms for fitness. Chrysin (CR) is a characteristic natural flavonoid that has to incorporate being a cancer prevention agent, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agent. Mus Musculus mice were therefore used in the current work to test the effects of methandienone on vital physiological functions as expressed by the liver, renal function tests and oxidation activity. The reverse effects of chrysin were also tested for the treatment of methandienone in order to determine the possibility of lowering levels of side effects. The results showed clear changes in biochemical effects on liver and kidney functions as a result of treatment with methandienone were also evident; The treated mice showed a significant elevation in the concentrations of serum levels of the hepatic function enzymes (ALP, AST, ALT) and kidney functions parameters (urea and creatinine). Combined treatment of mice with (methandienone + 25 mg/kg chrysin) caused a significant reduction in urea level and activities of ALP, ALT and AST (p<0.05) as compared to treatment with methandienone alone. Treatment with (methandienone + 50 mg/kg chrysin) also resulted in a significant decrease in the renal level and ALP and AST activities as compared to methandienone-treated mice. The present study concludes that methandienone causes damages to the liver and the kidney, as indicated by elevated levels of their functional enzymes. This effect indicates it increases oxidative stress in these organs, possibly due to elevated production of free radicals. --- ## Antimitotic activity of Piper nigrum on clinical isolates of candida **Authors:** Gayathri Karthikeyan, Geetha RV, Lakshmi Thangavelu **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.400 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Piper nigrum, Candida albicans, Pathogenesis, Antimicrobial Activity, Disease The objective of this study is to analyse the antimycotic activity of pepper on the clinical isolates of Candida. The extracts were prepared in the following concentrations in sterile water. 5mg/ml and 10mg/ml and 20mg/ml. 100µl of an extract of different concentrations were loaded on sterile filter paper discs measuring 6mm in diameter, so that the concentration of the extract on each disc was 500µg, 1000 µg and 2000µg respectively. The discs were dried and kept aseptically. Screening of antifungal activity [dis diffusion technique]. The ethanolic extract of Piper nigrum was screened for antifungal activity by the disc diffusion method. Effect of three different concentrations (2000, 1000, 500, µg /disc) of the ethanolic extract Of Piper nigrum was tested against Candida albicans using disc diffusion technique. All the concentrations of the test solution inhibited the fungal species with varying degree of sensitivity. The inhibitory zone was measured with respect to the different concentration of the extracts which include 2000 µg/disc and 500 µg/disc at both room temperature and cold temperature (4-8°c). The inhibition zones were evaluated at 24 and 48 hrs. The result of this study revealed that the pepper oil has pronounced inhibitory activities against Candida albicans. This result is comparable with studies which have shown that Piper nigrum has a broad antibacterial activity. Since Piper nigrum is easily available and well-tolerated, it can be incorporated into medication for topical antifungal therapy as well. --- ## A survey on awareness of dengue among public **Authors:** Sai Sandhya T, Geetha RV, Lakshmi Thangavelu **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.410 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dengue, Dengue Fever, Viral Disease, Ades Mosquito Dengue fever is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas. It is a non-contagious disease. It is a mosquito-borne viral disease which is spread by the female Ades mosquito. The mosquito breeds in the stagnant water. The symptoms of dengue include a headache, high fever, rashes, severe joint pain and muscle pain. Dengue fever lasts about 3-10 days. There is no vaccination for dengue fever. Only preventive measures can be taken to avoid the disease. An online survey was conducted. The participants were asked to take the survey, and the responses were collected. The results are statistically analysed. From the survey, the results are obtained. 66% of them said that dengue is transmissible. 33% of them are unaware of the common symptoms of dengue. 79% of them say that there are no specific vaccinations for dengue. 71% of the participants say that mosquito breeds in stagnant water. In conclusion, although the awareness regarding dengue and mosquito control measures was quite high, more emphases should be laid on putting this knowledge into practice. --- ## An in silico study on plant-derived inhibitors against a prognostic Biomarker, Jab1 **Authors:** Pratibha Pandey, Rashmi Mishra, Niraj Kumar Jha, Shweta Sharma, Fahad Khan **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.382 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cancer, Signal Transduction Pathways, Natural Compounds, Jab1, In Silico, Chemotherapy, Chemopreventive Compounds Cancer kills millions of people worldwide every year. The main form of treatment at this point is chemotherapy, which comprises of systemic drug delivery so that they can kill the cancerous cells more effectively. But most of these drugs cause severe side effects in patients and, therefore there is a strong need to focus on identifying natural compounds as a potent phytoinhibitors using various in silico and in vitro approaches. Natural compounds pose low toxicity, hence render them to be an excellent alternative to the basis for the development of new anti-cancerous drugs. Our study considers an effective therapeutic target, Jab1 (c-Jun activation domain-binding protein-1) or a c-Jun coactivator, which has been implicated in multiple protein interactions that play a significant role in various stages of carcinogenesis. Hence we have performed screening of 1500 natural compounds having anticancerous activity by applying various in silico approaches including Lipinski rule of five, ADME, and various Molecular Docking tools. In this study, we have identified two potent phytoinhibitors against Jab1 which needs to be further validated through in vitro approaches. --- ## Association of stress and eating behaviour with premenstrual syndrome **Authors:** Laxmi Sanjana Gadde, Srilatha Bashetti, Harika Maddisetty, Harshita Rao Balguri, Kumar Sai Sailesh **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.394 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Premenstrual Syndrome, Stress, Eating Behaviour The present study was undertaken to observe the association between stress and eating behaviour with premenstrual syndrome. Thirty cases of premenstrual syndrome and thirty healthy, age-matched controls, were included in the study after obtaining written informed consent. Premenstrual syndrome questionnaire was used to identify participants with PMS. Stress perception was measured by using the perceived stress scale. PSS is a standard questionnaire, a global measure of perceived stress. The vulnerability of the eating disorder was assessed by using EAT-26. The value of R for the association of stress and eating behavior in participants with the premenstrual syndrome is 0.0981. Although technically a positive correlation, the relationship between your variables is weak. The value of R2, the coefficient of determination, is 0.0096. The value of R for the association of stress and eating behavior in healthy participants is 0.0077. Although technically a positive correlation, the relationship between your variables is weak. The value of R2, the coefficient of determination, is 0.0001. There were significantly high levels of stress score (P=0.0003) in the cases when compared to controls. However, the EAT-26 score is not significant (P=0.7288). A positive correlation was observed between the stress and eating behaviour in both healthy and premenstrual syndrome individuals. The study recommends further studies on a large scale to understand the association and underlying mechanisms to plan better management techniques and also to increase awareness in the student population. --- ## Evaluation of the hepatotoxicity of the anti-diabetic drug Diarid: An ayurvedic formulation in white swiss albino mice **Authors:** Deepa PK, Akshara VR, Andrews A, Umesh SP **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.411 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diarid, Liver, Safety, Toxicity, Diabetes Diarid is an Ayurvedic antidiabetic drug. Questions and concerns are being raised nowadays on such Ayurveda formulations with their composition for safety aspects. Though, these are being used safely in without any noticeable untoward effects; there is a need to generate scientific evidence that these are safe and non-toxic. The drugs can usually be detoxified, but some of them can be bio activated become more toxic. The liver often the target organ, most toxicants enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract and after absorption they are carried by the hepatic portal vein in the liver. The toxicology of the liver is complicated by the variety of liver injuries and by the different mechanisms through which the injuries are induced. In the present study, the safety profile of Diarid is tested for acute toxicity, Diarid was administered at a maximal dose of 600 mg/kg to overnight fasted rats and observed closely for behavioural changes, signs of toxicity and mortality if any, continuously for the first six hours and thereafter periodically up to 45 days. Animals were sacrificed on the 46th day. Biochemical parameters and were studied in both serum and liver tissue. In acute toxicity, Diarid at the dose of 600 mg/kg did not produce any observable toxic effects or mortality. No pathological changes on different biochemical parameters in serum and liver homogenate. Based on these observations, it can be concluded that Diarid is safe at therapeutic dose levels. --- ## The effect of immersion different dietary media on the stretched clear elastic chains: An in vitro study **Authors:** Athraa A Abass **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.384 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clear Elastomeric Chains, Certain Dietary Media, Digital Camera, Discoloration Discoloration of clear elastic modules and chains remains an issue which concerns both orthodontics and patients when the increasing demand on esthetic orthodontic appliances. This study was conducted for evaluating the effect of exposing stretched clear elastic chains to three types of dietary media (turmeric, tea and coffee) from six different companies (Ortho Technology, Opal, Ortho Organizer, American Orthodontics, Ormco and G&H). The short type elastomeric chains were cutting about 960 of its lengths from six different companies; 160 pieces from each brand. The specimens were stretched 50%, placed on plastic boards, and incubating at (37°C) in water for (1) day, (7) days, (14) days and (28) days. Once a day, the cutting pieces were immersed in the dietary testing media for ten minutes, washed and then returned to the water container. Color measurements were made before and after incubation of the specimens. The data were statistically analysed using ANOVA and LSD tests. Elastic chains from Ormco, Ortho Organizers and Ortho Technology had the least prone to discoloration, and AO, Opal and G&H companies had the most brands prone to discoloration. Tea, coffee and turmeric solutions discolored elastomeric chains from all companies in a variable degree. However, turmeric caused significantly more discoloration, followed by tea and least by coffee. Most of the discoloration caused by turmeric is in the first day and reaches a plateau at a week, while the amount of discoloration caused by tea and coffee increases gradually to peak at (28) days. Consumption of certain dietary media such as tea, turmeric and coffee caused discoloration of clear elastomeric chains. The range of discoloration increased over time. --- ## Effectiveness of Academic Role-play in Understanding the Clinical Concepts in Medical Education **Authors:** Sai Sailesh Kumar Goothy, Sirisha D, Movva Swathi **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.407 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Medical Education, Role-Play, Undergraduate Students Medical education was evolved drastically to meet the needs of current generation students. Role play is the effective method to teach the clinical concepts. Role play promotes active learning and critical thinking. It also improves the communication skills which are most essential in medical education. The current study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of role-play in understanding the clinical concepts in medical physiology. The topic was explained in the routine lecture using power point presentation and video. Post-assessment was performed using 30 multiple choice questions. The perception of the students was also obtained after the role play. There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in the performance of students in the MCQ test followed by the role play. 75% of students agreed strongly that role-play along with class lecture helps to acquire better clinical knowledge.76% strongly agreed that the role play promotes active learning. 80% of students strongly agreed that they enjoyed the role play. 72% of students strongly agreed that role play helps them to remember the clinical concepts easily. 90% of students strongly agreed that it increased their communication skills and motivated them to work in a team. 75% of students preferred role plays for learning the clinical concepts, and 70% of the students recommended the roleplay to be implemented in the curriculum. The study results provide research evidence about the effectiveness of the role play in teaching the clinical concepts. Further detailed studies are recommended to adopt role play in teaching the clinical concepts in medical education. --- ## Prevalence of periodontitis among smokers and non-smokers **Authors:** Palak Mayur Shah, Geetha RV, Lakshmi Thangavelu **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.398 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Periodontitis, Smokers, Gingiva, Pocket, Attachment Loss Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by specific microorganisms resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with pocket formation, recession, or both. Although the dental plaque causes periodontal diseases, certain risk factors can modify the host response to microbial aggression like diabetes, tobacco usage, pathogenic bacteria and microbial tooth deposits. The study aims to find out the difference in the periodontitis between the smokers and non-smokers in the local population of Chennai. 50 subjects of the age group 20-50 were selected. Out of 50, 25 were smokers who have a history of smoking for the past 3 years, and 25 were non-smokers who had no history of smoking in the local population. The subjects have no history of systemic disease. The subjects had normal oral habits with a normal diet. The periodontal status of the participants was taken into count. The patient’s probing depth and loss of attachment was assessed using William's probe, and Naber's probe assessed furcation. Our study confirmed the differences in the prevalence of periodontitis in smokers and non-smokers. The percentage of subjects with the prevalence of periodontitis was significantly higher among chronic smokers than non-smokers. Current smokers, mainly occasional smokers, consumed sweetened drinks more frequently in comparison with non-smokers or ex-smokers. In case of consumption of fruits and vegetables, the trend was opposite when compared to smokers and non-smokers. Cigarette smoking exerts a strong and chronic effect on the tooth and periodontium. The current understanding of the importance of tobacco smoking as the most potent risk factor for periodontitis now has to be applied to the clinical management of the disease. --- ## Efficacy of e-beam irradiation on shelf-life and accompanied changes in major metabolites of Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC., an Ayurveda medicinal plant **Authors:** Rajina M, Khaleel K M **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.406 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alkaloids, Flavonoids, GC-MS, Minerals, Phenols, Shelf-Life The effects of electron beam irradiation (5, 10 and 15 kGy) on shelf-life and major plant metabolites of an Ayurvedic medicinal plant Desmodium gangeticum was evaluated. Its root possesses incredible medicinal effects; hence powdered root sample (choorna) was subjected to radiation processing and thereby shelf-life extension. The root sample was found to possess an appreciable amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. TPC of untreated sample was completely deteriorated during storage. Flavonoids of untreated sample were depleted almost completely after a shelf-life of 12 months. TFC of all the irradiated samples also decreased significantly (p<0.05) under storage. Irradiated and control samples were found to possess adequate amount amounts of minerals. Electron beam irradiation with dose of 5 kGy and 15 kGy significantly decreased nitrogen and magnesium levels. In contrast, Calcium content was increased significantly (p < 0.05) on radiation processing wit 5 kGy and 15 kGy. Microbial status revealed that the untreated sample was acceptable only up to 4 months. A dose-dependent reduction in the microbial count resulted in all the radiation processed samples. Treatment with doses of 10 kGy and 15 kGy reduced the colony count to nil immediately after irradiation. Irradiation with 15 kGy kept the sample completely sterilized up to 2 months of storage and was acceptable even 12th month of storage. GC-MS analyses identified compounds with pharmacological importance such as methyl palmitate, mome-inositol, Neophytadiene, etc. Although, a slight change in mineral composition and phytochemicals were observed it could effectively decontaminate the medicinal herb and increase the shelf-life with minimum loss of major metabolites compared to other conventional methods of processing. --- ## Influence of maternal parameters on the morphometry of hypertensive and normotensive placenta **Authors:** Akshara VR, Kumar Sai Sailesh, Ramakrishnan PK, Seema Valsalan E, Chitra S, Benjamin W **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.391 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Maternal Parameters, Hypertension, Pregnancy The placenta is an essential component for maintaining pregnancy and the proper development of the fetus. Among the complications of pregnancy hypertensive disorders ranks first worldwide for maternal mortality and morbidity. Throughout gestation, placenta undergoes a lot of changes in its morphology and morphometric parameters. The aim of the present study to examine the effect of maternal parameters such as age, parity, height, pre-gestational weight, BMI and a gestational week on placental morphology and morphometric parameters. 80 pregnant women aged between18-40, parity1 - 4, gestational age between 37weeks-40weeks, who attended the antenatal clinic of the hospital and delivered by either vaginal route or caesarean section were included. Placental and maternal parameters were assessed using standard methods. In the present study pre-gestational weight shows a significant positive correlation with the thickness in both groups and significant negative correlation with the placental diameter in the normal placenta Height of the mother also shows a statistically significant negative correlation with the number of maternal cotyledons. Positive as well as negative correlation exists among variables. Longitudinal studies in more samples are required, and results cannot be generalized. Examination placental parameters and its correlation with the maternal parameters will help to manage future pregnancies, fetal outcome and maternal health. --- ## Anticarcinogenic and antimicrobial activity effects of the ellagic acid extract **Authors:** Suhad Faisal Hatem Al-Mugdadi, Basma Talib Al-Sudani, Raghad Abdulmahdi Mohsin, Ali Jalil Mjali **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.401 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anticancer, Antimicrobial, Cell Lines, Ellagic Acid (EA) Recently, plant-derived compounds have been attracted increasable attention as alternative cancer remedies to enhance cancer prevention and healing, and as efficient antimicrobials, because of their low toxicity, low cost and fewer side effects. Ellagic acid (EA) is a natural phenolic constituent; previous studies have reported its antitumor properties when used in in vitro models. In this study, we have investigated the activity of a low concentration of EA against four different human cancer cell lines (SK-N-SH, Caov-3, SW-1088 and BxPC-3) which are very hard in the treatment and there is no available data about EA influence on them. Additionally, the effect of EA has assessed against (H. Pylori (Helicobacter pylori), P.aeruginosa (Pseudomonas aeru- ginosa), A. tumefaciens: Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Rhizobium radiobacter) and E. herbicola: Enterobacter agglomerans (Erwiniaherbicola) and two are Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) and C. acnes (Cuti- bacterium acnes)) strains which are resistant to the antibiotics. The results suggest that EA may have a potential role as an adjunct therapy for neuroblastoma, ovarian, pancreatic and astrocytoma cancers, in addition to its activity as an antimicrobial agent as it has been proved in this study against H. pylori, P.aeruginosa, A. tumefaciens, E. herbicola, S. aureus and C. acnes strains. --- ## Evaluation of the anti-mycotic activity of Rosemary Oil Against Candida albicans **Authors:** Shebi S, Geetha RV, Lakshmi Thangavelu **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.412 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-Mycotic, Antifungal Medication, Candida albicans, Cryptococcal meningitis An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycoses such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis, serious systemic infections such as Cryptococcal meningitis, and others. In traditional medicine, extracts and essential oil from flowers and leaves are used in the belief they may be useful to treat a variety of fungal disorders. The aim of this study was to analyse the antimycotic properties of rosemary oil and its principal components. The Rosemary oil was screened for antifungal activity by the disc diffusion method. Activated cultures of Candida albicans in Sabouraud’s broth was adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standards [108cfu/ml]. 100 µl of the inoculum was introduced to molten Sabourauds dextrose agar and poured in the sterile Petri plates and allowed to set. Sterile filter paper discs (6.0 mm diameter) impregnated with 25µl, 50µl and 100µl /disc were placed on fungal seeded plates and incubated at 28oC for 48 hrs. Clear zones within which fungal growth was absent were measured and recorded as the diameter (mm) of complete growth inhibition. All the concentrations of the test solution inhibited the fungal species with varying degree of sensitivity. The extract showed good antifungal activity at different concentrations with a maximum zone of inhibition of 38 mm at concentration 100µl. This study provides a sample large enough to determine the antifungal properties of Rosemary oil and suggests further studies for possible therapeutic use. --- ## Effectiveness of Intellectual Learning in Dentistry Practices on self-esteem, negative affectivity, social inhibition and cognitive functions in undergraduate students **Authors:** Sai Sailesh Kumar Goothy, Ravikanth Manyam, Gauthami S Penumatsa, Chandrashekar R, Sudhakara Reddy R, Augus tin, Jebaselvi A, Swathi Movva **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.409 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Intellectual Learning in Dentistry Practices, Memory, Self-Esteem The present study was an experimental (pre and post without control) design where the participants served as self-control. ILDP is a four-day workshop designed for first-year BDS students at Vishnu Educational Development & Innovation Centre (VEDIC), Hyderabad. Psychological parameters like self-esteem, negative affectivity and social inhibition were assessed. Cognitive parameters like reaction time, spatial and verbal memory and academic performance in the MCQ test were assessed before and after the ILDP program. Our study provides first scientific evidence for the beneficial effects of the ILDP program as there was a significant improvement in the self-esteem and decrease in the negative feelings and social inhibition. These changes contributed to the increase in the cognitive performance of the students. We recommend adoption of the ILDP program in the regular curriculum for the benefit of the college students in general. --- ## Synthesis, characterisation and antibacterial evaluation of some novel 1- phenyl-1h-tetrazole-5-thiol derivatives **Authors:** Athraa H Mekky, Sajida M Thamir **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.394 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tetrazole-5-thiol, Phenylisothiocyanate, Antibacterial, Spectral Characterization The aim of the study is to synthesise and. Characterize — some novel, "tetrazole., -5-thiol” derivatives. Firstly, the “1-phenyl-1H7-tetrazole-5-thiol” (A1) has been., synthesised by the reaction of phenylisothiocyanate with NaN3 in water as a solvent. Secondly, the tetrazole-5-thiol derivatives (A2-A4) were synthesised by the alkylation reaction of the compound (A1) with chlo- roacetone, phenacyl bromide and chloromethyl acetate respectively. The resulted percentage yield was relatively high (92%, %95, %90 respectively). Compound (A5) was synthesised by the reaction of ethyl acetate tetrazole derivative (A4) with hydrazine. Moreover, the derivatives (A6-A11) were synthesised by the reaction of the (A5) with various substituted aromatic aldehydes. Moreover, compounds (A12-A13) have been synthesised by the cyclization reaction of compound A5 with acetylacetone and phenyl acetylacetone respectively. The produced compounds have been identified by IR, 13C-NMR and 1H-NMR Spectroscopy, and the quantities of various of the physical data (melting point, the shape of crystal and color). Finally, the compounds were examined for their biological activities alongside two kinds of bacteria (E. Coli and Staphylococcus aureus). Compounds A2, A4, A8, A11 and A13 showed the highest inhibition activity against E. Coli. Compounds A2, A9, A10and A13 showed the maximum activity against Staphylococcus aureus. --- ## Development of a validated questionnaire to assess attitude of patient towards self-management among uncontrolled diabetic population in Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Ashok Kumar M, Shanmugasundaram P **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.387 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes Mellitus, Self-Management, Adherence, Questionnaire Diabetes mellitus is a chronic progressive metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Adherence to the treatment regimen and self-management of diabetes mellitus form the nucleus of diabetic control. Empowerment is a patient-centred, collaborative approach tailored to match the fundamental realities of diabetes care. Patients need to learn about diabetes and how to safely care for it on a daily basis. Hence a questionnaire was developed and validated for assessment of patient attitude towards self-management of type II diabetes mellitus. The questionnaire was examined for internal consistency, reproducibility, convergent and discriminant validity using Cronbach's alpha, intraclass correlation and CITC scores respectively. The final version of the questionnaire was found to be statistically internally consistent, reproducible and reliable and could be used to assess the awareness and attitude of patients towards self-management of diabetes mellitus. --- ## Semi-mechanistic modelling of neutropenia **Authors:** Elham Alshammari **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.397 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cancer, Chemotherapy, Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia, Modelling, Neutropenia Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics PKPD modelling of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia can help with efficacy optimization and toxicity prevention in cancer patients. These medications focus on the fast-growing cells within the body and destroy them. Most of the fast-growing cells in the body are usually cancer cells, but there is an increased chance that certain healthy cells, such as white blood cells could be killed during chemotherapy. Several approaches have been identified for different drugs. Both empirical and mechanist approaches are discussed in this paper. Further, the author identified the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profile described by Friberg et al. (2003) as the most commonly used. This model consists of five sectors that represent proliferation, maturation, as well as elimination from the circulation of the neutrophils or leucocytes. This review covers these aspects and promotes a full understanding of dose prediction using semi-mechanistic modelling. --- ## The anti-carcinogenic activity of Hydrastis canadensis on oral cancer cell lines **Authors:** Monica Antony, Geetha RV, Lakshmi Thangavelu **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.381 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-Carcinogenic, Oral Cancer Cell, Hydrastis canadensis, Plant Oils, Cytotoxicity Naturals herbs are a topic commonly used for the research of drugs that could be used to treat cancer as it has become a leading cause of death in several developing countries. There is a constant demand for new therapies to treat and prevent this life-threatening disease. Scientific and research interest is drawing its attention towards naturally-derived compounds as they are considered to have less toxic side effects compared to current treatments such as chemotherapy. Goldenseal, commonly known as yellow puccoon has wide therapeutic activity. The bioactive components present are helpful in treating several problems in the human systems. They are capable of eliminating toxic substances due to the anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and other properties. The study aims to do a study on the anti-carcinogenic activity of Hydrastis canadensis on oral cancer cell lines. Through there researches it would be made available to all the people for an affordable cost. The sensitivity of KB (Oral squamous cell carcinoma) cells was determined individually by the MTT colourimetric assay. Higher concentrations of the herb induce increased cell inhibition, and it can give close and similar actions with tamoxifen. Studies indicate that goldenseal is biologically a very active plant which makes it very attention-able one. --- ## Evaluation of anti-inflammatory action of Laurus nobilis-an in vitro study **Authors:** Maajida Aafreen M, Geetha RV, Lakshmi Thangavelu **Published:** 2019-04-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.408 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mediterranean Region, Glabrous Leaves, Cuisine, Hippocrates, Astringent Bay leaf is also called as Laurus nobilis an aromatic evergreen tree or large shrub with green, glabrous leaves, in the flowering plant family Lauraceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region and is used as a bay leaf for seasoning in cooking. Its common names include bay laurel, sweet bay, bay (esp. United Kingdom) true laurel, Grecian laurel, laurel tree or simply laurel. Bay leaf refers to the aromatic leaves of several plants which are used in cooking for their distinctive flavour and fragrance. It has many medicinal properties which can also be used to treat cancer as well as gastric problems. Bay leaf is also commonly used to treat muscles and joint pain. Aqueous extracts of bay laurel can also be used as astringents and even as a reasonable salve for open wounds. The anti-inflammatory activity of bay leaf was determined but its ability to inhibit protein denaturation where denaturation of proteins is a well-documented cause of inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effect of the herb was comparable to reference analgesics and non-steroid anti- inflammatory drugs. The present study makes the herb worthy of further investigation --- ## A study on assessment of sleep pattern among school-going adolescents in semi-urban Chennai **Authors:** Deekshanth Ramakrishnan, Radha Kumar **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.366 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adolescent Sleep, Academic Pressure, Polysomnography Adolescent sleep pattern exerts an influence on their physical and mental wellbeing. Several factors such as academic stress, biological and psychosocial factors contribute to adolescent sleep. Reduction in the quantity and quality of sleep can lead to increased daytime sleepiness, interfere with cognitive functioning, memory as well as can lead to behavioural problems.300 adolescent school children in semi-urban Chennai participated by filling a questionnaire which was based on self- reporting of sleep pattern and sleep hygiene. On an average, most adolescents obtained inadequate sleep during the weekdays. The adolescents commonly reported daytime sleepiness, difficulty in falling asleep after going to bed, anxiety, morning headache and feeling tired of waking up in the morning. About half of the participants reported that parents exerted an influence on waking up time. Many adolescents reported the use of social media while going to bed which can reduce sleep duration. Paediatricians can play an important role in promoting healthy sleep practices by providing anticipatory guidance to adolescents and their parents. --- ## Preparation of yeast mediated semiconductor nanoparticles by Candida albicans and its bactericidal potential against Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus **Authors:** Venkat Kumar S, Sowmya B, Geetha R, Karpagambigai S, Jacquline Rosy P, Rajesh Kumar S, Lakshmi T **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.262 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Semiconductor Nanoparticles, Cadmium Sulfide, Yeast, Antibacterial Activity Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using microorganism is widely used in biological applications due to its eco-friendly nature and lower cost. The present study aimed to investigate the yeast, Candida albicans for the synthesis of nano cadmium sulfide is a semiconductor nanoparticle. The yeast synthesized nanoparticles tested for its spectroscopic and microscopic characters. The peak at 420 nm identified by UV-Vis spectrophotometer confirms the Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles synthesis preliminarily. Further, the nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction assay, scanning electron microscope, and elemental dispersive analysis. Finally, the synthesized Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles were tested for its antibacterial activity against disease-causing pathogens such as Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. The maximum zone of inhibition shows 15mm at the concentration of 100µl of CdS nanoparticle. Thus a promising antibacterial activity of yeast mediated synthesized Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles was described. --- ## Antidermatophytic, the anticancer and antioxidant activity of Cassia alata ethanolic extract and its phytochemical analysis **Authors:** Sujatha J, Rajesh Kumar S, Lakshmi T **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.260 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anticancer, Antioxidant, Antidermetophtic Activity, Cassia alata, Phytochemicals Cassia alata is used traditionally to cure various diseases like ulcers, stomach pain and fever. The potential of antidermatophytic, free radical scavenging and cytotoxic activity of ethanol leaves extracts of C. alata was studied. The preliminary phytochemical screening assay elucidates that presence of carbohydrates, tannin, phenol, saponin, flavonoid, steroid, terpenoids, glycosides, and alkaloids. Further phytochemical extraction was done by GC-MS, HPLC and FTIR. GC-MS analysis confirms that the presence of two major compounds namely Hexadecanoic acid and Oleic acid with four minor compounds. HPLC techniques revealed that the presence of two major com- pounds observed in two different retention time. FTIR spectrum revealed that the presence of carboxylic groups, alkanes, aldehydes and aliphatic amines in the ethanol extract of C. alata leaves. Cytotoxic effect of ethanol extract was assayed at different concentrations like 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml against human epithelial carcinoma (A431). At100 μg/ml of ethanol concentration, 93.26±5.44 (%) and 82.45±2.44 (%) percentage of cancer cells were inhibited by ethanol extract and standard drug, respectively. Microscopic images of cancer cells treated with ethanol extract confirm the morphological changes and shrinkages of cells leads to cell death. These results were suggesting that Cassia alata exhibit high potential antioxidant, antidermatophytic and cytotoxic activity and also it could serve as alternative new resources for manufacturing new drugs against newly evaluating diseases. --- ## Antibacterial and Antifungal potential of acetone, ethanol and methanolic extract of marine red algae Gelidium amansii **Authors:** Nagalingam M, Rajeshkumar S, Panneerselvam A, Lakshmi T **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.374 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gelidium amansii, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Seaweed, Red Algae The marine algae Gelidium amansii is one of the important edible marine red algae having many biomedical applications. In this study, the red algae of Gelidium amansii were analysed for their antibacterial activity and antifungal activity against organisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus. The antimicrobial susceptibility test for the isolates by agar well diffusion method using following acetone, ethanol, and methanol-toluene. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) using the following extracts. The results are showing the antibacterial and antifungal activity of red algae is good. --- ## Anti-inflammatory activity of Punica granatum extract on oral microbes - In vitro **Authors:** Westeros Dominic Pereira, Geetha R V, Lakshmi Thangavelu **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.375 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pomegranate, Anti-Inflammatory, Protein Denaturation, Oral Microbes To study the anti-inflammatory effect of Punica granatum extract against the oral microbes. Oral diseases continue to be a major health problem worldwide. Dental caries and periodontal diseases are among the most important global oral health problems, although conditions such as oral and pharyngeal cancers and oral tissue lesions are also significant health concerns. Pomegranate extracts have been used for centuries in traditional medicine to confer health benefits in a number of inflammatory diseases, microbial infections and cancer. The anti-inflammatory activity of pomegranate extract was evaluated by protein denaturation assay, and the results were read spectrophotometrically. Denaturation of proteins is a great-documented cause of inflammation. As a part of the investigation on the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity, the ability to extract to inhibit protein denaturation was studied. It was effective in inhibiting heat induced albumin denaturation at different concentrations as shown in Table 1. Maximum inhibition, 70.12±1.12% was observed at 500µg/ml. IC50 value was found to be 105.35±1.99µg/ml. Aspirin, a standard anti-inflammatory drug showed the maximum inhibition, 77.12±1.42% at the concentration of 200µg/ml. Hence it can be concluded that pomegranate extract has anti-inflammatory property and also can be used in products such as toothpaste and mouth wash etc. --- ## Biological evaluation of synthesised thiazolidinedione derivatives for anti- diabetic activity on STZ caused diabetes in rats **Authors:** Geetha B, Swarnalatha G, Subba Reddy GV **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.379 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antidiabetic Compounds, Thiazolidinediones, STZ Induced Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus is the most common disease that poses a challenge to human health due to its secondary complications and resistance. Therefore, an attempt was made to synthesize novel compounds from thiazolidinedione moiety to treat the disease effectively and target diabetic complications. The synthesized compounds were tested for their physical parameters and characterised using NMR and IR spectra. They were also evaluated for STZ induced anti-diabetic activity in albino rats. The Compounds P5, II A8 and A9 were found effective in comparison with a standard drug, Pioglitazone. The other compounds were also effective but a reduction in activity is seen might be due to the inefficient binding to the PPAR receptors. --- ## Anti-bacterial activity of three essential oils - An in vitro study **Authors:** John Rozar Raj B, Geetha RV, Lakshmi Thangavelu **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.380 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti Bacterial, Essential Oil, Thyme, Rosemary, Holy Basil, Zone of Inhibition To conduct a study regarding the antibacterial activity of essential oils against bacteria causing Caries. Essential oils are distillates of the volatile compounds of a plant’s secondary metabolism and may act as photoprotective agents. Their curative effect has been known since antiquity. It is based on a variety of pharmacological properties which are specific for each plant species. The mouth contains a variety of oral bacteria, but only a few species of bacteria are believed to cause dental caries. Antibacterial activity of the three essential oils, Rosemary oil, Holy basil oil, Thyme oil was screened against Streptococcus mutans, using disc diffusion technique. The rosemary oil was more effective against Streptococcus mutans with a zone of inhibition of 52 mm diameter (at concentration 200 µl), Rosemary oil showed a zone of inhibition of 44 mm diameter and with thyme oil, the zone diameter was 30 mm. The results of this study showed that the essential oils at different concentrations exhibited antibacterial activity against the bacterial species tested. --- ## Isatin – a potent anti-microbial agent **Authors:** Kosaraju Lahari, Raja Sundararajan **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.367 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Isatin, Indole-2,3-dione, Anti-Microbial, Anti-Bacterial, Anti-Fungal From many years in hospitalized and ambulatory patients, it is observed that increased antibiotic resistance in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. For global health, a significant threat was found to be quick development of resistance by various microorganisms against anti-microbial drugs. In addition, multidrug-resistant organisms also developing rapidly which further complicated the situation. Hence it is necessary to develop and find out novel anti-microbial agent urgently. In the field of organic chemistry important role was played by heterocyclic compounds. They are acquiring more importance in recent years due to their extensive pharmacological properties and wide applications in the field of chemistry. Out of many available heterocyclic compounds, isatin and various isatin analogues were found to be significant due to its broad range of biological activities. Isatin has emerged as anti-microbial agents due to its wide range of anti-microbial potency displayed in both in-vivo and in-vitro method. In this review, various anti-microbial isatins were summarised & reported. In addition, this review highlights the anti-microbial potency of isatin to the medicinal world. --- ## Computational design, Synthesis of 4,6-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-1-benzofuran- 3(2H)-one derivatives as new leads for anti-cancer activity **Authors:** Raghava Doonaboyina, Abhilasha Mittal, Sridhar Babu Gummadi **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.273 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Docking, Virtual Screening, ADMET, Anti-Cancer Activity, Skin Cancer, G361 Cell Line, Sulforhodamine Assay Benzofuranone is a bicyclic ring where a benzene ring fused with a furanone. Computation chemistry plays a major role in the development of new lead molecules. Computational tools docking, virtual screening, ADMET prediction are utilised in the identification of new lead molecules. Synthetic chemistry plays a major in developing a series of potent anti-cancer agents. Benzofuranone was synthesized by reacting benzene diols, and triols with bromo phenyl acetonitrile yielded an imine derivative are converted to a ketone with treatment with hydrochloric acid then cyclised with sodium acetate. The compounds identity and purity were confirmed by spectral and analytical methods. Benzofuranone derivatives are screened antineoplastic activity was performed against human skin cancer cell line G361 at micro molecular concentrations. The compounds IA, IB, ID, IE, IF, was found to be with potent activity. --- ## A novel RP-HPLC method development and forced degradation studies for semaglutide in active pharmaceutical ingredients and pharmaceutical dosage forms **Authors:** Arun Kumar Kuna, Ganapaty S, Radha GV **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.263 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Semaglutide, RP-HPLC, Validation, Method Development, Detection This research objective is for the development of a specific and simple method to trace Semaglutide presence in active pharmaceutical ingredient and pharmaceutical dosages. As part of a study on Semaglutide drug, solvents of HPLC grade waters HPLC instrument (Empower software) with PDA de- tector, ultrasonicator (Make: Labman) and pH meter (Make: Adwa) are used. The Method was optimized with mobile phase with a composition of buffer and solvent were of 60:40%v/v, flow maintained was 1.0ml/min, the injec- tion volume of 10µl, run time was 5min. All separations were performed with PDA detector and column used was Discovery C18 150 x 4.6mm, 5m. Results for the developed method are accurate and specific. The detection wavelength was 292 nm, the retention time for Semaglutide was 2.689min, linearity resulted with r2= 0.9998, % RSD for precision was 1.0; %mean recovery for accuracy was in the range of 99.73 to 100.29. This study report is for industrial application for determining Semaglutide presence in phar- maceutical ingredient and dosages. --- ## Anti-oxidant, Cytotoxic and Apoptotic studies of root bark assisted Silver Nanoparticles from Aphanamixis polystachya **Authors:** Rajashree Gude, Arun B Joshi, Anant Bhandarkar **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.365 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Apoptosis, Silver Nanosuspension, DPPH, Nitric Oxide The aim of the present investigations was to fabricate and prepare silver nanoparticles from the root bark of Aphanamixis polystachya available in Western Ghats of India and also to assess their antioxidant, cytotoxic and apoptotic activity. The root bark extract of the plant, A. polystachya was used for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP). The AgNP were characterized with the help of UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDAX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analysis. The cytotoxic and apoptotic effects were studied using methanolic extract and AgNP of A. polystachya on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB- 231). Silver nanosuspension was formulated, and in vitro, antioxidant activity by DPPH assay and Nitric Oxide assay were assessed on a methanolic extract of the root bark and silver nanosuspension of A. polystachya. The percentage cell growth on MCF-7 cells was found to be 39.8, 21.6, 18.0 and 15.6 at 10, 20, 40 and 80µg/ml respectively. In the case of MDA-MB231 cells, the percentage of cell growth was found to be 99.2, 80.0, 67.2 and 54.6 at 10, 20, 40 and 80 µg/ml. Growth inhibition (GI50) of <10µg and >80µg was observed in MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 cell lines. A. polystachya silver nanosuspension significantly enhanced the antiradical potential against nitric oxide scavenging assay (IC50 4.7µg/ml) as compared with methanolic extract of A. polystachya. The formulation of silver nanosuspension of A. polystachya significantly enhanced the antiradical potential as compared with the methanolic extract of root bark of A. polystachya. --- ## Reverse phase-UPLC method of analysis for simultaneous estimation of Levosalbutamol sulphate, Guaiphenesin and Ambroxol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical cough, cold liquid dosage forms **Authors:** Kiran Kumar A, Balakrishnan M, Chandrasekhar Kothapalli Bannoth **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.277 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Levosalbutamol Sulphate, Guaiphenesin, Ambroxol Hydrochloride, Simultaneous Estimation, ICH Guidelines The three most drug combinations for cough, cold are widely used worldwide now a day. The purpose of the study was to build up an innovative RP-UPLC technique for simultaneous estimation of Levosalbutamol Sulphate (LEV), Guaiphenesin (GUA) and Ambroxol Hydrochloride (AMB) in liquid dosage forms. Chromatography was carried out on UHPLC (WATERS)_SYMMETRY® C18 4.6mm x 1000mm, 3.5µm, (Agilent - Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 – Rapid Res- olution) with an isocratic mobile phase with pH 3.0 composed of buffer, methanol and Acetonitrile (60:20:20) with a flow rate of 0.8mL/min. The detection was carried out with column temperature at 25°C using a UV detector at 276nm. Validation parameters like linearity, specificity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), system suitability, Solutions stability and robustness were considered as affirmed in the ICH guidelines. Retention times for LEV, GUA & AMB were 1.07 min, 1.99 min & 3.55 min respectively. The assay of syrups with the relative standard deviation found to be less than 2%. The parameters values were found, and the method was found to be satisfactory. This validated UHPLC method is cost- effective, receptive and precise than other chromatographic methods. --- ## Evaluation of renal and liver function in petrol station workers in Kirkuk city **Authors:** Dlawer Abdulhammed Ahmad AL-Jaff **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.402 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Petrol, Liver, Kidney, Occupational Exposure, Liver Damage A cross-sectional study to evaluate the effects of occupational petrol exposure on the kidney and liver of petrol station workers in Kirkuk city was done. 29 petrol pump workers who were continuously exposed to petrol for at least one year in the Kirkuk city having no medical history and 10 healthy age-matched controls who were never exposed to petrol were enrolled. These serum parameters of both the groups were compared by the Mann-Whitney U test. Since all the parameters studied were normal in the workers exposed to petrol, it can be concluded that petrol did not affect their liver and kidney health. However, higher levels of serum cholesterol, TG, and LDL in the petrol station workers as compared to the controls are suggestive of higher risk of developing liver damage. Larger studies should be conducted to validate the findings of the present study further. --- ## Isolation of multidrug-resistant bacteria from the hospital environment **Authors:** Mahavir Joshi, Sukhminderjit Kaur, Bhavkiara Shergill, Sonali Sood, Mishra Tulika **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.370 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibiotic Resistance Microorganisms, Kocuria kristinae, Pantoea spp, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Staphylococcus vitulinus, VITEK 2 Antibiotics are used to cure the illness caused by pathogenic microbes. The resistance towards such antibiotics is becoming a serious concern in the present time. The frequency of drug resistance is increasing in hospitals. This aptitude to develop resistance against antibiotics has become a serious threat to the patients that are already hospitalized, making them more prone to infections and increased complications of already existing medical conditions. It can also lead to a high mortality rate in hospitals. The present work is designed to isolate microbes from the hospital environment to check the sensitivity against various antibiotics. For the isolation, aerosol-based air samples were taken by exposing sterile Petri plate at the OPD and general ward for about 10 minutes after that the plates were taken to the lab and incubated at 37oc for 24 hours. Pure cultures were obtained by sub culturing the isolates onto fresh sterile nutrient agar plates. The clinical isolates were tested for antibiotic sensitivity test by using Dodeca G-V Plus disk (Himedia). The isolates were identified on the basis of microscopic and VITEK 2 based identification. Total of four bacteria Kocuria kristinae, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Pantoea spp. and Staphylococcus vitulinus were isolated that showed variation in antibiotic-resistant pattern. --- ## Diagnostic performance of heart-type fatty acid binding protein and high sensitive-cardiac troponin in patients in an emergency department suspected of acute myocardial infarction **Authors:** Bashar J Hussein, Basil O Saleh, Nazar N Abbas **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.372 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Camptothecin, Carotenoid, Cellulase Enzyme, Extraction, HPLC Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) also referred to as mammary-derived growth inhibitor is a polypeptide structure that in humans transcribed by FABP3 gene. It is preferred to be investigated in combination with troponin to the diagnosis of myocardial infarction in patients suffering from chest pain. This study aims to evaluate the role of H-FABP in early diagnosis of MI in comparison with new generation cardiac troponin (hs-c'Tn) and to differentiate patients with ischemic chest pain from non-ischemic ones. This case-control study was performed at the Department of Biochemistry, Medical school, University of Baghdad, during the period from December 2017 to August 2018. It involved 36 patients presented with chest pain; 18 ischemic patients (AMI) and 18 non-ischemic patients (non-AMI) who served as pathological control. Serum investigations included measurements of FABP and hs-c'I'n using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The mean (±SD) value of serum FABP levels at 1-3 hours did not differ significantly between ischemic and non-ischemic subjects, while it was significantly increased at 6-9 hours in ischemic patients (p< 0.001). However, the mean value of serum levels of hs-c'I'n was significantly higher in AMI patients than in non-AMI ones at 1-3 hours (p --- ## Effect of green tea on obesity and serum lipid profiles in both normo- and hyper-cholesterolemic rabbits **Authors:** Dlawer Abdulhammed Ahmad AL-Jaff **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.378 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Obesity, Green Tea, Cholesterol, Hyperlipidemia Obesity has been linked with several comorbidities like cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and hypertension. Weight reduction is directly associated with the consumption of green tea. So, with this premise of background, we evaluated the potential of green tea consumption on obesity and serum lipid profiles in both normo- and hyper-cholesterol emic rabbits. Sixty New Zealand white rabbits (age: 6-8 months; weight 1.5-2 kg) were used for this experiment. Rabbits were randomized and equally divided into three different groups. Group I (control group) received 10 ml/kg of distilled water twice daily, Group II received high cholesterol diet twice daily, and Group III received high cholesterol diet along with green tea solution 10 ml/kg, twice daily for 90 days. Weight measurements and serum analysis were conducted on Day 0 and day 90. For the obtained data, SPSS analysis was performed (SPSS 21). A significant increment of body weight was observed in control (1.97 ± 0.12 vs 2.87 ± 0.21, p<0.0001) and high cholesterol groups (1.91 ± 0.23 vs 3.13 ± 0.31, p<0.0001) at Day 90 when compared with Day 0. Though the results were not significant, there was a reduction in the body weight in the green tea group (2.20 ± 1.47 vs 1.72 ± 0.22) at Day 90 when compared with Day 0. Consumption of green tea for 90 days resulted in weight loss and inhibition of the increase in the levels of TC, LDL, and VLDL. So, green tea can act as a natural food supplement for the management of obesity and dyslipidemia. --- ## Formulation development and in vitro characterisation of ethosomes for the enhanced transdermal delivery of clotrimazole **Authors:** Vidya Viswanad, Anju PG, Gopika S Kumar, Sivapriya G Nair **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.270 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antifungal, Candida albicans, Entrapment Efficiency, Transdermal Delivery The target of the study was the development and in vitro characterisation of an effective ethosomal formulation of clotrimazole and to the performance of the formulation was investigated under different preparation conditions. The EE and from 9 formulations, the optimisation was done on the basis of its results which considering the concentration of lecithin and ethanol as the two factors and EE and in vitro release as their responses. The optimization was done on the basis of its results which considering the concentration of lecithin and ethanol as the two factors and EE and in vitro release as their responses. F6 formulation gained a very good release of drug and highest entrapment efficiency of 93.203%. The results of permeation flux were obtained in the order of MLVs > ESUVs > SSUVs > LUVs. This study gives an idea about the vesicles structure and the size, the technique used, the drug EE and the permeation rate. They were taking the above factors into consideration results in improving clinical effectiveness in transdermal delivery of an ethosomal formulation of clotrimazole. --- ## Is nitric oxide missing link in glucose homeostasis? A study on correlation of nitric oxide and insulin resistance in obstructive sleep apnoea **Authors:** Ramya K, Gowri Sethu, Dhanasekar T **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.258 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nitric Oxide, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Prediabetic, Insulin Resistance Nitric oxide is associated with glucose homeostasis. An independent relationship between Nitric oxide and insulin resistance in Prediabetic and Obstructive sleep apnea patients without pre-existing diabetes mellitus are equivocally linked to increased risk of type II diabetes. A reciprocal relationship seems to exist between nitric oxide and insulin resistance. Aim of this present study is to determine relationship between nitric oxide and glucose parameters in control, prediabetic and Obstructive sleep apnea. A cross sectional study was performed in 150. They were divided into, group I (control), group II (prediabetics) and group III (OSA). Fasting blood sugar (FBS), fasting insulin, HbA1c and nitric oxide were measured in these subjects and insulin resistance calculated by HOMA-IR. Data was analyzed statistically using Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis, the significant value being P<0.05. Negative correlation was observed between the NO and insulin re- sistance in prediabetic (r=-0.627, P =<0.001) and OSA (r= -0.416, P=0.003) respectively. Nitric oxide is significantly inversely associated with insulin resistance in Prediabetic and Obstructive sleep apnea. --- ## Comparative studies on phytochemistry, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of direct and sequential extracts of Chromolaena odorata leaves **Authors:** Udaya Prakash N K, Sriraman V, Devika V, Peneena V, Sripriya N, Bhuvaneswari S, Sampathkumar B **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.275 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial Activity, Antioxidant Activity, Chromolaena odorata, Direct Extraction, Polarity, Sequential Extraction Phytochemistry, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of different solvent extracts of Chromolaena odorata leaves obtained by direct and sequential extraction were compared in this study. Antibacterial evaluation of the extracts was performed through a disc diffusion method. The results revealed that the solvents, Petroleum ether and Ethyl acetate showed the presence of a majority of the phytochemicals, Chloroform extract yielded maximum TPC and TAA and ethyl acetate yielded higher TFC when compared to other solvents. Ethanol and chloroform extracts showed lower concentrations of IC50 against DPPH and NO radicals respectively. Acetone recorded the maximum zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; ethyl acetate against Bacillus subtilis and Chloroform against Streptococcus mutans. Among the solvents studied for phytochemical content and bioactivities, ethanol showed a higher level of phytochemical extraction and better bioactivities. As a direct solvent extraction of C. odorata showed better efficiency when compared with sequential extraction, the study strongly recommends the use of a direct extraction method. --- ## Green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Cassia fistula and its antibacterial activity **Authors:** Swathi N, Sandhiya D, Rajeshkumar S, Lakshmi T **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.261 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Titanium Nanoparticles, Photosynthesis, Antibacterial Activity, Characterization Green synthesis of titanium oxide nanoparticles has more advantages when compared with the chemical method. This work reports a green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) by the herbal plant extracts of Cassia fistula. Then the green synthesized NPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infra-Red spectroscopy (FT-IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The result of the SEM image shows that the nanoparticles are spherical in shape. The antibacterial activity was done on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. --- ## Estimation of bacterial load in patients wearing metallic and ceramic brackets **Authors:** Ashik Ahamed A, Geetha RV, Lakshmi Thangavelu **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.376 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Patient, Bacteria, Orthodontic Brackets, Dentist, Awareness To estimate the amount of bacteria present in patients wearing metallic and ceramic brackets. The objective of the present study is to investigate the amount of bacteria in patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliance. The fixed orthodontic appliance is the treatment of conditions like malocclusion. It includes brackets, tubes, band and ligating materials and archwires. Composite is used for bonding the brackets to the teeth surface, and it also induces the formation of plaque. Dental plaque is the main aetiology for Causing gingivitis. This study shows that the metallic and ceramic brackets worn by the patients were contaminated with various microorganisms. The main focus of the study is to create awareness among patients with fixed orthodontic appliance and to improve their oral hygiene and to prevent periodontal problems. --- ## Cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp) using different substrates and evaluate their potentials of antibacterial and phytochemicals **Authors:** Sangeetha K, Senthilkumar G, Panneerselvam A, Sathammaipriya N **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.371 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial Activity, Disc Diffusion Method, Oyster Mushroom, Pleurotus, Phytochemical Screening Mushroom is a variety of gilled fungi belongs to the class Basidiomycetes. It grows on tropical and northern temperate regions mainly in a moist condition. Mushroom act as a reservoir of nutrients. Edible mushroom plays a vital role in maintaining human health. The most commonly used edible mushroom is Pleurotus (oyster). It is rich in Protein, fibre, minerals and vitamins. It has a variety of fascinating properties like anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiaging, analgesic and immune modulator property. The present study investigates the various phytochemicals and antibacterial potentials from the methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of fruit body mushroom. The cultivation of mushroom using different substrates such as paddy straw and corn straw. The mushroom extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening using standard methods. The crude extracts contain Alkaloids, Steroids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Phenols, Tannins, Proteins, Amino acids, Carbohydrates, Reducing sugar. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract had shown significant antibacterial activity against the test organisms. Enterococcal infection is a common infection prevailing nowadays. This study suggests that mushroom possess antibacterial potential against enterococcal species. So, intake of mushroom acts as a medicine for enterococcal infections. --- ## Comparison of the effect of salt water rinse, sugar-free chewing gum and tooth brushing on the pH of saliva **Authors:** Manisha A, Deepa Gurunathan, Senthil Kumar M **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.276 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** pH, Saliva, Xylitol, Saltwater, Tooth Brushing To compare the effect of salt water rinse, sugar – free chewing gum and tooth brushing on the pH of saliva. 30 participants were included in the study. Baseline pH was measured using a digital pH meter. The participants were asked to swish their mouths with sucrose solution, and pH was measured. They were randomly divided into three groups namely; Group A – salt water rinse, Group B -sugar-free chewing gum and Group C - tooth brushing. After the intervention, the final pH was measured, and the recordings were compared. Repeated measures ANOVA test was used to compare the pH at Baseline, after rinsing and after an intervention. Bonferroni post-hoc test was done to do pair-wise comparison within the groups. There was significant difference pH at baseline and after intervention in all the three groups with Group B showing better results followed by Group C and then Group A. Sugar-free chewing gum significantly increased the pH of the saliva followed by tooth brushing and then salt water rinse. --- ## Evaluation of the effect of exposure to coal mine dust on the lipid profile and liver function markers **Authors:** Ganesan S, Sangeetha R **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.368 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alkaline Phosphatase, Coal Mine Dust, Coal Miners, Lipid Profile Workers exposed to coal mine dust for a long duration up to 20 years may come across health risks associated with heart and liver. A lipid profile is a component of cardiac function assessment. For assessing liver functions, 4 principal enzyme markers associated with liver were considered. Hence lipid profile and enzyme markers for liver function were investigated in this study. 120 normal population and 120 coalmine workers (both male and female) who were exposed to the coal mine for periods ranging from 10 to 20 years were enrolled for this study. Results available in the laboratory data for a master health check on population not exposed to a coal mine and those who have been exposed to 10 to 20 years were made use of for this study. The mean levels of both lipid profile and liver functions tests were found to be highly and significantly different for coal mine dust exposed cases compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Surprisingly, the levels of most of the markers were within the normal limits and thus were clinically insignificant. A significant difference was observed with alkaline phosphatase. This study has demonstrated that biochemical tests should be done at regular intervals of time to monitor the incidence of health disorders associated with principal organs. --- ## Anti-glycation study of hydro-alcohol and aqueous extracts of Moroccan plant species **Authors:** Ramdan B, Ramdan R, El Karbane M, El Maadoudi M, Ben Mrid R, Nhiri M **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.259 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-Glycation, Antioxidant, Ethanol Extracts, Polyphenols, Water Extracts Inhibition of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and free radicals generated during diabetes represents a major therapeutic target in the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications. Natural molecules present in fruits, vegetables and herbs and which are usually safe for human consumption, could represent a strong glycation inhibitor. Anti-glycation effect of nine plant species used in traditional medicine has been evaluated after extraction by hot (EAC) or cold (EAF) maceration and by ethanol (EE). Anti- glycation activity performed on a model system of bovine serum albumin, and methylglyoxal was measured by fluorescence and native electrophoresis. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed as well. Except for Sesamum indicum, all the species studied have an Anti-glycation effect. The highest effect was recorded in Laurus nobilis and was dose-dependent, inhibiting both formations of Amadori products and fluorescent AGEs. HPLC analysis revealed a richness of Laurus nobilis EE in phenolic compounds such as quercetin, vanillin and gallic acid. A strong correlation was registered between antioxidant power and phenolic/flavonoid content. In contrast, there was no correlation between antioxidant and anti-glycation power. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds were strongly involved in the observed anti-glycation effect. However, the anti-glycation activity obtained is probably attributed to non-antioxidant compounds. --- ## Docking, Screening, Synthesis of 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-phenyl-1-benzofuran-3(2H)-one derivatives as new leads for anti-cancer activity **Authors:** Raghava Doonaboyina, Abhilasha Mittal, Sridhar Babu Gummadi **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.271 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Docking, Virtual Screening, ADMET, Anti-Cancer Activity, G361 Cell Line Auroneis a bicyclic ring where a benzene ring fused with a furanone. Docking is an efficient tool in the development of new lead molecules. Docking, virtual screening, ADMET prediction are prominent devices in the identification of new lead molecules. Synthetic chemistry plays a major in developing a series of potent anti-cancer agents. Benzofuranone was synthesized by reacting benzene diols, and triols with bromo phenyl acetonitrile yielded an imine derivative are converted to a ketone with treatment with hydrochloric acid then cyclised with sodium acetate. The compounds identity and purity were confirmed by spectral and analytical methods. Benzofuranone derivatives are screened antineoplastic activity was performed against human skin cancer cell line G361 at micro molecular concentrations. The compound IIIA was found to be with potent activity. --- ## Detection of BCR-ABL gene in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia patients treated with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Drugs by Gene Expert System **Authors:** Maysaa Ali Abdul Khaleq, Hussein Ali Saheb, Ahmed M Sultan, Mohsen A N Alrodhan **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.274 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** BCR-ABL, Imatinib, Nilotinib, qRT-PCR Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is one of the human fatalities caused by genetic mutation and chromosomal translocation, a BCR-ABL fusion gene and as a result, Philadelphia chromosome is formed. The irregular tyrosine kinase activity of the encoded protein by this gene causes the establishment of the disease. This study was conducted at the period from September 2016 to February 2017, 100 Iraqi CML patients were divided into two groups, first group of 50 patients were received Imatinib 400-800 mg/day, second group of another 50 patients were received 800 mg/day Nilotinib, WBC were microscopically counted using improved Neubauer ruled hemocytometer counting chamber. The results of WBC count in different disease duration and stages of treatment in the group of patients treated with Imatinib showed that highest WBC count was observed in newly diagnosed patients while there was a significant reduction in the WBC count after one month, after one year and final dose of treatment were 11.8, 6.4 and 8.1 respectively, on the other hand the results of WBC count in the group of patients treated with Nilotinib showed that the highest WBC count was observed in newly diagnosed patients 87.54 ± 8.71 whereas the WBC count after one month, one year and at the final dose of treatment were 7.3, 6.8, 7.9 respectively with significant reduction in the WBC count. The results of the CML patient’s distribution according to BCR-ABL gene analysis in the patient's group treated with Imatinib showed that high concentration in newly diagnosed patients 4.753 as compared with significant reduction with other stages of treatment after one month and after one year 0.94 and 0.09 respectively. --- ## Development and validation of indocyanine green assay in human plasma using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with PDA detector **Authors:** Sumith K Mathew, Blessed Winston A, Aswathy Mathew, Jeana Jacob, Ratna Prabha, Binu Susan Mathew **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.373 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPLC Assay, Indocyanine Green, Photodiode Array Detector A robust and economical assay for routine determination of indocyanine green pharmacokinetics was developed and validated using high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector. Plasma specimens from critically ill patients and those with hepatitis on various comedications were used as blanks for validation of this assay. Extraction of indocyanine green was performed by simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile, and the supernatant was separated using an octadecyl column with detection at 784 nm. Blanks were found to have no interference for 40 blanks of patients who were on 56 different medications. The precision for LLOQ (0.5 µg/ml) as determined by the percentage coefficient of variation was 1.19. Stability of plasma calibration standards and stock were determined over a period of 61 days, and ICG was found to be stable for 20 days. Stability of whole blood specimens containing ICG was determined at 4°C for a period of 4 hours. --- ## A futuristic perspective in subsiding the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease **Authors:** Sreeja C Nair, Sujaid Thayyilakandy, Arjun KK, Gayathri Krishnakumar, Gayathri PS **Published:** 2019-04-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.369 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Parkinson’s Disease, Blood-Brain Barrier, Biomarkers, Nanotechnology, Novel Routes Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily impinges the dopaminergic neurons in a particular region of Brain termed as Substantia Nigra. The disease affects more than 1900 people per 100,000 aged 80 years and above. Furthermore, men are 1.5 times more prone than their counterpart. Potential biomarkers escalated the precise diagnosis and helped to initiate treatment to limit its adversity. The current therapeutic schemes are focused on administration of Dopamine precursor, Dopamine agonist, Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, Catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors and deep brain stimulation. The CNS delivery focuses mainly on increasing the dopamine level in the brain. CNS drug delivery faces a crucial challenge of crossing Blood Brain Barrier. Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration can be attained by several techniques. Conventional drug therapy yields harmful affects to the patients without much therapeutics. It is visible that crossing BBB is quite strenuous process. It is mandatory for developing a novel approach untangling these situations. Nanotechnology-based formulations like nanosuspensions, nanotubes etc. promotes the penetration of drug across the sophisticated barrier without creating any deterioration to cells or organs. Several novel routes for drug administration reduce dose intake with increased and precise pharmacological action. Nanoformulations and Novel routes of drug administration are a promising tool to enhance the action of drug which helps to abate the symptoms of the Disease and assist in the betterment in treatment. --- ## Memory enhancing effect of Nelumbo nucifera seedpod extract and its active component quercetin in noise stress-exposed rats **Authors:** Ruvanthika PN, Manikandan S, Vishnu Priya V **Published:** 2019-04-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.706 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nelumbo Nucifera, Quercetin, Spatial Memory, Noise Stress, Corticosterone Stress is an unavoidable phenomenon which disturbs the physiological homeostasis. Noise is the highest encountered stressor that affects the well- being of mankind. Hippocampus, a region of the brain crucial for memory is highly influenced by stress and thereby deteriorates memory. Male albino Wistar rats of 11-12 weeks were used in this study. Nelumbo nucifera (NNE) 400 mg/kg body weight (BW) and its active principle Quercetin (QRCT) (40 mg/kg bw) were administered orally to the animals 10 days before noise stress exposure of (100dB 4h/d). Ability to retain information by Learning and spatial memory was assessed using eight-arm radial maze apparatus. It was observed that after noise stress exposure errors in working, reference memory and time period to move into all baited arms were increased; however, the drug pre-treated animals showed a decrease in all the above parameters. The observations in the present work have proved that NNE and QRCT groups were effective in ameliorating the noise stress-induced changes, but the active component quercetin group had a higher protective impact on the changes. --- ## Assessment of knowledge and attitude on organ donation among adults in selected areas **Authors:** Jayabharathi B, Sangeetha Jagdish G, Devika M, Akila M **Published:** 2019-04-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.252 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Knowledge, Attitude, Organ Donation, Adults Organ donation is defined as when a person gives consent for their organ to be removed, legally while the donor is alive or after death with the consent of the next of their kin. The present study aims to assess the knowledge and attitude on organ donation among adults in selected community areas. The study was conducted in selected areas at Maraimalai nagar, Kancheepuram district. The research design adopted for this study was a cross-sectional study design. 60 adults were selected by convenient sampling technique. Inclusion criteria include a. Adults who were between the age groups of 18-60 years. b. Adults who were available at the time of data collection. c. Adults who were able to write and read Tamil and English. Exclusion criteria include a adults who were not willing to participate in the study. The self-structured questionnaire was prepared to assess the knowledge regarding organ donation among adults. The findings showed that majority 37(62%) adults had moderately favourable attitude, 23(38%) adults had a favourable attitude; no one had an unfavourable attitude towards organ donation. The results revealed, a highly significant positive correlation was found between knowledge and attitude regarding organ donation among adults at the level of p=0.001**. Awareness programme can be conducted to improve the knowledge, attitude regarding organ donation among adults. --- ## Effect of metformin gel against imiquimod induced psoriasis in mice **Authors:** Haider Falih Shamikh Al-Saedi, Adeeb Ahmed Kadhim Al-Zubaidy, Mukhallad Abdul Kareem Ramadhan, Hussein Abdelamir Mohammad **Published:** 2019-04-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.255 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Psoriasis, Metformin, Topical Gel, Imiquimod, Cytokines Imiquimod-induced psoriasis is an animal model of psoriasis. The antidiabetic metformin had anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, antiangiogenesis and antiproliferative effect. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible beneficial effect of metformin gel against imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like form by scoring the erythema and scaling besides measuring of tissue homogenate levels of IL17/IL23. Swiss albino mice were used in this experiment imiquimod 5% cream applied on shaved back of mice for six days, and this is an induction group and compared with a negative control group that involved mice treated with ointment base only for six days. Third group; metformin 10% gel applied on the back of mice with imiquimod for six days. The fourth group included used of metformin 15% gel with imiquimod for six days. This data was analysed for significant level when p ≥ 0.05 by using either ANOVA test for biochemical parameters levels evaluation. Furthermore, imiquimod 5% cream of induction group caused an elevation of inflammatory parameters; IL17 and IL23 in skin tissue homogenate when being compared to IL17 and IL23 level of the control group. Whereas, metformin 10% gels showed levels of IL17 and IL23 with significant different from induction group. In addition, metformin 15% gels exerted a significantly low level of IL17 and IL23. The possible considerable antipsoriatic activity of topical metformin gel through reducing scaling and erythema and mediated through modest anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing levels of IL17/23. --- ## Effect of vitamin C supplementation on serum Cotinine, MDA and vitamin C levels in smokeless Tobacco chewers **Authors:** Jaywant Thorat, Anand Joshi, Ajit Sontakke, Kanchan Wingkar **Published:** 2019-04-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.256 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cotinine, MDA, Oxidative Stress, Smokeless Tobacco, Vitamin C Smokeless tobacco is a commonly used drug in the world. Tobacco use in any form is a rising crisis for the population in developing countries. Tobacco contributes significantly to oxidative stress induced morbidity and mortality. The study was aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin C supplementation on serum cotinine, malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum vitamin C level in smokeless tobacco (ST) chewers. In addition, the study was aimed to evaluate the effect of duration of tobacco chewing on above-said parameters. A total number of 338 healthy participants of aged between 31 to 60 years were classified into two groups comprising of tobacco chewers and tobacco non-chewers. Tobacco chewers group further divided into three subgroups with respect to tobacco chewing duration. Participants were asked to take 1000 mg of vitamin C daily for 45 days. Serum cotinine, MDA and serum vitamin C were measured in all the participants before and after supplementation of vitamin C. Serum cotinine (p<0.001) and MDA (p<0.001) were significantly increased whereas serum vitamin C level (p<0.001) was significantly decreased in smokeless tobacco chewers as than to controls. However, serum cotinine (p<0.001) and MDA (p<0.001) were significantly decreased whereas vitamin C (p<0.001) level was significantly increased in both the groups after supplementation of vitamin C as compared to before. It was observed that the changes become more prominent with increased smokeless tobacco consumption duration. Daily intake of vitamin C may be beneficial to restore the oxidant-antioxidant balance in tobacco chewers. --- ## Antibiotics susceptibility pattern of some Enterobacteriaceae isolates from different clinical infectious sources **Authors:** Abbas Atyia Hammoudi **Published:** 2019-02-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1914 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Enterobacteriacae, E.coli, K.pneumonia, P.mirabilis, P.aeruginosa, Antibiotic susceptibility This study was conducted to isolate some bacteria from different clinical infectious sources and determine the antibiotics susceptibility pattern usually used for the treatment of these related bacteria. From the period March 2016 to August 2016, a total of 135 different clinical specimens such as urine (50) specimens, wound (45) specimens, blood (15) specimens, and sputum (25) specimens were collected from different hospitals at Baghdad City. Iraq. K. pneumoniae isolates showed the following percentage of resistance; Cotrimoxazole 100 %, ceftazidime 61.1 %, aztreonam 38.9 %, piperacillin 100 %, ciprofloxacin 66.7 %, amikacin 22.3 %, gentamycin 27.8 %, Also K. pneumoniae isolates showed no resistance to the antibiotics imipenem and meropenem. P. aeruginosa isolates showed frequency resistance profile; cotrimoxazole 100 %, ceftazidime 90 %, aztreonam 70 %, piperacillin 100 %, ciprof- loxacin 30%, amikacin 80 %, gentamycin 80 %, while P. aeruginosa isolates showed low resistance to the antibiotics imipenem and meropenem 20 %, 10 % respectively. P. mirabilis isolates showed the following percentage of resistance; cotrimoxazole 83.3%, ceftazidime 66.7 %, aztreonam 66.7 %, piperacillin 100%, ciprofloxacin 16.7 %, gentamycin 30.8 %, while P. mirabilis iso- lates showed no resistance to the antibiotics amikacin, imipenem and meropenem. The most recurrent pathogen isolated from different specimens in this study was Escherichia coli (31) (40.3%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (18) (23.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10) (13%), P. mirabilis (6) (7.8%). All the isolates showed high resistance rate of 100 % to piperacillin. --- ## Evaluation of the outcome of Kala-Azar Control Program in Iraq **Authors:** Aqeel Meer Al-Zamily **Published:** 2019-02-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1915 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Leishmaniasis, Kala-Azar, Control measures Visceral leishmaniasis has been recognized as an important public health problem in Iraq for the last 50 years, particularly in the southern governorates owing to its considerable impact on morbidity and its potential to spread in outbreaks and epidemics which impose a heavy burden on the national health services. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the national control measures in reducing the number of Kala-azar cases in Al-Diwaniyah governorate (which is a known endemic focus in Iraq), for the years 2007 and 2008. The results of this study at the district level for the years 2007 and 2008 regarding the number of Kala-azar cases and application of control measures revealed that the Kala-azar incidence rates in Al-Di- waniyah governorate for the years 2007and 2008 were 1.4 and 0.8 per 1000 in children less than five years, respectively. The number of Kala-azar cases recorded for the year 2007 was 399 cases, which constituted 12.2% of the total cases in Iraq, this included 216 cases (54.1%) from areas where active control measures (spraying, rodents control campaign and euthanization of jackals and stray dogs) were not applied, and 183 cases (45.9%) from areas were such measures were applied. In the year 2007, the differences in the number of cases between areas without and areas with control measures were highly obvious in all districts. In the year 2008, the differences in the number of cases between areas without and areas with control measures were highly obvious in all districts with the exception of Al-Hamza district. Comparison of the number of cases recorded during the year 2007 in areas before active intervention with the number of cases recorded in the same ar eas during the year 2008, after this intervention revealed that these active control measures were 58.8 % effective in reduction of Kala-azar cases. --- ## Design, Synthesis of 4-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1-benzofuran-3(2H)-one derivatives as new leads for anti-cancer activity **Authors:** Raghava Doonaboyina, Abhilasha Mittal, Sridhar Babu Gummadi **Published:** 2019-02-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1916 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Docking, Virtual Screening, ADMET, Anti-cancer activity, Skin cancer, G361 cell line, Sulforhodamine assay Benzofuranone is a bicyclic ring where a benzene ring fused with a furanone. Computation chemistry plays a major role in the development of new lead molecules. The final compounds were obtained in multistep synthesis reactions using benzofuran-3-one derivatives as starting materials which were gained in various synthetic ways. Synthetic chemistry plays a major in developing a series of potent anti-cancer agents. Benzofuranone was synthesised by reacting benzene diols, and triols with bromo phenyl acetonitrile yielded an imine derivative are converted to a ketone with treatment with hydrochloric acid then cyclised with sodium acetate. Computational tools docking, virtual screening, ADMET prediction are utilised in the identification of new lead molecules. The compounds identity and purity were confirmed by spectral and analytical methods. Benzofuranone derivatives are screened antineoplastic activity was performed against human skin cancer cell line G361 at micro molecular concentrations. The compounds, IIB, IIC was found to be with potent activity. --- ## The association between vaginal colonization by mycoplasma and adverse pregnancy outcomes **Authors:** Duha A. Aziz Naji, Yasamin Hamza Sharif Al-Shibany **Published:** 2019-02-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1917 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** PTL, PPROM, Chorioamnionitis, M.homonis, U.urealyticum, PCR assay Preterm birth & and low birth weight are a major health care problem and are significant contributors to perinatal morbidity, mortality, and long-term disability and ascending genital tract infection is a major cause of preterm labor. This study was aimed to examine the association between vaginal colonisation by genital Mycoplasma bacteria species of a pregnant patient with subsequent development of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm labor (PTL), preterm premature rupture of membrane (PPROM) and chorioamnionitis. A prospective cohort study included 75 pregnant patients with gestational age of (24-34) weeks attending the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department in Al- Diwaniyah Maternity and Pediatric Teaching Hospital, Iraq, from (February 2018-December 2018) who will exhibit obstetrical symptoms and signs of abdominal pain, uterine contractions, or cervical length shortening on transvaginal ultrasound (<25 mm), vaginal samples collected from those pregnant patients and all samples were tested for the presence Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticm bacteria by using molecular diagnosis method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and follow up of the patients for the development of adverse pregnancy outcomes as preterm labor, premature rupture of membrane and chorioamnionitis. It has been concluded there is an association between genital Mycoplasma in initiating adverse pregnancy outcome. --- ## Influence of tray type and different hardness of polyvinyl siloxane impression materials on the dimensional accuracy of dental implant impression **Authors:** Yagthan Mohammed Haider, Abdul-Hadi NF, Norehan Mokhtar **Published:** 2019-02-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1618 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Polyvinyl siloxane, Dental implant impression, Master casts, Panasil Dimensional accuracy is essential for the accurate construction of a dental implant impression. Materials used for taking an impression to play a significant role in producing an accurate implant impression. The present study was an evaluation of the dimensional accuracy of master casts obtained using different hardness impression materials and different trays with a closed tray impression technique. An acrylic master model of the lower dental arch with four parallel implant analogues was fabricated, and 90 implant impressions were made. Three groups (n= 30) were experimented using three different Polyvinyl Siloxane impression materials. Three types of impression trays were used, the first one was (self-cure acrylic) custom tray, and the other two were (plastic and metal) stock trays. The inter implant distances were measured on master casts using a digital microscope. Different hardness results were found, Mean and SD for Panasil (heavy body) were 58.600 (5.0959), while for Salginate (medium body) they were 51.800 (0.8465) and 49.433 (1.0367) were the values of Panasil (light body). On the other hand, values obtained from the analysis of dimensional accuracy results showed no significant difference (p= 0.01) in the casts obtained, it has been concluded that although different types of PVS impression materials have been used, no difference in dimensional accuracy has resulted. However, the results suggested that the Panasil (light body) impression material showed less hardness. Furthermore, it has been found that accurate casts can be obtained by using different types of impression trays. The rigidity of different types of trays has not made a significant difference in the accuracy of implant impressions obtained. --- ## Role of the enzymes derived from isolated bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa **Authors:** Reem Zuhair Shinashal, Eman Mohammed Hussein **Published:** 2019-02-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1884 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Proteolytic enzymes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Animal laboratory, Keratitis The study is included the effects of proteases enzymes producing by Pseudo- monas aeruginosa, which isolated from keratitis and wounds. two hundred samples were collected, 150 samples of them were keratitis, and fifty samples were wounds. Seventeen isolates (8.2 %) were obtained and diagnosed as P. aeruginosa.13 isolates (8.5%) from keratitis and 4 isolates (8%) from wound swabs. All bacterial isolates were diagnosed by biochemical tests. The production of elastase was tested by using elastin agar. Thirteen isolates (76.5%) had the ability to producing elastase. The isolates P7 and P11from keratitis and P2 from wounds had the larger hydrolysis zone (10, 10, 8 millimetres) respectively. The production of alkaline protease was tested by using solid cultures all of them had the ability to produce of the enzyme, the isolates P12 isolated from keratitis had the larger hydrolysis zone (22 millimetres). Also, the production of the enzyme was tested in liquid cultures all isolates from keratitis had the ability to the production of the enzyme, the isolates P12 had the specific activity 97.469 U / mg, while 50% of the wounds isolates had the ability to produce alkaline protease. --- ## Analytical method development and validation for the simultaneous estimation of ceftolozane and tazobactam in pure and pharmaceutical dosage form by RP-HPLC **Authors:** Subbareddy P, Divakar TE **Published:** 2019-02-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1908 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ceftolozane, Tazobactam, Bulk, Dosage forms, Method development, RP-HPLC, Validation The purpose of the present study was to develop a simple, accurate and precise method for the simultaneous estimation of Ceftolozane and Tazobactum in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form by RP-HPLC. Chromatograms were run isocratic way through the synchronis C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5μm) using the mobile phase consists of methanol and 1% sodium perchlorate in the ratio of (80:20) and pumped through the column with pressure 10.5±5MPa at a flow rate of 1ml/min. The temperature was maintained at 30°C. The optimised wavelength for Ceftolozane and Tazobactum was 254 nm. Retention times of Ceftolozane and Tazobactum were found to be 4.65 min and 8.86 min respectively. % RSD of the Ceftolozane and Tazobactum were found to be 0.523 and 0.599 respectively. The % Recovery of Ceftolozane and Tazobactum at each level was found to be not less than 98.11 %, 98.03 and not more than 99.84%, 100.10% respectively. The percentage purity of Ceftolozane and Tazobactum in combined dosage form were found to be 98.13% and 98.67% respectively. The coefficient of variance for both the drug was more than 0.999. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, limits of detection, limits of quantification, and robustness according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The proposed method can be used for routine quality control analysis of Ceftolozane and Tazobactum in bulk and combined dosage forms. --- ## In vitro antifungal study of green synthesized silver nanoparticles from Acacia nilotica leaves extract against a plant and human pathogens **Authors:** Magesh R, Sivakumar K, Karthikeyan V, Mohanasundaram S, Subathra M, Joseph J, Venugopal K, Sasikala R **Published:** 2019-02-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1901 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antifungal, Nanoparticles, Acacia nilotica, Silver Comparing to other nanoparticles, Silver nanoparticles have attained a special place in the field of nanotechnology due to their wider applications. This study was about to evaluate the green synthesized AgNPs for their effective Antifungal potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Antifun- gal efficacy of AgNps by using in vitro studies. In this investigation, aqueous extract of Acacia nilotica leaves was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The Bio-reduction and stabilization of formed AgNps were monitored by UV-visible spectrophotometer. The surface Plasmon resonance of these particles was approximately 430 nm. The Structural, Optical and morphological properties of the synthesized AgNps were characterized by using SEM with EDAX and FTIR. The phytochemical analysis of Acacia nilotica leaves extract had also performed using various methods. The Anti-fungal activity of Plant extracts and synthesized AgNps were tested against five fungal pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporium, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma reesei, Candida albicans and Rhizopus stolonifer using well diffusion method. --- ## Efficacy of navaka guggulu in the management of obesity: A case study **Authors:** Sherly Deborah G, Archana R, Suprava Das, Myat Thu Thu Win, Usha Kumari **Published:** 2019-02-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1315 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Autonomic function tests, Blood glucose test, Haematological routine tests, Knee jerk, Lipid profile test, Respiratory function tests, Thyroid function test Obesity is a global public health problem because of its increased prevalence and health effects. It is the most common disorder encountered in clinical practice, which has serious social and psychological dimensions that affect all age groups. A 28-year old married obese male whose body weight and height were 97 kilograms and 5.9 feet respectively showed a body mass index (BMI) of 30. All the examinations and tests were normal before the study. There were 3 weight reduction regimes that included only walking in the morning during the first month, followed by walking with dieting in the second month and in addition to dieting and walking, two tablets of Navaka Guggulu was prescribed to be taken daily. The vital signs, bowel habits, micturition habits and appetite were assessed daily. After the interventions, the weight reduction was observed at 0.5, 0.8 and 4.7 kgs at the end of the first, second and fourth month, respectively. The results of routine blood parameters, autonomic function tests and respiratory function tests were normal with an increase in the haemoglobin level, high-density lipids and a decrease in the total cholesterol level, triglycerides, low-density lipids and very low-density lipids. The present study showed that Navaka Guggulu was not only beneficial but also safe and efficacious in the treatment of obesity. --- ## Prevalence, socio-demographic variables, symptoms profile, and comorbidity of premenstrual dysphoric disorder **Authors:** Shiren Ali Al-Hamzawi, Balsam Kahtan Mohammed **Published:** 2019-02-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1905 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, Comorbid depression, Socio-demographic Variables The premenstrual dysphoric disorder is the severe form of premenstrual syndrome that consists of a cluster of somatic, effective, and behavioral symptoms triggered by the changes in the sex steroids levels which goes along with the ovulatory menstrual cycle. The disorder recurs each month and starting after the ovulation and ceases in a short time after the beginning of menses. The current study was aimed to study the prevalence, socio-demographic variables, symptoms profile and comorbidity of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in Iraqi women. A cross-sectional study performed on 200 Iraqi women of age (15-50) years during the period between 2nd of September 2017-30th of September 2018. The study was done in the outpatient department of gynaecology and obstetrics of Maternity and Children Teaching Hospital in Al-Diwaniyah city, Iraq. Each patient was assessed individually using a structured interview that includes the demographic characteristics, and the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool. The study revealed that (9%) of women were suffering from a premenstrual dysphoric disorder. It was present in (39%) of the younger women (18-24years of age) in compa ison to other age groups. The predominant symptom was severe anger or irritability (69.5%) and, (20%) of women with the premenstrual dysphoric disorder have comorbid depression. The premenstrual dysphoric disorder was more common in women of young age group, married, of moderate economic status, and of a higher educational level. The predominant symptom was severe anger or irritability. Women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder reported high comorbid depression. --- ## The ameliorating role of L-arginine and L-citrulline on gastric mucosal damage and lipid peroxidation in adult female rabbits with gastric ulceration induced by indomethacin **Authors:** Bassim Khamess Kuoti Al-Rekabi **Published:** 2019-02-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1903 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** L-Arginine, L-Citrulline, Gastric, Ulceration, LPO, Indomethacin, Female, Rabbits This study was designed to evaluate the anti-ulcerogenic effect of L-Arginine and L-Citrulline and their combination on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage in adult female rabbits. Thirty adult female rabbits 1.25-1.75 kg, 24-26 weeks old were randomly divided into five equal groups, 6 animals each as in following: Control group: received distilled water orally 5 ml/kg. First treated group (T1): received indomethacin orally 50 mg/kg/day for 48 hours. Second treated group (T2): received indomethacin for 48 hours and after 30 minutes received L-Arginine orally 2.5 mmol/kg/day for 7 days. Third treated group (T3): received indomethacin for 48 hours and after 30 minutes received L-Citrulline orally 2.5 mmol/kg/day for 7 days. Fourth treated group (T4): received indomethacin for 48 hours and after 30 minutes received a combination of half a dose of L-Arginine 1.25 mmol/kg/day and L- Citrulline 1.25 mmol/kg/day for 7 days. The animals were sacrificed after lasted 10 hours. The obtained results illustrated that female rabbits treated with L-Arginine and L-Citrulline significantly prevented gastric ulcer induction through significant (P<0.05) reduced in gastric juice volume and ulcer area with 100% inhibition of ulceration, significant (P< 0.05) increase in gastric pH and almost return to its normal level compared to control value. It has been concluded that combination of L-Arginine and L-Citrulline appeared the best protective effect against gastric ulcer better than each drug alone in the indomethacin-treated group with a normal histopathological structure related with normal glandular stomach, numerous number of parietal cells in lamina propria. --- ## Insilco screening, and Synthesis of 5-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1-benzofuran- 3(2H)-one derivatives as novel potent leads as anti-cancer agents **Authors:** Raghava Doonaboyina, Abhilasha Mittal, Sridhar Babu Gummadi **Published:** 2019-02-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1910 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ADMET, Anti cancer activity, G361 cell line, Sulforhodamine assay Insilco technique in chemistry plays a major role in the development of new lead molecules. Computational tools docking, virtual screening, ADMET prediction are untilised in the identification of new lead molecules. A series of new benzofuranone derivatives IVA-F, containing a heterocyclic substituent linked to benzofuranone nucleus at C-2 were synthesized as potential antitumor agents. These products were synthesized starting with benzene 1.4 diol. The structures of all compounds were established on the basis of analytical and spectral data. The synthesized compounds were tested against human skin carcinoma cell line (G361) and all were found to be more potent of which compound IV B and IV F was the most active. --- ## Synthesis of 5.6-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-1-benzofuran-3(2H)-one derivatives as new leads for anti-cancer activity **Authors:** Raghava Doonaboyina, Abhilasha Mittal, Sridhar Babu Gummadi **Published:** 2019-02-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1911 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Docking, Virtual Screening, ADMET, Anti-cancer activity, Skin cancer, G361 cell line, Sulforhodamine assay Benzofuranone derivatives are of great interest in medicinal chemistry and have drawn considerable attention due to their diverse pharmacological profiles including anticancer activity. Similarly, chalcones, which are common substructures of numerous natural products belonging to the flavonoid class, feature strong anticancer properties. A novel series of 5.6- dihydroxy-2-phenyl-1-benzofuran-3(2H)-one derivatives were designed, synthesized, and characterized. In vitro antitumor activities of the newly synthesized (VA-F) were determined by using human skin cancer cell lines. Antitumor properties of all compounds were determined by 5.6-dihydroxy- 2-phenyl-1-benzofuran-3(2H)-one (MTT) assay. Cell viability assay for the tested flavone compounds was performed, and the values of the compounds were calculated after 24-hour treatment. Our results indicate that the tested benzofuranone compounds show antitumor activity against human skin cancer cell lines. --- ## Comparative study on conventional lecture classes versus flipped class in teaching conservative dentistry and endodontics **Authors:** Deepak Nallaswamy V, Pradeep Solete, Subha M **Published:** 2019-02-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1904 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Flipped class, Conventional class, Lectures, Conservative dentistry, Endodontics, Final year graduates In the modern era every knowledge providers designs the class in such a way that students understand every possible concepts. In the Dental education system where the students have to conceptualize the lectures as it mandates for them to do day to day dental procedures. The aim of this prospective study is to evaluate students performance university examination of conservative dentistry and endodontics subject. A total of 150 students enrolled in this study from two consecutive academic sessions. In Group I (2015- 2016) final year graduate students of 75 students received conventional class room lectures; group II (2016-2017) final year graduate students of 75 students received flipped class room lectures. The curriculums for both the groups were approved from the department of conservative dentistry and endodontics, Saveetha dental college and committee members for education, Saveetha University. At the end of each academic year marks scored out of 200 marks were obtained and subjected to statistical analysis. All the students cleared the university examination held at respective academic years for both the groups. The mean marks obtained for CCR group was 130.93 ± 9.12 and for FCR group was 150.35 ± 10.93.). Independent samples test revealed there is highly significant difference seen (p <0.01). Flipped class room showed promising results when compared to conventional class room groups in conservative dentistry and endodontics subject amongst final year graduate students. Designing the curriculum for flipped class room lectures takes some additional time than conventional classes. The number of distinctions obtained in flipped class room group was higher than conventional class room group. --- ## Effect of endurance exercise on attention and depression in Parkinson’s disease patients - A new approach **Authors:** Sujatha B, Sarumathi S, Tinu Priya R **Published:** 2019-02-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1318 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Parkinson’s disease, Endurance exercise, Stretch-balance training, Digit-symbol task, Hospital anxiety, Depression scale Aim of the study is to determine the effects of endurance exercise on depression and attention deficiency in people with Parkinson’s disease patients. The methodology of the study is,15 participants with Parkinson's disease were selected both male and female from the neurological rehabilitation centre, Chennai. The purpose and procedure of the study were completely explained to the participants, and informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Depression scale and the digit-symbol task was evaluated before starting the exercise program and participants were randomized into two groups (Group A and Group B). This study compared the effect of endurance exercise to stretch-balance training. The exercise program was given for a duration of 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, Hospital anxiety & depression scale and digit-symbol task were used to check for the progress. The result we determine from the statistical analysis, it has been revealed that depression symptoms decreased with endurance exercise and stretch-balance training but didn't show any significant improvement on attention with endurance exercise while with stretch-balance training it shows minimal improvement. Hence, we conclude that endurance exercise is a viable intervention in PD that can be used as a protective technique against depression symptoms and can also be used for improving attention in people with Parkinson’s. --- ## Evaluation of antioxidant potential in fresh and boiled juice of purslane leaves **Authors:** Balamurugan Pandiyan, Ranjithkumar Dhanaraj, Sumayya Rehaman, Sakthipraba Sampath, Malashree Lakshmanan, Anitha Jebamalai Raj, Sangilimuthu Alagar Yadav **Published:** 2019-02-19 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1906 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Portulaca oleracea, Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant activity, Phenolic content, Reactive oxygen species, Oxidative stress Free radical scavenging potentials of fresh and cooked Purslane (Portulaca oleracea - Portulacaceae) was estimated by in vitro antioxidant assays. Antioxidant activity of fresh aqueous juice and cooked aqueous filtrate of purslane leaves were evaluated against synthetic free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS.+ and the results were comparable with that of the reference antioxidant L-Ascorbic acid. The juices showed high antioxidant activity using DPPH and ABTS.+ assays with increasing concentration of juice extracts. The total phenolic content was quantified and found to be 55.26±1.04 and 26.15 ±1.25 mg/g evaluated by the gallic acid corresponds to fresh and cooked filtrate respectively. The IC50 values of fresh, cooked filtrate and L- ascorbic acid were 145.15 ± 1.85, 85.35 ± 2.17 µg/ml and 65. 40 ± 3.66 µg/ml respectively in DPPH antioxidant assay and likewise the IC50 values of fresh, cooked filtrate and L-ascorbic acid found to be 227.35±1.45 µg/ml, 151.15±1.05 and 65.15±2.89 µg/ml, respectively in ABTS.+ antioxidant assay. Comparatively the inhibitory concentration of purslane leaves was high in cooked filtrate juice than the fresh aqueous juice. --- ## Antihyperglycemic effect of Portulaca pilosa Linn. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats **Authors:** Arul Balasubramanian, Vijayarangan Sivasamy, Manivannan Ekambaram, Kothai Ramalingam **Published:** 2019-02-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1900 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Portulaca pilosa, Antihyperglycemic, Streptozotocin The antihyperglycemic activity of ethanolic extract of Portulaca pilosa Linn. was evaluated against streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The blood glucose levels were calculated at various time intervals of 0, 1, 2 and 3 h after the administration of ethanolic extract of P.pilosa. The ethanolic extract reduced the blood glucose levels significantly when it was administered at three doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. It reduces the blood glucose level from 334.67±5.27 to 134.57±6.49 at 3h after the administration of 200 mg/kg of ethanolic extract. The antihyperglycemic activity was evaluated in comparison of the administration of an oral hypoglycemic agent, Tolbutamide. --- ## Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in orange mud crab (Scylla olivacea) from Sungai Merbok, Kedah **Authors:** Haidr Msahir Ateshan, Rosmilah Misnan, Som Cit Sinang, Alsailawi HA **Published:** 2019-02-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1897 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Orange Mud Crab (Scylla olivacea), Heavy metal, Bioaccumulation Scylla olivacea is the most prevalent edible mud crab species in Peninsular Malaysia. However, mud crab can accumulate high contaminations from the surrounding environment resulting in health risk to consumers. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the selected heavy metal accumulative concentrations in Scylla olivacea from Sungai Merbok, Kedah. Adult crab samples were collected every three months for one year (August 2017, November 2017, February 2018 and May 2018) from selected areas in Sungai Merbok, Kedah. The heavy metal accumulation levels in the crab tissues were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentration of heavy metals ranged from 0 to 4.81 ppm for Chromium (Cr), 0 to 0.49 ppm for Manganese (Mn), 0 to 8.3 ppm for Iron (Fe), 0 to 0.33 ppm for Nickle (Ni), 3.2 to 66.07 ppm for Zinc (Zn), 0.33 to 2.55 ppm for Arsenic (As), 0.11 to 0.77 ppm for Lead (Pb), and below the detectable limit for cadmium (Cd). The mean concentration of Cr, Fe and as were 1.52 ± 2.26 ppm, 2.09 ± 4.14 ppm and 1.68 ± 0.95 ppm respectively, slightly higher than the maximum permissible limits set by Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and Malaysian Food Regulation. This study indicated that the accumulation of Cr, Fe and as was high in the edible tissues of Scylla olivacea from Sungai Merbok, Kedah, which can trigger adverse effects on consumer's health. Hence, a detailed investigation needs to be addressed to determine the pollution status in crabs inhabiting along the Sungai Merbok waters. --- ## Treatment of chronic myofascial pain syndrome associated with parafunctions by use of botulinum toxin type A **Authors:** Ali Abd Al-Hur Al-Ibrahemy, Muhanned Salah Abdulsattar, Ali S. Al-Haddad **Published:** 2019-02-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1898 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Parafunctions, MPDS, Muscle relaxant injections technique, Botulinum Toxin Type A, Clinical dysfunction index Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) as a psychophysiological disorder has been developed due to the hyperactivity of mastication muscles. Stress has probably induced parafunction such as bruxism and clenching. The term generally applied for muscle pain and occurred with palpation is “myofascial pain.” Diagnosing and explaining the pathology in terms of muscle pain is under research. Few treatment methods have been attained including education, self-care, physical therapy, intraoral appliance therapy, short-term pharmacotherapy, behavioral therapy, and relaxation techniques such as Botox injections on the masseter and temporalis muscles. The purpose of the study is to define the efficacy of the botulinum toxin type A in the chronic masticatory muscle-spasm treatment of elevators muscles to relief the orofacial pain by Helkimo index criteria (a clinical dysfunction index type) usage. The current study has been conducted in a clinical examination with 18 patients including 17 females and one male in with age range of 17-48 with MPDS by using of Helkimo index criteria. The local injection of botulinum toxin type A has constituted an in- novative and efficient treatment for chronic facial pain related to hyperactivity of the masticatory muscles. The painful symptoms might be improved in all samples with no reaction to conservative treatment methods and physical therapy. Also, Botox therapy has seemed beneficial in nocturnal bruxism treatment. Another study with more samples is recommended to confirm the outcome of this study. --- ## Prescription analysis of statins in patients with cardiovascular diseases and other comorbidities in various tertiary care hospitals at Salem district, Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Arul B, Jitty Sara Mathew, Lekshmi Mohan, Krishna Prasad TK, Kothai R **Published:** 2019-02-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1899 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cardiovascular diseases, Comorbidities, Prescription patterns, Statins The present study was conducted to analyse the prescription patterns of statins in patients with cardiovascular diseases and other comorbidities in various tertiary care hospitals at Salem district, Tamil Nadu, India. This prospective observational study was carried out for a period of 6 months from November 2017 to April 2018 in which 200 prescriptions were selected for the study by considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 200 prescriptions were analysed. Patients of above 60 years’ age group were mostly diagnosed n=87 (43.5%) of cardiovascular diseases. Male patients n=142 (71%) were more prone to CVDs than female patients n=58 (29%). Most of the patients were diagnosed with CAD n=66 (33%) followed by dyslipidemia n=33 (16.5%) and hypertension n=27 (13.5%). Out of 165 patients diagnosed with comorbidities, most of the patients were found to have DM about 104 (63%). The results showed that among the various statins, Atorvastatin-10mg about 100 (50%) was the most commonly prescribed drug than Rosuvastatin (n=80; 40%) and Simvastatin (n=20; 10%). --- ## Flipped classes and its effects on teaching oral and maxillofacial surgery **Authors:** Deepak Nallaswamy V, Abhinav A, Subha M **Published:** 2019-02-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1902 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Flipped class, Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental students The aim of the study was to compare the outcomes of the traditional method of teaching to the flipped classes’ method of teaching in the subject of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery among undergraduate dental students. A total of 150 students pursuing their Bachelor in Dental Surgery were included in this study over a period of two years. 75 students were part of the traditional teaching group and 75 were part of the flipped class group. The final examination marks were collected and statistical analysis was done. The mean marks secured by the students in the traditional teaching group was 116.69±8.49 and for the flipped class group was 128.72±10.34. The results were statistically significant. (p≤0.05). The flipped class method of teaching improved the performance of the students in the exams. The usage of these flipped classes in medical education is advocated. --- ## Determination of enterotoxin genes in Bacillus cereus from raw milk using multiplex polymerase chain reaction technique **Authors:** Nisreen Jawad K, WS Aqma, Fathul K, Heng Lee Y, Asmat A **Published:** 2019-02-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1895 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bacillus cereus, Enterotoxin genes, Multiplex polymerase chain reaction, Raw milk A Gram-positive bacterium, which can usually be found in cultivating plants and soil, causing it commonly universal is regarded as Bacillus cereus. It is said that most strains present in B. cereus is specifically called the primary cause of food poisoning illnesses which is characterised by either emetic or diarrheal syndrome, the most essential purpose of the current research was, therefore, to isolate and identify the enterotoxin genes in B. cereus through using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR)technique. To achieve this aim, thus B.cereus was isolated from raw milk then cultured on mannitol egg yolk polymyxin agar and chromogenic B. cereus agar. The samples were then examined using biochemical investigation then established using partial sequencing of 16SrDNA. Among 40 samples, 20 of them were found to contain hblC and hblD, a hemolytic enterotoxin (HBL) complex encoding genes. The total mean of contamination samples in the B. cereus was proved to be higher (1.4×105 – 3.2×105 CFU/mL) than the acceptable detection level of B. cereus in dairy products ~103 CFU/mL. The isolates (10%) were shown to express hblC gene whereas the isolates (20%) were shown to express the hblD gene. The findings suggested that the detected enterotoxin genes of B. cereus which were found in raw milk may create a potential danger to the health of the public. --- ## Recurrent sailoblastoma in female child after a 12-month course of chemotherapy **Authors:** Muamer Alshalah, Sameem SM Baker, Nazar J. Metib **Published:** 2019-02-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1892 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Sailoblastoma, Malignant, Tumour Sailoblastoma is a very rare salivary gland neoplasm, often congenital or discovered after birth during the infancy period. The parotid gland is the favourite's site of sialoblastoma and has a significant variable histological appearance and clinical course. Sialoblastoma responds well to complete surgical excision, so we should start in the management of such neoplasms with a surgical option at first with or without a course of chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and the patient should follow up to prevent recurrence or metastasis. --- ## Biochemical study of the association between serum level of Zinc, Copper and Selenium with hormone of thyroid in thyroid disorders **Authors:** Araa Ali Hadi, Hamed Ibrahim Mohammed **Published:** 2019-02-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1893 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** T3 triiodothyronine, T4 tetraiodothyronine, Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid disorders The current study has been performed in AL-Hussein General Hospital, Imam Zine ALabiden Hospital, and one clinic in Karbala to determine the value of thyroid hormone including T3 triiodothyronine, T4 tetraiodothyronine, thyroid stimulating hormone and the concentration of Zinc, Copper and Selenium in patients with thyroid disorders of hyperthyroidism 31 and hypothyroidism 26 and their relation. All patients are females in the age of 20 to 55 years old beside the control groups including 50 healthy females selected from the medical staffs or patients' relatives carrying out no signs and symptoms of thyroid disorders. The results of the study have shown that the concentration of serum zinc and copper in females with hyperthyroidism is higher than the control group (p <0.001), also the concentration of serum selenium in patient with hyperthyroidism is lower than control group (p<0.001), subsequently, the concentration of serum zinc, copper and selenium in females with hyperthyroidism is lower than control group (p <0.001) and the concentration of serum zinc in females with hyperthyroidism is lower than control group (p <0.001). --- ## Interpretations of hematological findings among Iraqi children with celiac disease in Kerbala city **Authors:** Lames H. Almanseekanaa, Raed H. Ogaili, Sameem S. M. Baker **Published:** 2019-02-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1894 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Celiac disease, Iron deficiency anaemia, Gluten intolerance Celiac Disease is a common systemic disorder including immunologic, genetic, and environmental factors. To describe the different haematological finding of Celiac Disease in Karbala city. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the Children Teaching Hospital in Karbala city comprising data sheets of complete blood count (CBC) for 119 children, 70 males and 59 females (with the average age of 7). Tissue transglutaminase antibody (IgA and IgG) are performed for all patients after recording their history and clinical examination. CBC results are divided into three categories as 1) red blood cells (RBC) showing iron deficiency or anaemia, 2) white blood cells (WBC) showing the status of disease if it's in the acute or chronic state serological obtained from tissue transglutaminase antibody (IgA and IgG) and 3) clinical examination providing a new scientific explanation for the samples bordered to detect IgA and IgG. Celiac Disease is associated with a diversity of haematological findings especially Iron deficiency anaemia characterised by no response to iron supplement, leukopenia, lymphopenia, neutropenia, and eosinophilia, as well as thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis. Due to the interaction between the clinical signs of food intolerance against gluten and celiac disease, few other studies have been suggested. --- ## Advantages of the laparoscopic approach in the management of acute abdomen in Karbala governorate, Iraq **Authors:** Ali Hussein Abid Swailem Al-Tai **Published:** 2019-02-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1896 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acute abdomen, Diagnostic laparoscopy, Therapeutic laparoscopy, Laparoscopic-assisted open surgery, Open laparotomy Acute abdomen is a common surgical problem that needs experience and medical efforts to save lives and decrease diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. Laparoscopy is an excellent recent method to visualize the peritoneal cavity and give an accurate diagnosis of avoiding problems of management. The laparoscopic usage in the management of emergency help in - Early diagnosis as it considered as a diagnostic and therapeutic method. It has an important role in the avoidance of (negative) laparotomy. It also helps in shortening of the period of hospitalization and so decreases medical cost the role of laparoscopic approach in cosmetic and morbidity outcomes is very prominent. A prospective study was performed by following up of 60 patients of acute abdomen who admitted to the emergency unit of Al-Hussein teaching hospital. (All of the studied cases were investigated first by imaging investigations like (Ultrasonography and X-ray of chest and abdomen). The most frequent clinical features in this study were a pain- The most common local (abdominal) sign while the most common systemic sign was a fever. The most common condition is acute appendicitis (50%) sometimes accompanied by drainage of free fluids. Laparoscopic peptic perforation repair was done in 9% while 6% of cases were adhesive intestinal obstruction treated by freeing adhesolysis. Enteric perforations constituted 6% of cases. 5% of cases were ended with laparoscopic-assisted surgeries when 2combined approaches were needed, but the main role was for laparoscopy. --- ## Knowledge attitude and practices of smoking habits among transgender living in Chennai city **Authors:** Mathivadani V, Revathi Duraisamy, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2019-02-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1853 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tobacco, Bad breath, Nicotine, Transgender, Cancer Smoking is highly prevalent among transgender persons and contributes to health disparities. Many studies in the past 20 years have documented that transgender individuals smoke at rates that exceed the general population; yet, there have been few reports of smoking cessation interventions targeting this population. Stress, patronage of bars and clubs, and higher instances of alcohol use among the transgender community contribute to higher smoking rates. This study aimed to determine the knowledge attitude and practices of smoking habits among transgender living in Chennai city. Cross-sectional questionnaire study involving 100 transgender of Chennai City, Tamil Nadu to assess the smoking habits for an extended period of 20 days in November 2017. The study involved smoking habits, using of pan and Hukkah, oral hygiene and dental visits. All the obtained data was entered on Microsoft excel sheet and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, IBM, USA) version 20. From these results, it shows that 45% were not interested in controlling smoking, 44% were agreed that tobacco companies were using them to use the tobacco products , 65.1% did not care about the health warnings in the cigarette packets, 71% have not visited doctors to quit smoking , 69.4% were not aware of oral gum and bone problems because of smoking. Smoking habit among transgenders is more compared to others in Chennai city. Based on the results, transgenders have a high prevalence of Smoking habits, and it is recommended to conduct Smoking cessation programs must frequently be conducted to improve the health of a vulnerable subpopulation and to reduce the health illness by creating awareness on Smoking habit and its consequences. --- ## A review on the prevalence of marginal discrepancy between lithium disilicate and zirconia crowns manufactured using dental cad cam **Authors:** Shamit Thaper, Vinothkumar Sengottaiyan, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2019-02-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1859 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** CAD/CAM, Ceramic, Marginal Fit, Lithium Disilicate, Zirconia Dental CAD/CAM technology is gaining popularity because of its benefits in terms of manufacturing time, material savings, standardization of the fabrication process, and predictability of the restorations. When the CAD/CAM manufacturing process is employed, the number of steps required for the fabrication of restoration is less compared to traditional methods. One more benefit of CAD/CAM dentistry includes the use of materials and data acquisition instruments, that shows a non-destructive method of saving impressions, restorations and information that are saved on a computer and constitute an extraordinary communication tool for evaluation. --- ## Attitude of graduating dental students about children first dental visit **Authors:** Christopher Joel Simon M, Revathi D, Mahesh A **Published:** 2019-02-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1856 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Attitude, Children, Oral health, Dental caries, Dental visit Dental fear leads to a lack of child cooperation. In general, without the patient's cooperation, success in the remedy is impossible. Fear can be considered as an inevitable thrilling, a response to a certain external threat and with an identified origin in which individual is afraid without no clear reasons. Dental fear leads to lack of cooperation of the children and generally without the cooperation, treatment will not succeed, and this is why the child's dental fear and anxiety from dentistry services is the main concern of children, parents and dentists. Behaviour guidance/management of the child is an integral component in pediatric dental practice. A considerable percentage of children do not cooperate in the dental chair, limiting the provision of quality dental care. The dentist must rely on behaviour guidance or management techniques as alternatives or adjuncts to communication in treating the un- cooperative child. These techniques include tell-show-do (TSD), protective stabilization or physical restraints (both active and passive), hand-over- mouth exercise (HOME), though not recommended contemporarily, conscious sedation, and general anaesthesia. Behaviour guidance techniques (BGTs) are employed to establish communication, alleviate fear and anxiety, facilitate delivery of quality dental care, build a trusting relationship between dentist, child, and parent, and promote the child's positive attitude toward oral/dental health and to cope with dental treatment procedures under- taken. The aim of this study is to know about the Attitude of Graduating dental students about the children first dental visit. A questionnaire using the questions adapted from the several studies related to the attitude of graduating dental students about the children first dental visit was given to 50 students in our college. --- ## Used of nano silica particles to elimination larvae and virgins of mosquitoes Anopheles spp. **Authors:** Ikhlas Abbas Marhoon, Esraa Fadel Wathah **Published:** 2019-02-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1886 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nano silica particles, Anopheles spp, Larvae The present study aimed to clarify the effect of nano silica particles on the larval and the virgin activity of Anopheles spp. The results of this study showed that the highest mortality rate for the larvae was the larvae of the first stage where it reached 100% at 30 mg/ml concentration, while the second, third and fourth stages were 79.30, 71.98 and 68.21 respectively at the same concentration while the less mortality rate was (52.07) for the fourth stage larvae at 5 mg /ml concentration. For the virgins, the lowest loss was 5 mg/ml (57.34). The highest mortality rate was 100% at 30 mg/ml. --- ## Antioxidant properties and metabolites profiling of polyphenol-rich fraction from a folk mushroom, Macrocybe lobayensis, using different extractant **Authors:** Somanjana Khatua, Sandipta Ghosh, Krishnendu Acharya **Published:** 2019-02-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1877 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Free radical scavenging, HPLC, Phenol rich extract, Unique extraction process, Wild edible mushroom Antioxidant property of natural substances especially polyphenols is of current concern as it can protect human health from various chronic diseases. In this context, mushrooms have repeatedly been informed as a reservoir of several bioactive substances; although they still represent an almost untapped group. One such less explored fungus is Macrocybe lobayensis that has indigenously been accepted as gastronomic delicacy along different states of India. Thus, the present work was designed for the determination of free radical scavenging activity of polyphenol-rich fraction isolated from the taxon and for this purpose, a quite different extraction process has been followed to maximize yield. Initially, the formulation was characterized quantitatively and qualitatively to estimate therapeutic substances. Further, the extract was subjected to seven in vitro model systems to visualize the magnitude of antioxidant property. The fraction was found to be an assemblage of various components like phenol (pyrogallol>cinnamic acid> ferulic acid), flavonoid, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene with high recovery percentage. Besides, the formulation was detected to be extremely powerful for scavenging hydroxyl radical, followed by DPPH, ABTS and superoxide radicals. The fraction was also able to chelate metal ion efficiently while the reducing power was found to be moderate in action. Overall, the present study implies that M. lobayensis could be used in food; cosmetics, as well as pharmaceutical industry and in that note, the extracting method described herein, can be followed to prepare a fraction with high yield and strong antioxidant property. --- ## Antimicrobial activity of Cuminumcyminum extract against avian cholera in chicken embryo **Authors:** Fawiziah Khalaf Al-Harbi **Published:** 2019-02-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1888 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Avian cholera, Cuminumcyminum, Pasteurella multocida, antimicrobial, hemorrhage, atrophy, necrosis Avian cholera outbreaks are a serious threat to the health of poultry and overall stock viability resulting in terrible economic losses. Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of avian cholera. This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the seed extracts of Cuminumcyminum, an aromatic plant within the Apiaceae family, against avian cholera in broiler chickens. Five hundred fertilised chicken eggs were divided into three groups, control (C; n=300), second group (O; n=100) and the third group (O+U; n=100) and were injected with distilled water, P. multocida and P. multocida + Cuminumcyminum seed extract respectively. After 14 days of incubation, the embryos were extracted and the tissues processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining to study the histopathological changes in the stomach, intestine and spleen tissues. The tissues of P. multocida infected embryos demonstrated lesions, degeneration, atrophy, hemorrhage, necro- sis, karyolysis, congestion and desquamation whereas the control groups exhibited normal tissue histology. Interestingly, in spite of being infected by P. multocida, the tissues treated with Cuminumcyminum seed extract also demonstrated normal histology. The present study thus showed that Cuminumcyminum had an antibacterial role and protected the tissues from the damage induced by the avian cholera infection. --- ## Antioxidant effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) root on testis and spinal cord tissues of avian influenza virus-infected chicken embryo **Authors:** Fawiziah Khalaf Al-Harbi **Published:** 2019-02-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1891 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Avian influenza, Maca, cytopathic, necrosis, edema, hemagglutinin, neuraminidase This paper focuses on the antioxidant effect of powder extracts from Maca on the testis and spinal cord tissues of chicken embryo infected with the avian influenza virus. An experiment was conducted on 500 embryos; 300 eggs were used as a control, and each of the remaining 100 eggs was infected with the avian influenza virus. One of the powder extracts was also injected. After an incubation period of 19 days, the embryos were studied through histopathology, and different histopathological changes recorded. The paper then discusses the various morphological patterns seen in the specimens. The avian influenza virus causes cytopathic effects in the cells of the embryo that manifest as edema, necrosis, and fibrosis. The antioxidant effects of the Maca plant extract protect the cells from these changes in the group of embryos injected with powder. We found that Maca plant can inhibit avian influenza from in vitro replication. It also protects body cells from the oxidative effects of resulting inflammation. --- ## Conventional lectures vs the flipped classroom: Comparison of teaching models in undergraduate curriculum **Authors:** Deepak Nallaswamy V, Subha M, Asha R **Published:** 2019-02-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1913 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Education Research, Flipped Classroom, Innovative Pedagogy, Dental curriculum, Teaching/Learning Strategies, Periodontics Education has been in the forefront of a catalyzing change due to the advent of technology and newer ideologies that has revolutionized today’s class- rooms. The educators are looking into newer teaching models to produce successful graduates in the current era. Primary research on a new pedagogy technique known as ‘The flipped classroom’ has been positive and its implementation in the undergraduate dental curriculum has been the least explored in educational research. The aim of this study was to compare the ac ademic performance of undergraduate dental students using conventional lectures and ‘The Flipped Classroom’ for the subject of Periodontics. This ret rospective study was conducted in two groups of undergraduate students who belonged to two academic years: Group I 2016 (n=75); Group II 2017 (n=75). Group I students learned the subject of Periodontology with conventional lectures whereas, Group II students were taught with ‘The Flipped Classroom’ where subject videos were viewed prior to the class session and interactive in-class activities were employed. The academic performance (summative assessment) of the students was evaluated using a written examination conducted at the end of final year of their undergraduate course. The comparison of the summative assessment was performed using independent t-test. The academic performance of Group II students (140.03 ± 7.14) was better than Group I students (129.21 ± 11.43) and statistically significant with p-value 0.000. Our implementation of the flipped classroom for Periodontology topics showed a promising platform for technology in education and with a significant improvement in the student’s academic performance when compared to traditional lectures. --- ## Malocclusion due to early surgical management of newborn cleft lip and palate **Authors:** Ebtisam A. Kadhim, Adnan R-Al Assal, Galib Masudi **Published:** 2019-02-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1889 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Malocclusion, Cleft lip, Cleft palate, Orthodontic prosthesis The early surgically repaired cleft L/P patients specially bilateral most of them will complain at future from malocclusion, velopharyngeal incompetence and speech problems due to displacement and deficiency of premaxilla and maxillary segments, while the early treatment by the use of orthodontic prosthesis and continuous separation of oral and nasal cavities to restore the anatomical and function is necessary for each cleft palate patients to create normal pattern of feeding, speech, hearing and facial growth. In this study, we focus on the problems resulting from early surgical treatment which lead to different premaxilla and maxillary segment movements which lead to different type of malocclusion and classified them according to these types of movements. 60 Iraqi patients were surgically repaired their cleft L/P during the first year of life was chosen randomly as a study group and a set of study casts were taken for each patient and classified them into four groups according to the development and direction of the segment. Group I: The collapse of maxillary segments bilaterally, medially with protrusion of premaxilla. Group II: The collapse only one lateral segment medially. Group III: Bilateral maxillary segments separated laterally with Regression of premaxilla backwards. Group IV: Normal lateral segments and very little protruded premaxilla. The percentage of each group was 32% G4, 30% G1, 25% G2 and the least was group3, ITS' percentage 13%. It was concluded from this study that the coop- erative intervention between the orthodontist and maxillofacial surgeon and the early treatment of Cleft L/P infant by orthodontic prosthesis is the most versatile treatment, and the severity of collapse during early surgical treatment depends on the size and site of the cleft L/P. --- ## Awareness on interocclusal record materials among dental interns in private dental colleges in Chennai **Authors:** Sharanya H, Vinothkumar Sengottaiyan, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2019-02-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1858 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Interocclusal record materials, dental interns, elastomers, Zinc oxide eugenol, waxes To assess awareness among dental interns about interocclusal record material used in prosthodontics. The interocclusal registration material records the three-dimensional relationship between the Maxilla and mandible. The material to be used should have appropriate properties as it plays a vital role in establishing and recording this relationship. A clear understanding of various materials and their properties helps in making a choice that satisfies all the required characteristics. A self-administered questionnaire with ten questions was prepared and circulated among 100 dental interns from private dental colleges. The data were extracted, and the level of awareness was analysed. The results of the present study concluded the knowledge and awareness with regards to interocclusal record materials were only moderate among the dental students. Hence, more treatment awareness and education programs need to be initiated to improve this situation. --- ## Effect of abscisic acid and superabsorbent polymer on tolerance of Abelmoschus esculentus to drought **Authors:** Intedhar Abbas Marhoon **Published:** 2019-02-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1885 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Abelmoschus esculentus, Abscisic, Polymer, Drought The experiment was conducted during the agricultural season (2016-2017) to study the effect of paper spraying with Abyssic acid and mixing polymers with soil to grow the Abelmoschus esculentus under different irrigation periods. The experiment developed with the design of complete random sections as a global experiment with three replicates. The first factor included irrigating factors (irrigations 3, 6, 9) day and spray agent with Abyssic acid at concentrations (0, 3, 6) mg / L and the third agent mixing polymers with soil, Soil mixed with polymers (0.5 kg / m2) with a depth of 20 cm. The results showed that the increase in the duration of the irrigation period to 9 days resulted in a decrease in the characteristics of the study (dry weight, chlorophyll content, relative water content in leaves) and a clear increase in the percentage of water deficit in the soil while irrigation every 3 days significantly exceeded the studied traits. The results showed that spraying plants with Abyssic acid and its different concentrations, especially 6 mg / L, led to a clear increase in the traits studied. Mixing the soil with polymers has led to a marked improvement in the studied indicators and increased plant resistance to water scarcity. Interaction factors between the duration of irrigation with alfalfa and the addition of soil polymers showed a significant effect on most studied traits. --- ## Peer assisted team-based learning in undergraduate dental education **Authors:** Deepak Nallaswamy V, Sri Rangalakshmi, Subha M **Published:** 2019-02-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1890 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Peer team, teaching, dental curriculum, undergraduate, dental education The teaching system has seen an evolution in the same regard, from blackboard teaching to whiteboard teaching to smart board teaching. We now step foot into a new era of teaching with fresher minds to influence and shape. The present study mainly focuses on a rather new method of teaching called ‘Peer lead Team-based learning'. The method focuses mainly on the students and their active participation in the involved topic. To conduct the study, a batch of dental students were taught and were later assessed. The students thus specified are undergraduate students who were pursuing their 2nd year BDS at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. The total number of students that were considered was about thirty-three students. The students were of the age group of about 19-23 years. The subject that was imparted to these students in this method is Dental Materials which was initially perceived to be difficult by the 2nd year candidates. On completion of the period of study, the students were asked to take up an exam in the usual pattern prescribed by the University. The marks thus obtained were analysed with the previous tests and a questionnaire was filled by each student to obtain their perception towards this teaching system. On the analysis of the test scores, it was obtained that there was a significant difference in the average class score. There was a mean difference of about 8-11 marks on analysis of various tests. Thus this proves that the teaching system is immensely efficient. The responses from the questionnaire were assessed and it proved that the teaching system is welcomed by the student community. The teaching system is successful in a dental curriculum and under ideal conditions the system would be successful in other courses but has to be tested to confirm the same. --- ## A survey on various jaw relation methods used for complete denture fabrication among private dental practitioners in Kanyakumari district - A questionnaire-based study **Authors:** Sandra Sagar, Antonette Rhea, M Dhanraj **Published:** 2019-02-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1855 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Orientation Jaw Relation, Vertical jaw relation, Centric relation, Tactile sensation, Occlusal Plane Fabrication of complete denture includes various steps that include primary impression making, border moulding, final impression, jaw relation, teeth arrangement, try-in and denture insertion. Jaw relation is an essential step in complete denture construction. The techniques adopted varies from one practitioner to the other. The purpose of the study is to assess the most commonly used Jaw relation methods in Complete denture fabrication among private dental practitioners in Kanyakumari district, South Tamil Nadu. The study was conducted among 50 dental practitioners in Kanyakumari district, South India. This study was done with the help of a structured questionnaire consisting of 10 valid questions related to various techniques and the commonly used Jaw relation technique for the fabrication of complete denture. An appropriate statistical analysis was conducted. About 92% of the dental practitioners reported that they don't use face-bow to do an Orientation jaw relation. According to 89% of the dental practitioners, the vertical dimension at occlusion is best determined by the patient's perception of comfort. Swallowing method is the most commonly used method followed to establish Centric relation by 90% of the dentists. Jaw relation techniques adopted vary from one practitioner to other. 60% of the Dentists were confident in establishing accurate Jaw relations while some of the general practitioners (38%) looked forward to more training programmes on Jaw relation techniques for successful Complete denture fabrication while others (40%) believed that it was not very necessary. --- ## Assessing the risk of hypertension and prehypertension; and its determinants among rural women **Authors:** Priyadarshini S, Sheila John, Madhanagopal R **Published:** 2019-02-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1878 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chewing betel nut, Cross-sectional, Hypertension, Prehypertension, Rural The increasing prevalence of hypertension in India as indicated by recent studies is a matter of public health concern, as it is one of the major risk factor for heart diseases, stroke, kidney failure and premature mortality. This cross- sectional survey was conducted among 200 women between the ages 20 to 60 years residing in a rural area of Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu. Statistical tests like Chi-square and logistic regression analysis were carried out to attain the study objective. Results showed that 20% of women were found to be hypertensive while another 21% were diagnosed with pre-hypertension. Among the total hypertensive 55% (22) were being diagnosed for the first time during the survey. Factors such as older age, personal history of diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension, higher body fat percentage and habit of chewing betel nut were associated with elevated blood pressure. Higher odds of developing hypertension were found to be in older women and individuals with a maternal history of hypertension. Intervention strategies to detect individuals with hypertension and prehypertension are needed to prevent the spread of cardiovascular diseases. --- ## Colorectal carcinoma: Surgical management, risk and prognostic factors: A retrospective study **Authors:** Ahmed Kh. Alsagban, Ali Raheem Almussawy, Hussein Abdulzahra Aljanabi **Published:** 2019-02-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1883 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Colorectal carcinoma (CRC), Surgical management, Prognostic factors Colorectal carcinoma (CRC), the most common malignant disease in industrialized societies; 875, 000 new cases being reported every year and approximately 500, 000 are dying to the CRC, and it is the commonest gastrointestinal tract cancer worldwide. The current study as aimed to address the pat- terns of clinical preSsentations, age, and gender distribution, methods of investigations and surgical management of colorectal cancer patients as well as identification of certain risk factors for the development of colorectal cancer and predictors of recurrence. This study was involving 45 patients with the new diagnosis of colorectal cancer admitted and treated at Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, Al-Qadisiyah province, Iraq in the period between January 2016 and January 2018. The most common postoperative morbidity was wound complications (5/45, 11%). Prognostic factors of recurrence included Clinical presentation: emergency cases had a risk of recurrence that it's twice the elective cases, Stage: patients with Duke's stage ³ C1 had a risk of recurrence that is 3 times more than those with stage < C1. Grade: patients with poorly differentiated tumours had a risk of recurrence that is six times more than those with well and moderately tumours. Adjuvant chemoradiation: patients who did not receive and or complete adjuvant chemoradiation were 30 times riskier for recurrence than those who received and completed their courses. There is an increase in the incidence of colorectal carcinoma in young age patients with about equal gender distribution, as well as bleeding per rectum and change in the bowel habit are the common presenting features with the rectum being the most common site. --- ## Effect of immature yellow melon seeds in inhibition of growth of cucumber and celery plants **Authors:** Ammar Adnan Tuama, Intesar Kareem Abdul Hassan, Khamael Ali Kareem, Rehab Ismail **Published:** 2019-02-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.96 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Immature melon seeds, Inhibition of seed germination, Cucumber, Celery plant Cucumis sativus is a vegetable crop belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family and originates from temperate, subtropical sub-humid areas. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of water extract of immature melon seeds in inhibition of seed germination of cucumber and celery plant. This study was conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Science, Faculty of Basic Education, Diyala University, Iraq. The seeds of these vegetables were selected and diagnosed in the herbaceous plant in the Department of Life Sciences. During the washing of immature seeds that were isolated from other melon residues. The results showed that the concentration of (0.1, 0.3, 0.7) and compared to the comparison models had the same effect in germination in seeds for cucumber. For celery plant only (0.7) gave the highest percentage of inhibition of celery seed plant and reached 20% Which was 80%. As for the length of the root only, the concentration of (0.7) gave the lowest rate for the cucumber and celery which amounted to 2.132 and 0.866 respectively, compared to the comparison treatment amounted to 5.932 and 1.399 respectively, in addition to other transactions. In addition, the concentration (0.7) gave the lowest length of the cucumber and celery time of 8.799 and 2.566 respectively, compared with the comparison treatment given to both plants 13.232 and 3.066 respectively, in addition to other treatments. As for the soft and dry weight of the cucumber plant, the concentration was given (0.7) the highest rate of soft weight at 0.2920, while the concentration (0.1, 0.3) gave 0.2057 and 0.0599 respectively, while dry weight gave the concentration (0.7). --- ## In vivo evaluation of speek coated titanium implants for dental applications **Authors:** Aravind Kalambettu, Thiyaneswaran Nesappan, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2019-02-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1851 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sulfonated polyether ether ketone, Titanium, Implants, In-vivo study, Osteointegration Titanium is the metal of choice for dental implants because of its biocompatibility and excellent osteointegration. In this study, the effect of the coating of titanium implants with sulphonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) was evaluated by in-vivo studies. The Ti implant samples were divided into 2 groups. The first group consisted of 5 Ti implants were coated with SPEEK while the second group was comprised of uncoated Ti implants which acted as the control group. These implants were implanted into rat tibia and were observed for 3 weeks. The rats were euthanised after 3 weeks, and the implants along with the attached bone were harvested and studied under a microscope. The histologic studies showed evidence of higher inflammatory response in the bone samples of coated implants when compared with the uncoated implants. The higher inflammatory response could be due to the presence of a solvent or a high percentage of sulphonation. Although the results of the study do not support the coating of SPEEK over the implants, further studies are warranted using varying degrees of sulphonation and different solvents. --- ## Comparing the effectiveness of the antibiotics and medicinal plants to influence the bacteria Propionibacterium acne which causing acne **Authors:** Hind Hamzah Abdulhussein, Ghaidaa Raheem Lateef Al-Awsi **Published:** 2019-02-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1852 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lavandula, Ocimum basilicum, Propionibacterium, Acne, Azadirachata indica The effect a group of plants was tested like. Ocimum basilicum oil Lavandula, Azadirachata indica against Propionibacterium acne acne-causing. The results showed the effect of aquatic extracts of plant leaves under study starting from the lowest user concentration of 100 mg/ml down to the largest inhibiting zone with a concentration of 500 mg/ml. Antibiotic, bacterial allergy testing was performed with the same concentration used for medicinal plants for comparison and demonstration of the synergistic effect of both species. It is believed that the differential effect on pathogenic bacteria is caused by both types of use due to the characteristic chemical composition of the plants under study and the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria as a result of excessive use of antibiotics or the abandonment of treatment From this study, we recommend the introduction of medicinal plants in the pharmaceutical industry to reduce the effects of antibiotics on the human body. --- ## Morphometric measurements of the placenta in low-risk singleton pregnancies among Kerala population and its clinical relevance **Authors:** Akshara VR, Ramakrishnan PK, Seema Valsalan E, Chitra S, Kumar Sai Sailesh, Sruthi M V, Benjamin W **Published:** 2019-02-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1847 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Placenta, Morphology, Morphometry, Low-risk pregnancies The present study was undertaken to observe the morphometric measurements of the placenta in low-risk singleton pregnancies among Kerala population and its clinical relevance. The current study included Placentas from 46 singletons low-risk pregnancies on normal deliveries. Placental parameters were collected by standard methods in the literature. Out of 46 placentae, the shape of the placenta is round in 60.8%oval in 34.78% and irregular in 4.34% cases. The cord insertion is central in 47.82%, eccentric in 39.13%, marginal in 4.34%, velamentous in 4.34%andfurcate in 4.34% cases. The mean birth weight of the neonate in this study Mean, and standard deviation of baby weight is 2.87 ± 0.47kg ranging from 1.42 – 3.85kg. The placental birth weight ratio (PBWR) was 16% and FP ratio 6:1. The mean birth weight of male babies are460.81+ 66.77g. The mean birth weight of male babies is 478+ 65.66 g. The present study was in accordance with the studies conducted in other parts of India. Ethnic differences were reported between the Asian and European population. The study recommends more detailed study in more samples in different population groups. Examination of the placenta is very important and should examine properly before discarding even though the baby is healthy because it can be a predictive tool for future health risks. --- ## A study of some physiological and hormonal criterion in males infected thalassemia **Authors:** Wijdan Thamer Mahdi **Published:** 2019-02-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1874 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hormonal, Thalassemia, Genetic Diseases, Ferritin The current study was conducted in the Department of Biological Sciences / Faculty of Science / University of Al- Qadisiyah and in collaboration with the Genetic Diseases of the blood center in the city of Diwaniya for the period from (1/12/2017) until 1/6/2018, 30 male samples were taken and aged be- tween 20 and 45 years were divided into two groups The first included 20 samples of males with thalassemia the second group consisted of (10) samples non-infected male representing the control group. (5ml) was withdrawn for the purpose of examining blood parameters and level (Ferritin) as well as measuring the level of male sex hormones Lh and Fsh for both the patient group and control. The results showed a significant decrease of p <0.05 for all blood and hormone parameters for the group of patients compared with the control group, with a significant increase in the level of iron stock for pa- tients compared to control group. --- ## A review on Salmonella bacteria in human and animal **Authors:** Reem Zuhair Shinashal **Published:** 2019-02-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1876 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Salmonella, Typhoid, Gram-negative Salmonella (Salmonella) is a bacterium (like sticks), which is very common in nature and in many organisms. There are more than 2, 000 different species, and over 200 of them cause diseases in humans. Secondary infections are therefore possible. In general, the enemies of this virus are orally (through the mouth), through ingestion of contaminated food and / or water. This germ can contaminate food and poison it in a way that affects thousands of patients. Salmonella infections in poultry are responsible for many acute or chronic disease cases. Three forms of the disease are taken. The first is the salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum. Salmonella gallinarum causes chicken typhoid, but it rarely causes inflammation of the bowel in humans. Absolutely a systemic infection of experimental lab animals. --- ## The depression among cancer patients during chemotherapy and its relation to demographic and social data **Authors:** Alaa Abdulrazzaq Alanbagi, Rabab Hajwal Al-Zamily **Published:** 2019-02-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1873 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Depression, Chemotherapy, Cancer Depression considers one of the most common symptoms associated with malignancy that is difficult to detect and therefore treat. It consists of a significant psychological disorder, which worsens during chemotherapy and can continue after the end of chemotherapy or in the recurrence of treatment and adversely affect the quality of life. Depression often accompanies many symptoms, such as fatigue, weight loss and food disorders widely accepted as a result of cancer. The current study was to designed investigate depression symptoms among cancer patients during chemotherapy and its association with socio-demographic data. However, the difficult economic conditions and financial problems were the most obvious reasons and the unrecognised social problems of people who lost a partner or living alone who contributed to depression in the cancer patient. The treatment of patients with another type of cancer in another organ of the body or originally infected with Chronic diseases condition increases the patient's ill-being, lack of medication, supplies and frequent visits of the hospital, especially for visitors from villages outside cities, number of chemotherapy cycle Especially when the patient is responsible for the family. Patients during chemotherapy usually have symptoms as a result of their cancer or treatment side effect. These symptoms have been affected by the physical and emotional conditions of the patients and also have a negative effect on treatment. Cancer patients may be subject to psychological disorder during the clinical course of their illness. --- ## Molecular study of bacterial infection from hemodialysis patients in Wasit centre, Iraq **Authors:** Haethem Qassim Mohammed, Anwer Theab Shehab **Published:** 2019-02-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1848 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bacterial Infection, Hemodialysis Patients, Wasit, Iraq This study was conducted at the College of Medicine – Wasit University in Cooperation with the Wasit centre for dialysis from the period of October - 2017 to February -2018. It has been carried out on 100 urine samples and 100 blood samples from 100 hemodialysis patients referred to the Wasit centre of dialysis from both sex [male and female]. This study showed that from both 100 urine samples, and 100 blood samples, 40% UTIs, and 36% bacteremia. The main bacterial isolates from urine samples represented Escherichia coli (40%), and Proteus merabilis (11.1), Staphylococcus aureus (12.5%), Entero cloacae (12.5%), Pantoea spp (2.5) Klebsiella pneumonia (11.1), while bacterial isolates from blood samples are Pseudomonas aeruginosa (33.33%), and Staphylococcus aureus (30%), Pasteurella mulocida (19.44%), Entero cloacae (11.11%), and Streptococcus spp (2.55%). Antimicrobial sensitivity for Pseudomonas aeruginosa appeared sensitivity for Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime, and imipenem while Pasteurella mulocida showed sensitivity with Ciprofloxacin, Imipenem, aztreonam, and nalidixic acid. Escherichia coli observed sensitivity with Imipenem, Amikacin, Cefepime, Ciprofloxacin, and Nitrofurantoin. Bacteremia can be seen in a significant number of hemodialysis patients, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most universal organism isolated which is resistant to commonly used anti- biotics, a significant number of patients had asymptomatic urinary tract infection in which E.coli is the most frequent microorganism isolate by using culture and, bacterial isolates detected 100% by PCR technique. --- ## Synthesis and biological evaluation of some amides compound derivative of oxazole carboxylic acids **Authors:** Moayd N. Mohammed, Teeba Ibraheem Mohammed, Abbas A. Shalan Al-Saidi **Published:** 2019-02-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1814 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aniline, Antibacterial activity, Oxazole Carboxylic acid, Thionyl Chloride In this present a new series of amides from 4, 5 di benzoic acid oxazole, 4- benzoic acid -5- phenyl oxazole, 2-methyl 4,5 – di benzoic acid oxazole, 2- methyl-4 benzoic acid- 5-phenyl oxazole, 2-benzyl – 4.5 – di benzoic acid ox- azole with aniline. The structures of the synthesized compounds were deter- mined by their infrared, H- nuclear magnetic resonance and analysis elemental analysis spectral data and were tested for their antibacterial activity. The newly amides characterized by spectral IR table (2) spectral shown dis- appearance pf – COOH at 3500 cm and NH2 3320-3410 cm Absorption band in the other new derivative at (1770-1760) cm-1 to –C-NH) group of new amides because of mesomeric effect and characterized by C-H-N and H NMR. In this study of the effect of the prepared compound in the two types of bacteria isolated from a medical condition (human) and it has studied and diagnosed and proved their attributes. It has identified its resistance of different antibiotic that is also carried out the development operations and increased the numbers of these bacteria in temperature (37°C). --- ## Screening of antioxidant activity of Mucuna pruriens by in vivo model **Authors:** Rakam Gopi Krishna, Raja Sundararajan **Published:** 2019-02-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1875 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mucuna pruriens, Antioxidant activity, FRAP, Catalase, TBARS, GSH The present study was anticipated for reviewing the in vivo antioxidant influence of methanolic extract of Mucuna pruriens. Methanolic extract of the plant was given to rats separately at dissimilar binary amounts of 250 and 500 mg/kg for 21 days to estimate oxidative stress factors such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, ferric reducing ability of plasma & reduced glutathione and to evaluate antioxidant enzyme levels of catalase & superoxide dismutase. The Mucuna pruriens extracts of methanol deliberately (p<0.05) raised the ferric reducing ability of plasma on seven, fourteen and twenty- one days of treatment. Significant (p<0.05) decrease of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels beside with an upturn in the superoxide dismutase level in the liver and kidney at two dissimilar doses of the plant was witnessed. Management with a dose of 500 mg/kg b.wt of Mucuna pruriens pro- duced a significant progression in catalase levels. However, there was no major effect of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, superoxide dismutase & catalase in the heart and reduced glutathione level at two different doses of Mucuna pruriens was noticed. These outcomes recommend that the leaves of Mucuna pruriens have potent antioxidant activity which may be responsible for some of its reported pharmacological actions. --- ## A general review on the amoebiasis **Authors:** Fatima Ibrahim Mohammad **Published:** 2019-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1872 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Entamoeba histolytica, Amoebiasis, Parasitic diseases Entamoeba histolytica parasite causes amoebiasis or Amoebic dysentery, this parasite spreads all over the world, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions and spreads among the poor. This may be due to poor nutrition or unhealthy conditions. This disease is one of the most common parasitic dis- eases in the world. E. histolytica is responsible for the deaths of more than 100, 000 people annually, and this ranks third after malaria and Schistosoma in increasing the number of deaths caused by the infection of the primary parasite. E.histolytica has the ability to invade the intestinal mucus layer and spread to other organs especially the liver, causing the amoebic liver abscess. --- ## Positive therapeutic effects of Risperidone drug on autistic children (Trial Study) in Nassiriya city, Iraq **Authors:** Hussain Hlail Wda'a Al-Sayyad **Published:** 2019-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1849 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Positive effect, Risperidone, Autism, Trial study, Nassriya, Iraq Autism is one of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), mentioned to a significant disturbance in communication and social interaction, with a poor interest in normal behaviours. Risperidone is frequently the medication used that is licensed by (FDA), it revealed encouraging and favorable initial relief of both communication skill and social interaction through family, teacher impression and clinical interview at scoring levels of severity by downward fluctuation of its drug administration started with low dose from 0.5 mg per day with gradual increase according to tolerability and body weight until reaching 3 mg per day in divided dose that shows no extrapyramidal side effects. They were 5 years ago and above examined in a private clinic in Nassiriya city in Iraq, all cases were presented by their families for odd, aggressive behaviours and communication problems, they were exposed for two scales in first and second session to diagnose autism by ASD assessment scale and severity of the disorder by ASD assessment scale grading and scoring, all patients were treated with Risperidone for one month duration exposed to the same steps in the second interview to reveal the improvement rate, comorbid and probable risk also re-evaluated. Descriptive tables were used to reveal all percentages before and after the treatment. All participating children families gave oral and written consent. All steps, diagnosis and drug side effects were discussed to parents with hotline connection with them. Typical anti- psychotic Risperidone has magic and dramatic effects on controlling children overactivity, relatively verbal improvement and improves his acceptance to settle in the centre of autism and schools. --- ## Effects of methandienone on some hematological parameters, kidney and liver functions tests in male mice **Authors:** Abbas A. Mohammed, Ghassan M. Sulaiman, Marwah Y. Falih **Published:** 2019-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1845 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Methandienone, Cyclophosphamide, Blood parameters, ALT, AST, ALP, Urea, Creatinine, Mice Methandienone is widely used to treat many health problems such as aplastic anemia, wounds, burns, delayed puberty, early men climacterium, and has non-medical uses in fitness centres to increase physical activity and muscle volume. Abuse of methandienone was reported to impair its medical benefits and possibly to hepatic toxicity — the present study aimed at detecting the cytotoxic effects of methandienone in albino mice Mus musculus. For this purpose, 55 adult male mice were used and divided into 5 groups: negative control and positive control (cyclophosphamide) consisting of 5 mice and 3 other treated groups each consisting of 15 mice, methandienone was orally administered for 35 days to the mice in low, intermediate, and high doses with concentrations of 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/Kg body weight, respectively. Effects of treatment were measured using blood tests, including total white blood cell (WBC) count, total red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin level and blood platelets count. Effects on kidney and liver functions were also tested by measuring serum levels of urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Results show an abnormal change in blood parameters and increase in liver-kidney functions tests, and the effect was dose and time-dependent. From these results, we conclude that methandienone displayed a change in blood parameters and an increase in the activities of diagnostic marker enzymes in liver and kidney which may reflect significant damage in the structural integrity of liver and kidney. So, we may also suggest that the use of methandienone should be given to the patient or young men in gymnasiums in the proper pharmacological dose to avoid its toxic effects. --- ## A comparative study among effects of treatment with nifedipine, verapamil, diazepam or alpha-methyldopa on platelets count and behavior in women with preeclampsia **Authors:** Atyaf Hasan Mohammed, Nawfal A.M. Numan, Ghazi F. Al-Temimi, Nada N. Al-Shawi, Hayder Adnan Fawzi **Published:** 2019-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1844 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nifedipine, Verapamil, Diazepam, Alpha-methyldopa, Platelets count, Platelets behavior, Preeclampsia This study was conducted to investigate the role of platelets count and behavior in the pathogenesis of mild and moderate preeclampsia (PE). Also, the effects of the specific treatment regimen in both cases of preeclampsia investigated. In mild PE only nifedipine had significantly higher platelet count compared to those without treatment, while in moderate PE both verapamil and nifedipine had significantly higher platelet count compared to those without treatment. Concerning platelet response to ADP; in mild PE all drugs show an increase in response compared to those without treatment, a similar finding reported in moderate. While platelet response to collagen, in mild PE both diazepam and verapamil show increased response compared to those without treatment, in moderate PE methyldopa and verapamil show increased response compared to those without treatment. In conclusion, platelets may be involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Nifedipine and verapamil produced effective enhancement of ex vivo platelets aggregation-induced by ADP or collagen and may evolve as antiplatelet agents that able to prevent the in vivo activation of platelets and exhaustion cycle, an action which could explain the observed effectiveness of calcium channel blockers for the prevention and treatment of preeclampsia other than diazepam or alpha-methyldopa used in this study. --- ## Detection the distribution of Ureaplasma parvum in women with recurrent miscarriage by polymerase chain reaction assay **Authors:** Laila Jasim Shaebth **Published:** 2019-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1850 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ureaplasma parvum, Serovar, IH medium, Recurrent abortion, PCR, Subtyping One hundred Seventyample were collected, including vaginal bleeding, vaginal swabs and urine. One hundred and thirty samples of women were collected with repeated miscarriage and forty samples of control. Two types of media (middle IH broth) and IH agar medium were used. A positive isolate of Mirablasma spp. In culture, the PCR probe was investigated to determine Ureaplasma parapum and subtyping to (SV1, SV3, SV6, SV14). Results showed that Ureaplasma was determined in 29.6% of the patient and 11% of control. The serovar3 isolate were isolated by the use of the PCR test, and results revealed that serovar3 was more isolated in the rate (42.8%), while serovar1 (28.5%), serovar6 (14.2%) and serovar14 (14.2%) in the patient but only serovar1 control was isolated at rate (11%). The findings suggest that the Ureaplasma parvum infection may be an important archaeological factor for repeated miscarriage and serovar3 was the most frequent serovar detected in the current study. --- ## Knowledge, attitude, and practice on brushing habits among transgenders residing in Chennai City: Cross-sectional questionnaire Study **Authors:** Akshaya K, Revathi Duraisamy, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2019-02-12 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1871 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Transgender, Gingiva, Flossing, Tongue cleaner, Toothbrush Proper home care brushing practices, regular visits to the dentist and routine dental check-ups will reduce the risk of having gingival and periodontal diseases. Various studies on oral hygiene suggest that when there is good oral health, the chances of having overall body health is more. In contrary, transgenders do not bother about their physical and oral health because of their lower socioeconomic status and inferior quality of life. To evaluate knowledge, attitude and practices on brushing habits among transgenders in Chennai city. The study was designed as a questionnaire survey, in the native languages of respective transgenders, which was answered by 96 transgenders of Chennai city. All the obtained data was entered on Microsoft excel sheet and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, IBM, USA) version 20. From the statistics, it can be well seen that 80% of the transgender Community brush only once per day. 36.7% of them brush 2 to 3 minutes, 56.7% of them brush according to the times they have. Nearly 83.3% of them never shows regular visit to the dentist and 16.7 % of them at least visit dentist only when they experience oral related problems.53.3% of the study group never use a tongue scraper. None of them was aware of any sorts of brushing practices like scrub method, roll techniques and smith methods. Also people weren't aware of electronic brushes too. The awareness towards brushing habits and care towards oral hygiene among transgenders is inadequate. Hence more oral health awareness programmes must be initiated to impart comprehensive oral care for transgenders. --- ## Comparison between the effect of metronidazole and some plant extracts on parasite Cryptosporidium parvium in vivo **Authors:** Hiba Riyadh Jameel Al-abodi **Published:** 2019-02-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1831 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cryptosporidiosis, Metronidazole, Plant extract The current study included the test of the efficiency of water extract for pomegranate peel and water extract from pumpkin seeds in the treatment of parasite Cryptosporidium parivum within the body of the organism and compared its effectiveness with metronidazole in the treatment to eliminate the same parasite within the body of the organism, was relied on (50) mouse mosquito moss age (8-10 weeks) and weight (25-30 g), the mice were first examined as soon as they were obtained to confirm their safety and the absence of previous intestinal parasites, then they were injected with parasite bags that collapsed to cause the disease, and the mice remained under observation until they were confirmed to obtain the infection, the mice were treated the first group was given the dose 392.0 mg/1.0 ml/mouse of metronidazole, the second group with a dose of 657.14 mg/1.0 ml of water extracts for pomegranate solutions, the third group took 1000 mg/1.0ml /g of pumpkin extract from Pumpkin seeds, plus a positive control group of 2x10 cysts/2.0 ml of bag suspension and 1.0 ml of normal saline solution, the results showed to absence of cysts of parasites completely on the sixth day of the group that took metronidazole and on the seventh and eighth days of the two groups that used water extracts to peel the pomegranate and seeds of the pumpkin respectively for the positive control group, and that both the drug and the plant extracts achieved results of 100% in the treatment of infected mice and the elimination of parasite, and it seems clear that the highest efficiency was the share of the drug metronidazole followed by plant extracts. --- ## A serological and histological study of Passer domesticus infected with Toxo- plasma gondii parasite **Authors:** Adel Jabbar Hussein, Hiba Riyadh Jameel Al-abodi, Rana Imad Al_Mashhadany **Published:** 2019-02-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1842 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Toxoplasmosis, Serological methods, Al-Basrah Toxoplasma gondii parasite has three contagious stages: the oocytes, which is introduced into the external environment with the faeces of the infected cats, which later form the spores. The current study depended on detection of antibodies by using the serological tests such as latex, and rapid cassette testing are widely used to diagnose toxoplasmosis due to their ease of use and low cost, as well as the lack of time and effort required to perform them, the result of the test is shown after 3-5 minutes and depends mainly on efficiency and accuracy is one of the tests used in the epidemiological studies of toxoplasmosis in birds, in particular, local chickens and pigeons, the results of the rapid cassette test used to examine 80 samples of a serum taken from bird Passer domesticus showed that the total infection rate in this species of Toxoplasma gondii parasite was 71.25% with 57 positive samples out of a total of 80 samples. It was also observed that the presence of IgG antibody was (7.01%) with 4 positive samples while IgM antibody (5.26%) was positive (3 positive samples), the highest IgG + IgM antibody was 62.5% (50) , In the study of histopathological changes in Passer domesticus members, the presence of Lesions associated with infection in both the liver and the small intestine was characterized by the presence of congestion in the blood vessels, as well as the expansion of the jibaniat with the loss of the engineering structure of the liver. In the tissue with a degenerative degeneration. --- ## Proximate composition, phenolic content and antioxidant potential of the leaves of four Jatropha species **Authors:** Ahmed Hanafy Elosaily, Engy Abdelhamid Mahrous, Ahmed Mohamed Salama, Soheir Mohamed El Zalabani **Published:** 2019-02-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1867 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant activity, Jatropha species, Phenolic content, Proximate composition Jatropha is a large euphorbiaceous genus of tropical and subtropical distribution. Several species are used as traditional remedies for mouth sores, diarrhoea and skin diseases. This study aimed to estimate the amount of phenolic components in correlation to the antioxidant potential of the leaves of four Jatropha species acclimatised in Egypt. The plant material was subjected to determination of pharmacopoeial standards (ash values, moisture and crude fibre contents) and macronutrients (fat, protein and carbohydrates) for the establishment of reliable quality control criteria. Quantitation of phe- nolic compounds was performed spectrophotometrically and DPPH radical scavenging assay applied for in-vitro assessment of anti-oxidant activity. Quality control parameters differed among the analysed samples; total and water-soluble ash values were distinctly higher in Jatropha curcas and crude fibres in J. gossypifolia and J. multifida. Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents were present in significant amounts in J. curcas, J. gossypifolia and J. multifida leaves; this could be partially correlated to their relatively moderate to appreciable anti-oxidant activities (IC50s 1.03, 1.7 and 1.26mg/mL, respectively). Meanwhile, the least amounts of phenolic compounds and lowest anti-oxidant potential were recorded for those of Jatropha integerrima. Results of proximate and macronutrient analyses could serve as suitable criteria for quality control of the investigated Jatropha species. The appreciable amounts of polyphenols detected in the leaves recommend intensive chemical and biological investigation of their component metabolites for further implementation in pharmaceutical products. --- ## A review on cutaneous leishmaniasis and its causes, diagnosis and treatment **Authors:** Hwaida Shakir Mustafa Al-Mahdawy **Published:** 2019-02-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1832 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Skin disease, leishmaniasis, Infection The current review focused on the Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and its Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment. To avoid this infection, the stockholders should consider dissemination of health awareness among citizens, especially from the rural population, to report and treat any injury, especially children, before the infection. And other population groups are the first way in monitoring and follow-up of this disease, which gives the public health authorities a practical perception about the disease mentioned and can identify the places where the spread of the disease in addition to coordination with the concerned authorities in order to activate the control factor and address the special causes directly behind the spread, Specialized doctors confirm that primary prevention begins with personal hygiene and care is a key factor in prevention. --- ## Epidemiological study of Trichomoniasis with the effect of estrogen hormones LH and FSH among married women in Samarra city, Iraq **Authors:** Ehoud Mzahim Shaker, Asifa Matrood Yassin Almaeahi, Khaled Thamer Matar Al-Shaibani **Published:** 2019-02-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1840 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Trichomoniasis, Estrogen hormones LH, FSH The study included the collection of 50 female vaginal specimens for the detection of vaginal trichomonas parasite infection by direct microscopy of the sample obtained by the female specialist doctor in primary health care centers in Al-Moalemeen neighborhood, Al-Jubairia first district and Samarra General Hospital in Samarra city, November 2017 Until January 2018, the samples were a group of women married to different age groups and different residential areas with symptoms ranging from lower abdominal pain to vaginal Secretions of various colors with heartburn and redness in the vaginal area The highest rate of infection according to the age recorded was from 26-35 to 52.6%, while the highest rate according to the residential area was in the city 39.5% and the highest rate of women who had previously had pregnancy was 61.9%. There was a relationship between the number of Abortion and parasite infection, and the highest rate was within 1-2 abortion by 58.3%. The symptoms of itching with abdominal pain and vaginal Secretions showed the highest rate of 77.7%. The results showed a high estrogen hormone and a low hormone LH, FSH compared to negative control. --- ## Evaluation of the gastroprotective effect of lee macrophylla **Authors:** Swarnalatha G, Poojitha M, Bhaskar Reddy K **Published:** 2019-02-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1828 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lee macrophylla, Omeprazole, Gastroprotective The gastroprotective effect of Lee macrophylla was evaluated by inducing gastric ulcer by using ethanol and pylorus ligation methods, and the effect of this plant was evaluated at three doses as 100mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight. Due to the presence of phytoconstituents like Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Glycosides and Phenols, it was estimated that the extract could exhibit the proposed activity. The percentage of ulcer protection was 83% for Lee macrophylla and 92% for the standard. Omeprazole, the positive control included for the study also offered significant protection against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer. The Lee macrophylla of the higher dose has shown, the higher percentage of inhibition than that of the lower dose. Hence, the gastroprotective effect observed in the present study which might have been due to phytochemical such as a flavonoid, glycoside and also it is a dose-dependent activity. --- ## The cellular genetics effect of pyrethroid on lab rabbits **Authors:** Eqbal Dohan Chalap, Farah Safaa Abdulhussein, Dhuha Salman Asker Aljuboory **Published:** 2019-02-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1866 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Genetics, Pyrethroid, Lab rabbits, Sumicidin, Bone marrow The mutagenicity and genotoxicity of sumicidin insecticide 30 EC, which is classified as a synthetic pyrethroid w 30 studied using mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberration (CA) in somatic cells (bone marrow and spleen) and male germ cells of rabbits. Sumicidin was administered orally at dose level (2 X 10-5, 2.5 X 10-5, 3 X 10-5M) and control dose level of mitomycin C. Result show that high doses of sumicidin cause a significant reduction in MI and a significant increase in CA for all tissues. Reduction in MI level was significantly higher (p<0.01) in bone marrow and male germ cells than spleen while there is a significant increase in CA level in male germ cells, compared with somatic cells. These results indicate that sumicidin 30 EC is potentially genotoxic in rabbits. --- ## Anti-carcinogenic and cytotoxic effect of Carthamus oxycantha Safflower seed oil extract on RD cell lines **Authors:** Muhammad Khamees AL-Sarhan, Laith Mohammed Jawad AL-Shamaa **Published:** 2019-02-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1843 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carthamus oxycantha, Seed, Rd cell line The search for the story of anticancer drugs continues. The Agent that can kill cancer cells should don't kill the normal cells. This study includes the effect of active substances in Carthamus oxyacantha on RD malignant cell lines. RD malignant cell lines are Rhabdomyosarcoma cancer cell line which taken from Caucasian girl infected by cancer in pelvic at seven-year-old. Many of solvents used to extraction active compounds from Carthamus oxycantha, where prepared oily, aqueous solutions for compartment between them. Cytotoxicity assay, for evaluating the activity of these extracts is done on human cancer cell lines RD, by using eight concentrations (7.81, 15.62, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1000) µg /ml for each extract, and 24, 48, and 72 hours of exposure time. The Results show a gradually cellular toxic effect of extracts on cell lines growth, with dose and time-dependent manner for all types of these cell lines. There are some differences in the effect of these extracts based on the extracts and cancer cell. Through the estimation of cytotoxic concentration that kills 50% of cells (CC50) for each extract and cell type, we found that aqueous extract was the most potent cytotoxic extracts for these cancer cell lines, followed by crude, crude oily extract respectively. RD cells were the most sensitive type of cell lines to these. Active compound Triterpene concreted in the flower and oil extracted oleic acid and linoleic acid will role antitumor activity. --- ## Analysis of sequence and structure for beta-2-microglobulin in patients with thyroid cancer using bioinformatics tools **Authors:** Ammar Adil Jasim, Abbas Abdullah Mohammed, Ali Abdulhafidh Ibrahim **Published:** 2019-02-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1863 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gene sequence, Bioinformatics Tools, Thyroid Cancer, Mutation, Beta-2-microglobulin gene Bioinformatics tools used to employ the technology that utilizes computers to manage biological data, to analysis the sequence and structure of the protein. The current study aimed to compute the physio-chemical properties and predicting structures of Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) in patients with thyroid cancer, 14 patients with thyroid carcinoma included in this study. The DNA was extracted and B2M gene was amplified by using specific primers for three exons of this gene. Thirty-two mutations found in the patients for first and second exons while in third exon no mutations detected. In the first exon, a point mutation at the site 44,711,557 observed in all patients except one patient. In the second exon a point mutation at the site 44,715,448 observed in all patients except two patients, these mutations recorded in the GenBank at NCBI, ENA and DDBJ databases with the number LC424501 and LC424502, respectively. The results of the ProtParam program showed that the mutations affected the physio-chemical properties of B2M protein for patients compared to B2M protein retrieved from NCBI. Also, results of secondary structure prediction of B2M protein by SOPMA tool showed that the mutations affected the percentages of alpha helix, extended strand, beta turn and a random coil of B2M protein for patients compared to B2M protein retrieved from NCBI. The results of the RaptorX server showed that the impact of mutations was clear on the tertiary structure of B2M protein for patients compared to B2M protein retrieved from NCBI. --- ## A general overview of the genetic effects of extracellular polymers For Enterococcus faecium in cancer cells **Authors:** Eqbal Dohan Chalap, Ghaidaa Raheem Lateef Al-Awsi **Published:** 2019-02-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1869 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Tobacco smoke, Tumour cells, Enterococcus faecium, Cancer cells Tumour cells continue to grow and multiply to form a mass or a tumour called tumour, which causes growth to develop pressure on neighbouring tissue and remove it and can invade and destroy normal cells to pass through to other tissue and vital organs. Smoking is one of the most important chemical causes of cancer. Tobacco smoke causes lung and respiratory diseases. Cigarette smoke contains many types of Mutagenic substances, including Nitrogen oxides, which cause damage to DNA (DNA) Some epidemiological studies have also pointed to the relationship of alcohol to prostate cancer. Alcoholic beverages also play an important role in the incidence of breast cancer by altering the level of estrogen in the blood. Alcoholic beverages also play an important role in the incidence of breast cancer by altering the level of estrogen in the blood. The process of DNA repair and then breast cancer also found that benzene and its derivatives cause a mutation in the p53 gene, and it was noted that they damage the DNA of lymphocytes in the surrounding human blood. --- ## Effect of ochratoxin a on reproductive system efficiency in male rats **Authors:** Alaa Mohammad Hasson Al-Husseini, Saba Abdul Ameer kadhim, Ennas Mohamad Majhwol **Published:** 2019-02-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1830 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ochratoxin A, Rats, Sex hormones, Testis, Epididymis The contamination of food with ochratoxin A (OTA) represents a real risk to the safety of food and animal health as it transfers through food chain for the human. This study was conducted to determine the toxicological effects of oral administration of OTA on the male reproductive efficiency. Forty-eight adult Wistar albino male rats (aged 65-75 days), average of body weight 145±1.85g), they were randomly assigned into three equal groups, sixteen rats per group: control group, did not received any treatment, and two treated groups were administered with OTA via gavage at dose levels (1 mg and 2 mg /kg/ Bodyweight) daily. Eight male rats from each group were sacrificed at the 14th and 28th day from the first day of treatment. Body weight, sex hormones included (testosterone, FSH and LH) were measured and histological changes in testicular and epididymal sections were investigated. The results registered significant decrease (P<0.05) in body weight gain and hormonal assay of (testosterone, FSH and LH) of two treated groups with OTA when compared with the control group. Histological investigation of the present study showed to effect of OTA on reproductive organ tissue through an expansion seminiferous lining, spermatogenesis suppression and degeneration of Leydig cells in testis tissue, as well as noted tubules lumen of epididymis, were empty from sperm in addition to damage in epithelial lining cells of epididymal tubules with presence of edematous in epididymal lumen. --- ## Kinetic study on the herbal synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its antioxidant and antibacterial effect against gastrointestinal pathogens **Authors:** Chellakannu M, Panneerselvam T, Rajeshkumar S **Published:** 2019-02-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1817 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Green synthesis, Silver nanoparticles, Kinetic study, Antibacterial, Antioxidant activity Rhizome extract of Acorus calamus was used for silver nanoparticles synthesis and examine the effect of physical and chemical parameters like time, pH, temperature and silver nitrate concentration in the process. Synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–vis spectrophotometer shows the SPR band at 420-430 nm. It concluded that the optimum time, pH, temperature and silver nitrate concentration are 120 min, 6 or 7, 45°C and 1 mM silver nitrate concentration, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscope showed well dispersed spherical shaped nanoparticles with aggregation. EDAX confirmed that the presence of elemental silver in the reaction mixture observed at 3keV binding energy. TEM images confirmed that spherical shape nanoparticles with the size range of 2 – 40 nm. AFM image shows that the topography profile of synthesized silver nanoparticles and the observed size of nanoparticles is 30-55 nm. Antimicrobial activity of the rhizome mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles was performed by agar well diffusion method against gastrointestinal pathogens are bacteria Vibrio sp, Salmonella sp, Pseudomonas sp and Escherichia coli. The highest zone formation was observed against E. coli and Vibrio sp. --- ## Innovations in containers specially adapted for medical or pharmaceutical purposes: A prospective patent analysis **Authors:** Amitkumar Patel, Kinjalben Patel, Kalp Bhatt, Jignesh Patel **Published:** 2019-02-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1839 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Packaging, Pharmaceutical product, Innovation, Patent data analysis Packaging pharmaceutical products is a wide, encompassing, and multi- faceted assignment. Packaging preserves the quality and stability of the pharmaceutical products and protects them beside all forms of tampering and spoilage. The quality of the packaging for pharmaceutical products plays a very significant role in the quality of such products. There is an ever increasing need to provide individual, tailored packaging solutions, which guarantees the effectiveness of pharmaceutical products administered as medicines. The pharmaceutical packaging market is constantly upgrading. Distribution of products and goods is now more global than ever before. Mass customisation of packaging to allow its use in multiple markets is a subject that needs explanation and discussion. Packaging is an evolving science, a developing engineering branch, and a successful contributor to pharmaceutical industries. The present research paper has analysed several of the recent pharmaceutical packaging innovation trends with the help of patent data, which are impacting the packaging industry. --- ## Colonoscopic and histopathological finding among adults attendant to Al Hussein teaching hospital colonoscopic centre **Authors:** Wejdan Ajeel Hassan, Ali A Saadoon Al-Ghuzi, Faez k Abdulmuhsen, Sadiq Jarallah Yassin **Published:** 2019-02-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1819 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Colonoscopy, Histopathological, Thi-Qar Colonoscopy is a preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic safe procedure. Its results influence a patient's life and outcome. To estimate the extent and main determinants of abnormal colonoscopic finding among adults attended to colonoscopic centre and assessed the validity of colonoscopy of clinical and pathological findings of colonoscopy. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 was used for data analysis. Chi-Square test, and binary logistic regression analysis P value (0.05) was a cut-off point for measuring statistical association where less than (0.05) had a significant statistical association. the colonoscopic findings were as follow the normal (42.7%), internal hemorrhoid (27.5%), nonspecific inflammation (12.9%), polyp (11.2%), inflammatory bowel disease (3.9%), colorectal cancer (3.4%), and other diseases (3.9%) Some patients had more than one abnormality. The histopathological result of colonoscopic biopsies which were as follow non- specific inflammation (64.2%), colorectal cancer (15.4%), and inflammatory bowel disease and polyp the same percent (10.2%). There was a significant statistical association between age groups and specific diseases. Bleeding per-rectum is a pig predictor sign of lower gastrointestinal problems, and it is the mean cause of referral. According to site of the lesion: colonic polyp (45%), sigmoid polyp (30%), and rectal polyp (25%). While the distribution of carcinoma according to the site of location. Carcinoma of sigmoid (50%), carcinoma of colon (33.3%), and carcinoma of rectal (16%). Sigmoid represent the most common site of occurrence of carcinoma. The sensitivity of colonoscopy 100% while the specificity was 50%. Colonoscopy is 100% sensitive in diagnosis lower GIT problems. The most common cause of referral was bleeding per-rectum, and the most abnormal finding was an internal haemorrhoid. --- ## Bioinspired synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their mechanistic approach on antimicrobials using C. dactylon **Authors:** Rajeswari Anburaj, Vinoth Jothiprakasam **Published:** 2019-02-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1838 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Photosynthesis, Metal, Nanoparticle, Bioactive, Analysis In recent years' nanoparticle have attracted interest because of their wide application in biomedicine. Nanotechnology has acquired interest because of their eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of the silver nanoparticle. This work demonstrates the efficacy of biologically synthesised Ag nanoparticle by means of Cynodon dactylon. Phytochemical analysis of C. dactylon suggests the presence of active constituents in polar solvents. Agnps were optimized using different parameters, and in general, the effect for temperature was 75°C within 1 hr, in a neutral condition, the concentration was found to be 1mM. Uv- vis analysis of synthesized silver nanoparticle indicates that the absorption peak was observed at 240nm. Absorbance peak at 2917cm-1, 1648cm-1 indicate the presence of capping agent responsible for synthesis. A broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity was reported in 400µl of synthesised silver nanoparticle (23.3 mm) against P. aeuroginosa, followed by Bacillus sp. (22.8 mm) and F. oxysporum (22.1 mm). HPLC analysis indicates the presence of active constituents in the sample. This study reveals that C. dactylon acts as a potential source for nanoparticle synthesis. --- ## Molecular docking approach of potent natural inhibitors against 3D4Z, 4TRO and 5ACS receptors for anti-tubercular activity **Authors:** Malarkodi Velraj, Prakash Chand **Published:** 2019-02-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1824 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 3D4Z, 4TRO & 5ACS Proteins, Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD), Protein-Ligand docking analysis Phthisis is an airborne infectious disease that may sound pompous any part of the human body, especially occurs in the pulmonary region. The purpose and goal of the current study are to carry out Receptor-Ligand docking analysis on 5 active phytoconstituents from three various medicinal plants, namely Swertia chirata (swertiamarine, mangiferin), Ocimum sanctum (Eugenol, Linalool) and Andrographis paniculata (Andrographolide) on protein or receptor for anti-tuberculosis action. GOLGI MANNOSIDASE II complex with glucoimidazole (PDB 3D4Z), Enoyl-ACP reductase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA (PDB 4TRO) and Y233A- Investigation of the impact from residues W228 and Y233 in the metallo-beta-lactamase GIM-1 (PDB 5ACS) are 3 targets, acquired from PDB (Protein data bank) in .pdb. Mol structure, preferred for docking studies. From PubChem chemical database the active constituents of selected three medicinal plants were retrieved in. Mol structure. Utilising Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD) receptor-ligand docking analysis was executed. MolDock score, Rerank score and hydrogen bonding interactions are the parameters used for docking studies. It was established that the active constituents such as linalool, eugenol, and andrographolide demonstrated efficient preventing activity as compared to that of the standard drugs Isoniazid, Ethambutol and Pyrazinamide. Based upon these docking studies the above active compounds may be utilised in future as antituberculosis agents. --- ## Comparative study of in-vitro stability for the enteric coat of pellets of capsules of three different brands of omeprazole **Authors:** Layth Jabbar, Afrah Thiab **Published:** 2019-02-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1826 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Omeprazole, Enteric coating, Acidic solution Omeprazole which is one of the most prescribed PPIs was commonly use as a treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), esophagitis, and in the treatment of H.Pylori infections. Then these granules either envelop within a capsule or compressed into tablets that differ in their efficiency of the coating. As our market was containing many brands of omeprazole brands that differ in their quality and efficiency of their coating, that to be investigated through this work by investigating their in-vitro stability within acidic media that equal to the acidity of the stomach — measuring the in-vitro stability of the coating of omeprazole through placing the pellets of omeprazole in contact with an acidic solution having pH similar to that of the stomach and by using different brands of omeprazole that available at pharmacies from different origins. Out of 3 brands of omeprazole was used in this work the 3 brands show good stability when the pellets become in contact with the acidic solution there was no release of active ingredient while in alkaline media the active ingredients were starting to release. Availability of different brands of omeprazole in the Iraqi pharmaceutical market needs to be investigated in term of the stability of their enteric coating against acidic solution because most of this pharmaceutics exposed sometimes to extreme storage conditions in term of temperature and humidity that may inversely affect the in-vitro stability and then the therapeutic efficacy of these medications. --- ## Antibacterial susceptibility profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a private hospital, India **Authors:** Chandrasekaran K, Gandhiraj D, Guru Prasad Mohanta, Rajasekaran A **Published:** 2019-02-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1823 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pseudomonas, Aeruginosa, Susceptibility, Clinical Isolates aeruginosa is a cosmopolitan gram-negative aerobic bacillus isolated from soil, water, plants, and animals, including humans. It is occasionally pathogenic for plants as well as animals. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen with innate resistance to many antibiotics and disinfectants. It rarely causes disease in healthy persons, although it is a common human saprophyte. P. aeruginosa is physiologically versatile and flourishes as a saprophyte in multiple environments, including sinks, drains, respirators, humidifiers and disinfectant solutions. Prevalence of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (PA) among the positive cultures is found to be 11.5%, 10.1% and 11% in 2012, 2013 and 2014 respectively. The number of isolates reduced in the consecutive years and saw an increase in the last year. The number of isolates was found to be more in the ICU than in the wards. In the current study, there were no resistant strains identified neither in the wards nor ICU. The susceptibility of isolates of PA to antibiotics remains slightly higher in all the three years. Susceptibility of PA has decreased substantially to Gentamycin, Amikacin, Meropenem respectively in the second year but showed a gradual increase in the susceptibility in the final year. Results from a larger, well-monitored surveillance network, can provide useful information by detecting signs of emerging pathogen populations/resistance patterns as well as trends in antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. --- ## Protective role of morin on some parameters related to oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome induced by acrylamide in male rats **Authors:** Neeran F. Hassan **Published:** 2019-02-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1827 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acrylamide, HDL-C, uric acid, glutathione The objectives of this study were to explore the effects of morin on some physiological parameter including lipid profile, antioxidant status, and proinflammatory biomarkers in Acrylamide (ACR) treated rats. Forty adult male rats were selected randomly and equally allocated into four bunches that were G1, G2, G3 and G4, which were treated daily for 45 days with an oral manner as follows: G1: (control group received distilled water). G2: rats in this group were received (25 mg/kg/B. W) of morin. G3: rats of this group were received (1 mg/kg/B. W) of acrylamide in drinking water G4: rats in this group were received (25 mg/kg /B. W) of morin and Acrylamide (1 mg/kg /B. W). Fasting blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture technique at the end of the experiment. Blood was drawn by cardiac puncture technique for measuring the following parameters: total serum cholesterol (TC), (TAG) HDL-C, uric acid, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH). Sections of the liver were taken for histopathological study. The results of the current study revealed the beneficial effect of morin against deleterious effects of ACR illustrated by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effect. In conclusion, morin alleviates the determined effect of ACR correlated with their pro- oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects. --- ## Efficacy of mobilization techniques and range of motion in patients with adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder pain **Authors:** Zainab Ali Hussein **Published:** 2019-02-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1825 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Abduction, Adhesive Capsulitis, Flexion, Shoulder Rang, SPADI Adhesive capsulitis is a condition of uncertain aetiology characterised by significant restriction of both active and passive shoulder motion that occurs in the absence of another known intrinsic shoulder disorder. Maitland's concepts involve the application of passive and accessory oscillatory movements to spinal and peripheral joints Principle of Mulligan's mobilization with movement is, the limited, painful physiological movement is performed actively while the therapist applies a sustained accessory glide at right angle or parallel to a joint. Both the treatment can be valuable additions to existing treatment. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of mobilization techniques and range of motion in patients with adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder pain. reduce the pain and restore the kinetic range of shoulder movements as soon as possible so that we can avoid the shoulder inanimate that happens when most patients are not using muscle for the full movement of the hinge, and this is done by promoting manual therapy with free exercises for the patient. The majority of the patient in the sample was female. Results show a significant improvement in all the outcome measures in both groups as compared to baseline. In addition, end range mobilization and mobilization with the movement was found to be significantly equally effective than compared to a control group for pain, ROM and SPADI. So, effect size was calculated which shows that the effect size of group A was significantly more than that of group A and B. --- ## Free radicals scavenging and antiproliferative activity of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Carica papaya leaves in PA-1 cell line **Authors:** Priya durairaj, Palagati Rohith Kumar Reddy, Palaniyandi Thiruvanavukkarasu, Rajeswary Hari **Published:** 2019-02-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1837 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chemotherapy, Deoxyribose sugar, ROS, RNS, Antitumour activity A comparative antioxidant and anticancer potential of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of leaves of Carica papaya were investigated. Both the plant extracts were prepared separately, and their antioxidant scavenging potential was investigated for the scavenging of superoxide, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide radicals using standard protocols. The anticancer property of these plant extracts was evaluated in PA-1 cell lines using tryptan blue assay. The total phenols and flavonoids contents responsible for the above said activities were estimated quantitatively. Among the two extracts, the ethanolic extract scavenged the free radicals to a greater extent when com- pared to the methanolic extract. Similarly, in the tryptan blue exclusion as- say, the percentage of cell death was more for ethanolic extract. At high concentrations such as 50, 75 and 100 μg concentrations, the ethanolic ex- tract showed higher cell death which was comparable to the positive drug doxrubicidin used in the present study. Both the extracts possessed considerable quantities of phenols and flavonoids. It may be concluded that the presence phytochemicals along with the phenols and flavonoids may be the reason for the antioxidant and anticancer activity observed in the present study. --- ## Multidrug-resistant Salmonella: A raising calamity **Authors:** Balasubramani Gangathraprabhu, Santhanam Geethanjali, Nagarethinam Baskaran, Marudhamuthu Murugan **Published:** 2019-02-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1836 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Fluoroquinolone treatment, Multidrug-resistance, Plasmid & chromosomal mediated resistance, Salmonellosis, Typhoid vaccine Multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms become a foremost health concern in both developing and developed countries. These infectious agents show a wide spectrum of resistance against different antimicrobial drugs which causes a major public health threat all over the world. In recent years bacteria, fungi, virus, and parasites started to show prominent levels of multi- drug-resistance with superior morbidity and mortality. MDR Salmonellosis requires costly drugs for effective treatment, and this is an added burden to the health-care segment in developing countries. Immunization in common areas with typhoid vaccine, rational use of antibiotic, improvement in public sanitation facilities, secure food handling and communal health instruction were considered to be as vital in the prevention of salmonellosis. These health and environmental issues require collective actions from governments, consumers, pharmaceutical manufacturers and health-care providers. Two methods were followed to congregate the information in this article. Firstly, we collected a list of relevant articles published through PubMed search, which includes original as well review articles. Secondly, book chapters on typhoid fever from standard textbooks on infectious diseases and social remedy were also reviewed. --- ## Antioxidant and immunomodulatory assay of Boerhavia diffusa Linn **Authors:** Carlin Premakumari C, Kanagavalli U, Mohamed Sadiq A, Hemalatha S, Kalai magal **Published:** 2019-02-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1809 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Boerhavia diffusa, Extraction, Isolation, Anti-inflammatory Botanical and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioactive compounds; the focus of the study is on the analytical methodologies, which includes the extraction, isolation, and characterisation of alkaloid fractions from Boerhavia diffusa Linn. The analysis of bioactive com- pound present in the Boerhavia diffusa Linn involving the procedure includes column chromatography, TLC, Immunoassay by PMN & Antioxidant assay by DPPH & FRAP method. Dietary supplementation with antioxidant properties may greatly help in the healthy metabolism of our body. A natural alkaloid which is isolated from a herbal plant B.diffusa Linn has antioxidant & Immunomodulatory effect & also B.diffusa Linn has anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-bacterial, anti-ageing & diuretic activities as well. --- ## Phenotypic and molecular characterisation of blaCTX-M ESBL gene in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in a tertiary care **Authors:** Bindu D, Chitralekha Saikumar **Published:** 2019-02-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1811 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibiotic resistance, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, PCR Members of the family cause mild to life-threatening infectious diseases in Enterobacteriaceae the recent past all the overworld. ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae poses a threat to both community and hospital settings, which leads to empirical treatment failure, increasing the rate of morbidity and mortality. A cross-sectional convenient sampling study was done to detect and characterise CTX-M genes among extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Enterobacteriaceae from clinical isolates in a tertiary care centre A total of 200 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were collected from var- ious clinical samples. ESBLs production was phenotypically detected by screening with ceftazidime, cefotaxime and cefepime, and then confirmed by disk combination method and multiplex PCR. Escherichia coli was the most predominant 87 (43.5%) isolate, followed by Klebsiella pneumonia 72(36%), Klebsiella oxytoca 15(7.5%), Proteus species 10 (5%), Enterobacter species 5 (2.5%) and Citrobacter species 1 (2.5%). ESBLs were detected by phenotypic confirmatory combination method in 144 (72%) isolates 197/200 (98.5%) were ESBLs producers were positive for blaCTX-M genes by PCR. The study highlights the high prevalence of blaCTX-M genes among the Enterobacteriaceae. CTX-M group 1 was the most commonly encountered CTX-M group in our study. --- ## A comparative study on mussaenda erythrophylla leaves extract for larvicidal properties **Authors:** Astalakshmi N, Sundara Ganapathy R, Surendra Kumar M **Published:** 2019-02-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1806 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mussaenda erythrophylla, Larvicidal, Aedes aegypti, Instar, Mortality, Methanol Medicinal plants serve humankind with its wide diversity of applications in various areas of disease and disorders. Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn. (rubiaceae), is largely known plant for its ornamental properties throughout the southern parts of India. Mosquitoes are found to be the major source for diseases such as dengue fever, yellow fever, malaria, etc., The present study aims at evaluating the larvicidal potential of Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of Mussaenda erythrophylla leaves at 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 µg/ml against third and fourth instar larvae (Aedes aegypti). The larvicidal potential was assessed for 24hrs at the various interval, and percentage mortality was noted. All four extracts found to possess poor larvicidal properties. Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn. leaves extract is not a suitable crude drug of choice for larvicidal properties. --- ## Gene expression and histological evaluation of the effect of local exogenous application of Morin /Moringa oleifera on wound healing in rats **Authors:** Zahraa Raheem Abed Alzamily **Published:** 2019-02-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1820 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Morin, Moringa oleifera, Wound healing, CYP1B1, CXCL1 This study aimed to study the effect of local application of Moran and Moringa Oliveira on wound healing in rats, 60 rats of white male rats, and surgical skin (width 2 cm and depth 0.5-0.6 cm) on the skin. From the cheek of the animal and divided into four groups, the control group, Morin group, Moringa group oleifera and Morin (Moringa oleifera) group, animal scratching was performed for healing periods (2,4 and 7 days), histological cells were found inflammatory, Skin, and contracted wound healing in all animal samples for all healing periods. The gene profile was analyzed in biopsies of previously injured skin and treated murine compared with the molecular-treated molybdenum skin by Mygene Bioneer Korea. Upregulation of IL-6, IL-1β1, CYP1B1 and CXCL1 gene expression and downregulation of psoriasin mRNA identified in samples treated topically with Morin. --- ## Design, development and optimization of self-nanoemulsified drug delivery system for poorly water-soluble drug by QbD approach **Authors:** Narendra Chikkanna, Ramesh Chandrashekar **Published:** 2019-02-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1801 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** The poorly water-soluble drug, SNEDDS, Quality by design, Plackett-Burman design, Central composite design, Optimization The objective of the present study was to develop SNEDDS containing a poorly water-soluble drug by application of QbD principles. Two statistical designs were used to systematically understand the effect of various formulation variables in the development of SNEDDS. Initially, PB design was used as a screening design to identify the significant effect of six independent variables on the characteristics (globule size (nm), self-emulsification time (sec) and percent dissolution efficiency at 15min) of SNEDDS. Statistical results suggested oleic acid as a type of oil, Cremophor EL as a surfactant and Trancutol HP as co-surfactant but their respective amount in the isotropic mixture was found to in wider range. This allowed us to utility CCD to identify the optimal design space between the amount of oleic acid (X1), surfactant (X2) and co-surfactant (X3). The dependent variables studied were globule size (Y1) and self-emulsification time (Y2) and were fitted to the second-order quadratic model. A numerical optimization technique by desirability function was used to identify the optimal design space. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the model in the development of SNEDDS and the same can be extrapolated to other poorly water-soluble drugs. --- ## The comparative preliminary phytochemical investigation, TLC analysis and antioxidant activity of different solvent extracts of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. **Authors:** Kanagavalli U, Mohamed Sadiq A, Lakshmi Priya MD, Shobana R **Published:** 2019-02-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1810 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Phytochemicals, Secondary metabolites, DPPH, FRAP, Thin layer chromatography The Plant Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. is an herbaceous member of the family Nyctaginaceae which is widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics. The present study is aimed to investigate the phytochemicals present in ethanol, methanol, chloroform, aqueous, hexane and petroleum ether extracts obtained from Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. and TLC profiling. The plant material was extracted with various solvents based on their polarity by the process of soxhlet extraction method. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed by different qualitative methods. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, alkaloids, saponins and phenolic compounds. The solvent system selected for the best results of TLC was chloroform and methanol of the ratio of 9:1 and 8:2. The study will provide referential information for the correct identification of the bioactive compounds and a suitable solvent system for separation of those compounds from the boerhavia diffusa Linn. The different solvent extracts were further screened for in-vitro antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, Nitric oxide, superoxide free radical scavenging, FRAP and hydrogen peroxide methods. Taken together, our results suggested that methanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. might contain potential antioxidant compounds. --- ## A Review on Sulpha Drugs (One of The First Microbial Inhibitors) **Authors:** Amal H. Mhemeed **Published:** 2019-02-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1854 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Sulpha, Sulphonamide, Microbial inhibitors Sulpha or sulphonamide is one of the first microbial inhibitors; a bacterial enzyme synthesises vitamin folic acid, discovered in 1930 by the German scientist Domagk. This discovery was made by the red dye known as prontosil. The latter was biologically inactive while proving the opposite in the body. Red dye was used to treat an infant (aged 10 months) with a deadly infection. The biological efficacy of the dye to reductive cleavage Azoforming agent for sulfanilamide-the real responsible for biological activity. It should be noted that all sulfonamides are derived from sulfanilamide. The latter is similar to aminobenzoic acid that bacteria need to build folic acid, so sulfa drugs are effective in inhibiting the action of bacteria. Differences in the functional group (SO2NHR) R result in different physiological, chemical and pharmacological properties of these drugs. Compensation for the sulfuric nitrogen atom leads to the production of stronger sulfanilamide acid and compensation with the -SO3H group instead of SO2NH2 for sulfonamide leads to the elimination of biological efficacy. The sulfonamides that possess the freepamino group show only effective against bacteria, which have compensation in the free amino group become effective only as compensation is removed within the body and this is why Prontosil is ineffective outside the body. --- ## Awareness of radiation exposure among the patients and dental students **Authors:** Anirudha Kabilan, Revathi Duraisamy, Dhanraj Ganapathy **Published:** 2019-02-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1821 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Radiographs, Harmful, Professional, Safety, ALARA Dental radiographs are routinely advocated by health care professional in or- der to aid in diagnosis and treatment planning. Though there has been growing concerns with respect to radiation exposure among health professional, awareness about the risk and the effects among health professionals using radiological procedures is still low. The aim of this study was to determine the Awareness of Radiation Exposure among the Patients and Dental Students. The present survey was conducted to determine the level of awareness of radiation exposure among patients and dental students of radiology. The study hypothesizes that there is low level of awareness of radiation exposure. Based on survey research, the study sampled a total of 100 participants comprising of 68 dental students and 32 patients. Based on the analysis of the returned questionnaires, the findings confirm the study hypothesis showing that level of awareness of radiation exposure was low. Moreover, the level of awareness among patients was lower than among the dental students group. This research paper provides details of the survey and the implications of the findings. The low level of awareness of radiation exposure among dental students and patients alike has been confirmed through the findings from this survey. This finding should be cause for alarm considering that radiation exposure continues to be a growing risk to health professionals and patients using radiological procedures and technologies. With such low awareness levels, many health professionals and 1 patients would be exposed to the risk of cancer and other long-term effects of radiation exposure. --- ## Evaluation of the effect of Mirena® contraceptive device in controlling abnormal uterine bleeding **Authors:** Nabaa Abdul Al-Jabbar Lateef **Published:** 2019-02-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1815 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mirena®, Contraceptive device, Abnormal uterine bleeding Adequate treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding is mandatory because it affects the quality of women’s life adversely, as it is responsible for medical, sexual, social and psychological problems. The mode of treatment is either medical or surgical, and a lot of cases end with hysterectomy due to either failure of medical treatment or severe side effects. Mirena® contraceptive device has been tested as a form of medical treatment to control abnormal uterine bleeding. The current study was aimed to investigate the role of Mirena® contraceptive device among Iraqi women with abnormal uterine bleeding after being followed up in comparison with another mode of conventional treatment. The first group included 45 women who were treated using the IUCD Mirena® and served as a study group, whereas the second group included 45 age-matched women who were treated with medical treatment other than Mirena® IUCD and served as a control group. Al-Diwaniyah province, Iraq. The study lasted for four years; it started in January 2014 and ended in January 2018. The results of this study revealed that the control of bleeding was successful in 32 (71.1%), 42 (93.3%), 42 (93.3%) and 42 (93.3%) of patients following first, second, third and fourth year of follow up in study group compared to 23 (51.1%), 27 (60.0%), 27 (60.0%) and 27 (60.0%) of patients in the control groups. The rate of hysterectomy was significantly lower in the study group than in control group, 8.9% versus 46.7%, respectively (P<0.001). The use of Mirena® was able to reduce the rate of hysterectomy by 0.89 % (Odds ratio of 0.11; 95% confidence interval of 0.03-0.36). --- ## Pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus and affinity to produce staphylokinase **Authors:** Reem Zuhair Shinashal **Published:** 2019-02-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1818 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Staphylokinase, Pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Pathogenicity This research investigates Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in mice by oral injection. Infection rate (65%) of histopathological testing reveals a number of changes like the inflammation that is expressed by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. This bacterium is typically responsible for a lung infection. Inflammatory reactions resulted from this infection may cause catching the infection of the lungs like increased neutrophilic inflammation and vascular leakage of serum proteins into the lung to name a few. This study suggests that Staphylokinase production may be a typical virulence factor by means of Staphylococcus aureus that inhabit and lead to fibrinolysis and invasive infections. --- ## Comparison of topical 1% diclofenac sodium gel and its performance with Marketed gel (Rofenac) **Authors:** Yasmin Begum Mohammed, Sharaf Ali, Meaad Ali Mohammed Dareni, Rawiyah Mari Alshehri, Rawan Ayed Aljarallah, Waheedah Jaber Alshahrani, Raja lakshmi **Published:** 2019-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1794 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diclofenac sodium, Carbopol P934, HPMC K4M, Rofenac gel, Similarity factor Diclofenac sodium is an effective NSAID used in the long treatment of acute and chronic arthritic conditions and ankylosing spondylitis. Diclofenac sodium when administered orally produces severe gastrointestinal bleeding, ulceration and perforation of the stomach or the intestines which could be fatal especially on long-term use. Diclofenac sodium gel was prepared using Carbopol P934, and Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (K4M) as gelling agents and physicochemical characterization such as homogeneity, pH evaluation, spreadability, drug content and in vitro drug diffusion were evaluated. The prepared gel was compared with marketed gel, i.e. Rofenac gel, and similarity factor (F2) was determined. The diclofenac sodium gel 1% using Carbopol P 934 was found to be optimum with appearance, pH, consistency and spreadability. Thus, this was chosen for the comparative evaluation with Rofenac gel. The drug content of the gel was found to be 97.54% ± 0.41% when compared to 96.83% ± 0.73% of Rofenac gel. Skin irritation studies revealed that there was no sign of erythema or edema for both prepared gel containing drug and placebo gel. In vitro drug diffusion was found to be 99.25% ± 0.12% in an hour when compared to 98.09 % ± 0.12% of marketed gel. The similarity factor (F2) was found to be 93.50 proving prepared gel is pharmaceutically equivalent with marketed gel. The flux (J) of the optimum gel was found to be 52.55 µg/cm2/min with the permeability coefficient of 5.255 (cm/min) 10-3. --- ## A study to compare the effect of ACL versus ACL and all rehabilitation protocol in subjects with post-surgical ACL reconstruction **Authors:** Sowmya MV, Rahul Dev, Manoj Abraham **Published:** 2019-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1795 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ACL rehabilitation, ACL reconstruction The knee joint is a hinge variety of modified type of joint. The anatomical structure of the knee joint is formed by the upper part of the tibia and the lower end of the femur through the femoral condyles. The knee joint is sup- ported by many ligaments for the stability of the joint and the ACL serves the most for the stability of the knee joint. ALL ligament which was found that this is structure also plays an important role in the stability of the knee joint, and hence this will, in turn, improve the recovery in the ACL rehabilitation. The study was done in Saveetha medical college and hospital. The sample size was 10 samples undergoing ACL rehabilitation. The duration of the study was 3 months. Inclusion and the exclusion criteria were postulated, and hence the sample was selected based on that for the study. The sample was divided into two groups. The control group received the conventional ACL rehabilitation, and the experimental group received the exercise for the ALL along with conventional ACL rehabilitation. The data were collected and statistically analyzed. The outcome of the treatment depicted that the experimental group has better ROM and Muscle power than the control group. The study concludes that we have both the ACL and ALL management during the ACL rehabilitation then Muscle power and the ROM will increase and improve the stability. Hence this study suggests that we need to have ALL management during the ACL rehabilitation. --- ## A study to find the effect of weight-bearing exercise on the bone mineral density in the osteoporotic femur in postmenopausal women **Authors:** Keerthana B, Jenifer Augustina S, Manoj Abraham, Senthil Kumar R, Kamalakannan M, Rahul Dev **Published:** 2019-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1793 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Closed kinetic exercise, DEXA, BMD, Postmenopausal women, Functional mobility Osteoporosis is the systemic bone disease in which there is a slow decline in the mass of bone and there is the destruction of the microarchitecture of the tissue in the bone. In the world, this disease has today affected more than 2,000 million people. This study intends to find the effect of weight-bearing exercise to improve the functional mobility in the osteoporotic postmenopausal women. This study will take the post-treatment and pretreatment DEXA to find the role of weight-bearing exercise in increasing the bone mineral density. The study was done in OPD of saveetha medical college and hospital. The total number of sample in the study were 80 women's. The study design is a quasi-experimental study design. The convenient sampling was used. The inclusion and the exclusion criteria were fixed for the selection of the sample. The selected sample was allocated into two groups in which one group was an experimental group which received weight-bearing exercise, and the control group received the non-weight bearing exercise. The DEXA was done before and after treatment to find BMD. The outcomes were statistically analysed. The weight bearing exercise showed a better result in the experimental group than the control group. Post-treatment we could find there was a rise in the BMD. The study clearly shows that there is an increase in mobility after weight-bearing exercise. We strongly recommend the weight-bearing exercise in post-menopausal women to increase the bone mineral density. --- ## Formulation development and in vitro – in vivo pharmacokinetic studies of gliclazide colon targeted matrix tablet **Authors:** Sivakumar Kalidoss, Kailasam Koumaravelou **Published:** 2019-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1800 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gliclazide, In vitro kinetic, In vivo pharmacokinetic, X-ray image The colonic drug delivery system (CDDS) of Gliclazide was formulated and in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetics studies were conducted. The colonic delivery system consists of SR matrix tablets containing Gliclazide were developed by dissimilar grade of HPMC combinations with enteric coating polymers like EudrajitL100 and S100 as coating materials, as an outlet layer, insoluble and impermeable at acidic pH but easily soluble at a pH value higher than 5.5 (EudrajitL100 and S100 ). In vitro results showed the colonic drug delivery system is capable of avoiding drug release in acidic medium for 2 h but the gliclazide drug release in phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, after 3 hrs stage of time and release was up to 24 hrs. The dissolution mechanism of drug release was more definite by Higuchi plots that showed good quality linearity (R2 values between 0.90 and 0.93), with slope > 0.5, representing that drug release mechanism from the formulations were non-fickian diffusion mechanism. Pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, Vd, Ke, t1/2, Cl, AUC0-∞ and MRT were designed for selected (GLZ6) formulations. Further- more, the relative bioavailability (RB) was also found to be high, and there- fore it indicates that gliclazide released extra amounts from the tablet formulation and absorbed for blood circulation with a satisfactory plasma concentration. X-ray pictures exhibit that the selected formulation GLZ 6 could be targeted particularly to the colon, without any early drug release in the stomach and small intestine. Therefore, from this study, it had been concluded that Gliclazide matrix tablets might persuade be additional efficient in the management of diabetic patients through CDDS. --- ## Studies on e-pharmacophore based virtual screening and evaluation of hypolipidemic activity of leucocyanidin in hyperlipidemic induced rats **Authors:** Dhivya Jensi V, Ananda Gopu P **Published:** 2019-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1799 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Leucocyanidin, High-fat diet, Rats, Hypolipidemia The present study was designed to analyse energy-optimised structure primarily based pharmacophore virtual screening and high score compound was elect and used for hypolipidemic activity in rat fed with high-fat diet. Supported the e-pharmacophore virtual screening analysis discovered that the one in every of the compound particularly leucocyanidin has been elect for the hypolipidemic activities. In the treatment of Leucocyanidin group of animals fed with HFD was considerable reduction within the body weight compared to HFD fed cluster of animals. The enlarged the levels of TC, TG, phospholipids, LDL-C and VLDL-C were noticed in group 2 animals (HFD). When the activity of leucocyanidin (15mg per weight unit body weight per day) showed a major (p<0.001) decrement in plasma and TC, TG, phospholipids, LDL-C and VLDL-C in conjunction with an increment within the High-density lipoprotein-C compared with group 2 animals (HFD). Taking under consideration the outcomes, we tend to over that leucocyanidin may be a considerably hypolipidemic agent having preventive and curative activity against lipidemia. --- ## Clinical findings of Sydenham's chorea and comparison of the efficacy of sodium valproate and carbamazepine drug use **Authors:** Shaheedha SM, Vijaya Vara Prasad M **Published:** 2019-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1791 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rheumatoid fever, Sydenham’s chorea, Sodium valproate, Carbamazepine To estimate the incidence of rheumatoid fever in children. To investigate the clinical finding of Sydenham's chorea in children diagnosed with rheumatoid fever. To measure the efficacy of sodium valproate and carbamazepine from the therapeutic outcomes. To measure the incidence of adverse effects in children administered with sodium valproate and carbamazepine. The present study is a prospective study designed to compare the therapeutic outcomes and side effects of chorea groups administered with sodium valproate and carbamazepine. The study was conducted in Chittoor Government hospital, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh. The present study was conducted in Chittoor Government Hospital, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh. The study is a prospective design was conducted in the departments of paediatrics of respective tertiary care hospital which included the patients admitted to children's ward with provisional/ final diagnostic rheumatoid fever. The study conducted after getting the informed consent forms from all the patients included in the study. The patients recruited into the study were divided into 2 chorea groups, and each group were administered with one different drug. From the study, it was concluded that the rate of incidence of rheumatoid fever was relatively decreased from years. However, the initial dose of both the drugs should be tapered slowly for minimizing the dose-related side effects especially like aggressive reaction, weight gain, somnolence and insomnia. --- ## The relationship between the level of albuminuria and severity of impairment in pulmonary function in type II diabetic patients **Authors:** Zahraa A. Al-Mudhafer, Nibras H. Abdulsada Al-Ghuraibawi, Salam J. Mohammed **Published:** 2019-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1797 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus type ii, diabetic nephropathy, Albuminuria, Spirometry, Pulmonary function Diabetes mellitus type II can lead to acute and chronic complications. The progression of many complications might be explained via modification of connective tissue and microangiopathy. The major microvascular structure in the body is the pulmonary alveolar- capillary network, which might be in- fluenced by diabetic microangiopathy. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains a major end-organ complication in diabetes. Complications of diabetes including pulmonary dysfunction and diabetic nephropathy have an analogous microangiopathic origin. There are numerous studies cover the relationship be- tween albuminuria and lung impairment in type I diabetic patients, but few studies about this relationship in type II diabetic patients, so current study aimed to assess the relationship between the levels of albuminuria and pulmonary function in diabetic patients type II. The design of the study is a cross- sectional study included 245 types II diabetic patients (119 male and 126 female), aged 41-80 years with mean ± SEM (57.43±0.54 years). Spirometry was done for all patients. Albumin/creatinine ratio and HbA1c were measured. There was a significant statistical negative relationship between ACR with FEV1 (% predicted) and FVC (% predicted). The progression of diabetic nephropathy to further advanced stages is associated with further changes in pulmonary function. --- ## Investigation for assessing dengue in children with their clinical presentations **Authors:** Shaheedha SM, Vijaya Vara Prasad M **Published:** 2019-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1792 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dengue fever, Pediatric ward, Clinical manifestations, Prospective observational study To identify the cases of Dengue fever in children admitted to the pediatric ward with clinical presentations of febrile illness. To elaborate on the knowledge of dengue management with respect to its clinical manifestations. Methodology: The present study is a prospective observational study which has been conducted in RVS hospitals and Chittoor Government Hospital of Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India. The study was conducted between January 2017 and January 2018 in the department of paediatrics. The study population included the children admitted in the pediatric ward with presenting symptoms of febrile illness and other conditions like lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, shock features and haemorrhage, falling under the age of 1-14 years of age. No subjects of non-severe dengue have been subjected for platelet transfusion, whole fresh blood transfusion, dopamine and adrenaline. Whereas 9 subjects of severe dengue have been treated with platelet transfusion, 7 were treated with whole fresh blood transfusion, 3 have been given with dopamine and 6 were managed with adrenaline. Dengue is an acute febrile illness, can be better managed with prior investigation and confirmation of dengue serology. Raised SGOT investigation is the major laboratory parameter for differentiating non-severe and severe dengue. Thus, the study will improve and elaborates the knowledge for better management of dengue, which results in improved outcome. --- ## Curative role of modified Arjunarishta on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats **Authors:** Santhosh Kumar B, Manickam Diwakar, Sri Kamatchi Priya R, Shyama Subramaniam, Samu Subramaniam **Published:** 2019-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1816 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** LDH, CPK, CK-MB, Troponin, SGOT, SGPT World health organization estimates 16.7 million people globally die every year due to cardiovascular diseases. Huge attention is required towards CVD as it is causing quick health impact and lacking a better therapeutic solution. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic effect of modified arjunarishta on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. In the experiment, animals were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6 rats per group). Group 1 served as normal control. Group 2 (Induced group) received Isoproterenol 85mg/kg body weight subcutaneously for the first two days (24 hrs interval) to induce myocardial infarction. Group 3 (Therapeutic model) received Isoproterenol as per group 2 followed by the administration of Modified Arjunarishta orally from 3rd day to end of the experiment (16th day). The effective dose of 400mg/kg body weight was fixed by dose fixation study. Group 4 (Arjunarishta model) received Isoproterenol as per group 2 followed by the administration of Standard Arjunarishta orally 2ml/kg body weight daily from 3rd day to rest of the experiment period. At the end of the two-week experiment, Isoproterenol induced rats showed a significant increase in the levels of LDH, CPK, CK-MB, Troponin, SGOT, SGPT, Cholesterol, TGL, LDL and a significant decrease in the levels of HDL. The therapeutic activity estimated through biochemical parameters, cardiac markers and lipid profile. --- ## Bicosome: A versatile technology in biomedicine and dermopharmacy **Authors:** Archana J Nair, Jeni Raju, Arya GK, Anjaly A Kumar, Sreeja C Nair **Published:** 2019-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1798 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Transdermal drug delivery system, Vesicular drug delivery system, Liposome, Bicelles, Bicosome, Microencapsulation Bicosomes opened a new chapter in vesicular drug delivery system which immensely contributed to the development of pharmaceutical research. They are defined as bicelles encapsulated in liposomal vesicular structure. One of the peculiar characteristics of bicosomes lies in its distinctive ability to maintain the morphology without any structural changes. They preserve and isolate bicelles from environments with high water contents. This drug delivery system has remarkable stability over temperature changes, in highly diluted media and also an effective permeability modulator for an effective transdermal drug delivery system. This vesicular system becomes a new application for the delivery of the drug through the skin. They are prepared by thin film hydration technique. Unique structures of bicosomes are small enough to pass through stratum corneum of the skin without any damage to tissues and cause structural transformation. This helps to hold the bicosomes between the skin layers and allows slow drug delivery. The capacity of these systems to regenerate skin barrier function and target specific action on skin layers finds its usefulness in the dermatological field. Thus bicosome technology is a versatile platform that can be applied in different skin disorders and appear to be smart nanosystems with great potential in biomedicine and dermopharmacy. --- ## Evaluation of in vitro anticancer potential in Punica granatum, Psidium guajava, and Vitis vinifera seed extracts **Authors:** Samba S. Nelson, Sangilimuthu Alagar Yadav, Lakshmi K. Surendren **Published:** 2019-02-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1796 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anticancer, Punica granatum, Psidium guajava, Vitis vinifera, Cytotoxicity, Phytoconstituents The anticancer potentials of the seed extracts of edible fruits pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), guava (Psidium guajava L.) and grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) were evaluated. Doxorubicin was used as a reference drug. MTT assay was used to determine the anticancer potential of the selected seed extracts. Among the selected edible fruit seeds and their different organic solvent extracts, the ethyl acetate extract of Punica granatum possessed a higher inhibitory effect against lung cancer cell line, compared to other solvent extracts of Psidium guajava and Vitis vinifera fruit seeds, and the IC50 value was 51.25± 1.25 μg/ml, 60.21 ± 1.35 μg/ml and 61.21±1.45μg/ml, respectively. The IC50 of doxorubicin was 49.25 ± 1.85 μg/ml. The inhibitory effects of fruit seeds against lung cancer cell line (A549) could be ranked as P. granatum > P. guajava. >V. Vinifera. In the overall observations of the study, the P. granatum seed extract showed the highest inhibitory effect on lung cancer cell line among the other seeds. --- ## The effect of sodium benzoate as a preservative on the reproductive system of male rats **Authors:** Manar M. Hadi, Wijdan Thamer Mahdi **Published:** 2019-01-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1805 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sodium benzoate, Reproductive system, Rat In order to investigate the effect of sodium benzoate dosage on reproductive efficiency in mature male rats, the current study was conducted at the Faculty of Science, Qadisiyah University for the period from 15\10\2016 to 15\4\2017. Sixty adult male rats (aged 56 days and weighted 138±8.8 g) have been used in the present study. The rats have been divided randomly into three equal groups (20 rats to each group). The first group included the control (C) group and was injected with physiological saline solution daily. The second group was injected with sodium benzoate at a concentration of (50 mg\kg). The third group was injected with sodium benzoate at a concentration of (100 mg\kg). Each group was divided into two subgroups, each containing 10 rats, depending on the duration of the dosage, 2-3 weeks. After 24 hours on the last day of the experiment, animals were sacrificed, and testicular samples were taken for histopathological study. The result of the histological study on the testis showed a significant decrease in the composition of the sperm in the two groups (T1, T2) where the spermatozoa showed a small number of primary and secondary sperm cells as well as a decrease in the number of sperm and Leydig cells. This decrease increases with increasing concentration and duration compared to the control group. It is concluded from the results of the current experiment that the dosage of animals with sodium benzoate at a concentration of (50,100 mg\kg) body weight has a clear effect on the reproductive efficiency of male rats. --- ## Ion-associative complex formation for estimation of piperacillin **Authors:** Giri Prasad G, Venkata Nadh R, Kiran Kumar K **Published:** 2019-01-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1787 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Validation, Piperacillin, Tropaeolin-ooo, Ion associative complex, Assay A simple, validated and affordable visible spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of piperacillin present in bulk and tablet formulation. The proposed method involves the development of a coloured ionassociation complex between piperacillin cation and tropaeolin-ooo anion, which can be further extracted in chloroform. In the formation of cation from piperacillin, site of protonation is oxygen of amide group. Two secondary amides of piperacillin are protonated to form a doubly charged cation. Maximum absorption was observed at 529 nm for the coloured complex. Regression analysis (r = 0.9999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied range of concentration (4.0–24.0 μg mL-1). As per the existing guidelines of ICH, various parameters (interday precision, intraday precision, accuracy, ruggedness, LOD, LOQ) of the method were tested for validation. Low values of relative standard deviation (< 2 %) were observed indicating that the proposed method is reproducible, accurate and precise. The proposed method was extended to assay piperacillin powder for injection formulation. --- ## Cognitive enhancement effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on memory and learning impairments induced by fluoride neurotoxicity **Authors:** Sugavasi Raju, Senthil Kumar Sivanesan, Kanchanalatha Gudemalla **Published:** 2019-01-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1788 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fluoride, Ginkgo biloba Extract, Memory, Learning, Passive avoidance test, T Maze The present work evaluated the neuroprotective functions of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on cognitive and behavioural functions in fluoride intoxicated rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 Groups (n=6 in each Group). Group 1 was Control that received water, Groups2 to 5 were treated with 100 ppm of sodium fluoride for 30 days while the Groups 3, 4, and 5 were drug treated at 50 mg/kg, 100mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight of GBE for 15 days. After 45 days of treatment protocol various behavioural tests (Spatial learning (Y maze, T maze and Passive avoidance test) performed. The data were compared between the groups. The fluoride administered rats that received the only fluoride showed significant impairment in spatial learning and memory as assessed by behavioural tests; the GBE treated animals showed significantly improved learning and memory in a dose-dependent manner. The present study concludes the dose-dependent protective role of GBE in sodium fluoride toxicity induced learning and memory deficits. --- ## Current trends in the pharmacological treatment of diabetic complications in a tertiary care setting **Authors:** Benita Lisa Baji, Tasmiya K, Saraswathy GR, Ann Mary Swaroop, Maheswari Eswaran, Viswam Subeesh **Published:** 2019-01-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1790 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic complications, Prescribing pattern, Insulin, Oral hypoglycemic agents Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a condition primarily defined by the level of hyperglycemia giving rise to the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications. It is associated with reduced life expectancy, significant morbidity and diminished quality of life. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and prescribing pattern in Type 2 DM and its complications in a tertiary care hospital. It was a prospective observational study carried out among 200 patients for 6 months in a tertiary care hospital. Patient's details were collected from case sheets and entered into data collection form. Hyperglycemia was managed with insulin (75.5%) due to its proven effectiveness; oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) (24.5%) were prescribed to a limited extent. For diabetic nephropathy, beta-blockers (43%) were the highest prescribed. Pregabalin was mostly prescribed (35.8%) in diabetic neuropathy. The diabetic foot was commonly managed with clindamycin (61.5%), but treatment differed based on cultural sensitivity. Ischemic heart disease (IHD) was found to be the most prevalent complication in our study setting (41.5%). Macrovascular complications were managed with antihypertensives, diuretics, antianginals, anticoagulants, antiplatelets and antihyperlipidemics. The association of risk factors with diabetic retinopathy and IHD with duration of DM and HbA1c was statistically significant (p=0.007, p=0.05; p=0.007,p=0.004 respectively) Prescribing trend of drugs was based on the severity of complication, associated comorbid conditions and presently existing evidence to promote the rational use of drugs. --- ## Modified cavity surface preparation for composite restoration **Authors:** Anirudha Kabilan, James D. Raj, Revathi Duraisamy **Published:** 2019-01-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1785 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Composite, Students, Practitioners, Bond strength, Amalgam A composite restoration is placed in a cavity after removing dental caries. Composite restorations are very common today because of the growing prevalence of dental erosion and other dental problems. The objective of this study was evaluating the retention of composite material in conventional and modified cavity surface. A survey of practicing dentists and dental students was undertaken. The sample population was selected using stratified random sampling, which involves stratifying the target population into specific groups then using random selection to pick participants from each group. The target population will be stratified into two strata including the practicing dentists' stratum and the dental students' stratum. From the practicing dentists' stratum, three participants will be selected randomly while 20 dentists 80 students' participants will be selected from the dental students' stratum. Therefore, the sample population for the survey research will be 100 participants. The participants will be issued with survey questionnaires and will be required to fill them and return them for analysis. The analysis will involve quantitative and qualitative processes. About 73% of the participants are aware of were aware of the composite restoration and effectiveness of composite restoration whereas 54.8% of the participants were aware about modified cavity surface preparation for composite restoration. Thus, modified cavity surface preparation is hypotheses to provide greater bond structure. This study has strong support for the use of modified cavity preparation in composite restoration as an effective strategy in restorative dentistry. --- ## Review of the effect of Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections, benefits and harm **Authors:** Wejdan Thamer Al-Timeme **Published:** 2019-01-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1813 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), Blood, Plasma, Growth factor Blood plasma is a transparent liquid that tends to yellow. Blood plasma is the intravascular part of extracellular fluid. Blood plasma accounts for about 55% of the total blood volume in the human body. Blood plasma plays an important role in the transmission of water, salts and nutrients such as sugars, vitamins, hormones and others. Passing us age and time was running out for good and no matter how hard we try to keep ourselves and our bodies remain scars age in our faces and bodies we really unavoidable, no escape, one of the ladies afraid from the effects of age and scars on her face and feared that her skin is wrinkled and show traces of age with time for that decision GR LIPA. He was to quit laughing and smiling just for fifty years didn't laugh once lest it appear wrinkled Maybe succeeded with that plan barely, but you deserve to pay the price for happiness laughed and fear of wrinkles and skin youthfulness and lost their shape and slightly slicked and sagging occurs in some places such as swell and lose the whiteness of it and be pockets in our faces and science we find other ways Effective. It seems that the decision was made on this issue since the plasma facial cosmetic world needles to make it jump out to us the results weren't dreaming about her other start. --- ## A retrospective observational study on drug-related problems in patients with rheumatic heart disease **Authors:** Saranya Punniyakotti, Nimi sha **Published:** 2019-01-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1789 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drug related problems, Drug interactions, Adverse drug reactions, Drug duplication, Rheumatic fever Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD is one of the leading cause of public health degradation among children and adults since the twentieth century. Rheumatic fever mostly affects the population of developing countries, especially where poverty is widespread. About 2% of deaths worldwide due to cardiac failure is associated with RHD. Although pharmacotherapy in RHD is beneficial in its management, its outcomes may often be compromised due to the associated drug therapy problems (DTP). Data containing their demographic details, clinical presentation and drug chart was obtained and noted in a structured case report form. The data was compiled, and the drug-related problems associated with commonly prescribed drugs were evaluated. The prescription was critically analysed as per WHO guidelines for its appropriateness. The most commonly occurring DTP was potential drug interactions, sub-therapeutic dose, adverse drug reaction and drug duplication. Majority of the prescriptions were compliant to the recommendations of WHO guide-lines. The study highlights the potential drug-related problems in the management of RHD and hence indicates that there is still room to improve rational prescribing for patients with RHD. Rheumatic Heart Disease, drug-related problems, drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, drug duplication, overdosage, Rheumatic fever. --- ## A review on fate and remediation techniques of oil spills **Authors:** Arpna Kumari, Rajanbir Kaur, Rajinder Kaur **Published:** 2019-01-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1786 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Oil spills, Fate, Bioremediation, Phytoremediation In previous decades, the incidence of oil spills has become frequent through-out the world. The oil spills produce various detrimental effects on aquatic as well as terrestrial ecosystems. The anthropogenic activities are quite responsive for the spillage of oil which has raised various serious threats to all the living beings. It occurs via land runoff, accidental discharge during storage, transportation and bilge discharge etc. The cleanup, recovery and remediation methods for the oil spill are very challenging and complex to execute. Therefore, in the present study main focus is given to some important past oil spills, their fate, and remediation methods. --- ## Enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble Etravirine by solid dispersion technique for antiretroviral therapy **Authors:** Subashini Rajaram, Sivaranjani S, Soundammal S, Sowmitha S, Sowmiya B **Published:** 2019-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1769 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Etravirine, Solid dispersion, HIV/AIDS, Solvent Evaporation, HPMC Solid dispersions (SDs) technique represents a promising approach to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Etravirine is a new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) of human immune deficiency (HIV) virus 1 and it belongs to class IV in Biopharmaceutics classifications system (BCS). The major problem with this drug is its poor solubility in biological fluids, which results in poor bioavailability after oral administration. In the present study, five formulations of etravirine solid dispersion were formulated by solvent evaporation technique using Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), Polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) as hydrophilic carriers with the ratio of 1:1 and 1:2. The dissolution result shown that there was a significant increase in the solubility of etravirine from all formulations. It was observed that formulation (SD2) comprising Etravirine: HPMC (1:2) ratio has shown enhanced solubility and faster dissolution rate. This may due to the conversion of crystalline to an amorphous form of etravirine in solid dispersion consists of a hydrophilic carrier and also increase in wettability. Hence the study was concluded that etravirine SDs could be beneficial for the treatment of HIV/AIDS with enhanced dissolution rate and bioavailability. --- ## Polysaccharide fraction of the hemi-parasitic mistletoe, Dendrophthoe falcata (L) Ettingsh leaves enhances innate immune responses and disease resistance in Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) **Authors:** Konda Subramanian Shalini, Omita Yengkhom, Parasuraman Aiya Subramani, Dinakaran Michael R **Published:** 2019-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1780 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dendrophthoe falcata, Polysaccharide fraction, Immunostimulant, Non-specific immune re- sponse, Disease resistance, Gene expression, Oreochromis niloticus In aquaculture, diseases and disease-outbreak are a major factor limiting its sustainability. Immunostimulants are an effective alternative to antibiotics, chemotherapeutics and perhaps even vaccines. Immunostimulants are a promising and safe prophylactic measure against infectious diseases. In this study, the immunostimulatory effect of the neutral water-soluble polysaccha- ride fraction (PF) isolated from the leaves of the hemi-parasitic mistletoe, Dendrophthoe falcata (DF) was assessed in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish weighing 40±5 g were injected intraperitoneally with Dendrophthoe falcata polysaccharide fraction (DFPF) at a dose of 2, 20 or 200 mgkg-1. An un-treated control group and a positive control group (MacroGard™, 20 mgkg-1) were also maintained. The serum lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, antiprotease and bactericidal activities were significantly enhanced on post-treatment days when compared with that of the untreated control. In the challenge studies, after 7 and 21 days’ administration of DFPF, the high dose of 200 mgkg-1 caused a significant reduction in percent mortality against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. By semi-quantitative gene expression analysis, it was found that there was also a significant upregulation of IL-1β and lysozyme genes. After field trials, DFPF can be applied as an immunostimulant to finfish in aquaculture. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of gastroretentive mucoadhesive tablets of nizatidine **Authors:** Akshata Shirodker, Rajashree Gude, Shreya Acharya, Shraddha Bhangle, Steffi Parab, Nidhi Gadi, Ankita Verekar **Published:** 2019-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1776 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nizatidine, Gastroretentive, Mucoadhesive drug delivery system, HPMC K4M, Polyox WSR303, Carbopol 934P Controlled release gastro-retentive drug delivery systems offer many ad- vantages for drugs having local action in the stomach or upper part of the gastrointestinal tract and control their release in the proximal part of GIT and improve their bioavailability. The objective of this study was to formulate mucoadhesive tablets to enhance the gastric residence time of the drug Nizatidine for the management of peptic ulcer. Nine prototypes, controlled release mucoadhesive tablet formulations were designed using the mucoad- hesive polymer Carbopol 934P in combination with swellable polymers HPMC K4M, Polyox WSR303 and Xanthan Gum in different concentrations. The tablets were prepared by a direct compression method. The formulated tablets were evaluated for different quality parameters including in-vitro dissolution and diffusion study, in-vitro bioadhesion strength, drug content. The cumulative percentage drug release data revealed that formulations F2, F4 and F9 were highly effective in retarding drug release up to 12 hrs with 99.863%, 99.657%, 99.384% release respectively. The release mechanism explained with 5 models viz: zero order, first order, Higuchi and Peppa’s. The overall drug release was observed to follow zero order kinetics and data obtained fitted well with the Higuchi’s equation following non-fickian diffusion mechanism. The bioadhesive strength was found to be the function of nature and concentration of polymer used. Stability study performed for a month (40°C±2°C/75%±5%RH) exhibited no variations. The mucoadhesive gastroretentive formulation could be a promising delivery system for Nizatidine with the controlled release and promote local delivery of the drug to its site of action in the upper GIT. --- ## Investigation serum uric acid in cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality men and women in AL-Muthanna province-Iraq **Authors:** Mohammed Qasim Waheeb **Published:** 2019-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1784 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Serum uric acid, Cardiovascular mortality, All-cause mortality, Cardiovascular risk factors, Investigation The aim of the study was to investigate whether a serum uric acid increase or decrease in cardiovascular mortality (CVM) and all-cause mortality (ACM) in Iraqi populations women and men. Once this was accomplished, the objective was to diagnose pertinent in both CVand AC mortality. The study has been included 235 patients who underwent were divided into groups ACM and CVM that distributed 135 and 100 respectively between June 2016 to June 2018. The primary funding was a composite accident ACM that included type2diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CVM. This investigation has been carried out by using SPSS version22. The investigation developing a uric acid in ACM was higher more than CVD mortality. Elevated uric acid was p-value 0.145 in ACM and 0.74 in CVM. In males have been recorded more than in females in ACM and CVM, also increased uric acid value when progressing age in both genders and groups. In this study shows to present increase cardiovascular in male more than female mortality and noted elevated uric acid to increase age patients in both CVM and All-cause mortality. Uric acid was linked with an increase risk ACM and CVM in women and men. Uric acid was found as a significant influence in ACM and CVM. --- ## Effect of caloric vestibular stimulation on brain neurotransmitters in an MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease **Authors:** Kumar Sai Sailesh, Archana R **Published:** 2019-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1777 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vestibular stimulation, Neurotransmitters, Parkinson’s disease The Parkinson disease is a slowly progressive, degenerative disease of the nervous system associated with damage of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. Though PD was mainly due to damage of damage of dopaminergic system, other neurotransmitters also effected during PD and contribute to non- motor symptoms of PD. The current study was undertaken to observe the effect of caloric vestibular stimulation on brain neurotransmitters in an MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. 24 healthy, adult male Swiss albino mice with body weight ranging between 25-40g were used in the study. The middle ear cavity of the mice was irrigated with hot (40°C) water.0.5 ml of water was taken in 5 ml syringe with the needle removed. The ear was irrigated with water drop by drop, using the syringe. After 30 days of the experimental period, the animals were fasted overnight and sacrificed by cervical decapitation and neurotransmitter levels were estimated. The present study provides evidence for beneficial effects of caloric vestibular stimulation in limiting the changes in neurotransmitter levels in Parkinson's disease. We recommend further detailed studies in this area to understand the mechanism of action and to recommend vestibular stimulation as adjunctive therapy in the management of Parkinson's disease. --- ## Synthesis and characterization poly (5-indanyl methacrylate-co-ethyl meth- acrylate) **Authors:** Senthilnathan G, Mohammed Bilal I, Anver Basha K **Published:** 2019-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1772 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 5-indanyl methacrylate, Ethyl methacrylate, Benzyls peroxide The copolymer (5-IndanylMethacrylate-co-Ethylmethacrylate) is synthesised by the reaction of free radical Solution polymerisation at 70°C using Benzoyl Peroxide. The copolymer is characterised by NMR and IR Spectroscopy. The solubility of the polymers was tested in various polar and non-polar solvents. The Thermal Properties of the copolymer has been determined by means of Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis (DSC) and Thermo- gravimetric analysis (TGA). Thus, the thermal stability of copolymer increases with a decrease of Ethylmethacrylate content in the copolymer. --- ## Biogenic synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from bacteria isolated from garden soil and its antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis **Authors:** Manish Kumar Saini, Satyajeet Das, Harpreet Singh Moti, Lakhawat SS, Anupam Jyoti, Vijay Kumar Srivastava, Sanket Kaushik **Published:** 2019-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1774 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial activity, Green synthesis, MDR Enterococcus faecalis, Silver nanoparticles Silver is a nontoxic, safe inorganic antimicrobial agent used from decades, which has a diverse perspective in the number of biological applications, predominantly in form of nanoparticles. The present study includes synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNps) from the bacterium isolated from garden soil samples. The AgNPs were synthesized by reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution by the bacterium after incubation for 2 days at room temperature. The synthesis of AgNps was initially indicated by the colour change from pale yellow to brown. Further characterization of AgNps was done using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The synthesized AgNPs were found to be spherical in shape and size in the range of 20 nm as demonstrated by TEM. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of proteins bound to AgNPs act as reducing and stabilizing agent. Antibacterial assay of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was done against MDR (Multidrug resistant) bacteria Enterococcus faecalis by standard NCCLS disc diffusion test. AgNPs were found to have antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis at 100µg/ml concentration of AgNps. Therefore, the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized silver nanoparticles proves the application potential of green synthesis in the area of nano-medicine. --- ## Treatment of cystic echinococcosis of femur by autogenous bone graft combined with albendazole and cimetidine **Authors:** Nagla Ahmed El-Nabarawy, Ahmed Kholeif **Published:** 2019-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1775 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Albendazole, Echinococcus granulosus, Cimetidine, Autogenous graft Hydatid disease in long bones is rarely seen and symptoms are always missed. Diagnosis is made only at a late stage because the parasites grow very slowly in bones. We present a case of hydatid cyst in the right femur with a pathological fracture. The condition was treated by resection of the cyst surgically, internal fixation and filling the cavity with autogenous bone graft taken from the ipsilateral iliac crest followed by treatment with albendazole and cimetidine. Periodic follow-up of the patient for one year revealed no abnormalities on radiology and the patient was improved. --- ## Status of serum 25- Hydroxyvitamin D and Leptin in Iraqi diabetic men: Obesity-related study **Authors:** Gumar O Zamil, Halla Ghazi, Basil O Saleh **Published:** 2019-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1779 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus, Obesity, Leptin, 25-hydroxyvita- min D Several works had suggested the high occurrence of low 25-hydroxyvitamin D in type 2 diabetics and found links with central obesity and insulin resistance. Leptin has an important role in natural and acquired immunity. The present study design was aimed to evaluate leptin and 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels in a population of Iraqi diabetic men and to identify any correlations that may exist between these parameters and the glycemic indices. This case-control study was achieved at Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Baghdad, and at El-Imam Ali Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, from July 2017 to January 2018. It consisted of 160 men; 80 types 2 diabetics and 80 aged and BMI matched healthy men. The patients and controls were also subdivided according to their obesity into subgroups. Investigations included serum measurements of fasting serum glucose (FSG) and lipid profile parameters by using Abbott c4000 automatic biochemical analyzer, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, leptin and insulin by using ELISA technique in patients and healthy controls. The results revealed that the mean values of FSG of diabetic obese, diabetic overweight, and diabetic normal-BMI patients were significantly increased compared to that of healthy controls (for all; P<0.0001). The mean values of serum leptin of diabetic obese, diabetic overweight and diabetic normal-BMI were lower than those of healthy obese, overweight and normal-BMI, but did not reach the significant level. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D did not observe any significant change between diabetics and healthy individuals. The findings also revealed the presence of a significant direct relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the HOMA values in the diabetic obese group (r= 0.402, P<0.021). This study concluded that obesity has a significant relation with serum levels of leptin, while the association of diabetes and vitamin D still need further investigations. --- ## Emergency contraception: A quick lesson **Authors:** Reena Kulshrestha, Sharit Shekhar Barman, Soumita Bhattacharya, Arnab Chakrabarty, Koushik Bhattacharya **Published:** 2019-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1770 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Unprotected sex, Contraception, Intrauterine system Unprotected sex is only the major cause of unexpected, unwanted pregnancy which is a serious problem for the female which can interfere in their personal life. To achieve their normal life, abortion is one of the general as well as common out-turn to them as a result increasing rate of abortion use to be an incident in Indian female of fertile age. Thus, this incidence is giving a prone to enter in an unsafe life to those females. To avoid this unsafe and uninterrupted personal life the knowledge about Emergency Contraception is necessary. --- ## Succimer modulates the effects of arsenic exposure on oxidative stress, behavioural and histological alterations in the brain of a rat **Authors:** Mesram Nageshwar, Kherda Takhelmayum, Karnati Pratap Reddy **Published:** 2019-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1773 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Arsenic, Succimer, Oxidative stress, Rotarod test, Hotplate test Arsenic is an environmental pollutant with potent neurotoxicity debilitating the individuals with other ailments. The succimer is a chelating agent used in therapeutic effects of heavy metal toxicity. This study reports the modulatory effect of succimer on oxidative stress, behavioural and histological impairments in the rat treated with arsenic. Adults rats were divided into four groups: control, arsenic (100ppm/kg BW), arsenic (100ppm/kg BW)+Succimer (50mg/kg BW) and Succimer (50mg/kg BW). The treatments were delivered for 15 days. After the treatment period, behavioural studies were conducted, and the brain was used for biochemical and histological evaluation. Arsenic-treated rats showed a significantly decreased motor coordination (Rotarod test), increased paw withdrawal latency period (Hotplate test), lipid peroxidation content (LPO) as well as a significantly declined superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. The histological changes such as neural cells with irregular shape and axon, cyton, and dendrite degenerated in the cerebral cortex region of the brain. In Arsenic + Succimer group, succimer significantly reversed the adverse effects of arsenic on the oxidative stress, behavioural and histological alterations compared to the arsenic group. Succimer alone treatment has not shown any adverse effect. Thus succimer showed protective effects against arsenic generated oxidative stress, behavioural deficits and inhibiting neuronal alterations. Thus, succimer prove to be a useful therapeutic component against arsenic-induced neurotoxicity. --- ## A glance preface and novel approaches for the efficient treatment of a migraine **Authors:** Shefrin S, Sreelaxmi CS, Sharon Joseph, Sreeja C Nair **Published:** 2019-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1822 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** A migraine, Trigeminovascular system, Fluid biomarkers, CNS delivery, Therapeutic design, Novel drug delivery The reviewing of a migraine mainly aimed to analyze the incessant paroxysmal neurological ailment characterized by moderate to severe head throbing. The review points out the basic and different types of migraine as well as some of the promising newer therapeutic options. The various in CSF, as well as blood, are used as standards to diagnose the condition. The tripants released during the 1990s were the initial class of drugs used for acute treatment of migraine. The other conventional therapies offer especially as oral formulations are not exquisitely appropriate for having severe nausea and vomiting with reduced gastric absorption. The unmet clinical needs were rapidly advanced, and development of novel drug delivery system ensured better kinetic and dynamic characteristics. The newer drug regimens were more based and targeted on the neurotransmitters directly in involved in the of migraine by utilizing exceptionally confined delivery systems. These include a breath activated the system, patch, oral inhalers where lower and safer doses of the drug were utilized. Such systems were having improved patient compliance and offered non- invasive route of drug administration that could be suitably substituted by oral medications. The disease disabled the quality of life of patients and also had an abundant effect in the daily activities especially for women. Thus the various approaches are used as novel treatment methods for better and enhanced profiling of drug molecules. --- ## The possible protective effect of trimetazidine on imiquimod-induced psoriasis like skin inflammation in an animal model **Authors:** Mohammed R. Al-Notazy, Mukhallad A. Al-Rubye, Munaf S. Aal-Aaboda, Haider F. Al-Saedi, Ban J. Qasim **Published:** 2019-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1782 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Psoriasis, Trimetazidine, Imiquimod, IL-8 The main objective of our study was to investigate the effects of topical ap- plication of trimetazidine on imiquimod induce psoriasis-like skin lesion. 18 mice had the back shaved for topical application and were grouped as follow. In the control group, mice were daily treated with vaseline base only for six days. The induction group included the mice daily treated with 62.5 mg of commercially available 5% IMQ cream (Aldara, MEDA) for 7 days. Trimetazidine group were daily treated with both 62.5 mg of commercially available 5% IMQ cream (Aldara, MEDA) and 2.5% trimetazidine cream for 7 days. Based on the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI), visual inspection of scaling and erythema were independently scored on a scale from 0 to 4 (0, none; 1, slight; 2, moderate; 3, marked; 4, very marked). Hematoxyline-Eosin was used for the histopathological study. In addition, IL-8 was compared across groups by an Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test. There was a significant reduction of both epidermal thickness, scaling and erythema in the trimetazidine treated group compared to imiquimod treated group (p <0.05). IL-8, as a marker of inflammation, was decline significantly in trimetazidine treated group compared to the imiquimod group (p <0.05). The histopathological study showed trimetazidine treated group has a marked regression of the proliferation and thickness of the epidermal cell that has been induced by imiquimod. --- ## Effects of resistance training and aerobic exercise on the fitness of old adults **Authors:** Sujatha B, Ramesh Deepak Ethiraj, Brite Saghaya Rayna A **Published:** 2019-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1781 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aerobic exercise, Resistance exercise, Six-minute walk test, Old adults The study aims to determine the effects of resistance training and aerobic exercise in old adults. The methodology of the study is 30 individuals will be selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The detailed procedure will be explained in the patient's words, and informed consent will be obtained from all the participants. Effects of resistance training and aerobic exercise will be evaluated in the subjects. The post-test value will be taken after four weeks. The results we determined from the statistical analysis, it has been revealed that there is a significant improvement in the physical fitness of the Aerobic Group than the Resistance Group. In the Six-Minute Walk test for the Aerobic Group, the pre-test mean is 394.73, with the standard deviation being 13.94 and the post-test mean being 460.33 with a standard deviation of 20.87, p-value less than 0.001. In the TUG test for the Aerobic Group, the pre-test mean is 18.73 with a standard deviation of 1.79 and the post-test mean is 14.87 with a standard deviation of 2.50 with a p-value less than 0.001. In the Six-Minute Walk test for the Resistance Group, the pre-test mean is 395.27 with a standard deviation of 13.65 and the post-test value is 427.73 with a standard deviation of 14.07 with the p-value being less than 0.0001. In the TUG test for the Resistance Group, the pre-test mean is 18.73 with a standard deviation of 1.79 and the post-test mean is 16.87 with a standard deviation of 1.92 and the p-value being less than 0.0001. Hence, we conclude that it has been proved statistically that although improvements have been observed in both groups, the improvement is much more significant in the Aerobic Group than it is in the Resistance Group. --- ## Ritonavir loaded surface modified stealth solid lipid nanoparticles: Full factorial design and pharmacokinetic studies **Authors:** Pavan Rudhrabatla VSA, Beeravelli Sudhakar, Suresh Reddy KVN **Published:** 2019-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1783 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ritonavir, Solid lipid nanoparticle, Tristearin, Lyophilization, Sterilization paranteral Bioavailability This work aims at developing and optimizing the ritonavir loaded stealth solid lipid nanoparticles for parenteral delivery using full factorial design to improve the systemic circulation. The ritonavir loaded stealth solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were developed by hot melt homogenization method using tristearin, HSPC and poloxamer 188. The SLNs were evaluated for various physicochemical evaluation parameters such as percent drug content, particle size, zeta potential, % entrapment efficacy and in-vitro drug release studies. The composition of the formulation was finalized by applying constraints (goals) on independent variables (factors) and dependent (response). The Optimization was done based on the criteria of minimum particle size (nm), maximum %EE and maximum zeta potential. The optimized SLN converted into a stealth form using different concentrations of 1,2-distearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine-methyl-polyethene glycol conjugate 2000(sodium salt). The drug encapsulation range of stealth solid lipid nanoparticles (SSLN) is between 94.12% and 98.12%. The mean size of particles was found between 126.6 to 146.2 nm. This indicates particles are in uniform distribution. The zeta potential was found in the range of -38.9 to -54.6 mV for stealth solid nanoparticles. The in vivo studies revealed that the drug-loaded SSLN has prolonged circulation time compared to pure ritonavir (PR) when administered to rats through intravenous route. The optimized SSLNs were further evaluated for drug-excipients compatibility, stability and pharmacokinetic studies by Wistar rats. The PEGylation technique improved pharmacokinetic parameters of ritonavir from stealth solid lipid nanoparticles when compared to pure ritonavir. The Paired t-test was used for comparison of the pharmacokinetic parameters. All the statistical assessments have done at a significant level p < 0.05. --- ## Fabrication and characterization of a matrix-type transdermal patch containing microspheres of risperidone **Authors:** Akshata Shirodker, Rajashree Gude, Sneha Vaidya, Shraddha Bhangle, Steffi Parab, Nidhi Gadi, Ankita Verekar **Published:** 2019-01-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1778 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Transdermal drug Delivery, Risperidone, Microspheres, HPMC, EC, Matrix One of the important problems in the case of psychotic patients is that of compliance with the therapy. Since the routes of administration are invasive, patients resist adhering to the treatment which reduces the efficacy. In the present study, an attempt was made to develop a non-invasive dosage form for the treatment of psychosis. Hence, microspheres of an atypical antipsychotic drug, Risperidone were prepared using HPMC as the polymer by ionic gelation method. Out of the 4 batches of microspheres prepared, Batch F2 (Drug: Polymer ratio 1:2) was found to give better release (about 81%) for 12 hours. SEM studies revealed that the particles were spherical with a smooth surface. Also, it showed satisfactory results for other tests like particle size, micromeritic properties, percentage yield. Hence this batch was further selected to be dispersed in the EC matrix. The matrix was prepared using EC by solvent evaporation method after incorporating the calculated amount of microspheres. Films were evaluated for physicochemical parameters such as thickness, % moisture loss, % moisture absorption, % water vapour transmission and such other tests. Drug content and weight uniformity analysis indicated that the films had relatively uniform weights and Risperidone content with minimum intra-batch variability. The films were stable during the stability studies carried out for one month. Formulation T3 (Drug: Polymer ratio 1:18) gave the highest release, i.e. up to 84% for a duration of up to 24hrs. And hence it was selected to be the best amongst all. --- ## Evaluation of the gastroprotective potential of Chloris paraguaiensis steud **Authors:** Poojitha M, Saravana Kumar A, Satyanarayana SV **Published:** 2019-01-10 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v10i1.1846 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ethanol-induced ulcer, Pylorus ligation, Gastric secretion, Herbal extract A peptic ulcer is one of the most common and aggressive disorders in human beings recently. Excessive use of proton pump inhibitors has lead to many other complications including bone weakness and cardiac conditions. In view of this, herbal extracts are found to be the best alternatives so far and thus serve us as sources of new drugs and lead molecules. Due to the presence of phytoconstituents like flavonoids, Glycosides and phenols, it was estimated that the ethanol extracts of Chloris paraguaiensis steud exhibit the proposed activity. The gastroprotective efficacy of an ethanolic extract of Chloris paraguaiensis steud was evaluated by inducing gastric ulcer using ethanol and pylorus ligation methods at two doses as 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg body weight. The percentage of ulcer protection was 82% for Chloris paraguaiensis and 89% for standard, Lansoprazole. The dose at 500mg/kg showed significant and promising activity in comparison with the standard drug. Hence, the gastroprotective effect observed in the present study might be due to phytochemicals such as a flavonoid, glycoside and also it is a dose dependent activity. --- ## The effectiveness of Masako manoeuvre on post-stroke dysphagia **Authors:** Kumaresan A, Manoj Abraham M, Chiranjibi Kumar Nayak **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1702 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Post-stroke dysphagia, Masako Maneuver, Stroke, Eat 10 scale Reason for this investigation to decide the adequacy of Masako Maneuver on gulping capacity in subjects with post Stroke Dysphagia. Dysphagia is a significant obstacle for the stroke recovery, not very many Physiotherapy Maneuvers was there very less has been Proven in that Masako Maneuver effectively relevant to the Patients. The quasi-experimental study design was used in this study. A total of 30 stroke patients were included according to the Inclusion criteria: Difficulty in swallowing following a stroke, both gender, Eat 10 scale (20 to 40) and Exclusion criteria: Infective pharyngitis, Tracheostomy, Traumatic Brain Injured Patients, Edentulous, those who cannot understand the command. All the 30 patients received Masako Maneuver for two weeks. Pre and Posttest outcome values were measured by EAT 10 scale. Values were tabulated and statistically analyzed. The results of this study P-Value of EAT-10 Scale is 0.001 which is extremely statistically significant of pre and posttest values. From this study, it was concluded that a more beneficial effect was seen with Masako Maneuver in the treatment of subjects with post-stroke Dysphagia. --- ## Detection of Serratia marcescens from clinical and environmental samples with antimicrobial sensitivity test in Basrah **Authors:** Reham M. Al-Mosawi **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1710 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Serratia marcescens, Antimicrobial sensitivity, Basrah Serratia marcescens is a Gram-negative bacterium which distinguished as a member of the bacterial family of Enterobacteriaceae. It is the most common species of the genus Serratia that cause human opportunistic pathogens with a wide host range and symbolize a rising problem for public health as a causative agent of hospital-acquired / nosocomial infection in the last three decades. In the present study out of total (185) clinical and environmental specimens were collected then processed for isolation and detection of S.marcescens isolates in the south of Iraq in Basrah city. The bacterial growth was seen in 85 (65.38 %) as positive cultures and 45 (34.61 %) specimens showed negative (no bacterial growth) from the totally 130 of various clinical samples. While, from the total 55 of diverse sources of environmental specimens, the positive cultures of S.marcescens were evident in 32 (58.18 %) and no bacterial growth in 23 (41.81 %). Also, this study revealed the strains of S.marcescens as a pigmented types in frequent of (69.41 %) and non-pigmented types in rates of (30.58 %), these all bacterial isolates of S.marcescens from clinical sources. Moreover, in our study the antibiotic sensitivity testing was done for all the (117) positive isolates of S.marcescens from clinical and environmental samples, among the 85 isolates of S.marcescens from clinical samples it's were very sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (100 %) and Cefepime (89.41 %) and were more resistant to Ampicillin (87.05 %) and Aztreonam (64.70 %). While, among the 32 isolates of S.marcescens from environmental samples, results showed, these isolates of S.marcescens it's were also susceptible to Ciprofloxacin with fully form infrequent (100 %) and susceptible to antibiotic Cefepime in rate (81.25 %) but, it is more resistant to Ampicillin infrequent (81.25 %) and Aztreonam (78.12 %). --- ## Exaggerated Mantoux reaction – Necrotising changes **Authors:** Rahumath Ajeetha, Radha Kumar, Anand Ramakrishnan **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1662 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mantoux administration, Necrotic Local Reaction, Typical Gold Abscess Tuberculin skin test is very useful diagnostic tool to screen for tuberculosis infection. This test can be taken as positive if there is formation of induration in the injected site within 48 hrs of injection. Sometimes rarely, formation of vesicles, bullae, necrotic changes can occur. Here we report a 14 years old girl who developed necrotic changes following tuberculin skin test. A 14 years old adolescent girl came with swelling in right side of neck for 15 days. She was earlier suspected to have pulmonary tuberculosis and started on ATT. She discontinued ATT after one month and presented to us a month later. She had no pulmonary symptoms, the swelling was not a typical cold abscess and her treatment records did not mention any evaluation or rationale for the diagnosis of TB and indication for initiating ATT. She was hence evaluated. Mantoux was given, she developed bullous lesion followed by ulceration and necrotic changes. FNAC of the swelling was done which was positive for AFB. The child was started with Antitubercular drugs. In this case, the necrotic response is probably due to previous exposure to tuberculin protein by means of Mantoux testing done before initiation of ATT which was not documented. Apart from the possibility of a false positive response to repeated Mantoux administration, the risk of necrotic local reaction also exists, reinforcing the need to avoid repeated testing. --- ## Method development and validation of Ceritinib in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form by UV spectrophotometry **Authors:** Janardhana Reddy VL, Raveendra Reddy P, Sreenivasulu S **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1646 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ceritinib, Ultraviolet, Spectrophotometry, Validation UV spectrophotometric study is the most economical method for studying and validating the drug. In this present study, a new method has been developed and validated for Ceritinib in its bulk form and its dosage form. Ceritinib showed the maximum absorbance at 206nm. The method obeyed Beer Lambert's law and the linearity concentration range was found to be 2-10 μg/ml. The results for other validation parameters were analyzed statistically and were found to fall within the acceptance criteria. The recovery studies and assay studies were found to be satisfactory. --- ## Effect of regular dance practice on pulmonary functions and respiratory efficiency in female Bharatanatyam dancers – A pilot study **Authors:** Surekha R, Archana R, Vijayalakshmi B **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1670 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Traditional dance, Bharatanatyam, Respiratory efficiency, 40mm endurance test Dance is one of the special forms of exercise which has a wholesome effect on the human body. Practising traditional dance like Bharatanatyam has a potentially positive impact on physical health and may enhance the respiratory system by improving respiratory efficiency which has not explicitly been assessed so far. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of regular dance practice on pulmonary functions and respiratory efficiency in female Bharatanatyam dancers. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, female participants between the age grouping 13-18 years were divided into control group (with no experience of Bharatanatyam dancing) and dancers group (practising Bharatanatyam for 3 years). Using PC based USB Spirometer; data for pulmonary function test was collected by assessing variables like FVC, FEV1, FEV/FVC1, FEF 25% - 75%, PEF, FET, FIVC, PIF, total FEV1%. Data for respiratory efficiency was assessed by testing 40mm endurance test, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), respiratory blast test and both in control and the dancer's group. The results were analyzed using students "t" test. Long-term practice of Bharatanatyam practice had significantly increased the respiratory efficiency in dancers (p<0.05) compared to the control group. Thus, the study has found that the practice of regular Bharatanatyam dance will be beneficial in improving pulmonary functions and respiratory efficiency. --- ## The relationship between blood pressure and pupil to limbus diameter (PLD) ratio in pre-hypertensive women: A pilot study **Authors:** Kumar Sai Sailesh, Archana R, Srilatha Bashetti, Soumya Mishra, Mukkadan JK **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1666 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pupil, Limbus, Blood pressure, Pre-hypertension The present study was undertaken to observe the relationship between blood pressure and pupil to limbus diameter (PLD) ratio in prehypertensive working women. 30 pre-hypertensive working women were part of the study after obtaining written, voluntary, informed consent and ensuring confidentiality. PLD ratio was measured by the two-box method as described in the literature. There was a significant positive correlation between PLD ratio and blood pressure and pulse rate (p<0.001). Our study provides further evidence for a positive correlation between blood pressure and pulse rate with PLDratio. It is the need of the time to conduct further studies including both the genders to support the use of PLD ratio as a simple and cost-effective autonomic function test. --- ## Success rate of dental implants in hypothyroid females in relation to vitamin D level **Authors:** Malath Nabil Jafar **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1706 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Implants, Hypothyroid, Vitamin D The current study aims to discover the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the failure of dental implants for patients with hypothyroidism. If 34 samples of patients were taken during the two years, taking into account gender, age, jaw location, dental implant area, prosthetic type and dental condition. The final results of the study showed the success of 25 samples of patients with hypothyroidism and their suffering from a low level of vitamin D while nine failed samples of patients with hypothyroidism suffered from low vitamin D. The study found that females who were controlled Their medical hypothyroidism lack the failure of implants while vitamin D deficiency can overcome the failure of implants in the stages of the mechanism by taking supplements. --- ## An overview of different techniques of vestibular stimulation used in experimental animals **Authors:** Jinu KV, Archana R, Kumar Sai Sailesh, Arun HS **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1635 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Vestibular stimulation, Cognitive Neuroscience, Alzheimer’s diseases, Parkinson’s disease Even though primarily the function of the vestibular system is the maintenance of balance and equilibrium, it has been found that vestibular stimulation is beneficial even in advanced areas like cognitive neuroscience. The history of the vestibular system only dates back to 18th century, but much before that vestibular stimulation had been used to cure psychiatric disorders. Later vestibular stimulation used as a tool for diagnosing vestibular disorders. However, abundant evidence again proved that this old technique is beneficial in neurological disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Vestibular stimulation also found to be beneficial in the management of stress, improving diabetics and hypertension, improving sleep quality, improving immunity, improving memory, motor execution during a cognitive task, and reduction in abnormal muscle tone. Further, for normal growth and development, vestibular stimulation is an essential component. The current review article deals with different methods available for vestibular stimulation in experimental animals. --- ## Flipped Classroom – A novel breakthrough in learning **Authors:** Deepak Nallaswamy, Vishnu Priya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1689 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Flipped classroom, iBooks, Small group learning, Conceptual learning Flipped classroom alters the conventional learning environment and brings out innovation and creativity in the teaching-learning process. The flipped classroom has begun to enhance the way the students receive information from their mentors. Audiovisual aids create a virtual classroom at home. Classroom time is more focused on student-centred learning activities, such as concept mapping, process-oriented guided inquiry learning, peer-led team-based learning, game-based learning, critical pedagogy. This improves better understanding of the subject, develop cognitive skills and enhance the conceptual learning of the students. Academic performance of the students exposed to flipped videos integrated with iBooks was evaluated and com- pared with the traditional learning environment. --- ## Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Bacterial Pathogens isolation from bronchial washing by VITEK 2 system **Authors:** Zainab Khamees Abbas **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1718 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Respiratory care units, Bronchopneumonia, Antimicrobial, VITEK 2 system This study was examined for the purpose of determining the sensitivity of bacterial pathogens taken from the lower respiratory tract of antimicrobial Susceptibility from patients who were taken to Ramadi teaching hospital where 167 samples of bronchial secretions were withdrawn and the proportion of isolated bacteria was calculated from The samples in table 1 where the highest ratio of isolated bacteria of female males are strep. Pneumonia is about 20.6% for males and 25.0% while the lowest percentage is 0% in Acinetobacter sp. the lowest percentage of females was 2% for Bordetella spp. and staph. Spp. The growth of the culture was then measured by the value of p, where the results showed that the highest growth of a pathogen with pa- tients was equal to 0.782 for the Kleb. Pneumonia and the lowest value p appeared in the results of the Acinetobacter. SP strain Equal to 0. The resistance of the antimicrobial is measured through the value of the Mac where between the table that resistance MIC ≥ 64 for the type Pseudomonas. aerug For antimicrobial Ceftazidime and resistance bordetella.spp. MIC ≤ 0.5 for antimicrobial colistin. The conclusion from this study is that bacterial diseases are the most prevalent diseases of the lower respiratory system among patients in hospitals as well as microbial antibiotics cannot be the ideal solution for the treatment of bacterial infection because it is a frequent use leads to the production of a new strain resistant to antimicrobial Also, the antibiotics are not given a new result in the case of multiple infections (two bacterial pathogens). --- ## Molecular detection for Trichomonas virginals in placenta tissue from women with BOD **Authors:** Huda Dhaher Al-Marsomy **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1720 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Trichomonas vaginalis, PCR, Placenta tissue, BOD Trichomonas viginalis is a unicellular parasite, occur in one stage (Trophozoite) and transmitted to human by sexual activity. Trichomoniasis is common in sexually active women of all ages. Disease symptoms range from asymptomatic to severe inflammation. Also, studies indicated that trichomoniasis implicated in causing adverse pregnancy outcomes. In this study, we try to investigate this effect in women with BOD history by the molecular method. Among the selected pregnant women, two hundred placental tissues were collected with a history of "BOD" that is sent to outpatient gynaecology departments, units of the Al Alamad Al Kadhimain Medical City Crisis Unit and the Fatima Al-Zahraa University Hospital from December 2015 to May 2016 Baghdad, Iraq. The tissues were homogeneous, and the DNA was extracted. Two genes were used for the detection of Trichomonas by conventional PCR. The mean age for two hundred women enrolled in this study were 27 ± 6.6. One hundred fourth of them had abnormal pregnancy outcomes (62%). The main abnormal outcomes were abortion (36%), still- birth (18%) and congenital abnormality (8%). By the conventional PCR, Trichomonas viginalis was detected in 24 /200 (12%) of the total placental tissues. 75 % were in age 20-29. Nine of infected women with Trichomonas vaginalis had Abnormal pregnancy, the majority of abnormal outcomes were abortion (29.17%), stillbirth (8.33%) and no congenital abnormalities were detected. 54.17% had 3-4 previous pregnancies. All the results were significantly important. Trichomonas vaginalis can reach the placental tis- sue, and there is a clear association with a woman who had a BOD. --- ## A rare case of De novo mitral valve endocarditis in a patient with chronic kidney disease **Authors:** Mohd Shahid, Meenakshi K, Soundararajan P, Narayanaswamy AG, Vinoth Kumar J, Sharada K, Magesh V, Syed Hafeezullah **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1657 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cannula Induced Endocarditis, Internal Jugular Cannula, De novo mitral valve, Infective endocarditis In the era of guideline based practice, central catheter induced endocarditis is not unknown. The internal jugular cannula, often serve as conduits for infection of the seemingly normal heart. Our patient is a 60 years old male of chronic kidney disease, stage V, awaiting the maturation of the AV fistula. His presenting complaints were of progressive shortness of breath and fever of one-week duration and he had been receiving cycles of haemodialysis since the last 2months via an indwelling central venous catheter (Internal Jugular Vein). Bedside transthoracic ECHO showed a large posterior mitral leaflet vegetation, mild to moderate mitral regurgitation and normal LV systolic function. Klebsiella pneumonia was grown in the blood culture and the patient was put on Cefoperazone. The patient improved with antibiotics but sought premature discharge due to personal reasons and was lost to follow up. This case is being presented to highlight that a high index of suspicion of infective endocarditis is necessary for patients on cannulas, who develop the febrile illness. Further, unless there is a septal defect, right sided endocarditis was more common when the heart was structurally normal in immune compromised persons, in cannula acquired infection the left heart valves are more often the seat of endocarditis than the right heart valves, as was in our case. --- ## Dissolution studies of telmisartan: Influence of pH on the release of drug from oral formulations **Authors:** Rita R. Lala, Amol S. Shinde **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1686 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dissolution, In vitro, pH, Telmisartan Telmisartan is Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist, which is used in the prevention and treatment of Hypertension. Telmisartan belongs to class II drug in BCS classification, i.e. low solubility and high permeability. The dissolution of a drug in specific gastrointestinal fluids is important for absorption into the systemic circulation. Dissolution studies {using USP Apparatus 2 (Paddle Apparatus) at 75 rpm with dissolution media including pH 1.2 hydrochloric acid, and pH 4.5, pH 6.8, pH 7.5 buffers} on various commercial products of Telmisartan were carried out to compare drug release. Statistical methods were used to compare the dissolution profiles. These included Model independent method, i.e. Dissimilarity factor (f1) and the Similarity factor (f2) as recommended by FDA. It was observed that formulation factors significantly affect the solubility of a drug at various pH. The dissolution profile of Tazloc tablets at various pH exhibited significant differences compared to other commercial products. Tazloc tablets showed consistently higher release at pH 4.5 and 7.5, (i.e., pH conditions relevant to the intestine) suggesting its pharmacokinetic activity could be perhaps superior to other marketed brands as higher dissolution leads to better absorption that may lead to better plasma levels and thus better efficacy. --- ## D-carvone inhibits growth, migration, cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and induces apoptosis in A431 cells by disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential **Authors:** Gopalakrishnan Thamizharasi, Ganapathy Sindhu **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1704 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** A431 cells, Cytotoxicity, D-carvone, Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest, Migration The simultaneous control over multiple hallmarks is an effective and viable strategy in the treatment of life-threatening diseases like cancer. This work plan was designed to investigate the outcome of D-carvone on viability, movement, and reactive oxygen species production, level of mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis and cell cycle events against A431 skin cancer cell lines. Cells were treated with D-carvone on A431 cell line in a dosage reliant approach; the cytotoxicity of the drug was observed and confirmed as IC50 values of the D-carvone to investigate further parameters. We examined the efficiency of D-carvone on apoptosis induction by dual staining method, cell cycle distribution using flow cytometric analysis, activation of oxidative stress were evaluated by measuring ROS and MMP. And the migration efficiency of cancer cells was determined by transwell migration assay. The statistical analysis of all data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc test. In most results were observed, strong cytotoxic activity of D-carvone (30 µg) had towards- A431 (human epidermoid carcinoma cells) in the MTT analysis. Further, it shows that the D-carvone 25, 30 and 35 µg/ml concentration capable of inducing apoptosis in A431 cells in a dose-responsive approach through the generation of reactive oxygen species, as well as leading to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, we observed cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase at an application of D-carvone 35 µg/ml and movement of cancer cells significantly reduced in D-carvone 30 µg treated groups in dose reliant manner. Overall this study concludes that D-carvone is a potential antiproliferative as well as anti-cancer agent and may be developed into a lead to treating human skin cancer. --- ## Drug usage pattern of analgesics among intraoperative patients in a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Kothai R, Manivannan E, Arul B, Sabna Sabu, Shajinimol NS, Sona Mary John **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1633 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Surgical Pain, Anaesthesia, Intraoperative Analgesia, Fentanyl, Bupivacaine Inadequately treated surgical pain is a major clinical, social and economic concern throughout the world. The prospective observational study on drug usage pattern of analgesics among intraoperative patients was carried over a period of six months, on 150 consecutive inpatients of Anaesthesia department in a tertiary care hospital in Tamil Nadu. From the 100 cases included in the study, it was found that 25% of the cases were posted for hernioplasty. Majority of cases required a single anaesthetic agent (83%). Fentanyl was the most commonly used intraoperative analgesic agent (75%), but a combination of bupivacaine and fentanyl (37%) provided a superior quality of analgesia with a lesser need of additional analgesics. 84% of the subjects experienced no ADRs. Our study showed variations in the selection of intraoperative analgesics by different consultant anesthesiologists for patients undergoing various surgical procedures. As there are no study reports available in our country on intraoperative analgesic use for major and invasive surgeries, this study will serve to provide a data regarding the utilization pattern of intraoperative analgesics in this part of India. --- ## Phytochemical library of Caralluma genus **Authors:** Sireesha M, Venkata Nadh R, Suresh Babu K, Sreenivasulu M **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1655 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Asclepiadaceae, Caralluma, Medicinal plants, Pharmacological activities, Phytochemical library Caralluma is one of the prominent genus out of 200 genera and 2500 species of Asclepiadaceae family. Caralluma genus belongs to Asclepiadaceae and is widely distributed in Asia countries, Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Canary Islands and Southeast Europe. In folkloric medicine, as well as in Unani and Ayurvedic systems of medicine, the plants of Caralluma are being used for the treatment of diabetic patients and rheumatism. Tribals consider some of them as food during famines and also as a part of the traditional medicinal system. In India and Pakistan, Caralluma species have been used as emergency foods for the last few centuries. As allopathic medicines possess toxic nature and side effects, the use of plant-based medicine is becoming popular. This lead to a sudden enhancement in the production of herbal drugs. At present Caralluma is gaining much importance from researchers because it possesses array immunostimulating activities due to presence flavonoids and saponins and pregnane glycosides as active components. The present article thoroughly reviewed about various phytochemicals present in different species of Caralluma. Tabulated a list of phytochemicals isolated by various researchers from different plants of the Caralluma genus. Further, listed out the species on which enthusiastic researchers of this field can extend their investigation. --- ## Isolation and diagnosis of vaginal candida spp. and the effect of some anti- fungal drugs in pregnant women with and without diabetes **Authors:** Ban Hamid Qaddoori, Abdul Basit Abdul Samad, Abeer Hussein Maslat **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1705 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antifungal, Vulvovaginal, Candidiasis, Pregnant Women This study aims to evaluate the effect of antifungal drug treatment on Vulvo- Vaginal Candidiasis (VVC) in pregnant women which is the most common yeast infection in females otherwise worldwide. The secondary objective was to see effects if any between age, gravidity, pregnancy age of the subjects and VVC. This observational study was conducted at our fertility centre during one year period from the first of October 2017 to the beginning of March 2018. The 209 sterile cotton swab vaginal discharge samples were examined by cell detection & optical microscopy to observe the presence of causative yeast. These samples were collected from pregnant women, who, after being suspected to have VVC infection, were diagnosed for the same by a physician. Sabouraud & chrome agar cultures were prepared for positive samples to test the sensitivity of the isolates against antifungal drugs. The results of this study showed that Candida albicans was predominating among other types of Candida spp. (93.75%) As causative of VVC. It also reported that women ageing 30 to 40 years, multigravidas & pregnant women in their 3rd trimester were potentially more susceptible to VVC. Statistically stating, stated age group was found to be more affected than others (51.33%) for C. albicans (70%) & while women with multigravidas (95.33%) than primigravida women. The sensitivity test showed that the antifungal drug Ketoconazole & Fluconazole seems to have the highest effect against C.albicans while Miconazole against C.krusei. This study concluded that Candida albicans is the most common species responsible for causing VVC. Pregnant women ageing between 30-40 years, those in the 3rd trimester and multigravidas are more affected with VVC. Ketoconazole and fluconazole have a comparable effect against Candida albicans. Fluconazole does not affect Candida Crusie while Miconazole had. --- ## Estimating the amount of crowding in different occlusal patterns **Authors:** Mary Sheloni Missier, Ashwin Mathew George, Ashok Vardhan N **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1761 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Malocclusion, Etiology, Irregularity, Crowding, Prevalence Lower anterior dental crowding is one of the most common types of malocclusion which occurs in all 3 groups of Angle's classification. The awareness of the general population on orthodontic treatment though is on the rise compared to the western population the awareness among the Indian population is still on the downside. Is it the decreased prevalence in malocclusion or the decreased awareness in spite of the prevalence of malocclusion is the objective of this study. Little's index is used for the evaluation of the amount of crowding by the sum of the distance from the contact point of teeth in malocclusion to the ideal contact point when in alignment. This study involves a sample size of 30 patients with 10 in each type of occlusion. A pre-treatment model of each is taken, and the amount of crowding is calculated using a digital vernier calliper and evaluated it with little's index. It was found that class I had a greater amount of crowding followed by class II and class III. Various studies used different methods to measure the rate of crowding, but overall it was found that class I showed the highest prevalence followed by class II type of malocclusion followed by class III type of malocclusion. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of lyophilized wafers of rizatriptan benzoate **Authors:** Akshata Shirodker, Rajashree Gude, Danira Fernandes, Shraddha Bhangle, Steffi Parab, Nidhi Gad, Ankita Verekar **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1644 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Wafer, Freeze-drying, Rizatriptan benzoate, Hydrophilic polymers Migraine is a headache of varying intensity often accompanied by nausea and sensitivity to light and sun. The present investigation deals with the formulation and evaluation of oral wafer of rizatriptan benzoate which is used for the treatment of migraine. The wafer formulation was prepared by freeze-drying an aqueous solution of rizatriptan benzoate containing various hydrophilic polymers like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E3, hydroxypropyl cellulose EF, maltodextrin and polyvinyl alcohol as matrix formers. The formulations were evaluated for parameters like physicochemical properties, compatibility, glass-transition temperature, in vitro release, and stability. The physicochemical compatibility of the drug and the polymers was studied by infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The results revealed no physical and chemical incompatibility between the drug and the excipients employed. The prepared formulations were evaluated for different physicochemical properties like appearance, thickness, weight variation, friability, loss on drying, drug content, disintegration time and wetting volume. Scanning electron microscopy studies were carried out on the optimized formulations to study the internal structure of the lyophilized wafer systems. In vitro release data showed that more than 90% of the drug dissolved within 5 min. All formulations were found to be stable after doing one-month stability studies under accelerated conditions (40°C and 75% relative humidity) without significant alteration in physical appearance and drug content. It was concluded that formulations containing hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E3 produced optimized results. --- ## Evaluation the role of Trimetazidine in managing impaired fertility in rats treated with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia **Authors:** Murtadha Saleh Jabur, Abdul Kareem H. Abd, Mohammed J Manna **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1721 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alloxan, Hyperglycemia, Trimetazidine, TMZ, Infertility It has been shown that the chronic metabolic derangement accompanying long-standing hyperglycemia, both in experimental animals and man, may alter fertility in males. Recent reports have investigated the role of Trimetazidine in improving fertility parameters; however, the results are still controversial. This study was aimed to evaluate the role of Trimetazidine concerning fertility parameters in experimentally induced hyperglycemia in rats. Three groups of rats have subjected to alloxan induced hyperglycemia, placebo treatment (control group), and alloxan and TMZ treatment (study group). Each group included ten animals. Sperm parameters, hormonal levels, markers of oxidative stress and Histophotometry were done according to previously published literature. Sperm parameters in the form of sperm count, normal morphology, motility and number of dead sperms were significantly altered following alloxan induced hyperglycemia (P< 0.001). The administration of TMZ showed significant improvement in sperm parameters (P<0.001) in addition to significant improvement in markers of oxidative stress, GSH, SOD, MDA and NO (P< 0.001), and in hormonal levels, testosterone and FSH (P< 0.001). TMZ is useful in optimizing fertility parameters in experimental rats following alloxan induced hyperglycemia through antioxidant mechanisms and improved hormonal profile. --- ## The effectiveness of low-level laser therapy for grade 3 diabetic foot ulcer **Authors:** Kamalakannan M, Chitra S, Shruthi Kamal V **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1700 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetic ulcer, Direct contact method, Low-level laser therapy, Waggner grading To determine the effectiveness of Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) for grade 3 diabetic foot ulcer. To determine the size of the wound with acetate tracing after the application of Low-level laser therapy.40 subjects with grade 3 diabetic foot ulcers based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria were assessed these include subjects above the age of 35, ulcer without infections, ulcers grade 2 based on Waggner grading. The content of 40 participants, received low-level laser therapy for 4weeks, 6days/week. Outcome measures were taken at the baseline and after 4weeks of the treatment protocol. This research work states that LLLT (40.65 SD 13.5) showed significant improvement in wound contraction after pretest and posttest of treatment. Hence from the above results, it was proved that LLLT is more significant and effective method for grade 3 diabetic wound healing. From the effect, it has been concluded that LLLT is more effective in decreasing the healing time and improving the quality of life. --- ## Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli: Phenotypic identification and a correlation between biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility testing **Authors:** Bhuvaneshwari Gunasekar, Shameembanu AS, Kalyani M **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1661 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli, Biofilm formation, Nosocomial infection, Antimicrobial susceptibility Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) are the primary cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. They produce biofilm, which is life-threatening if not monitored by proper surveillance and treatment. Thus, this study was conducted to identify the non-fermenters, to analyse their antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm formation. The cross-sectional study was done in the department of microbiology at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. Identification was made based on P.C. Schrekenberger matrix. Biofilm formation was done by microtitre plate method and the antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion testing. In this study, 3500 samples were cultured, out of which 240 yielded NFGNB. Predominant (102) were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by other non-fermenters. 99 multidrug resistant and 19 pan drug-resistant strains were isolated. 19 were weak, 19 were moderate and 97 were strong biofilm producers. Biofilm producers were highly sensitive to Amikacin. In this study, 13 species of non- fermenters were isolated. After performing different biochemical tests, the study could derive a simple flowchart for identification with reference to P.C. Schreckenberger matrix. Moreover, there is no significant correlation between the antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm formation. Hence, it can be stated that all biofilm producers will not show resistance to antibiotics. However, after the biofilm has been produced, because of certain factors like less penetration power etc., the antibiotic susceptibility will vary. Thus, the comprehensive surveillance and monitoring of these organisms are mandatory to control the hospital-acquired infections. --- ## Study of physicochemical properties of TTDMM dendrimer (Trimesyol- 1,3,5-tridimethyl malonate) with cationic and anionic surfactants to make drug delivery system more effective **Authors:** Monika Gulia, Sachin B Undre, Shilpi Gupta, Sumit Kumar, Man Singh **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1696 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Binding interactions, Dendrimers, Ionic Surfactant The physicochemical properties (PCPs) like density, surface tension, viscosity, activation energy, friccohesity and molecular radii of 1st generation Trimesyol-1,3,5-trimethyl malonate (TTDMM) dendrimer with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB) surfactants in DMSO solvent were studied at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa. For physicochemical properties and molecular radii of Dendrimer/Surfactant-Solvent systems 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mM/L were prepared for TTDMM, SDS, DTAB in DMSO. For dendrimer-surfactant-solvent 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mM/L of SDS and DTAB were prepared and mixed in 0.4mM/L solution of TTDMM in DMSO. Densities were measured by using Anton Paar Density and Sound velocity meter DSA 5000 M with ±10-3 kg m-3 accuracy. Viscous flow time for viscosity and pendant drop numbers for surface tension were measured with Borosil-Mansingh Survis meter. The data were regressed for limiting densities, surface tension, viscosities, friccohesity, activation energies and particle size to depict SDS-TTDMM and DTAB-TTDMM binding activities. The studies revealed that the interaction of TTDMM with SDS and DTAB surfactants lead to aggregation process with hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains where SDS showed stronger interactions than DTAB. This may lead to their applications in the drug delivery systems based on the structural properties of the drug molecules for binding and releasing process. Hence, these studies may open up new windows in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. --- ## A case of hyperglycemia induced osmotic demyelination syndrome **Authors:** Mahendra Kumar K, Nithyananthan P, Balaji T, Prasanna Karthik S, Kannan R, Rajendran K **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1668 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM), Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) Central pontine myelinolysis is an acquired demyelinating condition which is now termed as osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) due to associated extra pontine involvement. Although various causes of ODShave been established, rapid correction of hyponatremia remains the commonest. ODS usually presents a decrease in the level of sensorium associated with acute flaccid quadriparesis. The present reported case of 62 year old diabetic male who presented with ataxia, dysarthria and bulbar weakness. His blood sugars and serum osmolality was high. Imaging studies showed hyperintensities in pontine parenchyma suggestive of myelinolysis. The patient recovered symptomatically after correction of hyperglycemia. --- ## Clinico-laboratory profile and immediate outcome of paediatric status epilepticus in a tertiary care hospital in South India **Authors:** Purusothaman S, Radha Kumar **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1656 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Status epilepticus, Refractory seizures, Outcome Convulsive status epilepticus is one of the common causes of children getting hospitalized to paediatric intensive care units and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The objective of the study is to analyse the clinical presentation, laboratory parameters and immediate outcome of children admitted with status epilepticus to the PICU. A prospective study was performed at Saveetha Medical College Hospital, January 2016 to December 2016. Detailed history and examination of children followed by relevant investigations including biochemical parameters were done during hospitalization with the immediate outcome. During the study period, 54 children admitted with status epilepticus between the age group of 10 months to 15 years. Out of the 54 children, 22 children (40.7 %) were admitted with status epilepticus without any prior history of seizures, while 32 children (59.3%) had a previous history of seizures and 20 children (37%) presented with febrile status epilepticus. Seizure duration between 30-60 minutes was seen in 29 (53.7 %) patients whereas 7 children (12.2%) presented with refractory status epilepticus. Low haemoglobin (<10 gm/dl) was observed in 15 children (27.7 %), hypocalcemia in 6 children (11.1%) and hyponatremia (<135mg/dl) was observed in 18 children (33.3%). 8 children (15.7%) had abnormal neuroimaging. The mortality was 5.5 % and all children who died had refractory status epilepticus. Younger children below 5 years had a higher incidence of status epilepticus. The commonest type of seizure was a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Mortality was observed more in refractory status epilepticus. --- ## The relationship between chronic supportive otitis media and Enterobacteriaceae in Wasit province, Iraq **Authors:** Semaa Faisal Hassb Allah, Muntadher A. Al-Saidi, Husam Mageed Hameed **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1707 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic supportive, Otitis, Enterobacteriaceae, Wasit province CSOM is a group of inflammatory disease of the middle ear and it is a world-wide disease, it is caused by bacterial, fungal and viral infection, the study aim to determine the relationship between Escherichia coli as Enterobacteriaceae group and CSOM patients, one hundred patients were included in this study with case history of CSOM, details that captured of case history about CSOM patients involve the following information: age, sex, education status and geographical distribution, among those 100 CSOM patients 10 of them appeared infected with E. coli bacteria, 6 male had a positive result of E. coli infection and the other 4 positive result patients were female, according to the age the positive E. coli infected male was ranging between (19 – 49 years old) while the age of positive E. coli infected female was ranging between (30 – 50 years old), most of the positive infected patients finished primary school and half of them are living in the city while others in the suburb, this study shows that all patients are prudent and not involve children or teenagers. --- ## Scimitar Syndrome in an Adult: Case Report and Review **Authors:** Nithyananthan P, Kannan R, Mahendrakumar K, Rajendran K, Haji M, Meenakshi K **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1669 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Scimitar syndrome, Anomalous pulmonary Venous drainage, Right lung hypoplasia, Dextrocardia Scimitar syndrome is an uncommon entity characterised by a combination of cardio-pulmonary anomalies that is consistently associated with partial or total anomalous venous drainage of one lung into the inferior vena cava and right lung hypoplasia. In infants and young children, it usually presents with cyanosis and failure to thrive, whereas, the presentation in adults is rare. Here, we report a 45 year old female who presented with lower respiratory infection and the chest radiograph showed ‘Scimitar sign’. Contrast CT chest was done which confirmed the diagnosis of scimitar syndrome. Due to the absence of severe symptoms, she was managed conservatively without cardiac catheterization and surgery. This case is reported due to the rarity of the condition in adults. --- ## Formulation and characterization of phospholipid vesicles from alkaloid rich fraction of Alphonsea sclerocarpa **Authors:** Venkata Naga Anantha Sandhya Rani Nandyala, Kothapalli Bonnoth Chandrasekhar **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1767 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alkaloid Rich Fraction, Alphonsea sclerocarpa, Boldine, Soy Lecithin, Phospholipid Vesicles A Retrospective ethnopharmacological review on Alphonsea sclerocarpa belonging to Annonaceae family revealed the presence of alkaloids that confers Anti-fungal, Anti-oxidant and Anti-cancer activities etc. to the plant extract. Lower bioavailability of the alkaloids present in the plant and their enormous pharmacological potential has paved a path for this work. Therapeutic effectiveness of any compound with low bioavailability can be achieved by employing novel drug delivery techniques viz-a-viz phytosomes, Liposomes etc. In the present work novel, phospholipid vesicles from Alkaloid Rich Fraction of Alphonsea sclerocarpa were formulated for the enhanced delivery of therapeutically proven alkaloids and were accordingly characterized. Alkaloid Rich Fraction was prepared from the methanol extract by Acid/Base extraction process and was standardized against Boldine using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Phospholipid vesicles were prepared by varying the ratios of standardized alkaloid Rich Fraction to Soy Lecithin employing Solvent evaporation method. Among the phospholipid vesicles formulated the vesicles containing 1:1 ratio of Alkaloid Rich Fraction to Soy Lecithin was found to be the smallest and stable. The study has shown that the Phospholipid Vesicles of 1:1 ratio can be used for testing the Pharmacological activities further. --- ## The value of internal iliac artery ligation (IIAL) in a sample of Iraqi women with post-partum haemorrhage **Authors:** Nabaa Abdul Al-Jabbar Lateef **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1728 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Internal Iliac Artery Ligation, Post-partum haemorrhage Severe pelvic bleeding is an anticipated life-threatening complication in the field of obstetrics and gynaecological surgical practice. One effective strategy is via ligation of the internal iliac artery (IIAL). The current study aimed at evaluating the success rate of IIAL in a sample of Iraqi women with postpartum haemorrhage. The present observational cohort study included 50 women with postpartum haemorrhage. Women aged from 35 to 45 years. The study was conducted at the gynaecology department, Al-Diwaniyah maternity and child teaching hospital, Al-Diwaniyah province, Iraq. The study started on January 2017 and ended in January 2018. An attempt of internal artery ligation was performed in all cases to control the bleeding, and the outcome was classified into one of three major groups. The first group in which control of bleeding was successful, the second group included women who ended up with hysterectomy and the third group included those unfortunate women that arrive late and died before bleeding was efficiently controlled. The mean age of women enrolled in the present study was 37.11±5.19 years. The study included 50 women with postpartum haemorrhage, 30 of them (60%an) ended with preservation of uterus, 18 (36.0%) ended with hysterectomy, and 2 of them (4.0%) died because of late arrival and inability to control the severe bleeding with consequent shock, and death. Indications of IIAL were as following: atonic postpartum haemorrhage in 22 cases (44.0%), traumatic postpartum haemorrhage in 8 cases (16.0%) and placenta previa in 20 cases (40.0%). IIAL appears to be the rapid, safe and life-saving procedure to minimize mortality and morbidity in women suffering from postpartum bleeding; also, it plays a significant role to avoid unnecessary hysterectomy. --- ## Inhibition of AcrB efflux pump in multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria by herbal extracts **Authors:** Florida Tilton, Shanmughasundar D, Aneesh Nair, Bindu D, Chitralekha Saikumar, Johnson WMS **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1701 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** AcrAB, MDR, EPI, E.coli The emergence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria has increased drastically over the years contributing to therapeutic failures. Mechanisms which modify the membrane permeation processes, such as increased efflux pump activity or decreased influx of antibiotics, are the major contributors of multidrug resistance in bacterial phenotype. Many approaches from different perspectives are being developed and applied in clinical and research to overcome this threat. Antibiotic resistance can be encountered by introducing more powerful antibiotics that kill the bacterial cells more effectively, by using new therapeutic compounds or by eliminating one or more of the mechanisms of resistance by resistance modifying agents. Herbal plants synthesise a wide variety of compounds that are antibacterial or inhibit the activity of efflux pump (EPI) in nature. This study involves the analysis of efflux pump inhibitory activities of herbal extracts and comparison of their synergetic effect with antibiotics which would have a new approach to counter antibiotic resistance. --- ## A study on the efficacy of short arc foot technique for subjects with foot pain **Authors:** Kamalakannan M, Haritha T **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1699 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Plantar fasciitis, Short foot exercise, Ultrasound therapy, Intrinsic muscles To find the effectiveness of short foot exercise on pain with numerical pain rating scale among subjects with plantar fasciitis, to find the effectiveness of short foot exercise on muscle power with manual muscle testing among subjects with plantar fasciitis and to find the effectiveness of short foot exercise on quality of life with foot and ankle ability measure questionnaire among subjects with plantar fasciitis. 20 patients with plantar fasciitis were included using inclusion criteria. (OUTCOME MEASURE): Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) for quantifying pain. Manual muscle testing (MMT) for measuring muscle power. Foot and ankle ability measure questionnaire (FAAM) for quantifying the quality of life. Statistical analysis for outcome measures shows there is a highly significant difference noted in between Group A when compared with Group B.From the result, it has been concluded that ultrasound therapy with short foot exercise (GROUP A) is more effective than ultrasound therapy (GROUP B) in decreasing pain, improving muscle power and improving the quality of life in patients with plantar fasciitis. --- ## Isolation of non- tuberculosis mycobacterial strains from suspected pulmonary tuberculosis patients by 16S-23S rRNA inter transcribed spacer PCR – RFLP **Authors:** Praveen Kumar V, Sreenivasulu Reddy V, Suresh P, Vamsi Muni Krishna P **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1654 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, RGM, SGM, Inter Transcribed Spacer gene, PCR – RFLP Pulmonary infections due to Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM) has emerged as an increasingly prevalent clinical entity in the past two to three decades. The prevalence of tuberculosis has reduced in developed countries, but infections due to NTM are on rising, whereas in developing countries like India, tuberculosis is still a significant health problem. This study was undertaken to investigate the overall burden and diversity of NTM among clinical pulmonary isolates from a south Indian population. This study was conducted from March 2017 to December 2017, to identify species of Non- tuberculous mycobacteria from specimens suspected with pulmonary tuberculosis. We applied conventional biochemical test like growth on the LJ medium containing PNBA (para-nitrobenzoic acid) for differentiation of NTM and M.tuberculosis and PCR- RFLP of the 16S-23S rRNA ITS gene for species identification. A 221 bp fragment of ITS gene was amplified and the amplification product was digested by two restriction enzymes, BstEII and HaeIII. Digested products were analyzed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Out of 1138 positive cultures 96 were identified as Non- tuberculous mycobacteria. Of the 96 Non-tuberculous mycobacteria 59 were from pulmonary sites. Among the 59 NTM, 74.5% (44/59) were rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) and 15 (25.4%) were slow growing mycobacteria (SGM). The most predominant NTM species among RGM was Mycobacterium abscessus followed by Mycobacterium simiae, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium gordonae. Regular documentation of NTM isolated from clinical specimens and reporting their antibiogram is essential to be aware of the clinical spectrum of disease associated and preferred treatment option. --- ## Sexual dysfunction in Iraqi women with breast cancer and undergoing chemotherapy **Authors:** Alaa Abdulrazzaq Alanbagi **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1727 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sexual Dysfunction, Chemotherapy, Sexual Activity, Treatment, Dyspareunia, Frigidity Breast cancer has been identified as one of the leading non-skin cancers for women in North America and the UK as well. Studies have also pointed out that women from all over the world are at equal threats of developing breast cancer. This study was aimed to determine the factors influencing breast cancer and corresponding treatment effects on sexual dysfunction. This study took into account 48 cancer patients that have undergone surgery and chemotherapy within last year. Data for comparison regarding incident rate was acquired from the Iraqi Cancer Registry covering a period of 4 years from 2011 to 2014. The treatment sample was obtained for Al-Sadder Medical City, Najaf, Iraq, and experiences related to cancer and its treatment correlated with sexual activity. The investigation was seen to be the situation by just half of the members. Notwithstanding, preceding the investigation, it was seen that 36% of the example of 48 had begun to encounter sexual brokenness before treatment. Concerning the present conditions, 47% of the members revealed they had dropped their sexual want amid the beginning of the condition until the beginning of treatment. Another 39% asserted that it has quit having intercourse following agony amid intercourse (Dyspareunia) it reasoned that age alone had a task to carry out in light of menopause given the high pervasiveness of bosom malignant growth among 50+ years' people. Based on these observations, this study concludes that sexual dysfunction among Iraqi women is a direct influence by the cumulative breast cancer diagnosis and treatment factors that alter emotions trigger loss of sexual drive. --- ## The effectiveness of thoracic manipulation combined with conventional therapy for mechanical neck pain **Authors:** Muralidharan CK, Selvi P, Kalaivani T, Nandhakumar R, Sivakumar C, Yatheendra Kumar G **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1715 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Global muscle stabilizing exercise, Neck disability index, Sphygmomanometer, Visual analogue scale 30 subjects were recruited in the study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and were divided into two groups as Group A and Group B with 15 in each group. After a brief demonstration, Group A subjects were subjected to Cervical mobilization with neck exercise and Group B subjects were subjected to Thoracic manipulation and Cervical mobilization with neck exercise. The results of pre versus post-test were analyzed and interpreted using the Visual Analogue Scale for pain and Neck Disability Index for functional activities. The results of the present study showed that there was a significant difference in reducing pain and improving functional activities in patients with Mechanical Neck Pain treated with Thoracic manipulation and Cervical mobilization with neck exercise than in patients treated with Cervical mobilization with neck exercise. Thus, the study concluded that Thoracic manipulation and Cervical mobilization with neck exercise was the effective treatment for patients with Mechanical Neck Pain and Visual Analogue Scale and Neck Disability Index could be used as the assessment tools for patients with Mechanical Neck Pain. --- ## Comparison of Pap smear result between premenopausal and postmenopausal women **Authors:** Susan Ahmed Shakir **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1726 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Premenopausal, Postmenopausal, Pap smear, Carcinoma cervix Across Iraq, the incidence of cervical cancer is in the downward trend although it remains to be a significant public concern for women in the country. Pap smear is a test developed to determine the premalignant lesions of cervical cancer, and thus it can be described as a screening tool which is employed for early detection of cervical cancer. Old age is associated with a high prevalence of cervical cancer thus screening is advised at a young age to decrease the incidence of cervical cancer. The aim of this study is that to review the pap smears and find out the results and that established prevalence of pre-malignant and malignant lesions. For this study, a retrospective examination was instituted at the Department of Pathology, Al-Nahrain University in a full year (2017) in which all the Pap smears data for the whole year was encompassed. The study was able to review 900 Pap smears, in which 59 percent of this was obtained from the premenopausal women, and 41 percent of the Pap smears were gotten from the postmenopausal women. The results of the present study were established that the prevalence of pre-malignant and malignant lesions was common across the women in their postmenopausal age in comparison to those in premenopausal age cluster. In this process a lot of inhibiting features for reporting recorded which including drying artifact, background staining, and insufficient fixation. In that case the present study, the incidence of low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion is five times higher in women in their pre-menopausal age stage in comparison to their counterpart in the post-menopausal stage. It is evident from the study that squamous intraepithelial lesions are more prevalent among the postmenopausal women in comparison to those still in their premenopausal age stage. The fact is that screening using Pap smear is mandatory for women in either stage to enable early detection and intervention of any epithelial anomalies. --- ## Tuberculosis in Skin – Be Suspicious? **Authors:** Sharanya K, Narasimhalu CRV, Muhilan J **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1660 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tuberculosis verrucosacutis, Cutaneous tuberculosis, Asymptomatic warty plaques, Butcher’s warts, Verrucous tuberculosis We report a case of Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis in an 18 years old female patient with absence of any primary tuberculosis focus. She had a substantial positive Mantoux test and normal chest radiograph. Tuberculosis is a common disease worldwide and is reported to be the second most common infectious cause of death after HIV. The causative organism is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), and it is capable of infecting virtually every organ of the body including the skin. Tuberculosis verrucousacutis is an exogenous infection occurring in the previously sensitized patient with a moderate to the high immune response by direct inoculation of the organism. The diagnosis in our patient was confirmed by history, clinical examination and histopathology. Lesion of tuberculosis verrucosacutis improved after anti-tuberculous treatment. Therefore, it is imperative on the biomedicine scientists to acknowledge the rampant high incidence of cutaneous TB for early recognition and treatment. --- ## The impact of systemic hypertension-related heart remodeling on right ventricle mechanics: A two-dimensional echocardiographic speckle tracking study **Authors:** Hayder A. Tawfeeq, Hanan L. Al-Omary, Ghazi F. Haji **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1722 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Systemic arterial hypertension, Heart remodeling, RV longitudinal strain In spite of heart remodeling such as left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) affects both left and right ventricles due to ventricular interdependence; still, a few studies had examined the outcomes of these effects on right ventricle (RV) and usually focusing on the left ventricle (LV). This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of systemic arterial hypertension (SAM) on RV mechanics using two-dimensional RV longitudinal strains. A case-control study was conducted during the period from July 2016 to April 2018 at Ibn Al-Bytar cardiac center Baghdad, Iraq. One hundred (61 males and 39 female) Patients with SAH were compared with one hundred (57 males and 43 female) healthy control subjects aged from (40-60) years. These groups were subjected to a detailed history, blood pressure measurement, ECG, anthropometry measurements, a list of investigations, and echocardiographic study. The results revealed that the thickness of interventricular septum at diastole (IVSd) was (11.13±1.46) mm in the hypertensive group and was (9.42±0.68) mm in the control group P-value < 0.001. Relative wall thickness (RWT)was (4.65 ±0.28) mm in the patient group and was (3.86 ± 0.34) mm in the control group and P value = 0.01. The mean right ventricular global longitudinal strain (RVGLS) was (- 20.12 ± 3.80) % in a patient group versus (- 25.90 ± 2.18) in the control group, the P value was 0. 001.IVSd significantly correlated with impaired RVGLS in multivariate logistic regression and P value was 0.001, and the odds ratio was 2.418. RV longitudinal strain is significantly impaired in hypertensive patients group and strongly correlates with heart remodeling. --- ## Stress and psychological changes during the menstrual cycle among medical and health science students **Authors:** Nursyuhaida Binti Hassan, Hakim Gharib Bilal, Resni Mona, Jannathul Firdous, Noorzaid Muhamad **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1708 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anxiety, Age, Depression, Menstrual cycle, Stress Psychological factors such as depression, anxiety and stress during menstruation are disrupted things in the higher education level. This study mainly focused on analyzing the relationship between psychological factors and their changes during the menstrual cycle among students of UniKL RCMP. The data collection was done by giving the questionnaire to the female students of UniKL RCMP Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. They were needed to answer the questionnaire which was self-administered by the respondents. Results showed that the younger age group were more prone to a higher level of depression and a higher level of anxiety. There was a significant correlation between anxiety level and courses among female students of UniKL RCMP. These three psychometric assessments presented in a variety of levels in relation to age, study courses and body mass index. --- ## The incidence of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, Iraq **Authors:** Ali Abdul Hussein Handoz, Amjed Qanbar Aeewis **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1760 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hypoglycemia, Thyroid gland, Hypothyroidism Hypocalcemia, which is mainly transitory, is one of the high frequent complications after complete resection of the thyroid gland. Thus, the aim of the present study is to determine related factors with an increased risk of hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism in related to etiology and surgical procedure. A total of 100 total thyroidectomies were studied for the incidence of hypocalcemia whether transitory or permanent and discuss the relation with surgical procedures. The results of this study revealed that post-operative hypocalcemia was noticed in 35 cases (35%), asymptomatic one was shown in 16 cases (45.7%) while symptomatic one was shown in 19 cases (54.3%). Hypocalcemia in the postoperative period was less in patients with complete surgery after subtotal thyroidectomy than in those that with total thyroidectomy in a single operation. Patients are suffering from Graves-disease shows a high incidence of hypocalcemia in 15% of the cases. The return function of parathyroid glands was 4.5 months in mean, with 70% of the patients showing recovery within 6 months. Hypocalcemia of transient type after total thyroidectomy is a frequent complication, but the permanent one is rare. Patients with Graves-disease have a more risk to develop postoperative hypocalcemia, and it should have specific follow up. Measurement of calcium at postoperative period has little benefit for early detection of patients predisposing for hypocalcemia. --- ## A study on prevalence, an association of platelet count and seasonal distribution of Dengue from a tertiary care centre **Authors:** Archana Nagarajan, Kalyani M, Neelu Sree P **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1664 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dengue, Aedesaegypti, NS1 Ag, IgM, IgG, ELISA Dengue virus, transmitted through the bite of Aedesaegypti mosquitoes, is the causative agent of Dengue fever and Dengue shock syndrome. There are five serotypes of Dengue viruses identified so far. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Dengue infection in a tertiary care hospital and to identify NS1Ag, IgM & IgG antibody depending on the duration of fever. This study is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted from January 2016 to February 2017. Sera samples received in the Microbiology Laboratory, from patients suspected to have Dengue by the clinicians; were tested for Dengue NS1 Antigen, IgM & IgG antibody using ELISA. The prevalence of Dengue was analysed about parameters like age, gender and seasonal changes. The positivity of NS1 Antigen, IgM and IgG Antibody in relation to the duration of fever was analysed. Among the 150 patients enrolled 18.7% (n=28) tested positive for Dengue. Among 28 laboratory- confirmed cases NS1 antigen was positive in 15(53.6%), IgM antibody positive in 5 (17.8%), IgG antibody positive in 4 (14.3%), NS1 Antigen and IgM positive in 1 (3.6%), IgM and IgG antibody positive in 2 (7.10%) and all three parameters NS1 antigen IgM and IgG positive in 1 (3.6%). From the serological tests, it was deduced that 20 cases had primary Dengue (IgM positive) and 8 had secondary Dengue (IgM and IgG positive). By clinical evaluation, Dengue fever was in 28 cases; four cases had hemorrhagic manifestations. No patients had evidence of Dengue Shock Syndrome. A number of Dengue cases were recorded in December 2016 (18%). --- ## Novel strategies for optimal end - Organ protection in diabetes **Authors:** Vipul Gupta, Girish Khurana **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1717 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Complications, Diabetes, End-organ protection, Glycemic, Optimal targets Diabetes is increasing globally at a very high rate. Along with the growing prevalence of diabetes, there is an increase in the burden of the complications associated with diabetes. These complications not only affect the quality of life but reduce productivity, increase the economic burden and if not treated can lead to irreversible organ damage and even death. The progressive nature of diabetes adversely affects the efficacy of currently available hypoglycemic agents. The presence of comorbidities, desire to avoid common medication-related side effects and drug interactions further complicate the treatment process. There is still an unfilled therapeutic need for new pharmacological strategies that specifically target the complications of diabetes. Thus, new therapies that target the basic pathophysiology of diabetes complications and show organ-specific effects independent of glycemic control would be particularly helpful. The present review is an overview of promising, novel therapeutic strategies for optimal end-organ protection in diabetes. --- ## Modulation of endogenous angiotensin II, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure in hypovitaminosis D patients with cardiovascular risk after oral vitamin D3 supplementation **Authors:** Manal Khalid Abdulridha, Ameer Raad Abdulaali, Inam Sameh Arif **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1690 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cardiovascular risk, Primary CVD prevention, Vitamin D3 supplementation Considerable evidence suggests that a large percent of the population have low vitamin D levels, which may affect the cardiovascular system (CVS) adversely. The possible mechanism includes modulating adaptive immunity and vascular inflammation, maturation, and differentiation of cardiomyocyte modulating response in the vascular endothelial. This study is designed prospectively to evaluate the potential effectiveness of oral vitamin D3 as a therapeutic strategy in the primary prevention for cardiovascular risk in subjects with high cardiovascular risk score and hypovitaminosis D. Forty individuals at high risk for cardiovascular diseases and vitamin D deficiency (< 20 ng/ml) were selected. The candidate was assigned to receive vitamin D3 (100000 IU) orally every 2 weeks for 8 weeks. The measurement includes Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, serum Angiotensin II, serum creatinine, serum GPT, estimation of lipid profile, in addition to the obesity status through measuring. The WHO/ISH risk prediction charts were used to assess the risk score for cardiovascular diseases. The result showed a highly significant decrease (P<0.01) in the serum Ag II in the intervention group on oral vitamin D3 supplement, a highly significant increase (P<0.01) in serum endogenous vitamin D status, and a highly significant decrease (P<0.01) in both systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). No significant changes in FBG, lipid profile, and atherogenic index in both study groups. The effect of vitamin D3 supple- mentation on both angiotensin II level and endogenous vitamin D levels was significant regardless of age group, gender, BMI, and smoking status. --- ## A study of Her2/neu expression and its correlation with the histological type of gastric carcinoma **Authors:** Ganthimathy Sekhar, Vimala Chelladurai **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1671 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gastric carcinoma, Her2neu, Histological type Gastric carcinoma is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, has necessitated the search for newer therapeutic regimens one of which is targeted therapy utilizing Her2neu expression. Studies have shown that the levels of Her2 protein predict the response of gastric carcinoma to Trastuzumab. This study has been done to determine Her2neu expression in gastric carcinomas and correlate it with the histological type. Immunohistochemistry for Her2neu expression was carried out on archival material from 47 cases of gastric carcinoma obtained from the Department of Pathology of Saveetha Medical College. Scoring was done based on the study by Hofmann et al. The histological type was classified using Lauren's classification and a correlation between the type and Her2neu expression was done. Positive Her2neu expression (3+) was seen in 8 cases (17%) of gastric carcinoma. Out of these 6 were of the intestinal type and 2 were diffuse. Well-differentiated carcinomas had a higher positivity for Her2neu as compared to moderately and poorly differentiated tumours. Her2neu expression in a relatively higher proportion of cases of gastric carcinoma would prompt routine testing for Her2neu expression in all cases. As the results of Trastuzumab therapy in Her2neu positive gastric carcinoma have been shown to be encouraging, it would be advisable to routinely test all cases of gastric carcinoma for Her2neu expression to use the targeted therapy effectively. --- ## The effectiveness of removable cast walker in the healing of diabetic neuropathic ulcer in Basra **Authors:** Abdul Hussein K. Marzoq **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1719 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetic foot ulcer, Removable cast walker, Effectiveness, Basra Diabetic foot ulcers are one of the most common causes of lower limb amputation in diabetic patients, the ulcer occurs commonly in the plantar aspect of the foot (weight bearing area). To evaluate the effectiveness of the use of a removable cast walker (RCW) in the healing of the diabetic neuropathic plantar foot ulcerations. This study was done at Al-Fayha general hospital, Basra, Iraq. A prospective study between August 2016 and September 2018 on 29 adult patients, 22 males and 7 females with a neuropathic plantar foot ulcer. The minimum age of patients was thirty-nine years and the maximum was seventy years; with a mean age of (55.79 +/-7.7) years. This study also showed the relationship between the healing rate and the site of neuropathic ulcers and it had been observed that the number of healed ulcers in the fore- foot were eighteen patients (78.3%) of all patients with forefoot ulcers. Removable cast walker is an effective method in the treatment of diabetic neuropathic non-ischemic foot ulceration. --- ## Investigation of antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Murraya koenigii leaves methanolic and aqueous extract by in-vitro methods **Authors:** Rohan S. Phatak, Chitra C. Khanwelkar, Kailas D. Datkhile, Anup S. Hendre **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1703 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Free radical scavenging activity, Yeast glucose uptake rate Phytochemical investigation of aqueous (AEMK) and methanolic (MEMK) extracts of Murraya koenigii were screened for the presence of phytoconstituents like phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and glycosides. The antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Murraya koenigii leaves was estimated by DPPH radical scavenging assay and yeast glucose uptake method. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were quantitatively estimated. Total phenolics content in AEMK and MEMK were 2.214 mg/g and 2.591 mg/g respectively. Total flavonoid contents in AEMK and MEMK were 2.737 mg/g and 5.248 mg/g correspondingly. AEMK and MEMK have shown the remarkable DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Glucose uptake rate was dependent on the concentration of extracts and decreased the extracellular glucose concentration. In 300 µL concentration, methanolic and aqueous extracts of Murraya koenigii exhibited the highest antidiabetic activity in the yeast glucose uptake method. Thus, curry leaves showed a good natural source of antioxidative and antidiabetic compounds to prevent oxidative damage and to reduce blood sugar level. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal patch containing Imipramine hydrochloride **Authors:** Chinmayi Ramachandran, Sivapriya G Nair, Gopika S Kumar, Vidya Viswanad **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1695 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antidepressant, Mucoadhesive, Sustained delivery, Systemic circulation The study was intended to surpass the related problems of reduced oral bioavailability, to reduce the serious side effects associated with other routes and to study the suitability of formulating the drug into a mucoadhesive buccal patch for the systemic drug delivery. The mucoadhesive buccal film of imipramine hydrochloride was prepared using varying concentrations of HPMC E15 and Carbopol 940 by Solvent casting technique, which produced a transparent colourless patch. Physical evaluation, in-vitro drug release studies, ex-vivo drug permeation studies, histopathological studies, stability studies etc. were carried out on these formulated buccal patches and responses such as in-vitro drug release and ex-vivo drug permeation being used for optimization. The average thickness of the patch was found to be in the range of 0.01746 to 0.2488µm. The in-vitro drug release studies showed 93.39% drug release from formulation FVI and the stability studies carried out at two different temperatures showed patches remained stable even after 45 days. This study concludes that mucoadhesive buccal patches that were prepared were safe, convenient and effective formulation for the systemic delivery of an antidepressant drug, imipramine hydrochloride. Besides this, it provides sustained delivery of the drug into the systemic circulation and has least gastrointestinal side effects compared to the marketed formulation. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of extended-release tablets of an antidepressant drug Venlafaxine HCl **Authors:** Mamatha Tirunagari, Anupama Koneru, Mohd Abdul Hadi, Husna Kanwal Qureshi **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1647 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Venlafaxine HCl, HPMC, Ethylcellulose, Xanthan gum, Extended-release tablets Oral drug delivery is the most desirable and preferred method of administering therapeutic agents for their systemic effects. A dosage form that allows at least a twofold reduction in dosage frequency as compared to that drug presented as an immediate-release (conventional) dosage form is extended-release dosage form. It includes controlled-release, sustained-release, and long-acting drug products. The mechanism of action of venlafaxine HCl in humans is believed to be associated with its potentiation of neurotransmitter activity in the CNS. Venlafaxine and its active metabolite, O-Desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV), inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop extended-release (ER) coated tablets of Venlafaxine HCl by selecting different grades of polymers, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and xanthan gum. These are used as retarding polymers to extend the drug release. All the formulations were prepared by wet granulation method and compressed using 9.8 mm punches on 16 stations rotary tablet punching machine. The blend of all the formulations showed poor flow properties. In order to improve flow, higher % of glidant was used. The coating material used was ethylcellulose aqueous dispersion (Aquacoat ECD 30). The prepared ER coated tablets of Venlafaxine HCl showed good post-compression parameters. They passed all the evaluation tests as per USP limits. Among all the formulations, F7 showed maximum % drug release, i.e., 99 % in 24 hours hence it is considered as optimised formulation. The optimised formulation compared with marketed tablets. --- ## Effect of aerobic exercise (self-help strategy) on the common endocrine problem (PCOS) in late adolescent & young women & impact on their quality of life **Authors:** Hephzibah Kirubamani N, Manoj Abraham **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1663 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Aerobic Exercise, Waist Hip Ratio, Quality of Life, Ovarian Follicles The main objective of the study is to find out the effect of aerobic exercise in PCOS of late adolescent & young women. It is a prospective study conducted at Saveetha Medical College Obstetrics& Gynaecology Department. After obtaining approval from IRB, after obtaining informed consent, fifty women with polycystic ovary syndrome between the 16 years and 35 years were recruited. After clinical diagnosis of PCOS made, BMI, abdominal circumference, WHR were checked and USG was done. The number of ovarian follicles in the periphery, the diameter of follicles, ovarian volume was noted and USG was repeated after 16 weeks. TFT, fasting Insulin & blood sugar, serum testosterone, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, total cholesterol, were done. Baseline levels and after 16 weeks of aerobic exercise training, again levels were measured. Aerobic exercise was performed under supervision at physiotherapy clinic of the Saveetha Physiotherapy Department. Five sessions per week each session lasting for 45 minutes. The exercise was prescribed on an individual basis with the objective to achieve specified exercise energy expenditure (ExEE). Our inclusion criteria were women with PCOS between the 16 to 35 years, BMI> or = 24.9 & <29.9 (overweight), USG criteria for PCOS. Our exclusion criteria were women with the Thyroid disorder, Diabetes, Athletes, taking Oral contraceptives / any other hormonal drugs within last one month. This study showed statistically significant improvement in WHR (P<0.0001), reduction in the number of follicle and ovarian volume (P<0.0001), restoration of ovulation (P<0.002) overall decrease in insulin resistance (P<0.008), reduction in lipid profile (P<0.0001) and Quality of life (P= 0.0035). This study concludes that the aerobic exercise improves the waist-hip ratio (WHR), metabolic and reproductive function in women with PCOS and thereby has a good impact on a quality of life. --- ## FTIR- ATR, biochemical and histopathological studies on phenylhydrazine- induced hyperbilirubinemia in rats: A comparative study of diagnostic approaches **Authors:** Saira Khatheeja, Safiullah A, Chintaginjala Venkateswara Rao, Murad Alsawalha, Vishnu Priya V, Prabhakaran AR, Surapaneni Krishna Mohan **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1725 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** FTIR-ATR, Spectroscopic Studies, Hyperbilirubinemia, Wistar Rats, Phenyl Hydrazine, Induction FTIR spectroscopy might be the right method to be focused as a diagnostic tool in detecting various diseases / clinical conditions by analyzing various functional groups concern with different components. The chemical bonding stretches reveal biochemical composition in blood/serum, different tissue homogenate including liver, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle, etc., helps in determining the detection and severity of various disease conditions. FTIR-ATR spectroscopic techniques were employed to evaluate biomarkers by studying the variations on biomolecule composition in blood/serum and organs of control and experimental animals. The absorbance peak ratio for serum of Wistar rats induced with hyperbilirubinemia was studied and I 1453/I1076 considered as a biomarker to evaluate hyperbilirubinemia in male Wistar rats induced with phenylhydrazine. Similarly, the peak ratio absorption with FTIR-ATR spectral studies for I2931/I1453, I2879/I1240, I 1634/I1538 and I1395/I1040 shows that the organs like liver and kidney were highly significant in evaluating hyperbilirubinemia in male Wistar rats induced with phenylhydrazine. FTIR-ATR can be an alternate as well as an additional tool in clinical diagnostics compared to other techniques for understanding the biological nature of the disease condition for prognosis and management. --- ## Stability indicating RP-HPLC method development and validation for the estimation of Betrixaban (BET) in bulk and its pharmaceutical formulations **Authors:** Harshalatha P, Kothapalli Bannoth Chandrasekhar, Chandrasekhar MV **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1724 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Betrixaban, Validation, HPLC A simple, rapid, sensitive and most economical RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the estimation of Betrixaban in bulk and its tablet dosage form. Separation was performed on a Water’s C18 (250 cmx4.6 mm5μm) column at ambient temperature. The mobile phase consisted of Water and ACN in the ratio of 88:12v/v at a flow rate of 1mL/min. The analyte was determined using a photodiode array detector at a detection wavelength of 272nm. The retention time of Betrixaban was found to be 3.284min. The validation of the proposed method was carried out for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation and robustness. The linear dynamic range was from 70 – 210 µg/mL. The percentage recovery obtained for Betrixaban was100.10%. Limit of detection and quantification were 4.96 and 16.52 µg/mL. The developed method can be used for routine quality control analysis of titled drug in tablet formulation. --- ## Road Maps on Diabetic Management **Authors:** Sujatha V, Dharanidharan V **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1641 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** CFA, Healthy Status, Reliability, SEM, Type 2 Diabetes Information is the most important ingredient for the process of staging a structured model; they act as platforms between the levels of scaffolding. The unstructured information does not have any predefined data model. Here we used a structured communication technique which relies on experts. Moreover, the structured data refers to information with a high degree of Reliability. It includes a relational database which is seamless and readily searchable by simple. SEM is a measurement model which examines the relationship between the latent variables and their measures. To saturate the structural model here, all the latent variables are allowed to correlate. Hence misfits are sorted out on the measurement model. We developed a hypothetical model based on scaffolding to predict the health outcomes of the Diabetic patients. --- ## Unusual and rare presentation of multiple lobular capillary hemangiomas **Authors:** Venkatesh Lakshmi, Narasimhalu CRV **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1659 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lobular Capillary Hemangioma, Pyogenic Granuloma, Botryomycosis Hominis We present the case of a 60-year-old woman who presented with multiple lobular capillary hemangiomas. Lobular capillary hemangioma is a vascular lesion composed of proliferating capillaries in a loose stroma. It is due to proliferating small blood vessels coming through a breach in the epidermis. This hypervascularized lesion grows rapidly, frequently presenting as a hemorrhagic, red to purple, sessile or pedunculated mass. The epidermis forms a collarette at the base of the lesion and covers part or whole of the lesion in a thin layer. The prevalence of lobular capillary hemangioma is commonly seen in individuals below the age of 30, but in our case, the patient is a sexagenarian. The clinical presentation of the nodule is whitish which is rare as compared to reddish hue routinely. The distribution of the lesions over the left shoulder, the right side of abdomen and the centre of the back were considered unique as compared to the limbs and neck where they are documented frequently. --- ## Study of the correlation between total immunoglobulin-E levels and Interleukin-4 polymorphism in asthmatic children **Authors:** Saad Hashim Abood, Mohanad AL-Etaby, Haidar Abd. N. Abood **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1712 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Immunoglobulin-E, Interleukin-4 Polymorphism, Asthma Children The aim of this study is to analyze the possible correlation between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) IL-4-590C/T with specific parameters in asthmatic children (blood eosinophils, total serum immunoglobulin-E (TSIgE) levels, and asthma severity). This study includes one hundred asthmatic patients as well as one hundred healthy unrelated age-matched controls from the same locality of Iraq. DNA is extracted and processed by the allele specific-PCR technique for characterization of genetic variants of IL-4- 590 C>T polymorphisms. TSIgE levels are determined by ELISA technique while blood eosinophils are determined by blood film staining. Iraqi cases with asthma show a higher frequency of the IL-4-590 CC homozygous genotype in comparison to controls (66% versus 7%) with a lower CT heterozygous genotype (17% versus 90%) respectively. IL-4-590 shows significantly positive associations with asthma in the dominant, co-dominant, and over- dominant models of inheritance. On the other hand, comparing genotypes of subgroups related to gender, asthma severity shows a non-significant difference (p > 0.05). Homozygous genotypes (IL-4-590 CC) can be considered as risk factors, while the homozygous wild types (-590 TT) might be regarded as protective of asthma and there is no association between TSIgE and IL-4-590 SNP. --- ## Ligation of a hypogastric artery in the management of placenta Previa and accrete **Authors:** Khoulod Abdul Wahid Habib **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1765 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Placenta previa, Accreta, Ligation, Hypogastric artery, Hysterectomy Placenta previa and accreta are a high-risk condition causing high morbidity and mortality in obstetrics and may end with hysterectomy and blood transfusion. The current study was aimed to observe the benefit of ligation of bilateral internal iliac arteries [hypogastric arteries] in diagnosed cases of placenta accrete and previa and decreased rate of hysterectomy and blood transfusion in this cases. The present observational cohort study includes 50 pregnant women with placenta previa or placenta accreta with the previous history of cesarean sections. The study was conducted at the Gynecology Department, Al-Diwaniyah maternity and child teaching hospital, Al-Diwaniyah province, Iraq. All available cases during the period of study were undergone to internal iliac artery ligation after delivery of the fetus and before removal of the placenta, then the placenta was removed by the piecemeal manner and then hemostatic sutures to the site of the placenta to control bleeding was done. The results revealed the ligation of bilateral internal iliac artery in patients with placenta accreta and increase the rate of hysterectomy decrease and the need for blood transfusion also decreased. When we do bilateral internal iliac artery ligation in placenta, accrete we find it is an effective technique to reduce complications and decrease the rate of hysterectomy. While in cases of placenta previa accreta, ligation of the internal iliac artery did not become effective, and the main cases with placenta previa accreta end with hysterectomy. --- ## Study on antimicrobial activities of few medicinal plants - A Review **Authors:** Vasanth MP, Purushotham KG, Saravanan TS, Gomathi K, Arun Kumar J **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1694 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antibacterial, Medicinal plants, Pathogens, Antibiotics The primary purpose for the review articles tells about the present and past of the work were the development of the studies were Invitro antimicrobial and the technique of the research was developed into day to day life because the microbes are easily multiplied certain period best example is E.coli. Plants are most important all living nature. The medicinal plants are an essential source of bio-compounds that may serve as novel chemotherapeutic agents for certain diseases. Plants have root, leaf, steam and strength of the activity of the product of the valuable medicinal plants as using the different chemical mixture for solvent extraction like (Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetone, methanol, diethyl ether, water extract)for different activity studies in microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia , Proteus vulgaris and psedudomon asaeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas fluorescent). The present research and scientific aim of goal medicinal plants are more potential to kill different microbes and different parts of the plant body. --- ## Antibacterial Activity of Bee Venom against Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii locally isolates **Authors:** Montaha A. Al-Safar, Jabbar S Hassan, Thanaa Rasheed Abdulrhman, Ali Salam Kashkol **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1711 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bee venom, Acinetobacter baumannii, Resazurin stain, Oxygen Species (ROS) Bee venom is a complex mixture of proteins, peptides and low molecular components. Nowadays its components have been characterized, the therapeutic application of bee-venom has been well investigated against Gram- negative and Gram-positive bacteria. To determine antibacterial activity of bee venom against Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii locally isolates. Bee venom was assessed for their antibacterial activity against four Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacterial strains by using MIC depends on resazurin stain, well diffusion methods and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation test. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BV were determined with values (31.25 mg/ml) and bee venom can inhibit the growth of MDR Acinetobacter baumannii and may be one of the killing mechanisms by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production which lead to DNA destruction. Bee venom had antibacterial activities against MDR Acinetobacter baumannii which confirms the previous work that suggested that bee venom can inhibit growth and survival of some bacterial strains. --- ## Physiology of Swallowing – A review **Authors:** Kumaresan A, Manoj Abraham M, Prathap Suganthirababu **Published:** 2018-11-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1698 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Physiology, Swallowing, Dysphagia Swallowing is the process which consists of 3 Phases, i.e. Oral, Pharyngeal and oesophagal phase. In these 3 phases, many cranial Nerves and around 56 muscles are involved. Swallowing process is a multi-complex task which involves volitional and Reflexive behaviour. Any abnormal Neuro muscular Physiological component can produce dysphagia. The goal of dysphagia rehabilitation is to identify and treat abnormalities in swallowing. The purpose of this review is to know the central and peripheral mechanism of the physiology involved in swallowing which is the manipulation of food including oral and voluntary stages that take place in pharynx and larynx. --- ## The usage of antipsychotic polypharmacy to treat patients with schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders in Hospital Kajang **Authors:** Fares M.S Muthanna, Zainal ZA, Che Mi N, Paneerselvam GS **Published:** 2018-11-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1709 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antipsychotics, Psychiatric, Polypharmacy, Adverse effects, Schizophrenia, Psychotic disorders Antipsychotic polypharmacy is a routine practice despite guidelines to avoid combining medications that have not been successfully trialled. This practice results in severe side effects and creates an unnecessary expense for patients, although many medical practitioners prescribe antipsychotic combinations to treat difficult and acute psychosis. This study was conducted to determine the proportions and patterns of antipsychotic polypharmacy and possible associated risks among patients. This retrospective study was conducted among patients prescribed multiple antipsychotic medications at Kajang Hospital, in Malaysia, from June to August of 2017, and data were collected from patients files admitted to the hospital between January and December 2016. The risks and usage of polypharmacy were assessed on the basis of clinical outcomes, including prescription medication non-adherence, adverse drug effects, drug-drug interactions, inappropriate prescriptions, hospitalization, functional decline, and mortality resulting from antipsychotic polypharmacy or monotherapy effects. Of the 120 participants, 62 were prescribed antipsychotic monotherapy (52%) and 58 were prescribed antipsychotic polypharmacy (48%). Duration of illness 53, 44.2%) was statistically and significantly associated with antipsychotic polypharmacy (P ˂ 0.05). Adverse effects that are associated with antipsychotic medications include hyperprolactinemia (12 (21.4%) polypharmacy & 4 (6.25%) monotherapy) and extrapyramidal side effects (29 (51.7%) polypharmacy & 19 (29.6%) monotherapy). Other side effects included weight gain ( 21 (37.5%) polypharmacy & 25 (39%) monotherapy), hyperlipidemia(7(12.5%) polypharmacy & 10 (15.6%) monotherapy), and metabolic syndromes (6 (10.7%) polypharmacy & 7 (10.9%) monotherapy), although to a statistically insignificant extent. To prevent mismanagement of medications, more information about the risks and use of antipsychotic polypharmacy should be provided to patients. --- ## The anti-inflammatory activity of Azilsartan in animal models of experimentally- induced chronic and granulomatous inflammations **Authors:** Wael Waleed Mustafa, Samer Shukor, Saad Abdulrahman Husain, Naza Mohammed Ali Mahmood **Published:** 2018-11-17 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.881 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-inflammatory, Azilsartan It is well documented that blockade of angiotensin II type 1 receptor may interfere with the progression of the inflammatory processes. The present study aims to evaluate the dose-response relationship of the anti-inflammatory activity of azilsartan in rat models of chronic and granulomatous inflammation. The study includes two parts: First part: 42 rats were allocated into 7 groups, each containing six rats, to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of different doses of azilsartan in the rat model of formalin induced chronic inflammation. Second part: 42 rats were allocated as in 1st group to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of azilsartan in the rat model of cotton pelletinduced granuloma. Azilsartan in a dose-dependent pattern (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg), significantly attenuated inflammation in both rat models utilized in the study with maximum effect achieved with 1.0 mg/kg, which is comparable to that reported for dexamethasone and relative linearity within the lowest dose range. In conclusion, azilsartan decreased formalin-induced chronic inflammation and cotton-pellet induced granuloma in rats in a dosedependent pattern. Therefore, it may be considered as a potential candidate for treating chronic inflammatory conditions in human. --- ## Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the skull: Case report of a rare bone tumour **Authors:** Rashmi Raveendran, Ganthimathy Sekhar, Jayaganesh P **Published:** 2018-10-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1673 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Eosinophilic granuloma, Langerhans cell, Bone tumour, Skull, Paediatric tumour Langerhans cell Histiocytosis (LCH) constitutes a triad of diseases, which is clinically classified as unifocal-unisystem (Eosinophilic granuloma), multifocal-unisystem and multifocal-multisystem. The unifying feature of this group is the infiltration of the lesion by antigen-presenting cells of the accessory immune system known as the Langerhans cell. Eosinophilic granuloma is the most common and benign entity of the three, seen in children and affects the bones and less often, the lungs. In this report, we present this interesting case of Eosinophilic granuloma of the skull in a 2 year old girl, who presented with a painless scalp swelling of 2 weeks duration to our tertiary care centre and was diagnosed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. --- ## A cross-sectional study on knowledge and awareness of palliative care among health science students **Authors:** Khairil Azwan Malim Jaafar, Jannathul Firdous, Firdaus Jamali **Published:** 2018-10-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1652 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Attitude, Awareness, Knowledge, Palliative care, Students This study was done to determine the knowledge and awareness of palliative care among health science students in UniKL RCMP. To assess the difference of knowledge on palliative care between students who have been exposed to palliative care posting/class and students who have not been exposed to palliative care posting/class. This was a prospective, cross-sectional study that took place between March and April 2018 by using simple random sampling method. The study population will be divided according to their courses which were; MBBS, Nursing, Pharmacy, Physiotherapy and Radiology. The knowledge of most participants was at a poor state as most of them fall in Group 1, the lowest range of score. The fact that more unexposed students were in Group 2 than exposed students were showed that exposure towards any palliative care teaching was not playing its part fully among UniKL-RCMP students in terms of knowledge. It also showed that most of MBBS and Diploma of medical imaging students fall into Group 3. Most of Bachelor in Pharmacy and Diploma in Nursing students fall into group 2 while most of the Diploma in Physiotherapy students fall into group 1 and 2. Majority of the health science students have low or average knowledge regarding palliative care regardless of their exposure towards palliative care teaching. Short posting time might also be one of the reasons for this situation. --- ## Role of Ganoderma lucidum against triazole drugs resistant Aspergillus species **Authors:** Naveen Kumar C, Sri Kumar R, Swathi S, Prabhakar Reddy E, Chidambaram R **Published:** 2018-10-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1653 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ganoderma lucidum, Triazole Group antibiotics, Aspergillus Species, Minimal Inhibitor, Concentration Edible Medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum have an established in use of traditional new antimicrobial drugs and oriental therapies. The current study helps to describe the development of acquired resistance and efficacy of certain antifungal agents against different Aspergillus species. A total of 150 clinical isolates of different Aspergillus spp. were obtained from tertiary care center, Puducherry. Various drug concentrations (Posaconazole, Voriconazole, Itraconazole and Ganoderma extract) are based on the measurement of the fungal growth in the presence, so as to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antifungals was performed according to the CLSI guidelines. Ganoderma lucidum full part fruiting body were collected and prepared extraction with help of ethanol at various concentrations 0.008 to 8 μg/ml. Triazoles and Ganoderma extract of MIC distribution among different Aspergillus species were as follows: A. fumigatus - Ganoderma extract, 0.12; itraconazole, 1; posaconazole, 0.25; voriconazole, 0.5; A. flavus - Ganoderma extract, 0.25; itraconazole, 1; posaconazole, 0.25; voriconazole, 0.5; A. niger - Ganoderma extract, 0.12; itraconazole, 1; posaconazole, 0.5; voriconazole, 1; and A. terreus - Ganoderma extract, 0.25; itraconazole, 1; posaconazole, 0.25; and voriconazole, 0.5. Ganoderma extract, posaconazole, voriconazole, and itraconazole. Majority of Aspergillus species exhibited in vitro resistance to voriconazole followed by itraconazole. --- ## Formulation and development of oxiconazole based ethosomal gel system for dermal delivery **Authors:** Shaik Harun Rasheed, Rama Kotaiah Mogili, Chandrasekhar Kothapalli Bannoth **Published:** 2018-10-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1691 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antifungal, Oxiconazole, Skin infection, Ethosomes Last few decades the act of regular drug for the wound healing improving in many parts of India depends on the sources such as herbal, semi-synthetic and synthetic medicines. Despite the fact that pharmaceutical innovation currently has focused on the improvement of nano drug delivery systems such as liposomes, niosomes, nanosomes, ethosomes, dendrimers, nanoparticle etc. This could be a novel approach towards skin mediated drug delivery system. An attempt was made to formulate highly effective oxiconazole gel. In this current work oxiconazole, loaded ethosomes were formulated in the form of the gel for the treatment for the skin infection. The preformulation study confirms low interparticle friction between the drug and polymers with better flow property. FTIR and DSC analysis confirm that there is no prominent chemical reaction between oxiconazole and polymers. Ethosomes has been prepared by using the injection method by introducing semi-synthetic and natural polymers. The prepared ethosomes are in the range of micrometer and found as spherical in shape confirmed by TEM and SEM analysis. The smaller size of the particle and polyethylene glycol plays an important role to enhance the skin penetration. Evaluation study (such as drug entrapment efficiency, percentage yield, drug content, pH, viscosity and spreadability) for ethosomes has been carried out and found optimum as per the IP. Formulation E16 has shown a better result in sustaining the oxiconazole as 93% in 12h. The kinetic release study follows non-Fickian behaviour. --- ## The anti-inflammatory activity of Azilsartan in animal models of experimentally-induced chronic and granulomatous inflammations **Authors:** Wael Waleed Mustafa, Samer Shukor, Saad Abdulrahman Husain, Naza Mohammed Ali Mahmood **Published:** 2018-10-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1649 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-inflammatory, Azilsartan It is well documented that blockade of angiotensin II type 1 receptor may interfere with the progression of the inflammatory processes. The present study aims to evaluate the dose-response relationship of the anti-inflammatory activity of azilsartan in rat models of chronic and granulomatous inflammation. The study includes two parts: First part: 42 rats were allocated into 7 groups, each containing six rats, to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of different doses of azilsartan in the rat model of formalin-induced chronic inflammation. Second part: 42 rats were allocated as in 1st group to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of azilsartan in the rat model of cotton pellet-induced granuloma. Azilsartan in a dose-dependent pattern (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg), significantly attenuated inflammation in both rat models utilized in the study with maximum effect achieved with 1.0 mg/kg, which is comparable to that reported for dexamethasone and relative linearity within the lowest dose range. In conclusion, azilsartan decreased formalin-induced chronic inflammation and cotton-pellet induced granuloma in rats in a dose- dependent pattern. Therefore, it may be considered as a potential candidate for treating chronic inflammatory conditions in human. --- ## Antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of methanol and hexane extract of non- gilled mushrooms collected from North-Western Himalayas **Authors:** Shaveta Singh, Astha Tripathi **Published:** 2018-10-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1651 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Non-gilled mushrooms, Antimicrobial, Total phytochemical The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of four non-gilled mushrooms collected from the forest of North Western Himalayas. The antimicrobial activity of four non-gilled mushrooms was performed against three pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli) and one fungal strain (Cryptococcus neoformans). Quantitative and qualitative analysis of phytochemical properties was carried out using standard methods. The obtained results revealed that Auricularia polytricha showed maximum antimicrobial activity against all selected pathogenic strains in methanolic and hexane extract however in hexane extract Ganoderma lucidum showed good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (24.6±0.47) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.3±0.47). Last activity was observed in the methanolic extract by Trametes elegans (10.3±0.47) and no activity was observed in hexane extract by Trametes elegans and Auricularia auricular-judae against Cryptococcus neoformans. In comparison to hexane extract methanolic extract showed good antimicrobial activity against all pathogenic microorganisms. However, in all selected non-gilled mushrooms, Auricularia polytricha showed maximum activity. Methanolic extract showed higher phytochemicals then hexane extract. The antimicrobial and phytochemical analysis of non-gilled mush- rooms shown to be a good source of antibacterial and phytoconstituents that warrant further studies as a future dietary supplement to improve health and well being. --- ## Role of Janus Kinase 1 (JAK1) on neutrophils spreading and directed migration ability **Authors:** Nur Natasha Azim A. Tarmizi, Nurul Liyana A. Dawam, Mohammad Rohani Jais, Elysha Nur Ismail, Reezal Ishak **Published:** 2018-10-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1648 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Janus Kinase 1, Neutrophils, Chemoattractant, Spreading, Migration This study investigates the role of Janus Kinase 1 (JAK1) enzyme on neutrophils ability to spread and migrate towards chemoattractant. Neutrophils stimulated by the presence of chemoattractant can spread along the blood vessels wall and then migrate towards the chemical signal in a process known as chemotaxis. Isolated neutrophils from healthy volunteers were incubated with JAK inhibitor 1 in order to block JAK1 enzyme activity. The neutrophils ability to spread and undergo directed migration was assessed on glass coverslips and Dunn Chemotaxis chamber respectively. After stimulation by N- Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), neutrophils treated with JAK inhibitor 1 showed the limited capability to spread. The reduced spreading area suggested that the spreading mechanism may have been disrupted. Neutrophils treated with JAK inhibitor 1 were recorded with shorter migration distance and appeared to have non-directed migration towards fMLP. The introduction of JAK inhibitor 1 has disturbed the spreading ability of neutrophils and limits their capacity to undergo migration towards the chemical signal site. The findings suggest that JAK1 enzyme may have a vital role to play in neutrophils ability to spread and undergo migration. --- ## Method Development and Validation of Ivacaftor in Bulk and Pharmaceutical dosage form by UV Spectrophotometry **Authors:** Janardhana Reddy VL, Raveendra Reddy P, Sreenivasulu S **Published:** 2018-10-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1650 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ivacaftor, Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry, Validation The easiest, precise, accurate means of analysis of the drug is by UV Spectrophotometry. In this regard, Ivacaftor drug is analyzed by method development and validation for UV spectrophotometric study. The linearity studies obeyed Beer and Lambert's law where the linear regression coefficient value was found to be 0.9973 at λmax 202nm. The linearity range considered for the present study being 1-5 μg/ml. The test validation parameters and the recovery value satisfy the acceptance criteria by the method developed. Therefore the present method developed can be used for routine analysis of Bulk product and formulated dosage forms of Ivacaftor. --- ## Identification of patients with sickle cell anaemia using restriction enzyme discrimination **Authors:** Farhan Hussain Ali **Published:** 2018-10-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1687 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ARMS-PCR, Toxicology, Sickle Cell Anaemia, DNA Tracking down a mutation for Single-cell anaemia (SCA) is a full-day, inquiry-based biology experiment that has given scientist a lot to do in the field of medicine. Gene therapy as so far proved to be the own escape route through the use of Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) although it is limited to the donor availability. Clinical trials have been conducted concerning testing manufacturing, optimization and characterization of transduction hematopoietic stem cell FCP (final cell product) and its degree of vivo toxicology to ascertain the method. This study aims at establishing a prenatal diagnostic facility through determination of PCR performance and sensitivity and gel electrophoresis that will help in decision making regarding the fetus affected with sickle cell anaemia. Several samples were taken from affected patients using the chorionic villus biopsy, DNA extracted and subjected to amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS-PCR), to identify a mutation in the GAG-GTG gene for sickle cell anaemia. Gel electrophoresis was done from which it was found out that out of the 41 cases analyzed, 26 [70.73%] had AS Hb genotype, 4 [9.76%] had AA Hb genotype and 3 [7.32%] had SS Hb genotype and the reminded of 5 [12.20] had either AA or AS genotype. It was concluded that the ARMS-PCR has a high performance and 75% sensitivity hence can be used to study and detect patients with SCA mutation as a prenatal diagnostic facility. Gel electrophoresis was done from which it was found out that out of the 41 cases analyzed, 26 [70.73%] had AS Hb genotype, 4 [9.76%] had AA Hb genotype and 3 [7.32%] had SS Hb genotype and the reminded of 5 [12.20] had either AA or AS genotype. Detection of sickle anaemia requires a lot of information about the restriction enzymes to be restudied. It is easy to detect an irregularity in the human genome whenever any alteration is done more especially due to mutation. Sickle cell anaemia is one of the most studied genetic diseases that can be treated if noticed in the early stage through gene therapy. --- ## Phytochemical screened, characterization and antibacterial activity of hesperetin and hesperidin extracted and isolated from dried oranges peels **Authors:** Bassam A. Hassan, Fadil Mohsen Hamed, Firas F. Alyaseen **Published:** 2018-10-06 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1685 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial Activity, Hesperidin, Hesperitin, Orange Peels, Phytochemical Screen Oranges, fruits are bioactive citrus fruits belong to the Rutaceae, family. At the beginning of this study, Phytochemical screened of dried oranges peels showed the absence of coumarins, saponins, sterols, terpenoids, anthraquinones and protein. While the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, carbohydrate, glycosides, tannins, polyphenol. Afterwards, Hesperetin (flavanone) and hesperidins (flavanone glycoside) were extracted and isolated from dried oranges peels (citrus fruits) and characterized by FTIR spectra, TLC, melting point, Chemical test. In time antibacterial activity of Hesperetin and hesperidins studied against some pathogenic bacterial strains isolated from patients like Streptococcus, Acinetobacter, E.coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Aeromonas. Eventually, Hesperetin (flavanone) showed a Higher biological activity significant than hesperidins and cefuroxime drugs. --- ## Assessment of attitudes and practices of young Saudi adults about the use of antibiotics in eastern providence, Saudi Arabia **Authors:** Mohammad Daud Ali, Ayaz Ahmad, Yousif Amin Hassan, Sara Ahmed Aldookhy, Jenan Wasfi Alsheyokh **Published:** 2018-10-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1682 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Medication Knowledge, Health Knowledge, Anti-Microbial Agents, Young Adult, Self-treatment, Saudi Arabia In the mentioned study, we planned to measure the attitudes and practices of young Saudi adults towards the usage of antibiotics. A descriptive survey was conducted among patients attending at Almana Group of Hospital Dammam & Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia, a conveniently selected sample of 891 participants. Adopted written questions were used for collection of data. 1050 participants were approached, 891 granted to takes part in this study, giving a response rate of 84.85%. The study results indicated that 35.08% of the participants shown poor arrogances towards antibiotic usage. Both of them Healthcare related and Non-health-care were perceptively related with the positive attitudes towards antibiotic usage (p=0.001). It is shown that the practice of the participants towards antibiotics was relatively poor (35.25%). The huge number of participants agreed that they do not access a doctor for minor ailments. The main cause for not consulting a doctor was the high consultation charges (72%). Though, a huge number of respondents (94.97%) granted that there is a necessity to augment antibiotic education among the general public. The study outcomes recognized some crucial gaps in the attitudes and practices among the community of Dammam & Al- Khobar about the practice of antibiotics. Thus, for the upgrading of community knowledge and mutable their attitude towards antibiotic use along with proper interventions to regulate the ease of their accessibility can play an active role for the actual usage of antibiotics within the community. --- ## Responses of plants against heavy metal-induced ROS: A Review **Authors:** Dhriti Kapoor, Dolly Kumari Sharma, Amaninder Kaur Riat **Published:** 2018-10-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1680 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Heavy metal, Oxidative stress, ROS, Osmolytes, Antioxidative defence system Plants are vulnerable to many injurious, environmental situations like biotic and abiotic stress, ultimately affecting their growth and development. Biotic stress is caused by living organisms such as insects, nematodes, bacteria, fungi etc. On the other hand abiotic stress arise from high or low temperature, light, drought, salinity and heavy metals. Some heavy metals are important for the plant, i.e. Cu, Zn, Fe but these metals are present in the soil in very less quantity, so these are called an essential micronutrient. Toxicity of heavy metals cause a reduction in plant growth and ultimately leads to the death of the plant. Metal concentration increase in soil due to human activity or geological origin. All heavy metals are toxic, and they cause mutagenesis in the plant, animal and aquatic ecosystem also. In recent years, in agricultural practices, use of wastewater from cities has made the significant accumulation of heavy metal in soil and agricultural product. Metals are transported from water to soil that cause contamination in soil and inhibit plant growth. Heavy metal contaminations in soil and agriculture have raised potential risks to plant, human and animals. In Response to metal stress plant possesses various protective mechanisms like chelation, detoxification and so on. Plant posses many defensive strategies like antioxidative defence system, antioxidant and osmolytes that protect the plant from stress condition. This defensive system activates during stress condition. This review focus on the heavy metal effect on plant and its defensive system on the plant. --- ## Neuroprotective potential of Phyllanthus amarus and Esculetin in STZ-in- duced neuropathy in rats **Authors:** Srilatha Kota, Pratap Reddy Karnati **Published:** 2018-10-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1681 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant, Diabetes, Esculetin, Neuropathy, Degeneration of nerve, Phyllanthus amarus, Behavioural alterations Hyperglycemia-induced overproduction of free radicals causes the development of diabetic neuropathy (DNP), leading to peripheral nerve degeneration. The current study reports the neuroprotective effects of Phyllanthus amarus extract (PAE) and Esculetin (ESC) on Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male rats. Injection of STZ (60mg/kg/b.w, i.p) significantly induced diabetes mellitus (DM), verified by having a blood glucose level of more than 250 mg/dl. Randal-Selitto assessed neuropathic analgesia was assessed by randal-selitto and hot-plate methods and the sciatic nerves were collected and assessed for biochemical parameters at different interval of 7,14 and 21 days. Histopathological changes were also evaluated at the end of the experiment. Treatments with Phyllanthus amarus extract (400mg/kg/b.w/d) and esculetin (45mg/kg/b.w/d), Significantly ameliorated the STZ induced diabetic peripheral neuropathy by attenuating, such as decrease in blood glucose level, water intake level, aldose reductase activity (AR), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increase in catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), GSH, GPx along with body weight. Treatment with Phyllanthus amarus and esculetin significantly reversed the pain sensitivity and myelination, degenerative changes of sciatic nerve fibre in both the groups compared to the diabetic control group. Thus, Phyllanthus amarus and esculetin possess potential neuroprotective effect in a rat model of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in respect of neuropathic behaviour, improved morphological changes and significant antioxidant activity. --- ## The maternal mortality rate in Al-Diwaniyah Province in Iraq: retrospective data retrieval of four years **Authors:** Hayat Jabir Hamad, Hassan Osamah Tahir, Mustafa Osamah Tahir **Published:** 2018-10-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1683 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Maternal mortality, Gestational age, Mode of delivery, Pulmonary embolism The term maternal mortality is applied when women die during pregnancy, at time of delivery or during puerperium. This catastrophic event carries gloomy future to the index child, rest of children as well as the rest of family; also, the high rate of maternal mortality is an indication of inadequate health care system. Estimation of maternal mortality rate and identifying significant causes are mandatory steps toward making a plan to improve the health care system in our country particularly in the mid-Euphrates region. This study was aimed to estimate maternal mortality rate based on a hospital study in Al-Diwaniyah Province in the Mid-Euphrates region of Iraq. Data were obtained from the records belonging to Al-Diwaniyah Maternity hospital and other hospitals in the province. We were able to retrieve information regarding women who died during pregnancy, labour, and puerperium for the years 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. Data included the age of the mother, gestational age, parity, educational level, residency, site of delivery and mode of delivery. The results of this study revealed that maternal mortality rates were 22.8, 42.9, 34.7 and 35.7 per 100000 live births concerning the years 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 respectively, and 33.9 per 100000 live births in average for the included four years. The leading causes of death were haemorrhage and pulmonary embolism. The maternal mortality rate is higher in Iraq; however, it is less in Al-Diwaniyah Province than national figures, and the leading causes of maternal mortality are haemorrhage and pulmonary embolism. --- ## Molluscum Contagiosum in Iraqi Patients **Authors:** Alaa Naif, Yahya Ali, Hazim Yaseen, Bassam Hassan **Published:** 2018-10-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1684 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Molluscum contagiosum (MC), Al-Nassiria Molluscum contagiosum is a viral disease of the skin characterized by discrete, multiple, flesh-coloured or shiny papules. Molluscum contagiosum is common in immunocompromised patients, sexually active adults and children. There are increases in the incidence of molluscum contagiosum among Iraqi patient needs further study. The study aims to provide the characteristics and the clinical features of MC on a series of patients in Al-Nassiria city. Evaluation of 120 patients was conducted in Al-Hussein teaching Hospital in Al-Nassiria, Iraq, Patients with MC were diagnosed clinically by two dermatologists in the dermatology department. Over the study period, data of these patients were collected and analysis was done as follows: patient age and gender, duration of the disease in months, site, and history of atopic dermatitis. 120 patients entered this study. That mean age of the patients at present study was 29.5 16.7 years range (1-70years). The patients between (1- 10year) had the 1st peak of incidence of disease, patients 38 of 120 (31.7%), the child specifically between children aged 1–4 years are 31 of 38 patients. MC lesions were presented mainly at the right side of the face in 79 patients (80.6%) compared to the left side of the face in 19 (19.4%) the P value was also < 0. 001. We conclude that patient with This survey has demonstrated that Molluscum contagiosum is a common skin infection. Molluscum contagiosum papules most commonly develop on the face on right side. --- ## Antioxidant and Antihyperlipidemic activity of Polyherbal formulation in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats **Authors:** Sagarika Majhi, Abul Kalam Najmi, Udai Vir Singh Sara **Published:** 2018-10-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1679 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Polyherbal Formulation (PH), Streptozotocin (STZ), Antihyperlipidemic, Antioxidant, Glibenclamide In this current protocol, the antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activity of Polyherbal formulation (PH) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were studied. STZ-induced diabetic rats had near about 50% higher serum cholesterol and 53.06 % higher serum triglyceride levels as compared to non- diabetic rats. Also, a significant increase in SGOT, SGPT and serum creatinine levels (65.02%, 69.11%, 53.05% respectively) were observed in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Quotidian therapy of diabetic group with standard & Polyherbal formulation (200 & 400 mg/kg) for four weeks significantly lowered (P< 0.01) serum cholesterol, triglyceride, hepatic enzymes and serum creatinine levels. Significant improvement in antioxidant activity with Glibenclamide & Polyherbal formulation (200 & 400 mg/kg) treated group were observed as a decrease in MDA level and increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels. The treatment groups partially reversed the hindrance towards glucose utilizing system and oxidation status in diabetic rats. The study with PH (400 mg/kg) dose has shown marked improvement in histological condition, as compared to the diabetic control. The above results propose that this Polyherbal formulation may be a potential source for the development of the new antidiabetic drug. --- ## Design and development of the herbal formulation for the treatment of over- active bladder **Authors:** Kunal K Mehta, Vishal Gupta N, Gowda DV, Manohar M **Published:** 2018-10-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1676 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diffusion studies, Hydrogel, Pumpkin seed extract, OAB, Spreadability The Objective of the study was to formulate a novel, topical hydrogel system containing pumpkin seed extract for the Over Active Bladder treatment. Formulations were prepared using pumpkin seed extract (1.0% w/v) and varying concentration of Carbopol (0.5%-1.25% w/v) was used as a gel base. The prepared topical gels were evaluated for Drug content, pH, Physical appearance, viscosity, content uniformity, and In vitro drug diffusion. The results demonstrated that different formulations of Pumpkin seed extract (1%) in consolidation with carbopol 940 exhibited in the gel preparation that was considerably uniform and stable. The spreadability of an optimized formulation was found to be 1.5cm and the% drug diffusion at the 6thhour was found to be 56.35%. The drug content was found to be 94.5%. Viscosity was found to be 3.78 Lakhs cps. The pH was found to be 6.80. Drug content & Physical Appearance revealed that the formulations were stable. Moreover, it was concluded that hydrogel containing herbal extract is safe and effective for treatment of over Active Bladder (OAB). --- ## Free radical scavenging and in vitro α-amylase inhibition activities of flavonoids from the fruit rind of Terminalia bellirica **Authors:** Jesna James, Soumya K, Archana TM, Sudheesh Sudhakaran **Published:** 2018-10-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1678 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-diabetic, Anti-oxidant, DPPH, Hydroxyl radical, Nitric oxide, Superoxide The treatment of oxidative stress by using antioxidants is a possible therapeutical strategy for the future. Nowadays continuous efforts are undertaken to identify new natural sources with antioxidant effects. Antioxidants can reduce oxidative stress and thus minimize the incidence of many diseases by various mechanisms. Natural antioxidants can protect cellular components from oxidative damage. Plant secondary metabolites, flavonoids are powerful natural antioxidants. The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the free radical scavenging and antidiabetic activity of flavonoids from Diethyl ether and Ethyl acetate fractions of Terminalia bellirica fruit rind. The extracted flavonoids displayed potent reducing activity and exhibited strong DPPH, Hydroxyl, Super Oxide and Nitric Oxide free radical scavenging activities. The IC50 values of both fractions are comparable with their respective standards. The antioxidant activities may be attributed to the polyphenolics present in the extracts. The flavonoids also possess antidiabetic activity, which shows a strong α-amylase inhibition which is also comparable to the standard acarbose. --- ## An interesting case of Takayasu's arteritis **Authors:** Mariraj I, Kannan R, Senthilkumar A, Jagadeesan M, Prasanna Karthik S, Damodaran J **Published:** 2018-10-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1674 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Takayasu’s disease, Secondary hypertension, Pulseless disease, Young hypertension, Renovascular, Aortoarteritis Takayasu’s arteritis is a chronic, inflammatory, granulomatous vasculitis, affecting predominantly large elastic arteries like the aorta and its main branches. We report a case of 29 year old female patient, who had newly detected hypertension and was ultimately diagnosed to have Takayasu arteritis based on clinical profile and angiography. Renovascular hypertension is very common in Indian population. However, there was no renal artery involvement in our patient which is an uncommon manifestation. The patient was treated successfully with immunosuppressants and blood pressure got reduced without the use of anti-hypertensives. --- ## Influence of polymeric precipitation inhibitors on dissolution behaviour of Meloxicam **Authors:** Karnati V Chandana, Gowda DV, Vishal Gupta N, Praveen Sivadasu, Manjunath M **Published:** 2018-10-03 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1677 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Polymeric precipitation inhibitors, HPMC, Meloxicam, Solid dispersions, Rheumatoid Arthritis The scope of this study was to analyse the effect of polymeric precipitation inhibitor on in-vitro dissolution of Meloxicam which is a weak acid, water- insoluble and a crystalline compound. Meloxicam is used to treat pain or inflammation caused by rheumatoid arthritis. HPMC was used as polymeric precipitation inhibitor. Solvent evaporation method was employed to formulate solid dispersions with and without polymeric precipitation inhibitor. IR spectra suggested that there were no interactions between drug and polymers used in the study. DSC thermograms indicated that the drug was completely miscible with the molten carrier. Amorphization of the drug in the solid dispersion was established by a reduction in the enthalpy of drug melting in solid dispersion versus pure drug. The drug crystallinity in the solid dispersion was found to be reduced from X-ray Diffraction analysis. SEM analysis showed that Meloxicam exhibited irregular crystals, but the surface morphology of solid dispersions was smooth. Formulated solid dispersions showed increased solubility than the pure drug. Meloxicam solid dispersions with HPMC exhibited less precipitation rate compared to the Meloxicam solid dispersions without HPMC. Increase in the dissolution was attributed to the decrease in crystallinity of the drug and inhibition of drug precipitation. Thus, dissolution of Meloxicam can be enhanced by formulating solid dispersion using polymeric precipitation inhibitors. --- ## Clinico-etiological profile of childhood seizures at a tertiary care hospital in southern India – An observational study **Authors:** Sai Lakshmi Ananya T, Radha Kumar **Published:** 2018-09-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1672 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Seizure, Epilepsy, Febrile seizures, EEG Pediatric seizures are a common neurological problem and occur in children of all ages. Most of the prior studies reported in the literature had paid attention to epilepsy and clinical seizure types. There is limited data on the causes of an episode of childhood seizure in developing countries like India especially Tamil Nadu. Hence, this study was aimed to find the common aetiology of seizure and clinical characteristics of seizure types in different age groups presenting to tertiary centre in Southern India. A retrospective hospital-based observational study was conducted in a teaching hospital, Southern India. All children who presented with seizures to the pediatric emergency department in the period between January-June 2017 were included in the study. Clinical presentations, laboratory investigations, brain imaging studies, and follow up EEG screening were analyzed. Seizures were most common from 2 months to 5 years (58%). Febrile seizures (40%) followed by epilepsy (30%) were common etiologies in the present study. GTCS (50%) was the most type of presentation, of which tonic-clonic type was highest (32%). Status epilepticus was also seen (4%). Fever was the predominant trigger (25%). Leukocytosis (45%), CRP (14%). Hypocalcaemia (30%), and Hyponatremia (9%) were present. The children who had EEG abnormalities underwent neuroimaging of which only 10% of children had radiological findings. Seizures are more common below 5 years of age. Febrile Seizures is the most common aetiology. Regular EEG Screening on follow up may be useful in early detection of epileptiform activity even in children previously diagnosed to have simple febrile seizures. --- ## The immediate effect of Sheethali and Sheethkari Pranayama on blood pressure and cardiovascular changes among hypertensive patients **Authors:** Naveen Kumar M, Thanalakshmi J, Kannan R, Mahesh Kumar K, Aadhyyanth R Allu, Vijayalakshmi B **Published:** 2018-09-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1665 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sheethali and Sheethkari Pranayama, Blood Pressure, Hypertensive patients The modern sedentary lifestyle is prone to produce various physiological and psychological stress resulting in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases causing high mortality rate in India. Sheethali and Sheethkari Pranayama are known to cool down and relax the body by improving the autonomic function and reducing the overactivity of sympathetic outflow. Therefore, an attempt has been made to determine the immediate effect of these pranayamas on hypertensive patients. The objective of the present study is to compare the blood pressure of hypertensive patients before the practice of the Sheetali & Sheetkari Pranayama immediately after practice. The study was conducted on 20 hypertensive patients on regular medical management who visits Saveetha hospital OPD (study group) and 20 healthy subjects of the same age group (control group). The recording of blood pressure was done before and after the practice of Sheethali and Sheethkari Pranayama for both the group. The results were statistically analyzed using students t-test. The pre-and post-intervention comparison showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in cardiovascular parameters such as BP, HR, PP, MAP, RPP and DoP after the immediate practice of Sheethali and Sheethkari Pranayama in both hypertensive patients and control group. The improvement in Hypertension group was significantly higher than the control group. The findings suggest that the immediate effect of Sheethali and Sheethkari Pranayama have reduced the SBP, DBP and HR on hypertensive patients by decreasing the sympathetic activity. These pranayamas can be included in regular management protocol of hypertensive patients. --- ## Isolation and identification of bacterial flora associated with mobile phones of health care professionals **Authors:** Kalyani Mohanram, Shruthilaya Madanagopal, Porchelvan Swaminathan **Published:** 2018-09-29 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1667 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mobile phone, Bacterial flora, Staphylococcus aureus, Healthcare The percentage of Health Care-Associated infection (HAI) is increasing day by day, causing a significant rise in the morbidity and mortality. The heat generated by the mobile, in turn, creates a prime breeding place for many organ- isms which are found on the skin. To find out the bacterial flora of the mobile phones before and after cleaning with 70% isopropyl alcohol, to isolate and identify any pathogenic organisms from the mobile phones of Health Care Professionals and to find out the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the isolated pathogenic strains. This Cross-sectional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital for two months. A total no. of 100 mobile phones of health care professionals belonging to various clinical departments. Swabs were taken from the mobiles before and after cleaning with 70% isopropyl alcohol. There was bacterial growth on 72 mobile phones, the highest contamination was seen in mobiles of HCW in ICU. Mobile phones of doctors showed maximum contamination of 85%, followed by CRRI’s mobiles with 70% and nurses 45%. The most common organism isolated was Micrococci followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Diphtheroids. In that Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was 8% and ESBL Escherichia coli 5%. It is important to educate the health care workers regarding the decontamination of the phones with 70% isopropyl alcohol which in turn can reduce the risk of Hospital-acquired infections. --- ## A rare case of mid-borderline leprosy **Authors:** Vindhya R, Narasimhalu CRV, Shumez H **Published:** 2018-09-23 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1658 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Camptothecin, Carotenoid, Cellulase enzyme, Extraction, HPLC Leprosy is an infectious disease, which is caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Majority of the times, clinical judgment is enough for diagnosis. However, in some, histopathology can be essential. A 33-year-old male presented with asymptomatic red raised lesions over the face, upper limbs and lower limbs for the past 3 months. On examination, multiple erythematous, annular, asymmetrically distributed, infiltrated plaques with sharply punched out inner margins and sloping outer margins with clinically normal skin in the center, were found over the face, upper and lower limbs. Altered tactile sensations were noted over the lesions on the lower limbs. Bilateral ulnar and lateral popliteal nerves were thickened but not- tender. Slit skin smear showed M.leprae. Based on the characteristic morphology of the lesions and other clinical features, a diagnosis of mid- borderline leprosy was made. Histopathology showed normal epidermis with underlying dermis showing multiple well-defined granulomas composed of epithelioid cells and Langhans type of giant cells with scanty lymphocytic infiltration. The case is being presented in the light of clinical-histological disparity. This highlights the importance of histopathological examination for exact subtyping of leprosy to facilitate the institution of the accurate mode of therapy with stress on the importance of newer MDT in such cases to prevent drug- resistance, relapse and recurrence. --- ## Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with an ear infection in Misan **Authors:** Munaf Aal-Aaboda, Mohammed R. Al-Notazy **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1623 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibiotic resistance, Ear infection, Multiple antibiotic Resistance, Staphylococcus aureus The present study was targeted to examine the prevalence of multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which has been carried out in Misan, Iraq at a local hospital from February 2016 to January 2017. A hundred and eighty ear swabs have been obtained from patients with ear infections with or without discharges. Culturing and identifying the causative agents, as well as the antibiotic sensitivity profile, have been done on the specimens. Swabs were collected under sterile conditions and instantly transferred to the laboratory sealed in brain heart broth tubes. The initial isolation was done on selective media to S. aureus (mannitol salt agar) at a temperature of 37°C for 24 - 48 hours and then the biochemical tests and identification were done in accordance with the standard monotonous techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were done by the disk diffusion method. A hundred and forty-four isolates diagnosed with Staphylococcus aureus and eighteen isolates as other bacteria. S.aureus isolates tested for antibiotic susceptibility showed high resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin and amoxicillin, mild resistance to co-trimoxazole and were susceptible to norfloxacin, rifampicin, and ciprofloxacin. Additionally, S.aureus isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR). The MAR index of the isolates found to range between 0.35 and 0.7. In conclusion, an ear infection is mostly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and most of these isolates showed a high level of antibiotics resistance, which eventually may lead to too many health-related consequences in Misan, Southern Iraq and expose the needs for further studies to lessen the resistance to antibiotics. --- ## Assessment of hemoglobin and iron levels in oral submucous fibrosis patients **Authors:** Vivek Babu B, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1583 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** OSMF, Malignance, Haemoglobin, Iron Oral Hydrophysical Fibrosis (OSMF or OSF) is a long, complicated term of the oral cavity, a symptom of progressive fibrosis of the juke-epithelial inflammatory reaction and subcococcus tissue. Oral hydro-fibrosis (OSMF) is the long-term debilitating disease of the oral cavity, which has the probiotic probability and vague pathogenesis. 30 OSMF patients and 30 healthy individuals from the OPD of Saveetha Dental College. Serum samples were analyzed for the parameters status analysis by using BC 2300 MINDRAY HAEMATOLOGY analyzer. There is a significant decrease in Haemoglobin (p<0.001) and Iron (P<0.001) in OSMF patients when compared with healthy controls. Our findings suggest that prolonged or highly affected OSMF patients can develop anemia and other problems related to nutritional imbalance related to iron influenced metabolisms. --- ## The changes of ultrastructure and mechanical properties of lymphocytes' plasmalemma under the influence of chemotherapy **Authors:** Еvgenia А. Sladkova, Elena A. Shamray, Nina I. Zhernakova, Marina Yu. Skorkina, Tatiana S. Tikunova **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1557 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cell membrane, Lymphocyte, Ultrastructure of plasmalemma, Mechanical properties of lymphocytes, Atomic force microscopy Atomic force microscopy has established the changes of mechanical properties of lymphocytes' membranes from patients with acute and chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia. The stiffness of cell membrane was increased under influence chemotherapy along with the ultrastructural organisation of the lymphocyte's surface was different between patients with acute and chronic leukaemia. In the blood of patients with acute leukaemia were circulated two types of lymphocytes with small and large spherical globules on the surface, respectively. The lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia carried on their surface the large structures of irregular shape. Significant differences in the structural properties of lymphocyte's surface in patients with acute and chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia point at differences cell response to the action of chemotherapy drugs. --- ## Comparative characteristics of medical stability m. tuberculosis in Belgorod and Voronezh regions, Russia **Authors:** Oleg А. Zemlyanski, Elena B. Turina, Elena V. Kaliuzhnaya, Galina V. Efron, Luidmila О. Zemlyanskaya, Natalia N. Shinkarenko **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1555 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Drug resistance, Epidemiological monitoring The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the incidence and dynamics of drug resistance of M.tuberculosis to antituberculosis drugs in the Belgorod and Voronezh regions in different categories of patients: newly diagnosed, relapse, and other cases of repeated treatment. A comparative analysis of the spectral incidence and dynamics of M. tuberculosis drug resistance in 2007 and 2016 in the Belgorod and Voronezh regions was carried out. The data of statistical accounting forms 07-TB and centralized bacteriological laboratories were used. When comparing the data of the two regions - the Belgorod and Voronezh regions - both general trends and significant differences in the levels and dynamics of drug resistance of M. tuberculosis have been identified in different categories of patients. The level of primary multiple drug resistance is higher in the Voronezh Region, its growth rates in the Belgorod Region are the same, and the growth in overall sustainability is twice higher than in the Voronezh Region. It should be noted that the proportion of mono-resistant to isoniazid strains in the Belgorod region is increasing, while in Voronezh this phenomenon does not exist. The issues of epidemiological monitoring of tuberculosis require increased attention and detailed analysis at the territorial level for the adoption of adequate and effective management decisions. The current system of routine epidemic monitoring requires improvement taking into account the Russian and international experience. Data of such monitoring can have a significant impact on management decision-making in the field of tuberculosis control. Including at the level of each region. --- ## FTIR-ATR spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia induced by cholesterol-rich diet in rats **Authors:** Saira Khatheeja A, Safiullah A, Surapaneni Krishna Mohan, Vishnu Priya V, Prabhakaran AR **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1629 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** FTIR-ATR Spectroscopy, Hypercholesterolemia, Induction, Cholesterol, Cholic acid Clinical Diagnosis is the process that identifies a possible disease or disorder that can be diagnosed through analysing specific components with multiple techniques and procedures that identifies the internal physiological changes. FTIR-ATR is a non-invasive, reagent-free diagnostic tool which can be rapidly and simultaneously analyze several components in the biological fluids and organs and which can be employed in analyzing the biomolecules. Hypercholesterolemia was induced in Wistar rats by feeding the animals with the regular diet supplemented with 1% cholesterol and 0.5 % cholic acid saturated with coconut oil for 6 weeks. End of induction study, experimental animals were sacrificed for biochemical and FTIR- ATR spectral analysis. Experimental serum samples were analyzed immediately for spectral recordings in the Mid IR region of 4000-450 cm-1. The intensity of the olefinic =CH bond (3012 cm−1) can be used as an index of relative concentration of double bonds in the lipid structure from unsaturated lipids. The C=O stretching at 1740 cm−1 monitor the glycerol backbone near the aqueous part of the lipids. Results on biochemical variations obtained with both these methods were compared. Based on results obtained the study suggest that the FTIR-ATR technique might be an additional technique to know more details at molecular levels in the diagnostic sector. Further, this technique could be standardised for routine utility in disease diagnosis and management in the medicinal field. --- ## Lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase levels variation in type 2 diabetes mellitus **Authors:** Ashwin Kumar, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1569 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus, Antioxidants, Endocrine, Metabolic disorders, Endocrinopathy, Malanaldehyde, Superoxide dismutase, Pyrogallol Autoxidation The long-term disorder which is characterised by the high blood sugar and insulin resistance is known as type 2 diabetes, and it is also known as diabetes mellitus type 2. Increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss are their common symptoms. Increased hunger, feeling tired, and sores that do not heal are also their symptoms. These symptoms occur slowly. 40 subjects were selected from the outpatient department of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. They were divided into two groups. Group I (Control group) – Normal healthy individuals – 20 in numbers Group II (Study group) – Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients – 20 in numbers. 5ml of blood will be collected for the separation of serum. The serum was separated and analysed for Melanaldehyde and Superoxide dis- mutase by TBARS method and Pyrogallol Autoxidation method using ERBA CHEM 5 plus analyser. There is an increasing (MDA) which is very high in lipid peroxidation (p<0.001) as well as there is a significant decrease in (SOD) superoxide dismutase (p<0.005) in Hypothyroidism patients. In our findings its clearly understood that the Oxidative stress would get an increase in the diabetic people, this may lead to metabolic disease like dyslipidemia, Cardiac problems and renal failure etc. --- ## Survival analysis in tuberculosis patients of exponential accelerated failure time model **Authors:** Catherine Rexy D, Mokesh Rayalu G **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1552 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acceleration Failure Time, Deviation (-2LL), Parametric distribution, TB patients The survival analysis can be used in time to event data, this one of the tools to estimate the probability of survival in patients. To estimate the patient's survivorship based on time-independent variable this called nonparametric model. Acceleration failure model is considered the parametric model, it takes covariate and multiple effects of survivorship, is measured through a log-linear model taking the logarithm of survival time and the outcomes of the dependent variable. The model assumes that follow survival function is known as assuming the effect of a covariate is to accelerate or decelerate the life of patients by important constant. Hence the AFT model is alternative to proportional hazard models because in this model analysis the effect of a covariate to multiply the hazard by the constant. This study discusses the survival time of patients by acceleration failure time model in TB patients, like the variable is age, Regimen, sex, and weight are considered. We have been check the model fit from the failure distribution, whether it is fitting for the model in that distribution based on deviation method (-2LL) using partial log-likelihood functions. --- ## Evaluation of antiulcer activity of organic grapes produced by microbial fertigation **Authors:** Geetha S, Aruna Devaraj **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1610 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antiulcer, Gastric lesion, Microbial fertigation, Organic farming, Vitis vinifera The investigation is aimed to evaluate the antiulcer activity of organic grapes produced by microbial fertigation and foliar Panchagavya. The gastric lesion was induced by oral administration of HCl - ethanol, and by pyloric ligation. The methanolic extract of grapes was administered at a dose of 100, and 200 mg/kg orally for five days before ulcer induction. Ranitidine was used as a reference standard. The antiulcer activity was assessed by determining and comparing the ulcer index in the test group with that of the standard drug- treated group. Gastric volume, total acid and free acid were estimated in the pylorus-ligated rats. The methanolic fruit extract (200 mg/Kg) showed maximum inhibition of gastric acid, free acidity and total acidity. The ulcer index of grape juice treated animals was found to be significantly less in all the models compared to standard drug-treated cases. The methanolic extract of Vitis vinifera(EVV) recorded higher ulcer inhibition rate against HCl – Ethanol-induced gastric lesion when compared with control and reported effective anti-secretory and antiulcer activity against pyloric ligation induced gastric ulcer in rats. Ulcer induced by aspirin plus ligated rats, pretreated with EVV showed a reduction in gastric acid secretion, free acidity, total acidity, ulcer score and increase in pH and ulcer inhibition rate when compared to control. The results showed the significant efficacy of fertigated grapes in antiulcer activity. The results were statistically analyzed by one- way ANOVA test and were found to be significant at p<0.05. --- ## Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of crude fucoidan extracted from Sargassum wightii by different methods **Authors:** Sharmila G, Anna Sheba L, Ilakkia A **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1619 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** DPPH, Extraction methodology, Free radical scavenging activity, Fucose, Seaweed Seaweeds are the most important source of sulphated polysaccharides. These sulphated polysaccharides exhibit potent therapeutic properties. Fucoidan is a complex sulphated polysaccharide found in many species of brown algae. In the present study, fucoidan was extracted from brown seaweed, Sargassum wightii via different procedures: alcohol extraction, hot buffer extraction, hot water extraction and acid extraction. Through the study, it was found that extraction with hot buffer results in the maximum yield (7.3%) of the polysaccharide. Measurement of fucose and sulphate content revealed that the extracted polysaccharide showed characteristics of fucoidan. The results revealed that the yield and composition of fucoidan are dependent on extraction methodology. Fucose and sulphate-rich crude fucoidan were then subjected to 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), radical scavenging activity, using ascorbic acid as standard and it showed higher free radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 133 µg/ml. Thus fucoidan can be exploited as natural antioxidants for protection against oxidative stress which is found to be the cause for the development of several diseases. --- ## Metformin compared to insulin for the management of gestational diabetic **Authors:** Mohanad Adel Mohammed, Kadhim A. Kadhim, Ghaith Ali Jasim, Hayder Adnan Fawzi **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1630 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gestational diabetic, Insulin, Metformin, Neonatal hypoglycemia A prospective comparative two arms study done in Al Kadhimiya teaching hospital for 1 year duration from January 2017 till January 2018, this study included 150 women with singleton pregnancies diagnosed with gestational DM. The primary endpoints were neonatal outcomes which include; neonatal hypoglycemia (≥2 neonatal glucose values 46.8 m/dL), respiratory distress (admission to neonatal care unite NUC), need for phototherapy (neonatal jaundice), 5-minute Apgar scores below 7, or premature birth (<37 weeks of gestation). The maternal outcome includes the rate of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, mode of delivery and Polyhydramnios. Metformin offer less risk for the neonate to have an episode of blood glucose level <28.8 mg/dl compared to insulin RR (95%CI): 0.598 (0.457 – 0.999) and it was significant, metformin also offer less risk for the neonate to have recurrent blood glucose level <46.8 mg/dl RR (95%CI): 0.820 (0.586 – 1.289) but it was not statistically significant, metformin had slightly increased risk for preterm birth compared to insulin, the rest of the variables did not show a significant difference between both drugs. There was no significant difference in the maternal out- come between both drugs. There was no significant difference between metformin and insulin in their FPG and HbA1c after commencing therapy. In conclusion, metformin is an effective and safe treatment option for women with GDM, and that metformin comparable with insulin in glycemic control, there is no a significant risk of maternal or perinatal adverse outcome with the use of metformin compared with insulin in GDM. --- ## Metabolic antioxidant status in obese individuals **Authors:** Alagu Rathi Barathi, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1585 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant, Uricase method, Obesity, Uric acid level To assess the level of metabolic antioxidant-uric acid in obese individuals. Obesity is the major health problem worldwide. This condition leads to the development of or causative factors for the many other disease conditions like cardiovascular disease, chronic renal failure, diabetes mellitus and so on. Many metabolic products are synthesized in this condition may prevent or proceed with the disease condition. So, the current study aimed to assess the one of the metabolic product- uric acid level in obese individuals. 20 age and sex-matched healthy individuals with BMI (19.9-24.9), 20obese individuals were selected from those attending the outpatient department of Saveetha Dental College, and hospitals. Informed consent was obtained from the patients before sample collection. 5 ml of venous blood was collected in plain collection tubes and centrifuged in3000rpm. Then serum was separated and analyzed to estimate the Serum Uric acid by Uricase method using ERBA CHEM 5 plus analyzer. Mean BMI and Uric acid level of the control group were 21.89±1.87 and 3.57±0.9 respectively. Mean BMI and Uric acid level of the study group were 37.13±5.13 and 6.0±1.28. There is a significant difference between these two groups with the p-value of 0.0001. The data of the present study suggested uric acid level was increased in obese individuals. --- ## Assessment of the relationship between high-density lipoprotein and Body Mass Index **Authors:** Chithambara Shathviha P, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1580 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** High-density lipoprotein, BMI, Cardiovascular disease, Diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidemia Increased BMI is one of the main factors for cardiovascular disease stroke and diabetes mellitus development. The leading causes of this kind of morbidins are alternatives to plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels. Dyslipidemia of obesity or high BMI is usually expressed as a high triglyceride level and low HDL cholesterol. The HD study is the lowest BMI individuals with the lowest target of current study. 30 individuals with high BMI and 30 healthy individuals with normal BMI levels from the outpatient department of Saveetha Dental College. Serum samples were analyzed for the hormonal status by using the kit method in autoanalyzer. There is a significant decrease in HDL (p<0.005) in the people with high BMI levels when compared to the normal BMI healthy controls. The study states that high levels of BMI indicate the lower levels of good cholesterol HDL which in terms leads to increase in bad cholesterol LDL can cause different health problems like CVD, DM and renal damage etc. --- ## Association Between Insulin Resistance and Inflammation in Obese Individuals **Authors:** Haripriya R, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1591 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Obesity, Insulin, Insulin resistance, Inflammation, CRP Obesity is a very common condition we can see in most of the people living in developing countries. Most obese cases are due to their lifestyle only. Obesity will affect other metabolisms and causes metabolic disorders like diabetes, renal damage and cardiovascular problems. 30 obese patients and 30 healthy individuals from the OP of Saveetha Dental College. Serum samples were estimated the FBS by GOD-POD Method, CRP by Turbilatex Method using ERBA CHEM 5 plus analyzer. Insulin level by ELISA method using RO- BONIK ELISA READER. There is a remarkable increase in FBS (p<0.005), Insulin (p<0.005), Insulin resistance (p<0.005) and highly remarkable increase in C reactive protein (p<0.001) in obese people compared to controls. Our results show that the increase in insulin resistance, insulin, sugar and inflammation states there is a potential risk of diabetes, renal damage and other metabolic abnormalities due to the obese condition. --- ## Serum LDH levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients **Authors:** Madhumithaa S, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1582 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** OSCC, LDH, Malignancy marker, Cell damage, Carcinoma Oral squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common malignancy world- wide. It stands in the sixth position in the worldwide malignancies. It is the major cause of death in the world. This also accounts for many head and neck cancers. Theoretically, it should mostly be preventable and detectable at a very early stage. The factors that can increase the risk of OSCC include heavy alcohol use, usage of tobacco, including cigarettes, excessive sun exposure to the lips and even a weakened immune system. 30 OSCC patients and 30 healthy individuals from the OP of Saveetha Dental College. Serum samples were analyzed for the LDH status by using the kit method in autoanalyzer. There is a significant increase in Lipid dehydrogenase levels, i.e. (p<0.005) levels present in OSCC patients when compared with healthy controls, by the influence of OSCC on LDH metabolism. Our findings suggest that assessment of LDH can be used as an effective biochemical diagnostic tool for the manifestation of OSCC and another type of malignancy in patients. --- ## Determination concentration of interleukin-1 in patients with keratitis caused by bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and pharmaceutical treatment in Al-Diwaniya City, Iraq **Authors:** Syoof Khoman Alwan Al-Ramahy **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1586 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Interleukin-1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Keratitis The study included the collection of 150 samples, 110 samples of them were keratitis and 42 samples were wounds.42 isolates were obtained and diagnosed as P. aeruginosa 28 isolates (%25. 45 ) from keratitis and 12 isolates (%28.57) from wound swabs. Biochemical tests diagnosed all bacterial isolates. The study also included the collection of 42 serum samples from patients infected with keratitis and wound 40 samples from healthy persons as a control group) the concentration of IL-1 in the control samples was 14.534pg/ml while it increased significantly in the experimental group to reach 28.424pg/ml. --- ## Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of aerial parts of Alternanthera bettizickiana **Authors:** Ramakrishnan Padmini, Chandragiri Janakiraman Thirupurasundari, Subramania Bharathiraja, Sivasithambaram Niranjali Devaraj **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1613 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Hepatotoxicity, Alternanthera bettizickiana The study aimed to carry out the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the methanolic extract of aerial parts of Alternanthera bettzickiana (ABME). ABME showed its ability to scavenge the free radicals in a concentration-dependent manner. The plant extract (100 mg) yielded 92.6±0.13mg/ml gallic acid-equivalent phenolic content and 280.5±0.12 mg/ml quercetin-equivalent flavonoid content. ABME showed total antioxidant activity with a Trolox equivalent antioxidant concentration (TEAC) value of 0.77±0.03. The IC50 values for scavenging of free radicals were 292.578μg/ml, 212.582 μg/ml, 146.1 μg/ml and 434.9μg/ml for DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide and nitric oxide respectively. The antimicrobial activity was tested against strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. ABME was found to be effective against these tested organisms. The present study provides evidence that aerial parts of Alternanthera bettzickiana are a potential source of natural antioxidants with antimicrobial properties. --- ## Assessment of Insulin Status in Periodontitis **Authors:** Cibi Karthik, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1574 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Periodontitis, Insulin, FBS, IR, Inflammation Periodontitis is the common chronic inflammatory disease. Diabetic patients are likely to develop chronic disease, which increases blood pressure and diabetic complications. 30 periodontitis patients and 30 healthy individuals from the OPD of Saveetha Dental College. Serum samples were analyzed for the parameters, FBS by GOD-POD Method using ERBA CHEM 5 plus analyzer. Insulin level was assessed by ELISA method using ROBONIK ELISA READER. Increase in FBS (p<0.001), Insulin (P<0.001) and Insulin Resistance IR (p<0.005) in periodontitis patients when compared with healthy controls. Our findings suggest that prolonged or profoundly affected periodontitis condition can develop a metabolic complication like diabetes, renal damage and other health problems. --- ## Variations in the levels of LH and FSH hormonal status in Obesity condition **Authors:** Shruthi M, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1570 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Obesity, LH, FSH, Infertility, LH FSH ratio The study aims to access the variations in the levels of LH and FSH hormonal status in Obesity condition. Nowadays obesity is a very common condition we can see in most of the people living in developing countries. It causes so many other health problems along with their regular lifestyle habituates. In that infertility is one of the important problems occurs due to obesity by altering the hormonal levels in the female population. 30 obese patients and 30 healthy individuals from the OP of Saveetha Dental College. Serum samples were analysed for their hormonal status by using a kit method in auto analyser. There is a significant increase in LH (12.88 ± 6.69) and FSH (9.55 ± 4.8) as well as their ratio (LH/FSH- 1.93 ± 2.13) by the influence of obesity on them. The study states that a high risk of obesity may lead to hormonal imbalance which may lead to infertility in obese female patients. --- ## Biotechnology of absorption and remove of heavy metals by microorganism and plant **Authors:** Intedhar Abbas Marhoon, Hind Hamzah Abdulhussein, Ebtesam Kadem Khudher **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1588 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Phytoremediation, Heavy metals, Transgenic plant, Bioremediation, Microorganisms Heavy metals are a dangerous and widespread contaminant in the world because of the difficulty of disposal. Heavy elements affect the life of organisms and cause many serious diseases in humans and lead to the deposition of heavy elements in the soil to the weakness of the growth of plants and its yield. There are many techniques to remove the deposits of heavy elements, including bioremediation. Many factors are used in the process of phytoremediation, such as microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae and different plants. Microbiology can absorb heavy elements through multiple mechanisms and specialized vectors. Molecular genetics techniques have been used to increase the tolerance of plant contaminants and to develop mechanisms to transfer isolated genes from bacteria to plants and to produce genetically modified plants that can grow in soils contaminated with high concentrations of heavy elements. The following review is a review of studies on phytoremediation to clean the environment from heavy element deposits. --- ## Ultrasonic dopplerography for the evaluation of endothelial function in the conduct of pharmacological vascular samples in an experiment **Authors:** Vladislav O. Soldatov, Tatyana N. Malorodova, Tatyana G. Pokrovskaya, Mikhail V. Pokrovskii, Tatyana I. Kulchenkova, Andrey O. Ksenofontov, Olga V. Filippova **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1556 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Minimax Doppler, Blood flow, Endothelial dysfunction, Nitric oxide, Acetylcholine, L-NAME To study the function of the endothelium in conducting vascular pharmacological samples in normal and blocking the synthesis of nitric oxide by ultrasound examination of the velocity of central blood flow in the femoral artery in comparison with the changes in systemic hemodynamics and the linear velocity of microcirculatory flow using laser flowmetry. It was studied the parameters of the blood flow velocity (the maximum systolic and diastolic velocity, average systolic and diastolic velocity, Gosling index of pulsatility and resistance index by the Doppler ultrasound Minimax-Doppler-K), the parameters of central circulation ("Biopac-systems MP-150", AcqKnowledge 4.2, USA), and linear velocity of the microcirculatory flow of the musculus vastus medialis (Biopac MP-150, USA) in intact animals and rats with N-Ni- tro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) induced deficiency of nitric oxide. Quantitative evaluation of endothelial dysfunction in the conduct of pharmacological tests with endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine) and endothelium-independent (sodium nitroprusside) vasodilatation is most indicative in calculating the coefficient reflecting the ratio of vascular responses areas in intact rats with L-NAME induced deficiency of nitric oxide. Blood flow parameters (the maximum systolic velocity, the calculated difference between systolic and diastolic velocities) showed a high correlation, both with mean arterial pressure and a linear velocity of the microcirculatory flow. We conclude, that ultrasound Doppler were reflected in the systemic and local vascular response to the administration of vasodilators. It allows an assessment of endothelial function by using the Minimax-Doppler-K device. --- ## Lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase levels variation in hypothyroidism patients **Authors:** Thirumagal K, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1568 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hyperthyroidism, Antioxidants, Endocrine, Metabolic Disorders, Endocrinopathy, Malanaldehyde, Superoxide dismutase, Pyrogallol Autoxidation The study aims to find the antioxidant status in hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is otherwise known as an underactive thyroid. It takes place when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone for the body need. 40 subjects were divided into two groups of the normal healthy individual (20 in numbers) as Group I and hypothyroidism patients (20 in numbers) as Group II from the dental outpatient department of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. Blood samples were collected from the participants, and it was distributed in a plain collection tube and centrifuged in 2500 rpm for 10 minutes. The Serum was separated and analysed for Melanaldehyde and Superoxide dismutase by TBARS method and Pyrogallol Autoxidation method using ERBA CHEM 5 plus analyser. There is a significant increase in (MDA) lipid peroxidation (p<0.005) as well as there is a significant decrease in (SOD) superoxide dismutase (p<0.005) in Hypothyroidism patients. Our study revealed that the women with PCOS have an imbalance in their antioxidant status. Increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant capacity may contribute to the increased risk of CVD in women with Hypothyroidism. Further research on oxidative stress in hypothyroidism is needed. --- ## The vulnerability of diabetic rats to neurotoxin acrylamide: An interactive study **Authors:** Sathya N Prasad, Murali dhara **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1612 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acrylamide neurotoxicity, Behavioural assessments, Brain, Diabetic neuropathy, Sciatic nerve Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with pathophysiology leading to various secondary complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. The primary objective of the current study was to understand whether diabetic condition predisposes to exogenous neurotoxin insult. The neurotoxin chosen was acrylamide (ACR) because of its formation/ presence seen among various foods such as French fries, cookies and all deep fried or high heat processed carbohydrate-rich foods. Male adult Wistar rats were rendered diabetic using a single dose of streptozotocin (55mg/ kg bw, ip). After 1 week, the control and diabetic rats were sub-divided as follows: Group I: Control (received equal-volume of saline); Group II: ACR control (25 mg/ kg bw, ip, 3x/ wk); Group III – Diabetic control (received equal-volume of saline); Group IV – Diabetic administered with ACR (Diabetic + ACR; 25 mg/ kg bw, ip, 3x/ wk). Behavioural studies were carried out to check for sensory and motor functions on a weekly basis. At the end of 5 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and brain and sciatic nerve (SN) were collected for assessment of biochemical markers of oxidative mechanism and neurotransmission. Results suggest that diabetic rats were indeed predisposed to the neurotoxic effects of ACR (low dose). The development of neuropathic signs was advanced among the diabetic rats administered with ACR. The degree of oxidative impairments among diabetic rats administered with ACR was evident in SN and brain regions; the effects being more pronounced in SN. Further, an alteration in the cholinergic and dopaminergic function was also evident. Thus results obtained in this experimental design are suggestive of the vulnerability of diabetes to the neurotoxin. --- ## A novel RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin in bulk and tablet dosage form **Authors:** Harshalatha P, Kothapalli Bannoth Chandrasekhar, Chandrasekhar MV **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1627 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ertugliflozin, Sitagliptin, Ortho Phosphoric acid, Acetonitrile A simple, rapid, accurate, precise and novel Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic method for simultaneous analysis of Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin in pharmaceutical dosage form has been developed and validated. The chromatographic separation was accomplished on Waters RP-C18 Column (250 mm X 4.6 mm; 5µm), Waters (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) Liquid Chromatograph and with a mixture of OPA (Ortho Phosphoric acid) 0.2%v/v: Acetonitrile (60:40 v/v). The flow rate was fixed at 1 mL/min and the analysis was performed using Waters, model 2998 UV-detection was performed at 250 nm. Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin were separated within six minutes. The retention time for Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin was found to be 2.375 minutes and 3.955 minutes respectively. The calibration plots were linear over the concentration range of 32.50 – 97.50 µg/ml for Ertugliflozin (r2 = 0.9992) and 216.50 – 649.50 µg/ml for Sitagliptin (r2 = 0.9992). There was no interference due to commonly used excipients. The relative standard deviation for inter-day precision was lower than 2.0% which indicates that the present method was said to be highly precise. Regarding the accuracy of the developed method the mean % recoveries were found to be 100.67 and 100.69 % for Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin respectively, which shows the method is completely accurate. The LOD and LOQ for Ertugliflozin of the proposed method were found to be 0.0068µg/ml and 0.029 µg/ml for Sitagliptin 0.104 µg/ml and 0.347 µg/ml respectively. The mean assay values for Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin were determined in tablet dosage form were found to be within limits. The developed RP HPLC method was found to be simple, rapid, sensitive, highly precise and accurate highly suitable for routine analysis of drug samples containing Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin. --- ## Comparative study on the free radical scavenging potency of Vigna radiate sprouts and its zinc oxide nanoparticle **Authors:** Annapoorani B, Gayathri K, Sangeetha R, Orenbemo ONO **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1598 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** UV, FTIR, SEM, ABTS, Reducing potential Seeds and sprouts of Vigna radiata (VR), commonly known as Mung bean, is a nutritionally potent common food. Though the seeds and sprouts of VR are not traditionally used as folklore medicine, various pharmacological activities are evaluated scientifically. The present study aims to Synthesize and characterize Zinc oxide nanoparticles from sprouts of VR and compare its free radical scavenging potency against an ethanolic extract of Vigna radiata (VR) and its sprouts (VRS). Zinc oxide nanoparticle from VRS is synthesized and characterized by UV, FTIR spectroscopy and SEM. The free radical scavenging potency of the synthesized nanoparticle, VR, VRS is evaluated by ABTS radical scavenging assay and reducing potential. UV, FTIR and SEM image of synthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticle reflects the morphology of nanoparticle. In In-vitro free radical scavenging activity, ZnO Nanoparticle does not exhibits reducing potential activity. ABTS radical scavenging activity of VRS is significantly better than that of VR and ZnO Nanoparticle (p<0.01). In conclusion, ethanolic extract of Vigna radiata sprouts is a potent free radical scavenger than that of ethanolic extract of Vigna radiata and Zinc oxide nanoparticle synthesized from Vigna radiata sprouts. --- ## Acetaminophen induced nephrotoxicity in experimental albino rats - Histopathological study **Authors:** Lucia Sounder, Doss VA, Mohanasundaram S **Published:** 2018-09-21 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1595 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hyaline degeneration, Nephrotoxicity, Tubular cell toxicity, Tubular necrosis, Cellular degeneration Acetaminophen in overdose cause Nephrotoxicity (Acute Renal Failure) which exert toxic effects by one or more common mechanisms such as interglomerular hemodynamic tubular cell toxicity, inflammation, or decreased cellularity by proximal tubules, which lead to acute renal failure. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for biochemical investigations like estimation of blood urea, creatinine, uric acid, total protein, albumin sodium and potassium. By using one way ANOVA, the results are significant at 0.001. Wister albino rats weighing 125- 150 gms were used for the present study. The present study finds few of the proximal tubules with hyaline degeneration and interstitium with hemorrhage in thick-walled vessels. The glomerular basement shows edema with histiocytes. Most of the tubules show acute tubular necrosis with ghost structures of tubules with intraluminal casts. The interstitium shows increased inflammation. The hilar fat shows up in the ureter with inflammation of the wall. Hyaline cast formation is observed with cellular degeneration in PCT with atrophic glomeruli. It is concluded that more than 1 gms/bw for a day should not be taken because it causes harmful effects on renal function test. Also suggested that acetaminophen must be given in the lowest effective therapeutic doses along with antioxidant administration to prevent early acute renal failure. --- ## Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect of capsicum oleoresins – an in vitro study **Authors:** Priyadarshini M, Roy Anitha, Thangavelu Lakshmi **Published:** 2018-09-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1645 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acetylcholine esterase, Inhibitory effect, Alzheimer’s disease, Capsicum oleoresins The present study aimed to evaluate the acetylcholine esterase inhibitory effect of capsicum oleoresin. Capsicum extract were examined for their AChE inhibitory activities at different concentrations (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140µg/ml) spectrophotometrically. The extract was dissolved in a base-tris (0.05 M) buffer. In this method, 200µl of acetylthiocholine iodide (15mM), 1000µl of DTNB (3mM), and 200µl of test extract solution at the different concentrations were mixed and incubated for 15 min at 30ºC. Then, the mixture was monitored spectrophotometrically at 412 nm 10 times, each 13 s. After that, 200µl of AChE (0.3U/ml) solution were added to the initial mixture, to start the reaction and then the absorbance was determined. Minimum inhibition of 7.2 ±0.37% at 10µg/ml and maximum inhibition of 78.26 ±1.26% at 140µg/ml was exhibited. The IC50 was found to be 68.28µg/ml. Capsicum oleoresin at different concentrations showed a dose-dependent decrease in AChE activity which was promising to suggest it as a candidate for the management of Alzheimer's after further validation as it can increase the availability of acetylcholine. --- ## Immobilization of cells using Sodium alginate for enhanced productivity of antimicrobial compound **Authors:** Juby TR, Usha R **Published:** 2018-09-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1643 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Immobilization, Antibiotic, Actinomycetes, Mutant and drug-resistant Immobilization of the whole cell offers high metabolic activity and Productivity. It is one of the key methods for the improvement of microbial strains producing bioactive compounds. In the present study, 18 actinomycete isolates were isolated from garden soil and screened regard with their potential against both gram-positive and negative bacteria including MRSA. Among the 18 strains, KUA06 showed good activity and they were characterized by macroscopically and microscopically. The promising isolate KUA06 were cultivated in liquid culture medium and immobilized with sodium alginate. The antibacterial compound was extracted by solvent extraction technique. Comparative studies on the total antibiotic sensitivity of the free cells and immobilized cells showed that the immobilized cells were effective against test pathogens; 25 mm against medically important organisms. Further, we concluded that the isolate immobilized KUA06 are more efficient for antibiotic synthesis against multidrug pathogens. --- ## Effects of Nardostachys jatamansi extract on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in hypertensive, hyperglycaemic patients: an open-label, prospective study **Authors:** Rajyalakshmi I, Rao AV, Ravindra Babu Potti, Murty KVGS **Published:** 2018-09-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1637 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** C-reactive protein, Glutathione, IL-6, Inflammation, Malondialdehyde, Oxidative stress Continued oxidative stress can lead to chronic inflammation, which in turn could mediate most chronic diseases including cancer, diabetes, and cardio- vascular, neurological and pulmonary diseases. Oxidation should be arrested in the cells as it leads to chain reactions followed by cell damage. Inflammation induces various chemicals due to which redness and warmth appear at the site of inflammation. Current treatment packages available in the market which may be of allopathic or nutritional are unable to control the mortality of cancer. On the contrary allopathic leads to side effects and increasing the risk of the patient, so there is an immense need for other treatment cum management packages are to be explored in particular from medicinal plants. Jatamansi (Nardostachys Jatamansi) appears to be one of the prospective herbal single drugs which can address oxidative stress and inflammatory situations. Jatmansi showed encouraging anti-inflammatory activity and anti- oxidant activity, thereby being a small study, future investigation of Nardostachys Jatamansi extract required for better understanding the molecular mechanism is yet to be performed. --- ## Medicinal Lagerstroemia dose designs following γ-sitosterol quantity and human diary need for toxicity testing before use in the antihyperglycemic treatment **Authors:** Runglawan Sudmoon, Prapaparn Sirikhansaeng, Arunrat Chaveerach, Kittiya S. Suwannakud, Tawatchai Tanee **Published:** 2018-09-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1638 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Comet assay, GC-MS, HPLC, Lagerstroemia, γ-sitosterol, MTT assay Lagerstroemia floribunda and L. macrocarpa were investigated for phytochemicals and toxicity. Phytochemical contents were screened via GC-MS and HPLC with ethanol and hexane extracts. MTT and comet assays were performed on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Major phytochemicals contained at higher than 10% were31.83% γ-sitosterol, 10.73% phytol in L. floribunda; 34.97% γ-sitosterol, 13.65% oleamide and 10.56% squalene in L. macrocarpa. MTT assay showed IC50 values as 0.54 and 0.60 mg/ml in L. floribunda and L. macrocarpa ethanol extracts, yet no IC50 values with hexane extracts indicating high cell viability percentage 62.77 ± 1.53- 75.28 ± 3.10 and 68.45 ± 3.25-84.39 ± 1.30. The IC50 value predicted LD50 of 1097.62 and 1141.49 mg/kg in L. floribunda and L. macrocarpa, slightly hazardous category of toxic chemicals. Comet assay revealed that the two studied species induced significant DNA damage in PBMCs (p < 0.05). Based on the previous reports that γ-sitosterol possess antihyperglycemic activity, combinations of L. floribunda, L. macrocarpa, L. speciosa and L. indica plants which contained a sufficient amount of γ-sitosterol were evaluated. They displayed no IC50 values but induced significant DNA damage in PBMCs (p < 0.05) amid all combinations. So, consumers should concentrate on their genotoxicity. --- ## Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity on various extracts of Camellia sinensis **Authors:** Navya Reddy Y, Madhuri D, Chandrasekhar KB **Published:** 2018-09-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1640 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Extraction, Phytoconstituents Alzheimer’s disease and Diabetes are on the increase to find out treatments to cure or prevent them as major targets in research. Surprisingly, both share several molecular processes that underlie the respective degenerative developments like Aβ deposition, Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3β), τ phosphorylation, oxidative stress, inflammation, ApoE4. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a major risk factor which leads to AD. One recent study suggests that in people who have diabetes, the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease is more than double the risk of people without diabetes. Therefore, an attempt is being made to develop a monotherapy for both Alzheimer’s disease and Diabetes. Camellia sinensis is chosen for the present study to evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic activity by in vitro studies. As a part of the study, the preliminary screening was done to analyze the phytoconstituents present in it. For this, the extraction was carried out by using 95% alcohol and hydro alcoholic solvent. The extracts were obtained by both maceration and soxhlation. The extracts were analyzed for the presence of various constituents like alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, tannins, fixed oils etc. The antidiabetic activity was carried out by evaluating the glucose uptake by yeast cells, while the antioxidant activity by hydrogen peroxide scavenging and Phosphomolybdenum assay. Our results suggested that Camellia sinensis has anti- diabetic and antioxidant activity. With this data we further extend our study by isolating each constituent to establish a mechanistic based evidence for both diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. --- ## Effect of lutein from marigold on nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthase enzyme – An in vitro study **Authors:** Dominic Pereira Westeous, Roy Anitha, Thangavelu Lakshmi **Published:** 2018-09-15 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1642 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lutein, Nitric oxide, iNOS, Anti-inflammatory, LPS, Inflammatory diseases Plants are well known for their versatile pharmacological activity because of the presence of various phytochemicals. Marigold plant is a well-known plant with many traditional uses including anti-inflammatory activity. Plants can produce an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting excessive nitric oxide production. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of lutein extract on nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthase gene expression in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Macrophage RAW 264.7 cells were obtained from the NCCS, Pune with Passage no 16. The presence of nitrite, a stable oxidised product of nitric oxide (NO), was determined in cell culture media using Griess reagent. RT - PCR was used to examine the expression of the iNOS gene in activated macrophages. LPS stimulated RAW macrophages strongly upregulated the iNOS gene expression levels. In the presence of lutein at three different doses of 17.5µg/ml, 35µg/ml and 70µg/ml, the iNOS levels were significantly suppressed, compared to that of LPS treatment only. The different concentrations used in the study have significantly suppressed the iNOS levels, compared to that of LPS treatment alone. The Statistical analysis of the difference between the groups was evaluated by Dunnett's following one-way ANOVA Posthoc comparisons in Graph Pad Prism 5.0 software version. P <0.001, p<0.01 and p<0.05 were statistically significant. This study has concluded that lutein has a significant inhibitory effect on iNOS gene expression and nitric oxide production. Hence, it may be used in inflammatory conditions with excessive nitric oxide production. --- ## Evaluation of the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of ethanolic ex- tract of Nerium indicum Mill. leaves against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats **Authors:** Chakali Ayyanna, Tahseen Banu D, Rafiq Hussain G, Sudha Rani D, Madhan Mohan G, Shahanaz Khatoon B, Sneha Reddy B **Published:** 2018-09-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1636 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nerium indicum, Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant, Carbon tetrachloride, Silymarin, Albino rats, Histopathological studies To investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Nerium indicum leaves (EENIL) against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in Albino rats. Two groups of 6 rats each were administered with EENIL at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg (p.o) for 7 days respectively and at day 7, hepatotoxicity was induced in the rats of all groups with 1.25 ml/kg (i.p) dose of CCl4. The effects of EENIL on antioxidant activity, SGOT, SGPT, ALP and direct bilirubin were determined and histopathological examination of the liver sections was also carried out. The extract prevented the depletion of GSH and CAT levels and also prevented the increment of LPO levels against CCl4 induced liver injury in rats. It also significantly reduced the levels of biochemical liver enzymes with maximum hepatoprotection at 200 mg/kg dose level which was supported by the histopathological observations. The results of the present study strongly reveal that EENIL has hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in experimental animals. --- ## Pharmacovigilance study of the Penicillin's adverse drug reactions and their seriousness in the Iraqi hospitals **Authors:** Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed, Ahmed Hamed Jwaid, Manal M. Younus, Hayder Adnan Fawzi **Published:** 2018-09-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1628 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adverse Drug Reactions, Allergic reactions, Antibiotics, Pharmacovigilance Antibiotics represent one of the most prescribed drugs, antibiotics found to cause about 25% of the entirely reported Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs), and the ADRs found to be one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The data collected from the Iraqi Pharmacovigilance database then sorted and analysed, and eventually only 137 reports regarding penicillins included. The data showed that the Penicillins caused 48 severe ADRs and allergic reactions and skin responses were the most reported exceeding the half of the total pool of the ADRs. We concluded that the ADRs were mostly unpredictable or type B which unusual since it should not exceed the 20% of the total ADRs hence this is a new field of study in Iraq, further studies will be required to set the track of achieving the goal of pharmacovigilance. --- ## Stability indicating RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of Grazoprevir and Elbasvir in bulk and tablet dosage form **Authors:** Harshalatha P, Kothapalli Bannoth Chandrasekhar, Chandrasekhar MV **Published:** 2018-09-13 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i4.1632 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Grazoprevir, Elbasvir, Potassium dihydrogen, Orthophosphate, Acetonitrile A simple, rapid and sensitive isocratic RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of Grazoprevir and Elbasvir in bulk and their Pharmaceutical dosage form using Waters C18 (250 x 4.6 mm x 5 μ particle size) analytical column in an isocratic mode with mobile phase comprising Acetonitrile: 0.25M Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer (pH 4.5) (55:45, v/v). The flow rate was 1.5 ml/ min and effluent was monitored at 235nm. The retention times were found to be 2.390 min for Grazoprevir and 4.603 min for Elbasvir. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 100 - 300 μg/ml for Grazoprevir and 50-150 μg/ml for Elbasvir. The calibration curve was linear (r2 = 0.9998 for Grazoprevir and r = 0.9999 for Elbasvir) over the entire linear range. Recovery was found to be 99.03% for Grazoprevir and 99.34 % for Elbasvir. The proposed method was statistically evaluated and validated as per ICH guidelines and can be applied for routine quality control analysis of Grazoprevir and Elbasvir in Pharmaceutical dosage form. --- ## Metabolic profiling of Malabari does with subclinical pregnancy toxaemia **Authors:** Aswathy C, Shonima P, Rosemol Jacob, Vishnu Priya V, Surapaneni Krishna Mohan **Published:** 2018-09-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1625 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pregnancy toxaemia, Beta-hydroxybutyrate, Non-esterified fatty acid, Tumour Necrosis, Metabolic Profiling, Malabari does Pregnancy toxaemia is a multifactorial disorder of energy metabolism in small ruminants commonly occurs in the last month of gestation characterized by hypoglycemia, hyperketonemia and metabolic acidosis. Does carrying twins and triplets are at higher risk. In the present study 29 does select divided into four groups. Early pregnant, a late pregnant animal with one fetus, late pregnant animal with two fetuses and non-pregnant control group. The objective of this study was the detection of subclinical pregnancy toxaemia, metabolic profiling and assessment of inflammatory cytokines. Among the four groups selected the group of a late pregnant animal with two fetuses had a Beta-hydroxybutyrate level of 0.81 ± 0.10 mmol/l, which shows those animals were in subclinical pregnancy toxaemic stage. Hypoglycemia and hyper- ketonemia was a striking observation in that group. Serum concentration of Non-esterified fatty acid was increased in the same group with a noticeable increase in the Tumor necrosis factor alpha. This may be due to the inflammatory changes in response to metabolic acidosis as the acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are powerful acids. The release of TNF-α implicating the role and importance of stress in the pathophysiology of the condition. --- ## Serum Levels of 25 Hydroxyvitamin D in Iraqi Women with Breast Cancer: Severity Related Study **Authors:** Aseel N. Kamil, Basil O Saleh, Kifah H Alani, Jinan Abdul Kareem Jabbar **Published:** 2018-09-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1624 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 25-hydroxyvitamin D (vitamin D), Tumour marker, Carcinoma of breast Vitamin D has been found to be one of the principal factors for women reproductive health with protective functions against different tumours. The present study design was aimed to investigate the serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) and its role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer in Iraqi women. This case study included 38 Iraqi women diagnosed with primary breast cancer (BC). These women were classified according to their severity of BC into group 1 (number=12), group 2 (number=14), and group 3 (number=12). Investigations included serum measurements of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and CA 15-3 by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The study revealed that the mean (±SD) value of serum 25 (OH) D levels were observed to be (16.1±4.30 ng/ml) in the whole group of BC women. The mean value of vitamin D significantly decreased with an advanced stage of BC (p=0.001). The significant negative correlation was found between serum levels of vitamin D and serum levels of CA 15-3 (r=- 0.465, p= 0.003). This study concluded the significant role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of BC and the progression of its severity. Vitamin D doses may be a benefit in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. --- ## Efficacy of the flutter therapy in airway clearance **Authors:** Rekha K, Vaiyapuri Anandh, Pavithra D, Vijayaraghavan R, Manoj Abraham M, Samuel Sundar Doss D **Published:** 2018-09-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1626 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Flutter therapy, Airway Clearance, Respiratory Diseases Flutter therapy is a well-known positive expiratory pressure device used for airway clearance among individuals with respiratory disorders. This review aims to determine the impact of flutter therapy in pulmonary conditions and also to determine its extent of effectiveness in improving various outcomes including mobilization of sputum and pulmonary functions and the methods of using flutter therapy to add on its effectiveness in treating respiratory disorders. A literature search was performed in a database like PEDRO, PUBMED, Google scholar, research gate, science direct and EBSCO. From the selected databases reviews about the use of flutter were determined. --- ## Crohn's Disease Management: From Classical Approaches to Recent Advances **Authors:** Sujata Jayaraman, Sujata Jayaraman, Amit Kumar Singh, Aseri GK, Parul Yadav, Neeraj Khare, Deepansh Sharma, Jagdip Singh Sohal **Published:** 2018-09-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1622 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Crohn’s disease, Chemotherapy, Immuno-suppression, Immuno-modulation Crohn’s disease (CD) is a lifelong debilitating condition. Different theories have been proposed regarding the aetiology of the disease like genetic factors, microbial factors and in recent years there is increased interest in the role of Mycobacterium in this disease. The high global incidence of this disease has been reported. The disease was rare till 1980s in India, however, past few decades has seen an increased prevalence. Presently available treatment offers symptomatic relief. Surgery is suggested in advance cases. However, frequent relapses of the disease have been observed. Therefore, therapeutic development for CD is a hot area of research and many new avenues are being explored. Here we review the classical and modern advances in managing this disease. --- ## Reno-Protective and Membrane stabilizing the effect of Premna tomentosa in Carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity in rats **Authors:** Gayathri K, Dhevi R, Vanitha V, Saravana Kumar S **Published:** 2018-09-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1620 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** CCl4, Membrane stabilizing effect, Premna tomentosa, Reno-protection The ethanolic extract of Premna tomentosa was evaluated for its reno-protective and membrane stabilizing effect against CCl4 induced toxicity in Rats. Animals were divided into four groups. The first group was considered normal. The second group received CCl4. Third and fourth groups were received CCl4 and different doses of extract. The treatment was continued for 21 days. On the 22nd day, animals were sacrificed and analyzed various biochemical parameters include Na + K + ATP ase, Ca 2+ ATP ase, Mg 2+ ATP ase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, catalase, glutathione –s-transferase, reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde. Alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were decreased significantly while antioxidants like catalase, glutathione-s-transferase and reduced glutathione remained the other way. Membrane stabilizing enzymes like Na +, K + ATPase, Ca 2+ ATPase, Mg 2+ ATPase were increased significantly in treated animals. These observations suggest that ethanolic extract of Premna tomentosa at a dose of 250 mg/kg, b.wt as an effective dose for treating CCl4 intoxicated rats. --- ## Antioxidant, anticancerous and cytotoxic effects of Avicennia marina **Authors:** Sheela Devi A, Joseph J, Bhuvaneshwari V **Published:** 2018-09-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1621 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Avicennia marina, Anticancer, Antioxidant, Cervical cancer, Cytotoxicity, Mangrove, MTT assay Mangrove plants have been used in folklore medicines. Mangroves are woody trees and shrubs that grow in the intertidal zones of tropical and sub-tropical regions. Avicennia marina is an important mangrove species with a wide geographical and climatic distribution which suggests that a large amount of genetic diversity are available for conservation and breeding programs. Leaves of this plant are mainly used in the clinical approach. Antioxidant, anticancerous and cytotoxic effects of methanol extract of A.marina (MEAM) leaves have been tested in this study. The various antioxidant model systems viz., 1, 1-diphenyl-2picryl-hydroxyl, (DPPH) superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and iron chelating activity by ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were performed. Followed by the anticancerous activity of the extract on cervical cancer and cytotoxic effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cell were also studied. The result of DPPH scavenging capacity of both ascorbic acid and MEAM was increased when the concentration increases. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) values in all antioxidant models viz, DPPH, SOD, TBARS and FRAP radical scavenging activity of MEAM were found to be 154, 187, 179 and 245 µg/ml respectively. The IC50 value of MEAM on Hela cell lines and the cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of MEAM on PBMC was found to be 107 and 1370 µg/ml respectively. Finally, it has been concluded that the MEAM leaves showed significant antioxidant and anticancerous activity. --- ## Phytocompounds and its Therapeutic Properties of Oroxylum Indicum - A Review **Authors:** Jyotish Barchung, Vanitha V, Jayalakshmi M, Pushpabharathi N, Kalpana C.S **Published:** 2018-09-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1617 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Oroxylum indicum, Antioxidant, Phytocompounds, Ethnopharmacology Plant-based drugs have been used for centuries as an essential source of precursors in a variety of industries, including foods and pharmaceuticals. Oroxylum indicum is a plant that grows in India and South East Asia. Pharmacological studies report that the extraction of this species shows the various functional properties of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-arthritic etc. In this review, it has been an attempt to explore the ethnopharmacological value of this plant. --- ## In-vitro amylase and glucosidase inhibitory activity of the extracts of the leaves of Madhuca longifolia **Authors:** Sangeetha R, Devi N **Published:** 2018-09-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1618 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-hyperglycemic, Amylase, Diabetes mellitus, Glucosidase, Madhuca longifolia Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, a clinical condition which ensues mostly in micro and macrovascular complications. Management of diabetes involves the control of hyperglycemia using agents which can inhibit enzymes like amylase and glucosidase. This study was aimed at investigating the naturally available inhibitors of amylase and glucosidase found in the leaves of Madhuca longifolia. The hexane, chloroform, petroleum ether, ethanol and hydroalcoholic extracts of the leaves of M. longifolia were studied for their inhibitory potential against amylase and glucosidase. The extracts were found to exhibit potential equivalent to that exhibited by the standard inhibitor, acarbose. The hydroalcoholic extract was the most potent with an IC50 of 1.8 mg/ml, much comparable to that of acarbose (IC50 = 0.9 mg/ml). These findings suggest that the leaves of M. longifolia may be a promising source for the development of oral hypoglycemic agents. --- ## Dietary approaches in the management of rheumatoid arthritis - A Review **Authors:** Vijayalakshmi S, Kripa KG **Published:** 2018-09-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1614 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Rheumatoid Arthritis, Mediterranean diet, Anti-inflammatory diet, Dietary Supplements Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients may experience chronic pain and inflammations, deficiencies in nutrients are prone to develop stress and associated medical complications. Food allergy due to an impact on the immune system has also been highlighted in rheumatic patients. A therapeutic diet not only reduces discomfort and pain but may also protect joints. RA patients hence are to be recommended for a stable and healthy diet and this review article categorizes dietary approaches for arthritic patients and also discusses the mechanisms to inform the choice of nutrition therapy. Dietary approaches may include in this review: anti-inflammatory diet, gluten-free diet, elemental diet, Mediterranean diet etc., which are known to control pain and inflammation, thereby significantly reducing the severity of the disease. The recommended diets are critically analyzed and emphasized to supplement and manage the disease condition, boost their immune system and protect overall health. --- ## Cytotoxic effect of Brassica oleracea on liver cancer cell lines **Authors:** Vanitha V, Pushpabharathi N, Kripa KG, Bothiraj K.V, Murugan K **Published:** 2018-09-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1615 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Brassica oleracea, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Caspase 9, MTT assay, Lowry’s method, Cytotoxicity The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical and to assess the anti-carcinogenic activity of Brassica oleracea on hepatocellular carcinoma. The extraction was done using ethanol solvent and the collected extract was analyzed for its phyto-compounds. The presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, phenols, carbohydrates, glycosides and amino acid were observed. Then the extract was estimated for its total protein content by Lowry's method. The total protein content of 0.2ml and 0.4ml of b ethanol extract were determined to be 10mg and 11.5mg respectively. To justify the anticancer property, Brassica oleracea ethanol extract has been subjected to MTT assay on Hep G2 cell line. The cell viability and cytotoxicity were assessed and IC 50 was calculated to be 40.92ug. To analyze the apoptotic induction CASPASE, 9 activity was measured. It shows the elevated level of caspase 9 on comparing to non-treated Hep G2 cell line. Thus, this present investigation proved that Brassica oleracea ethanol extract possesses phytocompounds that can serve as an efficient anticancer drug on hepatocellular carcinoma without any adverse effect. --- ## In vitro proton pump inhibitory activity of the leaves of Madhuca longifolia **Authors:** Sangeetha R, Kripa KG, Devi N **Published:** 2018-09-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1611 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acid neutralizing capacity, Hydroalcoholic extract, Madhuca longifolia, Proton pump inhibition An ulcer is a common, chronic problem whose incidence is attributed to several factors like stress, food, pathogens and use of drugs which irritate the gastrointestinal tract. The most modest approach in the treatment of ulcer is the inhibition of H+K+ATPase, the proton pump which functions in the secretion of acid in the gastric cells. The synthetic proton pump inhibitors prescribed to control acid secretion have side-effects affecting the bones and other internal organs. Hence, safe, natural anti-ulcer agents are being researched and identified. The present study investigated the proton pump inhibitory potential of the different concentrations of extracts of the leaves of Madhuca longifolia. The extracts exhibited its maximum activity at 80 mg and the potential of the hydroalcoholic extract was comparable to that of the standard drug omeprazole. The acid neutralizing capacity of the extracts was also studied and the capacity was equal to that of the commonly used over- the-counter drug Digene. The results of this study proved that the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of M. longifolia could be a promising gastro-protective agent. --- ## Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and In vitro Pharmacological Evaluation of Phytosterol rich fraction from Vetiveria zizanioides Nash **Authors:** Saravana Kumar, Gayathri K, Kripa KG, Prathyusha T **Published:** 2018-09-05 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1599 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** GC-MS, ABTS, HRBC, α-amylase, α-glucosidase Synthetic Steroids are well known for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Adverse effects of steroids include immunosuppression, skin decolouration, weakening of muscle, bone etc. Phytosterols exhibit better potency with less toxicity. In the present study, the synergistic effect of various phytoconstituents present in phytosterol rich fraction (SVZ) prepared from the root of Vetiveria zizanioides is evaluated for their pharmacological activities. Qualitative analysis of phytoconstituents and GC- MS analysis of SVZ was carried out. In vitro free radical scavenging by ABTS, DPPH scavenging assay, anti-diabetic activity by alpha-amylase and alpha- glucosidase inhibition assay and anti-inflammatory activity by HRBC membrane stabilization effect of SVZ were evaluated. The results reveal that SVZ is a rich source of macromolecules like carbohydrate, fixed oil and fat. Alkaloids, phenols are observed to be absent in SVZ. GC-MS spectra show the presence of 24 phytoconstituents. Most of them are sterols and they are present in association with other bioactive compounds like aromadendrene oxide-1, n-hexadecanoic acid etc., The sterol-rich fraction exhibits scavenging potency of free radicals like ABTS, DPPH and NO with IC50 value at 112.34, 171.2, 95.4 µg respectively. SVZ inhibits 50% of α- amylase and α- glucosidase at 425.5 and 453.3 µg. The IC50 value of SVZ against HRBC membrane stabilization was calculated as 59.6 µg. A significant difference has not been observed between SVZ and ascorbic acid in free radical scavenging activity. SVZ exhibits HRBC membrane stabilizing activity similar to that of paracetamol. In conclusion, SVZ is a rich source of phytosterol with potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity. Anti-diabetic activity of SVZ should be evaluated further. --- ## Estimation rate of S. aureus and MRSA carriage in diabetic type-2 and effect of Aspergillus Gliotoxin on bacterial carriage in type-2 diabetes **Authors:** Burooj M. Razooqi Al-Aajem **Published:** 2018-09-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1594 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** type-2 diabetes, S. aureus nasal carriage, MRSA Carriers, Foot ulcers, Aspergillus fumigatus, Gliotoxin (GT) Diabetes mellitus is a serious public health problem, S. aureus and MRSA are the most common bacteria isolated from ulceration of diabetic patients. The aim of the study was to estimation rate of S. aureus and MRSA carrier in diabetes type-2 and determine the antimicrobial effect of Gliotoxin on the previous bacterial carriage in type-2 diabetes. The study was conducted on 450 diabetics' patients, attended the outpatients clinic in Baquba Teaching Hospital, their ages ranged from 15-65years, with mean age of 36.15, and 150 healthy group, who were randomly selected, during the period from May 2016 to April 2017, patients were classified into two groups according to the type of diabetes, group1 included: 184 with type1-diabetes, and group2: included 266 with type2-diabetes, 97 patients with foot ulcers. Swabs were taken from anterior nares, toe and axillae for each diabetic patient type-2, identified based on standard bacteriological methods. Using the Kirby -Bauer method for detection the antibacterial effect of Gliotoxin. The results showed rates of the bacterial carriage in anterior nares of type-2 diabetic patients without complications were (11.4%), (4.4%), respectively for S. aureus and MRSA, in type-2 diabetes with complications were (8.6%), (2.1%) respectively for S. aureus and MRSA. In the toe of type-2diabetic patients without complications were (6.7%), (2.5%) respectively for S. aureus and MRSA. In with complications were (9.2%), (5%) respectively. In the axillae of diabetic patients, type-2 without complications was (5.5%), (4.5%) respectively. Aspergillus fumigatus Gliotoxin was effective against bacterial carriage in diabetes type-2 with the foot ulcer, for S. aureus inhibition diameter was (20.50, 16.40, 12.20) mm for different concentrations of Gliotoxin, to MRSA was (8.25, 6.1, 4.20) mm. Increasing rate of S. aureus and MRSA carrier in diabetic patient's type-2 which lead to a significantly increased risk of bacterial infections. Gliotoxin was effective as an antibacterial agent against S. aureus and MRSA in type-2diabetis with the foot ulcer. --- ## Nanotechnology and Biological Application **Authors:** Ikhlas Abbas Marhoon, Intedhar Abbas Marhoon, Esraa Fadel Wathah **Published:** 2018-09-01 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1587 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Nanotechnology, Biodegradable, Nano-pesticides, Micelles, Biomarkers Nanotechnology is a very modern technology, which is used by other technologies, which use nanomaterial in sizes ranging from 1-100 nm. Shown positive effects in broad areas of science such as medicine, engineering, agriculture and food. Nanoparticles have unique properties, which are incorporated into antimicrobial agents, electronic components, medical devices, pharmaceuticals and other fields. Also, the small size of nanoparticles improved their chemical properties. Nanotechnology technology plays an important role in increasing production and improving the quality of food produced by farmers. Many believe that this new technology will serve to secure the world's growing food needs. Nanotechnology has proven its place in agricultural sciences and related industries as a multidisciplinary and problem-solving technique. Nanotechnology is a promising method in the control of various plant diseases. The nanomaterial is have been used as biomarkers to detect pathogens, fungus, bacteria and parasites, as well as to benefit from nanotechnology in improving the properties and properties of many biocontrol agents such as fungal and bacterial preparations and their secondary insect pathogens As well as preparations used to combat various plant pathogens. --- ## Correlation between ABO blood groups with insulin resistance in type II diabetes mellitus patients using Metformin **Authors:** Haithem R. Mohammed, Kadhim A. Kadhim, Hasan Murtadha Alkutubi, Abbas M. Rahmah, Ban H. Khalaf, Saad Abdal-Rahman Hussein, Hayder Adnan Fawzi **Published:** 2018-08-31 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1592 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ABO blood, Glycaemic control, Insulin resistance The aim of the present study to investigate the relationship between ABO blood group with glycaemic control and insulin resistance in type II DM using metformin therapy. Fifty-five patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus collected in diabetic centre Al-Husseini hospital by the specialist physician according to the American Association of Diabetes, from December 2015 to May 2016. ABO blood group based on insulin resistance, blood glucose and body mass index were determined and correlated with each other. AB blood group had more reduction in FBG, HbA1c %, BMI (-38.6,-.22.8,-55.1, -4.3, respectively) by effect metformin treatment after three months from other blood groups. Correlation of ABO blood groups based on insulin resistance with FBG and HbA1c% showed AB blood group had more reduction in glycemic control (FBG, HbA1c %) after metformin treatment. The present study showed that different ABO blood groups had a different effect on glycemic control and insulin resistance about metformin treatment in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes after three months. Also, AB blood group more association with response metformin treatment compared with other blood groups. --- ## Assessment of Inflammatory marker status in oral submucosa fibrosis patients **Authors:** Mathivadani V, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-08-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1581 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** OSMF, Inflammation, CRP, Malignance, Cancer stress Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) has been described as “an insidious chronic disease affecting any part of the oral cavity and sometimes the pharynx. OSMF associated with vesicle formation, and inflammatory reaction followed by a change. It is the most common precancerous condition. 30 OSMF patients and 30 healthy individuals from the OP of Saveetha Dental College. Serum samples were analyzed for CRP by Turbilatex method using ERBA CHEM 5plus analyzer. There is a significant increase in C reactive protein levels (p<0.005) in OSMF patients when compared with healthy controls. Our findings suggest that prolonged or highly affected OSMF patients can cause stress and other problems related to inflammatory pathways. --- ## Lipid peroxidation and Superoxide dismutase levels variation in Chronic Renal Failure **Authors:** Ushan thika, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-08-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1575 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** CRF, Antioxidants, Endocrine, Metabolic disorders, Endocrinopathy, Malanaldehyde, Superoxide dismutase, Pyrogallol Autoxidation Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) is a condition at which more than 50% functional loss to the renal system or kidneys. In this condition reabsorption process of nephrons will get damage which results in abnormal constituents in urine. This in terms leads to stress in the body, alters or affects different metabolisms. 40 subjects were selected from the outpatient department of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. They were divided into two groups. Group I (Control group) – Normal healthy individuals – 20 in numbers. Group II (Study group) – Chronic Renal failure patients (CRF) – 20 in numbers. 5ml of blood will be collected for the separation of serum. The serum was separated and analyzed for Melanaldehyde and Superoxide dismutase by TBARS method and Pyrogallol Autoxidation method using ERBA CHEM 5 plus analyzer. There is a significant increase in (MDA) lipid peroxidation (p<0.005) as well as there is a substantial decrease in (SOD) superoxide dismutase (p<0.005) in Hypothyroidism patients. Our study revealed that there is an imbalance of antioxidant status in Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) cause Cardio Vascular Diseases as well as other metabolic disorders. By estimating antioxidant status will be helpful to treat the condition before they were getting worse. --- ## Assessment of health-related quality of life of Iraqi patients with inflammatory bowel disease **Authors:** Nisreen Jumaah Jebur, Dheyaa J. Kadhim, Nawal M. Firhan, Hayder Adnan Fawzi **Published:** 2018-08-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1577 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Inflammatory bowel disease, Health-related quality, Crohn's disease, Ulcerative colitis Assessment of health-related quality of life among Iraqi inflammatory bowel disease patients as well as assess the effects of sociodemographic and clinical variables on health-related quality of life. The current cross-sectional study was carried out on 150 patients already diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease who attended the Gastrointestinal and Hepatology Teaching Hospital/Medical City/Baghdad. The mean age of the patients was (31.7 ± 11.4 years), the number of Crohn's disease patients was 76 while the number of ulcerative colitis patients was 74. Total health-related quality of life score was significantly higher in Crohn's disease compared to ulcerative colitis. Regarding the components of health-related quality of life: only bowel score was significantly higher in Crohn's disease compared to ulcerative colitis. For all patients, higher education levels, out-patient management, and a higher number of infliximab doses received predict the high health-related quality of life (direct correlation). For ulcerative colitis patients, patients received treatment in an outpatient setting, and a higher number of infliximab doses predict the high health-related quality of life (direct correlation). For Crohn's disease patients, in univariate analysis; patients received treatment in an out- patient setting, predict the high health-related quality of life (direct correlation), while a higher number of chronic drugs inversely correlate with health-related quality of life. Health-related quality of life total score and the bowel score were significantly higher in CD compared to UC. For all patients, higher education levels, out-patient management, and a higher number of infliximab doses received predict elevated HRQOL. --- ## Treatment satisfaction with disease-modifying therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in Iraq **Authors:** Ruaa Natiq Yahya, Ali A. Kasim, Gheyath AlGawwam, Hayder A. Fawzi **Published:** 2018-08-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1578 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Multiple sclerosis, Fingolimod, Interferon beta-1b, Natalizumab, Treatment satisfaction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS). More than 2 million people worldwide have MS. The goal of the present study was to compare Iraqi patients' treatment satisfaction with three different disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), administered orally, subcutaneously, and by slow infusion; namely, fingolimod, interferon beta-1b (IFNβ-1b), and natalizumab, respectively. As well as to assess the individual differences among these therapies about their effectiveness, convenience and global satisfaction also to assess the role of certain predictors on treatment satisfaction. Patient satisfaction with medication assessed by the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM-9) which comprises three components medication effectiveness, convenience, and global satisfaction. For The treatment satisfaction outcomes, the IFNβ-1b using patients had the lowest score for all TSQM-9 subscales. The most consistent differences among the groups were related to the convenience of the medication, with oral fingolimod have the highest scores and natalizumab the second. Regarding global satisfaction, natalizumab using group reported significantly higher satisfaction, as compared to both IFNβ-1b and fingolimod using groups. In conclusion, Iraqi relapsing-remitting MS patients are more satisfied with the natalizumab than with IFNβ-1b or fingolimod. Some predictors such as age, EDSS and duration of treatment, correlate with the level of satisfaction with different treatments. --- ## Assessment of copper status in oral submucosa fibrosis patients **Authors:** Santhanam P, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-08-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1579 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** OSMF, Copper, Minerals, Cell damage, Malignance To determine the level of trace elements especially copper in oral submucous fibrosis. The objective of the study is to evaluate the levels of circulating trace elements especially copper in oral submucous fibrosis. 30 OSMF patients and 30 healthy individuals from the OPD of Saveetha Dental College. Serum samples were analyzed for serum Copper level DiBrom-PAESA method using ERBA CHEM 5 plus analyzer. There is a highly significant increase in copper levels (p<0.001) in OSMF patients compared to controls, by the influence of OSMF on metabolisms. Our findings suggest that increased Copper values can be used as a diagnostic marker for the manifestation of OSMF. --- ## Neuro vigilance of Syzygium Cumini plant phytochemicals **Authors:** Ashok Vardhan N, Senthil Kumar S, Vijay Raghavan R **Published:** 2018-08-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1572 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Syzigium cumini, Neuroprotection, Alzheimers, CNS problems According to WHO international and national status, Central Nervous System (CNS) problems (neurological disorders: Alzheimers, dementia, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, neuroinfections, neurological disorders associated with malnutrition, pain associated with neurological disorders, Parkinson’s disease, stroke and traumatic brain injuries) are getting worse day by day because of lifestyle, environmental imbalance and genetic problems. In 2015 WHO reported that the prevalence of CNS problems is 27.8 in 1000 and 3 people in every 100 are facing any of these CNS problems. However, unfortunately, chemically synthesized drugs used to control these problems in patients poses side effects, and therefore we need natural neuroprotective agents to avoid such complications. Syzygium cumini is herbal, a medicinal plant with reported medicinal properties in various traditional and modern medicines. Plant phytochemicals from stem bark, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of Syzygium cumini were using to treat many diseases in modern medicine also. So far, it is used mostly to treat diabetes mellitus, pain, inflammation, ulcers, and diarrhea, and in the recent studies, it was proven that Syzygium cumini could be used as chemopreventive, radioprotective and antineoplastic. Although the therapeutic efficacy of SZ is studied well for many systemic diseases including diabetes, much needs to be explored on its role in neurological diseases. The phytochemicals present in different parts of SZ were showing evidence that it can show neuroprotection effectively. Those phytochemicals which were already studied as neuroprotection in them, a fine number of those phytochemicals are present in Syzygium cumini. It is intimating us that Syzygium cumini can be used as an effective neuroprotective natural medicine. In this review, we elaborated there may be a possibility of potentially effective treatment with different phytochemical that has the neuroprotective effect in one plant. --- ## Medication adherence and glycemic control in newly diagnosed diabetic patients **Authors:** Saba Hamid, Hayder B Sahib, Hayder A. Fawzi, Ali Y. Nori **Published:** 2018-08-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1573 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes, Medication adherence, Glycaemic control Optimal glycaemic control is enhanced through medication adherence, leading to better short and long prognosis, we aimed to study the adherence levels for patients with diabetes to their medications. Medication adherence was assessed using the Morisky score for adherence to medication, participants Patients aged ≥18 years with diabetes who visited the Center once or more during a three-month period. Fasting plasma glucose was 192 ± 84.4 mg/dL at baseline and 149 ± 56.1 mg/dl after three months, and the HbA1c was 9 ± 2.2% at baseline and 8.4 ± 2% after three months. Medication adherence was: high (34.4%), medium (42.5%), and low (23.1%), age are significantly associated with medication adherence. Medication adherence was high in 34.4%, medium in 42.5%, and low in 23.1%, indicating that most of the patient have adequate medication adherence to diabetic therapy, an age of the patients appear to the only factor associated with adherence. --- ## Assessment of renal damage in hypothyroidism cases **Authors:** Chaitanya Shree P, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-08-24 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1567 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hypothyroidism, TSH, GFR, Renal damage, CRF, CKD Hypothyroidism is a common disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. The kidney plays a role in the clearance of iodine, TSH, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Thyroid hormones influence the renal development, kidney structure, GFR, sodium, and water homeostasis. It also influences the function of transport systems along the nephron. So, there is a strong correlation between thyroid hormonal status and kidney function. 30 hypothyroidism patients and 30 healthy individuals were used from the OP of Saveetha Dental College. Serum samples were analyzed for the renal status by using a kit method in autoanalyzer. There is a significant increase in serum urea levels (p<0.05) and serum creatinine levels (p<0.05) in hypothyroidism patients. This is due to the thyroid hormones influence renal function. In our study, we observed that there is a strong correlation between thyroid hormones and renal damage, it that changes in thyroid profile can damage the renal system. --- ## Distribution and antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species from candiduria cases at a tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Rajeswari MR, Hanumanthappa AR, Kalyani M, Vijayaraghavan R **Published:** 2018-08-22 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1550 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antifungal susceptibility test, Candiduria, C.albicans, Non Albicans Candida The present study was conducted to assess the distribution of Candida species in candiduria and to evaluate their antifungal susceptibility pattern. Urine samples were subjected to microscopy and screened for the growth. Candida isolates were identified and speciated by colour on HiCHROM Candida agar, germ tube test, growth in cornmeal agar to study micromorphology, carbohydrate assimilation and fermentation tests according to standard protocols. All isolates were investigated for antifungal susceptibility testing. During the study period, a total number of 2560 urine samples were reported. Out of them 94/2560 (3.7%) urine samples showed significant candiduria. 60 from catheterised patients admitted to the ICU and 34 from patients admitted in different wards. The species-wise distribution among Candida isolates are C.tropicalis 53 (56.4%), C.albicans 21(22.4%), C.glabrata 8 (8.5%), C. krusei 7 (7.4%) and C.parapsilosis 5 (5.3%). Candida species exhibited resistance to Amphotericin B 6 (6.4%), Fluconazole 23 (24.5%) Voriconazole 8 (8.5%), Flucytosine 5 (5.3%) and 4 (4.3%) to Caspofungin. Candida previously presumed as non-pathogenic has attained an important clinical role in nowadays circumstances of growing risk factors and developing antifungal resistance. The frequency of isolation of non- albicans Candida was more when compared to Candida albicans and they showed more resistance to antifungal drugs when compared to C.albicans. Caution must be taken in reporting Candida from urine, but it is recommended not to mistreat candiduria. The Candida species identification along with their antifungal susceptibility profile can assist clinicians in choosing better antifungal drugs for the treatment of patients with candiduria. --- ## Evaluation of carbamylated darbepoetin acute toxicity **Authors:** Pavel D Kolesnichenko, Oleg S Gudyrev, Maksim A Zhuchenko, Nina I Zhernakova, Alexandr V Faitelson, Marina A Pershina, Vladislav O Soldatov **Published:** 2018-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1554 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Erythropoietin, Carbamylated darbepoetin, Rats, Hypoxia, Acute toxicity Carbamylated darbepoetin is a promising pharmacological agent with universal cytoprotective activity. To assess the acute toxicity, the drug was administered to white laboratory mice and white laboratory rats subcutaneously (from 1000 to 5000 μg / kg) and intravenously (500 to 2500 μg / kg). There was no lethality and no phenotypic changes (including from the red blood sprout) in both species of animals. The study showed that the drug carbamylated darbepoetin (Pharmapark, Russia) belongs to the IV class of low-toxic drugs. --- ## Enantioseparation and purity determination of Ondansetron by amylose based Chiral HPLC method: A Chemometric approach **Authors:** Ganna Anitha, Pandey VP **Published:** 2018-07-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1551 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chiral separation, Central composite, Derringer’s desirability, Multicriteria decision, Ondansetron Amylose based chiral HPLC method for enantioselective separation of ondansetron was developed, optimized and validated on Chiral Pak AS-3R analytical column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 3 μm). Mobile phase comprising of Acetonitrile: 0.2% Triethylamine: Methanol (15.49:30:54.51) and at a flow rate of 1.33mL/min. The separation was detected at a wavelength of 254 nm and run time was achieved within 6.0 min. Applied Central composite design (CCD) to validate the impact of three independent variables: 0.2% triethylamine (TEA), Acetonitrile (ACN) and flow rate (FL) keeping the methanol concentration constant and the responses selected were capacity factor (k1), resolution (Rs2,1), and retention time (tR2). Using this approach, a mathematical model was elucidated and response surface plots were acquired for the separation. CCD results were integrated into a multi-criteria decision making approach in order to prevail a set of optimal experimental conditions directing to the most desirable compromise between resolution and analysis time. This method can be applied for the routine analysis. --- ## Isolation, identification, screening and optimization of pectinase producing soil fungi (Aspergillus niger) **Authors:** Kamalambigeswari R, Sangilimuthu Alagar Yadav, Narender Sivaswamy, Ushani U **Published:** 2018-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1561 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pectinase, Pectinolytic activity, Aspergillus niger, Submerged fermentation, Solid state fermentation Microbes are well known source for the production of extracellular enzymes and industrially important secondary metabolites. The present study demonstrates the isolation of pectinase producing microbes, screening and optimization of pectinase production from soil born fungi. In order to examine pectinase production from microbes, soil was collected from Porur vegetable market, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Total of 40 fungal isolates were screened for the pectinase production using the selection medium and found three isolates reveals a pectinolytic zone of inhibition in agar plates around the colony. Among three isolates, the best producer was chosen based on their pectinolytic activity (9mm zone of inhibition) for further molecular characterization. The molecular characterization study revealed that, the selected fungi characterized as Aspergillus niger with 18s RNA of the organism. Further for the production of pectinase from Aspergillus niger the submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid state fermentation (SSF) are used with organic wastes such as wheat bran, rice bran, pomegranate peel and orange peel. Compared with the SmF and SSF the culture with SmF produces higher yields of pectinase (235.04 nkat) at 72 hrs (30°C) on supplemented with wheat bran (20%) and orange peel (10%) in the production medium. In the SmF sucrose (1%) was used as carbon source and physiological pH 5.5 was maintained. The produced enzyme shows the Km value 1.0mg/ml and Vmax value found to be 500 nkat. --- ## New stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of terbutaline sulphate and bromhexine hydrochloride in tablet dosage form **Authors:** Sreenivasa Charan Archakam, Sridhar Chenchugari, Chandrasekhar Kothapalli Bannoth **Published:** 2018-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1564 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** RP-HPLC, Terbutaline Sulphate, Bromhexine Hydrochloride, Precision, Accuracy, Stability indicating Bromhexine hydrochloride in combination with Terbutaline Sulphate is used as a fast-acting bronchodilator. New stability indicating RP- HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of Terbutaline Sulphate and Bromhexine Hydrochloride in Tablet dosage form. A Shimadzu Prominence liquid chromatograph with LC-20 AT pumping system and SPD-20, A UV-Vis Detector, was used for the proposed method. The chromatography was performed in reverse phase mode using a Phenomenex Luna C-18 column (4.5 x 150 mm, 5µm) as stationary phase and isocratic mobile phase constituting of 0.1% v/v Perchloric acid: Acetonitrile (60 vol :40 vol) at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/ min with UV detection at 254 nm. The developed RP- HPLC method demonstrated good linearity in the concentration range of 10-60µg/ml for Terbutaline Sulphate with R2=0.9991 and 20-100µg/ml for Bromhexine Hydrochloride with R2=0.9992. The retention time of Terbutaline Sulphate was found to be around 2.1 min and for Bromhexine Hydrochloride it was found to be around 8.0 min. The precision, accuracy and robustness results were found to be satisfactory and within limits. The assay was found to be 96.7% (w/w) for Terbutaline sulphate and 97.7%(w/w) for Bromhexine Hydrochloride. Specificity experiments revealed the absence of interference from the mobile phase. The forced degradation studies like acidic, alkaline, oxidation and thermal degradation studies were performed and the degradation products were not interfering with the retention times of both the drugs. Thus, the developed method could be used in the routine analysis of the drugs in tablet dosage form. --- ## Effect of acetazolamide on morphometry of Wistar rat foetus central nervous system **Authors:** Anuradha Mamidi, Butchiraju Potturi, Vijayraghavan R, Rajesh Paluru **Published:** 2018-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1565 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acetazolamide, Wistar rats, Teratogen, Morphometry Present study elucidates the relation between dose-related defects and morphometry of the central nervous system in Wistar rat foetus. Brain measurements of the dorsal surface of 16-20 days old pregnant Wistar rats foetuses were measured by using Vernier callipers. Adult pregnant rats were randomly divided into two groups. Control group received 0.25ml of normal saline and treatment group received 80 &160 mg/kg/b. Wt. of acetazolamide on 8th, 9th and 10th day of pregnancy respectively. Pregnancy was terminated on 16th, 18th, 20th day. All foetuses brain parameters were measured. Results show that high dose group rats were observed a significant reduction in all parameters when compared to control. Hence we can conclude that high doses may be neurotoxic to developing a nervous system of Wistar rats. --- ## Assessment of lactate dehydrogenase status in oral submucosa fibrosis patients **Authors:** Akshaya K, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1566 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** OSMF, LDH, Malignancy marker, Cell damage, Carcinoma Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF or OSF) is a chronic, premalignant, complex, (1% transformation risk) condition of the oral cavity. This is generally featured by juxta-epithelial inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the submucosal tissue which includes the lamina propria and deeper connective tissues. With the progression of this disease, the jaws become rigid to that extent that the person will find it difficult to open his mouth. The condition is remotely linked to oral cancers and is associated with areca nut or betel quid chewing, a habit similar to tobacco chewing. 25 OSMF patients and 25 healthy individuals from the OP of Saveetha Dental College. Serum samples were it is analyzed for serum Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) by Pyruvate Method using ERBA CHEM 5 plus analyzer. A significant rise in LDH (p<0.005) levels in OSMF patients when compared with healthy controls, by the influence of OSMF on LDH metabolism. Our findings suggest that assessment of LDH can be used as an effective biochemical diagnostic tool for the manifestation of OSMF and other types of malignancy in patients. --- ## Unshared gamma frailty model in Tuberculosis patients **Authors:** Catherine Rexy D, Mokesh Rayalu G, Ponnuraja C **Published:** 2018-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1198 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Frailty model, Parametric Distribution, Gamma frailty model - 2LL, Tuberculosis Patients A natural of survival analysis associated the modelling of time-to-failure, consider the time until death or failure. The frailty model could be a random effect unobserved information, wherever the random effect an increasing, impact of baseline hazard function. The frailty model provides a convenient way to introduce random effects, accounts for further variability from unobserved factors, and heterogeneity into models for survival information. This text planned to analyze the frailty gamma distribution has been active to the parameter distribution acting as Weibull, log logistic and log normal distributions with a naturally incidental variable so as to diagnose the prognostic cause that effect the infectious disease patients for survival time. Information analysis is performed victimization STATA software package. --- ## Clinical nurse educators’ performance appraisal in clinical setting **Authors:** Atheer Mohammed Mutashar, Alaa Abrahem Saeed **Published:** 2018-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1562 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clinical nurse, Performance Evaluation Tool, Teaching practice, Clinical setting To determine the performance of the clinical nurse educators in the clinical setting. A descriptive design was used to achieve the objective of the study was carried out on 44 CNEs in a clinical teaching setting. Clinical Nurse Educators' Performance Evaluation Tool was used to collect the data. It measures four main Domains named duty to scholar learning, professional knowledge, showing practice, authority and clinical surroundings. Each domain is composed of specific skills that indicate the CNEs competencies. The total score more than 90% indicate that Performance exceeds the expectations for the set of competencies, from less than 90% to 75% indicate that performance meets the expectations for the set of competencies, from less than 75% to 50% indicate that performance does not always meet all the expectations for the set of competencies, performance should be improved and less than 50% indicate that performance does not meet expectations for the set of competencies and performance must be improved. CNEs had an acceptable level of the four performance domains (commitment to students, professional knowledge, teaching practice in the clinical areas and leadership and community) in a clinical setting. CNEs thought to go to preparing programs, workshops, and conferences regarding propelled ideas over clinical educating will improve their showing aptitudes "around continually on attendant clinical teachers also preceptors on faculties about nursing. --- ## The effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine and its impact on demographic characteristics for children in Babylon city, Iraq **Authors:** Laith M Abbas Al-Huseini, Manal Khalid Abdulridha, Qassim Mahdi Mutlak **Published:** 2018-07-25 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1560 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rotavirus, Diarrhea, Vaccine, Effectiveness, Demographic Gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus infection is one of the major healthcare problem affecting millions of children all over the world. WHO has recommended vaccine against rotavirus to be involved in the national immunisation programmes. In Iraq, rotavirus vaccine has been started since 2012 and in the current study, we aimed to estimate the effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine in Babylon city, Iraq. Faecal samples were obtained from children presented with diarrhoea during the period beginning in October 2016 until August 2017. The age range was 6-60 months and history of rotavirus vaccine was checked. Latex test for detection of Rotavirus analysed specimens. We examined 349 children with diarrhoea; the rotavirus antigen was detected in 169 faecal specimens from children with diarrhoea (48%). For those who are infected with rotavirus antigen, 44 (26%) were previously vaccinated against rotavirus and 125 (74%) were not. These results indicated that children who did not receive rotavirus vaccination have 4.679 folds increased the risk of having positive rotavirus antigen infected diarrhoea. Furthermore, low percentages of vaccinated children with positive rotavirus antigens detected in their stool were seen in most age groups except for those between 25–36 months with no gender differences. Additionally, more percentages were in the urban area and artificial feedings. The effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine, in the present study, has been confirmed in reducing the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in young children in Babylon city, Iraq. However, huge effort needs to be done in order to have more children received rotavirus vaccine. --- ## Method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of Chlorthalidone, Telmisartan and Amlodipine by RP-UPLC in pharmaceutical dosage form **Authors:** Sivakamasundari G, Kannappan N **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1546 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Telmisartan, Chlorthalidone, Amlodipine Besylate, RP-UPLC, Simultaneous Estimation A novel, simple, accurate reverse phase ultra performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous estimation of Chlorthalidone, Telmisartan and Amlodipine in pharmaceutical dosage form was developed and validated. This method was performed on Thermo scientific-Hypersil gold C18, 1.9µm (50mm X 2.1mm) column with Mobile Phase 60 volume of buffer and 40 volume of Acetonitrile. Buffer Solution was mixing 1ml of O-Phosphoric acid in 1000ml of water. The flow rate was 0.3 ml/min and detection were carried out using a PDA detector at 232 nm. The retention times were 2.6, 3.0, & 3.7 min for Chlorthalidone, Telmisartan and, Amlodipine respectively. The method was linear over the concentration range of 8-12μg/ml for Chlorthalidone and 24-36µg/ml for Telmisartan and 3-7µg/ml for Amlodipine with a correlation coefficient of 0.999, 0.998 and 0.997 respectively. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation. --- ## Assessment of lipid profile status in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients **Authors:** Bharathi R, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1238 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** OSCC, Cell Damage, Carcinoma, Oral Cavity, Lipid Profile Status Malignant tumor of the squamous epithelium is known as the squamous cell carcinoma. It has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is causing a major health problem across the world. 40 Patients were selected from those attending the outpatient department of Saveetha Dental College, and hospitals. Among them 20 are normal healthy individuals and 20 are patients with OSCC. Informed consent was obtained from the patient before sample collection. 5ml of fasting venous blood was collected and centrifuged in 3000rpm for 10 minutes. Then serum was separated and then it is analysed for serum cholesterol by Cholesterol esterase-Oxidase method, Serum triglycerides by colorimetric enzymatic method, HDL-c by Phosphotungtic acid method, LDL-c and VLDL-c were calculated by Friedwald’s formula. There is a significant increase in LDH (p<0.005) levels in OSCC patients when compared with healthy controls, by the influence of OSCC on LDH metabolism. Our findings suggest that assessment of LDH can be used an effective biochemical diagnostic tool for the manifestation of OSCC and other type of malignancy in patients. --- ## Assessment of lipid profile status in oral sub mucosa fibrosis patients **Authors:** Angel Fastina Mary, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1235 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Analysis, Fermentation, Health, Nutritive Value, Ragi Oral submucous pathology (OSMF) may be an illness defined by juxta animal tissue pathology of the oral fissure. It’s related to formation of vesicles, followed by fibro elastic amendment of the plate propria associated animal tissue atrophy that results in stiffness of the oral mucous membrane and causes truisms and an inability to eat. 30 OSMF patients and 30 healthy people from the OP of Saveetha Dental school. liquid body substance samples were analyzed for the parameters standing by victimization kit technique in autoanalyzer. There’s a major decrease in total cholesterin (p<0.05), triglycerides (p<0.07), high density lipoproteins (p<0.05), low density lipoproteins (p<0.05) and very low density lipoproteins (p<0.09) by the influence of OSMF on food intake. Our findings suggest that prolonged or highly affected OSMF patients can cause hypolipidemia and other problems related to nutritional imbalance. --- ## Evaluation of in-vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of selected Indian spices **Authors:** Anup S Hendre, Ajit V Sontakke, Rohan S Phatak **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1545 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Radical Scavenging, Spices Spices act as a flavouring agent in food. They perform a variety of functions, like to provide aroma, texture and colour to food and sometimes as preservatives and they are being used throughout the world for thousands of years, especially in India, China and many other Southern countries. Many spices contain high levels of phenolics and have demonstrated the high antioxidant capacity and potent antidiabetic activity. The study was aimed to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of cinnamon, cumin and turmeric. Antidiabetic activity was determined by percentage inhibition of glucose transport across yeast cells. Antioxidant activities were assessed in terms of total phenolics content, total antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activity. The findings of in vitro studies showed significant antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of each spice as compared to synthetic antioxidant. Turmeric was found to be the more potent antioxidant and antidiabetic agent as compared to cinnamon and cumin. --- ## Assessment of nutritional value of a newly formulated health drink **Authors:** Keshaav Krishnaa P, Vishnu Priya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1525 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Almonds, Drink, Dietary Fibres, Raisins To estimate the nutritional value of a newly formulated health drink. The various components were weighed out and grinded to fine homogenous powder. The various components include turmeric, black pepper, mango peel, raisins and almonds. Mango peel and mango fruit were dried to remove the water content. The sample tea powder was prepared by weighing out 10g of whole black pepper, 18g of almonds, 15g of raisins, 10g of dried and powdered mango peel and fruit along with about 1g of turmeric powder. The above said weight of different substances was obtained through trial and error. The above said mixture was then quantitatively analysed for nutritional substances such as carbohydrates, protein, fat, calcium and dietary fibres. The health drink was quantitatively analysed and the values were obtained for 100g of the health drink. The carbohydrate content was lower in comparison with commercially available health drinks available in the market, this would provide an edge of the said health drink as a lower carbohydrate content implies a lesser chance of dental caries. The newly formulated health drink provides to be far superior to the presently available health drinks and hence further research on the same would enable its introduction into the commercial market for use. --- ## Development of an RP-HPLC method for multicomponent tablet formulation containing Cobicistat and Darunavir **Authors:** Devi K, Kannappan N **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1547 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cobicistat, Darunavir, RP-HPLC, Simultaneous Estimation A reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous analysis of Cobicistat (COB) and Darunavir (DAR) in a tablet dosage form has been developed and validated. The method was performed with Durashell C 18 column (250 X 4.6 mm) 5-micron particle column with 60:10:30 of buffer (1 ml of Orthophosphoric acid in 1000 ml of water), methanol and acetonitrile respectively as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1 ml per minute. UV detection at 210 nm. By the proposed method, COB and DAR were eluted with retention times of 4.88 and 4.35 minutes respectively. The method was validated as per the ICH guidelines. The method was simple, rapid, specific, accurate, precise, reliable and reproducible. Calibration curve plots were linear over the concentration ranges of 19.55 to 28.60 mcg/ml for COB and 103 to 149 mcg/ml for DAR. Limit of detection was 1.98, and 2.46 mcg/ml and Limit of quantitation were 6.01 and 7.38 mcg/ml for COB and DAR respectively. Robustness was studied by determining the effect of small deliberate variations in the chromatographic conditions. The conditions studied were flow rate was altered by ±0.5 ml/minute and the detection wavelength was altered by ± 2 nm. --- ## Assessment of nutritional value of ragi porridge before and after fermentation **Authors:** Padmaharish V, Gayathri R, Vishnu Priya V **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1534 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Analysis, Fermentation, Health, Nutritive Value, Ragi The most common food prepared in India using ragi is porridge. It’s known that Fermentation has some effects on nutritional qualities of food. Hence in order to ensure that, the nutritional value of ragi porridge before and after fermentation was assessed. Ragi porridge was prepared and was made to ferment. Both the unfermented ragi porridge and fermented ragi porridge was subjected to further analysis. The two samples were checked for the following bio molecule such as carbohydrate, protein, fat, fibre content. The mineral content such as calcium was also checked. From the results it’s evident that carbohydrate content of the non-fermented ragi is comparatively lesser than the carbohydrate content of the fermented ragi sample. The result same in case of protein and fibre content too was found to be lesser than fermented sample. But in case of calcium the nutritive value of non fermented sample was found to be higher than that of the fermented sample. Hence it is clearly seen that the nutritive content of the fermented ragi sample is better when compared to the non-fermented ragi sample. Thus fermented millet products are rich in components that promote health such as dietary fibres, proteins, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds etc. --- ## Variations in the Levels of LH and FSH Hormonal Status in Polycystic Ovaries Syndrome **Authors:** Vindhiya Varshini V, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1237 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** PCOS, LH, FSH, Infertility, LH FSH Ratio Polycystic ovarian disease is a state of enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts in it. It causes hormonal imbalance which leads to infertility and other problems in female age group of 16-35 years. 30 PCOS patients and 30 healthy individuals from the OP of Saveetha Dental College. Serum samples were analyzed for their hormonal status by using kit method in autoanalyzer. There is a significant increase in LH (p<0.005) and FSH (p<0.001) as well as the ratio of LH and FSH (p<0.005) by the influence of PCOS on them. The study states that high risk of poly cystic ovaries may leads hormonal imbalance which may leads to infertility in female with PCOS complaint. --- ## Production and characterisation of peroxidase from Brassica oleracea (Cabbage) **Authors:** Prerna Jain, Gayathri R, Vishnu Priya V **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1532 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cabbage, Peroxidase, SDS-PAGE, Temperature Peroxidases, are the enzymes which decomposes hydrogen peroxide and also acts as an antioxidant. The plant peroxidases are involved in various biochemical processes and development and also has a role in defence. Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage) being the source of peroxidase have been employed for the remediation of commercial dyes. Pure cabbage extract was prepared by adding buffers, extraction of proteins and protein dialysis was done. The extracted assay and concentrated enzyme was characterized for its optimum pH and temperature. The protein was fractionated using SDS - PAGE electrophoresis to find the approximate molecular weight. Once the research was performed, the optimum pH for peroxidase activity was found to be 6.0 whereas the optimum temperature for peroxidase activity was calculated to be 45°C and the molecular weight of the partially purified peroxidase enzyme is 43kDa. Peroxidase have many possibilities of clinical applications. They can be used as a diagnostic kit for Glucose and in waste water treatment. --- ## Assessment of nutritional value of overnight soaked cooked rice over unsoaked cooked rice **Authors:** Neha Sharma M, Gayathri R, Vishnu Priya V **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1230 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Beneficial, Energy, Minerals, Nutrients, Proteins, Rice, Soak For centuries, it has been a practice to consume overnight soaked rice in many South Indian families. Having known the health benefits of the soaked rice, the habit of consuming as a breakfast continued for generations. Due to globalization and increased affordability, this has been replaced with hot breakfast and consumption of overnight soaked boiled rice was left behind. Soaked rice is rich in B6, B12 vitamins and is a source of beneficial bacteria which helps in digestion and boosts immunity. The given samples of normal cooked rice and overnight soaked cooked rice are tested for carbohydrate, crude protein, fat/oil and fiber content. The rice which was overnight soaked cooked rice was found to have more nutrient content than unsoaked cooked rice. There is an increase in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber content and minerals. Eating fermented rice for breakfast was an old custom among the farmers. It has been proved that overnight soaked cooked rice acts as a healthy breakfast and would play an important role in the health of today's young generation. --- ## Development and validation of analytical method by RP-HPLC estimation of Goserelin acetate in biodegradable microspheres **Authors:** Suhas Marutirao Kakade, Dehghan Mohamed Hassan **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1544 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** RP-HPLC, ICH, Goserelin Acetate, Microspheres, Validation A simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive method was developed for quantitative analysis of Goserelin acetate in biodegradable microspheres formulation using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The analysis is carried out using a reversed-phase C18 column with UV-Vis detection at 220nm. The isocratic mobile phase was phosphate buffer (pH7.4): acetonitrile in the ratio of 70:30 v/v at a flow rate of 1mL/min and column temperature maintained at 35°C. The developed method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guideline with respect to system suitability, accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity and robustness. The linearity in the range of 2.5-90µg/mL presents a correlation of coefficient 0.999. The presence of components of the microspheres did not interfere in the results of the analysis. The method showed adequate precision, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 2.0. The method was found to be suitable for routine quality control assay for encapsulated Goserelin acetate in biodegradable microspheres formulation was developed and validated. --- ## Biodiversity of Mollusks in Rumaitha river-Iraq **Authors:** Sahib Shanon Ibrahim **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1528 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mollusks, Pelecypoda, Invertebrate, Benthic Mollusks, Rumaitha River The chemical and physical parameters, density, spreading, biodiversity of Mollusca, and environmental features of Rumaitha district, South Iraq were investigated from July 2016 to June 2017. Mollusca and water samples were obtained from three dissimilar positions S1, S2, S3. The results were showed that water temperatures 12- 32ᵒC. The pH was ranged 7.21-8, 12 it showed a slightly alkaline trend. The maximum value of electrical conductivity 2.6 mS, Salinity values were ranged between 0.58-1.7 ‰ that indicated the water was Oligosaline during the study period, according to the classification of Reid. Dissolved oxygen was ranged 5.3-11 mg/l. The highest value of Ca++ and the organic content of the bottom sediments were 214 mg/l, 21.6% respectively recorded in station S2 during the study period. Quarterly variations in bulks of Mollusca species were obtained during study period recorded Total density of 817.89 indv /m2. In the present study, Mollusca fauna was identified 4 species belonging to 4 families of class Gastropoda and 3 species belonging to 2 families of class Pelecypoda. Gastropods Species are Melanoides tuberculata - Thiaridae, Melanopsis nodosa - Melanopsidae, Neritina crepidulare - Neritedae, and Viviparus bengalensis – Viviparidae. And their total density in the study period is (142, 24, 168.69, 44.45, and 106.68 indv/m2 respectively. While the species belonging to the Class of Pelecypoda: Corbicula flumina, Corbicula fluminalis - Corbiculidae and Unio tigridis - Unionidae. And their total density in the study period are (151.13.80.01.106.68 indv/m2 respectively. Biodiversity was low and did not exceed the diversity values of both classes. The highest value of varietal diversity of Gastropoda and was 0.43657 recorded at the station S1 during a month Apreil 2017. Sorensen Similarity was used to determine the similarity between stations taxa composition results showed that all study stations were 100% identical for Molluscs taxa. --- ## Preparation and characterization of topical Cetirizine hydrochloride hydrogel **Authors:** Zahraa Mohsen Hammoudi, Mowafaq M Ghareeb, Basam W Mahde **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1529 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cetirizine, Topical Hydrogel, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Cetirizine HCl is H1-receptor antagonist antihistaminic commonly used orally and no topical local preparation available. The aim of this study is to prepare semisolid, topical hydrogel, skin preparation of Cetirizine HCl as an antihistaminic drug for the treatment of dermatological allergic diseases. Different hydrogel formulations were prepared using different water-soluble gelling agents at different percentages. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), Carbapol 934P, and Methylcellulose were used as a gelling agent at percentages of 2 and 4%. The prepared hydrogels were evaluated regarding visual examination, pH determination, spreadability, drug content determination, and in vitro release studies. The results revealed that all the prepared formulas show good physical properties with acceptable spreadability and pH values. On the other hand, the release profiles show the following descending order of release; HPMC >carbopol >MC2% >MC4%. It was concluded that cetirizine HCl hydrogel that consists of HPMC showed best homogeneity, consistency, stability, and spreadability, and this formula was chosen as the suggested formulations. --- ## Production and characterisation of peroxidase from Raphanus raphanistrum **Authors:** Shreya Kothari, Gayathri R, Vishnu Priya V **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1549 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Characterization, Electrophoresis, Peroxidase, Raphanus sativum, SDS-PAGE Peroxidases being one of the key antioxidant enzymes are involved in the essential physiological process. They play an essential role in medicinal, biochemical, industrial and environmental applications. They can catalyse degradation/transformation of aromatic dyes either by precipitation or by opening the aromatic ring structure. Radish being the source of peroxidase have been employed for the remediation of commercial dyes. Pure Radish extract was prepared by adding buffers and proteins were precipitated. The enzyme was dialysed, assayed and characterized for the optimum pH and temperature. The protein was fractionated using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis to find the approximate molecular weight. The optimum pH for peroxidase activity was found to be 5.8. The optimum temperature for peroxidase activity was found to be 50°C The molecular weight of the partially purified peroxidase enzyme is 43kDa. The study proves that with further advancement in purification method these plant peroxidase can be used as a potential source for various biotechnological applications. --- ## Insulin status in polycystic ovaries syndrome in relation with inflammation **Authors:** Sagana M, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1539 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** PCOS, Insulin, IR, Inflammation, CRP, Hyperinsulinemia Polycystic ovarian disease is poly cysts present in the state of enlarged ovaries. It is a hormonal imbalance disease which alters the insulin status and these poly cysts can cause local inflammation which in-turn results in increase of CRP to infertility and other problems in female age group of 20-35 years. 30 PCOS patients and 30 healthy individuals from the OPD of Saveetha Dental College and hospital were collected and the serum samples were ana- lyzed for their hormonal status by using kit method in Robonik Elisa reader. There is a significant increase in Insulin (p<0.005) and CRP (p<0.001) as well as there is an increase in fasting blood sugar (FBS) and insulin resistance (IR) by the influence of PCOS on other metabolisms. Our findings suggest that prolonged or highly hormonal imbalance in PCOS can cause problems like diabetes mellitus (DM) by increasing the levels of IR and by triggering the inflammation pathway. --- ## A Review on the competence of Defensins to become alternative of antibiotics **Authors:** Sabiha Imran, Yashika Yadav, Mansi Talwar, Himanshu Rodhilla, Nilanjan Das **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1543 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Defensins, Antimicrobial Properties, Antibiotics, Alternative Therapy Defensins are highly cationic proteins consisting of 20-40 amino acids, having antimicrobial potential. Size of defensins vary between 3 to 5 kDa and are found in human, plants and several subhuman species such as ducks, insects, penguin etc. Because of their antimicrobial efficacy, they boost the immune system. In human alpha and beta-defensins play a pivotal role in providing the first line of defence against microbial infection in several occasions. Plant defensins are small, highly stable and cysteine-rich peptide that constitute a part of the innate immune system against pathogens. Plant defensins also exhibit remarkable antifungal and antibacterial potencies. Till date antibiotics are the mainstay of medical science for the fight against microbial infections. As the disadvantages and limitations of antibiotic use are growing on the hunt for new preventive and therapeutic means is increasing worldwide. To that end, defensins especially plant-based defensins can become a major al- ternative to antibiotics. In this review, the antimicrobial efficiency of defensins have been thoroughly discussed, and focus has been given to highlight the competence of defensins mainly plant-based defensins as a substitute for antibiotics. --- ## Nourishment of Plants with Tea Leaves as a Growth Inducer **Authors:** Inchara R, Gayathri R, Vishnu Priya V **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1533 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidants, Disease, Growth Inducer, Nutrients, Rose Plants, Tea Leaves Tea extract which is rich in nutrients and minerals can be mixed with the soil as a nourishment for plants. Compared to compost which requires decomposition, these tea extract is a direct source of nutrients to plants. Tea extract can be a good nutrient adjuvant, especially when number of plants are less and are grown in pots. In this research 12 healthy rose plants were take. In that 6 plants were planted in one pot and was fertilised without tea extract and other 6 plants were planted and fertilised with tea extract and the growth was observed. It was observed that the rose plants nourished with added tea extracts showed an increase in growth rate compared to the other plants. From this research it is evident that tea leaves contains vital ingredients for the nourishment of plants. --- ## A comparative analysis of Point of care lateral flow immune assay (LFA) with routine and optimized laboratory assays for the detection of HbA1c levels in a human whole blood specimen **Authors:** Nagababu Pyadala, Prudhvi Chand Mallepaddi, Soumendra Nath Maity, Ravi Kumar B N, Vijayaraghavan R, Rathnagiri Polavarapu **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1527 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFA), Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c), Point-of-Care The present study was aimed to compare the HbA1c point of care LFA test kit with routine and clinically proven, optimized methods for detection of HbA1c in whole blood samples. A total of 90 samples from patients with DM tested with newly developed LFA test kit and other analytical techniques. The results were analyzed for comparison and correlation of the HbA1c values to classify DM patients according to their glycemic control. Through regression analysis, the correlations between the results of HbA1c LFA and Alere HbA1c kit was found to be R2= 0.977 and for the HbA1c LFA and Biohermes A1CEZ kit was found to be R2= 0.980. The correlation between HbA1c LFA and ERBA Glycohemoglobin kit was found to be R2= 0.965 and for the HbA1c LFA and BIO-RAD variant HbA1c kit (HPLC) was found to be R2= 0.911. Based on the results obtained so far through newly developed LFA, compared with gold standard and other optimized methods. The LFA has proved to be rapid, simple, inexpensive, the point of care method with excellent sensitivity and specificity. --- ## Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship in patient with sepsis in critical care unit **Authors:** Waleed I Ali, Mustafa Neama, Layla A Hakeem, Hayder A Fawzi, Shams S Abed, Ola J Abood, Zeena R Abdulla **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1526 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial, Biological Profile, Critical Care Antimicrobial resistance continues to increase among bacteria which cause disease in both community and hospital setting. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is a global initiative it includes the 4 Ds approach (appropriate selection of the drug, dosage, duration of administration and de-escalation of antimicrobial therapy). We aim to have a microbiological profile and to assess the uses of antibiotics in critically ill patients in a critical care unit. This was cross-sectional study of 200 Intensive Care Unit patients in Medical City Teaching Hospital from June to August of 2017. The patients divided into two groups, 100 for each, the 1st without, the 2nd with biologic profile comparing both data. We included 200 (148 males and 52 females). The two most common microorganisms isolated by sample cultures are Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (54%). Patient fate includes improvement and discharges well in 38% and death in 46%. In the 1st group, 28% the antibiotics selection completely matched with culture and sensitivity results while 20% of these cases did not match, while in the second group the completely matching was 61% and the non-matching reduced to 14%. Klebsiella pneumonia is the most common microorganism, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The right selections of empirical antibiotics play an important role in clinical outcome. --- ## Lipid peroxidation and super oxide dismutase levels variation in polycystic ovarian syndrome **Authors:** Sivaharini S, Ashok Vardhan N, Savitha G **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1236 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** PCOS, Infertility, Antioxidants, Metabolic Disorders, Endocrinopathy Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a condition enlarged ovaries with small cysts present on the outer edges of ovary. It is a hormonal imbalance occurs in few of woman in the 18-30 years of age group. This hormonal imbalance due to poly cysts can cause the oxidative stress which aggravates the condition worse and causes other health problems. 60 subjects were selected from the outpatient department of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. They were separated into two groups; control group and PCOS group. 5 ml of venous blood was collected from the participants and blood was distributed in the plain collection tube and centrifuged in 2500 rpm for about 10 minutes. The Serum was isolated separately and analyzed for Malondialdehyde and Superoxide dismutase by TBARS method and Pyrogallol Autoxidation method using ERBA CHEM 5 plus analyzer. There is a significant increase in (MDA) Malondialdehyde (p<0.005) as well as there is significant decrease in (SOD) super oxide dismutase (p<0.001) in PCOS patients. Our study disclosed that there is an imbalance of antioxidant status in women having PCOS. Increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant capacity may bring about the increased risk of CVD in women with PCOS. Further research on oxidative stress in PCOS is needed. --- ## New method development and validation for the determination of propafenone HCl in pure drug and its tablet dosage form by RP-HPLC **Authors:** Nageswara Rao R, Madhuri D, Siva Sankar Reddy L, Tejeswini P **Published:** 2018-07-18 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1542 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Propafenone, HCl, RP-HPLC, Pradil, Validation A simple, rapid, accurate, precise, robust and reproducible reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of Propafenone HCl in pure drug and pharmaceutical dosage form. The quantification was carried out using enable Inertsil ODS-3 Vs column in a binary mode with mobile phase comprising of Acetonitrile: Methanol: Water (90:10) in the ratio of 75:25 %v/v at flow rate 0.7ml/min, detection was carried out at 245 nm using PDA detector with injection volume 20µl, the retention time was found to be 3.438min. The proposed method was validated as per ICH guidelines (Text and Methodology, Q2 (R1), 2005). The method produced a linear response in the concentration range of 1-5µg/ml (R2 0.999). The recovery studies were carried out and found to be within 101%. %RSD was found to be 2%. LOD and LOQ of propafenone HCl for the method were found to be 3.64µg/ml and 11.04µg/ml respectively. The proposed method was statistically evaluated and can be applied for the routine analysis, quality control of raw materials, formulation of different strengths, dissolution studies and bioequivalence studies for the same formulation of propafenone HCl. --- ## Development of a Colloidal Gold- based lateral flow immunoassay for the rapid detection of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in whole blood **Authors:** Nagababu Pyadala, Prudhvi Chand Mallepaddi, Soumendra Nath Maity, Sujaya Raghavendra, Ravi Kumar B N, Vijayaraghavan R, Rathnagiri Polavarapu **Published:** 2018-07-11 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1524 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus (DM), Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFA), Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c), Colloidal Gold, Point-of-Care, Glycated Haemoglobin Globally, diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major health problems. DM prevalence is increasing rapidly and causing disability and death. So, early and accurate diagnosis of DM is very important to prevent the further complications. In this study, a lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) was developed to detect glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Colloidal gold particle labeled monoclonal anti-glycosylated hemoglobin (clone 16) was used as the detector reagent. Monoclonal antibodies for anti-hemoglobin (clone 6) and anti-mouse IgG were immobilized in test and control lines, respectively, of a nitrocellulose membrane, acting as the capture reagents. The LFA was used to detect HbA1c in 500 sera from clinically proven DM patients. The intensity and number of the test lines on the LFA strips differentiate normal, prediabetic (under control) and diabetic (elevated levels of HbA1c). The results from our LFA were validated and compared with Alere Afinion AS 100 HbA1c analyzer and Bio-Rad variant II-HPLC obtained good data. Moreover, the test strip was stable at 4-30°C temperature for up to 6 months. The HbA1c LFA was highly selective for HbA1c and showed no cross reactivity against HbA0, glycated HbA0, HbA2. Thus, the developed colloidal gold based LFA proved to be simple, rapid, inexpensive, point-of-care method with good specificity and sensitivity. --- ## Synergistic Antimicrobial Effects of Different Ratio Combination of Smilax myosotiflora, Persicaria odorata and Syzygium aromaticum with antibiotics **Authors:** Pang Jyh Chyang, Mahfuzha Mustapa, Kaswandi M. Ambia **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1749 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial, Antifungal, Persicaria odorata, Smilax myosotiflora, Syzygium aromaticum Antibiotic resistance to infectious microbe has become a major threat to clinical treatment. In order to control the misuse of antibiotics, an alternative antimicrobial agent is crucially needed to cater to this issue. This study was carried out to assess the efficacy of antibacterial and antifungal activities of all single or combination extracts of Smilax myosotiflora (SM), Persicaria odorata (PO) and Syzygium aromaticum (SA) with standard antibiotics (gentamicin or ketoconazole) as the positive controls. All plant extracts were prepared using methanol extraction procedure. Antibacterial activities of the crude extracts were determined by agar well diffusion method. The mixed extracts were prepared by adding 25µg/µl concentration of each crude extract based on the volume ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:1:1, 1:1:2, 1:2:1 and 2:1:1. Single extracts of SM, PO and SA demonstrated positive effects on the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans. All crude extracts displayed increased diameter of inhibition zones when combined with positive controls. Findings of this study suggested that the synergism activity is present, and extracts do not react antagonistically with antibiotics. --- ## Baicalein-rich Fraction of Oroxylum indicum Leaves induces Apoptosis by Repressing E6 and E7 Expression in HPV-associated Cervical Cancer Cell Lines **Authors:** Nurul Hidayah Wahab, Nor Fazila Che Mat **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1751 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Apoptosis, Baicalein, E6, E7, Oroxylum indicum, p53, pRb Oroxylum indicum (O. indicum) has been implicated as a promising anti-cancer agent for cancer treatment including cervical cancer. It has been shown that this plant was able to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells by acting as anti-human papillomavirus (HPV) and an apoptosis inducer. The therapeutic anti-cancer properties of O. indicum is strongly postulated due to its major chemical constituents such as chrysin, oroxylin A and baicalein. In this pre- sent study, the baicalein-rich fraction was extracted to elucidate its anti-cancer activity against cervical cancer cells, SiHa (HPV 16 positive) and HeLa (HPV 18 positive) cells. Utilizing preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) (n-hexane: ethyl acetate; 50:50), this fraction was prepared from the methanolic crude extract of O. indicum and subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for baicalein quantitation. Biological activities of this fraction were tested using methylene blue assay and western blot to observe the expression of HPV oncoproteins; E6 and E7, and the tumour suppressor proteins; p53 and pRb. From the IC50 values obtained for both SiHa and HeLa cell lines, the baicalein-rich fraction was the most potent com- pound compared to cisplatin and the methanol crude extract of O. indicum. After 24 hours treatment period, western blot analysis showed that MCE- and BRF-treated SiHa and HeLa cells exhibited anti-HPV effects by down-regulating the expression of E6 and E7 which explain the induction of apoptosis through the up-regulation of p53 and pRb. The overall data suggested that baicalein-rich fraction from O. indicum has anti-proliferative activity and strongly induced apoptosis in treated cervical cancer cell lines via E6 and E7 repression. Therefore, baicalein isolated from O. indicum can be further exploited as a potential anti-cancer candidate for cervical cancer treatment. --- ## Physical activity, screen time, serum lipid and body mass index among Malay female university students **Authors:** Azlina Muhsin, Saiyidatul Syafiqah Ibrahim **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1745 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Body mass index, Lipid profile, Physical activity, Screen time Technology advancements and urbanization implicate a negative lifestyle by promoting physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour. This situation may lead to obesity, an important risk factor for the development of diseases such as dyslipidemia and coronary heart disease. This study was conducted to evaluate physical activity, screen time, serum lipid profiles and body mass index (BMI) among Malay female university students. A total of 22 female individuals aged 19 to 23 years old from a private university in Selangor, Malaysia participated in the study. BMI was measured according to standard protocol. Physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) were determined using questionnaires, and serum lipid profiles (total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)) were analyzed using spectrophotometry. Our data showed that mean BMI for the participants was 23.0±4.2 with 13.6% of the participants were categorized as underweight and 4.5% were obese. The level of PA represented as metabolic equivalent in minutes (METmin) showed a median of 340 (IQR=1360) while median ST was 285.0 (IQR=213.8) minutes. The results also showed that median total cholesterol was 179.8 (IQR=78.4) mg/dL and mean HDL was 56.9±9.8 mg/dL. Only 9 (40.9%) participants were identified as physically active. HDL was significantly lower in obese participants compared to other groups (F=5.542, p=0.007). A significant moderately strong negative correlation (r=-0.730, p<0.001) between BMI and HDL was observed. As a conclusion, the majority of the participants were physically inactive with a considerable amount of ST daily. The increase of BMI was inversely associated with HDL. Interventions for lifestyle modification among university students are therefore recommended to reduce the risk of related diseases. --- ## Validation of FAT4CP© first aid module and assessment tool: Evaluating module acceptance and the Knowledge, Attitude and Confidence (KAC) on first aid response among childcare providers **Authors:** Norsham Juliana, Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng, Nur Iqmaliza Akmal Mohd Kamal, Sa’ida Munira Johari, Nur Azma Amin, Izuddin Fahmy Abu, Sahar Azmani **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1737 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Assessment tool, First aid, Knowledge Attitude and Confidence, Childcare provider At present, there is a paucity of Malaysian policy on paediatric first aid training for childcare providers. Thus, this study has developed a first aid module called FAT4CP© for childcare providers and aim to determine the acceptance level of the module and validate an instrument that evaluates the competency of their knowledge, attitude and confidence (KAC) in conducting first aid. Focusing on the content, graphics and design, evaluation of acceptance for the module involved 15 childcare providers with at least one year of experience in handling children at childcare centres and 15 healthcare professionals. Together with the module, an assessment tool was developed, with content and face validity assessed by content experts. A self-administrated questionnaire was distributed to 70 childcare providers to measure their first aid KAC. Construct validity of the questionnaire was examined using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with principal component methods and varimax rotation. Cronbach's α values were used to estimate the reliability of the questionnaire. This study revealed that the module was well accepted with a majority of the childcare providers (93.3%, n=14) indicated that they understood the information contained in the module. The first aid assessment tool was also found to be reliable in measuring knowledge, attitude and confidence among childcare providers with Cronbach's alpha of 0.56, 0.95 and 0.92, respectively. For content validity, the questionnaires were critically reviewed in terms of relevance, clarity, simplicity, and ambiguity. In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrated that the module was well received, and the assessment tool is valid and reliable in measuring first aid KAC among child- care providers. --- ## The effect of calcium supplementation on attachment and growth of Schwann cells in DMEM D-Valine media **Authors:** Nur Hidayah Hassan, Nur Ismah Hazirah Muhammad, Farhanis Azira Abdullah, Izzah Hazirah Zolkifli, Muhammad Fauzi Daud **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1731 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Calcium supplementation, Cell attachment, Peripheral nerve, Schwann cells culture Schwann cell (SC), a vital component of the peripheral nervous system, functions in supporting neurons through the production of the myelin sheath. Current approaches are utilising in vitro cultured Schwann cells in transplantation therapy for demyelinating diseases. Despite the therapeutic potential of SCs, it is challenging to maintain the growth and proliferation of these cells in vitro due to several factors, including supplementation of calcium ion (Ca2+) for cell attachment. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of Ca2+ supplementation on SCs growth in vitro. SCs were isolated from rat’s sciatic nerve and were cultured in the following media: i) DMEM D-valine + 1.8 mM Ca2+; or ii) DMEM D-valine + 5.0 mM Ca2+. Cell attachment was observed in both groups. Findings of this study demonstrated that at day 20 of culture, 90% of cells attachment was observed in a culture dish containing DMEM D-valine + 1.8 mM Ca2+. However, limited attachment was seen in DMEM D-valine + 5.0 mM Ca2+ within the same period of observation. The cultured cells were subjected for immunocytochemistry analysis with Schwann cells protein marker, s100b. The cultured cells for both groups were positive for the expression of S100b. In conclusion, a high concentration of Ca2+ prevented cell attachment and cellular growth by interfering with the state of cell electrolyte, thus resulted in the damage of the cell plasma membrane. --- ## Prevalence and specificity of red blood cells alloantibody among patients in hospital Seberang Jaya, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia **Authors:** Chin Khien Wei, Khairulnisa A. Manap, Reezal Ishak **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1742 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alloantibodies, Alloimmunization, Autoantibodies, Pre-transfusion Alloimmunization is common among transfusion recipients due to the human body defence mechanism as it is exposed to a foreign antigen on the donor's red blood cells. The antibody developed in transfusion recipients varies among the different population. This study determines the prevalence and specificity of red blood cells alloantibody detected during pre-transfusion testing among patients at Hospital Seberang Jaya, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was carried out among the 17,708 patients admitted and underwent antibody screening test within one year. The study was then narrowed to focusing on the patients that showed positive antibody screen- ing results for further analysis. A total of 226 patients were selected out of the total 17,708 samples with the incidence of 1.28%. The red blood cells al- loantibodies were detected in 179/226 (79.2%) patients, and a combination of auto and alloantibodies were identified in 2/226 (0.9%) patients. There were 44 (19.5%) patients with undetermined antibody specificity. 170 (75.2%) patients had developed a single antibody, while 56 (24.8%) patients had developed multiple antibodies. For single alloantibody, the non-specific antibody was the most identified with 44 (19.5%) patients, followed by anti- D 31 (13.7%) patients, and anti-Lea 26 (11.5%) patients. As for multiple specificity antibody cases, the combination of anti-Lea and anti-Leb were the most common antibodies identified with 33 (14.6%) of the cases. Among the 226 patients, 50 (22.1%) have a history of blood transfusion, while 118 (52.2%) were without blood transfusion, while no information was available for the remaining 58 (25.6%) patients. In view of the alloimmunization cases among patients, antibody screening is a crucial part of pre-transfusion testing in order to provide the most suitable blood and avoid compromising patient's safety. --- ## Knowledge, attitude, and practice on Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) among the adult population in the urban area of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia **Authors:** Muslimah Ithnin, Nadeeya Ayn Umaisara Mohamad Nor, Norsham Juliana Nordin, Nadia Mohd Effendy, Mohd Azmani Sahar, Khadijah Hasanah Abang Abdullah, Muhammad Shamsir Mohd Aris, Mohd Dzulkhairi Mohd Rani **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1747 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Knowledge attitude and practice, Non-communicable disease, Urban Studies assessing the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice on non- communicable diseases (NCDs) among the general population are still insufficient in literature. This study aimed to assess the baseline levels of knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of the adult population in Malaysian urban area towards NCDs. A thoroughly designed and validated KAP questionnaire was administered, and the responses were coded and analysed. The survey involved 207 respondents from the urban area of Ampangan, Negeri Sembilan with an average age of respondents is 53.52 ± 17.86 years. Seventy-six (36.7%) were male and 131 (63.3%) were female. Majority of the respondents had good knowledge (81.2%) and attitude (53.1%) towards NCDs. However, only 8.7% of the respondents possess good practice while the majority had moderate (56.5%) practice score towards NCDs. Older age category of more than 40 years old had better knowledge scores compared to those below 40 years [median=25 (IqR=4) vs 23 (5), p=0.001]. Female respondents had higher attitude [25(7) vs 56 (6), p=0.025] and practice [5(2) vs 5(3), p=0.007] scores compared to male. Respondents with hypertension [25(4) vs 24(5), p=0.002] and diabetes mellitus [25(4) vs 24(4), p=0.014] had higher knowledge scores compared to non-disease respondents. The findings of this study depicted that respondents in the studied urban area had good knowledge and attitude towards NCDs. However, the practice was moderate. To overcome this problem, repeated reinforcement with health education will bring about a positive change in urban general population knowledge towards NCDs, especially in younger and non-disease population. --- ## Alleviation of renal oxidative stress by Cassia alata in acetaminophen - induced nephrotoxic rats **Authors:** Izuddin Fahmy Abu, Aina Akmal Mohd Noor, Anis Dzulaikha Zulkifli, Nabihah Abdullah, Norsham Juliana, Muhammad Fattah Fazel **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1739 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acetaminophen toxicity, Cassia alata, Kidney damage, Nephrotoxicity, Oxidative stress, Paracetamol overdose This study was conducted to assess the protective and treatment effects of Cassia alata aqueous extract against acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity. 25 Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into 5 groups; (1) Healthy rats (negative control); (2) Rats induced with acetaminophen toxicity (3000 mg/kg) as the positive pathological control; (3) Rats treated with Cassia alata (200 mg/kg, 21 days) and subsequently induced with acetaminophen toxicity (3000 mg/kg); (4) Rats induced with acetaminophen toxicity and subsequently treated with Cassia alata (200 mg/kg, 21 days); and (5) Rats supplemented with Cassia alata only for 21 days. Following completion of the treatment protocol, rats were sacrificed to harvest kidney organs. Kidney homogenate was subjected to oxidative stress biochemical parameters; malondialdehyde (MDA) content, catalase (CAT) enzyme activity and 1-1-di- phenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. MDA content in groups treated with Cassia alata were all lower compared to the acetaminophen-induced group. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed between acetaminophen-induced rats pre-treated with Cassia alata and Cassia alata supplementation only compared to positive control. CAT activity for all other Cassia alata treatment groups were comparable to healthy rats (p>0.05). Total antioxidant DPPH radical scavenging activity was also lowest in the acetaminophen-induced group compared to healthy rats and all Cassia alata treatment groups although the results were insignificant (p>0.05). Findings of this study suggest that Cassia alata aqueous extract (200 mg/kg) possess moderate protective and treatment effects against renal oxidative stress induced by acetaminophen-toxicity. --- ## Transcription profiling identifies genes involved in severe asthma **Authors:** Nor Ezleen Qistina Ahmad, Norziha Zainul Abidin, Husna Mohd Noor, Roohaida Othman, Nursuhadah Mohamed Yusof, Hasmawati Yahaya, Rahman A Jamal A, Roslan Harun **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1736 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Asthma pathway, B lymphocytes, Class prediction, Gene expression, Gene signature, Microarray, Severe asthma, Steroid response Severe asthma is a chronic respiratory disease with heterogeneous symptoms. This study aimed to determine the gene expression pattern and pathways related to severe asthma and subsequently identify potential predictor for steroid-resistant asthma. Peripheral blood B lymphocytes were isolated from subjects with severe steroid-resistant (n=7) and severe steroid-dependent (n=7) asthma. Total RNA was extracted from the B lymphocytes and subjected to microarray experiment. Data were analyzed using GeneSpring GX software for differential gene expression analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to analyze disease pathways. The prediction model was generated using Prophet software and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to validate the microarray gene expression. 307 genes were differentially expressed between both groups with p<0.001 using unpaired t-test. Six genes were selected as steroid-resistant predictor based on a particular selection criteria. Class predictors were identified with a predictive accuracy of 93%. This study has provided a better in- sight into the expression pattern and pathways of severe asthma and provided potential prognosis biomarkers to discriminate between severe steroid-resistant and steroid-sensitive asthma. --- ## Investigation of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Vegetables Collected from Rural Market in Selangor, Malaysia **Authors:** Mehru Nisha, Nur Atikah Amira, Nurul Nadiah, Ahmad Shakir Mohd Saudi, Norhaida Che Azmi, Fabian Davamani **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1748 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cryptosporidium oocysts, Environmental contamination, Local vegetables, Klang Valley, Malaysia, Water spinach Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic protozoan parasitic disease caused by coccidial species of the genus Cryptosporidium. Oocysts from this parasite can be found and transmitted to human via contaminated raw vegetables, fruits and water. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in vegetables collected from the rural market in Selangor, Malaysia. The study was carried out from May (dry season) until October 2017 (wet season). Approximately 250 grams of fresh leafy vegetables such as Centella (Centella Asiatica), water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), celery (Apium graveolens), spring onion (Allium fistulosum) and Vietnamese coriander (Persicaria odorata) were collected separately and investigated for Cryptosporidium oocysts using the microscopic technique. Among all of the collected vegetables, water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) showed the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts during the wet season. Findings of this study depict the possibilities of this vegetable in the transmission of cryptosporidiosis among the consumers. Future study is needed to explore more vegetables from rural markets in Selangor to detect the presence of Cryptosporidium parasites as a public health safety precaution. --- ## Effects of 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Exposure on Rat Erythrocytes and Leukocytes **Authors:** Syahidatul Asraf MS, Azlina M, Norazureen Nadhira Z, Qalidah MA, Izuddin Fahmy Abu, Noor Ezati S **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1744 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Blood morphology, Erythrocyte, Leukocyte, Microwave radiation Exposure to microwave (MW) radiation causes a variety of changes in biological systems, including the hematopoietic and immune systems. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of low-frequency MW radiation on erythrocytes and leukocytes in Sprague Dawley rats. Twelve male Sprague Dawley rats with an average body mass of 250 g were divided into control group (n=6) and exposed group (n=6). Rats in the exposed group were irradiated to 2.45 GHz MW radiation for eight weeks (five days a week, eight hours a day). Blood profile was then analyzed following completion of exposure regime. Findings of this study demonstrated that MW radiation expo- sure caused a significant increase in the total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count and total differential count of lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocyte and eosinophil compared to the non-exposed group. In contrast, the basophil count was significantly decreased in comparison to control group. However, the mean corpuscular value (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values were not significantly affected by MW radiation exposure. For blood morphology, neutrophils exhibited an alteration in the cell where degradation of cytoplasm was observed, while lymphocyte, monocyte, basophil and eosinophil were found to be normal after exposure. In summary, exposure to MW radiation affects several haematological parameters and morphological changes which may pose deleterious negative health impacts. --- ## The effect of graphic cigarette warning labels on smoking reaction among university students in Selangor, Malaysia **Authors:** Masyita Mamot, Muhammad Rashdan Mahmud, Jamel Othman **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1753 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Behavioural reactions, Cigarette smoking, Cigarette warning label, Cognitive reactions, Graphic university students, Warning salience Substantial literature revealed that graphic tobacco warnings are effective in assisting smoking cessation. However, there is limited evidence among university students in Malaysia. This research was designed to assess the effect of graphic cigarette warning labels on warning salience, cognitive and behavioural reaction among university students. A survey was conducted among 300 UniKL MFI male students. Respondents were assessed on smoking habits, knowledge and responses towards graphic cigarette warning. This research found that graphic warnings had impacted the smokers on the label salience (61%). However, the graphics label least impacted the cognitive reaction and intention to quit. This indicated that graphic warning labels failed to influence the smokers to forgo cigarettes and avoid the warning label (91% and 75% respectively). In contrast, smokers who were aware of the health risk as well as having the intention to quit smoking increased statistically the odds of noticing and reading the label (odds ratio [OR]=17.232; 95% CI=5.496–54.028) and behavioural reaction of forgoing cigarettes and avoiding the warning label (OR=16.528, CI=3.087–38.494). The finding has clearly shown that creating awareness of the health risks of smoking yield positive results in pictorial warning label salience and behavioural reactions towards the warning label. --- ## Predictors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders of neck and shoulders among nurses **Authors:** Nur Azma Amin, Quek Kia Fatt, Jennifer Oxley, Izuddin Fahmy Abu, Noah RM, Rusli Nordin **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1752 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Emotional distress, Nurse, Psychosocial, WRMSD Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) in the neck or shoulders are common occupational health problems among nursing professionals. This study aimed to identify potential predictors of WRMSD in neck and shoulders, namely workplace condition, emotional distress and work engagement, among Malaysian nurses in public hospitals. A cross-sectional study was conducted among female nurses working in public hospitals around Klang Valley, Malaysia. Predictors of WRMSD in the neck and shoulders were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis. A total of 550 out of 660 nurses returned the questionnaire (83.3% response rate). However, the analysis was based on 376 nurses who reverted with completely answered questionnaires. 73.1% of nurses suffered from WRMSD in at least one site in the past 12 months. Of these, 48.9%, 36.9% and 55.6% reported symptoms in the neck alone, shoulders alone and any of these regions respectively. When all significant predictors (p<0.10) were simultaneously included in the final model, the odds of WRMSD in neck or shoulders were higher among nurses perceiving high physical demand (AOR: 1.18, 95% CI 1.02-1.30) and high psychological job demand (AOR: 1.08, 95%CI 1.01-1.15). Anxious and stressful nursing personnel possess 22.6% and 11.6% greater odds of WRMSD in neck or shoulders in comparison to nurses without the symptoms. Married nurses were also at higher odds (AOR: 2.12, 95% CI 1.27-3.55), whereas being engaged to work, significantly reduced the risk of WRMSD in any of the areas. This study indicated that the neck or shoulders WRMSD are prevalent among nurses. Psychological job demand, physical demand, anxiety and stress were the significant predictors of WRMSD in the studied anatomical areas. --- ## Quantitative Paper-based Detection of Male Fertility Biomarkers **Authors:** Suzanah Abdul-Rahman, Syazana Mohamad Zahri, Zafri Azran Abdul Majid, Nur Amalina Ahmad, Nadia Hanis Abdul Samat, Afif Raihan Abdullah **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1732 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biosensor, Corticosterone, Male Infertility, Paper-based Lateral Flow Assay, RGB Values, Smartphone Application, Testosterone, Thymoquinone Male infertility is a reproductive disorder culminating from hormonal imbalances which may be caused by stress and use of health supplements. Invasive diagnostic tests and privacy issues have relatively deterred men from seeking infertility treatment. A rapid and reliable test using non-invasive samples is sought to observe the reproductive effects of subchronic thymoquinone administration and prolonged artificial light exposure to rats. Detection of testosterone as the male fertility biomarker from non-invasive samples was employed using adult male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with thymoquinone or exposed to 24-hours artificial light. All interventions were given within a 56 days period and sampling of blood, saliva and urine was performed at day 0 and day 56. Testosterone and corticosterone levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sperm analysis parameters subsequent to testes harvest at day 56 were measured and followed by a histological assessment. Paper-based lateral flow assay (PLFA) strip was developed based on the colour change from the antigen-antibody reaction on pa- per reflecting testosterone levels from urine samples. The colour change was recorded using a smartphone camera by an application that captures the RGB colour value. This study demonstrated that 30 mg/kg subchronic thymoquinone supplementation can reduce testosterone levels thus possibly affecting fertility. Meanwhile, the 24-hour light exposure showed significant effects on testosterone but not corticosterone levels compared to controls. The testosterone level assessment using the PLFA produced comparable data with ELISA results. This sensor holds potential to increase patient compliance with sampling by using non-invasive samples to test infertility in men. --- ## An ergonomic assessment of musculoskeletal disorders among airport bag handlers: A case study in Malaysia **Authors:** Vishnu Ganesan, Ahmad Shakir Mohd Saudi, Arvind Balakrishnan, Nur Zahidah Shafii, Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin, Mohamed Zul Fadhli Khairuddin, Nur Azma Amin, Izuddin Fahmy Abu, Ilyas Syafiq Darul Ridzuan **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1746 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** The flight baggage handler, Musculoskeletal disorder, Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, Occupational health Flight baggage handlers are highly exposed to risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders. It is a grave issue that needs to be highlighted since the aviation industry in Malaysia is continuously growing to support ongoing demand. Hence it is imperative to have an efficient working practice to smooth the entire airline operation. This study aimed to i) identify an association between heavy lifting with musculoskeletal disorders among flight baggage handlers; and ii) determine the association between age with lower back pain prevalence among flight baggage handlers. The data were collected using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), daily observation and informal interviews. Findings of this study demonstrated that the majority of bag handlers in the study area suffer from musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) problem caused by their daily routine work. The most affected body parts of these workers are lower back, upper arm and shoulder whereby more than 60% of the workers have reported suffering from MSD symptoms in these body parts. It is evident from this study that the prevalence of MSDs among airport baggage handlers is high. Thus an effective MSD prevention is highly essential. Prevention of MSD in the workplace requires a strong commitment between the employer and employees within an organisation. The employer is fully responsible in providing a safe workplace, a sound ergonomic principle and proper training on health and safety for all employees. --- ## Improvement of kidney histological morphology in nephrotoxic paracetamol-induced rats by Cassia alata treatment **Authors:** Izuddin Fahmy Abu, Aflah Che Mat, Musfirah Zulkifli, Norsham Juliana, Mohamad Haiqal Nizar Mohamad **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1730 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acetaminophen toxicity, Cassia alata, Kidney damage, Nephrotoxicity, Paracetamol overdose Widely used as antipyretics to reduce fever and relieve pain, paracetamol has also been consumed excessively as a means to commit suicide and the incidence is alarming. Paracetamol toxicity as a result of overdose may result in hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. This study was aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of Cassia alata leaf aqueous extract on protecting and improving kidney morphology of rats exposed to an overdose of paracetamol. 25 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into five groups: (i) negative control group with standard diet; (ii) positive control group induced with paracetamol toxicity at a dose of 3000 mg/kg rat body weight; (iii) paracetamol-induced (3000 mg/kg) followed by Cassia alata (200 mg/kg) treatment for 21 days; (iv) 21 days treatment of Cassia alata (200 g/kg) followed by paracetamol-induced (3000 mg/kg); and (v) 21 days supplementation of Cassia alata extract only. The rats were sacrificed after treatment is completed to harvest the kidney organ for histological examination via hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The kidney of positive control rats induced with overdosage of paracetamol demonstrated damaged glomeruli, dilated tubules and endothelial rupture in a capsule. All groups treated with Cassia alata showed improvement in the histological features of kidney morphology, the size of the glomerulus, and the ratio of normal versus damaged glomerulus compared to paracetamol-induced rats. This study concluded that Cassia alata aqueous extract with a dosage of 200 mg/kg are capable to improve kidney morphology damaged by exposure to paracetamol overdose toxicity. --- ## Measuring hand hygiene practice: Comparison between self-reported and direct observation among food truck vendors in Klang Valley, Malaysia **Authors:** Masyita Mamot, Noor Suhaida Ali Khairuddin **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1750 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Direct observation, Food safety, Food hygiene, Food truck vendors, Hand hygiene, Self-reported questionnaire Contamination of food by food handlers contributes to vast food outbreaks due to the transmission of pathogens from the food handlers' hands. Thus, hand hygiene is a great manner to reduce the infections from harmful pathogens. The aims of this study were to assess the hand hygiene practice among food truck vendors based on a self-reported questionnaire and direct observation. A cross-sectional study was conducted among food truck vendors at Klang Valley. The self-reported questionnaire and direct observation were used to identify the hand hygiene practice and the significant difference of outcomes between these two instruments. Cohen kappa reveals a poor agreement between self–reported questionnaire and direct observation on hand hygiene practice among respondents. The mean difference on hand hygiene practices for the self-reported questionnaire and direct observation among the food handlers were 17.77±3.15 and 11.45±3.00 respectively, where a significant difference was observed (p=0.003). The results revealed that over-reporting errors should be considered when analyzing and interpreting the data derived from the self-reported survey. The outcome also indicated that food safety education and enforcement is necessary for promoting food safety practice. --- ## Effects of respiratory syncytial virus infection on the levels of host translational initiation factors **Authors:** Azimah Abdul-Wahab, Rusydatul Nabila Mahmad-Rusli, Manraj Singh Cheema **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1729 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** eIF4A, eIF4E, eIF4F, eIF4G, Respiratory syncytial Virus, Translational initiation factors Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory infection primarily in children. Presently, there are no effective vaccines available whereas current treatments are only limited to relieve the signs and symptoms. Currently, the development of RSV antivirals and vaccines are much more focused on viral attachment and RNA transcription and few information are produced on the effect of RSV infection on host translation initiation factors. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse the level of translational initiation factors (eIF4A, eIF4E, eIF4G) in RSV-infected cells, in which they play a major role as the translation control target. Time course infection study was carried out at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 hours at Multiplicity of Infection 1 (MOI 1) to determine virus growth curve and level of host proteins. Findings of the study demonstrated that the virus particles were detected in the supernatant as early as 12 hours post infection (hpi) and the titre was found to increase drastically after 48 hpi before reaching the highest concentration at 72 hpi. However, RSV titre started to reduce both out-cellular and in-cellular between 96 hpi to 108 hpi, due to the latent period of RSV infection. In addition, eIF4G and eIF4E levels were found to be maintained throughout the infection. However, eIF4A levels decreased during early infection before increased at a later stage of infection. This finding shows that the eIF4G and eIF4E are probably required in synthesizing the viral proteins. The reduction of eIF4A level, however, primarily suggests that this helicase factor might be very crucial in the early stage of the RSV replication. --- ## Prevalence of CD36 Deficiency on Platelet among Malay, Chinese and Indian Blood Donor in National Blood Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia **Authors:** Mohd Ismail Armawai, Nurul Munira Yahya, Norhafizah Ahmad, Norhaida Che Azmi **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1743 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** CD36, Immune thrombocytopenia, MAIPA, Platelet immunofluorescence test CD36 is an isoantigens found on blood’s platelet and monocyte. The gene for this protein is located on chromosome 7 q11.2. The frequency of CD36 negative individual is reported to occur mostly among Asians and Africans. Thus, an anti-CD36 antibody which is responsible for platelet immune-mediated thrombocytopenia could develop in CD36 negative individual among Asians. As to date, there is no prevalence data on CD36 negative individuals among Malay, Chinese and Indian population in Malaysia. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of CD36 negative platelet among Malay, Chinese and Indian population in Malaysia. In addition, the objective of this study also to emphasize the inclusion of anti-CD36 human platelet antibody into existing laboratory test of monoclonal antibody immobilize platelet antigen (MAIPA). Blood samples were collected in EDTA tube, then platelet-rich plasma was isolated followed by platelet immunofluorescence test (PIFT) using standard laboratory procedure. Platelet was prepared by washing with phosphate buffered saline and then incubated with CD36-FITC conjugated antibody clone FA6.152 for the detection of CD36 antigen. Flow cytometry technique was performed to measure CD36 antigen on the platelet membrane via FACS calibur™ analyzer, and the results were analyzed via BD CellQuest™ Pro software. Findings of this study observed that CD36 negative platelet are present among Malaysians, with the frequencies of 2.5% (5/200) among Malays (p-value<0.001), 3% (3/100) among Chinese (p-value<0.001) and 2% (2/100) among Indians (p-value<0.001). Overall, this preliminary study revealed the prevalence of 2.5% (p-value<0.001) of CD36 negative individuals among Malaysians. Anti-CD36 could be one of the causes of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia among Malaysians. Therefore, further investigation using a larger number of participants will improve the validity of this study. --- ## Comparative profiling of stemness markers expressed by human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human umbilical cord matrix-derived stem cells **Authors:** Abdul-Rahman Hayati, Adzman Sellymiah , Kien-Hui Chua, Raman-Nur Fatin Aqilah, Geok-Chin Tan, Simat-Siti Fatimah, Yun-Hsuen Lim, Rahim-Nur Syahrina, Mohd-Manzor Nur Fariha **Published:** 2018-06-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9iSPL2.1741 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cell differentiation, Flow cytometry, Ribonucleic acid (RNA), Stem cells, Tissue engineering Mesenchymal stem cells population has been successfully isolated from the matrix and characterised for its stemness properties. Endothelial cells from the vein of the umbilical cord which are usually termed as HUVEC are also of interest to researchers as it can be manipulated in vitro to study endothelial cells behaviour and vascular-associated diseases. Immunophenotyping for positive and negative markers of mesenchymal stem cells was performed on HUVEC and compared to the closest stem cells that were isolated from the umbilical cord matrix which is termed as HUCMSC in this study. The expressions of a set of stemness genes were also detected using qPCR. The results showed that HUVEC strongly expressed hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells markers (CD31, CD34, CD9, CD44, CD73 and CD90) while HUCMSC possess mesenchymal stem cells properties with strong expression of CD9, CD44, CD73 and CD90. Interestingly, the expression of stemness genes is detected higher in HUVEC compared to HUCMSC with possibilities of having neural properties as evidenced by the high expression of FGF4, FZD9, Nestin and SOX2. Thus, it is suggested that HUVEC exhibited some stem cells characteristics and could be further investigated for possible application in research as well as in future cells therapy. --- ## Pilot scale studies on the optimization of DIVA assay for the inactivated whole cell paratuberculosis vaccine **Authors:** Sujata Jayaraman, Kundan Kumar Chaubey, Shoor Vir Singh, Gajendra Kumar Aseri, Mukta Jain, Saurabh Gupta, Manju Singh, Parul Yadav, Neeraj Khare, Deepansh Sharma, Jagdip Singh Sohal **Published:** 2018-05-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1522 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Camptothecin, Carotenoid, Cellulase Enzyme, Extraction, HPLC Paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease is chronic enteritis of domestic ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Paratuberculosis results in substantial losses to livestock industry and is also threat to human health, since MAP has zoonotic concerns with Crohn’s disease. Therefore, control of this disease is priority to governments. However, widely used ‘Test and Cull’ control programs have yielded little or no success and alternate approaches are required to control this disease. Vaccination has shown great promise in managing this disease, but there are regulatory restrictions on use of vaccination due to lack of DIVA tool (differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals). In the present study, we report the development of first serology based DIVA tool for the inactivated paratuberculosis vaccine using unique biomarkers present in the secretome of MAP that are not part of vaccine. --- ## Extraction and partial purification of urease enzyme from Jack fruit **Authors:** Simon Chouhan, Vishnu Priya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2018-05-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1515 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Enzyme Isolation, Jack Fruit, Protein, Purification, Urease Jackfruit (Artrocarpus Heterophyllus) has a place with family Moraceae is a basic piece of normal Indian eating routine. Urease, one of the very productive known catalysts catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into NH3 and carbon dioxide. The present study aimed to extract urease enzyme from jackfruit. The protein extraction was done from jackfruit, after dialysis and precipitation, isolated urease was characterised by determining optimum pH and temperature and finally confirmed by the protein isolation technique, SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. The optimum temperature of urease activity was found to be 40 degree Celsius. The optimum pH of urease activity was found to be 6.9. The molecular weight of partially purified urease is 90 KDa. Thus, urease enzyme isolated from jackfruit source showed potential activity on physiological functions in human beings. Since plant urease enzyme is used as a vaccine. In future; the study can be extended in purifying the enzyme and it can be used for clinical aspects. --- ## The health effects of green tea – A survey **Authors:** Nadhirah Faiz, Vishnu Priya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2018-05-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1511 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Green Tea, Polyphenols, Catechins, Antioxidant Green tea is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide. This beverage has so many health benefits which is known to all, it will reduce the number of diseased individuals drastically. A survey was conducted based on the benefits of green tea to the general public of Chennai. A sample size of 150 was taken and the data was statistically analysed. From the survey, we analyse that only 14% consume green tea, less than 50% of the participants were aware of green tea’s health benefits. Green tea consumption improves the antioxidants levels and removes the toxins from the body. The active phytoconstituents present in the green tea protects the people from many chronic diseases and it increases the life span of the human beings. Participants have to be made more aware of the health benefits of green tea. Such awareness can be created by educating people at a younger age at school levels, by advertisements, media and by placing catchy posters in public places. --- ## Extraction and partial purification of lipase from coconut seeds **Authors:** Subashri A, Vishnu Priya V, Gayathri Rengasamy **Published:** 2018-05-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1516 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coconut, Extraction, Lipase, Purification, SDS-PA Lipases are widespread in nature and have been largely found in animals, higher plants and microorganisms. Lipase is the main enzyme that breaks down dietary fats in the human digestive system, converts triglyceride substrates found in ingested oils to monoglycerides and two fatty acids. Lipase was extracted from dried coconut and characterization of the enzyme was studied. The lipase extracted from the coconut was found to have optimum pH and temperature of 7.5 and 35°C respectively. Lipase is an enzyme which is economical and can be easily extracted from natural sources at low cost. It also has a wide application in various industries and is very much in need of current lifestyle. Therefore, in the present study, lipase enzyme was extracted from coconut and enzyme activity was measure at various temperature and pH condition and the exact molecular weight of the enzyme was determined using SDS-PAGE technique. Furthermore, studies can be conducted to attain its complete application in various field. --- ## An Overview of Filamentous Bacteriophages for Phage display and its potential clinical applications **Authors:** Dhawan Samriti **Published:** 2018-05-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1498 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Filamentous, Bacteriophage, ssDNA, Phage Display, Biopanning Viruses are a transition between living and non-living organisms. Their biological machinery is tailored in collaborating with cellular organisms to very effectively reproduce themselves. This inherent potential of hi jacking the transcription and translation machinery of the cell, and picking up and moving about DNA from the organisms with which they interact is exploited by the biologists. Bacteriophage is a kingdom of viruses that infect bacteria, and filamentous bacteriophages which are made up of long, thin filaments containing a circular single-stranded DNA genome which reproduce without killing the host, belong to genus Inovirus. This review article is an overview of filamentous bacteriophages, various vectors developed for use in the molecular biology and gene cloning. However, the major emphasis of the review is on their use in phage display technology. Although selection of proteins is the main feature of this technology, it has been modified to be utilized for diverse applications. A comprehensive detail of all the applications is beyond the scope of this review, so recent developments using phage display in cancer diagnosis and therapy are discussed in this article. --- ## Myxobacteria: Producers of Enormous Bioactive Secondary Metabolites **Authors:** Rajanbir Kaur, Arpna Kumari, Ramandeep Kaur, Rajinder Kaur **Published:** 2018-05-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1440 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Myxobacteria, Secondary Metabolites, Antibiotics, Antifungal, Cytotoxic Compounds Myxobacteria are of great interest due to their unique social lifestyle and as potential producer of many useful and novel bioactive secondary metabolites. Their abilities such as gliding motility, predation by producing antibiotics, lytic enzymes and formation of fruiting bodies and myxospores under nutrient deficient conditions makes them unique from other bacteria. In this review article, production of antibacterial, antifungal and agriculturally important metabolites by various myxobacterium strains are discussed. Some cytotoxic compounds produced by them are also discussed which makes them potential producers of cancer chemotherapeutics in near future. --- ## Assessment of nutritional value of rice products before and after fermentation **Authors:** Thanish Ahamed S, Vishnu Priya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2018-05-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1514 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fermented Food, Rice, Nutritional Value, Protein, Carbohydrates Fermentation also sometimes increases the nutritional value of the food products. The advantages of maturation of nourishment make them simpler to process, make hazardous substances or unpalatable things eatable and make nourishments more nutritious. The purpose of this study is to assess the nutritional value of rice products before and after fermentation. Rice batter was prepared and an aliquot from the rice batter was made to ferment. Both the unfermented rice batter and fermented rice batter was subjected to further analysis. The two samples were checked for the following biomolecule such as carbohydrate, protein, fat, fibre and calcium content. The energy value of fermented and non-fermented are 134 kcals/g and 130 kcals/g. From the above study we proved that fermentation results in increase of crude fibre, protein and calcium. There was a decrease in fat and carbohydrate value after fermentation which makes the food healthier. The non-fermented rice sample has decreased fibre, protein, calcium and increased carbohydrate and fat content. So as the results conclude those fermented foods are healthier than unfermented food. On a daily basis consumption of fermented rice gives more nutrition and has more energy content as well. --- ## Design and evaluation of Oxiconazole based ethosome for novel drug delivery to the skin **Authors:** Shaik Harun Rasheed, Rama Kotaiah M, Kothapalli Bannoth Chandrasekhar **Published:** 2018-05-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i3.1518 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antifungal, Oxiconazole, Skin Infection, Ethosomes Last few decades the act of regular drug for the wound healing improving in many parts of India depends on the sources such as herbal, semi-synthetic and synthetic medicines. Despite the fact that the pharmaceutical innovation currently has focused on the improvement of nano drug delivery systems such as liposomes, niosomes, nanosomes, ethosomes, dendrimers, nanoparticle etc. This could be a novel approach towards skin mediated drug delivery system. An attempt was made to formulate highly effectual oxiconazole gel. In this current work oxiconazole, loaded ethosomes were formulated in the form of a gel for the treatment for the skin infection. The preformulation study confirms low interparticle friction between the drug and polymers with better flow property. FTIR and DSC analysis confirm that there is no prominent chemical reaction between oxiconazole and polymers. Ethosomes has been prepared by using the injection method by introducing semi-synthetic and natural polymers. The prepared ethosomes are in the range of micrometre and found as spherical confirmed by TEM and SEM analysis. The smaller size of the particle and polyethene glycol plays an important role to enhance the skin penetration. Evaluation study (such as drug entrapment efficiency, percentage yield, drug content, pH, viscosity and spreadability) for ethosomes has been carried out and found optimum as per the IP. Formulation E16 has shown a better result in sustaining the oxiconazole as 93% in 12h. The kinetic release study follows non-fickian behaviour. --- ## Prevalence of social phobia among nursing college students **Authors:** Alya Khudhair Abbas, Mustafa Naim Abdullh, Buthaina Shaheed Yaser **Published:** 2018-05-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1508 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Prevalence, Social Phobia, Nursing College Students The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of the social phobia among nursing college students and determine the relationship between their demographic characteristics and social phobia. A descriptive analytic study was carried throughout the present study to determine the prevalence of social phobia among nursing college students in Al-Qadisiyah University during the period from April 1stto December 1st, 2017. A study sample disproportional stratified sample of 100 students, 25 students from each stage were included in the study. the result revealed that the indicate equal between male and female (50%), the study results are (55%) that are (19-24) years within age groups. Regarding residence of study sample that the majority are urban (63%), and most of the study sample are single (94%). The study results that the reveal stage or grade are equal (25%). study results that indicate for all evaluation for responses that majority of the study sample are high social phobia (62%). Also, the study results showed that the social phobia is high among nursing college students and there is a relationship between the social phobia and the student's age, marital status, and stage. The study concludes the study concludes that the nursing college students are highly affected by social phobia and the majority of that effect present during the first and second stage, while it decreased at the third and fourth stage. In addition, the students' age and marital status play an important role in determining the social phobia. --- ## Comparative phytochemical analysis and total phenolic content in citrus fruit peel (Citrus sinensis and Citrus limon) **Authors:** Shamaa Anjum, Vishnu Priya V, Gayathri Rengasamy **Published:** 2018-05-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1518 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial, Anticancerous, Citrus Fruits, Phytochemical Analysis, Phenolic Content Plants are valuable source of natural products for maintaining health in human beings. Phytochemicals present in plant extracts have potential antioxidant, antimicrobial properties which may be useful in therapeutic applications. This study aims to compare and analyse the phytochemicals and estimate the phenolic content in two varieties citrus fruit peel namely sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and lemon (Citrus limon). The peels of Citrus sinensis and Citrus limon were collected and the total phenolic content was calculated using Follin ciolcaletu’s reagent. The phytochemicals such as phylobatannins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids were present in the citrus fruit peels extract. The amount of terpenoids was found in greater amount in lemon peel than in orange peel. It was also found that alkaloids were present in greater amount than the other phytochemicals in orange and lemon peel. Preliminary photochemical analysis and estimation of total phenolic content was done in Citrus fruit peel. Thus, it is established that orange and lemon peel can be used medicinally for their antibacterial and anti cancerous activities due to the presence of significant amount of alkaloids in them. --- ## Cytotoxicity potential of flaxseed oil on oral cancer cell lines **Authors:** Reethega V, Vishnu Priya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2018-05-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1513 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alpha Linolenic Acid, Cytotoxicity, Flax Seed Oil, MTT, Oral Cancer Flax seed, one of the oldest crops is a potential dietary supplement for healthy lifestyle. It is a very nutritious food that is rich in omega 3 fatty acids than any other plant source. It contains lignans which is a potential component in reducing tumorous growth effectively. To prove the cytotoxicity of flax seed oil on oral cancer cell lines, this study was conducted on KB cells, oral cancer cell lines. Flax seed oil is the main material for study and certain salts and chemicals are used for the cell viability assays. The cell viability assays used was the MTT assay and neutral red incorporation assay. The cell viability assays are done and the results showed the cytotoxicity of flax seed oil on the oral cancer cell lines. Hence, it can be used as a biomedicine against cancer which can reduce the adverse effects of cancer treatment and prove to be a life saving drug for oral cancer suffering people which can help many in the future. --- ## Comparative phytochemical analysis and total phenolic content of indigenous spices **Authors:** Mohamed Thamemul Ansari KA, Vishnu Priya V, Gayathri Rengasamy **Published:** 2018-05-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1517 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coriander, Indigenous Spices, Phenolic Content, Phytochemicals, Terpenoids The necessity of culinary herbs in human life, spices plays a major role as they are versatile in feature. Indigenous spices, the spices which is cultivated and developed naturally in its own place (India). This current research was to compare and analyse the phytochemical and total phenolic content of indigenous spices. The major indigenous spices which we are using in day to day life such as Elletaria cardamomum (cardamom), Cinnamomum vernum (Cinnamon), Cuminum cyminum (Cumin), Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek), Coraindrum sativum (Corainder). The phytochemical analysis tests such as test for carbohydrates, flavanoids, alkaloids and terpenoids were done using the extract of above mentioned spices. The phenolic content was measured using folin ciolcaletu’s reagent. The phytochemicals such as phylobattaninns, carbohydrates, flavanoids, alkaloids and terpenoids were present in the collected indigenous spices. The comparative phytochemical analysis and total phenolic content of selected indigenous spices was found and its uses were compared. --- ## Paleo Diet – A Review **Authors:** Nihal Sachdev, Vishnu Priya V, Gayathri Rengasamy **Published:** 2018-05-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1512 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Agriculture, Diet, Neolithic Revolution, Palaeolithic Era The paleolithic diet is a modern diet consumed by humans during Paleolithic era. The paleo diet includes foods such as vegetables, fruits, nuts, roots and meat and excludes dairy products, grains, sugar, legumes, processed oils, salt, alcohol or coffee. The Paleo diet is based on avoiding processed foods, but rather the foods that humans began eating according to settled agriculture. This Paleo diet is promoted across the world as a way of improving health of human beings and decreasing the diseases that spreads due to various risk factors. Evidences proves that this diet may lead to improvements in physiologic functions and metabolic effects compared with diets recommended by national nutritional guidelines. There is lots of controversy surrounding this diet and hence, more research and awareness into the specificities of the diet should be done. In this current era, we should bring back the paleo diet in trends and to create the awareness among the people across the world. --- ## A novel stability indicating method development and validation for the simultaneous estimation of Velpatasvir & Sofosbuvir in bulk and its pharmaceutical formulations **Authors:** Harshalatha P, Chandrasekhar KB, Chandrasekhar MV **Published:** 2018-05-30 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1563 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Velpatasvir, Sofosbuvir, Sodium Dihydrogen Orthophosphate, Validation A simple and rapid RP–HPLC method, for the simultaneous determination of Velpatasvir and Sofosbuvir, was developed in bulk and its tablet dosage form. Separation was performed on a Water’s C18 4.6 mm × 15 cm, five μm particle column at ambient temperature. The mobile phase consisted of Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer (pH 4.2, adjusted with OPA) and ACN in the ratio of 85:15 v/v at a flow rate of 1ml/min. Both the analytes were determined using a photodiode array at 292 nm. The retention time of Velpatasvir and Sofosbuvir was found to be 2.89 and 3.84 min, respectively. The validation of the proposed method was carried out for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation and robustness. The linear dynamic ranges were from 32.5 – 97.5 µg/ml and 125 – 375 µg/ml for Velpatasvir and Sofosbuvir, respectively. The percentage recovery obtained for Velpatasvir and Sofosbuvir was 99.53 and 100.26%, respectively. Limit of detection and quantification for Velpatasvir were 0.0068 and 0.029 µg/ml, for Sofosbuvir 0.104 and 0.347 µg/ml, respectively. The developed method can be used for routine quality control analysis of titled drugs in combination in tablet formulation. --- ## The level of pharmacological culture among students of the Faculty of Education **Authors:** Wijdan Nader Oudah, Buthaynah Shaheed Yaser, Feryal Ali Hamzah, Hadi Katfan Shoun **Published:** 2018-05-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1505 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pharmacological Level, Culture, Student In light of the scientific progress and rapid technological development in the field of health and scientific discoveries and the production of many kinds of pharmaceuticals and chemicals, so there is an urgent need for quality in how to use the medicine and its benefits and effects and how to use so as not to become a dangerous threat to the health of the individual, which negatively affects the progress of the state and its development. All aspects of this study were to identify the level of pharmacological culture among students as well as to detect the significance of cultural differences in the students of the Faculty of Education according to the gender variable (male, female) and also the objectives of detecting the significance of differences of the international culture Faculty of Education according to specialization (scientific, human). In order to achieve the objectives of the research, a tool was developed to measure the level of the drug culture. This study adopted a measurement and after exposure to a group of 100 students for the academic year 2016-2017 from the period 25-5-2016 - 27-5-2016. The results were in favor of scientific specialization. Based on these results, the researchers presented recommendations and recommendations, including the subject of culture And the dissemination of awareness among the students through the establishment of symphonies, workshops and cultural seminars on the importance of medicine and its effects on the human and activating the role of the media as it plays a significant role in the dissemination of pharmaceutical culture between the purchase of the community and the most important proposals is a study on the pharmaceutical culture on the slides and other stages of study. --- ## Anticancer activity of unexplored species of Atuna **Authors:** Sayyid Fasal Jassim VT, Gopal V **Published:** 2018-05-20 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1509 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atuna indica, Atuna travancorica, MTT, DPPH Assay The present study is the first report of the anticancer activity of the wild plants Atuna indica (Bedd.) Kosterm and Atuna travancorica(Bedd.) Kosterm from Western Ghats, India. Different plant parts of Atuna indica (leaves and flowers) and Atuna travancorica (leaves) were collected, chopped, shade dried and extracted in ethanol by maceration process and evaporated to dryness with the use of rotary evaporator. The ethanol extracts of the test plant parts of the two species were subjected to the anticancer therapeutic nature with the help of In vitro cytotoxicity studies using Dalton’s Lymphoma ascites (DLA) and K562 Cell Line through Trypan blue dye exclusion and MTT assay methods. Similarly, antioxidant activity evaluation was done by DPPH Assay of the two species to strengthen the anticancer therapeutic findings obtained. The results suggested that the plant parts such as the leaves of the two species possess anticancer activity; in particular leaves of A. travancorica shows prominent anticancer activity when compared with the other parts of the two species examined. --- ## Dose specification of Dopamine agonist, pergoline: Treatment in a cohort of subfertile Iraqi women with asymptomatic hyperprolactinemia: A prospective study **Authors:** Sinaa Abdul Amir Kadhim, Buthainah Abbas Farhan, Shaimaa Abdul Ameer Kadhum **Published:** 2018-05-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1499 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pergoline, Ovarian Follicles, Subfertile Women, Prolactin Infertility is an important problem experienced by a significant proportion of couples in the population. Hyperprolactinemia is a key finding in a subset of women with primary and secondary infertility. Pergoline has been investigated by many authors to reduce serum prolactin and to increase ovarian follicle size; however, significant controversy is present in the available literature to justify conductance of the present study. This study was aimed to evaluate the role of pergoline treatment in a subset of subfertile Iraqi women on both ovarian follicle size and serum prolactin level. The current study involved 60 subfertile women who were treated with pergoline at a dose of 2.5 mg every 3 days for 8 weeks. Baseline estimation of serum prolactin and ovarian follicle size at luteal phase was performed and the second reading of these variables was conducted 8 weeks after treatment. The study was carried out in Al-Diwaniyah maternity and child teaching hospital in Al-Diwaniyah province, Iraq. The study was started at August 2016 and extended through January 2018. The results revealed that after 8 weeks from regular treatment with pergoline, serum prolactin was highly significantly reduced from 64 (45) ng/ml to 30.4 (24) ng/ml (P <0.001). In addition, it was found that the follicle size was highly significantly increased from 10 (2) mm to 17.5 (4.75) mm (P<0.001). It has been concluded that pergoline is an effective mode of treatment to treat subfertile women with asymptomatic hyperprolactinemia and to increase the size of growing ovarian follicles. --- ## Evaluation of anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and sun protective property of butanolic extracts of peel of fruit of Musa paradisiaca **Authors:** Madhuri D, Nagarajan G, Bhasker Babu N **Published:** 2018-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1495 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Peel, Sun Protective The extract was obtained by using the peel of the ripe banana fruit (Musa paradisiaca). The alcohol extract was prepared by homogenization and allowing to react for at least 48-72 hrs by using normal butanol, butanol with acidic and basic conditions. The entire slurry was filtered. The butanolic extract of peel of Musa paradisiaca (BEPMP) was used and tested for antimicrobial activity and sun protective activity (in vitro). Also a BEPMP obtained by soxhlation using n-butanol for 3 hrs and the BEPMP was used for the anti-microbial activity and sun protective activity. Each BEPMP was evaporated to 2 ml and tested for antimicrobial and sun protective activity using suitable techniques. The BEPMP obtained by maceration and soxhlation methods were found to show antimicrobial and sun protective activity. The BEPMP was tested in a spectrophotometer as UVA (400-315nm) and UVB (315-280nm) effects are short lived and reversible, these effects include sunburn and tanning. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate peel BEPMP with regard to UV absorption spectra in view of a possible anti solar agents. The BEPMP obtained by different methods showed λmax of 370nm with an optical density of 1.98 and 2.24 respectively which showed the antioxidant activity and photoprotective activity due to the presence of phenolics. --- ## Hypolipidemic and antioxidant potential of hydroalcholic leaf extract of Talinum portulacifolium against Triton WR-1339 induced dyslipidemia in experimental animals **Authors:** Prasanthi K, Indira Muzib Y, Venkateswarlu M **Published:** 2018-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1494 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Talinum portulacifolium, Hypolipidemic Activity, Lipid Profile, Atherogenic Index, Triton Talinum portulacifolium which is known as water plant is traditionally used for its various properties and hence in present study hydroalcoholic extract of plant leaves has been screened for its hypolipidemic activity. Hyperlipidemia is a highly prognostic risk factor for atherosclerosis, coronary artery diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. Triton WR-1339, a non ionic surfactant has been widely used to produce acute dyslipidemia in animal models in order to screen hypolipidemic activity of the extract and serum levels of various biochemical parameters such as total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and HDL cholesterol and atherogenic index were determined. The animals are grouped into normal, Triton treated group, Triton + Standard, Triton + herb extract (200mg/kg) and Triton + herb extract (400mg/kg). The plant extract showed significant hypolipidemic effect by lowering all biochemical parameters and increases HDL cholesterol levels. These biochemical observations are also confirmed by Histopathological examination of liver. The plant extract also showed good antioxidant potential by increasing SOD, CAT, GSH and decreasing lipid peroxidation. --- ## Induction of apoptosis by Aaptos sp., fractions in human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 **Authors:** Gul-e- Saba , Murni Islamiah, Noraznawati Ismail, Habsah Mohamad, Yeong Yik Sung, Tengku Sifzizul Tengku Muhammad **Published:** 2018-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1469 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast Cancer, Aaptos sp., Apoptosis, Annexin V, DNA Fragmentation, MCF-7 Breast cancer is a malignant tumor with the highest incidence among women. Reduced chemotherapeutic efficacy of current anticancer drugs result in further screened for novel alternative chemotherapeutic agents of natural origin. Marine secondary metabolites are promising sources of unexploited drugs that have a wide structural diversity and have shown a variety of biological activities. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic effects and mode of cell death exerted by three fractions, F-1, F-2 and F-3 fractions prepared from Aaptos sp., marine sponge on human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. The three fractions produced potent cytotoxicity effects with IC50 values at 72 hr of less than 30 μg/ml in the order of F-1 > F-2 > F-3. MCF-7 cell death exerted by the fraction was found to be mediated by apoptosis based on the exposure of phosphatidylserine and presence of DNA fragmentation in treated cells. Therefore, bioactive compounds present in these fractions are responsible in inducing apoptosis and thus, possessed potential to be candidates for chemotherapeutic drugs. --- ## Synthesis, Characterization, In Silico prediction and Anti-microbial evaluation of 2-Substituted Benzimidazole Derived Mannich bases **Authors:** Vinoth Kumar S, Senthilkumar R, Jothimanivannan C, Abdul Lathiff MKM, Kiran K **Published:** 2018-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1496 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Benzimidazoles, Thin Layer Chromatography, O-Phenylene Diamine, Tetracycline, Fluconazole Benzimidazoles and its derivatives are most prominent biological active compounds in nature. Mannich reaction is one of the versatile reaction used in synthetic tools, Substituted Benzimidazole prepared from condensation between various acids and ortho phenylene diamine followed by reacting with secondary amine. The synthesized molecules were in substantial yield and characterized by physiochemically, IR, 1H-NMR spectral data and in silico prediction. All the values of the synthesized benzimidazole derivatives were found to be in compliance with standard values stated according to the Lipinski’s rule of five. The synthesized compounds were screened with antibacterial activity by standard tetracycline and antifungal activity was determined using standard fluconazole. The results shown significant inhibitory activity against the microbes with the 200 mcg/ml which produce 100% inhibition. Over the series 5D (a) and (b) shown good antibacterial and antifungal effect. --- ## Effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis aqueous extract on behavioural changes and antioxidants in stress induced rats **Authors:** Yuvaraj Babu K, Saraswathi P, Vijayaraghavan R, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Vishnu Priya V **Published:** 2018-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1480 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Behavioural Study, C. pluricaulis, Antioxidant Enzymes, Neuroprotection Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis) helps to prevent memory loss and it is a wonderful neurotonic. Previous studies support the fact that chronic stress in brain causes alterations in cognitive functions. The present study evaluated the effects of aqueous extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis on forced swimming cold stress induced rats. Spatial and locomotor activity was evaluated by Morris Water Maze to observe behavioral changes of rats. Stress increased escape latencies (acquisition) in Morris Water Maze test after 60 days induction. Posttreatment with AECP (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg/day) orally for 30 days, reduced the induced cognitive defects in the Morris Water Maze test. The serum antioxidant enzymes Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione (GSH) concentration were significantly decreased in cold stress induced groups when compared with controls. The AECP treated rats showed neuroprotective effects, ameliorates the cognitive disability and associated biochemical changes in brain in experimental cold water stress model. --- ## Phytoconstituents and biological screening of aqueous extracts of Phyla nodiflora Linn. **Authors:** Abdul Lathiff MKM, Jothi Manivannan C, Vinoth Kumar S **Published:** 2018-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1497 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Phyla nodiflora Linn, Verbenaceae, Diuretic, Flavonoids The aqueous extracts of dried roots and leaf, stem and flower parts of Phyla nodiflora Linn were subject for the preliminary Phytoconstituents analysis and ascertained that the plant possesses Glycosides, alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, flavanoids, saponins, phytosterols and Terpenoids. Analgesic activities of the aqueous plant extracts of Phyla nodiflora Linn were assessed using acetic acid developed writhing peripheral analgesic method and hot plate central analgesic method in the mice. Both of the extracts showed significant peripheral and central analgesic activity. But the aerial parts of the extracts have shown more analgesic activity than root of the plant. The crude plant extracts and their solvent soluble fractions were subjected to antibacterial evaluation against four different bacteria Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The result of anti bacterial screening revealed that aqueous extract failed to inhibit Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. --- ## Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - Linked with X chromosome? An epidemiological study **Authors:** Gunjan Sharma, Umama Ashhar Md, Kanika Sharma, Eyad Mokayad, Prem Kapur, Manju Sharma **Published:** 2018-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1472 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes Mellitus, Drug Utilization, Epidemiology, Hypoglycemic Agents, Patient Adherence T2 DM is emerging as a constant threat globally. It has more scope of development in developing countries like India. The objective of this study is to determine the drug utilization patterns and outcomes of treatment in terms of metabolic control in type 2 diabetics’ patients, on oral hypoglycemic agent in the OPD, HAHC hospital in south Delhi, India. Patients with established type 2 diabetes (n=174) visiting the outpatient department were interviewed using a structured questionnaire over a period of 4 months. Results showed that prevalence of T2DM found to be more in female most of them from low cast as they are under poverty and low education Majority of patients in this setting were treated with a multiple oral hypoglycemic agent. The most commonly prescribed hypoglycemic agent was biguanides (metformin) insulin sulfonylureas (glimepiride), thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone), alpha-glycosidase inhibitor (miglitol) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (sitagliptin). Whereas, the most prescribed combination was insulin + metformin. This study concludes that there is utmost need of patient education and focuses on patient counselling to enhance the patient’s compliance for prescribed hypoglycemic agents and concomitant drug. There is a constant need for diet control and blood glucose and HbA1c monitoring. Metabolic control was found to be poor in the study population. Clinical monitoring of patients adherence to prescribed medicine to achieve good glycemic control is recommended. Measures should be taken to improve patient's adherence to the prescribed treatment. --- ## The long-term result of partial arthroscopic meniscectomy in a traumatic meniscus tear **Authors:** Ihsan Asalman, Iskandar Mahdi Alardi **Published:** 2018-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1481 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Arthroscopy, Long-Term Results, Partial Meniscectomy Since the introduction of therapeutic arthroscopy, by Oconnor, arthroscopic partial meniscectomy or meniscus repair become the golden stander treatment of meniscus tear, whenever possible, which allow preservation of normal or near normal meniscus function to avoid or reduce the risk of osteoarthritis of the knee joint, that might develop after complete meniscus removal. This study was aimed to evaluate the long-term functional and radiological results of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. The present cross-sectional study was carried out in Al-Diwaniyah teaching hospital, orthopedic department. The study included 75 patients, 54 male patients and 21 female patients, known to undergo arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for isolated traumatic meniscus tear (6-7) years ago. The age range of the examined patients was 21 to 40 years. All patients were clinically assessed, according to Tapper and Hoover knee score scale and Lysholm knee score with a radiological assessment of the knee for early degenerative changes, using Kellgren and Lawrence system. Forty-five (45) patients with the excellent result (60%), eighteen (18) patients with good results (24%), teen (10) patients with fair results (13.33%) and two (2) patients with bad results (2.66%) according to tapper and Hoover scale. According to Lysholm score, the preoperative score was 22 to 70, while at the end of follow up was (92_100). Radiological examination of 48 patients was normal (grade 0), while grade 1 in 27 patients. Partial arthroscopic meniscectomy still gives excellent to good results on long-term, in otherwise stable knee without cartilage damage. --- ## Antistress potential of Convolvulus pluricaulis choisy in chronic cold swimming stress rat model **Authors:** Yuvaraj Babu K, Saraswathi P, Vijayaraghavan R, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Vishnu Priya V **Published:** 2018-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1479 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti Stress, C. pluricaulis, Cortisol, LPO, Depression People are using this herb Convolvulus pluricaulis choisy for enhancing mind power-learning, memory and recall. Various toxicological evaluations of this herb have suggested that it is a relatively safe compound to treat many diseases. Anti-stress activity of aqueous extract of C. pluricaulis Choisy (Sankhapuspi) (AECP) was investigated against experimentally induced stress in rats using cold water forced swimming stress model in rats. Three doses 100 mg/kg body weight (bw), 150 mg/kg bw and 200 mg/kg bw of AECP was treated orally to the stress induced rats for the evaluation of anti- stress activity. The parameters like body weight measurement, lipid peroxidation and cortisol levels were estimated to determine the anti-stress activity. The stress induced animals post-treated with AECP-100, AECP - 150 and AECP-200 mg/kg bw significantly restored the altered body weight and serum cortisol and lipid peroxidation levels, when compared with stress control group. The results of this research showed that the AECP showed a significant dose-dependent anti-stress activity due to its neuroprotective and antioxidant activity. --- ## The outcome of uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy without drain versus with drain **Authors:** Adel Mosa Ahmed Al-Rekabi, Samer Tareq **Published:** 2018-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1488 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, Complication, Drain One of the most common procedures in our days is the laparoscopic cholecystectomy, is regarded as the best option for the management of gallstones, but the matter of using subhepatic drain or not using it; remain a matter of debate between surgeons. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of drain in uncomplicated cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and its effect in the minimizing the postoperative morbidity. One hundred patients were undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the Diwania Teaching Hospital chosen randomly from the period 1st of October 2014 to the 30 January 2017, fifty patients from them named as group A and they underwent uncomplicated Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with a drain in the right sub hepatic region and the other group which is group B they also underwent uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy but with no drain, a Comparison between the two groups take place to detect the incidence of nausea, vomiting, postoperative pain, hospital stay and the morbidity in these two groups by using a visual analog scale. Nausea and vomiting in the two groups show no considerable differences at the various periods postoperatively; while the hospital stays showing significant differences as well as the postoperative abdominal and shoulder tip pain in the group with drain more than the group without drain. The resignation of using drains in the cases of uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy minimizing the post-operative complication and morbidity. --- ## Antimycobacterial activity of methanol extract from the stem bark of Alangium salvifolium against multi-drug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis **Authors:** Vijayalakshmi A, Ravichandiran V, Anbarasi G, Kinnera A, Vishnu Prakash M, Priyanka M, Priyadharshini K, Sathish Kumar N **Published:** 2018-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1470 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alangium salvifolium, Alangi, Antimycobacterial, Multi Drug Resistant, LRP Assay Tuberculosis (TB) remains the 2nd leading cause of the major infectious disease in humans and causes considerable morbidity worldwide among millions of people every year. The present study aimed to screen the susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to the stem bark of Alangium salvifolium using Luciferase reporter phage assay (LRP). Powdered stem bark of Alangium salvifolium was extracted with methanol, subjected to phytochemical analysis and TLC. Susceptibility of M. tuberculosis was studied by LRP assay at various concentrations (50, 100 and 200 µg/ml). The strains used for the present study are one reference strain M. tuberculosis H37 Rv and 2 clinical isolates one sensitive and the other resistant strain of M. tuberculosis, to Isoniazid, Streptomycin, Ethambutol and Rifampicin. The presence of the phytoconstituents viz., alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides and flavonoids in the methanol extract are confirmed by preliminary phytochemical analysis. TLC analysis of methanol extract showed 12 well separated spots with Rf value ranging from 0.2 to 0.9. Methanol extract of A. salvifolium exhibited maximum antimycobacterial activity at higher concentration (200 µg/ml). The proportion inhibition of methanol extract of A. salvifolium against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain were 53.26%, 82.87% and 94.56% at the concentration of 50, 100 and 200 µg/ml respectively. The tested extract showed good microbial sensitivity against Multi drug resistant (MDR) strains. Further phytochemical analysis and identification of lead molecule(s) based on bioassay guided fractionation from the selected plant could serve as complementary alternative therapy for treating tuberculosis. --- ## Identify the Interleukin-6 gene -597 A/G Polymorphism in Type 2 diabetic patients **Authors:** Haider Abd Jabbar Alammar, Sahar Dakhil Yonis, Zainab A Razak Al-Sharifi **Published:** 2018-05-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1482 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Arthroscopy, Long-Term Results, Partial Meniscectomy Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFa), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are a cytokine which has a role in a metabolic progression which might facilitate diabetes progression. The current study was aimed to investigate the presence of Interleukin-6 gene -597 A/G Polymorphism in blood samples of 64 diabetic and 30 blood samples healthy control in Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq. Using PCR RFLP, the results have shown that IL-6 polymorphism was pronounced in the patients with type 2 diabetes, particularly the genotype AA, GG, and AG and it showed s significant association with sex and age parameter. Also, this study found that the prevalence (Carriage rates) of allele A was is much lower than that in (Carriage rates) allele G in T2DM population compared to healthy population, which is confirmed the previous results. The current data will provide a sight on the role of heterogeneity of cytokine gene in the development of T2DM. Furthermore, these cytokine genes in addition of its variants might be a potential indicator for diseases susceptibility in south Iraq. --- ## In vitro anti-diabetic and anti-bacterial activity of unexplored species of Atuna **Authors:** Sayyid Fasal Jassim VT, Gopal V **Published:** 2018-05-08 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1510 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atuna indica, Atuna travancorica, α-amylase inhibition, Microtiter plate method The present study highlights the Antidiabetic and Antibacterial activity of the various parts of wild plants Atuna indica (Bedd.) Kosterm and Atuna travancorica (Bedd.) Kosterm belonging to the family Chrysobalanaceae from Western Ghats, India. The leaves and flowers of Atuna indica and the leaves of Atuna travancorica were collected, shade dried, powdered and extracted in 50% aqueous ethanol by maceration process and concentrated to dryness with the use of rotary vacuum evaporator. The ethanol extracts of the test plant parts of the two species were subjected to the Invitro Antidiabetic and Antibacterial activity with the help of α-amylase inhibition and microtiter plate assay methods respectively. The leaves of the two species possess Antidiabetic and Antibacterial activity; in particular leaves of A.indica and A.travancorica shows prominent Antidiabetic activity when compared with the other parts of the two species examined. In the case of Antibacterial activity the leaves of A.travancorica possess significant activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. The results suggested that the flowers of A.indica does not have the said activity. Based on the results obtained from the preliminary screening, it can be concluded that the leaves of A.travancorica has the maximum activity when compared with the other parts of the two species. --- ## In silico molecular docking studies of squalene against gastric cancer related proteins: Prologue studies **Authors:** Thirunavukkarasu P, Asha S, Ramanathan T, Rajeshwari Hari, Priya D, Rohith Kumar Reddy **Published:** 2018-05-04 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1468 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Squalene, Bcl2, VEGF, Audo Dock, Ligand In the present study, squalene a terpenoid compound was isolated from R. mucronata methanolic leaves extract. The isolated and identified squalene compound was fixed with molecular docking against gastric cancer proteins such as HpFabZ, bcl2 and VEGF. Molecular docking studies were performed using autodock 4.0 sever. The docking score were noticed for isolated squalene compound and compared with some of the natural inhibitors like apigenin, amoxillin and luteolin and standard anti gastric cancer drugs like. Among these, squalene exhibited higher values of -13.579 against HpFabZ. But in the case of Bcl2 and VEGF proteins, squalene doesn’t show better docking score compared to the standard antigastric cancer drugs. In this present study, can be useful to design and develop novel compound with better inhibitory activity against a type of cancer. This potential agent would be a promising candidate and can be further validated in wet lab to study its proper function. --- ## Effect of esculetin on the expression pattern of apoptotic markers in experimental oral carcinogenesis **Authors:** Selvasundaram R, Manoharan S, Murali Naidu R, Vasudevan K, Elanchezhiyan C, Muthulingam M **Published:** 2018-05-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1434 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Apoptosis, DMBA, Esculetin, Oral Cancer Evasion of apoptosis has been recognized as one of the salient features of the tumour cell. The programmed cell death is regulated by a spectrum of apoptotic proteins, which include both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers. The aim of the present study is to explore the apoptotic induction potential of esculetin by analysing the expression pattern of apoptotic markers in 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) - induced oral carcinogenesis. Tumours were developed in the hamster’s buccal mocosa using a site-specific carcinogen, DMBA [topical application, 3 times a week for 14 weeks]. While the buccal mucosa from the hamster treated with DMBA alone (tumour bearing hamster) exhibited abnormal pattern of apoptotic markers (p53, Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 3 and caspase 9), the expression pattern was found to be reverted to near normal pattern in DMBA+esculetin treated hamster’s buccal mucosa. The present results thus reveal the esculetin ability to induce apoptosis in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. --- ## Quality-by-design approach to selective stability indicating RP- HPLC method development and validation for estimation of Sofosbuvir in bulk drug **Authors:** Vanitha C, Bhaskar Reddy K, Satyanarayana SV **Published:** 2018-05-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1439 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Stability Indicating Assay, RP-HPLC, Sofosbuvir, QbD, Validation By utilizing Quality by design approach a simple, robust and selective Reverse phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed for the estimation of Sofosbuvir in API. Sofosbuvir is a nucleotide Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase inhibitor that has antiviral activity. Analyte target profile of Sofosbuvir was constructed and CAA’s were identified. LC analysis was performed on Agilent LC 1200 equipped with a photodiode array detector (PDA) at 261 nm. Initial method was developed on an Inersil ODS (250 mm x 4.6, 5 micron) 65: 35 Methanol and Water at 261nm witha flow rate of 1 mL/min. The degradation studies of Sofosbuvir were carried out under the stress conditions of hydrolysis (acid, base and neutral), oxidation, photolytic and thermal as per ICH guidelines. The alkali hydrolysis shows more critical impurities which were well resolved from pure drug with the application of DoE. Three method variables were selected and their interaction were studied through central composite design and two method responses like retention time of drug and resolution between degradants and active drug were studied. Based on DoE, the optimized method was developed using 60:40 of Methanol and Water, at pH 4 with a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min which produce satisfactory retention time and resolution. This method has been validated and shown to be linear, accurate, robust, precise and specific. --- ## High-sensitivity simultaneous liquid chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) assay of olmesartan medoxomil, hydrochlorothiazide and amlodipine besylate in human plasma **Authors:** Geetha G, Gnana Raja M **Published:** 2018-05-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1438 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Simultaneous Estimation, Olmesartan Medoxomil, Hydrochlorothiazide, Amlodipine Besylate, Telmisartan, UPLC-MS/MS, Human Plasma A simple and rapid UPLC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the analysis of Olmesartan medoxomil, Hydrochlorothiazide, Amlodipine besylate and Telmisartan as internal standard in plasma. Sample was pre- pared in LLE. LC separation was achieved in Acquity TQD. TQD detector and analytical column of RP-18 (50 mm* 2.1mm, 1.7 micron) at 40°C. The mobile phase consisted Acetonitrile and Ammonium acetate as a gradient elution up to 0.8 minutes/42% A, 5/10%, 6/10%, 6.1/42% and 10/42%. Total run time was 10 minutes operating with flow rate 0.3mL/ minutes. Mass spectroscopy detection was performed by negative and positive ion mode electro spray Olmesartan medoxomil, Hydrochlorothiazide and Amlodipine besylate, Telmisartan respectively. The method proved to be specific and linear over the range (40.34 to 8092.75) ng/mL for Olmesartan Medoxomil, Hydrochlorothiazide and Amlodipine besylate. This technique also showed high sensitivity with a 2.14, 1.86 and 1.12 ng LOD and 6.28, 4.21 and 3.86 ng LOQ Olmesartan Medoxomil, Hydrochlorothiazide and Amlodipine besylate respectively. Percentage recovery ranged from 86 to 103% for Olmesartan medoxomil, Hydrochlorothiazide, Amlodipine Besylate and from 58 to 110 for Telmisartan. CV of inter and intra precision was found within 15%. The LC–MS/MS assay reported in this paper is rapid, simple, specific and sensitive for simultaneous quantification of Olmesartan Medoxomil, Hydrochlorothiazide and Amlodipine Besylate in human plasma and is fully validated according to commonly acceptable FDA guidelines. And the method can be useful for BA/BE studies and routine therapeutic drug monitoring with the desired precision and accuracy. --- ## Stability indicating RP-HPLC method for quantification of Edoxaban tosylate **Authors:** Rajesh Reddy Kadiri, Ramalingam Peraman, Subba Rao Dakinedi **Published:** 2018-05-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1463 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Edoxaban Tosylate, SIAM, Forced Degradation, ICH Edoxaban tosylate is a member of the novel oral anti-coagulants (NOACs) class of drugs, and is a rapidly acting, oral, selective factor Xa inhibitor. The main objective of present study is to develop a stability indicating RP-HPLC method for quantification of edoxaban tosylate. The separation of edoxaban tosylate was achieved on LC-GC Qualisil gold C18 (250 X 4.6 mm i.d., 5μ) using a mobile phase of 65:35 % v/v acetonitrile and 0.2% TEA in water (pH adjusted to 3 with OPA) with 1ml/min flow rate at a wavelength of 260 nm. The linearity of the proposed method was in the range of 2-25 µg/ml with R2 value of 0.9996. The LOD and LOQ was found to be 0.46 µg/ml and 1.40 µg/ml for edoxaban tosylate respectively. The developed method was able to separate all the degradants from each other and also from API. The developed methods were validated for various parameters like Specificity, Linearity, Precision, Accuracy, Limit of detection (LOD), Limit of quantification (LOQ) and Robustness and is in accordance with ICH guidelines. --- ## Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Garcinia cambogia extract and its antimicrobial efficacy **Authors:** Aishwarya S, Vishnu Priya V, Gayathri R **Published:** 2018-05-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1435 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Silver Nanoparticles, Garcinia cambogia, Green Synthesis, Vancomycin, Antimicrobial Activity The microbial infections have become an important clinical threat that leads to high morbidity and mortality which is mainly due to the development of microbial resistance drugs. The aim of the research was to synthesis silver nanoparticles using Garcinia cambogia extract and to analyse its antimicrobial activity. Silver nanoparticles have a wide role in different fields of technology. The silver nanoparticles act as antibacterial and antifungal agents in biotechnology, bioengineering, textile engineering, water treatment and silver-based consumer products. The silver nanoparticles were synthesised from the plant Garcinia Cambogia using green synthesis technology. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Garcinia cambogia plant extract, were characterised by UV spectroscopy and its antibacterial activity checked by disc diffusion method. Silver nanoparticles showed higher zone of inhibition compared to erythromycin and vancomycin that was analysed using disc diffusion method. The results that we obtained proved that silver nanoparticles from Garcinia cambogia exhibited significant antimicrobial activity than natural plant extract. --- ## Gender Related Differences of Risk Factors and Angiographic Profile in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS): A Single Centre Study **Authors:** Treesa P Varghese, Anand Vijayakumar PR **Published:** 2018-05-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i2.1436 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction (STEMI), Non ST Segment Elevated Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI), Percutanious Transluminar Coronary Intervention (PTCI), Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) The aim of the study was to assess gender related differences of risk factors, clinical biomarker levels (troponin I) and angiographic profile of patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). A single centre prospective cohort study was carried out for a period of one year. A total of 125 patients who underwent angiogram were selected for the study. Data were obtained on demographics, risk factors, angiogram results, troponin I levels and treatment modalities adopted. The study showed a significant male predominance (73.6%) with mean age of males, lower as compared to females. 54 (43.2%) male patients & 23 (18.4%) female patients were diagnosed with Non ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) whereas STEMI was diagnosed in 38 (30.4%) male & 10 (8%) female patients. Among various risk factors hypertension, diabetes mellitus were higher in women compared to men. Males had higher proportion of smokers (32.6%) which was found to be statistically significant. Single and double vessel diseases were commonly found in men compared to women. Among different treatment modalities women preferred medical treatment more and were not referred for urgent bypass surgery and angioplasty as often as men. Various risk factors for the development of ACS were identified from this study. This study also helped to explore the relationship between various risk factors, Troponin I levels, angiographic severity and treatment modalities of patients with ACS according to their gender. --- ## The added effect of cabergoline to metformin on serum hormones and rate and regularity of menstruation in women with Polycystic ovary syndrome **Authors:** Rana Hatem Matrood, Alaq Saeed Abdulhussain **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1255 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cabergoline, PCOS, Metformin, Menstruation Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an important cause of menstrual irregularities and infertility in women. Management approaches are variable and share in common the objectives of improving menstrual irregularities, hormonal disturbances, associated clinical features, and fertility. Cabergoline has been suggested to be effective in reducing some adverse effect associated with PCOS; however, sufficient controversy existed that permitted the conduction of the current study. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of adding Cabergoline to the standard mode of treatment (metformin) in a cohort of women with PCOS, on serum hormone levels, BMI, and menstrual irregularities. The present case-control study included 100 women diagnosed as having a polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) according to clinical, ultrasonic and hormonal bases. They were divided into two groups; the first group included 50 PCOS women received metformin treatment for 4 months’ duration and served as control group whereas the second group included 50 PCOS women who were given cabergoline in addition to metformin for 4 months’ duration and served as a study group. Both types of treatment, with or without cabergoline, resulted in highly significant reduction in mean weight in both groups (P<0.001), highly significant reduction in mean serum prolactin in both groups (P<0.001), highly significant reduction in mean serum testosterone in both groups (P<0.001) and highly significant reduction in mean serum DHEAS in both groups (P<0.001); however cabergoline was more effective in reducing mean serum prolactin, 10.20 ±1.92 ng/ml versus 32.20 ±1.79 ng/ml (P<0.001) and improved menstrual irregularities more efficiently. Addition of cabergoline lowers serum prolactin more significantly than metformin alone has improved menstrual irregularity more significantly. --- ## A comparative study of monotherapy versus combination therapy in patients with stage-1 hypertension in terms of efficacy and cost effectiveness and to assess the medication adherence **Authors:** Ritu A Mathew, Samuel Johnson, Shalumol Jose, Shampa Chakraborty, Kenneth N, Veeranna Gowda **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1216 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Blood Pressure, Monotherapy, Dual Therapy, Triple Therapy, Medication Adherence Hypertension has multiple pathogenesis and majority of patients require two or more antihypertensive drugs to provide optimum control of blood pressure. The aim is to compare the effectiveness of mono therapy versus combination therapy in patients with stage-1 hypertension, to assess the medication adherence and to compare the cost incurred per day for the different therapies. Patient’s demographical details and history was recorded in a data entry form. Outcome of the treatment was measured in terms of reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Patient’s medication adherence was assessed using modified Medication Adherence Scale. Economic outcomes were measured in terms of cost of individual therapy. The data was entered into the excel sheet and statistically analysed using ANOVA. Results showed that dual therapy is the most effective in reducing the mean systolic (28.75 mm Hg) and diastolic (8.875) blood pressure with the combination of Amlodipine + Telmisartan being the most effective. Here, 66 patients (33%) were found to be adherent and 134 patients (67%) were found to be non- adherent. It was found that AMLOKIND 2.5, LOSAKIND and ATEN 50 were the most cost effective brands of drug from the classes of calcium channel blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers and beta blockers respectively. Comparison of effectiveness of various antihypertensive therapies showed that dual therapy shows maximum reduction in mean systolic BP and thus it can be prescribed more often in Stage I hypertensive patients. The poor adherence scores indicate that a multidisciplinary approach with a greater involvement of the patient is required to increase the compliance of the patient. Also cost effective drugs need to be prescribed more in order to decrease the financial burden on the patients. --- ## Analysis of macro and micro nutrients content in the leaves of Murraya koenigii (l.) sprenge **Authors:** Mohanraj Pattar, Kerur BR **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1215 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Murraya koenigii (L.) sprenge, Macro and Micro Nutrients, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy The macro and micro nutrients content analysis was carried out for leaves of indigenous medicinal plant-Murraya Koenigii (L.) Sprenge collected from different places of North Karnataka region. The leaves of Murraya koenigii (L.) sprenge were digested with Conc. HCl, deionized water and ash (25:25:1:950) and the contents of macro, micro nutrients and harmful heavy meats such as K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mo, Cu, Mn, Zn, Al, V, Cd and Ti were determined by an analytical atomic absorption spectrometry technique. The experimental results confirmed the presences of mineral nutrients which are beneficial to the human body and are within the limit. The heavy metal which are harmful to human body i.e., Cd, Al, within the limit but concentration of Al is absent for the leaves of Shahapur & Kappathgudda. --- ## Various chemical groups produced by endophytic fungi isolated from the Calotropis procera - A pharmaceutically important xerophytic plant **Authors:** Vinibha Rajakumari I, Kalyanaraman Rajagopal, Sriraman V, Vanitha V, Mohanasundaram S **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1178 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Endophytic Fungi, Alkaloid, Flavonoid, Diterpenoids In the present study leaf tissue of host plant Calotropis procera was screened for the presence of endophytic fungi. The crude extract of the isolated endophytic fungi was tested for various chemical groups like alkaloids, flavonoids, diterpenoids and phenols. Our study showed the presence of 25 endophytic fungi isolated from the leaf tissue which constituted15 Hyphomycetes, 3 Ascomycetes, 3 Coelomycetes and 4 sterile forms. The qualitative analysis in all the 25 isolates showed the presence of alkaloid, phenol in 23 fungi, flavonoid in 19 and diterpenoids in 18 fungi. Fifteen endophytic fungi produced all chemical groups tested in the crude extract. Bipolaris sp a hyphomycete produced only one compound in culture. Among the four groups endophytic fungi Coelomycetes group able to produce all chemical groups tested. --- ## Lactobacillus Species Detected by 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Isolated from the vaginae of Pregnant Women and its relation to preterm labor **Authors:** Shaimaa Abdulamer Nasir, Balsam Kahtan Mohammed, Sameera G J Alabsi **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1220 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lactobacillus, Preterm Labor, Gene Sequence Preterm labor is a common and serious obstetric complication that is believed to be multifactorial. Lactobacilli vaginal colonization is proposed as a protective agent against preterm delivery and that women with bacterial vaginosis, with altered vaginal flora in favor of lactobacilli species absence, is a risk factor for increased incidence of preterm labor; however enough controversy is present in available published literature. This study was aimed to evaluate the association between vaginal bacterial composition and the rate of preterm labor in pregnant women. Vaginal swabs form a total of 250 pregnant women were obtained and assessed using the V2-V3 region of the 16S rRNA sequences for an estimation of lactobacilli colonization. These women were followed up for the outcome of pregnancy. Women with predominantly lactobacilli species were significantly less liable for preterm labor than those women who lack lactobacilli species in their vaginal samples, 10.4% versus 64.2% (P<0.001). To evaluate the risk of preterm labor associated with non- lactobacilli bacterial colonization, Odds ratio was estimated and it was 15.39 (95% confidence interval of 7.91- 29.95). This study concluded that the risk of preterm labor is significantly increased with bacterial vaginosis in favor of alteration of vaginal flora with deficient lactobacilli species. --- ## A validated stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the quantification of Canagliflozin **Authors:** Sreenivasulu S, Rameswara Rao M, Chandra Sekhar KB **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1248 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Canagliflozin, HPLC, Method Development, Stability, Validation A simple, authentic and stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of Canagliflozin in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations was developed and validated as per ICH Q2 R1 Guidelines, A C18 Column (250mm length×4.6 mm diameter x 5 μm particle size) with a mobile phase consisting of Acetonitrile: 1-octanesulphonic acid in a ratio of 70:30 v/v was employed for the chromatographic study. A flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with an injection volume of 20 μL was selected for this study and the proposed method was validated with different parameters such as Linearity, Precision, Accuracy, Robustness, Ruggedness, Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ). Canagliflozin was eluted at 3.4 ± 0.5 min and detected at 245 nm. The method is linear over the concentration range of 10-100 μg/mL with correlation co-efficient r = 0.9997. The plate count and tailing factor was found 5398 and 1.05 respectively. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.0170 μg/mL and 0.1705 μg/mL respectively. The percentage recovery was achieved in the range of 98-102%, which was within the acceptance criteria. Developed method was employed to determine the amount of Canagliflozinpresent in dosage form (Sulisent). The stability of the method was demonstrated by forced degradation studies of drug in which it was degraded under conditions of hydrolysis (acidic and alkaline), oxidation, photolytic and thermal stress as per ICH guideline Q1A (R2). --- ## A study on the prescription pattern of anti-hypertensive drugs in general hospital of Al-Quwayyah, Saudi Arabia **Authors:** Faisal Al-Otaibi **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1217 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Prescription, Antihypertensive Drugs, Beta Blocker An open, non-comparative, observational study conducted on hypertensive patients attending the OPD medicine of Al-Quwayyah general hospital, Al- Quwayyah, Saudi Arabia by conducting patient interviews and recording the data on drug utilization form based on JNC-7 and WHO format. Total of 212 hypertensive patients were included in study, prevalence of hypertension was found to be higher in male in age group of 45-59 years, smoker and prehypertension stage. 60.38% antihypertensive drugs prescribed by trade name and by 39.62 % by generic name. It was observed that Monotherapy were most prescribed mode of drugs and in Combination therapy the frequency and percentage of two drug combination were found 3/4 of the total combination therapy similarly three combination drugs were 16.72 % and more than three drugs combination were only 3.41 %. It was observed that Beta blocker were prescribed most (28.77%) among antihypertensive drugs followed by calcium channel blocker (25.47%), ACE inhibitor (17.92%), Diuretics (12.74%), AT II Receptor Blocker (9.4%) and alpha blocker were found to be least one. The Conclusion of study was found that the Utilization pattern of Antihypertensive drug in General hospital Al-Quwayyah, Saudi Arabia indicates that Beta blocker were prescribed individually most as monotherapy and if combination therapy then 2 drug combination of antihypertensive drugs. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of in-situ gels enriched with Tropicamide loaded solid lipid nanoparticles **Authors:** Jayachandra Reddy Peddappi Reddigari, Yerikala Ramesh, Chandrasekhar B Kothapalli **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1250 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Solid Lipid Nanoparticles, Tropicamide, In- situ Gels, In Vitro Diffusion Studies The present research work “Formulation and Evaluation of In-situ gels enriched with Tropicamide loaded solid lipid nanoparticles”. To overcome the problems of side effects and to increase the bioavailability of tropicamide loaded solid lipid nanoparticles are containing with suitable lipids (glycerin trimyristate, Tristearin, Phosphatidylcholine & soyabean lecithin) with stabilizers (poloxamer 188) and surfactant like polysorbate 80. The interaction between drug, lipids & polymer by performing with FTIR no incompatibility with each other. The particle morphology was carried out by SEM & AFM in solid lipid nanoparticle formulation. The particle size was ranges from 213.6 ± 2.16nm to 538.0 ± 6.53 nm. The zeta potential ranges form -18.3mV to 25.6mV. The entrapment efficiency of free tropicamide was ranges from 74.13 % to 90.17%. The drug content was ranges from 0.212mg/ml to 0.912mg/ml. The SLN formulations must be transparent white colour and semi solid consistency. The pH 7.0 to 8.0 in all formulation. The gelling strength of gels TSLNGF1 to TSLNGF12 was ranges from 72 ± 1 sec to 117 ± 2 sec. The bio adhesive force was ranges from 10.12 ±1.01 dynes/cm2 to 23.12 ± 1.91 dynes/cm2. The viscosity of prepared formulation ranges from 415 ± 1.94 cps to 652 ± 1.41 cps. The spread ability studies of all formulation were ranges from 09 gms/sec to 18 gms/sec. The Accelerated stability the formulations does not undergo any chemical Changes. In vitro Franz’s diffusion studies of SLN enriched in gels TSLNGF1 to TSLNGF12 among the various formulation best formulations was TSLNGF6; its follows first order kinetics. --- ## Effects of green algae, Chlorella Vulgaris, extracts and its bioactive substances on the biofilm-producing microorganism **Authors:** Ahmed Khayoon Abed Al- Abboodi, Ghaidaa Husain Al- Rubiaee, Neihaya Heikmet Zaki **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1226 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biofilm, Chlorella vulgaris, Extract Effects, Microorganisms The current study aims at the in-vitro use of 2 types of extracts of Chlorella Vulgaris, one of the most widely known green algae species in the world, to evaluate their effects on biofilm-producing bacteria. In this study, 7 species of algae were isolated from different environments and then diagnosed according to the sources of green algae and greenish algae. Some of these isolates were proliferated under constant laboratory conditions at 25±2 ̊C, 200μm/m2/sec, and 8:16 hours of light: dark using fixed farms. Then, these species were subjected to 2 types of polycarbonate-based solvents (hexane and chloroform). These extracts were tested on E.Coli, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Serratia mesccens, St epidermis, S. aureus, Candida albicans, and Aspergills niger. Using different methods of measuring turbidity of the red agar, micrometer plate, spreading Balacar, the effects of these extracts were examined on these microorganisms. Then, the algae were subjected to vertical chromatography to separate active substances. The hexane-based extract was more effective against E. coli, Acinetobacter, St. aureus. On the other hand, the chloroform-based extract showed slight effects on Acinetobacter and C. albicans. The best inhibitory activities were 30mm for Staphylococcus aureus and Serratia and 25mm for E. coli. The lowest inhibition activity was 15mm for Klebsiella and C. albicans. For the chloroform-based extract, the highest rate of inhibition was 20mm for Klebsiella and S. aureus. The lowest inhibition was 10mm for Acinetobacter and C. albicans. Separation method targeted the hexane-based extraction yielded hxan, gasoline group III ethyl estate, gasoline, group IV ethyl ester, methanol group, and methanol. The hexane + 25 ml of benzene and the fourth group of ethyl ester 25 + methanol showed higher inhibition activities against microbes than that using the other three groups. The hexane-based extracts and the related hexane + 25 ml of benzene and the fourth group of ethyl ester 25 + methanol of C. vulgaris were better than the chloroform-based extracts in their effectiveness against the studied microbes using the turbidity measurement method. --- ## Assessment of physical and physiological parameters among the male and female bakery workers from Palpa district of democratic Nepal **Authors:** Koushik Bhattacharya, Debdatta Bhaduri **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1251 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dynamisms, Bakery Workers, Obesity, Occupational Safety Nepal continues as one of the least developed economies of the world till date. The frequent changes in governance and political instability have contributed to the lack of entrepreneurial dynamism needed for stronger economic growth. Nowadays, bakery industries are the fastest growing small agro-industries leaving the footprint on day to day life in Palpa district. The male and female bakery workers of these industries experience some exigent conditions which prompted us to explore the physical, physiological, and nutritional health status of these bakery workers, with a special reference to the socio-political scenario in Nepal. This study was conducted in the Palpa district of Nepal. 78 male and 44 female bakery workers aged between 30-39 years were chosen for the study, as the young adults are more in this occupation. 38 healthy male and 26 female Bakery workers were chosen as control subjects for the study having same age group. All of them mostly were working as shopkeepers and housewives respectively from the same locality. All the different parameters were examined according to standard methods and Student’s t-test was executed to find out any significant difference (P<0.05) between the selected variables. Both the workers were noticeably healthy. But most of the female bakery workers were having obesity with significantly high obesity related parameters. Again, both the workers exhibited poor car- dio-respiratory functions with significantly higher hypertension and peak ex- piratory flow rate and poor Physical fitness index (PFI) scores. The result suggested that both male and female bakery workers showed abominable conditions, especially the female bakery workers. Hence, there must be some acts to save them by introducing some occupational aids or planned work designs for sustainable economic development. --- ## Evaluation of aqueous and hydro alcoholic extracts of Clerodendrum viscosum V. leaves & Macrotyloma uniflorum L. seeds against DMH-induced colon cancer **Authors:** Jagadeesh Reddy Eluru, Kailasam Koumaravelou **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1227 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ACF, β-Glucosidase, β-Glucuronidase, MPL, Mucinase Evaluation of anti-neoplastic activity of aqueous and hydro alcoholic extracts of Clerodendron viscosum V. leaves & Macrotyloma uniflorum L. seeds against DMH-induced colon cancer is the objective of this study. Extracts were obtained using cold maceration process. Six groups of animals, each containing ten male albino wistar rats (80 – 100 g) were administered with respective treatment to evaluate the anti-neoplastic activity. On the last day of experimental period, fecal matter was collected and colons were removed. Fecal matter was homogenized, and subjected to the measurement of fecal pH and bacterial enzymes. Colons of five animals were subjected for the presence of MPLs, ACFs in each colon, and histopathology by using standard methodology. Colons of remaining five animals were subjected to homogenization to measure the bacterial enzymes such as β-Glucosidase, β-Glucuronidase, and mucinase. The extracts showed significant protective effect by showing significant decrease in the levels of fecal and colon β-glucosidase, β-glucuronidase, mucinase; reduction in total number of ACFs in each colon and crypt multiplicity. Although, all the plant extracts has shown protective effect against colon carcinogenesis, treatment with hydro alcoholic extracts has produced more pronounced effect as compared with aqueous extracts. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of Diclofenac sodium mucoadhesive buccal tablets by using natural polymers **Authors:** Venkatalakshmi Raganathan, Muhammad Zulfahmi Bin Abd Majid, Prasanthi Sri, Sasikala Chinnappan **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1253 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diclofenac Sodium, First-Pass Hepatic Metabolism, Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablet, Ex Vivo Mucoadhesion Time Diclofenac sodium is a common and widely-used drug for the treatment of pain, inflammation and also migraine. Unfortunately, it undergoes extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism when administered through the oral systemic route. Thus, this study will be about the formulation of mucoadhesive buccal tablets of diclofenac sodium that can prevent the extensive metabolism of the drug, which in turn increases its bioavailability inside the systemic circulation. This formulation might also reduce the dosing frequency, which can lead to a better patient compliance to the medication. The formulations would be using natural polymers such as acacia gum and chitosan as the mucoadhesive polymers. Ethylcellulose (EC) was included as the backing layer of the buccal tablets, along with other excipients. In total, four different formulations were prepared with the varying concentration of the natural polymers. The formulated buccal tablets have been evaluated for their general appearance, thickness, hardness, weight variation, friability, ex-vivo mucoadhesion time and other in-vitro tests such as swelling and dissolution studies. The finding of this study confirmed that Formulation 3 (F3) had the best properties of mucoadhesive buccal tablets as it displayed the highest in-vitro swelling index and in-vitro dissolution profile, also with the longest ex-vivo mucoadhesion time. --- ## HPTLC Analysis of hydro alcoholic extracts of Clerodendrum viscosum V. leaves and Macrotyloma uniflorum L. seeds **Authors:** Jagadeesh Reddy Eluru, Kailasam Koumaravelou **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1237 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPTLC, Clerodendrum viscosum, Macrotyloma uniflorum, Quercetin The objective of this study was to perform the HPTLC analysis of hydro alcoholic extracts of Clerodendron viscosum V. leaves & Macrotyloma uniflorum L. seeds. HPTLC is a powerful analytical tool in the identification of chemical constituents in plant extracts. Leaves of Clerodendron viscosum V. and seeds of Macrotyloma uniflorum L. are having numerous traditional usages ranging from wound healing to the treatment of tumors. Hydro alcoholic extracts of Clerodendron viscosum V. leaves & Macrotyloma uniflorum L. seeds were obtained using cold maceration. The obtained extracts were subjected to HPTLC analysis by using the instrument “CAMAG Linomat 5”. Quercetin, Rutin and Gallic acid were used as standards; Toluene: Ethyl Acetate: Formic Acid: Methanol (3:6:1.6:0.4) solution was used as a mobile phase. 10 µL of plant extracts and 5 µL of standard solutions were applied during the analysis. Both the plant extracts have shown the presence of Quercetin as one of the major constituent which is having numerous therapeutic properties. Extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum L. seeds has shown the presence of Quercetin with 0.91 Rf, 19.93 % Area, and 3655.7 Area; whereas the Clerodendron viscosum V. leaves extract has shown the presence of Quercetin with 0.90 Rf, 19.17 % Area, and 1685.9 Area. --- ## Prediction of Post-Traumatic Headache in Iraqi Civilians by Measuring S- 100B and Neuron Specific Enolase concentrations and by regarding head- ache in the emergency room **Authors:** Zeina F Fuad, Mohammed M Kamil **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1270 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Post-Traumatic Headache, Headache, S-100B, NSE Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is defined by the International Headache Society as a headache developing within seven days of the injury or after regaining consciousness. PTH is commonly associated with memory and concentration problems, sensitivity to loud sounds or bright lights, fatigue and many symptoms including insomnia, dizziness, poor and personality changes like depression and nervousness. The total number of participants in this study is one hundred and three, fifty-three of them (36 males and 17 females) are in the case group while the other fifty (29 males and 21 females) are in the control group. All of them aged between 20-40 years. Only 25 patients had headache in ER, while 29 of them visited the out patient’s clinic suffering from post traumatic headache in the next two months. The mean of S100B and that of NSE in case group are higher than that in control group. Regarding the gender, the mean of S100B is higher in males of case group than that in control group, while the mean of NSE in males and females in case group is higher than that in control group. The means of S100B and NSE in patients who had a headache in ER are higher than that in patients with no headache. The means of S-100 B and NSE in patients complaining of a post-traumatic headache who had a headache in ER are higher than that in patients also complaining from a posttraumatic headache but had no headache in ER. S-100 B and NSE are useful biochemical markers for brain injury in mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) patients and seem to be associated with the presence of a headache in ER after trauma. These biochemical markers with a headache in ER can predict a post-traumatic headache in the near future. --- ## A green approach for quantification of Naproxen in bulk and oral dosage form by FT-IR method **Authors:** Naresh Babu C, Mounika P, Mounika Bai R, Sai Keerthana B, Triveni S, Vijaya Jyothi M **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1236 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Accuracy, Beer’s Law, Infrared Spectroscopy, Limit of Detection (LOD), Limit of Quantification, Naproxen A very simple, non-destructive, inexpensive and green strategy applied for the quantification of Naproxen using transmission Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in bulk & tablet dosage form and the Beer’s concentration range found to be 5-25μg. For the present investigation of Naproxen, O-H, 3000 - 3500cm-1 was selected for the analysis. The correlation coefficient for the method found to be 0.9965 and the developed method analyzed for specificity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity of response, precision and accuracy. This work clearly shows the capability of transmission FTIR spectroscopy for assessment of exact quantity of API to control the quality of finished products as well as during processing in pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, as compared to other spectroscopic or chromatographic method, costly chemicals and toxic solvents totally avoided in this direct, inexpensive and green approach. Such types of FTIR applications have a strong potential to replace classical methods in quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) for the analysis of active contents in pharmaceuti- cal preparations. --- ## Impact of pharmacist provided counseling on mental health status of post-menopausal Women **Authors:** Deekshitha P, Dhivya K, Lakshmi Prasanna S, Anusha T **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1199 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Post Menopause, Estrogen Deficiency, Mental Health, Counseling Menopause is described as the point of time when the last menstruation occurs in a woman. This is the period during which changes in the bleeding patterns due to alterations in the hormone levels were noticed. Due to alterations in these hormone levels, physical as well as mental health changes occur in women resulting in menopausal symptoms. Hence, this study was conducted to analyze the impact of counseling on MHS of postmenopausal women. This simple prospective interventional study was conducted in the Gynecology department of Tertiary Care Hospital for a period of 4 months in 200 patients divided into two groups. Mental health status (MHS) scores were calculated by using a validated questionnaire. Statistically significant difference in the score of baseline MHS was found between the two groups. Reduction in the score of MHS was seen in both the groups after counseling. Thus, this study revealed that providing counseling to postmenopausal women has positive impact on their mental health. Therefore, rendering effectual and repeated counseling to menopausal women depends on their need assist in leading a happy moreover healthy life. --- ## Influence of macerating enzyme - Cellulase on the extraction of valuable compounds: Carotenoid and Camptothecin **Authors:** Sujatha Natarajan, Sangilimuthu Alagar Yadav, Sowmya Priya Manoharan **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1200 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Camptothecin, Carotenoid, Cellulase Enzyme, Extraction, HPLC Macerating enzymes breaks long chain compounds during maceration for extraction of industrially important phytomolecules. Cellulase is an important class of enzyme which helps in the extraction process of phytomolecules such as carotenoids, camptothecin from their natural sources as macerating enzyme. The extraction of phytoconstituents like carotenoids, camptothecin holds high commercial value. The uses of macerating enzymes help to the extraction process of phytomolecules and increase its yield. Quality of the product is also improved in terms of stability, texture and viscosity. Camptothecin is an important drug with potential anti-cancer activity. In this work, the effect of cellulase on the extraction of carotenoid from carrot, tomato and sweet potato have been studied. As a pioneer work, the production of camptothecin from endophytic fungi Aspergillus niger has been carried out using cellulase. The quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical important phytomolecules such as carotenoids and camptothecin were performed using UV-Visible spectrophotometer, HPLC with respective standard compounds. Carotenoid extraction was made from tomato, carrot and sweet potato with cellulose enzyme found 2.5±0.25µg/g, 2.2 ±0.18µg/g, 18± 1.75 µg/g respectively. Carotenoid extracted from carrot using enzyme yielded 1.47 times higher amount of carotenoid than that of without enzyme. Carotenoid extracted from tomato, showed the maximum difference of being 7.3 times higher with enzyme than without enzyme. The another industrially important phytomolecule camptothecin extraction was made from Aspergillus niger with cellulase enzyme yielded 0.5512 mg/g which is more than the camptothecin, extracted without enzyme (0.175 mg/g). Thus, it was observed that the use of cellulase enhanced the yield of both carotenoid and camptothecin from natural sources such as plants and fungi. --- ## Open source software tools for computer aided drug design **Authors:** Gurtej Kanwar, Anish Kumar, Anshika Mahajan **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1179 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Molecular Docking, Energy Minimization, Structure Refinement, Drug Design, CADD Computer-aided drug design (CADD) has revolutionized the drug discovery arena and it has reduced the costs associated with finding novel compounds which are having pharmaceutical importance. In CADD, the scientists use the computer software to discover biological active compounds. Molecular docking and energy minimization tools are essential components of structure based drug design. It is a significant tool in structural molecular biology and computer-assisted drug design. It reduces the laboratory workload of the end user and allows researchers to restrict their docking studies to the smallest and the most representative set of macromolecules and small molecules possible. This greatly enhances the productivity of researchers. Energy minimization is an important criterion for selecting a potential 3D molecule. In modeled structures, the 3D structure is affected is due to steric clashes. These clashes happen in a protein structure due to the overlap of non bonding atoms and with the assistance of energy minimization, steric clashes can be eradicated. The open software’s and databases provides a platform for scientists and scholars to carry out their research work in a better way. The docking tools are discussed in this review cover protein-ligand, protein-peptide as well as protein-nucleic acid docking. The tools described include AutoDock 4 and Vina, UCSF DOCK, FLIPDock, EADock, HADDOCK 2.2, SwissDock, Patch-Dock and ClusPro. In addition to the docking tools, energy minimization tools such as YASARA minimization server, KoBaMIN server and 3D refine server have also been discussed. This mini-review concentrates on open software tools which are free of cost and can be easily downloaded in the computers that are useful for CADD. --- ## Evaluation of antigenotoxic effects of diosgenin in mice exposed to cyclophosphamide **Authors:** Hema G, Subbarao D, Thippeswamy B S **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1197 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antigenotoxicity, Cyclophosphamide, Diosgenin, Micronucleated PCEs, WBC, Lipid Peroxidation, Reduced Glutathione Diosgenin is a steroidal saponin found in a variety of plants including fenugreek and roots of wild yam and is widely used in traditional medicine systems. Diosgenin is shown to have anti-invasive, anti-proliferative and proapoptotic activities on wide range of cancer cells and a well known precursor of various synthetic steroidal drugs that are extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry. The present investigation explores the genotoxic and antigenotoxic properties of diosgenin in experimental mice exposed to cyclophosphamide. CP increases the formation of micronucleated PCEs in the bone marrow of mice significantly and lowers the total WBC. In mice pre- treated with diosgenin, the formation of mnPCEs is lowered in a dose dependent manner and the immune parameters are restored. Diosgenin also reduces the lipid per oxidation levels indicated by MDA assessment and restores the antioxidant GSH in the liver tissues of the mice, counteracting the effects of CP. In our study, Diosgenin did not exhibit inherent genotoxic properties nor had a synergistic effect with CP. These results indicate the potential of diosgenin as an antigenotoxic agent with a possibility to be used as an adjuvant, to counteract the side-effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. --- ## Method Development and Validation of simultaneous estimation for Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil by HPTLC method **Authors:** Sonia K, Manikandan K, Hamunyare Ndwabe, Peddamadi Bhavya Sree, Lakshmi KS **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1246 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amlodipine Besylate, Analytical Validation, HPTLC, Olmesartan Medoxomil, Method Development, ICH The present work deals with method development and analytical validation of a novel, precise and accurate HPTLC methods for the simultaneous estimation of Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil. Literature review has shown that High performance liquid chromatography and UV- Visible Spectroscopy methods have been reported for the estimation of these drugs, but no HPTLC method has been done, thus this study had to be done. An analytical method development for the simultaneous estimation of Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil was developed. For simultaneous HPTLC method, the analytical separation was achieved on aluminium plates pre-coated with Silica Gel 60 F254 Acetonitrile: Water: Toluene (6:3:1) v/v/v used as the mobile phase with densitometric scanning at 270 nm. Good and acceptable linearity was obtained for the drug in the range of 5 - 15 μg/mL with r2 > 0.999. All the precision measurements made were well within the acceptable limits. The percentage recovery was found to be 99.59 & 99.61 % HPTLC method for Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil respectively. The parameters of validation were in accordance with the outlined ICH guidelines for method development in the estimation of drugs. Hence in conclusion the method can be applied day today lab practice for the determination of Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil simultaneously using HPTLC instrument. --- ## Role of chloroquine as an anticancer agent **Authors:** Parvathy R Panicker, Sudha M, Venkateswaramurthy N, Sambathkumar R **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1214 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Adjuanct Therapy, Autophagy Inhibitor, Chloroquine, Monotherapy Chloroquine is a prototype antimalarial drug used to prevent and treat malaria, amebiasis and other autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. The drug acts as an autophagy inhibitor were autophagy is a self-destructive process which is needed to balance sources of energy at developmental process and in response to nutrient deprivation. New studies have shown the crucial role of chloroquine in cancer treatment and is been extensively used as a monotherapy or adjunct therapy in various types of cancer. This review summarizes the role of chloroquine and its action as an autophagy inhibitor in cancer treatment and also the various safety issues concerning with the same. --- ## Antioxidant capacity of hydroalcoholic extracts of Grewia serrulata DC and Grewia nervosa (Lour.) Panigrahi **Authors:** Mentham Ramesh, Chandu Babu Rao **Published:** 2018-03-09 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1201 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Grewia serrulata, Grewia Nervosa, Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant Potential The current investigation is intended to evaluate the content of phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential of hydroalcoholic extracts of stem and root of Grewia serrulata DC (HAESGS & HAERGS) and leaf and bark of Grewia Nervosa (Lour.) panigrahi (HAELGN & HAEBGN). Initially, all the extracts at different concentrations were estimated for their total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The study was further extended for their antioxidant potential evaluation using various in vitro methods such as 1, 1-di- phenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging assays. The total phenolic content (mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of extract) was high in HAELGN (170.82±0.19) and HAERGS (123.00±0.48) than HAESGS (111.2±0.26) and HAEBGN (119.60±0.23). The total flavonoid content (mg quercetin equivalent per gram) is greater in HAERGS (71.24±0.50) and HAESGS (65.68±0.27) than HAELGN (55.82±0.35) and HAEBGN (62.38±0.45). The IC50 values (µg/ml) of different plant extracts inferred that DPPH radical scavenging activity is greater in HAELGN (42.91±0.88) and HAEBGN (53.87±0.35) than HAESGS (126.73±1.20) and HAERGS (88.87±1.25). However, hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging activity is more in HAERGS (135.41±1.19 & 88.00±1.42) and HAELGN (172.28±1.91 & 108.163±1.09) than HAESGS (237.3±1.65 & 110.074±0.87) and HAEBGN (204.7±1.04 & 125.54±1.07). The results of present comprehensive analysis demonstrated that both the plants Grewia serrulata DC and Grewia Nervosa (Lour.) panigrahi possess high phenolic, flavonoid contents and potential antioxidant activity, and could be used as a valid source of natural antioxidants and might be utilized for pharmacological screening of various therapeutic activities. --- ## Quantitative determination and validation of ethylhexylglycerin using Gas chromatography method **Authors:** Rambabu Arla, Srinivasa Rao J, Kailasam Koumaravelou **Published:** 2018-03-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1154 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ethylhexylglycerin, Adjuvant, ICH guidelines, Validation, Stability studies Ethylhexylglycerin, an alkyl glyceryl ether, used in various cosmetics and deodorants is also known to have anti-microbial activity and hence used as an adjuvant along with other preservatives to produce synergistic effect. In the present study, a gas chromatographic method has been employed and validated to determine the presence of impurities along with ethylhexylglycerin. A column having the dimension of DB-1 30m x 0.32mm; 0.25µm with acetone as solvent was found to be optimal for the ideal separation of ethylhexylglycerin from its impurities. Injection volume was set to 1 µl and temperature was maintained at 240°C. A clear peak was observed with the retention time of 8.002 minutes. As per ICH guidelines, the developed method was validated with respect to specificity, sensitivity, Limit of detection, Limit of quantification, linearity, precision, and also stability studies. As per the method, it shows a good correlation co-efficient (R2) value of 0.999 within the concentration range of 0.1- 0.75µg. Therefore, a gas chromatographic method was proposed which can be precise, specific and can be employed for the determination of ethylhexylglycerin in various pharmaceutical formulations. --- ## Evaluation of antioxidant and Anthelmintic activity of methanolic flower extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis **Authors:** Vijaya Jyothi M, Bhargav E, Pavan Kumar K, Praneeth Gowd K, Ram Pavan S **Published:** 2018-03-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1177 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nyctanthes arbour- tristis, Antioxidant Activity, Perithima posthuma, Piperazine Citrate Nyctanthes arbour-tristis is a shrub belongs to the family Oleaceae. The flowers of this plant are fragrant since the presence of flavonol glycosides. It has also been reported for the presence of β-sitosterol, iridoid glycosides, tannins etc., and known to have immunostimulant, hepatoprotective, antiviral and antifungal activities. In the present study an attempt is made to identify antioxidant capacity and anthelminthic potential of methanolic flower extract of Nyctanthes arbour-tristis. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by total phenolic content assay, total flavonoids content assay, free radical scavenging activity and reducing ability methods. Anthelmintic activity was evaluated on Perithima posthuma using Piperazine citrate as standard drug. The results obtained for the above activities reveals that Nyctanthes arbour-tristis shows considerable antioxidant activity for all the methods and anthelminthic potential at 300 mg/ml. --- ## Anticancer and apoptosis-inducing effects of curcumin against gall bladder carcinoma **Authors:** Pratibha Pandey, Uzma Sayyed, Rohit Tiwari, Neelam Pathak, Mohammad Haris Siddiqui, Preeti Bajpai **Published:** 2018-03-02 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1176 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gall Bladder Carcinoma, Curcumin, Cell Cycle Analysis, Caspase-3, Apoptosis Curcumin, the primary bioactive component isolated from turmeric, has been shown to possess variety of biologic functions including anti-cancer activity. However, meticulous mechanism of the curcumin in gall bladder cancer has not been explored yet. Therefore, in our study, we elucidated the mechanism of the anticancer action of curcumin against human gall bladder cancer cells. It was found that the curcumin treated GBC cells decreased cell viability in a dose and time-dependent manner. Nuclear condensation, Annexin V-FITC/PI positive cells, and caspase-3 activation confirmed the apoptotic induction due to anti-proliferative action of curcumin. Furthermore, curcumin induced disruption in the mitochondrial membrane potential and increased reactive oxygen species generation which has not yet been reported in earlier studies of curcumin with gall bladder cancer. Moreover, curcumin-induced apoptosis of gall bladder cancer cells was also accompanied by significant amount of growth arrest at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle which has also not been documented previously. To the best part of my knowledge, this study has established curcumin as one of the promising chemotherapeutic agent against gall bladder carcinoma. Thus the present study explored a novel mechanism explaining the anti cancerous effects of curcumin, and may provide an alternative therapeutic approach which can overcome the side effects of chemotherapy. --- ## Utilizing of MRCP/MRI in differentiation between benign and malignant biliary obstruction **Authors:** Amjaad Majeed Hameed **Published:** 2018-02-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1173 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** MRI, MRCP, Biliary Obstruction, ERCP Obstruction is one of the most common problems in biliary tree pathology, combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) regarded as accurate imaging modalities in diagnosis the cause of obstruction and treatment planning due to information obtain from MRCP about biliary and pancreatic ducts, information obtains from MRI cross sections about surrounding parenchyma. This study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of combined MRCP and MRI in differentiation between benign and malignant causes of biliary dilatation and their sensitivity in detection specific cause of biliary dilatation. This study involved 72 patients and conducted in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, Iraq during a period from February 2013 to June 2017, the diagnosis of biliary dilatation was done by abdominal ultrasound to all patients followed by MRCP/MRI, the results of MRCP/MRI was compared with final diagnoses done by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), surgical, histopathological and laboratory results. The results revealed that a strong correlation between MRCP/MRI and other gold standard tools in differentiation between benign and malignant causes of obstruction. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRCP in differentiation between malignant and benign causes of biliary dilatation were 98.4%, 100% & 99.7% respectively. There was a strong correlation (0.990) between MRCP/MRI & final diagnosis to determine the specific cause of obstruction, correct diagnosis the cause of obstruction in 68 patients out of 72 with a sensitivity of 94%. This study concluded that combined MRCP/MRI plays an important role in differentiation benign & malignant causes of biliary obstruction and in differentiation the specific cause of obstruction. --- ## RP-HPLC method development and validation for the simultaneous estimation of Irinotecan hydrochloride and Capecitabine in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) **Authors:** Vijaya Jyothi M, Bhargav E, Keerthana B, Varalakshmi Devi K **Published:** 2018-02-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1175 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** RP-HPLC, Irinotecan Hydrochloride, Capecitabine, Validation The combination of Irinotecan Hydrochloride (IRI) and Capecitabine (CAP) is indicated for the treatment of cancer. IRI and CAP were developed by an simultaneous simple reverse phase liquid chromatographic method and were subsequently validated from their APIs. The proposed method was based upon the separation of these two chemical agents using Agilent 1200 series HPLC with Qualisil gold C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5µ) column and it was maintained at ambient temperature. The effective chromatogram was obtained using the mobile phase of methanol: water (60:40 (% v/v)) and the pH was adjusted to 3 with orthophosphoric acid at the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The column effluents were detected using Photo Diode array detector at wavelength of 340 nm. The proposed reverse phase liquid chromatographic method was validated as per ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. Based upon the optimized parameters, these drugs were effectively separated and the retention time was found at 4.08 min. for IRI and 7.8 min. for CAP with resolution of 7.6. There is no interference with the impurities or degradation products. The calibration plots were found to be linear over the concentration range of 4-24 µg/ml and 40-240 µg/ml respectively. The LOD and LOQ of IRI were found to be 0.12 µg/ml and 0.373 µg/ml while LOD and LOQ of CAP were found to be 0.254 µg/ml and 0.771 µg/ml respectively. The mean percent recovery of triplicate analysis of IRI and CAP were found to be 100.58% and 100.03% respectively. In conclusion, the developed method can be used in the quality control laboratories for the determination of IRI and CAP in APIs. --- ## The excision-generated effect of pterygium on the related corneal astigmatism **Authors:** Alyaa Abdul Ameer Kadhum **Published:** 2018-02-28 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1174 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Astigmatism, Cornea, Excision, Pterygium This herein-experimental study was purposely designed to understand the excision-generated effect of pterygium on the related corneal astigmatism (CA). This prospective study was conducted on 26 eyes of 18 patients (˂53 years old) with a primary-nasal pterygium that had attended Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq during March 2016 to September 2017. The study involved 26 eyes that had different grades of pterygium (GP), 1 eye (3%) had GP I, 10 eyes (38%) had GP II, 9 eyes had GP III, and 6 eyes had GP IV. The astigmatism degrees vary with the GP. Preoperative means of astigmatism (PrMA) were 1.77+/-0.45 diopter (D) in GP I, 2.64+/0.77D in GP II, 3.65+/-1.53D in GP III, and 5.74+/-2.2D in GP IV. Interestingly, the degrees of astigmatism were decreased significantly post-pterygium removal. The PrMA, 3.45+/1.23, was reduced to postoperative mean astigmatism (PoMA) 1.71+/-0.99D. The preoperative mean of vision (PrMV), 0.5+/-0.4 was improved to 0.6+/-0.4. Corneal astigmatism was decreased after three months following the excisions. The current study concluded that the possible interference of these invasive tissues with the visual axis of the affected eyes. It also provides significant rates of visual improvements after performing these operations. In addition, visual acuity could be enhanced as soon as the surgical removals of these damaging tissues are done. --- ## Entamoeba Moshkoviskii as a causative agent of diarrhea in children **Authors:** Abbas Mohammed Hussein Al-Shebani **Published:** 2018-02-16 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1170 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** E. moshkoviskii, Polymerase Chain, Reaction Technique, Diarrhea The present investigational study was intentionally aimed to detect of E. moshkoviskii in stool as the first study and new record in Iraq by using polymerase chain reaction technique. Additionally understand the prevalence of these three parasites (E.moshkoviskii, E.dispar, and E.histolytica) in the human population. Stool sampling of 190 specimens was performed from clinically recognized patients suffering diarrhea with an inflammatory feature from Al-Diwaniya Teaching Hospital, Maternity and Children Hospital, Afak general Hospital and some Hospitals in the province of Iraq. All samples undergo full history was distributed according to name, age, gender, address, bloody diarrhea and clinical symptoms. General stool examination was done to samples within 30 minutes. The samples were divided into two sterile containers the first one grown in media and the second two were kept frozen at -20 Ċ (deep freezing) for DNA extraction used for PCR. From extracted DNA was added 5µl in PCR tube (master mix) with 1.5 µl forward primer and 1.5µl reverse primer, then 12µl from nuclease-free water, all volume was completed to 20 µl. One hundred ninety stool samples were collected and examined by general stool examination positive for Entamoeba spp. The present study showed the high prevalence of amoebiasis in rural area more than urban area, the result revealed that the infected patients in rural area 119 (62.6%) while in urban area 71 (37.3%). The present study revealed the high percentage (25.2%) of infection with gastrointestinal symptoms under the age of 14 years old and above the age of 45 years. In the present study was showed the PCR product was detected in 182 (96 %) samples, and 8 (4 %) were detected as negative utilizing PCR test. The present study concluded that presence of three-identical species of Entamoeba utilizing PCR to target stool-based DNA of patients expressing gastrointestinal symptoms (E.moshkoviskii, E. dispar, and E.histolytica) could be grown in modified Lock's – egg slant medium. The single round PCR described in this study is a specific and sensitive method for distinguishing between those species. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of Clopidogrel bisulfate loaded transdermal patches for anti-platelet activity **Authors:** Subramanian S, Senith SK **Published:** 2018-02-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1153 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clopidogrel Bisulfate, Transdermal Patch, TDDS, Solvent Evaporation, In Vitro Drug Release Transdermal drug delivery is an alternative route for systemic drug delivery which minimizes the absorption and increases the bioavailability. Orally clopidogrel bisulfate has a short elimination half-life (7-8 h), low oral bioavailability (50 %) undergoes extensive first pass metabolism (85 %) and frequent high doses (75 mg) are required to maintain the therapeutic level as a result. The purpose of this research was formulation and evaluation of transdermal drug delivery system of clopidogrel bisulfate using various polymers such as HPMC and EC by solvent casting technique for improvement of bioavailability of drug and reducing toxic effects. The developed transdermal patches may increase the therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxic effect of clopidogrel bisulfate. The prepared transdermal drug delivery system of clopidogrel bisulfate using different polymers such as HPMC and EC had shown good & promising results for all the evaluated parameters. Based on the in vitro drug release, drug content, weight variation, tensile strength, thickness and folding endurance results formulation F2 was concluded as an optimized formulation which shows its higher percentage of drug release. --- ## Low cost pretreatment of lignocellulosic waste by white rot fungi for ethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae **Authors:** Thamilmaraiselvi B, Steffi PF, Sathammaipriya N, Sangeetha K **Published:** 2018-02-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1152 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lignocellulosic, Ethanol, FTIR Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast. It has been instrumental in winemaking, baking, and brewing since ancient times. The present study was performed to produce lignin degrading enzymes to degrade lignocellulosic substrates and to produce ethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae by performing FTIR method. The yeast culture Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated and screened for the production of lignolytic enzymes. Then it was pretreated to produce lignocellulosic substrates. Lignocellulosic materials are considered the most abundant renewable resource available for the production of ethanol by FTIR method. The present study concluded the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass for ethanol production in future. --- ## Β2 agonist (Salbutamol) modulate skin wound healing processes **Authors:** Fahim M Mahmood, Hayder B Sahib, Khalid W Qassim **Published:** 2018-02-14 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1169 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Wound Healing, Angiogenesis, Salbutamol, Collagen III, Re-Epithelialization Wound healing is a complex physiological and dynamic process required the coordination of numerous cell types and biological processes to regenerate damaged tissue and initiate repair which is dependent on a number of inter-related factors. This study was aimed to demonstrate whether the β2 receptor has role in wound healing and angiogenesis. A murine wild-type (in vivo), excisional skin wound model was done to demonstrate that activation of β2AR delay wound repair, twenty-four male albino mice were used to investigate the effect of the drug on experimental wound healing grossly, histopathologically and immune-histochemically compared with vehicle-only controls. The results showed that the rate of wound healing was significantly slower in salbutamol group than in control group (P<0.05) after being followed for 5 days for some of the animals and for 10 days for other animals from the third day and thereafter. The results also revealed that in 10 days the mean immunohistochemical scores were significantly higher than that in 5 days for all groups and for all markers enrolled in the present study (P<0.05). Adding salbutamol significantly reduced collagen III, SMA and CD31 mean immunohistochemical score in days 5 and 10 when compared to control group (P<0.05). The current study concluded that the administration of β2 adrenergic receptor agonist (salbutamol) delays wound healing through reduction of angiogenesis, collagen III deposition, myofibroblast density and re-epithelialization process. --- ## Evaluation of endophytic fungal fractions of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. Nees leaves for in vitro free radical scavenging and hepatoprotective activity **Authors:** Smita Kishor Puri, Prasanna Vasantrao Habbu, Preeti Venkatrao Kulkarni, Venkatrao Hanumanthrao Kulkarni **Published:** 2018-02-07 **DOI:** 10.26452/ijrps090101 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Endophytic Fungi, Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant, Andrographis paniculata, Diaporthe sp. A25, Preussia sp. PPV3.6 Fungal endophytes are the microbes residing in internal tissues of the plant forming symbiotic, mutualistic, communalistic and trophobiotic relationship. Endophytes from medicinal plants are considered as essential source of secondary metabolites accompanied by interesting biological/pharmacological activities. In this study, an effort was made to isolate, characterize endophytic fungi from leaves of Andrographis paniculata and to screen the fungal fractions for in-vitro antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity. Two fungal endophytes (APLF-1 and APLF-2) from Andrographis paniculata were isolated and fermented to get chloroform (A1C, A2C), ethyl acetate (A1EA, A2EA) and n butanol (A1nB, A2nB) extracts. All the endophytic fractions of APLF-1 and APLF-2 were assayed for free radical scavenging properties against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical and reducing power. Fractions of APLF-2 showed good scavenging activity compared to APLF-1 extracts. Further, A2EA and A2nB were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. A2EA (50 mg/kg &100 mg/kg) and A2nB (50 mg/kg &100 mg/kg) reversed the elevated biochemical parameters with respect to CCl4 treated group (p<0.001). The LPO, SOD and CAT levels were also restored by A2EA and A2nB (100 mg/kg p.o). APLF-1 and APLF-2 were studied for rDNA sequencing by PCR technique. The endophytic fungi, APLF-1 and APLF-2 were identified as Diaporthe sp. A25 and Preussia sp. PPV3.6 respectively based on their morphology and molecular characterization. The presence of polyvalent secondary metabolites in A2EA and A2nB were confirmed by HPTLC analysis. --- ## A comprehensive review on the genus: Mussaenda **Authors:** Astalakshmi N, Sundara Ganapathy R **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Medicinal plants, Rubiaceae, Mussaenda, phytochemistry and pharmacology Medicinal plants serve as an integral part in fulfilling the human needs by serving with number of resources. The rubiaceae family is a rich source of medicinal plants with 500 genus and 5300 species within it. One of the active members among the genus is Mussaenda. Mussaenda is a genus of flowering plants with numerous ornamental plants. It includes near about 194 species. This present review paper comprises of the importance of the genus Mussaenda including its phyto and pharmacological aspects. --- ## Effectiveness of stabilization exercises and conventional physiotherapy in subjects with knee osteoarthritis **Authors:** Patchava Apparao, Ganni Sandeep, Sudhakar S, Ganapathy Swamy Ch, Sudhan S.G, Satya Prakash T, Geetha Mounika R **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Neuromuscular Training, Osteoarthritis, Serum COMP, Stabilization Exercises Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease, occurring primarily in older person, characterized by erosion of the articular cartilage, hypertrophy of bone at the margins. Numerous Physiotherapeutic Interventions are available for degenerative Tibio femoral joint disease based on symptoms. Lack of literature regarding the effect of Stabilization exercises on changes in articular cartilage, and increase in glycoprotein content hence the need of the study arises. The aim of the study was to find out the effectiveness of Stabilization exercises on articular cartilage changes in subjects with Knee Osteoarthritis. Subjects were randomly allocated to either Control Group or Experimental Group of 52 each. Control group was treated with Quadriceps and Hamstring Strengthening and stretching exercises. Experimental Group was treated with Stretching exercises, Isometric Exercises, Multiple angle isometric Exercises, Co-contraction exercises, Active resisted exercises, Proprioception exercises and Neuro muscular Training exercises. Both groups were given hot packs for 10 minutes before the exercise programme. Patients were given exercises thrice a week for eight weeks. Independent student “t” test was performed to assess the statistical significant difference in mean values between the Groups for VAS, KOOS Score and Serum COMP parameters. Paired student “t” test was performed to assess the statistical difference with in the groups for the Se- rum COMP and Sub Components of KOOS Score (Pain, Symptoms, ADL and QOL) from pre test to post test values. The results of this study have shown that Stabilization exercises of knee joint were shown to be beneficial for improving functional out come scores and there was no effect on Pain and Articular cartilage changes in Knee Osteoarthritis when compared to Conventional Physiotherapy. --- ## Antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora **Authors:** Veerabhadrapppa KV, Raveendra Reddy J **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antidiabetic activity, hypoglycemic activity, Sesbania grandifloria Herbal medicines are commonly measured to be fewer toxic and also free from side effects, than synthetic ones. Therefore, the present study is an effort to study antihyperglycemic property of ethanolic remove of Sesbania grandifloria counter to streptozotocin encouraged diabetes. The outcome of ethanolic remove of Sesbania grandifloria on blood glucose and liver glycogen remained studied in the diabetic rats. The study also measured for the outcome of herbal extract for their outcome on SOD, catalase, GSH and LPO in the homogenates of the pancreas. The outcomes of the current study shows important antidiabetic and antioxidant possible for the selected plants alone and also in combination as a projecting reduction in blood glucose and liver glycogen remained experimental in the rats treated with the extracts of the particular plants. Likewise, the levels of the defensive antioxidant enzymes like SOD, catalase and GSH were improved along with fall in the LPO levels. The current study offers a systematic evidence for antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of Sesbania grandifloria. --- ## Association of CYP1A1 gene polymorphism with breast cancer incidence **Authors:** Hayder Ayyal Mutar **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** CYP1A1 gene polymorphism, breast cancer, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) This study was aimed to investigate the molecular detection of the CYP1A1 gene polymorphism and its role in breast cancer enhancement. Additionally, understanding some of the environmental factors and their relationship to the occurrence of breast cancer was proposed for this study. Blood samples were collected from 50 women at ages between 21-71 years old, that suffered from breast cancer and 50 healthy women who are considered as a control group. The samples were placed in EDTA-based tubes. Then, the samples were kept frozen at -20 ̊C for later DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) laboratory procedures. The results of the mutation analyses of the CYP1A1 gene for the cancer and the healthy groups revealed that the occurrence frequencies of the homozygous wild type isoleucine/isoleucine were 52% and 26% respectively. While they were 42% and 60% respectively for the homozygous mutant Val/Val. Moreover, the heterozygous mutant Val/Ile type showed presence at 6% and 14% respectively. The statistical analyses confirmed that the incidence of the breast cancer could increase with genetic trait of the homozygous mutant Val/Val in a difference rate of 1.4 and confidence interval at 3.337-0.587. The findings of this study also declared that the women who carried the heterozygous mutant Val/Ile and their menstrual cycle started at the ages between 14-17 years old had 4 times of the risk factor of developing breast cancer. The study also revealed that there were no significant differences between the women who had breast cancer if they had early or late menopause. Finally, the study results showed that there was 3 times risk factor of developing breast cancer in uneducated women when linked to the genotypic trait Val/Ile in a difference rate of 3.2 and confidence interval of 40.057-0.265. It has been concluded that the risk factor of breast cancer was increased in the uneducated women in the presence of the Val/Ile genotype. This could be reasoned to the lifestyle of exposing to chemicals, paints, smoking, and many environmental carcinogens. --- ## Preventive effect of Euphorbia Thymifolia Linn against ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in male wistar albino rats **Authors:** Siva Jyothi CH, Naresh Babu P, Karimulla S.K, Gobinath M **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Euphorbia thymifolia, Hyperoxaluria, Urolithiasis, Ethylene glycol The effect of the Ethanolic extract of Euphorbia thymifolia Linn (EEET) against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in albino rats is summarized in this study. Lithiasis was induced in rats by administrating 0.75% ethylene glycol in drinking water for 28 days and was manifested by high Urinary calcium, phosphate, oxalate, protein, uric acid, creatinine and low urinary magnesium Content. The EEET was administered in 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight orally for 28 days along with 0.75% ethylene glycol. Results revealed that Urinary calcium, phosphate, oxalate, protein, uric acid, creatinine was reduced and urinary magnesium level was elevated in diseased group. It also increased the urine volume, thereby reducing the tendency for crystallization. The histopathological studies confirmed the induction of lithiasis as microcrystal deposition was observed in section of kidney from animals treated with ethylene glycol. This was reduced, however, after treatment with the extract. These observations enable us to conclude that EEET is effective against ethylene-glycol induced urolithiasis in albino rats. --- ## Effectiveness of Proprioception training and Mulligan’s mobilization in subjects with lateral ankle sprain **Authors:** Sivakumar C, Sudhakar S, Senthil Selvam P, Sudhan SG **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ankle joint functional assessment tool (AJFAT), Goniometry, Mulligan’s mobilizations, strengthening exercises Ankle sprains are common problem in daily activity its occurring at an estimated rate of more than 23,000 per day in the United States. (Kannus P, Renstrom et. Al 1991). The anterior talofibular ligament is the most commonly injured ligament and is most susceptible to injury during a plantar flexion and inversion mechanism. (Kannus P.et.al2010). Re injury may be greater in high risk of sports, athletes in reinjured rate of 73% was reported, Individuals with repeated sprained ankle may have the symptoms like pain during the activity, weakness, swelling, and functional disability. The primary objective is evaluating the effectiveness of Functional outcome in Mulligans mobilization group and compared with proprioception Group in subjects with lateral ankle sprain Participants. The purpose of the study is comparing mulligan methods versus proprioception training in lateral ankle sprain. In this study 30 subjects with unilateral ankle sprain were selected, they assigned into 2 groups consisting of 15 subjects each-Group A (control) and Group B (experimental). Group A received proprioception training methods. In group B received mulligan’s mobilizations to the affected ankle joint. After the 4 weeks of the treatment, measured the ROM, and ankle functional status, it will be measuring by GONIOMETER and AJFAT (ankle joint functional assessment tool). In this study mulligan’s mobilization group improve ankle dorsiflexion and functional activity in subjects with lateral ankle sprain. Group A is given ROM exercises, strengthening exercises and Group B is given mulligan’s mobilization. By statistical analysis our study demonstrates that significant difference From the results the values for ROM with values of (-6.92) and (-2.048) pre and post intervention shows more effective in experimental group than the control group. For the ankle joint function by AJFAT pre and post intervention values of (-0.1) and (-6.4) indicate significant difference. --- ## Wound healing: In response to natural remedies and phototherapy **Authors:** Hany Elgohary, Soad Al Jaouni, Samy Selim **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial, Burn, Honey, Low Intensity Laser Therapy, Phoenix dactylifera, Quercetin Insufficient studies had been carried on the effectiveness of (Phoenix dactylifera) Ajwah date in the healing of burns. The aim of the current study was to inspect the role of Ajwah date, honey and low intensity laser therapy in healing of burn as well as antimicrobial activity. Total Flavonoids contents in methanol extract of Ajwah date with an average value of 5.574 mg QE/gram. Quercetin described as the greatest flavonoids contents within the extract (2.438 mg GAE/gram fw). Moreover, quercetin extracted to examine the antimicrobial activity via TLC and recognized by IR, MS, and 1H and 13C NMR. Quercetin of Ajwah date presented different responses through creating numerous inhibition zones against examined microorganisms. Chemical burn was induced to twenty local rabbits that were divided randomly into four groups of equal number received topical application of quercetin (80 %), lime honey, low intensity laser therapy (LILT) and control group. Wound surface area was measured through tracing method and 3D camera while wound swab was used to detect the microbial load. The results revealed that there were significant differences in wound surface area and microbial load for the treatment groups when com- pared to the control group after 7, 14, and 21 days as p<0.05, while the quercetin group was superior to honey and low intensity laser therapy respectively. This study supported that quercetin extracted from ajwah; honey and LILT are beneficial methods to accelerate the wound healing process as well as decrease the microbial load. --- ## T786C Polymorphisms of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase 3 (eNOS3) in basket ball players **Authors:** Sarab Hussain Khaleel **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Endothelial Nitric Oxide synthase, T786C polymorphism, PCR Genetic factor plays an important role in athletes performance. This study was amid to explain individual variability in eNOS3 – T786C polymorphism that acts a vital role athletes performance. The endothelial nitric oxide synthase three gene variant has been studied. The T786C polymorphism of eNOs3 gene studied in power and endurance sport. The genotypic and allelic frequencies of the eNOS3 T786c polymorphism in basketball players compare with control group. DNA extracts from 35 man player basketball and 40 healthy men as a control. The T786C polymorphism was determined genotype by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR- RFLP). The frequency of the T allele was significant for basketball player compared to the control group (60% vs 40.5%, P= 0.334). While genotypes disruption there is no statically significant among basketball player (40% TT, 40% TC, 20% CC) compared with control (30% TT, 25% TC, 18% CC), (p=0.365, 0.167, 0.069 respectively). It was concluded that T allele has a significant relationship with basketball players, and it has a beneficial effect on performance parameters, but it needed further study. --- ## Effects of superdisintegrants on formulation of mouth dissolving dexamethsone tablets **Authors:** Venkatalakshmi Ranganathan, Ling Mee Siew, Sasikala Chinnappan **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Croscarmellose sodium, Guar gum, Dexamethasone, Mouth dissolving tablets, Super disintegrants Dysphagia is the main drawback of conventional dosage forms such as tablets. This has lead to treatment failure and high rate of incompliance. Mouth dissolving tablet dosage forms are developed to overcome dysphagia. This study aims to develop mouth dissolving dexamethasone tablets which are able to disintegrate and dissolve rapidly in saliva without the need of water. MDTs of dexamethasone were prepared by using natural and synthetic superdisintegrants at different concentration. Direct compression technique was used to develop the tablets. The prepared tablets were evaluated with various physiochemical parameters like thickness, hardness, friability, weight variation, wetting time, water absorption ratio, disintegration time, in vitro dispersion time and in vitro dissolution. Drug release kinetics was also studied. The prepared mouth dissolving dexamethasone tablets were found to be better in term of more rapid drug release as compared to current marketed dexamethasone tablets. Drug is releasing from tablets following first order kinetics and Fickian diffusion. Mouth dissolving tablets of dexamethasone was able to disintegrate rapidly in saliva and achieved rapid and complete drug release. --- ## Development, characterization of Glipizide spherical agglomerates by direct compression method **Authors:** Kavuluru Venkata Swathi Krishna, Kothapalli Bonnath Chandra Sekhar **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Spherical agglomerates, caesalpinia spinosa, HPMC, ethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, crystallization technique The objective of the research is to prepare glipizide spherical agglomerates with increased solubility, flow and com- pression properties by novel crystallization technique. Glipizide was dissolved in 30ml dichloromethane (good solvent) and stirred. 100ml of water (poor solvent) was added and continued stirring. 5ml of chloroform (bridging liquid) was added and stirred at 1000rpm for 40minutes to precipitate glipizide. The agglomeration method was optimized for parameters like speed and agitation time and amount of bridging liquid added. The precipitated particles were filtered and dried at 40°C. Spherical agglomerates were characterized by IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction studies, DSC and SEM and its results showed that no physical or chemical interaction existed in the prepared agglomerates. Spherical agglomerates exhibited decreased crystallinity and improved micromeritic properties (bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, angle of repose). The prepared agglomerates of glipizide were spherical in shape and dissolution profile was faster and exhibited improved solubility along with proper micromeritic properties than pure drug. The agglomerates can be made directly into tablets because of their excellent flowability. Directly compressed tablets of the glipizide agglomerates exhibited hardness, friability and weight variation appropriately along with improved drug release characteristics. Among the different control release polymers Caesalpinia spinosa (natural mucoadhesive polymer) showed increased drug release retarding capacity. F2 showed the satisfactory results and have better sustainability. A zero order release rate kinetics is exhibited for the best formulation i.e. because it shows correlation coefficient value of zero order is more when compared to first order. F2 formulation diffusion exponent (n) value is 0.45< n >0.89 so they follow Anomalous (Non- Fickian) diffusion. Pharmacokinetic evaluation parameters are used for determination of bioavailability, like maximum Cmax, Tmax, AUC, Volume of distribution, half-life (t1/2), clearance(ClT) and mean residence time (MRT). Cmax of Glipizide market and test formulations were 1.285 ± 0.1 µg/mL and 01.48 ± 0.02 µg/mL respectively having significantly no difference (P<0.05). Tmax values of Glipizide market and test were 4.65 ± 0.25 Hours, 10.05 ± 0.80 Hours respectively with significant variance (P<0.05) and a P value 0.0005. ETOVA and test t½ values were 3.77 ± 0.645 hrs, 4.56 ± 1.71hrs respectively, with significant variance (P<0.05) and a P value is 0.0002. AUC0-∞ values were 118.3± 20.04 µg-hr/mL, 536.5 ± 49.44 µg- hr/mL respectively. Elimination rate constant of reference and test were0.83 ± 0.44 hr-1, 6.36 ± 1.586 hr-1 respectively with significantly variant and P value is 0.0001. --- ## Prevalence of common nonmalignant tongue lesions **Authors:** Sabah F. Mushatat, Muntaha Fawzi Salih, Ahmed Adel Othman **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fissured tongue, Coated tongue, Ankyloglossia, Scalloped tongue Superficial tongue lesions create a significant ratio of the oral lesions, which afford approximation to oral health and general condition of the patient and may reflect the presence of many systemic diseases of an individual. Oral lesions have long been view as the first signs of many systemic diseases and numerous of oral illness. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of various superficial tongue lesions in Iraqi population. 2500 patients at- tending the Department of Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, Al-Mustansiriyah University in Baghdad, Iraq were examined for the presence of various tongue lesions during the period from October 2013 to September 2016. The age of the patients ranged from 9-75years with a mean age of 36.51 years. The number of occurrences of tongue lesions was 14.64% and the most common superficial tongue lesion diagnosed was fissured tongue affecting 43.7% of the subjects (160 cases). The geographic tongue was seen in 65 patients (17.7%). The coated tongue was diagnosed in 55 patients (17 %) hairy tongue was seen in 21patients (5.7 %) and ulcerations was seen in 1 patient (0.27%). Ankyloglossia was seen in 46 patients (12.5%) and scalloped tongue was seen in 10 patients (2.7 %). Varicosities were seen in 1 of the patients (0.27 %) and thrush in one patient (0.27 %). The number of occurrences of tongue lesions in the present study was not higher of than previous studies ̦ but the high prevalence of tongue lesions in this study (14.64%) specially fissured tongue (43.7%), geographic tongue (17.7%) and coated tongue (15.02%) indicate further investigations are demanded to indicate if genetic and congenital or environmental factors play a critical role. --- ## Study of Drosophila melanogaster response to electric stress and efficacy of Abhrak bhasma and ascorbic acid as dietary supplement **Authors:** Rambhadur P Subedi, Rekha R Vartak, Purushottam G Kale **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drosophila, oxidative stress, abhrak bhasma, electric stress With an increase in usage of variety of electric appliances, not only humans but also other coexisting organisms too face an occasional exposure to electric shock. Majority of stresses manifest directly or indirectly through oxidative stress. This study largely deals with understanding the effect of electric stress on catalytic as well as non- catalytic components of antioxidant machinery in insect using Drosophila as a model system. The effect of dietary supplement of ascorbic acid and abhrak bhasma in management of elwectric shock has also been evaluated. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase enzymes were assessed as a part of catalytic component while, total GSH content, GSH:GSSG ratio, free radical scavenging capacity were studied as a part of non-catalytic component of antioxidant machinery of cells. Along with these parameters, the molecular effect at transcription levels of cncC (Nrf-2), hsp70 genes as well as the effect on lipid peroxidation was evaluated in response to electric shock. It was observed that ascorbic acid as a dietary supplement, in general, show protective role in electric stress. Abhrak bhasma, on the contrary, negatively affect various antioxidant parameters. Administration of these compounds and subsequent electric shock can thus be tried for demographic manipulations of insects. --- ## Development and characterization of stomach specific mucoadhesive drug delivery system of Baclofen **Authors:** Trivedi RV, Borkar JH, Taksande JB, Awandekar NB, Wadher KJ, Umekar MJ **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Baclofen, Mucoadhesive tablets, HPMCK 100M, Sodium alignate, ethyl cellulose The aim of the present investigation was to improve the bioavailability of baclofen by increasing the residence time of the drug by preparing gastroretentive mucoadhesive sustained release matrix tablet. Tablets were prepared by direct compression technique and evaluated for hardness, weight variation, thickness, content uniformity, swelling index, mucoadhesive force, mucoadhesive retention period and in vitro drug release. Formulation B8, containing sodium alginate, HPMC K100M, Carbopol 974P and ethyl cellulose was found to control the release of Baclofen for more than 12 hrs with cumulative percentage of drug release 70.79 %. The mucoadhesive studies reveraled that batch B8 and B1 found to be good mucoadhesive strength and mucoadhesive retention period. For all formulations, kinetics of drug release from tablet followed by Matrix and Korsemeyer Peppas model, which states that the release of might follow Non-Fickian diffusion as predominant mechanism of drug release. Mucoadhesive system found to be promising approach for gastro retentive controlled delivery of Baclofen which is capable of sustaining release for 12 hours. The swelling and bioadhesion ability were found to be dependent on the composition of the polymer in the tablet. --- ## Antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Rhynchosia suaveolens (L.F.) DC. in Streptazotocin induced diabetic rats **Authors:** Vinoth Kumar S, Gopal V, Devanna N **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rhynchosia Suaveolens, Streptozotocin, Antidiabetic, Hypoglycaemic effect To evaluate the antidiabetic potential of ethanolic extract of Rhynchosia suaveolens (L.F.) DC. (EERS) in Streptazotocin induced diabetic rats. The Preliminary Phytochemical analysis was done by standard laboratory methods and acute toxicity studies were performed by OECD test guide lines 423. The present study, the hypoglycaemic effect of ethanolic extract of Rhynchosia suaveolens (L.F.) DC. was evaluated by using streptazotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg p.o. daily for 28 days. The effect of extracts on diabetic rats in body weight, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, serum protein, albumin, alkaline phosphates, SGOT, SGPT, serum creatinine and urea contents were analysed. EERS shown significant (P < 0.01) reduction in blood glucose. EERS treatment significantly increase the serum protein, albumin, HDL-C, liver glycogen. EERS also significantly reduced in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, serum creatinine, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides LDL-C and AIP. Histopathology of pancreas in EERS treated group showed regeneration of β- cells. The results of the study showed that EERS exerted Posses significant antidiabetic activity in STZ induced diabetic rats which justifying its traditional use. --- ## Tumor suppressing potential of Cajanus cajan in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis **Authors:** Kuselar Hemalatha, Shanmugdam Manoharan, Musthafa Shabana Begum, Mani Neelakandan **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cajanus cajan, oral cancer, lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, detoxification agents Traditional medicine has explored the diverse pharmacological efficacy of Cajanus cajan leaves including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. To scientifically validate the tumor inhibitory potential of Cajanus cajan leaves, the present study utilized the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis as an experimental oral cancer model. The ethanolic extract of Cajanus cajan leaves (CcELet) suppressed the tumor formation in the pre- initiation phase and reduced the formation of tumors and tumor size as well in the post-initiation phase. Also, the Cajanus cajan leaves modulated the status of lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, and phase I and phase II detoxification agents towards tumor inhibition in the hamsters treated with DMBA. The results of the study thus explore the anti-tumor potential of Cajanus cajan leaves during DMBA induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. --- ## Ameliorative effect of Cleome gynandra Linn against scopolamine induced amnesia in mice **Authors:** Manasa A, Karimulla S.K, Gobinath M **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dementia, Alzheimer’s, Cleome gynandra, Acetyl cholinesterase, β-Amyloid, Piracetam The objective of this study was to evaluate various extracts of leaves of Cleome gynandra L for its memory enhancing ability. The exteroceptive behavioral models such as elevated plus maze, Morris water maze, Radial arm maze, Y maze and Open field test were used to evaluate the learning and memory, whereas scopolamine is the natural ageing inducing amnesia served as interoceptive models. Parameters like Escape Latency Time (ELT), Time Spent in Target Quadrant (TSTQ), Transfer latency (TL), Peripheral movements and Rearings alternation to estimate the short-term memory and determination of brain Acetyl cholinesterase and β-Amyloid protein levels. The activity was compared with standard drug Piracetam. Single dose of (200mg/kg/oral) various extracts were orally administered for eighteen successive days in separate groups of animals and the doses were selected according to the animal weight. The activity was compared with standard drug Piracetam. Among different extracts, ethanolic ex- tract has significantly improved the learning and memory in mice. Furthermore, the single dose of ethanolic extract was significantly reversed the amnesia induced by scopolamine (0.4mg/kg I.P). The presence of steroids, Flavonoides and potent antioxidant property of ethanolic extract of leaf of Cleome gynandra L. may be contributing favorably to memory enhancement effect. Since scopolamine induced amnesia was reversed by Cleome gynandra L., it is possible that the beneficial effect on learning and memory was due to facilitation of cholinergic transmission and inhibition of β-Amyloid levels in mouse brain. --- ## Comparison the Effect of Letrozole and Tomoxifin in infertile women with Clomid Citrate resistant in polycystic ovarian syndrome **Authors:** Enas Jaleel Alobaidy, Inaam Faisal Mohammed, Raakad Kamel Saadi **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clomiphene resistance, Polycystic ovarian syndrome, Ovulation induction, Tamoxifen, Letrozole Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent endocrine problem affect women in the reproductive age and commonest causes of hyperandrogenic anovulatory infertility. This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of letrozole on ovulation induction and pregnancy rate in comparison to tamoxifen in clomiphene CC-resistant PCOS patient. This prospective randomized study was included 80 patients divided into 2 equal groups, Group (1) involved 30 women who were given letrozole 2.5 mg tab orally once per day from day 5to 9 of the menstrual cycle, for 3 successive cycles. Group (2) included 30 women, had been received TMX with a dose of 20 mg per day starting from day 5 of manse to day 9 of it, for 3 successive cycles, compare the effectiveness of letrozole and tamoxifen in management of clomiphene citrate resistance PCOS patients, during of 15th August 2015 to 15th of December 2016 and was performed infertility clinics of AL-Batool teaching hospital. The results of this study revealed that Letrozole is better than tamoxifen in producing acceptable follicular diameter, endometrial thickness and pregnancy rate in women with the clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovarian syndrome. With pregnancy rate of (12%) in tamoxifen group versus (27%) in letrozole group. Letrozole is effective, an available drug that is superior to tamoxifen as ovulation induction agent in clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovarian syndrome. --- ## Assessment of medication usage awareness among rural population living in resource limited settings **Authors:** Mohamed Saleem TS, Koti Reddy, Gopinath Chakka, Manoj Kumar B, Sowmya Reddy V **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rational drug use, Medication usage awareness, Drug usage problems, Patient’s knowledge, Compliance Rational drug use is a practice in which patients receive medications appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements, for an adequate duration, and at the lowest cost to them and their community. Irrational use of medicines results in serious morbidity and mortality. Rational prescription of drugs and rational use of drugs ha s been a concern in both developed and developing countries. The overriding purpose of our study is to evaluate the rural patient’s knowledge about their prescribed drugs and to have an idea about their compliance to their treatment. In this prospective interview based study patient’s medication usage awareness and drug usage problem(s) related to patient therapy was assessed by using a self structured questionnaire. A total of 200 patients living in the rural region of Rajampet, Kadapa District were enrolled. It was found that all 200 (100%) patients were aware about the frequency of their medication and the majority (80%) of the patients knew how they were supposed to administer their medication. It was observed that patients were least aware about the possible side effects (2%) of their medications and the dose of their prescribed medications. Our research study concludes that most of patients lack the knowledge of their medications. So there is a definite need of proper patient counseling by the health care providers like pharmacists to improve knowledge of medication usage among rural patients. --- ## Design and in vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive drug delivery of Nateglinide **Authors:** Nagaveni P, Chandra Sekhar KB, Jayachandra Reddy P **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mucoadhesive strength, kinetic models, swelling index, diffusion coefficient The aim of the present work was to design and evaluate mucoadhesive drug delivery system of nateglinide. The novel mucoadhesive tablets were involves the three preparation process may include adhesive cups, core material and tablets. FTIR and DSC analysis is performed for drug-polymer interaction studies there is no interaction between drug and polymers. Nateglinide core material in adhesive cups are influenced by the many number of physical and chemical parameters. Adhesive cup formulations MAC2, MAC4, MAC8, MAC9 and MAC10 that showed superior qualities in the adhesive strengths and hence they were selected for further studies. Drug release from various mucoadhesive tablets was slow and prolong the release rate up to 12 hr and depended on composition, polymers ratio with drug. --- ## Stability-indicating HPLC method development and validation for simultaneous determination of cilastatin and imipenem in pharmaceutical dosage forms **Authors:** Masimukku Siva Kishore, Chintala Rambabu **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPLC, Cilastatin, Imipenem, Stability-indicating method A combined dosage form of cilastatin and imipenem has been simultaneously determined by adopting an HPLC method. Stability indicating studies have been performed under various stress conditions. The reported method adopts Inertsil ODS C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5μm) column as stationary phase and a mobile phase consisting of methanol: acetonitrile: acetate buffer in the ratio of 70:25:05(v/v) at a pH 5.2 and an UV detector at 217 nm. Linear calibration curves for proposed method are arrived in the concentration ranges of 1-6 µg/mL for both cilastatin and imipenem (R2 > 0.999 for both drugs). The method is validated in terms of precision, ruggedness, robustness and accuracy. The developed method has been applied successfully to analyse marketed pharmaceutical formulation and vial samples. Degradation studies have been carried out with cilastatin and imipenem by exposing the drugs to various stress conditions like photolytic, aqueous acid, base, thermal and peroxide conditions. The proposed method successfully separated the drug from its degradation products. Hence, it can be employed as stability-indicating method for the determination of cilastatin and imipenem drugs in pure and formulations. --- ## Methanol extracts of four selected marine sponges induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 **Authors:** Tuti Hudayah, Gul-e- Saba, Mariam Taib, Noraznawati Ismail, Tengku Sifzizul Tengku Muhammad **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Apoptosis, Breast cancer, Caspases, S. ponderosus, Marine extract Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancers among women worldwide. However, due to limited chemotherapeutic efficacy of current anticancer drugs, various natural products have been screened for novel alternative chemotherapeutic agents. Marine environment offers vast diversity of living organisms that provide compounds with impressive structural diversity and drug-like properties. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic effects and mechanisms of cell death exerted by marine sponges on human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Four species, namely Aaptos sp., Stryphuous ponderosus, Theonella sp. and Xestospongia sp, were selected for this study. Methanol extracts from three species produced potent cytotoxicity effects with IC50 values at 72hr of less than 30μg/ml in the order of Aaptos sp. > S. ponderosus > Theonella sp. Due to the lack of studies on S. ponderosus, extract from this species was then used to determine its mechanisms of cell death. MCF-7 cell death exerted by the extract was found to be mediated by apoptosis based on the presence of DNA fragmentation in treated cells. Treatment of cells with the extract increased the levels of of caspase 3 suggesting that the protein was responsible in triggering the DNA fragmentation. In addition, the extract also induced the levels of caspases 8 and 9 and the levels of caspase 8 was higher than the latter suggesting that extrinsic was the major pathway that involved in inducing apoptosis. The apoptotic-induced cytototoxicity activity of the methanol extract of S. ponderosus may be due to the presence alkaloid and terpenoid compounds, and thus, may have the potential to be developed further as candidates for chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of breast cancer. --- ## A study on adverse drug reactions and to monitor the incidence of ADRs in a pulmonary medicine department in teaching tertiary care hospital: a hospital-based study **Authors:** Sapta Naga Kumar Y, Sheela A, Anand B **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs), Pulmonary Medicine, Pharmacovigilance Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a significant clinical problem and an essential aspect of patient care and evaluation. ADRs are a leading cause of morbidity, especially among hospitalized patients with respiratory diseases due to polypharmacy. Approximately 2% of all hospitalizations are linked to ADRs. Medications with a narrow therapeutic index require special ADR management. Research on ADRs is crucial to assess their frequency among medical inpatients, evaluate their impact on hospital admissions, classify the types of ADRs, identify potential risk factors, and calculate the costs of ADRs in terms of prolonged hospital stays. Theophylline, used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is associated with ADRs like palpitations, anorexia, and nausea, occurring in 4.71% of cases.Objective: To evaluate the incidence, pattern, and causality of ADRs in the pulmonary medicine department of a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over six months in the Pulmonary Medicine Department. ADRs were identified, documented, and analyzed using WHO causality assessment and Naranjo’s scale.Results: Among 320 patients, 60 ADRs were reported (38 male, 22 female). First-line TB drugs caused the most ADRs, followed by corticosteroids. Causality was highly probable, and ADR severity was mild. Conclusion: Anti-tubercular drugs were the primary cause of ADRs. Regular monitoring and effective pharmacovigilance are essential to reduce ADR-related burdens in respiratory patients. --- ## Individual and combined effect of PVP, PEG 6000 and some other diluents on the solubility and dissolution rate of Itraconazole tablets **Authors:** Rajesh Pavan A, Chandra Sekhar K.B, Sirisha K, Mounika S **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Itraconazole, DE, PVP, PEG, DCP Itraconazole, an Anti-fungal drug, which is poorly soluble in water. It requires Enhancement in dissolution rate for enhancing its oral bioavailability by several techniques. The prepared Itraconazole tablets possess good physicochemical characteristics and the in vitro dissolution and release rate kinetics were originated acceptable. Deviations were found in dissolution rate, efficiency for the Itraconazole tablets. The factors viz., used of Poly ethylene glycol 6000, Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone and Dicalcium Phosphate, as A, B and C respectively and the combined factors also observed. Formulations F3 and F7 gave good dissolution rate and efficiency values. Addition of PVP 2% resulted in increased dissolution rate of Itraconazole tablets. A grouping of Poly ethylene glycol 6000, Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone and Dicalcium Phosphate was suggested for making Itraconazole tablets with good dissolution characteristics. --- ## Effectiveness strengthening exercises and Mulligan’s mobilization in patients with unilateral ankle sprain **Authors:** Sivakumar C, Sudhakar S, Nandakumar R **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ankle joint functional assessment tool (AJFAT), GONIOMETER, Mulligan’s mobilizations, strengthening exercises, VAS The ankle sprain is defined “An ankle injury that occurs when a person stumbles and the supporting foot twists, resulting in damage to the ligament”. Re injury may be greater in high risk of sports, athletes in reinjured rate of 73% was reported, Individuals with repeated sprained ankle may have the symptoms like pain during the activity, weakness, swelling, and functional disability. The purpose of the study is comparing mulligan, strengthening methods versus conventional methods to treating LAP. In this study 30 subjects with unilateral ankle sprain were selected, they assigned into 2 groups consisting of 15 subjects each-Group A (control) and Group B (experimental). Group A include PRICE (Protection, rest, ice, Compression and Elevation) protocol and strengthening exercises is used. In group B along with PRICE protocol, strengthening exercises and mulligan’s mobilizations are used to the affected ankle joint. After the 6 weeks of the treatment, measured the pain, ROM, and ankle functional status, it will be measuring by VAS (visual analogue scale), GONIOMETER and AJFAT (ankle joint functional assessment tool). In this study mulligan’s mobilization combined with strengthening exercises used to improve ankle dorsiflexion and functional activity in subjects with acute (grade 1) unilateral ankle sprain. Group A is given PRICE protocol, ROM exercises, strengthening exercises and Group B is given with PRICE, strengthening exercises and mulligan’s mobilization. By statistical analysis our study demonstrates that significant difference for VAS with values of (- 17.33) and (-2.145) (p<0.05) pre and post intervention and it is less than 0.05 suggest that significant difference for pain between group A and group B. From the results the values for ROM with values of (-6.92) and (-2.048) pre and post intervention shows more effective in experimental group than the control group. For the ankle joint function by AJFAT pre and post intervention values of (-0.1) and (-6.4) indicate significant difference. --- ## Anti-inflammatory properties of Rosmarinic acid - A review **Authors:** Nirmala Chockalingam, Sridevi Muruhan **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Anti-inflammatory properties, Phytochemicals, inflammation, Rosmarinic acid Phytochemicals are natural, non nutritive chemicals rich in pharmacological activities. They show a very potent antioxidant activity and this activity is closely linked to various beneficial actions, including anti-aging, prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, etc. Medicinal plants play a vital role in drug discovery that can be used to cure various ailments in humans. A safe new phytochemical compound as drugs is one of the major searches world-wide. Rosmarinic acid, a polyphenolic compound is generally available in the wide species of the Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae family (Nepetoideae subfamily). The phytochemical has two phenolic rings with ortho positioned hydroxyl groups. A carboxylic acid, carbonyl group and an unsaturated double bond is present between the two phenolic rings. The compound is thus an ester linked caffeic acid and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid. It has a broad range of biological activity that includes antiviral, antibacterial, antitumor, antihepatitis, anti-inflammation and inhibiting blood clots. Inflammation, a localized protective response elicited by injury or destructions of tis- sues, is mediated by various proinflammatory cytokines, is associated with every health condition. Inflammation is also important cause for many allergic diseases. Rosmarinic acid, being one of the promising active principles, can be developed for various pharmacological activities through clinical trials and applications further. This review aimed to describe the antiinflammatory properties of rosmarinic acid in various diseased conditions and to understand its basic mechanisms. --- ## Evaluation of anti-epileptic activity of chloroform extract of Gossypium herbaceum leaves **Authors:** Sumalatha G, Sreedevi A **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Epilepsy, Gossypium herbaceum, Pentylenetetrazole, Isoniazid The present study was aimed to evaluate antiepileptic activity of chloroform extract of leaves of Gossypium her- baceum (CGH) in mice. The antiepileptic activity of CGH was evaluated in mice at 10, 30, and 100 mg/Kg, p.o. by using maximum electroshock (MES), Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and Isoniazid (INH)-induced convulsions in mice. Statistical analysis was carried out by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s t test. In MES and PTZ methods, CGH significantly protected mice from convulsions potent than Diazepam and Phenobarbitone sodium (PS). In INH method, CGH slightly delayed the onset of convulsions. It may be concluded that CGH exhibited significant and dose-dependent antiepileptic activity potent than Diazepam and PS. --- ## In-silico binding approaches of β-carboline derivatives towards the possible antitumor targets **Authors:** Gomathi Priya Jeyapal, Rajendiran Krishnasamy, MJN Chandrasekar, Jubie Selvaraj **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** β-Carboline, Antitumor, In silico, HTS, Hydrogen bonding, Hydrophobic β-Carboline moieties are important structural subunits which occur as components of many biologically interesting molecules for antitumor activity. The field of computer aided drug design and discovery (CADD) is a rapidly growing area that has seen many successes in the last few years. Through molecular docking, the binding mode and affinity of the protein-inhibitor complex formed is estimated which in turn helps in the discovery of new drug “Leads”. The anticancer potential of β-Carboline analogues was proven by various targeted mechanisms. In this review, we summarise the binding mode and interactions of β-Carboline derivatives towards the various anticancer targets which advantages the discovery of this scaffold into antitumor therapy. --- ## Interpreting the Pollen calendar of Pondicherry **Authors:** Gopal V, Kavitha B, Joshna K **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Aerobiology, Allergy, Atmosphere, Pollen calendar Pollen calendars are useful in the prevention and diagnosis of hay fever, respiratory allergies like rhino conjunctivitis and allergic asthma which cause wheezing, coughing, shortness of breathing and also skin rashes. It is a significant contribution to the occurrence of pollen load onto the atmosphere. The correlation between the onset of different airborne pollen seasons and the occurrence of a patient’s symptom is not well known. Pollen grains causing an allergy are quite variable in different ecozones and also a particular place from season to season, year after year depending on changes in ecological and climatic conditions. A Pollen calendar helps to acquire the knowledge about the identification, verification and seasoning of the air borne pollen. It also gives the statistical data about the concentration and the pollen influx. So, this present review article is to elaborate the pollen calendar for Pondicherry for two years on (1989-1991) which provide a detail of the occurrence of air borne pollen. During this survey, the analysis and comparison of daily monthly and annual values showed that the types of pollen were captured by Cour’s trap on impaction on a weekly basis. The results obtained over two years periods, the most abundant species are Poaceae, Cyperaceae Urticaria, Parthenium and Syzygium. The variation in pollen concentration showed the greatest intramural variations occurred during the period. Interpretation of the Pollen calendar of the area between the two years is shown. --- ## A comparative review on sweet honey and bitter honey **Authors:** Gopal V, Joshna K, Kavitha B **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Bitter honey, Sweet honey, Strawberry tree honey, Comparative study Honey is a sugary secretion deposited in the honey comb by the bee, Apis dorsata and possibly other species of Apis, e.g. Apis indica, Apis florae, etc. usually contain a variety of nutritional and mineral substances. Honey is an ingredient in most of the Ayurvedic preparations due to its therapeutic use in the treatment of cancer, nervous disorder, and muscular weakness and to treat several infections. There are different types of honey available, in that, bitter honey has been shown that it contains bioactive compounds. Antinutritional qualitative and quantitative analysis of bitter honey shows the presence of flavonoids, saponin glycosides whereas steroids were detected only in sweet honey. Bitter honey obtained from strawberry tree has showed interesting antioxidant antiradical activities and protective effect against thermal cholesterol degradation. It also induces the growth inhibition of human cancer cells. The quality of honey is governed by FSSAI, AGMARK and various pharmacopoeias available for honey. But there is no standard monograph available for bitter honey also the demand for this natural product is increasing globally. So the review work is proposed for the further research in developing the standard monograph and pharmacognostical study for bitter honey. --- ## Myomectomy versus total abdominal hysterectomy in women with uterine fibroid **Authors:** Sawsan Ali Abbood **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Uterine fibroid, Myomectomy, Hysterectomy Leiomyomas are benign tumors of the uterus with obscure etiology. These neoplasms are mostly seen in women during their reproductive age and are seen in 80% of them throughout their lifetime. By far, the uterine fibroid is the most frequent reason for surgery in young women. Myomectomy can be carried out via “hysteroscopy, laparoscopy, or classically as an abdominal procedure”. This study was aimed to find out what characteristics can predict the type of operation in women with uterine fibroid. The present cross-section study was included 56 women with uterine fibroid with a mean age of 40.54 ± 9 years. Forty women (71.4%) were married and the rest 16 women (28.6%) were unmarried. Myomectomy was carried out for 33 women (58.9%) and total abdominal hysterectomy was the operation of choice in 23 women (41.1%). Clinical presentation, the age of women, blood group and type of operation were the main variables included in the current study. The results of this study revealed that age was a strong predictor of the type of operation (P<0.001). The best age cutoff value was >40 years that made the best sensitivity and specificity combination, 91.30 % and 81.82 % respectively. In addition, marital status was a significant determinant of the type of operation. The Odds ratio of married women to undergo TAH was 7.74 (95% Confidence interval of 1.74-38.56); in other words, married women are at risk of undergoing THA approximately seven times those women who are unmarried. Women with blood group O+ were more associated with TAH than other groups followed by blood group B+, A+, AB+, and B-. Women age and state of marriage are by far the most reliable predictors for the type of surgical procedure done for women with uterine fibroid. --- ## Effect of heartfulness meditation on perceived stress and cognition in hypertensive patients **Authors:** Soumya Mishra, Kumar Sai Sailesh, Srilatha Bashetti, Archana R, Udaya Kumar Reddy, Jayasree D K, Mukkadan J K **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aquatic plants, antimicrobial; tannins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids The environmental conditions and demands (stressors) those beyond an individual’s perceived ability to cope with the stress experienced and this may also further lead to psychological or physical health complications (Wolf OT et al., 2002). In the present scenario researchers have increased their focus the relationship with stress and cognition. Now it is well established that chronic stress has a negative impact on cognition. It has been learnt that stress leads to the cellular changes in hippocampus wherein a part of the limbic system which is very important for memory processes is affected. It is learnt that the most likely cause for hypertension is emotional stress and anxiety. Hypertension may further become the route cause for cardiovascular disorders (Alderson A L et al., 2009). Heartfulness meditation would be one of the meditation techniques when practiced regularly will have magical effects on an individual with sedentary life style full of stress and anxiety (Littleton, A. C et al., 1981). The studies have proved that heartfulness meditation has a positive role in reducing stress and preventing the individuals from greater health complications like anxiety, depression and physical ill health. As it is studied that stress has an effect on cognition also, in the present study we tried to learn the effect of heartfulness meditation on perceived stress and cognition in the patients with hypertension. --- ## Preliminary phytochemical studies on Ethanol extract of leaves of Ampelocissus araneosa **Authors:** Sellamuthu Venkatesh, Angappan Sheela **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ampelocissus araneosa, Leaves, Ethanolic extract, Organoleptic character, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, GC-MS analysis The current study is focused on determination of organoleptic character and analyses of physicochemical, fluorescence, phytochemical and GC-MS of shade dried Ampelocissus araneosa leaves. Through the study, the extractive value of ethanol was found to be higher than ethyl acetate and the % sulphated ash value was higher followed by water soluble ash value. The value of loss on drying indicates the presence of less amount of moisture and also results of pH of suspensions (1% and 10%) of Ampelocissus araneosa showed within the range of 5-7 that indicates the suitability of plant for the human usage. The appearance of green fluorescence shows the existence of chromophore containing phytoconstituents. The ethanolic extract of Ampelocissus araneosa shows the existence of carbohydrate, steroids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids and terpenoids, and absence of gums and mucilage, sterols, proteins, and phenols. The GC-MS analysis confirms the presence of 12 phytoconstituents. --- ## Design, synthesis, and acute anti-inflammatory assessment of new ketoprofen analogs having 4-thiazolidinone nucleus **Authors:** Monther F. Mahdi, Noor H. Naser, Sanad M. Alfadhel, Basma M. Abd Razik, Hasnah Osman **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 4-Thiazolidinone, Anti-inflammatory activity, COX-2, ketoprofen Ketoprofen is well known non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug possess different side effects, the major one is the gastric irritation and ulceration due to the presence of free carboxyl group in the chemical structure in addition to lack of selectivity in its action by the inhibition of COX-1 enzyme which is required for the pro- duction of cytoprotective prostaglandins. This study aims to reduce the effects by conversion the carboxylic group into a thiazolidinone ring to reduce the direct side effects and increasing its selectivity toward COX-2 enzyme through increased bulkiness by using GABA as spacer, in which the Preferential inhibition of COX-2 is thought to be due to the additional space in the COX-2 hydrophobic channel, as well as to the presence of a side pocket in the channel. The preliminary anti-inflammatory study has revealed that Ve & Vf having better anti-inflammatory activity than ketoprofen. Number of docking results of synthesized compounds have surpassed the docking score of celecoxib as control. Incorporation of 4-Thiazolidinone pharmacophore into a ketoprofen maintained or enhanced it is anti-inflammatory activity. --- ## Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of some Indian medicinal plants against MDR pathogenic bacteria **Authors:** Mohammed Imran, Mohd. Imran, Shaista Khan, Muhammad Arif **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Plant extract, Therapeutic drug, Clinical samples, S. aureus, E. coli The antibacterial potential of thirty five extracts from seven plants was investigated against twelve MDR strains of pathogenic bacteria using agar well diffusion method and microbroth dilution assay. S. aureus and E. coli strains were isolated from the Clinical samples. It was observed that extracts obtained from the Petroleum ether fraction of Cordia dichotoma, Azadirachta indica, Holoptelia integrifolia and Syzigium cumini; Acetone extracts of Allium sativum and Syzigium cumini; extracts obtained from methanolic fractions of Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Cordia dichotoma and Syzigium cumini; extracts obtained from ethanoloic fractions of Azadirachta indica, Cordia dichotoma, and Syzigium cumini exhibited strong antibacterial effects against almost all pathogenic bacteia tested. The inhibitory effects of Syzigium cumini was found to be higher in all solvents with the inhibition zone 8.0±0.20- 24.6±0.55 mm in comparison to inhibition zone recorded for other tested plant extracts. Extract obtained from Methanolic fraction of Syzigium cumini exhibited a significant antibacterial activity against all the bacteria tested and the MIC was also obtained ranging from 0.78 to 3.12 mg/ml and 1.56 to 6.25 mg/ml against the S. aureus and E. coli pathogenic strains respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration of plant extracts were observed ranging from 0.78 to 25 mg/ml and 1.56 to 25 mg/ml against S. aureus and E. coli respectively. This study suggests that the compounds obtained from these plants can be used as important therapeutic drugs for curing various multidrug resistant bacterial infections. --- ## Formulation and in vitro and in vivo characterization of Nifedipine stabilized nanosuspensions by nanoprecipitation method **Authors:** Pradeep Kumar M, Chandrasekhar KB **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dissolution, bioavailability, nanosuspension, nifedipine, solubility Nifedipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist originally introduced for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. Nifedipine which is a poorly water soluble drug coming under BCS class-2, however it suffers from a poor aqueous solubility, which delays its onset of action. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to utilize the nanotechnology to formulate nanoparticles that enhance the dissolution and hence the bioavailability nifedipine. Nanosuspensions were prepared by nano precipitation method in the presence of selected stabilizers at different concentrations. The nanosuspensions were evaluated for their particle size, zeta potential, drug content and In vitro drug dissolution. The selected formula was freeze dried and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and pharmacokinetic study. The in vitro dissolution showed higher drug release compared to the pure drug. The optimum formula has an average particle size of 225.56±4.65 nm and zeta potential of -17.84±2.17 mV. The bioavailability parameters in the rabbits were enhanced by 2 folds when compared with the marketed tablets (Calcigard®). Nanoprecipitation method was successfully employed to produce stable Nifedipine nanosuspension by using the suitable concentration of stabilizer (PVA, Tween 80, PVP & HPMC). From this study, it is concluded that formulation of Nifedipine nanosuspension may be a promising approach that improves the dissolution rate and hence oral bioavailability. --- ## Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Premna latifolia extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats **Authors:** Neelakanth M. Jeedi, Koti BC **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antidiabetic, Premna latifolia, Glucose-6-phosphatase, Insulin, streptozotocin, Pancreatic -cells In this research work, we studied the effect of alcoholic extract of plant Premna latifolia (leaves) on the enzymes associated with metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid in the rats models with induced diabetes employing Streptozotocin. Administration of alcoholic extract of Premna latifolia was made to these diabetic rats at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg once a day for three weeks. Various changes specifically, glucose levels in blood, insulin, total cholesterol content in serum, triglycerides, High Density Lipoprotein levels, Low Density Lipoprotein levels along with variations in the body weight were measured. Numerous enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrate and lipids viz. amylase, lipase, Aldolase, Glucose-6-phosphatase, Phosphogluco isomerase, Fructose- 1,6-diphosphatase, and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase have been evaluated. Further, the histopatholgical changes in pancreas have been studied and reported. This study substantiates that the alcoholic extract of Premna latifolia normalizes the blood glucose, insulin, lipid profile by regulating pancreatic and hepatic enzyme levels in diabetic rats. Alcoholic extract of Premna latifolia lowers glucose and lipid levels in the blood of diabetic rats. --- ## Growth hormone receptor and histopathological study in patients with Tonsillitis **Authors:** Nuha SH. Ali **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tonsillitis, growth hormone receptor, gene expression, histopathology The goal of the present study was to investigate the relationship between tonsillitis and growth factor in children by determining the gene expression of growth hormone receptor (GHR) in tonsils using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) as well as investigating the histopathological changes that are induced by tonsillitis. The study was done via taking samples from extirpated tonsils of 20 children which are divided according to the age into two groups, under and older than 10 years old. The samples-based mRNA was subjected to RT-PCR technique to target the GHR gene. The samples were further examined to explore the histopathological changes using tissue sectioning. The histopathological changes revealed necrosis, erosion, hyperplasia, aggregation of collagenous fibers, and the presence of lobulated tonsils. These results show evidence that the activity of the GHR gene in female patients, less than 10 years of old, is higher than that in male patients, while it is higher in male than female patients of older than 10 years of old. --- ## Effectiveness of active release technique and muscle energy technique in adhesive capsulitis **Authors:** Yatheendra kumar G, Sudhakar S, Sudhan SG, Sivajyothi N, Senthil Selvam P, Deepthi KVSR **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Frozen shoulder, Shoulder pain and disability index, Subscapularis, Triggers points Adhesive capsulitis, describes the common shoulder condition characterized by painful and limited active and passive range of motion (ROM). The purpose of this study is to find out the effectiveness of active release technique and muscle energy technique on subscapularis trigger points in adhesive capsulitis.60 subjects were assessed ac- cording to inclusion criteria and randomly divided into three groups; Group A (n=20) received active release technique and conventional therapy, Group B (n=20) received muscle energy technique and conventional therapy, Group C (n=20) received only conventional therapy. VAS (visual analog scale), Goniometer, SPADI (shoulder pain and disability index) were measured pre and post treatment. Significant difference was seen in all the three groups but there was more improvement in Group A and B subjects than C. when Group A and B are compared there was immediate improvement in Group A subjects than B. The study concluded that there was immediate improvement in group A subjects than B and C groups in treating subscapularis trigger points in adhesive capsulitis. --- ## Cissus quadrangularis protects cell surface glycoconjugates during 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced oral carcinogenesis **Authors:** Velu Velvizhi, Shanmugam Manoharan, Musthafa Shabana Begum, Rajamanickam Buddhan **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** glycoproteins, oral cancer, DMBA, Cissus quadrangularis Glycoproteins play a pivotal role in the maintenance of cellular integrity and thus alterations in the status of glycoproteins could lead to several pathological conditions including malignant transformation. The aim of the present study is to explore the effect of the ethanolic extract of the Cissus quadrangularis leaves on the plasma and buccal mucosa glycoproteins in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Oral carcinoma was induced in the hamsters’ buccal pouch using the site specific carcinogen, DMBA (3 times a week for 14 weeks, topical application). Plasma and buccal mucosa glycoproteins were found to be enhanced in both the plasma and buccal mucosa of hamsters treated with DMBA alone (tumor bearing hamsters). The status of glycoproteins was found to be reverted in hamsters treated with DMBA + Cissus quadrangularis leaves. The present results thus reveal the defensive role of the Cissus quadrangularis leaves in preserving the cellular integrity during DMBA induced oral carcinogenesis. --- ## Acetylcholine esterase inhibition activity of gloriosa superba and molecular docking study of its constituents against bacterial proteins **Authors:** Kiran Babu S, Shilpa Surendran, Nivetha J, Mythili R, Sripathi R, Dharani J, Ravi S **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gloriosa superb, Colchicaceae, acetylcholine esterase, colchinine, glorisine, docking Plant materials are invaluable sources in treatment of various diseases and research on certain plants has opened the way to development of various therapeutic agents. In the present study, the chloroform extract from the flowers of Gloriosa superba which belongs to the Colchicaceae family was subjected to column chromatography and it led to the isolation of myristyl alcohol which was identified by spectral methods. Eventhough G. superba exhibited a large number of biological activities, the acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity was not yet explored. The chloroform extract was studied for the acetylcholine esterase inhibition activity which showed an IC50 value of 14µg/ml. This indicates that the chloroform extract of Gloriosa supera exhibits a strong AChE inhibition activity. Two compounds very often isolated from this genus colchinine and glorisine were subjected to molecular docking studies against the bacterial proteins 1UAG, 2X5O, 3UDI and 3TYE. It exhibited very good scores involving conventional H-bonding, alkyl, pi-alkyl and various other interactions. --- ## Development and validation of stability indicating liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of Dasatinib in bulk **Authors:** Babu B, Meyyanathan SN, Gowramma B, Chandrasekar MJN, Narenderan ST **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dasatinib, LC-MS/MS, force degradation, ICH Dasatinib is a medication used primarily to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia and selected cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In the present study a validated stability-indicating LC-MS/MS method was developed for the estimation of Dasatinib and its degradants on Hypersil ODS (150mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5µ) column using Methanol: 10mM Ammonium Formate as the mobile phase in a isocratic elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The method was validated for accuracy, precision and linearity as per the ICH guidelines. The forced degradation studies were carried out for Dasatinib under acidic, basic, thermal, reduction and oxidation conditions, among which oxidative degradation and basic degradation had above 90 % and 30 % degradation. The degradation products were characterized by MS-MS. The developed method was accurate, precise, specific and rapid found to be suitable for the quantitative analysis of the drug. The recoveries of Dasatinib were found to be within the range. --- ## Assessment of genotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles (cadmium sulphide – CdS and copper oxide - CuO) using plant model (Coriandrum sativum L.) **Authors:** Ankita Pramanik, Animesh Kumar Datta, Sudha Gupta, Bapi Ghosh, Debadrito Das, Divya Vishambhar Kumbhakar **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Comet assay, Coriandrum sativum, Micronuclei, Nanoparticles, Oxidative stress Engineered semiconductor nanoparticles (CdS-NPs and CuO-NPs) are synthesized following wet chemical micro- wave assisted techniques and opto-physically characterized (using UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, DLS and FESEM) for assurance of standard nano quality. The accumulation of the prepared NPs in seedling ash in the form of metallic cataions is studied using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Furthermore, genotoxicity (assessing micronuclei frequency in somatic cells and using comet assay) including cellular stress (accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde as well as Evans blue uptake) and the extent of defense enzyme activation are also studied using plant species (Coriandrum sativum L.; Apiaceae; spice and leafy vegetable yielding plant species of commerce) as host system. Results suggest prevalence of cellular stress environment as well as genotoxicity irrespective of host defense enzyme activity. Toxicity of NPs can well be used for pharmacological application and drug designing. --- ## Acoustical and thermal conductivity study of Ag nanofluids **Authors:** Ramakoteswara Rao N, Leena Gahane, Ranganayakulu SV **Published:** 2017-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nanofluids, TEM, Nanofluid Interferometer, Ultrasonic velocity, Thermal Conductivity Nanofluid is a kind of navel engineering material consisting of metal particles with a size typically of 10nm–100 nm suspended in base fluid. These fluids offer the excellent scope of enhancing the thermal conductivity of common heat transfer fluids. In the present study, Nanofluids are synthesized using two- step method. First, Ag nanoparticle is synthesized by using the wet chemical method. In this method, silver nitrate used as a precursor, sodium borohydride used as reducing agent, and then nanofluids is prepared by synthesized silver nanoparticle dispersed into DD water by using ultrasonication method without any agglomeration. Morphology of the produced nanoparticles is studied by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM); Ultrasonic velocity (v) has been measured for different concentrations of silver nanofluid at different temperatures using Ultrasonic Interferometer technique and then calculated other acoustical parameters like Adiabatic compressibility (β), Acoustical impedance (Z) intermolecular free path (Lf) and its thermal conductivity (k) by using modified Bridgman equation for Nanofluids. Since the addition of only a few volume percent of nanoparticles to a base fluid and significantly improves its thermal conductivity. --- ## Drug Utilization Evaluation in Bronchial Asthma an Observational Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital **Authors:** Sapta Naga Kumar Y, Nithya K, Anand B **Published:** 2017-12-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-Asthmatic Medications, Drug Usage Review, Bronchial Asthma Background: Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease requiring long-term pharmacological management. Rational drug use is essential to optimise therapeutic outcomes and minimise adverse effects. This study aimed to evaluate prescribing patterns, drug utilization trends, and adherence to standard treatment guidelines among asthma patients in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted with 143 bronchial asthma patients. Data were collected using structured case record forms covering demographics, clinical history, and drug therapy details. Drug use was analysed using WHO prescribing indicators and compared with national and international guidelines. Results: Most patients were aged 31–50 years, with a slight male predominance. Inhalation was the preferred route (78%), with β2-agonists (salbutamol) and inhaled corticosteroids (budesonide) being most common. Combination therapy (LABA + ICS) was used in 64% of cases. Oral leukotriene receptor antagonists and theophyllines were less frequent. About 82% of prescriptions adhered to guidelines. Polypharmacy was seen in 28%, with generic prescribing in only 42%. The average prescription contained 5.95 drugs. Oral dosage forms (55.80%) were more common than inhalation (27.76%). Methylxanthines were frequently prescribed. Conclusion: Drug use was generally rational with good guideline adherence. Improvements in generic prescribing and reduced polypharmacy are recommended. --- ## Patient Satisfaction with Diagnostic MRI Services at a Teaching Tertiary Care Hospital in South India **Authors:** Udhayan Felix **Published:** 2017-12-24 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** patients, Hospital, Imageology, MRI Introduction: The healthcare sector is evolving to align with the growing expectations of patients. Hospitals are transitioning from perceiving patients as uninformed individuals with limited options to recognizing them as educated consumers with diverse healthcare choices. Patient satisfaction is widely acknowledged as a key measure of service quality, and surveys serve as a valuable method to capture patient experiences within healthcare facilities.Objective: To assess the perceived satisfaction of patients with diagnostic MRI services at a teaching hospital located in South India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 200 individuals undergoing MRI investigations. Data were collected using a pilot-tested, pre-structured, self-administered questionnaire. Analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 10.0.2). Results: Of the 200 respondents, 79% (n=158) were male and 21% (n=42) were female. The distribution included 27% (n=54) outpatients, 38.5% (n=77) inpatients from the same hospital, 25% (n=50) from private nursing homes, 4.5% (n=9) from other hospitals, and 10 respondents did not specify. A total of 74.5% were satisfied with the waiting time; 80.5% expressed satisfaction with the directions provided to reach the MRI unit; 77.5% were content with staff behavior; and 86.5% appreciated the communication by staff. Furthermore, 85.5% agreed that providing information about the MRI process during waiting time was beneficial, and 62% preferred having trained personnel present during the procedure. Conclusion: Hospital management should actively collect feedback from patients and their caregivers to identify service gaps and enhance the quality of care. Such improvements not only elevate patient satisfaction but also contribute to positive word-of-mouth promotion for the hospital. --- ## Characteristics of patients availing Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) scan services at Tertiary care teaching hospital in South India **Authors:** Udhayan Felix **Published:** 2017-12-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), Tertiary Care Hospital, iagnostic Imaging, Patient Profile Background: The Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging plays a vital role in hospital-based patient care by offering essential diagnostic services to various clinical specialties. This study aimed to assess the demographic and clinical profile of patients undergoing MRI and CT scans at a major tertiary care teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted over one year at Melmaruvathur Adhiparasakthi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Melmaruvathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, to evaluate the patient utilization patterns of MRI and CT scan services. Results: A total of 7,171 patients underwent imaging, comprising 1,282 MRI and 5,889 CT scan procedures. Notably, head CT scans accounted for the majority (60.4%) of all CT scans performed, underscoring their clinical relevance. A significant proportion of scans yielded positive findings, with 72.1% in CT Abdomen, 82.9% in CT Chest, and 80% in MRI. Conclusion: The findings indicated that a majority of MRI and CT scans revealed positive diagnostic results, reinforcing the value of these imaging modalities as essential diagnostic tools in a tertiary care hospital setting. --- ## Effect of deferasirox therapy on serum ferritin level and its side effect in Iraqi thalassemia patients **Authors:** Abdulaziz Wannas Abd, Jamah Nasir Al-Obaidi, Hasan Dede Meshay **Published:** 2017-12-04 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Deferasirox, Ferritin, Oral Chelating Agent Deferasirox is an iron chelating drug of oral intake. It is main use is to decrease iron overload in patients who are receiving blood transfusions for a long time in conditions such as beta-thalassemia and other chronic anemias. This study was aimed to determine the benefit of the oral chelating agent (Deferasirox) and it is a side effect in thalassemia patients. Fifty patients with a provisional diagnosis of thalassemia major and transfusional iron in Aldiwaniya province /Iraq in the period (August 2015–April 2017). Most of the patients were managed according to the own protocol with the target hemoglobin levels around 9.5-10.5 mg/dl before blood transfusion. Serum ferritin estimation was advised after at least ten packed red cell transfusions. The oral chelating was started to inform of deferasirox oral tablet in doses of 10 to 20 mg per kg per day if ferritin levels in serum reached > 1000 ng per ml and 20- 40mg/kg if serum ferritin more than 1500ng/ml. Those patients were switched to deferasirox, as an oral chelating agent without used any other chelator. The patients were classified based on the age groups (less than and above 10 years) and according to gender. The average level of ferritin in the serum of these group at the initiation of the study was 2678.83 ng/ml before treatment and 2255.43ng/ml after deferasirox commenced. The study group recorded a good compliance in 70% and poor in 30%. Patients treated with deferasirox showed some gastrointestinal symptoms like abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea in 12% of cases and skin rash in 2% and increase in a liver enzyme in 4%. Deferasirox is well affordable with long-term treatment and the adverse effects are minimal with this medication; therefore optimum treatment is needed to produce the good clinical result and decrease or no adverse effects in a good acceptable dose; however the occurrence of therapy-related adverse effect decreases with time and the common therapeutic complications reported are related to gastrointestinal symptoms and skin rash in some patients and increase in liver enzyme. The availability of this therapy (oral iron chelators), like deferasirox, may take part to produce good satisfaction, especially among young child and school-age patients in which the compliance is a very big problem. --- ## Detection of anaemia from Tongue Datasets by Image Processing **Authors:** Sujatha R, Sujatha R, Sujatha R, Aarthy S.L, Charulatha A.R, Sasikala T.M.S **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anaemia, colour, DM, NPDR, texture, Geometry In the process of respiration in the human body, inhales the oxygen and that is used for breaking down the sugars and carbohydrates into glucose. This in turn gets converted in to energy and blend in to the body. For the conversion the hormone named insulin in the blood stream plays the vital role. The pancreas is responsible for the secretion of insulin and not required quantity is secreted thee process of energy conversion face hurdle. This will increase the glucose level in the blood and also in urine. This is the key term for the work on finding the diseases. The main objective of this project is to detect Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Non Proliferative Diabetes Retinopathy (NPDR) and anaemia by comparing the tongue of the patient with the tongues samples of healthy individuals preloaded in the system. The features of the patient’s tongue are extracted and compared with the features of tongues datasets in the system. The human tongue is capable of indicating diseases based on its color, texture and orientation. By using this feature extraction an attempt is made to detect anaemia and also indicating the levels. --- ## Cytotoxic evaluation of endophytic fungal extract obtained through static fermentation against Human Larynx Cancer Cell Line (HEp2) **Authors:** Ashwini S, Kalyanaraman Rajagopal, Maheshwari S, Vanitha V, Arulmathi R, Tuwar A, Mohanasundaram S **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aquatic plants, antimicrobial, tannins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids Endophytic fungi apart from shedding light on the diversity on mitosporic fungi they are the reliable source of bio- active compounds. Several endophytic fungi isolated from different hosts produced valuable compounds which include alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids etc. Taxol is one of well anticancer compound produced by endophytic fungi of Taxus brevifolia. Hence, in the current study endophytic fungi isolated from Ficus plant was studied for their cytotoxic effect on human larynx cancer cell line (HEp2). Ethyl acetate extract of the fermentation broth of dominant endophytes such as Phomopsis sp., Curvularia lunata, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum gleosporioid., Aspergillus sp. and Dreschlera sp., were tested on human larynx cancer cell line (HEp2) using MTT assay. The IC50 value of the endophytic fungal extract effect were ranging between 50.87 to 91.01 and these results demonstrated that ethyl acetate extract of those endophytic fungi may act as a potent anticancer substance for drug development. --- ## Protective effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) against Carbimazol-induced toxicity in male mice **Authors:** Wafaa Kadhim Jasim **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carbimazole, DHEA, Hypothyroidism, lipid profile, mice The present study conducted to evaluate the protective role of DHEA against the some side effects caused by carbimazole in male mice. Eighteen male mice were divided into three groups, the first group drenched distillated water as control, while second group gavaged with carbimazole and third group gavaged with carbimazole in combination with DHEA, all treatments were extended for thirty days. The results revealed that the mice treated with carbimazole caused significant decrease in serum T4 and T3 concentration, but TSH was significantly increased. An increase in serum values of AST, ALT, TG, TC, VLDL, LDL cholesterol, creatinin and Urea were also recorded. Combined DHEA with carbimazole significantly return these biochemical criteria to their values in control group. In spite of non-ameliorative effect of DHEA on thyroid hormones, the results refer to that DHEA ameliorates the lipid profile, hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity induced by Carbimazole in male mice. --- ## Screening of oil polluted soil and detection of biologically active agents which are helpful in drug formation **Authors:** Shallu Sihag, Hardik Pathak **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biological agents, GC-MS, Natural sources, Plants, Polluted soil, Therapeutic properties In this present study, an effort has been made to identify the Physical properties (porosity of soil, density of soil, color of soil, texture of soil etc.), Chemical properties (organic matter, soil pH, salinity etc.) and biological properties (presence of microbial community) of polluted soil. Also, presence of some biological active compounds has been obtained from the polluted soil. The separation and identification of organic compounds present in polluted soil was done by using Column chromatography technique and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). GC-MS results demonstrated the presence of Heptane, 3-methyl-, Cyclohexane, 1,1-dimethyl-, Octane, 2-methyl-, Nonane, 3-methyl-, Tetratriacontane, pentacosnae, Octane, 3,6-dimethyl-, Decane, 4-methyl-, Tetradecane, 5- methyl-, Pentadecane, 3-Methyl-, 6-Tridecene, 2,2,4,10,12,12-hexamethyl-7-(3,5,5-trimethylhex, Heptadecane, 2,6,10,15-tetramethyl-, Beta-Sesquiphellandrene. These compounds have been found with antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal properties. The molecular identification of isolated microorganisms (Isolate 1 -5) by 16s RNA sequencing confirmed the presence of Brevibacillus bortelensis, Rhodococcus rhodhochorus and three microbes were identified as Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphilia. From the results it have been concluded that the researcher has tried to explore the properties of untouched habitat soil of Rajasthan to find out such compounds which have applications in drug formation. Moreover getting such compounds from polluted source makes it more interesting. --- ## Solvent displacement as emerging technique for norfloxacin loaded nanoparticulate suspension for ocular drug delivery **Authors:** Senthil Kumar Kannan, Dhachinamoorthi Duraisamy, Yajaman Sudhakar **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Eudragit–RLPO, In vitro drug release, Nanoparticulate suspension, Norfloxacin, Ocular delivery, Zeta potential The purpose of the present investigation was to design and evaluate norfloxacin (NRFN) loaded nanoparticulate suspension by solvent displacement technique. Prepared nanoparticulate suspensions were characterized by melting point, FTIR, DSC, TEM, particle size analysis, surface charge measurement, In vitro drug release and stability studies. The optimized nanoparticulate suspension (D1) showed an average particle size (100.7 nm), zeta potential (21.3 mV), high entrapment efficiency (92.13±0.16 %) and drug content (94.46±0.12 %). The invitro drug release of the optimized nanoparticulate suspension showed in the range of 72.16%, after 12 hrs. Stability study revealed that nanoparticulate suspension was more stable at room and refrigerator condition with slight change in particle size distribution after 1month. The release of optimized formulation was found to fit with Higuchi, zero order model and the formulation released by non fickian diffusion mechanism and produce controlled release.These preliminary results indicates that norfloxacin loaded eudragit-RLPO nanoparticulate suspension could be effective in the treatment of ocular disease. --- ## The Frequency and positivity of lumbar punctures in Iraqi children **Authors:** Nasma Naji Al-Hajjiah, Mohammed M Al-Shamsi **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lumbar punctures (LP), CSF analysis, pleocytosis Concern about a reduction in the number of lumbar punctures (LP) performed worldwide, this study was aimed to assess the frequency of lumbar punctures performed in the maternity and children teaching hospital in Diwaniyah, Iraq. with a focus on the rate of positive results. In a retrospective observational study, the results of CSF analysis in the lab of maternity and children teaching hospital were reviewed and the patient’s records were traced over a period of one the year 2016 and compared with that of 2015, the number of emergencies and pediatric ward admissions during these 2 years was recorded and the results were compared. During the period from January 1st, 2016 to December 31st, 2016, 78 results of CSF analysis were found, the number of positive results defined by pleocytosis and elevated CSF protein was 35, constituting 34%. Although the precise positivity of CSF in suspected cases of meningitis and febrile seizures was difficult to be determined, the frequency of LPs in this hospital is not decreasing but done on the basis of strong suspicions of CNS infections. --- ## Endophytic fungi a novel source of bioactive compounds for Pharmaceutical industry **Authors:** Vinibha Rajakumari, Kalyanaraman Rajagopal I, Mohanasundaram S **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Endophytes, Symbiotic, Xerophytes, Bioactive Compounds, Antimicrobial compounds, secondary metabolites Over the past two decades, remarkable progress has been made to further elucidate the significances of endophytic fungi. The prime focus being the treasure of products which are of medically important. They are found to be anticancer, antioxidants, antifungal, etc. Similarly, in recent years a tremendous progress has been made on developing them into an important medical tool in the therapy of various medical conditions. In this article, we will address some of the more prominent and recent researches and make suggestions for further studies to be performed in near future. Fungal endophytes which are ubiquitous, reside in the internal tissue of living plants. Endophytic fungi that spread out from tropic to arctic have enormous potential in terms of secondary metabolic production. Apart from this the fungal bio synthesis which leads to pharmaceutically valuable chemical subsidies will also be taken into account for discussion. --- ## C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of car- diovascular disease in diabetes **Authors:** Sai Ravi Kiran B, Mohanalakshmi T, Srikumar R, Prabhakar Reddy E **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus, Cardiovascular disorders, C-reactive Protein, Inflammation The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors of metabolic origin that increase the risk components of metabolic starting point that expansion the risk for cardiovascular disorders and type 2 diabetes. Our aim is to evaluate the inflammation in Diabetes patients. The study was conducted at SLIMS, Puducherry. The study included 200 diabetic patients and 200 Controls. All results were summarized as mean ± SEM. The components by which chronic inflammation can bring out type II diabetes are not clear. Inflammatory markers such as CRP, hsCRP, Oxi LDL increased in DM when compared with controls (p<0.01). Pro-inflammatory cytokines and intense stage reactants are engaged with different metabolic pathways significant to insulin protection, including insulin regulation, receptive oxygen species, lipoprotein lipase activity and adipocyte function. Along these lines, actuated natural insusceptibility and inflammation are applicable factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes, with persuading information that type II diabetes incorporates an inflammatory component. --- ## Optimization of production of Extracellular proteolytic keratinase using Streptomyces sp. isolated from poultry plant soil **Authors:** Mohanasundaram S, Doss VA, Prabhaharan CTA, Joseph J, Venugopal K, Agilandeshwari P, Sudansuhaa C, Balaganesh R, Ramkumar R, Rajaruban MDS, Balaji B **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** fermentation, Proteolytic keratinase, Streptomyces sp, stability In this study, Proteolytic keratinase was observed from Streptomyces sp., isolated from poultry plant soil and purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation method followed by Gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme was further characterized partially which covers the influence of pH, temperature, incubation time, nitrogen sources and metal ions on the activity of proteolytic keratinase. From the results, it was observed that, proteolytic keratinase isolated from the Streptomyces sp. enumerated from the poultry plant soil showed maximal activity at pH 8.0 and at temperature 50oC within 55mins. It was also found that, at the minimum concentration of 2mM BaCl.2H2O, CuSO4.5H2O and MgCl2, it showed highest keratinase activity. --- ## Evaluation of in vitro cholesterol esterase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of purified polyphenols from Nigella sativa seeds **Authors:** Sathishkumar T q, Seetha Lakshmi S, Archana K, Aishwarya M, Divya S, Kumaresan K, Stephen Raphael V, Muthukumaran V, Krishnaveni V **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** α-Amylase, Cholesterol esterase, Diabetes mellitus, Nigella sativa, Polyphenol α-amylase hydrolyses starch into maltose, and cholesterol esterase hydrolyzes cholesterol ester into cholesterol and fatty acids in the lumen of small intestine. Regulated inhibition of the above cited enzymes can effectively control diabetes mellitus and associated cardiovascular diseases. In the above cited context, Nigella sativa (Black cumin) seeds were investigated for in vitro amylase and cholesterol esterase inhibitory properties. The amylase and cholesterol esterase inhibitory activities of hot water extract [HWE] (96.4±1.5% & 90±2.5%, respectively) and organic solvent extract [OSE] (98.1±0.5% & 96.6±1.2%, respectively) were found to be satisfactory. Appreciable amount of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was observed in both the extracts. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of HWE has recorded an Rf value of 0.94 which established the presence of polyphenols. The purified polyphenol eluate by 3D preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) has recorded a moderate α-amylase (46.7±3.2%) and cholesterol esterase (32.6±1.7%) inhibitory activities. The polyphenols coated with cotton fabric, and stainless steel implant possessed noteworthy α-amylase and cholesterol esterase inhibitory activities has revealed the promising use of Nigella sativa in the healthcare industry to treat diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. --- ## Evaluation of pharmacoeconomics, medication adherence and quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients **Authors:** Sharlet Ann Johny, Anupriya A.P, Oleena John, Surekha G, Padmaa M Paarakh **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus, quality of Life, medication adherence, cost of illness, modified morisky medication adherence scale, pharmaeconomics In this study we assessed the cost-of-illness which involves measuring the direct and indirect costs incurred by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [T2DM] patient. The quality of life [QOL] of patients was measured using Quality of Life Instrument for Indian Diabetes Patients which is a questionnaire to assess the Indian diabetic patients. Adherence with medication usage is the measurement of prescribed doses of medication actually taken by a patient over a certain period of time. Patient’s demographic details, medication, medical history duration, hospital stay as well as treatment and clinical profile of the patients were assessed. The direct medical and direct nonmedical cost will be documented. A validated questionnaire will be given to the patient at baseline to assess their medication adherence and quality of life. Statistical analysis was performed using Graphpad InStat 3 software. ‘p value’ less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. We observed that out of 130 patients, the total cost of illness is estimated as Rs.1,38,348 out of which 97.14% was direct medical cost and 2.85% were direct nonmedical cost. The patients with low adherence were the patient who had a higher cost of illness due to the worsening of the disease. Patient with high QOL were observed in <10 year. Diabetes is one of the major lifestyle diseases that can be a risk factor for several complications. Physicians and Pharmacists should also adopt interventions that should be executed to help patients remind to keep their clinic appointments and to take their anti-diabetic medications as prescribed in order to lower the complications of diabetic mellitus and to raise the quality of life of the patients. --- ## F2 Isoprostanes levels in Metabolic Syndrome **Authors:** Sai Ravi Kiran B, Mohana Lakshmi T, Srikumar R, Prabhakar Reddy E **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** F2-isoprostanes, Atherosclerosis, cholesterol, Oxidative stress, MDA (malondialdehyde) Metabolic disorder is portrayed by a group of cardiovascular (CV) causing factors including raised triglycerides, lessened HDL cholesterol, central obesity, hypertension, expanded fasting glucose and hyper insulinemia. MDA is the steady final result of lipid peroxidation. F2 Isoprostanes has been implicates the role for OS in pathophysiology of diseases. Our aim is to evaluate the Oxidative stress in Metabolic syndrome by measuring F2 Isoprostanes, MDA levels. The study was conducted at SLIMS, Puducherry. The study included 200 MetS patients and 200 Controls. In comparison to controls, MDA was significantly higher in MetS (p<0.001). In MetS group, there was a significant increase in F2 Isoprostanes compared to controls (p<0.001). Increased MDA, F2 Isoprostanes levels could be taken as an early marker of pathogenesis of MetS. The findings of the present study show that the individual components of MetS especially hyperglycemia, hyper triglyceridemia and obesity systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and BMR are related to OS. Markers of oxidative damage MDA and F2-isoprostanes and their relationship with self-reported chronic disease and metabolic syndrome as health indicators in a large adult sample. Present study’s results confirm that plasma F2-isoprostanes are likewise associated with the vast majority of the settled hazard factors for the improvement of atherosclerosis, including systolic pulse, triglycerides, waist circumference, and LDL-cholesterol levels, free of socio statistic and way of life factors. --- ## Blood biomarkers of hypertensive patients participated in cupping therapy **Authors:** Samia benzazia, Cherif abdennour, Samia medjekane **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Blood pressure, biochemical variables, cupping, thyroxine, traditional medicine Due to the side effects of chemotherapy, some practitioners have reverted to the use of traditional medicine as complementary therapy. Several clinical studies have considered the effectiveness of cupping therapy to alleviate several diseases such as the widespread hypertension illness. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of cupping on blood, biochemical and hormonal indicators of hypertensive patients. Thirty voluntary male patients (45- 55 years) were chosen. Blood of pre-cupping (PC) and of cupping (CU) was obtained in order to measure blood constituents and biochemical variables. Results showed a significant increase in the concentration of blood cholesterol of CU patients compared with those of PC. The levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides and glucose did not indicate any significant differences between the two groups. Concerning nitrogenous compounds, similarity was recorded in the level of total proteins, albumin and creatinine between the PC and the CU groups, while the urea level showed a clear decrease in CU individuals. On the other hand, the study showed a significant reduction in the levels of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin and platelets of CU blood. Concerning CU hormones, there was a significant decrease in the concentration of T3 and TSH, but T4 was significantly higher, while no significant change was observed in cortisol level. Cupping may help to reduce systolic pressure and cholesterol from the blood. This process may participate in reducing atherosclerosis, which could facilitate blood flow and reduce pressure on the heart, leading to the relaxation of patients. --- ## Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from active chronic otitis media **Authors:** Kassim R. Dekhil **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Virulence genes, Phylogenetic analysis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Otitis Media This study had studied the prevalence of some virulence genes which were carried by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients affected by active chronic otitis media (COM) in Ad-Diwaniyah teaching hospital, Iraq. Fifty samples were taken from affected patients and submitted to culture on media for enrichment then submitted to extraction of DNA by using of 16S rRNA gene in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Moreover, Phylogenetic analysis tree of DNA (sequencing methods) confirmed the results. A summarized results included 38/50 (76%) of total cases caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, virulence genes included a toxic gene (84.2%), exoS gene (63.2%) and OprI gene (47.4%). The results also showed the multiple alignment analysis of sequencing similarity in 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequences. It has been concluded that active COM may be more complicated due to virulence genes that carried by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; these virulence genes make the infection more difficult to be treated. --- ## Optimization and validation of microwave digestion method for determination of Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) in an classical ayurvedic medicine-Arogyavardhini **Authors:** Thakur K.S, Shivcharan Bidve, Priyanka Patil, Madhuree Gawhankar, Maral A.B, Khare R.V **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), Herbo-mineral formulation, ICH guideline, Microwave digestion system The main objective of this study was to optimize and validate an efficient microwave digestion method for determination of Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) in Arogyavardhini sample. The samples were digested in Aquaregia (a mixture of HNO3 and HCl - 1:3) for Copper (Cu) and HCl for Iron (Fe) with closed vessel microwave digestion system. The digested samples were subjected to Atomic absorption spectrophotometer for determination of Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe). The method validation was carried out as per ICH guidelines and can be adopted for the routine analysis of Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe). The method was validated for precision, accuracy, linearity, limit of detection and limit of quantification. The optimized method showed good regression (r2= 0.9997). The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.02 PPM and 0.05 PPM for Copper (Cu) and 0.28 PPM and 0.83 PPM for Iron (Fe) respectively. Accuracy of the method was checked by recovery study of three different levels with the average percentage recovery of 99.76% for Copper (Cu) and 104.66% for Iron (Fe). --- ## Formulation and characterization of pediatric paracetamol oral mouth dissolving film **Authors:** Wadher Kamlesh J, Umekar MJ, Sheikh Ghousiya Bano, Mohd Younus, Sapate Ruchika P, Ansari Namuna Fatima **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPMC-E15, Paracetamol, Mouth dissolving film, solvent casting method Oral mouth dissolving drug delivery system is considered to be an important alternative to the peroral route for the systemic administration of drugs, as it considered the most convenient, easy, safest route of administration. Mouth dissolving film may be preferred over the mouth dissolving tablets in terms of flexibility and comfort. The aim of this study is to formulate and characterize oral mouth dissolving film of paracetamol .Oral films were pre- pared by Solvent casting method using HPMC-E 15, PEG 400, glycerin, and other recipients. Films were evaluated for mechanical properties, disintegration time, and invitro drug release. The dissolution kinetics of optimized batch was applied to various dissolution models. The similarity factor (f2) between the optimized batch and marketed Tablet (Dispirit) was determined using the data obtained from the drug release studies. Optimized batch showed maximum invitro drug release 97.48% following zero order kinetics. The release exponent ‘n’ was found to follow Non- Fiction diffusion and may indicate that the drug release was controlled by zero order release. --- ## Macro-microscopic and LCMS markers for identification and authentication of herbal formulations of Taraxacum officinale and Launaea procumbens **Authors:** Neha Sahu, Awantika Singh, Sayyada Khatoon, Brijesh Kumar, Arya K.R **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Launaea procumbens, LCMS markers, Pharmacognosy, Taraxacum officinale Quality and efficacy of botanical formulations are largely dependent on authenticity of raw materials used. Taraxacum officinale Weber (TO) and Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal (LP) are well known Indian traditional herbs used in a variety of herbal preparation for the treatment of a number of diseases. The morphological resemblance in leaves and flowers of both the species led to the problems of adulteration and ultimately affects the quality and efficacy of their products. The current investigation was aimed to provide the macro-microscopic and LCMS markers for identification and authentication of genuine plant materials of TO and LP. Morphologically, TO can be differentiated with bright yellow colored inflorescence arranged as solitary terminal capitulum on the un-branched peduncle, pappus hairs pale white and unequal, rhizomatous root with milky latex. While in LP, capitulum was arranged in lax corymbs on branched peduncle. Powder microscopy of TO revealed the presence of distinct schizogenous oil glands and laticifers which were absent in LP. Moreover, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed the presence of Quinic acid, Protocatechuic acid, Chlorogenic acid and Umbelliferone in both the plants with their quantitative variability, whereas Scopoletin showed distinguishing LCMS marker as it was present only in TO samples. --- ## Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Crataeva magna Lour (DC) root bark in experimental animals **Authors:** Meera R, Venkataraman S **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-inflammatory, Crataeva magna Lour (DC), carrageenan induced paw edema, cotton pellet induced granuloma model The present study was to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of root bark of Crataeva magna Lour (DC) (EECM) at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was studied for anti-inflammatory activities in different animal models. Anti-inflammatory activity was carried out by using carrageenan induced paw edema model and cotton pellet induced granuloma model in wistar rats. The anti-inflammatory activity may be due to presence of Phytochemical compounds present in the extract like alkaloids, flavonoid, triterpenoid, phenols, saponins and tannins. The results suggested that EECM possess anti-inflammatory activity in (200 and 400 mg/kg) also showed significant (p<0.001) anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the paw edema volume in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats in the late phase (3 to 5 h) regulated by prostaglandins and leucotrienes and in cotton pellet induced granuloma model EECM decreased dry weight of granuloma. The effect was also comparable to Diclofenac, the standard drug in this study. --- ## Evaluation of homocysteine levels in metabolic syndrome and its relationship between homocysteine and cardiovascular events **Authors:** Sai Ravi Kiran B, Mohanalakshmi T, Srikumar R, Prabhakar Reddy E **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Homocysteine, Metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disorders, Hyperinsulinemia Metabolic syndrome is portrayed by a group of cardiovascular (CV) causing factors including raised triglycerides, lessened HDL cholesterol, central obesity, hypertension, expanded fasting glucose and hyper insulinemia. The metabolic syndrome is related with expanded cardiovascular risk. Expanded homocysteine may leads from insulin resistance, and may demonstrate cardio vascular scatters or be associated with atherogenesis. Our point is asses the evaluate the Hcy in Metabolic syndrome. The study was conducted at SLIMS, Puducherry. The study included 200 MetS patients and 200 Controls. Homocysteine (Hcy) estimated by ELISA method. To sum up, a significant (p<0.001) increase in Homocysteine was observed in MetS patients when compared to controls. However, further studies are required to determine whether genetic, nutritional deficiencies, or diseases related to Hcy metabolism account for hyperhomocysteinemia observed in patients of type 2 DM with and without cardiovascular complications. --- ## A comprehensive quality control standardization of Mirabilis jalapa L. tuberous root **Authors:** Dibyendu Shil, Suvakanta Dash, Damiki Laloo **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mirabilis jalapa, Tuber, Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical and Phytochemical The aim of the study to established the standard monograph in respect of pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. tuberous root. The parameters were investigated as per the procedure mentioned in World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. Mor- phological characters showed that the roots are conical in shape, fleshy, healthy upper part followed by narrow at the end, branched, presence of buds on the surface, externally brown to dark grey in colour and internally whitish to buffed in colour, taste is slightly sweetest without any odour. Microscopically, the tuberous root showed the presence of Epidermis, cortex, collateral vascular bundle, medullary rays, phloem fibres, acicular crystal of calcium oxalate, starch grain, meta-xylem, proto-xylem etc. In phytochemical analysis the tuberous root extracts shown the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, steroids and glycosides. Physicochemical parameters like ash value, loss on drying, foreign matter, extractable matter, foaming index, swelling index, volatile oil content, fluorescence analysis, crude fibre content, total number starch grain content and presence of heavy metals were established and reported. The present study will assist the further investigation on this plant. --- ## A validated simultaneous estimation of Budesonide and Nifedipine in pharmaceutical formulation by RP-HPLC method **Authors:** Sowjanya Battu, Prasanna Raju Yalavarthi, Subba Reddy GV, Uma Maheswara Rao V, Sharadha R **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** budesonide, nifedipine, RP-HPLC, validation A discriminative, easy, quick, precise, economical and isocratic reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the model drugs chosen in the study viz., Budesonide and Nifedipine in a novel pharmaceutical formulation. The chromatographic elucidation for the method development was carried out with Inspire (250 mm X 4.6 mm and 5 μm i.d using pH 3.0 phosphate buffer solution and acetonitrile in 30:70v/v ratio as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The isocratic wavelength for both the drugs used in the study was set to 260 nm and detection was carried out using PDA detector at ambient temperature. The developed method was validated for precision, specificity, ruggedness, accuracy, linearity, LOD and LOQ. The calibration curves for Budesonide and Nifedipine were found to be linear in the range of 10 -50 μg/ml and 25 -150 μg/ml con- centration respectively. The retention times for Nifedipine and Budesonide were found to be 2.1 and 3.2 min respectively. Thus, the method developed in the current study can be adopted for quality control analysis of select- ed drug candidates. --- ## Evaluation of quality control parameters on various brands of pediatric Paracetamol Suspension **Authors:** Neha Mathur, Ruchi Bansal, Manish Mathur **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dissolution studies, Drug content, Particle size determination, Paracetamol suspension, Pediatric use, Quality control tests, Sedimentation volume Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) is a widely used OTC Analgesic, antipyretic medicine available as compressed tablets, suspension, and emulsion. It is also very commonly used for children and is available without a prescription. It is marketed and manufactured by a number of pharmaceutical companies worldwide. In the present study we randomly selected three brands of Paracetamol suspension (Brand X, Brand Y and Brand Z) used for Pediatric purpose. Further, various quality control tests of suspensions were performed like, Appearance, Sedimentation volume, Particle size determination, Drug content, Dissolution studies as per the official monographs B.P, U.S.P to evaluate & compare these three different brands. As a result was this study we found that all the three brands met the specifications laid down in the official monographs. They differ only slightly in terms of various quality control parameters, however brand Y had faster dissolution rate and drug content, its % drug release was more, its sedimentation volume was also higher reflecting better physical stability than the other two brands at the same time. --- ## Oxidative stress markers and inflammatory markers in chronic renal failure **Authors:** Salma Mahaboob R, Prabhakar Reddy E **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Inflammatory markers, Inter Leakiness, MDA, Oxidative stress markers Chronic renal failure is associated with an extensive and complex set of pathological consequences that can result in a number of irreversible, but preventable complications affecting every organ of the body. Chronic renal failure is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and increased glycation of proteins, proteinuria, anaemia, cardiovascular diseases and hypothyroidism. Our aim of the study oxidative stress markers and inflammatory markers in chronic renal failure. Methods and Materials: the Present study was done at Fathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Kadapa. Andhra Pradesh. Thirty six chronic renal failure patients, 40 healthy individuals were taken for study. oxidative stress markers and inflammatory markers were estimated by different methods. Conclusion: In our study work provides the first evidence that the decreased in phosphorylation of IRS -1inresponseto insulin stimulation in animal models of both oxidative stress and CRF could be the main culprit in causing insulin resistance. Further, alteration of redox sensitive stress kinases seems to have a major hand in decreasing IRS - 1tyrosinephosphorylation. --- ## Pharmacognostical studies on whole plant of Actiniopteris dichotoma **Authors:** Rajendiran Krishnasamy, Gomathipriya Jeyapal, Chandrasekar MJN, Dhanabal SP **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Actiniopteris dichotoma, pinnule, pseudo indusium, sporangium, rachis, root and rhizomes, xylem and phloem elements Actiniopteris dichotoma Bedd (Family; Polypodiaceae,) is an exceedingly pretty fern, used in traditional folk medicine to treat many diseases and disorders. The plant is bitter, astringent, sweet, cooling, acrid, constipating, anthelmintic, haemostatic, antileprotic and febrifuge. This study has analysed the leaf, stem, root and rhizome anatomy with the intention of supply sufficient information to the medicinal plant identification. The thin margins of pinnule curve abaxially and form a protective structure to the sporangia located in the axil of the curved margin and does not undergo any structured changes; it forms a protective covering for the sorus and sporangia, called pseudo indusium. The sporangium has a short stalk. The rachis consists of a thin layer of thick walled, lignified epidermal cells. The rhizome is irregularly lobed with deep furrows and ridges. The stele of the rhizome is dictyostele, consists of broken segments of vascular strands. The root has large squarish epidermal layer of cells with thick walls. The Pharmacognostical characters witnessed in this study could serve as an anatomical tool to document and standardize the much valued medicinal fern, Actiniopteris dichotoma Bedd. --- ## To study the oxidative stress in haemodialysis. Role of inflammation **Authors:** Salma Mahaboob R, Prabhakar Reddy E **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Inflammation, Lipid profile, Oxidative stress, TBARS, Ubiquinol Oxidative stress and inflammation has been demonstrated in haemodialysis patients. Chronic renal failure is associated with hypertension, increased glycation of proteins, insulin resistance, proteinuria, cardiovascular diseases, anaemia, and hypothyroidism. In the present study we study the oxidative stress and haemodialysis, the role of inflammation. The present study was done at Fathima Institute of medical Sciences, Kadapa, India. 30 patients were who are under haemodialysis and 19 are normal healthy subjects were taken in this study. The present study shows that increase in oxidative stress markers and decreased antioxidant defence in HD patients, and inflammation plays a significant role in that. The factors age, iron over load, diabetes were not important factors in these patients. Our results suggest that the prevention and the treatment of inflammatory disease is of high priority in patients who are on HD. --- ## Epidemiological studies for oral contraceptive pills prescription pattern, its efficacy and side effects in a South Delhi teaching hospital **Authors:** Hana A, Kanika Sharma, Umama Ashhar MD, Gunjan Sharma, Prem Kapur, Manju Sharma **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Contraception, Family planning, Mala-D, Oral Contraceptives The objective of this study is to review the prescription pattern of oral contraceptive pills along with the drug utilization evaluation of oral contraceptives and to monitor their adverse drug reaction. The study was prospective, qualitative and questionnaire based. It was conducted for duration of 4 months, at gynecology OPD at Hakeem Abdul Hameed Centenary (HAHC), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, INDIA. Subjects in the form of 90 female participants of age 18-45 years were gathered on the belief of exclusion and inclusion criteria enduring contraceptive for the period of a month. A series of short questions emphasizing on types of oral contraceptives, their uses, and awareness of the health benefits as well as the risks were observed and assessed. Majority if the questions neces- sitate a tick box (yes/no) answer only. Mala-D was remarkably the most prescribed oral contraceptive and was chiefly utilized for birth control. Out of 90 participants 73% women took their pill at the same and invariable time while 23% missed a pill during the cycle. Intermittent bleeding and nausea were reported by 52% of the subjects and 40% of them experienced common side effects during administration of oral contraceptive. It is witnessed that literacy was not associated with OC use knowledge or compliance. From this prospective study, it is concluded that Mala-D was the most prescribed OC. The results of the current study signifies that the women were relatively cognizant regarding OC use, their benefits along with the risks, ADRs and acquit able steps to be followed for missed pills. The awareness about the significance of OC use in the participants was relatively on the greater side independent of the level of education. The rationale use of the OCs can be further upgradable through concrete counseling of women by health care provider staff. However, these finding are pilot study level observations and further research is worthwhile and can be used for large scale intervention study. --- ## Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of Lepidagathis keralensis against pathogenic organisms **Authors:** Leena P, Zeinul Hukuman N.H, Jisha M **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alkaloids, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Lepidagathis keralensis, Saponins Lepidagathis keralensis (Acanthaceae) is a plant endemic to Kerala. The leaves and stem of the plant were extracted continuously using acetone, methanol and water. Antimicrobial efficiency of the different extracts was tested using agar well diffusion method against selected human pathogens (Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans). Total alkaloids and saponins of the plant were also quantitatively determined. The total alkaloid content was found to be higher in the leaves while the stem showed higher amount of saponins. Acetone extract of stem was found effective against Klebsiella pneumonia while the methanol extract of leaf inhibited effectively the growth of Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Streptococcus mutans. Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited efficiently by the aqueous extract of stem. The methanol extracts of the leaf and stem showed a maximum zone of inhibition against the fungal strain Candida albicans. The results highlight the importance of the plant as potent natural antimicrobials. --- ## Evaluation of thyroid profile and oxidative stress and antioxidants parameters in chronic sinusitis **Authors:** Prabhakar Reddy E, Muthukumaraswamy B, Venkataramanan R, Sai Ravi Kiran B, Mohanalakshmi T **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oxidative stress, Thyroid hormones, Vitamin C, Sinusitis Oxidative stress, which is characterized as a misbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in favour of radicals, participates in the pathogenesis of many diseases and their complications. A free radical is a molecule or molecular fragment that contains one or more unpaired electrons in its outer orbit. The study consisted to a total of 80 subjects; 40 patients and 40 controls. 5 ml of random blood sample was collected from each of the cases and controls were studied parameters Thyroid profile (T3, T4, TSH), Vitamin C. Chronic sinusitis is associated with oxidative stress. Thyroid profile in chronic sinusitis patients is normal. Our findings demonstrate that detection of thyroid hormone status in addition to other biochemical variables in the early stage of the disease will help the patient to improve and reduce the morbidity rate. --- ## Evaluation of antidiabetic potential of ethanolic extract of Caseria elliptica in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats **Authors:** Latha P, Chandra Sekhar K.B, Sujatha D **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Caseria elliptica, Glibenclamide, Glycogen, Hypoglycemic effect, Diabetes mellitus, Pancreas, Streptozotocin The present study was focussed to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of ethanolic root extract of Caseria elliptica (CE) in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in rats. In overnight fasted rats OGTT was performed by administration of glucose 2g/kg/p.o and the blood samples were collected periodically for glucose estimation. Diabetes was induced in rats by administration of STZ (40 mg/kg/i.p). Ethanolic root extract of CE (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg/p.o) and Glibenclamide (5mg/kg/p.o) were administered to the STZ induced diabetic rats for two weeks. Blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and VLDL- cholesterol were estimated from the serum. Tissue liver glycogen content, change in body weight were estimated. The results showed that the extract dose dependently decreased the increased biochemical parameters in rats. Histopathological examinations reveals that the ethanolic extract of CE ameliorated the damaged caused to the pancreatic β-cells in STZ treated rats. From the study it was concluded that ethanolic root extract of CE possess good hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect. --- ## The role of metformin in reducing rate of abortion in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) **Authors:** Vian Hussam ALmansi ALqani, Ashwaq Kadhim Mohammed, Mudhfar Mohammed Meizel **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Metformin, Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Abortion The most frequent cause of anovulatory infertility globally is the result of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A lot of women with PCOS experience difficulty in getting pregnant naturally. Furthermore, when women with PCOS get pregnant they will face the risk of early pregnancy abortion as PCOS increases the risk of abortion in early pregnancy by 5 folds. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of metformin treatment in PCOS pregnant ladies compared to a control group in which metformin will not be used. The present +case-control study included 100 pregnant women who were already diagnosed to have PCOS and they were categorized into two groups, the first group included 50 women who were given metformin treatment and the second group (50 women) were given no metformin treatment in order to serve as a control group. The results of this study revealed that the rate of abortion in the study group was 9 out of 50 (18%) and this rate was significantly lower than that of the control group; 21 out of 50 (42%); (P=0.009). Moreover, estimation of odds ratio showed that the use of metformin reduced the rate of abortion to 0.303 (95% CI of 0.121-0.756) and the preventive fraction (PF) was 0.408. Metformin is the safe and effective mode of treatment when used to reduce the rate of abortion in PCOS women. --- ## Magnesium levels in pregnancy induced hypertension **Authors:** Prabhakar Reddy E, Muthukumaraswamy B, Yasodha A, Sai Ravi Kiran B **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pre-eclampsia, Hypertension, Magnesium, Pregnancy, Potassium Pre-eclampsia is a systemic disorder that occurs in or near the third trimester of pregnancy. Hypertension is a consequence and not the cause of the disorder and treatment is only justified to lower it from severe and immediately dangerous levels. Treating lower levels has been shown to confer no benefit and exposes the fetus to additional drugs. Magnesium sulfate reduces the incidence of eclamptic convulsions. This study assessed serum magnesium (Mg2+)and electrolytes levels in women with PIH (pregnancy-induced hypertension) and PE (pre-eclampsia), compared to that in normal pregnancy. This was a case control study which included 30 women with preeclampsia in their third trimester of pregnancy as Study group and 30 healthy pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy as control group, with similar maternal and gestational age. The concentration of total serum magnesium and electrolytes were assessed. The data was analyzed using Students’ t-test wherever applicable. Our aim is to assess the concentration of total serum magnesium and electrolytes in the patients and control group. Increased levels of sodium and slight variation in potassium levels were observed. There is a slight elevation of magnesium levels when compared with normal individuals and parenteral magnesium sulfate therapy is not contraindicated to treat eclampsia in spite of high serum magnesium levels, as it is given for its neurosedative, and antihypertensive effects and not to correct a deficiency. There is no marked difference in serum potassium levels in preeclampsia and women with normal pregnancy, but there is a slight decrease in potassium levels in eclampsia cases to preeclampsia. --- ## Phytochemical screening of silver nanoparticles extract of Eugenia jambolana using Fourier infrared spectroscopy **Authors:** Gomathi S, Jannathul firdous, Bharathi V, Shanmugapriya A, Sugunabai J, Karpagam T, Geetha S, Sathia Nachiyar S, Anu suya **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drug delivery, Herbal plant Eugenia jambolana, Nanotechnology, Phytochemicals, Phenols Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using leaves extract of Eugenia jambolana. Therefore, the present study is evaluate the phytochemical constituents of silver nanoparticles plant extract of Eugenia jambolana using FTIR. For synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Eugenia jambolona, plant extract or filtrate was prepared by grinding the leaves and allowed to boil using water and finally filter the content with Whatman no.1 filter paper. This filtrate was then added to silver nitrate solution for silver nanoparticles formation which was characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The silver nanoparticle extract that formed was then analysed for various phytochemical test and the functional groups present in the extract were identified by fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy. As a result, the reduction of silver ions to form silver nanoparticles occurred within an hour of reaction at the absorption spectrum of 300–540 nm. The silver nanoparticles extract were found to contain secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins and sugars. The spectrum recorded between 350 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 which showed the presence of various functional groups of phytochemicals. Plant extract used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles was proved to be less toxic and also need less purification as compared to chemical methods. The use of silver nanoparticles in drug delivery systems becomes the milestones in the field of medicine. --- ## Evaluation the role of sevelamer in reducing serum phosphate in patients with renal failure on hemodialysis with that of calcium carbonate **Authors:** Mudhfar Mohammed Meizel, Dheaa Ghanem Alnayli, Ali Kadhum Alabdalla **Published:** 2017-09-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronic kidney disease, Hemodialysis, Sevelamer Calcification of coronary artery, an important indicator of atherosclerosis, is a frequent finding in patient s with CKD. A lot of studies have shown that hyperphosphatemia, is the main factor in the development of cardiovascular calcification. Recently, the use of sevelamer has emerged as a substitute for calcium carbonate for the reduction of serum phosphate in patients with renal failure. The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of sevelamer in reducing serum phosphate in patients with renal failure on hemodialysis with that of calcium carbonate. The study was conducted in the dialysis unit in Al-Diwaniya teaching hospital, Al-Diwaniya province, Iraq. The present case-control study included 48 CKD disease patients on regular hemodialysis. They were divided into 2 groups; the first received calcium carbonate as a PO4 reducing agent while the second group received sevelamer as a PO4 reducing agent and the then patients were followed up for 3 months. The results showed that treatment with calcium carbonate and sevelamer were successful in significantly reducing serum PTH and serum PO4 and also both were successful in raising mean serum calcium significantly; however, sevelamer was more powerful in reducing serum PO4 and in raising serum calcium than calcium carbonate. Nevertheless, the change in serum PTH in both groups was approximately similar with no significant difference in magnitude of reduction. It has been concluded that sevelamer is significantly better than calcium carbonate in reducing serum PO4 in CKD on regular hemodialysis. --- ## Expression of cholera toxin B antigen (CT-B) epitope in transgenic edible banana plant (Robusta sp.) **Authors:** Saravanan R, Dhachinamoorthi D, Sudhakar Y **Published:** 2017-09-22 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cholera, CT-B, p CAMBIA, Edible Vaccine, ELISA, Transgenic Banana, Robusta sp Vibrio cholerae is a key purpose behind Cholera illnesses, and how to annihilate Cholera has been examined for a very long while. Oral antibodies delivered by transgenic plants would change the customary methods for generation and immunization of Cholera antibodies and lessen the inoculation cost essentially. In this examination interestingly we utilized the transgenic Banana (Robusta sp) framework to express Vibrio cholerae epitope immunization CTB, a recombinant peptide which could secure Cholera contamination after oral inoculation by expanding the particular antibodies. CTB was changed into Banana plant interceded by Agrobacterium tumifacience LBA4401, and transgenic shoots have been confirmed by PCR investigation, Western blot and ELISA examination demonstrated that CTB quality could transcript and create the objective peptide in the Leaf and Fruits. Transgenic Banana plant and their parts like leaf and Fruit product inferred oral antibody procedure could be conceivably uti- lized as an option system to battle for the Cholera contamination, particularly for the general population in re- mote and non-developed country. --- ## Yosprala, A new emerging gold standard drug for prevention of secondary cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events –an overview **Authors:** Salomi Patta, Purushothaman M, Satyanarayana S.V **Published:** 2017-08-05 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Anti-platelet agent, Aralez Pharmaceuticals, Aspirin, Cardiovascular events, Cerebro vascular events, Omeprazole, Proton Pump Inhibitor, USFDA, Yosprala In India, there are roughly 30 million patients who suffer from heart diseases and two lakh surgeries have been performed every year. YOSPRALA- A new emerging drug approved by USFDA in September 2016 to treat Ischemic stroke, prophylaxis and gastric ulcer prophylaxis. In Yosprala the ingredients active is Aspirin which acts as an antiplatelet agent and omeprazole which acts a proton pump inhibitor, manufactured by Aralez pharmaceuticals Inc.yosprala is a delayed release, multi layered film coated tablet which consists of immediate release omeprazole layer surrounded by delayed release enteric coated aspirin tablet for administering orally. It is specifically indicated to patients who require aspirin to prevent secondary cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events and for the patients who are at a great risk of developing gastric ulcers associated by aspirin. Synthesis of prostaglandin and platelet aggregation can be inhibited by Aspirin. [H+/K+]-ATPase system of enzyme is inhibited by omeprazole which is responsible for gastric acid secretion present at the gastric parietal cell of secretory surface. An extensive survey of literature reveals that there is no analytical method has been reported yet for simultaneous estimation of aspirin and omeprazole by any analytical techniques. --- ## Pharmacognostical investigation, phytochemical studies of Schleichera oleosa (lour) oken leaves **Authors:** Soundararajan Muthukrishnan, Sivakkumar T **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fluorescence, Extractive values, Flavonoids, phytochemical studies, Phenolic compounds, Physico- chemical standards, Rf values, TLC This study aims to investigate the macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical parameter, fluorescence, phytochemical screening and TLC analysis of the leaves of Schleichera oleosa (lour) Oken. The morphology, phytochemical screening, and fluorescence property of powdered sample were studied. The microscopic evaluation carried out based upon the O’Brien et al method. As per WHO guidelines other physicochemical standard parameters were also identified. The standardization parameters were carried out as per guidelines of Indian pharmacopeia. The ethyl acetate, ethanolic and aqueous extracts were taken for TLC profiling was carried out using a various solvent system of varying polarity. In the microscopic evaluation, leaflet showed an epidermal layer of the midrib comprises plano-convex cells with flat adaxial tangential walls, the vascular bundle is single circular and centrally placed and crystals of druses are abundant in the parenchyma cells. The extractive values, physicochemical limits such as total, acid-insoluble, water-soluble and sulphated ash values and moisture content of the leaf powder of S.oleosa were found to be 9.06 %, 7.16 %, 5.73 %, 13.5% and 5.21% respectively. The fluorescent features of leaf powder with various chemical reagents were analyzed under visible and UV radiation. A significant amount of phenolic and flavonoid content were observed. The phenolic (71.92±0.92 mg GAE/gm), flavonoid (9.69±1.38 mg QE/gm) contents were found rich in leaves. In TLC analysis extracts ensured the existence of high flavonoid content which matched with quercetin. The present data on the pharmacognostic investigation of the S.oleosa conveyed the qualitative and quantitative parameters assist the important info to the individuality and to determine the quality and pureness of the plant in the future. It also indicates the vital evidence of the closely related other species and varieties. --- ## Effect of shilajit on acetic acid induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats **Authors:** Neelima S, Naresh Babu T, Pradeep Kumar M, Hari Kumar C **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acetic acid, inflammatory bowel disease, shilajit, Intra rectal One of the chronic conditions of intestines is Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).The etiology of IBD is unknown but involves multiple immune, genetic and environmental factors. Mucosal damage in IBD is mainly due to oxidative stress. The main goal is to study the effects of shilajit extract on the ulcerative colitis induced by intrarectal acetic acid administration (2ml of 4% v/v) in Wistar rats. Study comprised of 6 groups (n=6), normal vehicle control, acetic acid induced (2ml of 4% v/v, on eighth day), shilajit alone 50 mg/kg b.w, shilajit treated groups (25 and 50 mg/kg, p.o) and sulfasalazine treated (100 mg/kg, p.o) groups. Drug treatment continued for 11 days and on 12th day scarification was done. The mucosal injury was assessed by macroscopic scoring, biochemical (LDH, MPO, GSH, LPO) tests were performed. Pre-treatment with shilajit showed a decrease in macroscopic scores, LDH, MPO, LPO and elevation levels of GSH when compared to acetic acid group. The present study says that, the protective effect of shilajit in ulcerative colitis induced by acetic acid might be attributed to its neutralising effect on oxygen derived free radicals and may be more useful for patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease. --- ## A comparative study on analgesic effect of paracetamol and diclofenac in post operative care **Authors:** Ann Abraham, Akhila James, Anjumol George, Arun J **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diclofenac, Paracetamol, Post-operative period, Pain Management, Visual Analogue Scale, Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale In post-operative care, a prospective comparative study was carried out for 6 months to assess the analgesic effect of paracetamol and diclofenac within 5 days of surgery. Patients were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The pain assessment was done by using visual analogue scale (VAS). The adverse drug reaction was analyzed using Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale. Statistical analysis was performed using Graphpad InStat 3 software. ‘p value’ less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. 140 patients were enrolled in the study which was divided into Group P (Paracetamol) and Group D (Diclofenac). The mean age of female patients in group P were 35.7±.11.40 years and of male patients were 36.3±11.45 years, in group D the mean age were found to be as 38.2±13.85 years and 39.2 ± 14.2 years in female and male patients respectively. Gender distribution of patients showed that the majority of the patients (71%) were female. There was higher VAS score in Group P compared to Group D and difference was statistically significant (p <0.05). It was found that diclofenac was more effective in reducing post operative pain than paracetamol. From the different parameters com- pared and outlined in our study, IV paracetamol and IM diclofenac tends to offer adequate post-operative analgesia. Nonetheless from our study, it was established that IM diclofenac appears to be a superior post-operative analgesic compared to IV paracetamol. IM diclofenac is also safer in the post-operative period, which leads to reduced hospitalization and hence, cost effective. --- ## Individual and combined effects of leaves and flowers extracts of Cassia glauca on membrane stabilization, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities **Authors:** Deepak Kumar, Abhishek Singh, Ashwani Sanghi, Raju Chandra, Shefali Arora **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant, antimicrobial, Cassia glauca, DPPH, Erythrocyte membrane stabilization, anti-inflammatory Herbal drug are used all over the world including traditional medi cinal sytems. Many traditional systems are using herbal medicine from old age. In the present study, different extract were prepared from leaves and flower of Cassia glauca and evaluated for membrane stabilizing, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The methods for the same were done by hypotonic induced haemolysis, well diffusion and DPPH methods respectively. Combined effect of leaves and flowers extracts of Caasia glauca were also checked for their synergestic effect at a ratio of concentration 1:1 (w/w). The results indicated that the maximum membrane stabilizing activity 55.53±0.83% was showed by methanol extract of flower. A significant inhibition zone in antibacterial activity was measured by combined methanol extract of flower and leaves, acetone extract showed maximum antifungal activity, and flower extract of methanol showed maximum antioxidant activity 92.55±0.41 %. Further investigation are needed for isolation of the bioactive principle. --- ## Prevalence of opportunistic infection of intestinal parasitic and bacteria HIV-1 /AIDS positive individuals & comparative withCD4 cell counts in kadapa **Authors:** Gundala obulesu, Hunumanthappa A.R, Prabakar reddy E **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HIV, AIDS, opportunistic parasite 74% of HIV seropositive individuals from study group belonged to low socio economic status and 26% belonged to middle socioeconomic status. Occupational status among 100 HIV seropositive individuals studied, 45.58% (31/68) of males and 53.12% (17/32) of females were laborers. 23.52% (16/68) of males were drivers. 5.88% (4/68) of males were businessmen. 11.76% (8/68) of males were farmers. 8.82% (6/68) of males and 3.12% (1/32) of females were employees.4.41% (3/68) of males were unemployed. 43.75% (14/32) of females were housewives. Isosporaoocyst was the predominant parasite detected in stool samples 28 (40%), followed by cryptosporidium 15(21%) Strongyloides larvae 12 (17%) and Ascaris ova 11 (17%) each, E. histolytica cyst & Giardia trophozoites. --- ## FPGA based parallel computation techniques for bioinformatics applications **Authors:** Surendar A **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Bioinformatics, FPGA, Parallel computation techniques, Sequence analysis, Protein structure NEXT Generation sequencing technology is largely improved the development of molecular biology and genomic research. A huge volume of gene data or protein data can be generated with lesser cost, which leads to the exponential growth of existing gene banks or databases. Thus, it becomes a exciting task for conventional algorithms or tools to extract information with genetic significance among these ever increasing databases. There is an urgent need for advanced methods, algorithms, or tools to accomplish these complicated data analysis tasks on a more computationally powerful platform. After decades of development, the FPGA has proved itself in the field of high performance reconfigurable computation. For each generation, one can expect an immediate performance boost with the help of newer manufacturing technologies and a huge amount of volume resources on a single chip, both of which make it a competitive candidate for application acceleration. --- ## Evolutionary Analysis of unique membrane protein gene family of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans **Authors:** Premsingh J, Haritha V, Febin Prabhu Dass J, Anand Prem Rajan **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Bioleaching, Phylogenetic Analysis Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is a gram negative chemolithoautotropic proteobacterium that lives in high concentration of soluble ferrous and ferric iron, making it an interesting model for understanding biological mechanisms of bioleaching and bio mining in extremely acidic conditions. This bacteria has fascinating challenges for cells that use energy from bioleaching to grow. In this study we focus on the role of bioinformatics and its tools used in analysis of various unique uncharacterized membrane proteins in this bacterium that helps in explaining the activity of Acidithiobacillus ferroxidans in industrial bioleaching and its role as a primary producer in acidic environment. --- ## Antiarthritic activity of leaf extracts of Pamburus missionis Swingle **Authors:** Raveesha Peeriga, Kothapalli Bonath Chandrasekhar **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-arthritic activity, Complete Freund’s adjuvant, Pamburus missionis, Radiographic analysis The current work was carried to examine anti -arthritic activity of leaves of Pamburus missionis in male albino rats by using CFA induced arthritis model . Acute toxicity study was carried out according to OECD 425 guidelines. The study was carried out for 28 days where the animals were treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg ethanolic extract of leaves of Pamburus missionis after inducing arthritis in rats by Freund’s adjuvant. Further on 28th day the rats were subjected for the evaluation of inflammatory parameters like paw volume, paw thickness and Knee diameter. Blood was retracted from each animal of retro-orbital venous plexus of rats and it is collected into vial containing EDTA which is subjected for haematological parameters viz., RBC count, WBC count, Hb, ESR and RA factor. Both inflammatory and antiarthritic activity parameters were made endorsed by radiographic images. Treatment with ethanolic extract of Pamburus missionis showed significant (P<0.05) report at a dose of 400mg/kg body weight showed most potent and significant activity, evidenced by analyzing the inflammatory parameters, haematological parameters and radiographical analysis. Hence the current study revealed that ethanolic extract of Pamburus missionis (Swing.) possesses antiarthritic activity, due to the medial of phytoconstituents present in the plant extracts. --- ## Ecoinformatics – A Revolutionary Bioinformatics **Authors:** Premsingh J, Anand Prem Rajan **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Data acquisition, Data base, Ecoinformatics, Ecology, Environment Ecoinformatics is a growing bioinformatics field dealing with information of the organisms and its interactions with the environment. Ecoinformatics rely on 3 major steps involved namely data acquisition, Data storage and validation, Processing and visualization. The vast amount of data being generated by the ecological members are recorded by the suitable sensors installed online or offline. These data are maintained in different data base based on its nature, validated and processed using suitable tools and made available for further analysis and studies in the required format. We believe ecoinformatics can be a valuable tool for further investigations with respect to variables that impact the ecology. We have discussed about the role of ecoinformatics in ecology, meteorology, agriculture, and metallurgy in near future. The basic data generated in these areas can be used for the analysis and prediction of future situations. --- ## Assessment of Minerals from Shell Waste of Penaeus indicus **Authors:** Jayalakshmi M, Vanitha V, Amudha P, Pushpabharathi N **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Marine products, pollution, protein, minerals, nutritive value, therapeutic applications The industrial processing of marine product creates large amount of bio wastes. These bio wastes mainly consist of shrimp shells and head which may cause environmental pollution. Marine wastes can be recycled in an appropriate way and the lead components can be extract and it is found to have nutritional value and other pharmacological applications. Shrimp muscle alone does not act as a good source of protein but shrimp shell also has enormous amount of protein. The shrimp shell is found to contain high amount of protein and other important minerals which are essential to human body. Recently much attention has been paid to natural nutrients due to their non-toxicity. The present investigation was planned to quantify the protein and minerals like zinc, copper and selenium from shrimp shell waste. The shrimp shell is found to contain 33g/100g of protein and also with minerals such as Lead, copper, zinc, tin, selenium. Hence the present investigation is said to have a specific influence on health as a low- cost natural substitute to overpriced drugs. Thus the effective utilization of shrimp shell waste enhances biomedical research field, for the development of natural drug for many chronic disease without side effects and at the same time can reduce environment pollution. --- ## Optimizing Health care Records by Preventing Duplication in cloud **Authors:** Sujatha R, Kaviya P.S **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cloud storage, Convergent encryption, MANHSP, Retraction, Reduplication Healthcare record of patients Information Re-duplication will be a procedure for evacuating copy duplicates of patient’s information and extensively utilized within cloud capacity to decline storage room and transfer speed. On the other hand, there is special case duplicate to each record of patients information is stored only once in cloud regardless of such a document is claimed toward an enormous amount. Accordingly, Re-duplication frame- work advancement stockpiling uses same time decreasing unwavering quality. In addition, the dare of privacy for sensitive same data of patient’s information is by multiple users also take place for deploying the information by initial uploaded into cloud storage. Arranging to state the over protection test, the undertaking constructs those main exertion from claiming cryptographic hash technique by Re-duplication about content level information. The idea about membership authentication for numerous health service providers (MANHSP) checks for accessing the same information. This keeps patient’s information spillage for data service staffs that were evacuated from those enrolment rundown toward quick upgrading of signature key validation toward retraction idea. Reduplication of X-rays and in addition patient’s information is managed proficiently. Thus, further information secrecy and security will be improved proficiently in the scattered capacity frameworks. --- ## Development and Evaluation of novel maltodextrin proniosomes for oral delivery of abacavir Sulphate **Authors:** Helen Sonia A, Sambath Kumar R, Ruckmani K, Gover Antoniraj M, Venkateswra Murthy N, Bhama S **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Encapsulation, Retroviral, Hydrophilic, Vesicle, Micromeritic, Spectroscopy The aim of the present work was to investigate feasibility of proniosomes in the encapsulation of hydrophilic anti-retroviral drug abacavir sulphate. This was performed and optimized by slurry method using different surfactants, cholesterol and dicetyl phosphate. Blank formulations comprising all the excipients were prepared and subsequently drug loaded formulations also prepared. The formulations were evaluated for vesicle formation, vesicle size, size distribution, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, drug content, in vitro drug release, release kinetics and micromeritic properties. The optimized formulation was evaluated for scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, osmotic shock studies and stability study. The tween series formulations non significantly (P=0.12>0.05) enhanced the encapsulation of abacavir sulphate compared with the formulations with span series surfactants. Among all the proniosome formulations, CDPF7 containing tween 60 was selected as an optimized formulation due to high encapsulation efficiency of 85.02 ±1.560%, prolonged drug release of 94.46 (±1.396)% after 24 hours and better stability. --- ## Larvicidal, ovicidal and repellent activity of Nerium oleander leaves against Japanese encephalitis vectors **Authors:** Gaurav Kumar, Loganathan Karthik, Kokati Venkata Bhaskara Rao, Arivarasan Vishnu Kirthi, Abdul Abdul Rahuman **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Culex mosquito, Larvicidal activity, Nerium oleander, Ovicidal activity, Repellent activity The objective of this study was to assess the mosquito controlling potential of aqueous extract of Nerium oleander leaves against the primary and secondary vectors of Japanese encephalitis (Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. gelidus). Phytochemical screening of N. oleander leaves exhibited the presence of saponins, proteins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, oil and fats. Extract treatment (1000 ppm) resulted in 100% mortality against 4th instar larvae of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. gelidus. Extract treatment (1000 ppm) resulted in mild ovicidal activity (10±1.22% hatching) against Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, whereas, 100% ovicidal property against Cx. gelidus eggs. Extract treatment (1000 ppm) also delivered comprehensive protection from mosquito bite for 240 and 120 minutes against Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. gelidus, respectively. The results of this study suggest the mosquito controlling potential of N. oleander leaves and provides a potential option for the researchers to prepare natural, safe, and eco-friendly insecticide. --- ## Process optimization for the cultivation of anti-cancer Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 647) bacterial strains **Authors:** Neeraja P, Parthasarathy T, Sudhakar M **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Asparagine proline broth, Bacterial proteins, biomass, Media optimization and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cancer is one of the most dangerous diseases worldwide. Bacterial products such as proteins and endotoxins (Lipo polysaccharides) have been tested for cancer treatment. In this work an effort was made to increase the biomass and total protein content of Pseudomonas aeruginosa extract by using Asparagine proline broth and optimum growth conditions. Bacterial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC no 647collected from MTCC, Chandigarh. AP broth was optimized by addition of copper sulphate, methylamine and aluminum sulphate. Modified Asparagine proline broth (AP1 to AP5) was prepared and the effect of graded amounts of copper sulphate and aluminum sulphate were analyzed. Asparagine proline broth supplemented with 0.03% of copper sulphate and 0.02 % of aluminum sulphate (AP3) was selected as it has shown high cell growth rate. Influences of various culture conditions such as temperature, PH, Incubation time on cultivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in modified Asparagine proline broth were studied. The highest protein production was achieved at 43ºC, at pH 8 for a period of 48hrs. --- ## Pharmacognostical studies on root and rhizomes of Kyllinga nemoralis **Authors:** Rajendiran Krishnasamy, Gomathipriya Jeyapal, Chandrasekar MJN, Dhanabal SP **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Kyllinga nemoralis, papillate rhizodermis, cortex, xylem and phloem elements Kyllinga nemoralis Hutch and Dalz, Family: Cyperaceae is a perennial herb, used in traditional folk medicine to treat many diseases and disorders. The rhizome assorted with milk is consumed as an internal medication for worm infection. The rhizome is used in the treatment of liver damage, disease of spleen, tumour and diabetes. This study has examined the anatomy of root and rhizome with the intention of supply sufficient information to the medicinal plant identification. The root let has prominent papillate rhizodermis, two concentric layers of rectangular cortical cell, an endodermoid layers and pericycle. The cortex of the root has well differentiated three zones of cells. The stele consisted of tetrarch xylem elements alternating with radial arrangement of phloem elements. Xylem and phloem elements were in radial arrangement. The powder microscopy revealed the presence of fibres, fibres sclereids, Parenchyma cells and vessel elements. The pharmacognostical characters witnessed in this study could serve as an anatomical tool to document and standardize the much valued medicinal plant, Kyllinga nemoralis. --- ## Rapid screening and tentative identification of tyrosinase inhibitor from Aspergillus Ornatus **Authors:** Krishnaveni R, Prema Kulkarni, Rajashekhar N, Ashish Kumar Singh, Dattu Singh, Vandana Rathod, Jasmine Mathews **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aspergillus ornatus, kojicacid, tyrosinase inhibition, Tyrosinase A.niger-1 and A.ornatus showed 98.4 and 98.3 percent inhibition which were highest as compared to other fungi. Plate assay method appears to be the best and rapid method for the screening of tyrosinase inhibitors, as all isolates screened by plate assay has shown inhibition to partially purified enzyme. A.ornatus showed a strong positive reaction with Fecl3 test indicating that the compound is kojic acid which was separated by TLC with a standard kojic acid and the separated compound again showed 98.5% tyrosinase inhibition. A.niger -1 didn’t show any of the compounds tested and require a detail study. When the percent inhibition of synthetic kojic acid was com- pared with naturally screened and identified kojic acid, the percent inhibition was 91% with synthetic IC 50 1mM, where as it was 98.5% inhibition which is appreciable with natural kojic acid irrespective of the concentration. Thus, use of such natural products in cosmetics from microbial sources play a significant role as they can be produced in an economical way with no side effects. --- ## Deciphering the cytotoxic activity of Annona squamosa iron oxide nanoparticles against selective cancer cell line **Authors:** Hemalatha S, Vanitha V, Pushpa Bharathi N, Jayalakshmi M, Amudha P, Mohanasundaram S **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Annona squamosal, nanoparticles, liver cancer, melanoma, iron oxide nanoparticles, MTT assay, cytotoxicity assay In this present investigation, using hydroethanolic extract of leaves of Annona squamosal, iron oxide nanoparticle was synthesized at 600 c temperature and detected by UV–Visible spectrophotometer between 300 to 700 nm. The structure of nanoparticles was observed by SEM and FT-IR was performed to know the major functional groups. In anticancer assay, Fe3O4 NPs showed significant cytotoxicity on HepG2 and melanoma A375 cell lines. At the same time, Fe3O4 NPs showed zero toxicity on normal liver cell line. From our results, we could observe, this as a eco-friendly and nontoxic bio-reductant for the synthesis of Iron oxide nanoparticle with potential for cancer therapy. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of mouth dissolving tablets of rosuvastatin by taste masking with eudragit epo **Authors:** Tripura sundari P, Nikitha G **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Solid dispersion, Solvent evaporation technique, Eudragit EPO, Rosuvastatin Acceptability of any dosage form mainly depends on its taste i.e., mouth feel. Drug molecules interact with taste receptor on the tongue to give bitter, sweet or salty taste sensation, when they dissolve in saliva. This sensation of the taste is the result of signal transduction from the receptor organs for taste. In the present study, attempts were made to conceal the bitter taste of Rosuvastatin by taste masking agent employing solid dispersion technique. By employing solvent evaporation method and Eudragit EPO as carrier polymer different ratios of solid dispersions were prepared. The better ratio in which the bitter taste of drug was completely concealed was selected. The finalized ratio was compressed into mouth dissolving tablet dosage forms by using super disintegrates. The prepared solid dispersions were analysed for drug content and drug release characteristics, instrumentally by DSC, XRD, FTIR studies. The prepared powder blend of tablets was analysed for flow properties and the tablets were analysed for disintegration, dissolution and other quality control tests of tablets. --- ## Formulation and characterization of nonionic surfactant/cholesterol niosomes for abacavir sulphate encapsulation **Authors:** Helen Sonia A, Sambath Kumar R, Ruckmani K, Gover Antoniraj M, Bhama S **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Abacavir Sulphate, Antiretroviral, Encapsulation, Guanosine, Niosome, Zeta Potential The purpose of the current study was to develop a niosome formulation of guanosine analog antiretroviral drug abacavir Sulphate for controlled drug delivery. Niosome formulations were prepared by thin film hydration method using surfactants like span 20, 40, 60 & 80 and tween 20, 40, 60 & 80 with cholesterol as membrane stabilizer and dicetyl phosphate as a negative charge inducer. The formulations were evaluated for vesicle formation, vesicle size, size distribution, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, drug content and in-viro drug release. Vesicle size and size distribution were evaluated by zetasizer revealed that particle size of 135.0±8.837 to 185.0±13.402 nm and uniform size distribution of niosome. Encapsulation efficacy study report indicated that tween 60 with DCP niosomes exhibited highest encapsulation of 83.02 (±1.085)% and release study demonstrated that 89.56 (±2.090) % of abacavir released over a period of 24 hours. The optimized niosomes showed spherical morphology with smooth exterior under transmission electron microscope (TEM). FT-IR studies, confirmed that absence of chemical interaction between abacavir sulphate and other formulation components of niosome. The stability studies suggested that the more stability of niosome formulation at refrigerated conditions than room temperature. It is evident from this study that niosomal formulation could be a gifted delivery system for abacavir sulphate with prolonged drug release profiles. --- ## A comparative study of antioxidant potential in leaves extract of Nyctanthes Arbor-Tristis Linn **Authors:** Asha S, Thirunavukkarasu P **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ascorbic acid, Catalase, Peroxidase, Glutathione-s-Transferase, Polyphenol Nyctanthes arbor-tristis linn (N. arbor-tristis) leaves was extensively used in Ayurveda medicine system for the healing of numerous aliments and also found to contain pharmacological and biological activities. The study was aimed to compare the antioxidant potential present in the N. arbor-tristis leaves. The fresh leaves of selected plant N. arbor-tristis were subjected to preliminary phytochemical qualitative analysis by specific methods. These phytochemical qualitative analysis indicated the existence of Carbohydrates, Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Glycosides, Tannins, Saponins, and absence of Alkaloids and Phlobatannins. Along with these the level of enzymatic antioxidants for example catalase, peroxidase and glutathione-s-transferase, and non-enzymatic antioxidants for example polyphenol, ascorbic acid and total carotenoids are also estimated. The outcome demonstrated a significant level of P<0.001 in catalase, polyphenol and total carotenoids when compared to peroxidase, glutathione-s- transferase and ascorbic acid with a significance of P<0.05. --- ## Pharmacognostic Study of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb **Authors:** Prakash R. Kanthale, Sharad Biradar, Dhale D. A **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Caesalpinia bonduc, Pharmacognosy, Mahur forest Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. is branched scandent shrub. Leaves and Seed oil of this plant is used by Andh, Gond, Naikede, Pradhan and Kolam tribes of Mahur range forest of Nanded district to treat rheumatism. Seed oil is applied on wound for quick healing and oil is dropped in ear for tympanitis. Seed is used to treat stomach pain, dysentery and diarrhoea and its powder is used against indigestion and to expel intestinal worms and seed paste is applied on swelling. A Pharmacognostic study of seed drug is carried out for evaluation of drug and to detect the adulteration. It includes dermal characters like stomata, trichomes and anatomical features etc. The plant was analyzed for its preliminary screening of phytochemicals. The result reveals that the presence of bioactive constituents comprising flavonoids, reducing sugar, saponins and anthraquinones. The antimicrobial assay also performed to prove the proclaimed ethnobotanical claims. The present study is helpful to standardize or evaluation of drugs. --- ## Accelerated stability study and quantitative estimation of piperine in Draksharishta **Authors:** Vaibhav Tiwari, Kumar B.M.N, Vineet Sharma, Dev Nath Singh Gautam **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Accelerated Stability, Arishta, Draksharishta, Piperine The objective of the present study was to evaluate the accelerated stability study and estimation of piperine from Draksharishta. Accelerated stability study was done for 6 months to distinguish the stability of polyherbal formulation in reference to its physicochemical, phytoconstituents within. Asava and Arishta are self-generated herbal fermentations of traditional ayurvedic system. Draksharishta was prepared as per AFI part-1(The Ayurvedic formulary of India, part-1) using authenticated raw drugs. For accelerated stability study for six months period the prepared sample of Draksharishta was placed in the controlled situation following ICH (International Conference on Harmonization) guidelines. The intermediate sampling was done at initial, after 1, 3 and 6 months respectively. The organoleptic characters and physicochemical parameters of samples showed similar results to that sample at starting the month; it indicates that product was stable and having required stability. No significant variations in the value of alcohol content, acidity and sugar content of sample had been reported over 6-month storage. An only significant variation in the value of total phenolic content was observed. On the basis of this stability study, it could be said that this formulation was stable for the period of more than 24 months on the basis of arrhenius equation. --- ## Effect of nanotization on therapeutic activities of biomolecules: Synthesis and Characterization **Authors:** Kumara H.K, Parikshith Gowda K.R, Suyoga Vardhan D.M, Pavan Kumar H, Channe Gowda D **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nanoparticles, Dialysis, Quinazolinone, Dipeptides, Bioactivity The bioactive organic nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation-dialysis method from their corresponding bulk forms. The morphology and average particle size of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. The nanotization decreases the particles size by 2-20 times with a narrow range of distribution and also considerable change in the shape. Further, the nanoparticles (1-10) and their bulk forms (1B-10B) were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant, anti- inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. The biological assay data revealed that new organic nanoparticles showed enhanced biological activity compared to their corresponding bulk forms. This may be due to increase in the surface area and decrease in the particles size after nanotization. --- ## Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant screening of sea grass-Enhalus acoroides **Authors:** Amudha P, Vanitha V, Mohanasundaram S, Pushpa Bharathi N, Jayalakshmi M **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant activity, Enhalus acoroides, Phytochemical Analysis, Quantitative analysis The present study was conducted to determine the yield of extract, qualitative, quantitative analysis and antioxidant activity of the crude extracts of leaves of Enhalus acoroides. The extracts were prepared by using Hexane, Chloroform, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate and Water solvents. The yield of extract for all the five solvents was calculated and they were studied for qualitative analysis of phytochemical compounds. The crude extracts were evaluated for total phenolic and total flavonoids contents. The antioxidant activity of crude extract of Enhalus acoroides was assessed by FRAP assay and the scavenging activity towards DPPH radical, H2O2, NO and ABTS. The present study revealed the presence of major phytochemicals like alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, saponins. Quantitative analysis of the total phenols were high in Aqueous which has 78.36 mgGAE/g and total flavonoids were high in Aqueous which has 57.52 mgQU/g. Free radical scavenging activities was found high in Aqueous extract with maximum percentage of inhibition. --- ## Plant growth-promoting and antagonistic endophytic bacteria from the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia stem **Authors:** Pratibha Vyas, Ramanpreet Kaur **Published:** 2017-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antagonism, Endophytes, plant growth promotion, Tinospora cordifolia Endophytic bacteria residing within the plant tissues are poorly investigated microorganisms. A total of 35 endo- phytic bacteria isolated from Tinospora cordifolia stem tissue samples collected from 3 different districts of Punjab, India were screened for phosphate solubilization, IAA-like auxin production, ACC-deaminase activity, and pro- duction of siderophores, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia. Out of these bacteria, 11 showing multiple plant growth-promoting activities were screened for anatagonism against phytopathogens Fusarium moniliforme, Alternaria alternata and Curvularia lunata. One isolate TCA2 showed broad-spectrum activity with 38% growth inhibition in Alternaria alternata, 35% inhibition in Fusarium moniliforme and 25% inhibition in Curvularia lunata. On the basis of 16S rDNA gene sequencing, the isolate TCA2 has been identified as Pseudomonas sp. The maize plants inoculated with the bacterial isolate TCA2 showed 33.1%, 31.6%, and 38.4% increased root length, shoot length and dry weight, respectively, over the respective inoculated controls in pots under natural conditions. In the pre- sent studies, Pseudomonas sp. TCA2 with multiple plant growth-promoting activities has been selected as a sui ta- ble candidate for the development of microbial inoculants. --- ## A review: permeability, porosity, tortuosity and physicochemical properties of controlled release oral dosage formulations **Authors:** Zharama M. Llarena **Published:** 2017-03-28 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ergun, darcy’s law, dissolution, drug delivery, fluid dynamics, flow rate, flux Drug dissolution is a part of drug flux governed by biopharmaceutical properties in correlation with fluid dynamic principles. It is essentially significant to determine the importance of fluid dynamics by observing the fate of essential fluids, namely, the air intake, foods eaten, water consumed, and body fluids. This study aimed to observe the correlation between different factors that influence fluid mechanics, specifically, permeability, porosity, and tortuosity with various physicochemical characteristics of drug substances, namely, drug solubility and dissolution rate, particle size and punch surface, polymorphism and a morphism, pseudo polymorphism (hydrates/solvates), and drug stability. Thus, this literature review aimed to compare the permeability of ambient conditions to different dosage forms of varying properties and determine its effects and liberation of active components to its ambient context of diffusion. Ergun equation is a tool for mathematical modelling of the fluid dynamics that can be used to calculate the fluid flow transition resulting to drug dissolution. Several imaging techniques, namely, x -ray microcomputed microtomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can be used in determining the permeability of Newtonian fluid and analysis of ratio of porosity and tortuosity needed for regulation of the release of active therapeutic components. Flow rate control is necessary in controlled release oral dosage formulations in order to reduce adverse effects brought about by conventional release. Permeability of Newtonian fluid is influenced by the inverse relationship of porosity and tortuosity. The size of the void space in porous medium is affected by the degree of compression of drug materials. Hence, punch surface and other physicochemical properties of drugs, namely, solubility, particle size, polymorphism, solvates, hydrates and drug stability are coerced by the permeability of Newtonian fluid into the drug. Therefore, porosity and tortuosity are modified by change in physicochemical properties of drugs. --- ## Extracellular secretion recombinant of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) using pectate lyase B (PelB) signal peptide in escherichia coli BL21(DE3) **Authors:** Sri widodo, Riswanto N, Tina Rostinawati, Iman P. Maksum, Toto Subroto **Published:** 2017-03-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Recombinant human EGF, Codon optimization, PelB signal peptide, Extracellular expression of E. coli BL21 (DE3), Periplasmic extraction The extracellular expression of high valued therapeutic proteins such as Human Epidermal Growth Factor (hEGF) from Escherichia coli has become a challenge yet give some advantages. It ensures the correct folding of recombinant hEGF (rhEGF) so the therapeutic activity and immunogenicity profile will be similar with the native hEGF. In addition, extracellular expression eliminates the host cell disruption and simplifies the purification process, although other study has shown the protein yield from E. coli extracellular expression is lower than the intracellular expression. Various factors such as codon usage, inducer concentration, induction time, and harvest time can be optimized to increase the rhEGF secretion. The aim of this research is to express rhEGF extracellularly from E. coli BL21 (DE3). The expression system was supported by optimized codon usage to E. coli codon preference, pectate lyase B (PelB) signal peptide in the pD881 -PelB expression vector, and L-rhamnose as an inducer. Growth curve of E. coli was made to determine the L-rhamnose induction time. Induction was performed with 4mM L-Rhamnose at OD600 0.7. rhEGF in the soluble fraction, periplasmic extraction, and culture medium was characterized by tricine SDS-PAGE. Quantification of rhEGF concentration was performed by ELISA. The codon optimization showed that the Codon Adaptive Index (CAI) of rhEGF gene was 1, GC percentage was 50.93% and relative adapts was 100% after codon usage optimization. SDS-PAGE showed 6.2 kDa band of rhEGF band from soluble fraction, periplasmic extraction (after 18 hour induction), and culture medium. The quantification of rhHEGF by ELISA showed the rhEGF concentration was 310.8 µg/mL. --- ## Analysis of Strychnine and Brucine in hydro ethanolic extract of Strychnos Nux-Vomica leaves by using HPTLC **Authors:** Prasad Maddisetty P.N, V A Doss, Mohanasundaram S, Srinivasarao V, Mohanbabu T **Published:** 2017-03-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Brucine, HPTLC, Strychnine, Strychnos Nux-Vomica Strychnos Nux-Vomica is a remedial plant used in herbal medicine and medicinal plants is having a curative history and are still helping healthiness requirements of a large population in the world. Therapeutic plants are used to cure various diseases, these are the phytochemicals extracted from plants. Strychnos-nux-vomica is having Strychnine and Brucine with biological properties. However, qualitative and quantification of the compounds in plant extract is determined by using chromatography techniques. The method HPTLC is used in identification, standardization and quantification of bioactive Phytoconstituent in plant extract and these extracts helpful in medications. Strychnos Nuxvomica leaves are extracted with 50% Ethanol in a water and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5min for analysis. 3 µl of Sample S and 2 µl of standard solution were loaded in CAMAG LINOMAT 5 instrument and scanning done at UV 254nm. The Mobile phase is used ratio of Toluene – Ethyl acetate – Diethyl amine (7:2:1) and Dragendorff's reagent is used as spraying for spot development. HPTLC chromatograms shows the Strychnine, Brucine and eight unknown compounds. Strychnine, Brucine Rf values are 0.50, 0.33 and values of the area is 16667.7 and 13826.4. --- ## Pharmacological effects of chlorogenic acid: an overview **Authors:** Mani Neelakandan, Krishnamoorthy Vasudevan, Kaliyaperumal Senthamaraikannan, Shanmugam Manoharan **Published:** 2017-03-28 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Chlorogenic acid, Cancer, Diabetes, Hepatotoxicity, Inflammation, Neuroprotection Chlorogenic acid, the ester of caffeic and quinic acid, has received considerable recent attention due to its multiple biological and pharmacological effects. Chlorogenic acid is found in a number of plants, including Phyllostachys edulis, Calluna vagaries and Hibiscus sabdariffa. It is rich in the eggplant fruits and abundant in coffee beans. Also, its presence is reported in the apple, pears, tomatoes, carrot, potato and blueberries. It is used as an additive in chewing gum, mints and coffee products. The present mini review discusses about its potent pharmacological effects and reported mechanism of action in brief. --- ## Lovastatin: history, physicochemistry, pharmacokinetics and enhanced solubility **Authors:** Zolkiflee NF, Meor Mohd Affandi MMR, Majeed ABA **Published:** 2017-03-28 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Arginine, Lovastatin, Pharmacokinetic, Physicochemistry, Solubility enhancement Lovastatin is a statin drug that blocks the body’s synthesis of cholesterol and is administered especiall y to individuals at risk of heart disease. Categorized as a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II drugs, lovastatin demonstrates low solubility and bioavailability. This review focuses on the importance of lovastatin and the obstacles during its administration. The history of statins from the discovery until they become one of the successful cholesterol-lowering agents to prevent complications and fatality especially related to coronary heart disease has been outlined along with their recent applicability in neurodegenerative diseases. Due to the respective physicochemical characters of the statins, they pose several challenges related to their effective administration to the patients. The aqueous solubility is the main issue related to their poor bioavailability. Besides that, other solubility and bioavailability enhancement approaches were discussed systemically. Finally, this review suggests current advanced technologies employed in order to provide effective and competent utilization of the drug. --- ## Production of antibacterial agent from fungi isolated from park soil sample by fermentation under optimized conditions **Authors:** Anupama bhardwaj, Sonia chaman, Kamalpreet kaur **Published:** 2017-03-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial, bacteria, disc diffusion, fungi, fermentation The present study aimed to isolate fungi having antibacterial activity from park site soil sample and production of antibacterial agents by solid and submerged state fermentation under optimized conditions. Antibacterial activity of laboratory isolated and produced antibacterial agent was compared with other commercialized antibiotics to check the efficiency of laboratory produced antibacterial agent. For isolation and characterization of fungal isolates APHA standard was followed. Antibacterial activity was determined by using disc diffusion and agar disc diffusion method. On the basis of morphological and microscopic characteristics six fungal isolates belongs to five different genus species i.e. Aspergillus sp. (F3, F6), Penicillium sp. (F4), Alternaia sp. (F1), Candida sp. (F5) and Fusarium sp. (F2) and they were tested against six bacterial isolates i.e. Streptococcus sp. (B1), Bacillus sp. (B2), Staphylococcus sp. (B3), Bacillus sp. (B4), Bacillus sp. (B5) and Enterococcus sp. (B6). Except B4 all bacterial isolates growth were inhibited by fungal isolates. Under optimized conditions maximum zone of inhibition i.e. 78mm against B3 and B5 shown by F1 and F6 at 1% and 3% glucose concentration at respective pH 10 and 4. When comparison was made between commercialized antibiotics and lab produced antibacterial agents it was observed lab produced antibacterial agent was more efficient in terms of zone of inhibition. The present study demonstrated that lab isolated antibacterial agents isolated from six fungal isolates seems to be a stable and potent antibacterial and can be used as alternative to expensive commercialized antibiotics. --- ## Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of miglitol nanoparticles in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats **Authors:** Karuppusamy C, Venkatesan P, Kalaiselvan R **Published:** 2017-03-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Eudragit, Maltose load, Postprandial plasma glucose, Type II Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorder characterized by a complete lack of insulin, a relative lack of insulin, or insulin resistance. In response to the need for better control of diabetes, several new classes antidiabetic drugs were introduced. Among these are Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors which are used to treat the Type II Diabetes mellitus by inhibiting the Alpha Glucosidase enzymes in the small intestine. The biological half-life of Miglitol is 2 Hrs and by conventional dosage form it requires oral administration of three times daily. Hence to overcome this problem, we developed controlled release formulation of Miglitol loaded nanoparticles will help to release the drug in continuously for 12 Hrs. The effect of newly formulated Miglitol loaded nanoparticles was studied in diabetic rates. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in Wistar rats. At first, Maltose was administered orally to all the groups. Along with maltose, the newly formulated Miglitol loaded nanoparticles and marketed conventional release tablets was administered in diabetic rates and Blood glucose was measured at predefined interval. After the initial Maltose load, in the interval of 6 Hrs, Maltose load to the animal was repeated for two more times. After administration of the first maltose load, there was steady attenuation in the plasma glucose values after the same time point in the groups treated with Miglitol formulations. After initial administration of drug, the pharmacological actions are similar for marketed conventional release dosage form and Nanoparticle. However, the conventional release dosage form could not control the peak postprandial plasma glucose after second & third loading of maltose. Whereas, the Nanoparticle formulation significantly (P<0.001) controlled the peak postprandial plasma glucose after second & third loading of maltose. --- ## In-vivo Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract of Oldenlandia corymbosa (Linn.) on Streptozotocin with Nicotinamide induced Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats **Authors:** Ramprasad R, Madhusudhan S, Kalaichelvan V.K **Published:** 2017-03-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ethanol extract, In-vivo antioxidant, Oldenlandia corymbosa, streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ with NA), oxidative stress The study was done to investigate the in-vivo antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of the aerial part plant Oldenlandia corymbosa in diabetes induced rats with streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ with NA). Acute toxic study carried out OECD guideline 420 under this guide line followed the LD50 value fixed 2000mg/kg. This study was conducted for 21 days by treating the animals with plant extract and then induced oxidative stress by administering a single dose of streptozotocin 45mg/kg along with nicotinamide 110mg/kg (p.o). After administration of 100mg/kg and 200 mg/kg (p.o) of ethanol extract of Oldenlandia corymbosa (ETOC) to animals, the levels of hepatic and renal GSH, GST, GPx, SOD, CAT and nitric oxide, Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), hydroperoxides (HP), enzymes levels were estimated. The study proves Oldenlandia corymbosa (Linn.)’s significant in-vivo antioxidant activity helps protect tissues from oxidative stress and decreases a significant amount of hepatic and renal hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid substances. A considerable enhance in kidney and liver GSH, SOD, GPx, GST, CAT and NO when compared with diabetic control group was observed in the results. By administering ethanol extract of Oldenlandia corymbosa (Linn.) the dose level fixed 100mg, 200 mg/kg, (p.o) and glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg) the GSH, GST, SOD, GPx, CAT levels considerably enhanced in comparison with diabetic control group. Hence this study concludes that ethanol extract of Oldenlandia corymbosa (Linn.) have considerable in-vivo antioxidant activity of aids in protecting tissue starting oxidative stress. --- ## Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical evaluation of new species L. madayiparense whole plant **Authors:** Umakrithika C, Balaji P, Kannan K **Published:** 2017-03-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** L. madayiparense, Lindernia, macroscopy, microscopy, physiochemical, phytochemical analysis Lindernia madayiparense was recently explored new species under the family Linderniaceae. Meanwhile mostly lindernia species were considered as weeds in many countries but now only their therapeutic value was identified and investigated in last few decades. Lindernia species occupy a most important place in the traditional medicine used worldwide especially in china. So our current investigation was to produce a standard protocol for the new species by using WHO recommended methods. The macroscopy, microscopy, physiochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening of the whole plant L.madayiparense was investigated and reported. Transverse section of leaves confirmed the presence of sunken stomata, poorly developed vascular bundle and parenchyma cells. T. S of quadrangular stem and root showed only few sieve tubes, vessels and trachids in the centre region which is surrounded by large compact aerenchyma cells. Physiochemical constants like ash value, extractive value, fluorescence analysis, behaviour with chemical reagents and its moisture content were studied during the investigation. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the plant confirms presence of alkaloids, steroidal glycosides, saponins, Coumarins, terpenoids, poly phenol and tannins. --- ## Preparation, therapeutic evaluation and pharmacokinetic study of quercetin-phospholipid complex in rats **Authors:** Rashmi Vankudri, Prasanna Habbu, Mahesh Hiremath, Pradeep Kumar M R, Sudhir Iliger, Chetan Savant, Patil B.S **Published:** 2017-03-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Quercetin phosoholipid complex, dissolution studies, antidiabetic activity, bioavailability The dissolution and bioavailability studies are influenced by the biopharmaceutical properties and potency which together contribute to the clinical efficacy of the drugs. In the present study phyto-phospholipid complex was prepared in order to enhance the delivery of poorly soluble quercetin (QT). The preparation of querc etinphospholipid complex (QPC) was done and investigated for various physico-Parameters using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), aqueous/ n-octanol solubility and dissolution study. The investigation of antidiabetic activity by OGTT in normoglycemic and diabetic rats for QT and QPC at different time intervals was carried out along with the effect of QT and QPC (50 and 100 mg/kg b.w. p.o. respectively) in STZ induced diabetic rats for single day and fifteen days was studied. This is followed by estimation of serum glucose (SG) and lipid parameters. In order to support the above fact the histopathology studies of pancreatic tissue and bioavailability studies of QT & QPC were also studied. SEM photographs of QPC was found fluffy and porous with rough surface morphology. FTIR, DSC and SEM data confirmed the formation of phospholipid complex. The solubility of QT and QPC was improved in water/ n-octanol. The antidiabetic studies indicated that, the bioactivity of QT was maintained even after being complexed with the phospholipid. The SG levels were significantly reduced and also the altered lipid parameters were restored after the treatment of QPC (50 mg/kg b.w. p.o). Histopathological studies revealed that QPC also restored back the size of pancreatic islets and maintained the normal β-cells. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies confirmed that QPC can produce better therapeutic effect in rats and stayed for longer period of time as compared to free QT through sustained release property followed by decreasing the rate of elimination. --- ## Updated Review on Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry & Pharmacological Studies of Coccinia Indica **Authors:** Alagarraja M, Rasika T, Monika G, Rajesh R, Rajavel E, Arunachalam G, Senthilkumar M.K, Sumathi M, Rao KNV **Published:** 2017-03-28 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coccinia Indica, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, hypoglycemic, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, household remedy The present review highlights the Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological study of Coccinia indica. There are many patented formulations derived from Coccinia indica are now distributed increasingly all over the world. This has given rise to a concomitant increase in research on the phytochemical constituents and biological activity of Coccinia indica. It is belongs to Cucurbitaceae family and it’s widely used for hypoglycemic and antidiabetic activities in ayurvedic system of medicine. Mainly in its fruit had rich value of antidiabetic properties comparatively other parts of plant of coccinia Indica, but the whole plant of Coccinia indica having pharmacological activities like analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, antimalarial, antidyslipidemic, anticancer, antitussive, mutagenic. The purpose of review on particular plant is many traditional medicines in use are obtained from medicinal plants, minerals and organic matter. During the past several years, there has been increasing interest among the uses of various medicinal plants from the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of different ailments. Coccinia indica has been used in traditional medicine as a household remedy for various diseases. --- ## Simple and rapid determination of ibuprofen without caffeine interference by HPLC-UV detection: application to pharmacokinetic studies in rats **Authors:** José Raúl Medina, Helgi Jung, Marcela Hurtado, Olivia Soria, Francisco Javier López-Muñoz **Published:** 2017-03-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Animal models, Caffeine, HPLC, Ibuprofen, NSAIDs A simple and rapid method with HPLC-UV detection was developed for estimation of ibuprofen using only 50 µl of plasma samples. Analyses were performed on a Symmetry C18 column and UV detection at 196 nm. The method was validated according international criteria and it was used for quantification of ibuprofen plasma levels after p.o. administration of 17.8 mg/kg of the drug alone and combined with 17.8 mg/kg of caffeine to healthy male Wistar rats. Retention times for ibuprofen and mefenamic acid were < 5 min. No caffeine interference was found. Linearity was assessed with plasma solutions of 2.5‒100 µg/ml. R2 value was more than 0.999 (p < 0.05). The intra-day and inter-day precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, and accuracy, expressed as relative error, were < 15%. Stability was proved for four weeks at −20 °C. After concomitant caffeine administration no significant differences in ibuprofen plasma levels were found (p>0.05). The analytical assay is reliable and sufficiently sensitive for single-dose pharmacokinetic studies utilizing a small plasma sample. A large number of samples can be processed and run in a relatively short period of time. --- ## Influence of egg lecithin composition on physicochemical characteristics of pramipexole liposomes **Authors:** Trivedi R.V, Kotgale N.R, Taksande J.B, Wadher K.J, Awandekar N.B, Umekar M.J **Published:** 2017-03-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Liposomes, Pramipexole, Egg Lecithin, Cholesterol The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of varied concentration and ratio of egg lecithin, cholesterol and drug (Pramipexole) on physico-chemical characteristics of liposomes prepared by thin film hydration method. Pramipexole-loaded liposomes of egg lecithin were prepared and characterized for vesicle size, TEM, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (%EE), phospholipid content, in vitro drug release and drug leakage. Liposomes obtained were spherical in shape, 151 to 231 nm in size, and negatively charged (−18 to −32 mV). The %EE of pramipexole in the liposomes ranged from 18 to 61%. The effects of variations in cholesterol, egg lecithin and pramipexole contents on the liposomal characteristics were determined. It was found that the liposomes prepared with unimolar ratio of cholesterol, egg lecithin and pramipexole exhibited better characteristics than other liposomal formulation. --- ## A facile synthesis and dual inhibitor activity of novel synthesized quinazoline hydrazine-thiazoliine based Drugs **Authors:** Gayathri Rajamanickam, Suresh Selvaraj, Thirumurthy Rajendran **Published:** 2016-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** acute toxicity, acute inflammation, Quinazoline, thiazoliine, ulcerogenicity, Cyclooxygenase, Lipooxygenase, Dual inhibitor Inflammation is a pervasive phenomenon that operates during severe perturbations of homeostasis, such as infection, injury, and exposure to contaminants, and is triggered by innate immune receptors that recognize pathogens and damaged cells. The long-term administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is often limited by the emergence of gastrointestinal or cardiovascular complications . There is an indication that COX inhibition by NSAIDs enhanced synthesis of leukotrienes that occur by shunting the arachidonic acid metabolism towards the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Dual inhibition of COX and 5 -LOX act by blocking the formation of both prostaglandins and leukotriene but do not affect lipoxin formation. Such combined inhibition avoids some of the disadvantages of selective COX-2 inhibitors and spares the gastrointestinal mucosa. 2 substituted quinazolin-4 (3H)-one was reacted with the thiosemicarbazides through the nucleophilic addition reaction to produce the quinazoline thiosemicarbazides (compound 1 & II) and the addition of various bromoketones to the com pound I & II were undergone the cyclizasation reaction to yield 2-(4-(4-substituted) thiazol-2 (3H)-ylidene)-1-(2-substituted quinazolin-4 (3H)-ylidene)hydrazine. According to the acute oral toxicity evaluation, 20 mg/kg doses of synthesized compounds were administered orally to the rats for this study. The in-vivo acute anti-inflammatory activity using a carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model and acute ulcerogenicity were studied in albino rats to show their dual inhibitor Cyclooxygenase/5 Lipooxygenase (COX/5LOX) activity. After 6h also, almost all the newly synthesized compounds showed 51-60 % edema inhibition than the standard drug and did not show any redness for ulcerogenicity. They act by blocking the formation of both prostaglandins and leucotrienes but do not affect lipoxin formation. Such combined inhibition avoids some of the disadvantages of selective COX-2 inhibitors and spares the gastrointestinal mucosa.The novel synthesised compounds can serve as COX/5 LOX dual inhibitor to reduce the burden of society. --- ## Comparison of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations of 1H-benzo[d]imidazole with TGF-β type I protein **Authors:** Ajay Kumar T.V., Kabilan S., Parthasarathy V. **Published:** 2016-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dynamics, His283, TGF-β, TGF-β type I, 1H-benzo[d]imidazole, 3D QSAR, PHASE, Schrodinger TGF-β type I protein is an interesting and significant molecule in the cancer progression. The altered ratios of the TGF-β type I receptor leads to oncogenic functions from its tumor suppressor activity. The present study was carried out to develop the suitable inhibitors for the treatment of cancer by targeting TGF-β type I receptor. Hence, 1H-benzoimidazole ((R)-1-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)-3-(cyclohexyl methoxy) propan-2-ol) molecule was screened by 3D QSAR study using “PHASE” module of Schrodinger to inhibit TGF-β type I protein and the molecular dynamics simulations of the complexes of TGF-β type I was also carried out. This study identified the binding modes of the inhibitors and the lead compound which showed an interaction with His283 of TGF- β type I and the results was similar to that of docking study. The result is crucial for inhibiting TGF-β type I receptor. The compound which was identified is a good initiation for further in vitro studies to develop drug molecule to treat cancer. --- ## Possible effect of wheat germ oil or beta-carotene to enhance kidney recovery processes in irradiated rats **Authors:** Aya A Gazar, Hanan A. Fahmy, Ola S. Mohamed **Published:** 2016-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** C-reactive protein, Creatinine, Creatine clearance, Radiation nephropathy, Oxidative stress Radiation nephropathy has appeared as a substantial complication of radionuclide radiotherapy. Thus, the requirement for a protective agent against radiation injury is evident. The present study explored the potential effects of beta-carotene (βC) as well as, wheat germ oil (WGO) on gamma-irradiation resulted in oxidative stress and renal nephropathy in rats. Rats were divided into six groups: normal control group, βC group, WGO group, irradiated (IRR) group, βC+IRR group, WGO +IRR group. Oral administration of βC (10 mg /kg) or WGO (80 mg/kg) for 7 days after γ-irradiation (7.5 Gy) have significantly minimized the severity of biochemical changes, which was evidenced by a significant diminution in the level of malondaldhyde (MDA) in kidney, urea, creatinine as well as C - reactive protein (CRP) along with an increase i n Glutathione (GSH) level, superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), urea and creatinine clearance comparing to the corresponding values of irradiated rats (P < 0.05). Histopathological examination of kidney tissues further confirms the biochemical records. Therefore, it is concluded that, βC as well as, WGO may reduce radiation nephropathy and enhance recovery processes after radiation exposure. --- ## Formulation and in vitro characterisation of repaglinide floating microspheres **Authors:** Narasimha Rao B., Kasim Vali D.S., Gnana Prakash K., Viswanath V., Sai Padmini D., Rahath Fathima S. **Published:** 2016-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Microspheres, Repaglinide, Sodium alginate, HPMC K100, Sodium bicarbonate, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio The present study Formulation and invitro Characterization of Floating microspheres of Repaglinide has been carried with an aim to improve the drug’s bioavailability by delaying its gastric residence time. Repaglinide, an oral hypoglycemic agent used for the treating Type II diabetes has been chosen as a model drug for these studies. Microspheres were prepared by Solvent evaporation method employing different concentrations of polymers such as sodium alginate, HPMC K100, sodium carbonate and effect of these polymers on the formulation parameters of drug was studied. Obtained microspheres were studied for micromeritic properties such as Angle of Repose, Hausner’s ratio, Carr’s index, Bulk and Tapped density. In addition, in-vitro evaluation studies for microspheres were carried like % entrapment efficiency, drug-polymer compatibility, in-vitro buoyancy, SEM studies and in-vitro drug release studies. Results of FT-IR and SEM studies demonstrated that drug and polymer have not interacted and all the microspheres were spherical and smooth in nature. Data obtained from in-vitro release studies showed F5 formulation retarded drug release over a period of 8hrs and is considered an ideal formulation. Ideal formulation when observed for kinetic studies indicated that F5 followed Korsmeyer-peppas release kinetics. --- ## Electrochemical behavior of tin doped vanadium pentoxide thin films **Authors:** Jeyalakshmi K. **Published:** 2016-12-31 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** V2O5, tin, FTO, thin film, elcetrode, XRD, CV, AC impedance Tin doped vanadium pentoxide thin films have been prepared by solgel spin coating method on FTO and glass substrate. The structural and analytical studies such as XRD, cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance spectroscopy respectively have been carried over and the results are discussed. Structural properties studied using x-ray diffraction analysis reveals the amorphous nature of the vanadium pentoxide coated thin films. Cyclic voltammetry studies of the vanadium pentoxide coated FTO films were carried out in the potential range of 0.8 -1.2 V, using 1M lithium perchlorate in propylene carbonate as the electrolyte. The specific capacitance of tin doped vanadium pentoxide thin film has been measured from the CV curve and it was 236 F/g. The ac impedance spectra of the film electrode in 1M LiClO4 + PC electrolyte were measured in a frequency range of 100 kHz to 0.01 Hz at a potential of 0.5 V with Ag/Agcl as reference electrode. --- ## Characterization and pharmacological screening of flavonoids isolated from Begonia trichocarpa Dalzell **Authors:** Sindhu Jose, Sivakumar T., Alekutty N.A. **Published:** 2016-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-microbial activity, Begonia trichocarpa dalzell, Cytotoxicity of cells, DPPH assay, Luteolin This work was designed to characterization and evaluation of in vitro Anti-oxidant, Anti-microbial activity, estimation of cytotoxicity of cells and anti-diabetic activity of fractnation compound from methanol extract of Begonia trichocarpa belong to family Begoniaceae. Isolation and characterization of phytoconstituents from Begonia trichocarpa for the first time. Isolation of phytoconstituents were carried out By means of column chrotography and physiochemical and spectroscopic analysis carried out to identified two compound luteolin and quercetin studied for different pharmacological activity of quercetin. Quercetin showed good anti-microbial activity, MIC of quercetin was found in between 800- 3200µg/ml against different microorganisms. MIC of E.coli, S.mutans and P. aerogenosa, S. aureus and S.typhimurium was found 800 µg/ml, 1600 µg/ml 3200µg/ml respectively. A dose dependent anti-oxidant activity was found in both DPPH free radical scavenging method and Nitric oxide scavenging method. DPPH and Nitric oxide assay of quercetin shows maximum percentage of inhibition 64.51% and 49.43% at the concentration of 400µg/ml, whereas ascorbic acid exhibits 70.63%, 53.34% respectively and IC50 values of DPPH assay was 650.1950µg/ml, and ascorbic acid 165.5796 µg/ml respectively. IC50 value of Nitric oxide scavenging assay 381.7617µg/ml and ascorbic acid was 338.179. MTT assay showed 43.34892% viability at 100 µg/ml a nd Ic50 values was 71.8009 /ml. In vitro anti diabetic activity by Inhibition assay for alpha - glycosidase showed 88.52% inhibition at 200µg/ml. Anti-oxidant, Anti-microbial activity, estimation of cytotoxicity of cells and anti - diabetic activity of Begonia trichocarpa dalzell may be due to the presence of quercetin. --- ## A novel of derivative spectrophotometry as rapid and accurate method in application of simvastatin co-crystal assay **Authors:** Iyan Sopyan, Achmad Fudhloli, Muchtaridi Muchtaridi, Ika Puspita Sari, Dewi Permatasari **Published:** 2016-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aspartame, Saccharin, Co-crystal, Simvastatin, Spectrophotometric derivative The objective of this study was to obtain a rapid and valid method of quantitative analysis for the determination simvastatin (SV) in combination with saccharin (SAC) and aspartame (ASP) in the co-crystal form using derivative spectrophotometric. Co-crystal preparation was conducted using solvent drops grinding (SGD). Samples of each co-crystal of ASP and SAC were dissolved in a solvent mixture of the methanol-water with a ratio (60:40); afterward it was derived using the zero crossing order for determining level of SV. The analytical method was validated based on validation parameter requirements, including, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ). The derivate spectrometric method have exhibited the zero crossing order in the third order derivate at 251 nm, linearity studies showed the value r2=0.9998 in a concentration range 0.25-2μg/ml. The accuracy was presented by the %recovery = 98.69%- 103.74%, and precision (%RSD) =1.67% - 2.96%. LOD and LOQ results presented a value 0.096 and 0.32μg/ml, respectively. Derivative spectrophotometric has been applied to the SV determination in co-crystal form and fulfilled all requirement of a method validation. --- ## Attenuation of neuronal damage by mangiferin in experimentally induced cerebral ischemia in rats **Authors:** Kiran P. Narkhede, Anandrao R. Kulkarni **Published:** 2016-11-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** acetyl cholinesterase, carotid artery occlusion, cerebral ischemia, lipid peroxidase, mangiferin, Neuro protective The objective of the current study was to evaluate the attenuation of neuronal damage by mangiferin. Neuronal damage in rats was induced by occlusion of carotid arteries. Experimental outcomes showed that the method adopted significantly produced infarction in brain and induced oxidative stress. This could be because of cellular seepage and damage of the membrane of neurons. However, groups treated with mangiferin in different doses have significantly protected neuronal damage and showed effect on acetyl cholinesterase enzyme level, lipid peroxidase, reduced glutathione and improvement in total protein, suggesting neuroprotective influence of mangiferin. This might be due to facilitated scavenging effect on free radicals. In addition, histopathological studies also support the inhibition of damage of architecture of brain with mangiferin treatment hence; adjuvant therapy by the administration of mangiferin might be useful in treating stroke. --- ## Reed bed systems for treatment of poultry pre-treated waste water **Authors:** Revathi Devaraj, Venkata Ravibabu Mandla, Sannidhi Krishna Praveen, Jaydeep Lella **Published:** 2016-11-30 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Design, Reed Bed, Removal methods, Phosphorus, Treatment, Total Nitrogen, Wastewater, Pathogenic Bacteria The wastewater released by poultry businesses are portrayed for the most part by high biochemical oxygen request, high suspended solids and complex blend of fats, proteins and fibers requiring orderly treatment before transfer. Due to the increase in usage of water, waste water generation is high and also constitutes high concentration of pollutants comprising with wide range. Degree of treatment required for poultry processors and it have the option of utilising Physical, Chemical and Organic treatment frameworks. Every framework sort possesses unique treatment favourable circumstances and operational troubles. Among the diverse treatment, Reed Bed Treatment System is good alternative and effective system for treating the poultry waste water. This review article is focused performance of reed bed system, design consideration and remove methods. --- ## Snake venom neutralizing effect of validated Herbal Medicine Formula Practiced in Tribal Medicine System (TMS) at B. R. Hills region of Karnataka, India **Authors:** Panduranga Murthy G., Harsha R., Leelaja B.C., Chandrasekhar K.B., Lokesh S. **Published:** 2016-10-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tribal Medicine Formulation (TMF), Antioxidant activity, Naja naja, Anti Snake venom activity, Neutralization of Snake Venom, Anti-PLA2 activity The crude extract of Tribal Medicine Formulation (TMF), an herbal drug was taken to appraise the pharmacognostic status through antioxidant activity and anti -snake venom properties. The antioxidant activity has been evaluated by ABTS, TBARS and Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay methods, respectively. Since, ethno-medicinal plants and their formulation contain generally diverse class of active metabolites and phenolic compounds which possess wide-ranging amount of antioxidant activities; the anti -venom activity was evaluated for the enzymes like PLA2 and protease which are present in the snake venom by interaction of proteins between Naja naja and protein of TMF drug. The Anti-PLA2 activity was done to facilitate neutralizing effect of PLA2 in association with the different fractions of TMF drug. Accordingly, the efficacy of TMF drug was employed to neutralize snake venom and the significant neutralization effect was noticed, which may be due to presence of certain active class of chemical compounds in TMF drug that acquired anti -lethal effects. Among them, presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, total sugars and ascorbic acid have contributed significantly as anti -venom potential. Therefore, multi-functionality of TMF drug has clearly indicated the competence of such active chemical constituents that make possible of binding between two proteins. Consequently, the obstruction in the functions of many macromole- cules could be accomplished due to interaction of these two proteins. Later, the hemorrhage activity was con- ducted to assess the anti-snake venom activity through myonecrosis-lung hemorrhage activity. In the study, the mouse lung tissue and also the muscle tissue layer was collected and added with saline buffer to one layer in which, the cell death did not occur. Then, the other layer added with snake venom was found to be the cells start- ed dying by forming tumors; whereas, the third layer which was added with both snake venom along with the ex- tracts of TMF drug diminishes the activity of inflammatory enzyme. This confirms the better activity of TMF drug over venom which further influences neutralization of snake venom. However, it can be suggested that, the active metabolites present in the TMF drug extract are most responsible in inhibiting the PLA2 activity and the fortifica- tion in the efficiency of drug was justified. This will facilitate the rationale factor pharmacologically which admits the traditional evidences for these Ethno-medicinal plants in the form of TMF drug as antidote for snake victims. Therefore, the TMF drug was found to have high potential active constituents which make possible of neutraliza- tion competence in treating snake bite. Further, the TMF drug can be explored for its therapeutic authentication through analyzing probable mechanism of action by lead molecules present in the formulations via clinical studies which can be recommended further as counteractive doctrine in case of snakebite envenomation. --- ## In silico modelling and docking studies of natural flavonoid derivatives as tetanus inhibitors **Authors:** Abhigna P., Mounica Bandela, Sandeep Kumar Kashetty, Mahmood Shaik **Published:** 2016-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Homology modelling, Natural flavonoid derivatives, Modeller 9.16, Autodock4.2, tetanus toxin The availability of experimental (X-ray, NMR) structures is very less. To overcome this problem the structures have been determined theoretically, especially those determined by homology modeling techniques. Protein -Ligand docking is increasingly used in Drug Discovery. The present study explains computational methods to design tetanus toxin light chain [synthetic construct], using the crystal structure available from Protein Data Bank (PDB ID: 1ZB7). Model was generated by using Modeler9.16. After designing the model, functional effect was confirmed in terms of protein ligand binding by molecular docking using Autodock4.2. The docking investigation of modelled AAC37720 protein with natural flavonoid derivatives using Autodock4.2 software was performed. Out of 15 compounds Glycyrrhisoflavone compound shows highest binding energy of -9.87 kCal/mol. Two compounds shows interactions with four amino acids, seven compounds are involved in interacting with three amino acids with good binding energy. Rest of the compounds shows two interactions with good binding energy. More importantly, homology modelling provides awareness into understanding and appropriately interpreting the data produced by these methods. --- ## Pharmacognostical studies on leaf and stem of Abrus precatorius **Authors:** Gnanavel V., Palanichamy V. **Published:** 2016-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Abrus precatorius, epidermis, licorice, trichomes, stomata, xylem Abrus precatorius L. Fabaceae, also known as “licorice”, commonly found in tropical region of southeastern India. The stem and leaves of Abrus precatorius are used in traditional and contemporary herbal medicine but there are no meticulous anatomical explanations that can be developed in pharmacognosy or in comparative anatomical characterization. This study has analysed the stem and leaf anatomy with the intention of supply sufficient information to the medicinal plant identification. The epidermis of the lamina has a cylindrical cells. Secondary xylem has dense radial lines vessel elements and xylem fibers. Cyclocytic type of stomata, simple unbranched trichomes and prismatic calcium oxalate crystals are characteristic of the family Fabaceae and were confirmed by these anatomical studies. This present anatomical characterization of stem and leaf of Abrus precatorius makes a distinction between the other ones of this genus to make sure protection for possible pharmacological use, assuring guarantee for the standardization and authenticity of raw material. --- ## Acute oral toxicity studies of isolated compounds in Lawsonia inermis and Leptadenia reticulata in swiss albino mice **Authors:** Rajeswari J., Rani S. **Published:** 2016-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Leptadenia reticulate, Lawsonia inermis, 6-amino-3-hydroxy-4-(4'-methylphenyl)-2Hchromen-2-on, 3, 7, 4’, 5'-Tetrahydroxy-6- methoxyflavone The compounds which is isolated from Leptadenia reticulata and Lawsonia inermis is sample 1 (6-amino-3- hydroxy-4-(4'-methylphenyl)-2Hchromen-2-on) and -sample 2 (3, 7, 4’, 5'-Tetrahydroxy-6- methoxyflavone).These compounds were undergone acute toxicity studies for dose fixation. In acute toxicity studies feminine (8-week old) young Swiss albino mice 20-25 g weight is used. The animals are grouped and in each group 3 animals are used. Generally acute toxicity study is the preliminary study for conducting animal experiments, it is mainly done for dose fixation. The dose fixation is mainly categorized for safer doses. The minor changes and variations in sexes will play a role in animal studies, but the feminine will be typically adoptable for this animal experiments because it is more sensitive than males. After the toxicity study is done the LD 50 value is calculated by having a note on mortality determination. The LD50 value which is calculated as 200mg/kg and gross behavioural studies like respiratory parameters, salivary secretions, sense of touch and sound, writhing reflex, tremor, convulsions, hind limb paralysis, GIT motility and induction of diarrhea were explained. The acute toxicity were done according to OECD Guidelines 423. --- ## Studies on the investigation of preformulation parameters, compatibility studies to design and formulate the etodolac solid dispersions **Authors:** Limce Thampi, Swamivel Manickam M., Kuppuswamy S. **Published:** 2016-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Compatibility, DSC, Etodolac, Excipients, Solid dispersions The present study involves the investigation of certain fundamental physical and chemical properties of Etodolac loaded solid dispersions. Etodolac (+) 1, 8 diethyl -1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano-(3,4,-b) indole-1 acetic acid is a member of pyranocarboxylic acid group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).Before the development of any dosage form it is essential to study the compatibility of drug and excipients , the divided properties of powder etc. The results from the studies helps to decide the formulation approaches for the development of solid dispersions. Solid dispersions for delayed release tablets were done by solvent evaporation method by using the polymers like Eudragit S 100, Ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl pyrollidone. The preformulation studies helps for the successful selection of excipients for the formulation of delayed release tablets using solid dispersion as a carrier. On the basis of the results from experiments, it is found the Etodolac is found to compatible with the excipients like Eudragit S 100, Ethyl Cellulose, polyvinyl pyrollidone. The FTIR spectra reveals that there is no major degenerative interations between the drug and excipients. --- ## GC-MS analysis of the antioxidant active fractions of Abrus precatorius **Authors:** Gnanavel V., Palanichamy V. **Published:** 2016-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Abrus precatorius, Gas chromatography, hexacosanol acetate, Mass spectrum Abrus precatorius L. Fabaceae, is an important medicinal plant used by the traditional healers for treating various illness. The main intention of this current work is find out the phytocompounds available in the petroleum ether fractions of Abrus precatorius leaves extract by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrum analysis. The Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrum of petroleum ether fraction of leaves of Abrus precatorius confirmed the existence of various phytoconstituents includes 2R-actoxymethyl-,3,3-trimethyl-4t-(3-methyl-2-buten-yl)-t-cyclohexanol (10.0%), tetracontane-1,40-diol(22.3%) and hexacosanol acetate (68.7%). The antioxidant activity of the petroleum ether fraction of Abrus precatorius was done by DPPH Scavenging assay. The petroleum ether fraction of Abrus precatorius showed good antioxidant activity which is due to the presence of various pytocompounds present in it and validate the make use of this medicinal plant to treat various disease by traditional healers. --- ## Preliminary phytochemical screening, evaluation and comparison of anticancer activity of Ficus gibbosa blume by MTT assay method **Authors:** Gini E.J., Sivakumar T., Kuppuswamy S. **Published:** 2016-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cytotoxic, Ficus gibbosa blume, linear regression analysis, MTT assay, Soxhlet extraction The present study involves the preliminary phytochemical screening and evaluation of anticancer activity of the whole plant Ficus gibbosa blume. Extraction was carried out using the solvents petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol and water. Among this, aqueous and ethanolic extract contains more active constituents, hence selected for the study. MTT assay method (invitro) was used for the evaluation of anti-cancer activity. Hacat and Mcf-7 cell lines were used for the evaluation. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, carbohydrates and proteins. Aqueous extract shows better activity against both Hacat and Mcf-7 cell lines and as the concentration increases there is an increase in the cell growth inhibition. For aqueous extract the IC50 value was found to be 46.54 µg/ml for Hacat and 92.4µg/ml for Mcf-7 cell lines. The present study concludes that both aqueous and ethanolic extract of entire plant of Ficus gibbosa blume possess anticancer activity against Hacat and Mcf-7 cell lines. --- ## Production and confirmation of polyclonal antibody against tamm horsfall protein and its application in kidney stone disease diagnosis **Authors:** Bavanilatha M., Deepanjalee Dutta, Sangita Saikia, Renugadevi K., Parthi ban, Anba rasan **Published:** 2016-07-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Kidney stone diseases, Tamm Horsfall Protein, SDS-PAGE, Polyclonal antibody Increasing numbers of the kidney stone cases, all over the world, urgently demands simple and reliable method of detection, in which measuring the expression of biomarker level has already gained considerable success. Tamm Horsfall Protein (THP), biomarker for kidney stone, acts as the major inhibitors of stone formation (crystal growth) in normal urine but due to its abnormality its inhibitory effect is lost and growth of stone is promoted. Herein, we have isolated THP by four different methods namely Sodium chloride, Ammonium sulphate, Acetone, Polyethylene glycol and purified from human urine samples by column chromatography which were confirmed by SDS PAGE band at 97 kDa. PAGE analysis revealed that four protein bands were seen in Ammonium sulphate followed by sodium chloride method. Also decreased excretion of THP was found in case of stone patients and also aggregation of THP was more in stone patients than compared to normal which was established by SEM. Polyclonal antibodies against purified THP protein (antigen) was produced and confirmed. Our results indicate that this is the easy way to screen and differentiate the normal subjects from the renal stone patients excreting abnormal THP levels. Thus, the present method holds huge promises to design a diagnostic kit for detection of kidney stone in future. --- ## Selection of excipients for galantamine HBr orodispersible tablet through drug excipient compatibility study **Authors:** Jeevitha M., Pandey V.P. **Published:** 2016-07-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Galantamine, crospovidone, FTIR, DSC, excipients and compatibility Galantamine is a clinically valuable medication in a few neurological issues, including Alzheimer's issue. The instrument of Galantamine HBr is a tertiary alkaloid medicate that has been progressed and common in some of nations not withstanding thus and bottomless nations in Europe as a treatment for slight-to-gentle Alzheimer's ailment (advertisement). Galantamine has a totally extraordinary, twofold type of activity. it's far a reversible, forceful inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (agony), and is the single medication progressively publicized for the control of advert with set up leisure activity as an allosteric modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Preformulation will be beginning stage inside the sensible equation of a dynamic fixing (API). For some framework collaborations studies are particularly key. Whilst there has been no interface a couple of the chose drug-excipient or excipient-excipient then the technique may be a suitable one. The choice of suitable inspect strategy to gauge the communication a large portion of the medication and the excipients is a pre recipe look at principle most extreme satisfaction. In current period the warm scientific techniques is helpful to analyze the cooperation have a gaze at the yearning of the inspect changed into to investigate the similarity of galantamine HBr drug material with the excipients drew in inside of the strategy for orodispersible pill with the guide of receiving differential examining calorimetric (DSC) study and fourier change Infra red spectrophotometric (FTIR). Construct absolutely in light of the results of DSC and FTIR of Galantamine found also suited with excipients crospovidone and sodium bicarbonate and citrus extract. --- ## Extractive spectrophotometric method for the determination of molybdenum (VI) in environmental samples **Authors:** Ravichandran C., Benzil D., Munikumari G., Ramachandraiah C., Chandrasekhar K.B. **Published:** 2016-06-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Spectrophotometry, molybdenum (VI)-HTP complex and alloy samples An extractive spectrophotometric method has been developed for determination of molybdenum (VI) usi ng newly synthesized reagent, N'-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-3-(4-o-tolylpiperazin-1-yl) propanehydrazone (HTP). Molybdenum (VI) forms a yellow coloured water insoluble complex with HTP reagent in the acidic medium. The formed water insoluble complex is extractable in chloroform solvent and the complex shows maximum absorbance at max 389 nm. Under optimum conditions, Beer's law is obeyed in the range 1.918 - 19.18 μg mL-1 of Molybdenum (VI). The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity for the complex is found to be 4.903 x 10 4 L mol-1 cm-1 and 0.02 μg. cm- 2 respectively. The interference effect of various diverse ions has been studied. The complex shows 1:1 [Mo (VI): HTP] stoichiometry with stability constant of 8.29 x 106. The developed method has been employed for the determination of molybdenum (VI) in synthetic samples and in alloys. --- ## Preparation and characterization of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of carvedilol **Authors:** Ramkanth S., Ashok Kumar J., Thiruvengadarajan V.S., Gopinath C. **Published:** 2016-06-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carvedilol, co-surfactant, phase diagram, SMEDDS, Tween 80 Carvedilol is a non-selective beta blocker and belongs to the third generation of beta blockers antihypertensive agent which is administered orally that has absolute bioavailability of only 25% to 35% due to the poor aqueous solubility (0.583 mg/L & log P 4.115). The aim of the present investigation was to develop a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) to enhance the oral absorption of Carvedilol. The solubility of Carvedilol in various oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants was determined. Pseudoternary phase diagrams was plotted to identify the efficient self-emulsification regions using Oleic acid, Tween 80, PEG-400 to identify the efficient self-micro emulsification region. Prepared SMEDDS was further evaluated for its visual assessment and emulsification time, effect of pH, robustness, dispersibility, transmittance test, cloud point measurement, optical clarity, drug content and in vitro dissolution study. All the prepared formulation exhibited self-emulsification properties. The optimized formulation F3 contains Carvedilol (6.25 mg), Oleic acid (20%), Tween 80(68.5%) and PEG-400 (11.4%). From the study, it was concluded that formulation F3 has good emulsification property with uniform globule size, satisfactory in vitro drug diffusion profile which identify future opportunities for Carvedilol delivery. --- ## Proniosomal gel- An effective approach for topical and transdermal drug delivery **Authors:** Srividya Vardhani CH, Nirosha M., Chandrashekar K.B. **Published:** 2016-06-30 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Coacervation phase separation, Non-ionic surfactants, proniosomal gel, Topical drug delivery Proniosomes are one of the novel provesicular drug delivery systems which are dry formulations coated with carrier such as non ionic surfactants. Proniosomes are formulated in such a manner that they can overcome the drawbacks of niosomes such as physical instabilities, fusion and aggregation. Proniosomes can be administered by various routes like oral, Intravenous, buccal, topical, transdermal etc in which proniosomes are formulated as gels for topical drug delivery. Proniosomal gels are translucent gels and liquid lamellar crystals of vesicular bilayers which can be formed by the addition of small quantity of gelling agent or water to the dry proniosomes (mixture of non-ionic surfactant, lecithin and cholesterol). Proniosomal gels offer better resistance towards stress caused by skin flexion, mucociliary movement and better percutaneous absorption due to the non-ionic surfactants used. Because of their high stability, ease of application and better percutaneous absorption they are widely used for various category of drugs such as Antifungals, NSAIDS, Anti psychotics, Antihypertensives etc. As proniosomal gels offer good attention towards the topical drug delivery, present review focuses on its preparation methods, applications and recent developments. --- ## Preparation and characterization of raloxifene proniosomes using sorbitan esters **Authors:** Bhama S., Sambathkumar R., Shanmuga Sundaram R. **Published:** 2016-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lipids, Drug release, Stability study, Selective oestrogen receptor modulator A 2nd-generation selective oestrogen receptor modulator, raloxifene HCl (RLX-HCl) is a non- steroidal benzothiophene that binds to oestrogen receptors. While administer orally due to its extensive first pass metabolism in gut, it possess only 2% absolute bioavailability. In this present work, RLX-HCL was formulated as proniosomes by slurry method, where different ratios of surfactant and cholesterol were used for preparation and evaluating study. The shape of prepared RLX-HCl loaded proniosomes were spherical with an average particle size of 690nm with a high encapsulation efficiency of 83.64%. The study revealed that in 24h, formulation RS606 had the highest cumulative drug release (99.42%). From the stability study, 5°C was identified as the suitable temperature for the optimized proniosomes. In conclusion, an improved bioavailability and prolonged drug release profile of the proniosome formulation seems to be a promising delivery system for RLX-HCl. --- ## Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of brown Seaweed Sargassum wightii **Authors:** Balachandran P., Anson S Maroky, Ajay Kumar T.V., Parthasarathy V. **Published:** 2016-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sargassum wightii, seaweed, ethanol, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and flavonoids The big stores for the favorable algae are the Seas and Oceans and the study of seaweeds is called as phycology or ecology. The identification and isolation of new substances are growing from the source of marine organisms. The seaweeds live in salty water and are eukaryotic organisms considered as a good source of bioactive natural products. The present study investigated to explore the phytochemical constituents of the seaweed Sargassum wightii (Brown algae). The brown marine algae “Sargassum wightii” belongs to the family “Phaeophyceae”. Ethanol was used as a solvent system for the preparation of the extract of Sargassum wightii. The ethanolic extracts of Sargassum Wightii were undergone to the qualitatively phytochemical test by means of typical measures. Phytochemical analysis shows the presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, and carbohydrates, whereas proteins, free amino acids and saponins were found to be absent. The results of the study may lead a foundation for the further studies on this marine algae Sargassum wightii. --- ## Effects of pentapeptide conjugation on etoposide loaded polymeric micelles for the treatment of Cancer cells **Authors:** Aramudan S., Senthil Kumar K.L. **Published:** 2016-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Polymeric micelles, YIGSR & EILDV Pentapeptides, mPEG-PCL block co polymer, etoposide, tumour metastasis, lyophilization, In-vitro release, In-vitro cell line studies To getting the desirable therapeutic treatment for cancer, the efficacy and the reduction of toxicity of anticancer drugs are to be improvised. Although many of the drugs are in hydrophobic characteristics, the polymeric miceller delivery system would be the potential way for the targeted delivery and the effective treatment of metastasis. The present study was documented that the hydrophobic drug, etoposide was encapsuled with the biodegradable block co polymer mPEG-PCL which further conjugated with the cell adhesion peptides YIGSR and EILDV peptides for targeting the laminin and fibronectin receptors respectively. The results revealed that the conjugated micelles having the affinity towards the tumour cells, thereby increase in cytotoxicity as well as anti -metastatic effects observed from the cell line studies using B16F10 melanoma cells. Interestingly, the study confirmed that the YIGSR peptide conjugated etoposide has more cytotoxic effects than the other Pentapeptide EIDLV conjugated etoposide. Also, to understand the predictable drug release in physiological conditions, the in-vitro release study was carried out with PBS at pH 7.4, observed the significant difference between the peptide conjugated micelles and the non-conjugated micelles. Further, lyophilization studies were carried out with different cryoprotectants / different ratios and the redispersibility index was calculated, observed that the single cryoprotectant was not retained the original particle size than the combinations. Overall, etoposide loaded-conjugated miceller formulations proved higher efficacy and reduced the toxicity in the treatment of cancer cells than the non-conjugated miceller formulations. --- ## A comparative research study on open appendectomy versus laparoscopic appendectomy **Authors:** Vinay P., Gowtham P., Bhargavi M., Goutham Reddy K., Venkata Subbaiah M. **Published:** 2016-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Appendectomy, Open Appendectomy, Laparoscopic Appendectomy Appendectomy is an eventual treatment for appendicitis, which can be performed through either traditional open appendectomy or by laparoscopic technique. Majority of researches found Laparoscopic appendectomies are ideal for simple appendicitis, but most of the advantages are of inadequate clinical relevance, even though intra - abdominal abscesses are a concern in some cases of complicated appendicitis. The main objective was to evaluate and compare the length of hospital stay, in-hospital complications, operation time, and usage of antibiotics between laparoscopic (LA) and open appendectomy (OA). A retrospective analysis was done with the data of 411 patients older than 12 years from the Department of Surgery at Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) Hospital between February 2011 and February 2016. Clinical and laboratory information was obtained by reviewing patients’ medical records, including age, gender, WBC, RBS, operating time, duration of hospital stay, complications as well as usage of antibiotics. Out of 411 cases reviewed 196 underwent LA procedure and 215 were done with OA. The mean operating time was significantly longer in LA (80.41 ± 28.09 Vs 55.56 ± 16.72; P < 0.0001; 95% CI = 20.42 to 29.29). The antibiotic usage was found to be more in OA group. Out of 61 complications observed in all the study population, 42 (69%) were experienced by OA group. Study proves that laparoscopic appendectomy is a safe and effective procedure, in contrast, to open appendectomy and s urgeons had a stronger preference for the LA due to its numerous advantages. --- ## Etoposide delivery: mPEG-PCL based copolymeric micelles assessed by various in-vitro anti-cancer activity **Authors:** Aramudan S., Senthil Kumar K.L. **Published:** 2016-05-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Block co polymers, Etoposide, In-vitro studies – Cell viability and Cell uptake, Polymeric micelles Discerning the complexity of metastasis during primary tumour, Polymeric micelles has the potential to improve the tumour treatment with chemotherapy and known to that the amphiphilic block co polymer yields self - assemble polymeric micelles in aqueous milieu. The present study was engineered and opti mized etoposide loaded polymeric micelles with mPEG/PCL di block copolymer thereby improving the dispersibility, prolonging the cellular uptake and enhance the bioavailability. Micelles were characterized by particle size, drug loading capacity, CMC and Surface density. The stealth miceller formulation were evaluated with various in-vitro cell line studies using highly metastatic B16F10 cell lines and compared with unmodified etoposide loaded micelles. The average particle size of etoposide-mPEG-PCL was approximately 72 nm and the polydispersity index was in the range between 1.2 and 1.3. The encapsulation efficiency of the etoposide was in the range between 82.78 and 92.06 % and the maximum drug loading capacity of 5.89 %. The resultant micelles demonstrated ~15 fold higher cellular uptake and After 24 h incubation period, the calculated IC50 values of micellar formulations were up to 25 to 50 times higher as compared with unmodified etoposide. These findings illustrating that the engineered polymeric micell es may be a promising approach for the efficient treatment of tumour metastasis. --- ## In vitro susceptibility of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates to common biocides **Authors:** Vijaya Kumar R., Mohammad Saleh Al-Aboody, Meshal K. AlFonaisan, Tim Sandle **Published:** 2016-04-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Biocides, Benzalkonium chloride, quaternary ammonium compounds, disinfectant Biocides (antiseptics and disinfectants) play an essential role in infection control and the prevention of hospital acquired infections of pathogenic microorganisms. Now days, rates of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa are increasing worldwide and emerging of biocides resistant strains may lead to a failure in disinfection program. Until now, very few studies have investigated the susceptibility profile of nosocomial pathogens in particularly P. aeruginosa to antiseptics and disinfectant compounds and there are no reports available in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Hence the aim of this study was to detect the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of a range of multidrug resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa against three disinfectants common to the pharmaceutical and healthcare sectors: biguanide (chlorhexidine) and two quaternary ammonium compounds (benzalkonium chloride and cetrimide). The in vitro bactericidal activities of the three biocides were studied against 11 MDR P. aeruginosa organisms, isolated from various clinical specimens in the Qassim region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The susceptibility testing performed by broth microdilution method following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Among 11 isolates tested, two (22%) were showed reduced susceptibility against benzalkonium chloride and cetrimide. Our observations imply an increased resistance observed against quaternary ammonium compounds among clinically isolated MDR P. aeruginosa isolates and further molecular studies are required to confirm these results in terms of resistance to the disinfectants. --- ## Accelerated stability studies of niacin and green tea extract sustained release bilayer tablets with different polymers **Authors:** Arun Kumar A., Sivaraman G. K., Venkatesan P., Valliappan K. **Published:** 2016-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Accelerated stability study, Assay, Bilayer tablets, Dissolution, Green Tea Extract, Hypromellose, Niacin, Sustained release Niacin and Green tea extract are used for maintaining the lipid profile in Hyperlipidemia. Currently Statins are extensively used in the treatment of Hyperlipidemia which is known to cause rhabdomyolysis. The combination of Niacin and Green tea extract as a sustained release bilayer tablets will help to reduce or avoid the statin therapy. There are many polymers available to control the release of the drugs which includes Hypromellose (K4M), Guar Gum and Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose. In our present study we designed to evaluate the formulations containing different polymers by accelerated stability studies and examined for the parameters of hardness, dissolution and assay for drug concentration in formulation after one, three and six months duration at controlled tropical conditions of temperature and relative humidity. From the accelerated stability study results it was observed that the formulation containing Hypromellose (K4M) as a polymer founds to be more stable. --- ## Development and validation of a stability indicating HPLC method for the quantification of impurities in Erlotinib hydrochloride dosage forms **Authors:** Babu C., Narasimha Rao K.L., Devanna N., Suresh Reddy K.V.N. **Published:** 2016-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Degradants, Erlotinib hydrochloride, HPLC, Stability indicating method This work is aimed to develop a stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of Erlotinib HCl related compounds in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Separation was achieved on waters X- terra RP18 (150x4.6mm, 3.5µm) column using a gradient method. Here in this work mobile phase A is 0.01 M NaH2PO4 buffer (pH 4.5) and mobile phase B contains a mixture of 0.01 Na H2PO4, (pH 4.5) buffer and methanol in the ratio 20:80 (%V/V), respectively. The flow rate is 1.0 mL/min and the detection wavelength is monitored at 245 nm. The method was validated for specificity, limit of quantification, limit of detection, linearity, accuracy, method precision, intermediate precision, robustness and stability. Retention times of Erlotinib, impurity A and impurity B are 17.137, 6.650 and 10.346 minutes respectively. Linearity was observed over the concentration ranges of LOQ level to 1.5µg/mL of each impurity with correlation coefficient of 0.999. The RSD values of recoveries of impurities were found as less than 10%. The drug was subjected to stress condition of hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation. Extensive degradation was found in acid medium and alkaline medium. Minimum degradation was found in thermal and oxidative conditions while there was no degradation found in photolytic condition. --- ## Method development and validation for assay of candesartancilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage form by RP-HPLC **Authors:** Narayanaswamy Harikrishnan, Vijaya Vara Prasad M, Anas S. Mohamied, Kousalya Kaliyamurthy Prabahar **Published:** 2016-03-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Candesartan cilexetil, Hydrochlorothiazide, RP-HPLC, LOD & LOQ A new analytical RP-HPLC chromatographic method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Candesartan cilexetil (CANC) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The separation was carried out by using a mobile phase consisting of methanol:acetonitrile:phosphate buffer pH 3.5 in the ratio of 50:20:30. The column used was X-Terra C8 column with (150mm length and 4.6mm internal diameter with 3.5µm particle size) with flow rate of 1.0ml /min using PDA detector at wavelength of 225 nm and temperature was maintained at 25oC. The retention times of Candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide were 6 min and 2 min respectively. The linearity for Candesartan cilexetil and Hydrochlorothiazide were in the range of 12.8 to 64 mcg/ml and 10-50 mcg/ml respectively with value of LOD found to be 0.03mg/ml and 0.06mg/ml and LOQ were found to be 0.1mg/ml and 0.02mg/ml respectively, which were linear enough showing correlation coefficient of 0.999 in both cases. The present method was specific, sensitive, reproducible, precise, rapid and simple. --- ## Review article on HPLC-RP HPLC technique on the development and validation of Gymnema slyvestrae **Authors:** Swetha M., Saritha N., Devanna N. **Published:** 2016-03-30 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Gymnema slyvestrae, Gymnemic acid, HPLC, RP-HPLC, method development, validation A new, simple, fast, precise and efficient reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed for the validation of herbal drugs. Gymnena slyvestrae is a medicinal plants. The objective of the present Gymnema sylvestrae investigation was to isolate and characterize the Gymnemic acid, from marker compound of leaf powder with different solvent systems like petroleum ether, benzene, and methanol. The leaf powder were extracted under continuous hot extraction in Soxhlet apparatus with 90% methanol gave the maximum. Yield of gymnemic acid (42%) from the ecotype collected from Tirupathi. Gymnemic acid was purified by preparative chromatographic methods i.e., RP-HPLC and HPLC. The analysis by HPLC showed30% purity of Gymnemic acid --- ## Direct and derivative spectrophotometric determination of mercury (II) using alpha amyl cinnamaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (ACINH) **Authors:** Pradeep Raju B., Devanna N. **Published:** 2016-03-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alpha amyl cinnamaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone, Mercury (II), Spectrophotometry, Water samples An alpha Amyl Cinnamaldehyde Isonicotinoyl Hydrazone (ACINH) has been used as a newly synthesized analytical reagent for the selective spectrophotometric determination of Hg (II). In basic medium (pH-10) mercury (II) forms a yellow colored water soluble complex with Amyl Cinna maldehyde Isonicotinoyl Hydrazone (ACINH). Maximum absorbance of complex show at λmax 391 nm. Hence, further analytical studies were carried out at λmax 391 nm. The molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity of Hg (II) was found to be 2.78x10 4 L.mol-1cm-1 and 0.0099 mg/cm2 respectively. The Beer’s law validity range 1.0029 – 10.029 mg/ml. Hg (II) forms metal ligand ratio as 1:1 complex with ACINH and complex show stability constant was 6.45x105 was obtained from job’s method. Tolerance limits of foreign ions on the determination were studied. Mercury (II) can be determined by using newly developed derivative spectrophotometric method. For the determination of Hg (II) in different environmental water samples the present method has been adequately employed. --- ## Mucoadhesive targeted pulmonary delivery of nanoparticulated dry powder insufflators-A revolt in TB therapy **Authors:** Vishnu Vardhan Reddy Beeram, Venkata Nadh R., Krupanidhi S., Gnana Prakash K. **Published:** 2016-03-30 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Anti tubercular drugs (ATDs), Nanoparticle-based systems, Dry powder inhalers The emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) against first-line drugs and extensively drug resistant TB (XDR- TB) due to misuse of second-line anti tubercular drugs (ATDs) is a further concern. Recommended treatment in- volves long term and multiple drug therapy with severe side effects. Due to this concern nanoparticle-based sys- tems have significant potential for treatment and prevention of tuberculosis (TB) to overcome the need to administer ATDs at high and frequent doses, would assist in improving patient compliance and circumvent hepatotoxicity and/or nephrotoxicity/ocular toxicity/ototoxicity associated with the prevalent first-line chemotherapy. Nanostructured delivery systems constitute a wide range of systems varying from liposomes, micelles, micro- and nanoemulsions, to polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Pulmonary administration of inhaled nanoparticles in the form of dry powder inhalers offer particular advantages for pulmonary administration of anti tubercular drugs (ATDs). Present review comprehensively about different approaches of nanobased drug delivery, devises and techniques for pulmonary delivery of nanoparticle encapsulated ATD. --- ## Design and characterization of buccal drug delivery system of losartan potassium **Authors:** Swathi Krishna Kavuluru Venkata, Chandra Sekhar K B **Published:** 2016-03-26 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Losartan potassium, chitosan, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, poly vinyl pyrrolidine, invitro dissolution, evaluation Buccal drug delivery has been considered as an alternative to oral dosing of drugs subjected to degradation in the gastrointestinal tract or to hepatic first pass metabol ism. Buccal drug delivery offers a safer mode of drug utilization, since drug absorption can be promply terminated in cases of toxicity by removing the dosage form from the buccal cavity. Losartan potassium is an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist having lesser bioavailability (25-33%). The aim of the present study is to increase the bioavailability to avoid the hepatic metabolism, using buccal tablets of losartan potassium. Tablets of losartan potassium were prepared by direct compression method using bioadhesive polymers like chitosan, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose and poly vinyl pyrrolidine (PVP) either alone or in combinations with backing layer of ethyl cellulose. Precompression parameters like bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, hausner’s ratio were evaluated. Post compression parameters like hardness, friability, uniformity of weight, drug content, swelling index, invitro drug release study and kinetics were evaluated. Among all the formulations F5 containing NaCMC was found to be good with better drug release i.e., 93.62% in 9 hours. Kinetic studies were performed and it followed Higuchi release kinetics and was diffusion controlled. FT -IR results proclaimed that there are no interactions between drug and polymers used. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of antineoplastic drug loaded nanoparticles incorporated in sucralfate suspension as drug delivery system **Authors:** Dastagiri Reddy Y., Dhachinamoorthi D., Chandra Sekhar K.B. **Published:** 2016-03-26 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 5-Fluorouracil, Nanoprecipitation method, Sucralfate, Nanoparticles The main objective of the present work was to formulation and evaluatation of 5-Fluorouracil drug loaded nano- particles incorporated in sucralfate Suspension as drug delivery system. 5 -Fluorouracil nanoparticles prepared by Nanoprecipitation method using sodium alginate as cross linking agent. Prepared nanoparticles were evaluated for drug entrapment efficiency, particle size, FTIR, DSC, TEM analysis and drug release studies. Based on above studies FN12 was selected as optimize formulation. Sucralfate suspension were prepared in order to select the best suspending agent concentration based on the evaluation test FS6 compositions were selected for incorporation of Nanoparticle . 5-Fluorouracil loaded nanoparticles incorporated in sucralfate suspension were prepared and characterized for various evaluation tests and FNS12 was optimized formulation to be selected. Comparative pharmacokinetic studies were carried for 5-Fluorouracil drug loaded Sucralfate Suspension and 5 -Fluorouracil loaded nanoparticles incorporated in sucralfate suspension and evaluated for various pharmacokinetic parameters. The results indicate the increase in T1/2 and MRT in the in nanoparticles incorporated in Sucralfate suspension and sustain the drug release compare to Sucralfate Suspension. Histological examination revealed that there is a severe bleeding due to continuous use of 5-Fluorouracil Suspension observed within one week thus 5-Fluorouracil loaded nanoparticles incorporated in Sucralfate suspension (FNS12) was proved to be safe and effective for long term use. --- ## Dendritic scaffolds as novel carriers for cancer cell targeting **Authors:** Narasimha Rao B., Ravindra Reddy K., Chandra Sekhar K.B. **Published:** 2016-03-26 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Dendrimers, Cancer cells, Drug delivery, Targeting, Tumor, EPR effect, Biomarkers Cancer is a complex disease that is caused primarily by environmental factors. The cancer -causing agents (carcinogens) can be present in food and water, in the air, and in chemicals and sunlight that people are exposed to. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. Cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. Cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery. Above mentioned treatment methods are affecting the normal cells without properly targeting the specific cells of tumor. Due to the reason various novel drug delivery systems were implemented. Recent advances in drug design have led to the development of new small molecular weight chemotherapeutic agents, peptide and protein molecules that can be used for the treatment of cancer. However, transformation of these drug candidates in to actual therapies with well-defined dosage regimen remains a significant challenge due to the limited ability to selectively deliver these drug molecules in to the cytoplasm of cancer cells. Dendrimers are novel synthetic polymers, which can be used as universal carrier on creating systems for drug delivery of cytotoxic drugs to solid tumors. These carriers have unique characteristics including monodispersity, surface functionality along with highly defined size and structure. This makes these polymers attractive candidates as carriers in targeting the cancer cells. --- ## Evaluation of antiulcer activity of Brassica oleracea in albino rats **Authors:** Mohammad Shoaib PM, Mounika J., Chakrapani B. **Published:** 2016-03-21 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** H.pylori, Brassica Oleracea, Brasinine Nowadays ulcers are commonly seen in every individual. Ulcers are generally caused by the bacterium known as H.pylori and antacids are used to treat them. But using the drugs for a long time can affect the immune system. The present research addresses the antiulcer activity of cabba ge, scientifically known as brassica oleracea and belong to the family cruciferae. Brasinine is the active ingredient present in the crucifers which is able to cure ulcers.This study includes extraction of Fresh cabbage juice by a suitable organic solvent i.e. acetone and ,followed by phytochemical screening of extract which gave results as presence of flavanoids, alkaloids,steroids, glycosides e.t.c,. The active constituent in fresh cabbage extract is responsible for antiulcer activity is studied by conducting experiment on rats. Our object is to brings up important questions that are still open, and addresses some significant issues which must be tackled in the future for a better understanding of the behaviour of antiulcer, as well as the risks associated with their occurrence. --- ## Evaluation of antiulcer activity of various aerial parts extracts of Cynodon dactylon on Paracetamol induced ulcers in albino rats **Authors:** Kambham Venkateswarlu, Chandrasekhar K.B. **Published:** 2016-03-21 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cynodon dactylon, phytochemical, paracetamol, pantaprozole length of ulcers, ulcer index The present study was aimed to evaluate the antiulcer activity of various extracts of aerial parts of Cynodon dactylon on paracetamol induced ulcers in Albino rats. The preliminary phytochemical studies were performed for various various extracts prepared from n-hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts in order to determine the various secondary metabolites. This study was undertaken to investigate the antiulcer potential of the different extracts (n-hexane, chloroform and methanol) of aerial parts of Cyanodon dactylon at 200, 400mg/kg b.w given orally for paracetamol induced gastric ulcer models in albino rats and ulcer index was calculated. Extracts of 400 mg/kg were showed significant antiulcer activity, comparable to the standard drug Pantoprazole. --- ## Method development and validation of a simple uv spectrometric method for the quantification of irbesarton in bulk and its tablets **Authors:** Swathi P., Rajesekhar C., Sudheer Kumar Y., Nusrath Sulthana S., Sushma S., Mohammed Ishaq B., Hindustan Abdul Ahad **Published:** 2016-03-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Irbesarton, ultraviolet, spectroscopy, hypertension, precision, linearity Irbesarton is a widely prescribed drug for Hypertension. A simple, rapid and precise ultraviol et spectroscopy method was developed and validated for quantitative analysis of irbesarton in bulk drug. It is an angiotensin II receptor (AT1 subtype) antagonist. It is used for the treatment of hypertension. The mean percentage was found to be in a range of 99.35%-100.45%. Beer`s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 5 -40µg/ml. calibration curves shows a linear relationship between the absorbance and concentration. It shows maximum absorbance at 207.16 nm. The line equation y=0.022+0.036 with R2=0.999 was obtained. The method was successfully validated in accordance to ICH guideline for accuracy, precision, linearity, LOD, and LOQ. The linear regression analysis data for calibration plots showed good linear relationship and obtain correlation facto r is greater than 0.999 for irbesarton. The % Recovery/Accuracy was within the range between 98% and 102%. The percentage RSD for precision was found to be less than 2%. Thus method was successfully applied for routine analysis of irbesarton in bulk samples. --- ## Enteric coated capsules of eprosartan mesylate with pH-modifier for augmenting the dissolution **Authors:** Damodaram Atmakuri, Zenab Attari, Girish Pai, Koteshwara K.B. **Published:** 2016-03-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** pH-modification, Enteric coated capsules, Dissolution, Drug release Eprosartan mesylate, an antihypertensive, exhibits low oral bioavailability due to its ionization at alkaline pH. An attempt has been made to prepare enteric coated capsule containing drug and maleic acid, as dosage form. Maleic acid acts as pH-modifier, facilitates the absorption of drug by reducing the pH of intestinal environment (preferably duodenum) so as to reduce the ionization of eprosartan, once the capsule reaches the duodenum. The capsules were coated with eudragit L100-55 (enteric coating agent) by dip method and evaluated for % weight gain to ensure coating. The capsules coated with 300 mg eudragit L100 -55 in 5 ml acetone showed 9-10% weight gain and maximum drug release at the end of the 180 min. This was considered optimized formulation. The coated capsules were filled with drug and maleic acid and evaluated for drug release in the acid (pH 1.2) and alkaline (pH 6.2) media. The optimized capsules exhibited optimum dissolution profile with the maximum release of drug in the alkaline medium. --- ## In-virto anti-microbial activity of medicinally important plant Cardiospermum helicacabum Linn against pathogenic bacteria **Authors:** Sreenivasulu S., Rameswara Rao M., Chandra Sekhar K.B., Uma Mahesh M., Anjaneya Vasavi G.S.S., Chandra Sekhar Challa **Published:** 2016-01-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-microbial activities, Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn, acetone, methanol Methanol and acetone extracts from leaf and root of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn were investigated for in- vitro anti-bacterial property by agar disc diffusion method. The crude extracts in acetone and methanol of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn root exhibited good anti-microbial activity against the Salmonella typhi and Proteusm irabilis. Leaf extract in methanol exhibited good anti -microbial activity against the Proteusm irabilis. Leaf extract in acetone exhibited moderate inhibition activity against the Staphylococcus aureus. --- ## Evaluation of spermatotoxicity of leonotis nepetifolia in male albino rats **Authors:** Sarath Chandiran I., Musale Jayesh Vasudeo, Chaudhari P.D. **Published:** 2016-01-20 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Acridine Orange fluorescent, Epididymis, Leonotis nepetifolia, Male contraception The objective of the present study is to evaluate the potential spermatotoxic effect of ethanolic extract of Leonotis nepetifolia (EELN) in male albino rats. Ethanolic extract of Leonotis nepetifolia was given by gavage to rats in the in vivo test at a dose of 100,150 and 200mg/kg of bodyweight, along with normal controls and ther e by studying changes in sperm morphology consisting counts, motility and abnormalities of cauda epididymal sperm adapting light microscopy. Findings of this study revealed, the sperm concentration in the epididymis and sperm motility are decreased, whereas sperm abnormalities increased like sloughing of sperm neck, detached head, and coiling of end tail. In extract treated rats, the duration of sperm motility reduced with respect to the increased dose level. A triplet maner of reduction in the sperm counts and the viability, respectively were observed in EELN-200mg/kg body weight group. Sperm abnormality was increased by EELN in a dose-dependent manner was assessed by acridine Orange fluorescent staining and there was a highest elevation by the multiples of twenty with control in 200mg/kg group .This result indicates disruption of spermatogenic as well as androgenic compartment. The present study can be concluded the Leonotis nepetifolia extract suppress male fertility without altering the general metabolism. --- ## Anti-inflammatory activity of Rumex vesicarius L. leaves **Authors:** Vamsee Krishna I., Anupam Kanti Bag, Karimulla SK, Gobinath M. **Published:** 2015-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-inflammatory Activity, Rumex vesicarius, Carrageenan induced paw edema, Cotton pellet induced granuloma in rat The Rumex vesicarius ethanolic extract (RVEE) of leaves was studied for anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma in rats. Wistar rats were orally administered RVEE (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) and the standard drug diclofenac sodium (40 mg/kg) 60 min prior to a subcutaneous injection of carrageenan (0.1 ml of 1% w/v) into their right hind paws to produce edema. The paw volumes were measured at various time intervals to assess the effect of drug treatment. In the granuloma model, 1 sterile cotton pellet were implanted in the axilla region of each rat. RVEE (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) and the standard drug diclofenac sodium (40 mg/kg) were administered orally for 8 days to the pellet implanted rats. The granuloma tissue formation was calculated from the dissected pellets. A significant reduction in paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma was observed with RVEE treatment when compared with the carrageenan treated and cotton pellet implanted animals respectively. It may be concluded that RVEE possesses anti-inflammatory activity in a dose dependent manner which may be due to an underlying antioxidant activity and/ or lysosomal membrane stabilization by virtue of its poly phenolic constituents. --- ## Development and evaluation of letrozole loaded proniosomes as drug delivery system **Authors:** Bhama S., Sambath Kumar R. **Published:** 2015-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Malto dextrin, Span20, Slurry method, encapsulation efficiency Maltodextrin was used as a carrier for the preparation of letrozole proniosomes. Slurry method was applied for the preparation with various ratios of cholesterol and surfactant. FTIR analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), angle of repose, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release of drug release were performed for prepared proniosomes. Stability study for the best proniosome formulation was carried out to determine the drug leaching during storage. Surface of carrier coated by surfactant has confirmed by SEM analysis. Entrapment Efficiency of LS207 was higher among the all 10 formulations. Formulation which contained molar ratio of 0.4:0.6 (span20:cholesterol) gave maximum encapsulation efficiency of 76.32 ±0.93% and the maximum drug release of 99.34% as compared to other compositions. Kinetic release study shown that optimized formulation LS207 exhibited zero order release& super case II transport diffusion based on the peppa’s plot release exponent value. At refrigerator condition optimized proniosome formulation was appropriately stable over a period of three months. --- ## Surveillance of adverse events in surgical department: An observational study **Authors:** Meda Venkata Subbaiah, Giridhar T., Gowtham P. **Published:** 2015-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adverse events (AEs), preventability, Drug-related AEs, invasive AEs Adverse events (AEs) occur in health care and may result in harm to pati ents especially in the field of surgery. Our objective was to analyze AEs in surgical patient care from a nationwide perspective and to analyze the frequency of AEs that may be preventable. A total 98 patients were identified with AEs during April 2014 and March 2015. All AEs were categorized according to site, type, level of severity, and degree of preventability. We reviewed 532 patients’ records and 98 (18.42%) were associated with AEs. A total of 93.87% of the AEs were considered probably preventable, over half contributed to prolonged hospital care or read-mission, and 4.7% to permanent harm. Healthcare acquired infections composed of more than one third of AEs. The majority of the most serious AEs composed of healthcare acquired infections and surgical or other invasive AEs. The incidence of AEs was 13% in patients 18 to 64 years old and 17% in > 60 years. Drug-related AEs were more common in patients being above 65 years. Urinary retention showed the highest degree of preventability. Patients with probably preventable AEs had in median 7.1 days longer hospital stay. --- ## Jute-A biological elixir with multifaceted applications: An overview **Authors:** Abdul Sadat, Kaushik Chakraborty **Published:** 2015-12-31 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Anti-tumour, cardiac glycosides, human health, Jute leaf, phyto-chemistry Jute (Corchorus spp.), the ‘golden fibre’ has innumerable applications from time immemorial. It is ecologically-safe and bio-degradable fibre crop next to cotton. Jute leaf has been used as food stuff and folk medicine in many cultures. In many countries jute leaf are consumed as, the leaf juice, fried leaf, cocked with vegetables and some time whole green leaf. It’s nutritional value is well documented, as it contain as many as 17 active important raw materials like crude protein, fat, carbohydrate, crude fibres, ash and other minerals. It is rich in calcium, potassium, magnesium, copper, manganese, phosphorous, beta-carotene, and vitamin A, C and E. Recent studies suggests the presence of cardiac glycosides, triterpeniod, phenolic compounds, sterols, fatty acid and ionones in jute extract which have direct curative effect on human health such as anti -tumour, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic properties and help to cure other many chronic diseases. The review article gives a gross idea on the biochemistry and pharmacological activity of jute leaf, which broadly covers various scientific publications in different journals and contemporary works of the scientists. --- ## Study of Glycosylated Hemoglobin as an Independent Predictor of Acute Vascular Events in Non-Diabetic Patients **Authors:** Shanmugam A, Sree Raaghanidhi K, Selvaraj P **Published:** 2015-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hemoglobin A1c, Stroke, Non-Diabetic, MI, Vascular event Individuals with diabetes have a raised risk of stroke and myocardial infarction, but it is unclear whether sustained hyperglycaemia contributes to the development of cerebrovascular disease and myocardial infarction. Haemoglobin A1c, a measure of long-term glycaemia, is strongly related to retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy in diabetes. We sought to assess the association between HbA1c and stroke, myocardial infarction without diabetes. 30 patients who were studied as the control group were those who were attending the out-patient department and had none of the above mentioned events. In the stroke group, HbA1c strongly correlated with fasting blood sugar levels (p=0.01), PPBS (0.019), LDL (0.007), TGL (0.003). Correlation was seen between HbA1c levels BMI, Total Cholesterol and HDL cholesterol but was not statistically significant. In the myocardial infarction group HbA1c strongly correlated with fasting blood sugar (p<0.001), PPBS (P=0.019), LDL (P=0.007), Triglyceride (p=0.003). All of them were statistically significant. HbA1c is considered here as an indicator of the role of hyperglycemia in non-diabetics in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its consequent acute macro-vascular events as evident by a strong positive correlation between fasting blood sugar and HbA1c (p=0.001) in stroke and in myocardial infarction (p=0.001). Raised HbA1c could be an independent risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction in people without diabetes --- ## Effect of edge actuators on the formulation and characterization of tolnaftate proniosomes **Authors:** Narasimha Rao B., Viswanath V., Ravindra Reddy K., Rahath Fathima S., Surekha M., Bhuvaneswari S. **Published:** 2015-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Proniosomes, Tolnaftate, Niosomes, Cholesterol, Coacervation This article is to investigate the effectiveness of formulating proniosomes as the transdermal drug delivery system for tolnaftate. Proniosomes are the dry formula tions of water soluble carrier particles coated with surfactant and rehydrated to form niosomal dispersions exhibiting therapeutic response. Topically proniosomes increase the duration of action when applied thereby reducing the systemic absorption of drug. Tolnaftate is an antifungal agent used for topical fungal diseases. Different formulations of Tolnaftate proniosomes (F1 -F12) were prepared by slurry method with varying amounts of surfactant, cholesterol and mannitol and were evaluated for parameters li ke solubility, melting point, particle size, drug entrapment and in vitro drug release. All the formulations showed high solubility but the maximum solubility and in vitro drug release (in pH 7.4) was exhibited by F4 formulation with drug and span 60 as an edge actuator. The best fit model indicating mechanism of dissolution from the formulation showing the highest release was found to be Higuchi matrix release. It revealed that the release mechanism from the formulation could be diffusion. The present study confers that Tolnaftate Proniosomes are suitable for the transdermal drug delivery and can be formulated with span-60 as an edge actuator for exhibiting maximum drug release. --- ## Preparation and evaluation of sustained release niacin and green tea extract bilayer tablets **Authors:** Arun Kumar A., Sivaraman G. K ., Venkatesan P., Valliappan K. **Published:** 2015-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bilayer tablets, Green Tea Extract, Hypromellose, Niacin, Sustained release The aim of present study was to formulate and evaluate the Niacin and Green Tea Extract Sustained release matrix bilayer tablets. Both the sustained release layer contains Hydoxypropylmethyl cellulose, a cellulose polymer derivative used as retardant material and Polyvinyl pyrollidone used as a binder along with other excipients like Colloidal Silicondioxide, Microcrystalline Cellulose and Stearic acid. The effects of process conditions such as flow properties of granules and physical parameters of the tablets on the characteristics of sustained release bilayer tablets were investigated. The in-vitro drug release studies were evaluated using USP-II (Paddle type), carried out in Hydrochloric acid buffer at pH 1.2 as dissolution media for two hours followed by phosphate buffer pH 6.8 as a dissolution media for ten hours. The release rate of Niacin and Green Tea Extract was around 30% in pH 1.2 after two hours and not less than 90% after ten hours in pH 6.8 followed by two hours in pH 1.2 when the drug to polymer ratio is 1:0.2. --- ## Evaluation of physico-chemical and preliminary phytochemical screening of walsura piscidia roxb **Authors:** Sarath Chandiran I., Chandra Sekhar K.B., Deepak Kumar **Published:** 2015-11-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** walsura pisidia roxb phytochemical studies, Physico-chemical parameters, Fluorescence analysis To evaluate the physico-chemical parameters as well as to investigate the active principle constituent through preliminary phytochemical screening. Walsura piscidia Roxb was collected and about 200g of the powdered material was subjected to Soxhlation. Later the extract was tested for the presence of various chemical constituents according to standard procedures. The results of physico-chemical parameters like Ash value, extractive value, florescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical screening were shown significant results. The present study concluded that the physic-chemical parameter and preliminary phytochemical screening helpful to obtaining a quality, purity and sample identification. --- ## Hypo glycemic and immuno-modulatory activity of Tephrosia calophylla root extract **Authors:** Adinarayana K., Mahesh Kumar K., Dwarakamai P., Charuseela P., Rekha J. **Published:** 2015-11-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tephrosia calophylla root extract, Hypo-glycaemic activity, lipid profile tests, Haematological studies The use of natural herbal products for the prevention and treatment of different pathologies is continuously expanding throughout the world. This is particularly true with regards to flavonoids , which represent a variety of class of secondary metabolites with potentially beneficial to human health effects. The genus Tephrosia is rich in certain flavonoids and contributing in greater extent for promising biological activities. In the current research potency of methanolic extract of Tephrosia calophylla roots was tested for hypoglycaemic and immuno- modulatory activities. The prepared plant material was successively extracted with the solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol. According to the obtained yield percentage and the results of preliminary phyto-chemical screening, the methanol extract was selected for our current research. The results of acute toxicity study on TCR extract has shown that the methanol extract was safer to be use against animal models at appropriate doses as per OECD guide lines. The experimental studies of TCR extract on animal models (albino rats) have shown that, the TCR extract was an effective hypo glycaemic agent at the dose of 500mg/kg body weight in contrast to the control Dexamethasone. (Dexamethasone induced diabetes), various lipid profile test parameters were performed by treating the albino rats with Dexamethasone and two different doses of TCR extract .Various Blood profile tests (Hematological) parameters were performed by treating the albino rats with Dexamethason e and two different doses of TCR extract. The activity of the extracts increased with increasing concentrations. These substances have been described to possess various pharmacological properties such as immune stimulant, hypolipidimic and tonic, neuro-stimulant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory activities. --- ## Therapeutic potential of P. santalinus against alcohol-induced histopathological changes and oxidative damage in heart and lungs **Authors:** Saradamma Bulle, Hymavathi Reddyvari, Damodara Reddy Vaddi, Padmavathi Pannuru, Varadacharyulu NCh **Published:** 2015-11-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alcohol, Heart, Lung, Oxidative stress, P. santalinus Alcohol consumption is the third leading cause of global deaths due to Alcoholic Liver Disease ( ALD) and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), accounting for 4.5% of total deaths. The present investigation aimed at forwarding P. santalinus heartwood extract (PSE) as a potential therapeutic agent to alleviate alcohol -induced oxidative stress and tissue damage. In this study male albino Wistar rats were treated with 20% alcohol (5g/kg b.wt/day) and PSE (250mg/kg b.wt/day) for 60 days. Results showed that chronic alcohol administration significantly ( P<0.05) increased lipid peroxides and nitric oxide (NOx) level s in heart and lung tissues, surprisingly these levels were brought back close to normal level by PSE administration to alcohol administered rats. Moreover, alcohol administration decreased the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), gluta- thiones transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in heart and lung, which were significantly raised to normal level by the administration of PSE. Phytoextracts contain several active components acting on different potential molecular targets/sites at a time rendering protection and ameliorating alcoholic damage or toxicity and/or by reducing the burden of alcohol related diseases and risk. Furthermore, alcohol induced tissue damage mitigation by the PSE was confirmed by histopathological restoration in heart and lung. Multiple phytocompounds likesantalins, lignans, lupeol, pterostilbenes present in PSE might have shown protection against alcohol-induced damage by exhibiting strong free radical scavenging activity and acting at different signaling mechanisms or modulating the factors involved in gene expression. --- ## Antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of aerial parts of Coleus Vettiveroides k.c. jacob **Authors:** Jaslin Edward J., Padmaja V. **Published:** 2015-11-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coleus vettiveroides, Labiatae, Total antioxidant activity, FRAP assay, Total flavonoid The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of aerial parts of Coleus vettiveroides. Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Coleus vettiveroides was assessed by three different in-vitro model of measuring antioxidant profile i.e. total antioxidant activity, FRAP assay and estimation of total flavonoid. Significant total antioxidant activity was found in ethanolic extract of C oleus vettiveroides. The IC50 values of the ethanolic extract of Coleus vettiveroides and ascorbate were found to be 180µg/ml and 410µg/ml respectively. The ethanolic extract of Coleus vettiveroides also shows significant result in FRAP assay method. High fl avonoid content was found in ethanolic extract of Coleus vettiveroides. The high antioxidant capacity observed for ethanolic extract of Coleus vettiveroides suggests that this plant could be used as an additive in the food industry providing good protection against oxidative damage. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of glimepiride loaded liposomes **Authors:** Subash Chandran M.P., Pandey V.P. **Published:** 2015-11-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antidiabetic, Drug entrapment efficiency, Glimepiride, In-vitro release studies, Liposomal formulations, Refractive index, Thin film hydration method The present study reveals the formulation and evaluation method of Glimepiride loaded liposomes. Glimepiride, a third generation sulfonylureas class drug, for treatment of type 2 diabetes was selected. Rotary film evaporator was employed for the formulation of liposomes by using thin film hydration method. The liposomal formulations of Glimepiride were prepared by using phosphotidyl choline (lecithin) and cholesterol. The prepared liposomal formulations were evaluated for different parameters including refractive index and pH measurement. By the FT- IR and DSC studies revealed that the raw materials used for preparation of liposomes were showing no interaction with the drug Glimepiride. The remarkable variations in the results revealed the dependence on ratio of lecithin to cholesterol. The drug releases at a targeted side can be achieved via liposomes followed by diffusion mechanism. --- ## Modulating effect of cromolyn on Akt, MAPK, ERK and DNMT expression pattern in 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis **Authors:** Shanmugam Manoharan, Sekar Karthikeyan, Asokan Manimaran, Raju Kowsalya, Krishnamurthy Vasudevan **Published:** 2015-11-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Akt, DNMT, DMBA, ERK, MAPK, Oral cancer The present study explores the modulating efficacy of cromolyn on the expression pattern of a serine/threonine - specific protein kinase (Akt), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and DNA methyl transferase (DNMT) in 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Oral tumors were developed in the hamster buccal pouches of golden Syrian hamsters using topical application of 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin (three times a week for 14 weeks). Though cromolyn completely inhibited the formation of DMBA induced tumors in the buccal pouches of hamsters, precancerous lesions such as hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis and dysplasia were evident. Cromolyn also modulated the expression pattern of Akt, MAPK, ERK and DNMT towards tumor inhibition as evidenced by the absence of tumors in DMBA + cromolyn treated hamsters (Western blotting analysis). Thus, the antitumor potential of cromolyn might be partly due to its modulating effect on the expression pattern of above mentioned cancer related biomarkers. --- ## Stability of Recombinant Human Interferon Alpha-2b Produced In Methylotropic Yeast Pichia pastoris **Authors:** Syubbanul Wathon, Sri Budiarti, Popi Hadi Wisnuwardhani, Neng Herawati, Adi Santoso, Ratih Asmana Ningrum **Published:** 2015-11-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** rhIFNα-2b, Pichia pastoris, stability, aggregation, degradation The stability of recombinant human interferon alpha-2b (rhIFNα-2b) remains a great challenge for Pharmaceutical science. In previous research we constructed open reading frame encoding rhIFNα-2b and produced the protein in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris). This research was aimed to study the stability of rhIFNα-2b in three parameters: temperature, pH and shelf life. The rhIFNα-2b was overproduced by using buffered methanol complex medium (BMMY) at 30 °C for 48 h with 2% of methanol as inducer. Filtration of protein was used by minimateTM tangential flow filtration system with molecular weight cut off (MWCO) 5 kDa. Purification of rhIFNα-2b was performed by immobilized affinity chromatography column using AKTA purifier system. Colorimetric bicinchoninic acid as say informed that the yield of purified rhIFNα-2b was 10.92 mg/L (OD600 = 2.3). Sodium dodecyl sulphate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western Blot analyses confirmed that the protein was rhIFNα- 2b with 24 kDa in size. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/time of flight (MALDI -TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry identified the protein as hIFNα-2b with 22% of amino acid coverage. Non reducing SDS-PAGE and Image J software analyses showed that temperature increment, acidic and basic pH as well as shelf life length caused protein aggregation and degradation. 3-[4.5-dimethylthiazol-2il]-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay informed that the aggregation and degradation reduced the anti -proliferative activity of rhIFNα-2b on human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. To conclude, all parameters give an impact on rhIFNα-2b stability with the most influencing parameter was temperature at 25°C. These data can be used to develop rhIFNα-2b formulations as therapeutic protein. --- ## Advancements in knee joint imaging: MRI as the preferred modality for detecting soft tissue and bone lesions **Authors:** Hemhnath M S, Rama priya **Published:** 2015-11-24 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Knee Joint Imaging, MRI, Soft Tissue Lesions, Bone Lesions Advances in imaging technology have significantly improved the diagnostic approach for knee joint pathologies, enhancing resolution, reducing artifacts, and speeding up imaging times, which has led to increased accuracy. Twisting knee injuries often require internal derangement tests, as this phenomenon typically occurs in such situations. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of MRI as a diagnostic tool for detecting bone, meniscus, and ligament damage in knee joint patients. Over the course of one year, the research team analyzed knee-injured patients aged 15 to 35 years, including sixty participants. All participants underwent X-ray examinations before MRI scans using a 1.5 Tesla Siemens 16 MRI machine. The study focused on assessing meniscal and ligament tears using radiological criteria and documenting all pathological bone and soft tissue changes. Results revealed that MRI was superior to X-ray for detecting anterior and posterior cruciate ligament tears, with the difference between the two methods reaching statistical significance (p < 0.05). The identification of medial and lateral meniscus tears showed similar success rates with both MRI and X-ray. However, X-ray and MRI evaluations of medial and lateral collateral ligament tears were equivalent, with no significant statistical difference (p > 0.05). Additionally, MRI was able to detect joint effusion, bone marrow edema, and specific bony lesions that X-ray could not identify. While X-rays remain crucial for diagnosing bone injuries, MRI is unquestionably a superior modality for detecting complete knee joint damage beyond bony evaluation. --- ## Isolation and Insilico evaluation of artemisinin from ethanolic extract of Artemisia indica willd for antidiarrhoeal activity **Authors:** Rajani V., Varalakshmi Devi K., Swaroopa Rani K., Jyotsna Rani D., Nagababu S., Kalyani N., Lakshmi Priya G., Manasa R. **Published:** 2015-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Artemisia indica, Artemisinin, Antidiarrhoeal studies, docking studies The present study investigates the Isolation and insilico evaluation of Artemisinin from ethanolic extract of Artemisia indica Willd for antidiarrhoeal activity is a medicinal plant which has been valued for centuries in ayurvedic medicine. Phyto-chemical screening of Artemisia indica plant extracts revealed the presence of various active constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, flavanones, Carbohydrates, steroids and terpenoids. Since terpenoids have remarkable anti-diarrhoeal activity, our present work aims at evaluating the anti -diarrhoeal activity of Artemisinin which is a sesquiterpenoid lactone isolated from Artemisia indica by thin layer chromatography and eval uated by docking studies. The results of our studies suggests that artemisinin showed more anti -diarrhoeal activity than the standard drug loperamide when binded with the µ opioid receptors. Therefore our results support the use of artemisinin in treating diarrhoea in animal studies. We hope it might become a good antidiarrhoeal drug in future. --- ## Anti-HIV flavonoids from natural products: A systematic review **Authors:** Devarajan Saravanan, Dhakshanamurthy Thirumalai, Indira Viswambaran Asharani **Published:** 2015-09-30 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Anti-HIV, flavonoids, medicinal plants, mechanism of action, natural products Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome could be an immunosuppressive disease (AIDS) that is produced through human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV). AIDS is one of the main causes for death in Asia, Southeast Asia, and Sub Saharan Africa. Around the world, it’s fourth largest killer. Almost all of the marketed, medically useful anti -HIV drugs were nucleoside; however, there usage is limited because of the serious adverse effect, drug resistance, and toxicity. The most of the drugs for several ailment diseases undergo first pass metabolism, leading to drug inactivation and also the generation of toxic metabolites. Hence, herbal medici nes are generally used for alternative therapy by people live with HIV. Natural products constantly provided a source of lead compound for most disease. Flavonoids which have strong anti -HIV activities had been discussed in this article. Flavonoids are common as well as distributed group of phenolic compounds, occurring in all plant parts. Flavonoid compounds describe an essential natural source of anti-retroviral for the AIDS therapy because of their significant anti -HIV 1 activity and also low toxicity. Numerous flavonoids possess the free radical scavenging capacity, anti -inflammatory, hepato- protective, antioxidant and anticancer activities while someone exhibit antiviral activities. The purpose of the current review is reporting the latest findings, and updates to anti-HIV flavonoids from herbal products. --- ## Investigation on the production of an anticancer enzyme from vibrio alginolyticus strain under solid state fermentation using various natural substrates **Authors:** Rahamat Unissa, Sudhakar M., Sunil Kumar Reddy A. **Published:** 2015-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ADI- L-Arginine deiminase, Vibrio alginolyticus 1374, GU726873, MAM- minimal arginine media, SSF- solid state fermentation Vibrio alginolyticus 1374; GU726873 is a gram negative rod shaped marine bacteria isolated from chirala beach of Andhra Pradesh. It was screened and confirmed for the enzyme production and used for the present study. Solid state fermentation was carried out for the production of l-arginine deiminase by Vibrio alginolyticus 1374; GU726873 using different natural substrates including wheat bran, rice bran, maize bran, ragi powder, black gram and red gram as solid substrates. L-arginine deiminase has received significant attention in recent years owing to its potential applications in medicine as an anticancer agent and as a biosensor. Maximum production was noticed with wheat as a solid substrate at pH 8, 37°C, with 2% inoculums, 2% l-arginine concentration, 2% maltose, 2% soya bean meal and 120 h of incubation period. Both physico-chemical and nutritional parameters played a significant role in the production of the enzyme. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of levamisole oral dispersible tablets **Authors:** Praveen N., Ramesh Y., Gnanaprakash K., Gobinath M., Mahesh N., Monica A. **Published:** 2015-09-30 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Crosscarmellose sodium, direct compression, levomisol, sodium starch glycolate Levamisol is an anthelmintic drug that expel parasitic worms and other internal parasites from the body. The present investigation was to formulate and evaluate Levamisol oral dispersible tablets are prepared by direct compression technique using different super disintegrants such as Crosscarmellose sodium, Cross povidone, Sodium starch glycolate. Evaluation was performed according to the pharmacopoeial standards including drug excipient compatibility determined by FTIR study to identify the interaction between the drug and excipient, all the prepared formulations were evaluated for various pre-compressional parameters such as angle of repose, bulk and tapped dendsity, hausners ratio and the prepared tablets are evaluated for various physico chemical parameters weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration, wetting time, in-vitro drug dissolution study. The best results were shown in F3 formulation containing the Levamisol 8% and Crosscarmellose sodium 2%. In comparison of in-vitro drug dissolution studies for all developed formulations, F3 formulation releases 95-100% of drug at the end of 5min and was considered as best formulation. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of self-emulsification drug delivery system of Dronedarone **Authors:** Manohara Prasad K., Bhanja S.B., Sudhakar M. **Published:** 2015-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dronedarone, Myristic acid isopropyl ester, Ethanol, Nano-emulsion, SEM, Tween80 The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of nano-emulsion (thermodynamically stable, transparent, dispersion of oil and water having droplet size less than 200nm). Formulation of self-Emulsifying system of Dronedarone as a model drug, by using Myristic acid isopropyl ester, Tween80, Ethanol as oil phase, surfactant and co-surfactant respectively and water. Various o/w nano-emulsion formulations were prepared by spontaneous self- emulsification method. The area of nano emulsions were identified by constructing pseudo ternary phase-diagrams. The nano-emulsions that were prepared subjected to thermodynamic stability testing. The tests were characterized by using droplet size, Scanning electron Microscopy (SEM), viscosity, zeta potential and pH and in-vitro dissolution studies. The in-vitro dissolution studies of optimized formulation was compared with nanoemulsion. Thus these results suggested that nano-emulsions are the key vehicles for improved emulsification delivery of Dronedarone. --- ## RP-HPLC method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of sertraline HCL and alprazolam in tablet dosage form **Authors:** Paul Richards M., Sunil Kumar Reddy A., Chowdary G V **Published:** 2015-09-30 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Alprazolam, ICH guidelines, RP-HPLC, Sertraline Hydrochloride To develop a simple and selective method for the simultaneous determination of sertraline and Alprazolam in tablet dosage forms. A simple, rapid, accurate, specific and sensitive reverse phase-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Sertraline HCl and alprazolam in pharmaceutical dosage form. The chromatographic separation was performed on Symmetry C18 (4.6 x 250mm, 5µm, Make: Waters) using a mobile phase of phosphate buffer: acetonitrile (40:60v/v), at a flow rate of 1.ml/min at ambient temperature with the detection wave length at 225nm. The retention times of Alprazolam and Sertraline HCl were 2.342 min and 3.282 min respectively. The linearity was performed in the concentration range of 5 -25 µ g/ml and 100-500 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 respectively. The percentage purity of Sertraline HCl and Alprazolam was found to be 99.8 and 100.4% w/v respectively. The proposed method has been validated for linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness were within the acceptance limit according to ICH guidelines and the developed method was successfully employed for routine quality control analysis in the combined pharmaceutical dosage forms. --- ## Electrochemical study of caffeine using iron oxide nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode and its electro catalytic activity **Authors:** Jagadish R., Shivaraj Y., Chandrasekhar K B, Mallappa M. **Published:** 2015-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Caffeine, co-precipitation method, Fe2O3-GCE, Iron oxide nanoparticles, voltammetry Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared by a simple, convenient and cost effective co-precipitation method using starch. The prepared iron oxide nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM, IR and UV techniques. The size of the nanoparticles was calculated from XRD data using Debye-Scherer equation. The average particle size was found to be 11 nm. The electrochemical behaviour of caffeine was studied using glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with iron oxide nanoparticles by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry using 0.1M acetate buffer solution of pH-7.0. Caffeine gives an oxidation peak at 1.426 V with peak current at -5.6×10-5A for iron oxide NPs modified GCE whereas for unmodified GCE peak potential occurs at 1.426 V with peak current at -5.08 × 10-5A. The peak current intensity significantly increased while the peak potential shifted to lower oxidation potential, compared with the unmodified electrode. The results clearly indicated that the modified electrode exhibited excellent electro catalytic activity towards oxidation of caffeine. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of alginate microbeads of ondansetron by ionotropic gelation technique **Authors:** Sivakumar G., Gnana Prakash K., Kumar B., Gobinath M. **Published:** 2015-08-31 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), In-vitro drug release, microbeads, ondansetron, sodium alginate Ondansetron is an anti emetic agent for the treatment of nasia and vomiting and also used chemotheraphy in cancer. Ondansetron drug is 5ht3 receptor antagonist. it has shorter biological half-life (3 – 4 hrs) necessitates that it to be administered in frequent doses of 4mg. The main objective of this study was to develop suitable micro particulate system of ondansetron for controlled release delivery system by varying the alginate, CaCl2 and HPMC concentrations. In the present work ondansetron microbeads were formulated using sodium alginate by ionotropic gelation technique. Prepared beads were evaluated for granulometric studies, micromeretic, scanning electron microscopy, drug entrapment efficiency and in-vitro dissolution studies etc. The prepared beads were free flowing and white in colour. The drug loaded beads showed 84.6–98.2 % drug entrapment, which was found to increase with increase in sodium alginate concentration. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the beads were spherical and rough in structure. In vitro drug release study of these microbeads indicated controlled release for ondansetron 85.54 – 97.2 % released. Hence the observation of all results of the different batches third and fourth showed controlled release action and improved drug availability. The release of ondansetron was found to be affected by both concentration of polymers such as sodium alginate and HPMC. By the observation of accelerated stability studies second batch formulation was found to be best formulation. From this study, it could be concluded that the spherical and free flowing microbeads of ondansetron could be successfully prepared by ionotropic gelation technique with high entrapment efficiency and prolonged release characteristics. --- ## Analysis of the awareness and attitudes of female patients regarding breast self-examination in the gynecology clinic of shohahdaye kargar hospial of yazd in 2011-2012 **Authors:** Fatemeh Khabaz Zadeh **Published:** 2015-08-31 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Awareness, attitude, breast self-examination Background and Objectives: Breast cancer is known as the most widespread malignancy among women, categorized as a slow-growing tumor. If the diagnosis happens in the early stages, the treatment will be easier. The best way for breast cancer screening is self-examination. As per this issue, a study is carried out on the female patients who were referred to the Gynecology Clinic of Shohahdaye Kargar Hospial of Yazd. Method: the present study is descriptive-analytical carried out on 250 female patients in the Gynecology Clinic of Shohahdaye Kargar Hospial of Yazd. The sampling was random, based on a specific set of inclusion criteria. The data gathering instrument included questionnaires with approved validity and reliability. Data analysis was performed via the use of descriptive statistic and Chi-square test. The results show that regarding the awareness and knowledge of breast self- examination, 85.5% of the subjects possess poor knowledge 6.8% were in average level, and only 6.2% enjoyed a high level of knowledge. With respect to attitude, 38.8% had positive attitude, and 61.1% and 0.1% respectively had average and negative attitude toward breast self-examination. According to the above findings, it can be concluded that awareness and attitudes regarding breast self-examination is not proper among women, and appropriate policies should be adopted accordingly. --- ## Prospective clinico-epidemiological study of poison cases in a teaching hospital **Authors:** Mahesh Achari K., Mohamed Saleem TS, Gopinath C., Madhan Mohan Rao M. **Published:** 2015-07-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Epidemiological study, poison, suicide, toxicity Poisoning is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in INDIA and also a major public health problem of worldwide. A thorough review of the risk factors helps to decrease the incidence and mortality. The study evaluates the cases admitted in R.I.M.S Hospital, KADAPA, Various parameters like age, sex, marital status, time of ingestion, agent responsible for incidence; type of poisoning, psychosocial problem, outcome and duration of treatment are analyzed. The objectives of this study are to determine the pattern and severity of poisoning cases admitted to R.I.M.S Hospital. A hospital based study was carried out in the patient admitted to R.I.M.S Hospital with the history of poisoning for the period of 6 months between May 2014 to October 2014. Various parameters were analyzed and compared with other study. There were 206 cases during the 6 months duration and maximum case belonged to second and third decade of life. Most common manner of poisoning was suicidal and Unintentional bites incidence was mainly during evening hours super vasmol33, was the most commonly abused substance. Most of the cases had arrived hospital after one hour of exposure and duration of hospital stay in many cases were less than four days. Based on these findings preventive measures like precaution taken at various levels, restriction in free sale of the poisons and promoting Poison Information Centres along with public awareness and proper psychosocial management to decrease the incidence and mortality in poisoning cases can be suggested. --- ## Chronic alcohol consumption: Increases the liver marker enzymes and hepatic damage on the albino Wister rat liver **Authors:** Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Anil Middha, Behailu Merdekios, Sarath Chandiran **Published:** 2015-07-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ethanol, Serum Enzymes, Hepatotoxicity, Histopathology To investigate the effect of ethanol induced liver toxicity in male Wister albino rats. The liver toxicity was induced by the chronic administration of ethanol to the animals at the 20%v/v, 10%v/v respectively for 28 days at daily basis. The liver toxicity was assessed by the estimation of liver marker enzymes and liver histopathological studies. The chronic induction of ethanol in rats, liver marker enzymes like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine ami- notransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) , lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin (DB) levels were significantly elevated (P<0.0001) when, compared to the normal animals. Ethanol is one of the most widely used and abused drugs and increasing lipid levels in humans and experimental animals. Liver damage seen in chronic ethanol consumption appears to be modulated by kupffer cell activation. Chronic ethanol treatment has been shown to enhance oxidative stress in liver tissues. Ethanol induced oxidative stress is a major role in the mechanism of hepatotoxicity. In the present study was revealed that the chronic consumption of ethanol treated rats shows significantly increased liver marker enzymes and severe damage to liver tissues. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of pioglitazone hydrochloride pellets **Authors:** Mahesh N., Gnanaprakash K., Kumar B., Praveen N., Sarkar Rao K., Gobinath M. **Published:** 2015-07-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** controlled release, Eudragit L100, Immediate release, Pioglitazone, Xanthan Gum The aim of the present study was to formulate and evaluate Pioglitazone hydrochloride pellets. The Pioglitazone hydrochloride immediate and controlled release pellets were prepared by solution/suspension layering technique by using croscarmellose in IR layer and three different polymers such as Ethyl cellulose, Eudragit L100, Xanthan gum as rate controlling polymers in four different ratios like 1:0.5,1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2 to achieve desired drug release in CR layer. Evaluation was performed according to the pharmacopoeia standards including drug excipient compatibility, percentage yield, particle size distribution, drug content analysis and in-vitro drug release study. The best results were shown in F11 Pioglitzone and Eudragit L100 in1:1.5 ratios. A broad variety of drug release pattern could be achieved by variation of polymer ratios which was optimized to match the target release profile. In comparision of in-vitro release studies for all developed controlled release formulations, F11 relelases 97.50% of drug at the end of 12th hour and was considered as best formulation. --- ## Dissolution enhancement of Tacrolimus by surface solid-dispersion technique **Authors:** Srikanth A., Prasanna Raju Y., Devanna N. **Published:** 2015-07-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** In-vitro drug release, Solid dispersions, Tacrolimus, Surface solid dispersion technique The work was aimed to increase the dissolution rate of tacrolimus by surface solid dispersion technique. being insoluble in water, tacrolimus exhibits very low drug dissolution profiles and hence it was planned to modify the surface area and thereby to increase the absolute surface area of tacrolimus by using insoluble and hydrophilic polymers. the surface modified solid mixture of tacrolimus were formulated by surface solid dispersion technique using polymers like sodium starch glycolate (ssg), microcrystalline cellulose (mcc), cross carmellose sodium (ccs), modified starch (ms) and gum karaya (gk). The various ratios of drug:polymer (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5) were used to develop the solid mixtures. The obtained solid dispersions were evaluated for percentage yield, drug content and in-vitro drug release. In-vitro dissolution study for all surface solid dispersions was conducted in pH 6.8 pbs environment. Drug release patterns of tacrolimus from raw sample and surface solid dispersions were compared. The results were evidenced that all surface solid dispersions have shown profound increase in dissolution when compared with that of raw sample. Among all surface solid dispersions, the drug release was found to be highest in mixture of tacrolimus with mcc at 1:5 ratio in 120 minutes. Overall, surface dispersion technique can be employed to important naturally obtaining moieties without many hassles. --- ## A novel combination therapy for treating breast cancer: Preclinical proof-of-concept **Authors:** Saranya N., Chandrasekhar K.B., Mahamad Yunnus Mahat, Thippeswamy B.S. **Published:** 2015-07-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast Xenograft model, HDAC, MS-275, PDE, SAHA, SDFL Combining the anticancer drugs at their sub optimal doses with other non-cytotoxic agents possessing potential anticancer property is a promising strategy for effective anticancer treatment with reduced toxicity. In the present investigation we have evaluated combination of anticancer drugs SAHA (Vorinostat), and MS-275, Entinostat (histone deacetylase inhibitors HDACi), with non-cytotoxic drug sildenafil (SDFL), a Phosphodiesterases 5(PDE) inhibitor in xenograft models of breast cancer. The potential efficacies of PDEi in combination with HDACi in panel of cancer cell lines treated with SAHA or MS-275 in combination with SDFL to determine their impact on cell proliferation and in in vivo activities were assessed in human breast cancer xenograft model. Here in this study we have performed in vitro assay using cancer cell lines (HCT116 - Colon, PC3- Prostrate and MDAMB231- breast) followed by the study in human breast cancer xenograft animal models. A Panel of cancer cells treated with MS-275 and SDFL have shown enhanced anti-proliferative activity of the combination resulted in additive to synergism effect than compared to that of SAHA in combination with SDFL. Further, narrowed down the study with this combination to in vivo which revealed a significant inhibition (p<0.001) of tumor growth in severe combined immuno deficient mice bearing MDAMB-231, human breast cancer xenograft treated with the combination of low doses of SDFL and MS-275. The enhanced efficacy of combination therapy clearly demonstrates synergistic pharmacodynamics drug-drug interaction between PDE and HDAC inhibitors. Taken together, current study provided preclinical proof-of-concept for the novel, distinctive and enhanced anticancer activity of PDEi --- ## Formulation and evaluation of gastro-retentive drug delivery system of losartan potassium by using raft-forming approach **Authors:** Sarkar Rao K., Gnana Prakash K., Kumar B., Prasad K., Madhavi C., Gobinath M. **Published:** 2015-07-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gastro-retentive, losartan potassium, In-vitro drug release, tablet, raft-forming Losartan potassium is angiotensin type-II receptor antagonist, used for the treatment anti hypertension. The purpose of this investigation is to improve bioavailability, gastro residence time and to reduce frequency of administration by preparing a gastroretentive drug delivery system by using raft-forming technique. Losartan potassium was prepared by direct compression method by using various polymers such as HPMC K4M, xanthan gum and carbopol 971p at various concentrations. Sodium bicarbonate and sodium alginate were incorporated as gas generating agents and foaming agents. Lubricating agent like talc and magnesium stearate, lactose as sweetening agent, and microcrystalline cellulose as binding agent, FTIR spectroscopy study reveals that no interaction between drug and polymers. F1-F12 formulations were developed, and evaluated for thickness, weight variation, friability, drug content, floating time, lag time and in-vitro drug release. The in-vitro cumulative % drug release of all formulation ranged from 94.28% to 98.88% at 12hr. the floating time and lag time for the optimized formulation F9 was found to be 20min and 12hrs respectively. In-vitro drug released was found to be 98.88% for F9 at the end of 12hrs and which was considered as best formulation. --- ## Evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activities of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) **Authors:** Pobba Rajani, Rama Kotaiah M., Chandra Sekar K.B. **Published:** 2015-07-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anticancer, antioxidant, methanolic extract, Orthosiphon aristatus, GC-MS analysis Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. (Lamiaceae) is traditionally used to treat various ailments like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, rheumatism, tonsillitis, menstrual disorders and those affecting the urinary tract. The current study was aimed at phytochemical analysis and the evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activities of methanolic extract of O. aristatus. In vitro antioxidant activity was performed by different methods such as phospho- molybdate assay, ferric reducing power, 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide scavenging assay. Cytotoxic activity against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC), colon carcinoma (HT-29) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF- 7) cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. The plant exhibited significant antioxidant activity. In phosphomolybdate assay, O. aristatus (IC 50 = 0.11mg/mL) showed higher antioxidant activity than the standard, ferrulic acid (IC 50 = 0.22 mg/mL). The extract showed better anticancer activity against EAC (IC 50 = 1.02mg/mL), and HT-29 cell lines (IC 50 = 1.09mg/mL) compared to MCF-7 cell lines (IC 50 = 21.25mg/mL). The extract showed promising radical scavenging activity that is comparable to standard. However, the results showed lesser anticancer activity for the extract compared to the standard. Further in vivo studies are required to evaluate the effect of biological factors on the efficacy of the extract. --- ## Selection of excipients for the formulation of Ceftriaxone sodium loaded chitosan Nanoparticle through drug - excipient compatibility testing **Authors:** Manimekalai P., Manavalan R. **Published:** 2015-07-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ceftriaxon, Chitosan, FTIR, TGA Ceftriaxone (CFTX) sodium is a 3rd generation semisynthetic antibiotic that can effectively treat several types of bacterial infections. The best formulation is considered appropriate when no interactions between drug-excipient or excipient-excipient occur. To obtain the best formulation preformulation study is an essential tool and desiring a quick and accurate method to evaluate and choose the best excipients for stable dosage forms. The aim of the present work was to study the compatibility of Ceftriaxone sodium drug substance with the excipients employed in colon target release capsule preformulation by testing the Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) study and Fourier transform the Infrared spectrophotometric study (FTIR). Based on the TGA results Ceftriaxone was found to be compatible with Chitosan and Sodium Tri polyphosphate. FTIR was used as supportive techniques for the analysis. --- ## Isolation of Terflavin B from fruits of Terminalia chebula retz **Authors:** Angala Parameswari S., Aswini M., Aruna G., Jayachandra Reddy P. **Published:** 2015-07-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** High-performance thin layer chromatography, Infrared spectroscopy, Terminalia chebula Retz, Thin layer chromatography, 1H &13C Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Tannins, Terflavin B Terminalia chebula Retz is known as “Haritaki” belong to the family Combretaceae. It is also known as Mother of all healings. Literature survey reveals that it have antifungal, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antipro- liferative, antiarthritic, anticaries and also multiprotective effect such as hepato-protective, pulmonary-protective, renal-protective, radio-protective, cytoprotective and cardio-protective effects. The present study investigates the phytochemical studies and structural elucidation of the medicinally active constituents in methanolic extract of fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz. The phytochemical analysis of Terminalia chebula Retz shows the presence of tannins, alkaloids, proteins, carbohydrates and phyto sterols were identified. Thin layer chromatography and High- performance thin layer chromatography analysis were confirmed the presence of tannins in methanolic extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. Column chromatography was used to isolate the compound and the structure was elucidated with spectroscopic methods. The Infrared spectroscopy, 1H &13C Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Mass spectroscopy analysis confirms the isolated compound was Terflavin B, A type of ellagi tannin which belongs to the hydrolysable tannins. The isolated compound was confirmed as Terflavin B. Terflavin B was reported an effective drug for the treatment of cancer and HIV disease. Thus the isolated compound may be synthesized in laboratory and can be applied for the treatment of the cancer diseases and prevention of HIV replication. --- ## Formulation and Enhancement of In vitro Dissolution Rate of Nevirapine as Immediate Release Tablets **Authors:** Amrit Khanal, Mina Bhatta, Yubaraj Bhusal, Suryaprakash Reddy C., Umapathi V. **Published:** 2015-07-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nevirapine, Sodium starch glycollate, Solid dispersions, Solvent evaporation, Surface adsorption The present investigation involves formulation and assessment of Nevirapine immediate release tablets with a view to release the drug immediately to maintain the consistency into the plasma. Nevirapine is an anti -HIV drug belongs to BCS class-II in order to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of Nevirapine, the solid dispersion technique was employed by using the carriers like HPMC, Xanthan gum, Starch and sodium starch glycollate at different concentrations. Solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation and surface adsorption method. The prepared solid dispersions were blended with microcrystalline cellulose, Cross carmellose sodium, Magnesium stearate and talc, then compressed into tablets. The formulated tablets complied for all official tests for the tablets. In vitro dissolution studies were carried out for all formulations using 0.1N HCl for 45 minutes at 37±0.5 oC. In vitro dissolution studies showed that F9 formulation containing sodium starch glycollate (1%) showed improved dissolution rate of 99.05% of drug release within 45 minutes compared to pure drug. --- ## Antidandruff activity of Eclipta alba (l.) Hassk. and Lippia nodiflora linn **Authors:** Regupathi T., Chitra K. **Published:** 2015-07-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antidandruff activity, Eclipta alba, Lippia nodiflora, Malassezia furfur This experiment was subjected to investigate anti dandruff properties of ethanolic extract and isolated compound of Eclipta alba and Lippia nodiflora. The plant specimen for the proposed study E. alba and L. nodiflora was collected from the wetland fields and other irrigated fields in and around Madurai and ethanolic extracts were prepared. Invitro anti dandruff activity was performed using the disc diffusion assay. Suspension containing 5 x 10 6 CFU / ml of dandruff causing organism, Malassezia furfur was swabbed on the surface of the sterile SDA plates using a sterile cotton swab. Sterile filter paper discs impregnated with the isolated compound doses viz., 25 µg / ml and 50 µg / ml and ethanolic extract's dose level of 250 µg / ml and 500 µg / ml per disc was aseptically placed over the seeded SDA plates. Similarly antibiotic disc of clotrimazole was used as standard drug for comparison of antifungal activity. With this interest, we investigated the anti dandruff activities of E. alba and L. nodiflora against Malassezia furfur by exposure to extract and also isolated compound by disc diffusion method. From our study, it was found that the M. furfur was more sensitive to all the concentrations of ethanolic extract and isolated compound of the two tested medicinal plants. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of Abacavir microspheres **Authors:** Swathi Krishna K.V., Chandra Sekhar K.B., Lakshman Murthy G., Sandhya Rani N. **Published:** 2015-07-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Abacavir, microspheres, solvent evaporation method, SEM The objective of present study was to encapsulate the anti-retroviral drug in various polymers in order to provide the sustained release and to minimize or reduce the dose dependent side effects as well as to improve the patient compliance. Abacavir sulphate microspheres were prepared by w/o emulsification solvent evaporation method using different polymers viz. sodium alginate and gelatin. The prepared microspheres were characterized for drug entrapment efficiency, muco-adhesion test, particle size analysis, surface morphology and in-vitro drug release study. The in-vitro release studies were performed using pH 1.2 Hcl and pH 7.4 phosphate buffer and drug release is evaluated. Morphology of microspheres was characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The prepared microspheres were small, discrete, free flowing and spherical in shape. The mean diameter of micro- spheres was between 21.00±1.96 to 32.43±2.19 μm for different formulations. The drug loaded microspheres showed 40-65% and 45-50% of entrapment for sodium alginate and gelatin microspheres respectively. Fourier Transform- Infra Red (FT-IR) was performed to evaluate interaction between drug and polymer. The prepared microspheres exhibited prolonged drug release (10h) as the concentration of sodium alginate increased, the muco-adhesion is also increased as the sodium alginate concentration increases and the drug release rate was decreased at higher concentration of gelatin. --- ## A rapid UPLC-UV method development and validation for the quantitative determination of Formaldehyde using derivatization technique **Authors:** Pramod Kumar Ragham, Kothapalli B Chandrasekhar **Published:** 2015-06-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 2,4, Dinitrophenyl Hydrazine (DNPH), Derivatization technique, Formaldehyde (HCHO), Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC), Validation The Objective of the current study was to develop and validate a Rapid UPLC-UV method for the quantitation of Formaldehyde. Formaldehyde (HCHO) is reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) to form a Schiff base (HCHO-DNPH derivatization product). The chromatographic conditions were developed and optimized using a mixture of DNPH reagent and HCHO-DNPH derivatization product. The chromatographic separation was achieved on Acquity BEH C8, 100 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7μ particle size column. Using Water and Acetonitrile (55:45, v/v) as a mobile phase with 0.4 mL/min flow rate in Isocratic mode, the column temperature was maintained at 35°C, detection wavelength was set at 360 nm and the injection volume was 5 μL. Acetonitrile was used as a diluent. The developed RP-UPLC method was validated according to ICH guidelines. In this method the LOD and LOQ values for Formaldehyde are 0.6 ppm and 2.0 ppm respectively. The percentage recovery was 96.3 to 97.0. The solution was observed to be stable up to 48 h at room temperature. The validated method produced good results of precision, linearity, accuracy, robustness and ruggedness. The proposed method was found to be Rapid and suitable for quantification of Formaldehyde which can be further extended in Drug product and its excipients analysis. --- ## Formulation development and evaluation of floating drug delivery of Anti-diabetic drug **Authors:** Saravanakumar K., Mohan Kumar A., Nagaveni P., Jayachandra Reddy P., Gowri Y. **Published:** 2015-06-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Glibenclamide, In-vitro buoyancy, Wet granulation, Kinetic models, Sustained release Polymer concentration and gas generating agents were effect on the floating drug release from floating tablets. To utilize the dissolution data and gain insight into the drug release mechanism from polymer floating tablet. The objective of the present research was to enhance sustained release floating tablets of Glibenclamide by wet granulation method by using synthetic and natural polymers like tamarindus indica seed powder extract and HPMC K4, ethyl cellulose as floating agent, microcrystalline cellulose as super disintegrate, filler, talc, magnesium stearate as glidant and lubricant. The active pharmaceutical ingredient, excipient mixtures are subjected to pre-formulation studies such as Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and differential scanning colorometry shown that there was no interaction between drug and polymers. The floating tablets are subjected to physicochemical, in-vitro drug release and kinetic studies. The prepared formula tions of physicochemical properties were found within the limits. The optimized formulation of drug release was extended for a period of 8 hr. The release kinetics of formulated drug follows first order models. --- ## Chemical composition and in-vitro anti-arthritic activity of essential oils extracted from the leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa **Authors:** Sai Saraswathi V., Himaja M., Saravanan D., Chaitra M., Pragya Chanchal **Published:** 2015-06-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Essential oils, Leaves, GC-MS analysis, Anti-arthritic activity, L. speciosa The study was designed to determine the chemical composition, and in-vitro anti-arthritic activity of the essential oils from the fresh and dry leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.speciosa). The essential oils from the fresh and dry leaves of L.speciosa were obtained by hydro-distillation technique using Clevenger’s apparatus. The chemical composition of the essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Mass spectra were searched against mass spectrometry databases. The anti-arthritic activity was screened by protein denaturation method. The GC-MS analysis of essential oils revealed that totally 38 and 35 chemical components were recognized for fresh and dry leaves respectively that have been identified as Hentriacontane, (4,6,8-Tri-ter-butyl-9-oxa-tricyclo deca-2,4,6-trien-1-yl)-methanol, were found to be major chemical components in fresh and dry leaves respectively. In addition, the results showed the significant in vitro anti- arthritic activity of the various concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 μg /ml of essential oils using diclofenac as the standard. From the results, it clearly indicates that the essential oils of leaves of L. speciosa possess the higher proportions of long chain hydrocarbon which is responsible for the anti-arthritic activity. --- ## Design, synthesis, characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of some novel Benzimidazole derivatives **Authors:** Sreerama Rajasekhar, Neelima G., Kaushik Chandha, Gunasekaran V. **Published:** 2015-06-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-inflammatory, Benzimidazole, HRBC membrane, Mannich bases A novel series of benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized through modifying the N-1 hydrogen of 2-substituted benzimidazoles with primary and/or secondary amines in ethanol yielded the corresponding N-Mannich bases (SR). The synthesized compounds were elucidated by UV, IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectral analysis. In IR spectra, all the compounds were showed above 3100 cm-1 due to N-H stretching vibration and in SR, showed the region of 1312 – 1320 cm-1 due to presence SO stretching of sulphonamide group. In 1H NMR spectra of N-mannich bases showed well resolved peaks at 7.10-7.64 ppm as a result of Ar-H, at 4.57-4.60 ppm due to two protons in SO2NH2 group and at 1.13-1.15 ppm due to one proton in NH group of piperazine. The final compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity by HRBC membrane stabilization method and Carrageen in induced rat hind paw edema. The synthesized derivative (SR9) exhibited very good significant anti-inflammatory activity. --- ## A new RP-HPLC method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of lamotrigine and zonisamide in pharmaceutical tablet dosage formulations **Authors:** Sandhya Rani K., Bharath Rathna Kumar P., Venu Priya R., Chandra Sekhar K.B. **Published:** 2015-06-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lamotrigine, Zonisamide, RP-HPLC, Validation A simple, specific, rapid, accurate and sensitive RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Lamotrigine and Zonisamide in bulk drug and pharmaceutical tablet dosage form. The separation was achieved by using C18 column (250mm×4.6mm, 5μm particle size), Inertsil ODS using a mobile phase of mixed phosphate buffer (pH 3) adjusted with ortho phosphoric acid : acetonitrile (50:50 v/v), with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min at an ambient temperature of 30˚C and at 232 nm as detection wave length. Rt values (Rt = retention time) of Lamotrigine and Zonisamide were found to be 2.666 min and 3.958 min respectively. Lamotrigine and Zonisamide follow Linearity in the concentration range of 5-30μg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998 and 0.9997 for Lamotrigine and Zonisamide respectively. Percentage purity of Lamotrigine and Zonisamide were found to be 99.45% and 99.66 %w/v respectively. The proposed method has been validated for specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision and robustness were within the acceptance limit according to ICH Q2(B) guidelines and the developed method can be employed for determination Lamotrigine and Zonisamide in the bulk and combined pharmaceutical dosage form(tablets). --- ## Stability indicating method for simultaneous determination of polar and non-polar related compounds of Zidovudine in drug substance and drug product tablet form **Authors:** Lakshmi Narasimha Rao K., Charagondla Krishnaiah, Padmaja Reddy K. **Published:** 2015-06-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Stability indicating, Zidovudine, Polar and Non-polar related Compounds, Drug Substance, Drug product - Tablet formulation A Simple, rapid and sensitive method has been developed and validated for the determination of polar and non- polar related compounds of Zidovudine (ZVD) in drug substance and drug product. Efficient chromatographic separation was achieved on a Symmetry C18 column with a simple mobile phase combination containing a gradient mixture of solvent A and B at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 and quantitation was carried out using ultraviolet detection at 259 nm with ambient column temperature. The resolution between ZVD and its related compound-B was found to be greater than 2.2. Regression analysis shows an “r” value (correlation coefficient) greater than 0.999. This method was capable to detect all the process impurities of Zidovudine, at a level below 0.05% with respect to a test concentration of 0.50 mg mL-1. The inter-day and intra-day precisions for all impurities of ZVD were found < 2.0% of Relative standard deviation (RSD). The method has consistent recoveries. The ZVD and its tablet form were subjected to stress conditions of acid, base, oxidative, water hydrolysis, photolysis, thermal, and humidity degradation, as prescribed by International conference on harmonization (ICH). --- ## Formulation and evaluation of Trospium chloride Microspheres for sustained drug delivery **Authors:** Chandra Sekhar K.B., Jayachandra Reddy P., Ramesh Y., SaravananKumar K., Gnana Prakash K., Gobinath M. **Published:** 2015-06-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Microspheres, Trospium Chloride, Chitosan, Solvent evaporation method The objective of the present study was to prepare and evaluate microspheres for the sustained release of Trospium Chloride by using various ratio of 1.5%w/v chitosan polymer, 2.5% w/v chitosan polymer, 3.5%w/v chitosan polymer. It is used to treat the Urge urinary incontinence and overactive bladders are common conditions often associated with profound impairment of the health and quality of life of the patient. It ma inly acts as the M3 receptor antagonist that is present on sphincter muscle which is present at the urinary bladder opening. Trospium Chloride loaded Chitosan microspheres were prepared by a solvent evaporation method. The resultant microspheres were evaluated for average particle size, drug entrapment, In vitro drug release. FTIR, DSC and SEM were used to investigate the physical state of the drug in the microspheres. The mean particle size of the microspheres was influenced by varying drug Polymer ratio while drug loading was dependent on drug : polymer ratio. The entrapment efficiency was 98.23%. The release of drug from the microspheres extended upto 8 to 12hrs. The results of FTIR indicated the stable character of Trospium Chloride loaded Chitosan microspheres and also absence of drug polymer interaction. The Trospium Chloride loaded Chitosan microspheres prepared under optimized conditions showed good sustained release characteristics & were stable under the conditions studied. --- ## The tobacco can kill the cancer –by a molecule called “NAD1” which is obtained from flowers of Nicotiana alata **Authors:** Manasa Rekha M., Dwarakanadha Reddy P., Gopinath C. **Published:** 2015-06-05 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** NaD1, Nicotiana alata, PIP2, tumor cell, phospholipid, defensing molecule, pincer- like structure Now a Days the usage of tobacco is the major cause for cancer but in this study we are presenting a new Interesting thing that it also has ability to kill cancerous tissue by a self-defensing molecule called NaD1. NaD1 is a molecule isolated from the flowers of the ornamental tobacco plant Nicotiana alata. In this study, we identified that the defensing NaD1 binds to a small Phospholipid (a lipid molecule with a phosphate molecule attached to it) known as PIP2. The defense molecule, called NaD1, works by forming a pincer-like structure that grips onto lipids present in the membrane of cancer cells and rips it open, causing the cell to expel its contents and explode This binding results in a NaD1:PIP2 complex which they visualized using transmission electron microscopy. NaD1 is able to polymerize and form long string-like structures in the presence of PIP2. This binding is crucial for NaD1’s microbe-killing abilities. We tested the ability of NaD1 to cause changes in the cell membrane. We used a dye that normally does not cross the cell membrane to monitor cell membrane integrity; if the dye shows up inside the cells, the cell membrane is obviously damaged. Sure enough, NaD1 caused an influx of the dye into the cell, and also leakage of ATP molecules from the cell to the outside. Since PIP2 is found in many different cell types, we also evaluated NaD1’s cell membrane destroying capabilities in many different cell types. We found that immortal cells (i.e. tumor cells) were more susceptible to killing by NaD1 than normal cells. In future we would expect that this molecule can laid down new pathways for cancer treatment discovery. --- ## The Threat of New Delhi Metallobetalactamases – A Global Concern **Authors:** Lakshmi K., Aishwarya J Ramalingam **Published:** 2015-06-05 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Antibiotics, NDM-1, Multidrug resistance The antibiotic resistance exhibited by the bacterial isolates especially those belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family is on the rise, which has become one of the great concerns to the world. If the isolated bacteria showed resistance to the commonly used first line drugs, then higher antibiotics were tried in treating the infections caused by them. But nowadays, multidrug resistance is becoming more common. NDM-1 is one of the metallobetalactamases, which is notorious in its ability of making the organism resistant to most of the drugs in use. This mini review article throws light on the characteristics of the NDM-1, treatments and preventive measures. --- ## An insight of spondias mangifera willd: an underutilized medicinal plant with immense nutraceutical and therapeutic potentials **Authors:** Muhammad Arif, Md. Azizur Rahman, Mohammed Imran, Mohammad Khalid, Mohammad Khushtar **Published:** 2015-06-05 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Amara, Biological activities, Hog plum, Nutraceutical potentiality, Phytochemistry, Processed product, Spondias mangifera Spondias mangifera, is best known for its fruits in Indo-Malaysia region. The fruit contains about 25 percent juicy and edible pulp. The pulp is used as a common ingredient in culinary preparations like condiments, curries, jams, sherbet, beverages in the countries where the plant grows naturally. Green fruits from the plant are pickled in brine, which is the rich source of phenolic compounds, acids, minerals, flavonoids, sugars, vitamins and peptides. The ripe fruit is full of acids and micro- and macro- nutrients, which combine well with sugars, and used for the preparation of a variety of traditional highly energetic and refreshing drinks. It is considered nowadays as a valuable source for the development of several industrial products and of several unique products of the medicines against several diseases. Amara is relatively a new item to be explored for its full potential and it needs publicity and promotion in the international market. This review includes comprehensive information on traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological actions and nutraceutical values of raw materials and processed products. --- ## In vivo studies: multi-disciplinary action of Digitalis purpurea Linn. extract in rabbits **Authors:** Farah Saeed , Mehj abeen, Noor Jahan, Tao Li, Mansoor Ahmad **Published:** 2015-05-09 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Blood biochemistry, CCl4 toxicity, Digitalis purpurea, haematology, histopathology In continuation to our studies on Digitalis purpurea Linn., now we report that on oral introduction of its extract in low concentration (25mg/ml)for 90 days in rabbits (male & female), most of the blood parameters were found normal except platelet count(elevated; 508.5±0.836 in comparison to control group). In kidney function test uric acid (0.063±0.007) and globulin (2.605±0.0083) levels were declined while others were raised in the male test group whereas only globulin (5.87±0.01) level was found elevated in female treated group and the rests were at the lower side. In cardiac enzymes evaluation, CPK level was elevated in both genders (male = 630.5±0.836; female = 927.5±0.836) whereas variations in other enzymes were also observed. In both genders, HDL level was found raised (male = 21.167±1.036; female = 14±0.632) while in other lipid profile parameters, variation was found between both genders. SGPT was found raised in both genders (male = 191.5±0.836; female = 83.5±0.836) whereas variation was observed in rest of liver enzymes results of both genders. Histo-pathology results at a low doses of D. purpurea extract for a period of 90 days are completely in accordance of blood parameters. No effects were found on heart, stomach, liver and kidney tissues in comparison to control group. Furthermore, in CCl4 toxicity induced test this drug showed hepatoprotective action. From our previous and present investigations, it is concluded that the drugs have anthelmintic, insecticidal, molluscicidal, antioxidant, BP stabilizing, diuretic, anti- urolithic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties and may be utilized for the preparation of different medicines. --- ## Hepato protective activity of Cucumissativus L. **Authors:** Vaijayanthimala Palanisamy, Sureshkumar Shanmugam, Sangameswaran Balakrishnan **Published:** 2015-05-09 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cucumis sativus L., SGOT, SGPT, Paracetamol, Sylimarin Liver disorder is one of the familiar health troubles and it is exposed to several category of xenobiotics and therapeutic agents. The present research was designed to investigate the possible Hepatoprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Cucumis sativus L. (EECS) against the paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. The EECS at 150 mg/kg, p.o. showed a significant hepato protective activity against, paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity as judged by measuring levels of serum marker enzymes like serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The serum levels of total proteins and bilirubin were also estimated in treatment of rats with dose level of 150mg/kg of plant extract. Significantly (P < 0.001) changed serum marker enzymes levels closer to normal against paracetamol treated rats. The activity of the EECS at dose of 150 mg/kg was nearly comparable to the standard drugsilymarin (25 mg/kg, p.o.). A histopathological study of liver exhibited almost normal architecture, when compared to paracetamol treated group. The present study showing that EECS has significant hepato protective effect against paracetamol-induced hepato toxicity in rats. --- ## The effect of Ormocarpum sennoides DC on bone histomorphometry in steroid induced osteoporotic rats **Authors:** Bhuvaneswari Srinivasan, Radhika Krishnan, Sundarapandian S. **Published:** 2015-04-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alendronate, bone mineral density, traditional Indian medicine, methylprednisolone, osteoporosis Ormocarpum sennoides DC is a leguminous shrub, which extremely efficacious in mending bone fracture and strengthening tendon and bone. Present study was conducted to investigate the anti-osteoporotic potential of ethanol extract of Ormocarpum sennoides DC on steroid induced bone loss in Wister albino rats; Materials and method: The 42 female wister albino rats weighing 150-200 g were randomly assigned into control group and six steroid sub groups, which received 10mg/kg body weight, subcutaneous dose of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) on alternate days for 6 weeks and followed by daily oral administration of ethanol extract of Ormocarpum sennoides DC(EOS) for a period of 45 days, the group are as follows Control, MPA, MPA with 100mg EOS, MPA with 200mg EOS, MPA with 2mg Alendronate, Pre-100mg, Pre-200mg groups. Various parameters such as Femur weight, Length, Histopathological, Biochemical, CT scan analysis were studied; Results: The EOS improved bone quality, attenuates bone resorption, restored bone density, trabecular thickness, serum ALP, and calcium levels decreased due to reduced osteoblastic activity and decreased intestinal absorption of calcium. In EOS treated groups showed elevated levels due to increased bone forming activity. Serum phosphorus levels increased in MPA group and decreased in EOS treated group. CT scan analysis showed increases bone mineral density in EOS treated group with the corresponding increase in femur weight and length. It is evident from our study that EOS reverse the catabolic glucocorticoid effect and thus proving its anti-osteoporotic potential. --- ## Evaluation of antibacterial and antitubercular activities of Cassia fistula Linn root **Authors:** Channabasappa Hallikeri S., Shrinivas Joshi D., Venkatrao Kulkarni H. **Published:** 2015-04-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alcohol extract, Antibacterial, Antitubercular, Cassia fistula, Root The different extracts of Cassia fistula Linn root were evaluated for antibacterial and antitubercular activities against different Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacterial strains and M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain using ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and isoniazid as standard drugs, respectively. Alcoholic extract showed significant activity against Bacillus subtilis, while this extract was found to show moderate activity against Escherichia coli. Alcoholic extract also showed good antitubercular activity. The presence of alkaloids and tannins in alcoholic extract could be attributed for the antibacterial and antitubercular activities. --- ## A qualitative comparative study of public pharmaceutical procurement and distribution system in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka **Authors:** Monica Kokilam B., Joshi H G **Published:** 2015-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pharmaceutical Procurement System, TNMSC, KDLWS, Rural Public Healthcare With the exploding rate of population increase, escalating health care costs and high expectations of the health care delivery system, the sustainability of the present public pharmaceutical procurement system has become untenable. The policy makers are struggling with the existing broader health care reforms. Clinical managers and clinical- leaders are striving hard to recognize the delivery of health care and promote evidence-guided decision making to initiate a culture of inter-professional collaboration with quality improvement; Pharmaceutical pro- curement for government run health institutions is a complex process. It involves many procedures, agencies, ministries and pharmaceutical manufacturers. The existing institutional infrastructure, health policies, rules and regulations are inadequate and hamper the overall efficiency in responding to the end users (common population). No matter what type of model is incorporated to build and manage the drug procurement and distribution system, introduction of efficient, systematic procedures like selection of cost-effective essential medicines, quantification of needs based on real-time requirements, pre-selection of potential suppliers, regular monitoring of the performance of various factors that affects the functionality of the procurement system. Botch in any of these factors is a catastrophe, leading to wastage of limited resources. Procurement cycle comprises of interlinked stages where any change occurring in one stage, its results are reflected in the other stages as shown in Figure 1; This paper demonstrates a comparative study conducted to analyze the origin and function of the public drug pro- curement system followed in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. It’s a qualitative study that highlights the success of Tamil Nadu Medical Corporation Services Ltd and how Karnataka State Drug and Logistics Warehousing Society is still striving to meet the needs of the people. --- ## Prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern in a Tertiary Care Hospital **Authors:** Renuga S., Lakshmi K., Chitralekha S., Illamani V. **Published:** 2015-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** antibiotics, multidrug resistance, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the common infections in a hospital set up. The main objective of the present study is to analyse the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and its antibiogram in a tertiary hospital. 830 samples were included in the study. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from 100 samples using standard conventional techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by using modified – Kirby - Bauer disc diffusion method. In our study, highest resistance was observed for Cefotaxime, cefdinir and Cefuroxime (90, 88 and 83 %). Least resistance was seen for Amikacin and Gentamicin (7% and 18%) indicating them to be better drugs in treating the Pseudomonas infections. --- ## Umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cell proliferation in various platelet rich plasma and xeno-material containing medium **Authors:** Ecie Budiyanti, Isabella Kurnia Liem, Jeanne Adiwinata Pawitan, Dewi Wulandari, Taufik Jamaan, Kanadi Sumapradja **Published:** 2015-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mesenchymal Stem Cell, umbilical cord, Platelet Rich Plasma, population doubling time, flow cytometry Previous studies used fetal bovine serum (FBS) containing medium for umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cell culture. Xenoproteins in FBS may be incorporated into the cultured cells and cause immune rejection, when the cells are used in patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare propagation performance of umbilical cord derived stem cells that were cultured in various platelet rich plasma (PRP) containing media and FBS derivate containing commercial medium.This study was an in vitro analytical study on multiple harvest explant culture derived stem cells, which compared the stem cell population doubling time (PDT) of passage 1-3 cultures in human AB PRP containing media (low glucose and high glucose DMEM, and αMEM) compared to xenopretein containing commercial medium, MesenCult®. Overall, the lowest PDT was achieved by αMEM-PRP, and PDT in DMEM LG-PRP and αMEM PRP was comparable to those of MesenCult®. Features of cluster of differentiation (CD) expressions in P-1 suggest that the umbilical cord derived stem cells obtained from multiple harvest explant culture were not homogenous for MSCs. However, MSCs tended to become more homogenous with passages, especially for cells that were cultured in MesenCult®, followed by those cultured in αMEM-PRP. In conclusion, the best propagation performance of umbilical cord derived stem cells passage 1-3 cultures was achieved in PRP containing αMEM. --- ## Comparison and Determination of Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) Of Some Citrus Fruit Juices **Authors:** Chirag Panchal, Ekta Sapkal, Lennata Paradkar, Ashwini Patil, Jigar Padhiar, Pranav Parekh, Adil Patel, Sonia Singh **Published:** 2015-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Citrus fruits, Sun Protecting Factor and Cosmetics The aim behind doing this work is to determine and comparison of SPF (sun protecting factor) of citrus fruit juices which is previously used in cosmetics as flavor agent or a cleansing agent here determination of its SPF gives a safe and Excellency parameter to its use. SPF is a laboratory measure of effectiveness of sunscreen factor. Higher the SPF value more protection against ultra violet radiations which causes sun burn disease. SPF determination is the in vitro testing of sunscreen activity with the help of UV spectrophotometer (290nm-320nm). Here different concentrations of citrus fruit juices like Lemon (Citrus medica), Orange (Citrus sinensis), and Mosambi/Sweet lime (Citrus limetta) were taken under consideration of photo protective test to prove its efficiency in the sunscreen activity and also for the comparison of SPF factor. --- ## The role of tachykinin receptors in non-adrenergic non-cholinergic contractile responses of ileums of mouse, rat and guinea pig **Authors:** Melek Akinci, Hakan Karadag C. **Published:** 2015-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Isolated ileum, Longitudinal muscle, NK1 receptors, NK2 receptors, NK3 receptors, Non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nervous system In our study, we tried to determine the role of tachykinins (TKs) in the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) nervous system responses obtained with electrical field stimulation (EFS) in isolated rat, guinea pig and mouse ileum. The Neurokinin1 (NK1) receptor antagonist, RP 67580, the Neurokinin 2 (NK2) receptor antagonist, GR 159897, and the Neurokinin 3 (NK3) receptor antagonist, SB 222200, were applied in the concentration range of 10-8-10-6M. RP 67580 partially decreased the contraction components of the NANC nervous system responses in the isolated rat, guinea pig and mouse ileums in a dose-dependent manner. While GR 159897 partially decreased the contraction components of the NANC nervous system responses in the isolated rat ileums in a dose- dependent manner, it was ineffective in isolated guinea-pig ileum. SB 222200 minimally reduced the contraction components of the NANC nervous system responses in the isolated rat ileum at 10-6M. It was ineffective on the contraction components of the isolated guinea pig and mouse ileums. As a conclusion, in our study while NK1 receptors are effective in 3 animal species, NK2 receptors are only effective in rats and NK3 receptors are ineffective in all 3 animal species for the contraction components of the NANC responses which are obtained with EFS in isolated rat, guinea-pig and mouse ileums. The possible reasons for the TK antagonists to have different effects in different animal species may be the difference between animal species, TK receptors' being localized in different places of ileum, species-dependent differences in receptor affinity between antagonists and different antagonists' being effective on different sub-types of NK1 and NK2 receptors. --- ## Synthesis and evaluation of antioxidant activities of novel quinazolin derivatives **Authors:** Walaa. S. El-serwy, Neama. A. Mohamed, Weam. S. El-serwy, Emad. M. M. Kassem, Khaled Mahmoud **Published:** 2015-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Quinazolin, benzoxazin, cytotoxic activity Different acid chlorides 2a-c are used as starting material of a number of 2-(substituted)-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one derivatives 3a-c, Some of the newly synthesized analogues were chosen to evaluate their cytotoxic activity against human carcinoma cell lines (MCF7-HePG2–HCT116). --- ## Anti-Hyperlipidaemic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Whole Plant of Corallocarpus Epigaeus on Wistar rats **Authors:** Chandra Sekhar K.B., Devanna N., Sandhya Rani N.V.N.A., Sreenivasa Krishna O., Gowri Sree M., Mallikarjun G. **Published:** 2015-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-hyperlipidemic, Lipid profile, Triton, High fat, Corallocarpus epigaeus, Simvastatin The anti hyperlipidemic activity of Corallocarpus epigaeus (family Cucurbitaceae) whole plant extract was studied in triton and high fat diet (HFD) induced models in albino rats. The present study was designed to investigate the antihyperlipidemic activity of EECE extract in Triton X-100 and High fat diet induced hyperlipidemic rats. Treatment with plant extract (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o body weight) was able to significantly decrease the levels of TC, TG and LDL. Also the extract was found to cause a significant increase in the HDL levels. Therefore it can be concluded that EECE extract is able to effectively suppress Triton and High fat diet induced Hyperlipidaemia in rats, suggesting the potential protective role in coronary heart disease. The hypolipidemic activity of whole plant extract of Corallocarpus epigaeus was compared with a standard drug simvastatin (20 mg/kg p.o body weight), a known lipid- lowering agent in both models. This result is considered as important for the treatment of Hyperlipidaemia induced atherosclerosis and apparently validates the folk medicinal use of hyperlipidemic patients in India. --- ## Acute toxicity on the ethanolic fruit extracts of Morinda sp. in Wistar albino rats **Authors:** Muthubalaji Radhakrishnan, Samiraj Ramesh, Ramaraj Elangomathavan, Subban Patharajan **Published:** 2015-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acute toxicity, Maturity stages, Morinda citrifolia, Morinda tinctoria, Sighting study The different maturity stages of ethanolic fruit extracts of Morinda citrifolia and Morinda tinctoria were evaluated for its acute toxicity effect on Wistar albino rats. The extracts were administered orally at the doses of 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight in sighting study and observed for 14 days. Based on this observation, the highest dose 2000 mg/kg body weight was chosen for the acute toxicity study. Wistar rats were separated into seven and four groups of three animals each for M. citrifolia and M. tinctoria respectively. All the rats were observed for signs of toxicity for 14 days. During experimental period, rats were observed for any changes in body weight, food and water intake. On the 15th day, all the rats were sacrificed. Internal organs were excised and weighed. Hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed. The results revealed that there was no indication of toxicity, behavioral or physiological changes. Also the extract did not made any considerable alterations in food and water intake in rats throughout the experimental time. The biochemical and hematological results of the groups were not considerably different. Overall, our study confirmed that an oral administration of M. citrifolia and M. tinctoria extracts at the dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight does not cause any toxicity in rats. The data of the toxicity studies could increase the assurance in its safety to human. --- ## Medicinal Properties of Gren Seaweeds, Ulva fasciata (Delile, 1813) and U. reeticulate (Forsskal, 1777) **Authors:** Chellaram C., Raja P., Diraviya Raj K. **Published:** 2015-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ulva fasciata, Ulva reticulata, Antibacterial activity The increasing resistance of pathogens and the side effects of antibiotics have made it vital to find new alternative compounds from different sources. In the present study, the antibacterial potential of two green seaweeds was screened against 10 human pathogenic bacteria. The seaweeds were extracted with Acetone, Petroleum ether and Methanol and screened. The crude acetone and methanol extracts of the Ulva fasciata showed significant antibacterial activity with the inhibition zone range of 2-8 mm. The petroleum ether extract of U. reticulata also exhibited wide spectral activity with the zone of inhibition level of 1 – 5 mm. In partial purification of active extract of the U. fasciata by silica gel column chromatography, the fraction 50%A:50%M showed prominent antibacterial activity against all the human pathogens and the zone of inhibition was ranged between 4 -11 mm at 100 µg/disc concentration which indicated the presence of non-polar to intermediate polar active compounds. This semi- purified fraction showed prominent activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtitles. Thus, the seaweeds are gaining more and more importance in the pharmaceutical industry along with their nutritional properties all over the world. --- ## Development and validation of Thin-Layer Chromatographic method for determination of α-mangostin in young pericarp, ripe pericarp and bark extract of Garcinia mangostana L. using TLC-­Densitometry **Authors:** Rezie Agustina, Regina Andayani, Dachri yanus **Published:** 2014-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Garcinia mangostana L, α-mangostin, TLC-Densitometry A simple, fast and precise quantitative high performance thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed for quantitative estimation of α-mangostin in young pericarp, ripe pericarp and bark extract of Garcinia mangostana L. (Hypericaceae). Determination was performed by using TLC plates with F254 silica gel as stationary phase and chloroform-methanol (10: 0,1) as mobile phase. 2 μL of extract spotted on TLC plate, then eluted and analyzed by using densitometry. Concentration of α-mangostin was determined by using calibration curve from some standard concentrations of α-mangostin. This study performed that the highest concentration of α-mangostin was in ripe pericarp (15,85%). Meanwhile, concentration of α-mangostin in young pericarp was 4,19% and 3,88% in bark extract. --- ## Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of methanolic leaf extract of Coleus aromaticus benth **Authors:** Ashwini S., Girish K. **Published:** 2014-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coleus aromaticus, methanolic extract, phytochemical analysis, bacterial pathogens, antibacterial activity In the present study, the aqueous extracts of seven plants such as Cassia auriculata L., Coleus aromaticus Benth, Lawsonia inermis L., Mimosa pudica L., Phyllanthus niruri L., Tinospora cordifolia Miers., and Tribulus terrestris L., were screened for their antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pnuemoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial assay was performed by the agar-well diffusion method. Coleus aromaticus, whose aqueous extract recorded antibacterial activity at 10 mg/ml, was subjected to methanol extraction and tested for the presence of phytochemical compounds and also for antibacterial activity at different concentrations viz., 0.25 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml, 1.0 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml, 6 mg/ml, 8 mg/ml, and 10 mg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the leaves extract revealed the presence of reducing sugar, protein, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, and terpenoids. Methanolic leaf extract of C. aromaticus showed moderate to high activity against all the investigated bacterial pathogens. The results indicated that the methanolic leaf extract of C. aromaticus is pharmacologically active and is a good antibacterial agent. Further investigations are required on isolation and characterization of the bioactive principle responsible for antibacterial activity. --- ## Formulation, optimization and in vivo studies of oral controlled release tablets of Zidovudine **Authors:** Kenneth N., Parthasarathy V., Narendra C., Kalyani P. **Published:** 2014-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Simplex lattice design, rate controlling polymers, numerical optimization, Cmax, half-life The main aim of this research work was to develop a controlled release tablet of Zidovudine (AZT) by simplex lattice design. For this purpose three rate controlling polymers were studied i.e HPC, HPMC k100 and guar gum. Tablets were prepared following direct compression. The pre-compression and post-compression parameters were studied and were found to be within the limits of pharmacopoeia. The results of release profile suggested that the thick, viscous gel around the tablet contributed for controlled release. Statistical analysis was performed and found that, an appropriate amount of ternary blend of HPC, HPMC k100 and guar gum was crucial in controlling the release of AZT. Further formula optimization was done by using numerical optimization technique and the results suggested that the formula developed was reproducible. The results of in vivo studies showed that a Cmax of 3.36 ± 0.84 (µcg/ml) was achieved in 4hr. The half-life and mean residence time were found to be 6.26 ± 0.65hr and 11.30 ± 0.75 hr respectively indicating a prolonged release of Zidovudine. --- ## In vitro evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant properties of Syzygium cumini leaves and their synergistic effect on its antimicrobial property **Authors:** Pranoti Belapurkar, Pragya Goyal **Published:** 2014-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** DPPH, nutraceutical, reactive oxygen species, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, well-diffusion method One of the major causes of ageing and stress-induced damage to cellular metabolism is release of Reactive Oxygen Species produced during normal metabolic processes. Plants have been reported to show antioxidant property attributed to their polyphenolic content. Thus, plant derieved supplements should be incorporated in our daily diet as nutraceuticals. The methanolic extract of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels was evaluated for its phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The extract showed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and glycosides. Total phenolic content, determined using gallic acid, was 88.4 ± 5.25 mg/ml while total flavonoid content was found to be 54.52±9.64 mg/ml. Quercetin was used as standard. Its antioxidant property was determined by DPPH method, using ascorbic acid as standard. The methanolic extract was taken at concentrations ranging from 100-500µg/ml. The percentage scavenging activity of the extract was found to be higher than the standard for the whole range. The antimicrobial property of the extract was determined by well-diffusion method. The extract showed potent antimicrobial activity against yeast and mold and Gram positive bacteria while the Gram negative bacteria were more resistant to the extract. The efficient antioxidant activity and antimicrobial potential suggests its use as dietary supplement to boost our immunity. --- ## Development and Validation of a HPLC Method for Determination and Quantification of α-­mangostin in Bark Extract of Garcinia cowa Roxb **Authors:** Roslinda Rasyid, Fatma Sri Wahyuni, Yanwi rasti, Dachri yanus **Published:** 2014-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** High performance liquid chromatography, α-Mangostin, Garcinia cowa Kandis, Garcinia cowa Roxb, traditionally has been used for many purposes. Many parts of G. cowa have been used in traditional folk medicine as antipyretic and anti-inflammatory. α-mangostin represents the majority of the clinical benefits of this herbal medicine. It is reasonable and logical to determine the concentration of α-mangostin as a chemical marker for the quality control of G. cowa and its products. The aim of this study was to set up a validated and stability-indicated isocratic reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP- HPLC) method for quality control and quantity determination of α-mangostin from ethanol extract of G. cowa. The assay was fully validated and shown to be linear (r2 = 0.999), sensitive (LOD = 0.04 μg/ml and LOQ = 0.16 μg/ml) and precise (intra-day variation ≤ 1.6 %, inter-day variation ≤ 4.3%). Accuracy of the method was determined by a recovery study conducted at 3 different levels, and the average recovery was 86.67%. Total analysis was ~ 15 min. The present method should be useful for analytical research and for routine quality control analysis of α-mangostin in ethanol extract of G. cowa. --- ## Molecular docking studies of ceftriaxone sodium with apoptosis protein in colorectal cancer **Authors:** Manimekalai P., Manavalan R. **Published:** 2014-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ACD, Chem sketch, Caspase cascade, Schrodinger-Maestro Molecular docking is a key tool in structural molecular biology and computer-assisted drug design. The goal of ligand—protein docking is to predict the predominant binding mode(s) of a ligand with a protein of known three- dimensional structure. Docking study was performed by Schrodinger-Maestro 9.3.5 Version.In the present study was performed to identify the binding energy, H bond interaction, hydrobhobicity and lipophobicity of ligand ceftriaxone sodium with Apoptosis protein (which is involved in colon cancer). While performing docking simulation, information on feasible conformations of the ligand within the protein binding site can be obtained. This information can also reflect the nature and quality of the interaction. The proteins like caspase-8 (PDB Id: 1QDU), anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL (PDB Id: 2O1Y), M20 family metallo peptidase (PDB Id: 2POK), caspase-3 (PDB Id: 2XZT) which displayed superior binding interactions and which possessed highest inhibitory activity among the various selected receptors. --- ## Screening for genetic variations in factor VIII gene in patients with haemophilia A in Al-Diwaniyah City **Authors:** Abbas Sabbar Dakhil, Radhi F. Shlash **Published:** 2014-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Haemophilia A, Factor VIII, Genetic Mutation of factor VIII Haemophilia is a congenital haemorrhagic disorder caused by defect in human genetic content. Males get the disease while females are carriers. This study aimed to identify common FVIII gene mutations in Iraqi patients by molecular analysis and to determine whether mutations are inherited or not. This study included 50 Iraqi patients with haemophilia A, 35 of whom were male haemophilia patients and 15 of whom were carrier mothers. After determining the purity and concentration of the extracted DNA, selected areas of the FVIII gene, including exons 18, 22, 23, and 24 and intron 22, were amplified. Sequencing of all exons and intron 22 was conducted in all patients and controls. Sequencing analysis revealed that many mutations were distributed among the exons (18, 22, 23, and 24) and intron 22; most of the identified mutations were point mutations in exons, predominantly in exon 24. Exon 18 mutations were detected in one male and one mother as a carrier. Exon 22 mutations were detected in four patients, and exon 23 mutations were detected in two males and two carrier mothers. Exon 24 mutations were detected in 12 haemophilia patients and two carrier mothers. Additionally, seven inversion mutations were detected in haemophilia patients. The results also revealed positive correlations between disease severity and mutations in intron 22 and exon 24. This study concluded that many mutations were highly frequent of insertion and deletion occurred in FVIII genes and the patients’ mothers (carriers) were identical with patient’s sons. --- ## Liposomes as drug delivery system: A brief review **Authors:** Ramkrishna Sen, Sunit Kumar Sahoo, Soumyaranjan Satpathy **Published:** 2014-12-31 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Liposomes, Classification, Drug delivery systems, Application in drug delivery Liposomes are increasingly popular as drug carriers due to their versatility. These are the most widely investigated carriers among the controlled drug delivery systems used in cancer therapy. Drugs and other pharmaceuticals encapsulated in liposomes show increased efficacy due to their effective protection from external environments as well as sustained and site-specific delivery than conventional formulations. The phamaco-dynamics and pharmacokinetics properties are altered for the liposomal delivery system, which on the whole lead to an increased therapeutic index with decreased toxicity. Various methods are adopted for their production from lab scale to industrial scale. Liposomes are also classified as different types based on their composition, methods of preparation, size and application. The liposomal formulations are assessed for various in vitro characteristics before their in vivo study. In this review, we will primarily discuss about various types of liposomes, composition, properties, different methods of their preparation, important evaluation parameters with an elaborated discussion on their applications in drug delivery research. We believe this concise review will be helpful to gather the basic understanding and some up to date idea on liposomal delivery system. --- ## Development of immediate release liquid fill formulations for soft gels of sumatriptan succinate **Authors:** Venkat Vardhan Reddy K., Devineni Jyothirmayee **Published:** 2014-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-migraine, Liquid fill formulations, Polyethylene glycol (PEG-400), Propylene glycol (PG), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K-30), Sumatriptan Succinate, Soft gels, Tween 80 The present investigation includes the preparation of liquid filling formulations for soft gels using an anti-migraine drug Sumatriptan Succinate (SMT), in order to improve its rate of absorption and thereby its bioavailability. Formulations were prepared using excipients like polyethylene glycol (PEG-400), propylene glycol (PG), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K-30), antioxidants, tween-80, SLS, ethanol and purified water. Prepared formulations were evaluated for appearance, pH, drug content uniformity, drug-excipients compatibility, viscosity, and stability and in-vitro dissolution studies. The compatibility between the drug and excipients in the formulations was confirmed by FTIR spectra and DSC thermograms. The drug contents were in the range of 97.65 to 99.62 and the viscosity was in the range of 37.95 to 452.93 cps for all the developed formulations. Formulation F1 containing PEG-400 (20%)/PG (20%)/water (52%) system gave superior drug release when compared to other liquid filling formulations and complete drug release (100%) was observed at the end of 90 seconds. Stability studies were conducted for all formulations (F1-F10) over a period of 6 months at room temperature (30ºC/65%RH). From these studies, it can be concluded that SMT liquid fill formulations for soft gels were successfully prepared. The in-vitro dissolution properties of SMT liquid fill formulations for soft gels were superior when compared to pure SMT and marketed SMT. --- ## Maximal electroshock (MES) induced convulsions model for evaluating anti epileptic activity of new isatin derivative -­N’- (7-­ Chloro-­ 2- Oxo -2, 3-­Dihydro-­1H -­ Indol-­ 3-­yl) Benzohydrazide **Authors:** Nirmala M., Suhasini G.E., Venkata Lakshmi K., Archana Giri, Solomon Sunder Raj B. **Published:** 2014-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anticonvulsant activity, isatin derivative, MES induced seizures, Valproic acid Anticonvulsant activity was determined after per oral administration of the isatin derivative in albino wistar mice by maximal electroshock (MES) induced seizure method in rats. The acute anticonvulsant effect of the derivative is compared with the standard drug Valproic acid. Control, standard and isatin derivative was injected throughout the experimental period for seven days. On the 7th day, animals were subjected to MES induced convulsions by electroconvulsometer by the application of electrical current to the brain via corneal electrodes and observed their behavior for 30 minutes. Abolition of the hind limb tonic extensor spasm was recorded as a measurement of anticonvulsant activity. The result showed that the isatin derivative at the dose of 50mg/kg depicted significant anticonvulsant activity as compared to control, while the dose of 100mg/kg elicited significant activity comparable to standard drug in reducing the duration of tonic hindleg extension and in decreasing the percent mortality. --- ## Simultaneous estimation of Rabeprazole and Domperidone in dosage forms by RP-HPLC **Authors:** Prithvi Sai M., Rajesh B., Aravind Patnaik, Shankar CH, Kiran Kumar Y. **Published:** 2014-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** RP-HPLC, Rabeprazole, Domperidone A rapid and accurate high performance reverse phase liquid chromatography has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Rabeprazole and Domperidone in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatography was carried out on a C-18 column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) using a mixture of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and acetonitrile in the ratio of 60:40 (v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min and eluents are monitored at 287 nm. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 0.1 – 1.0 mg/mL of Rabeprazole. The average retention time of Rabeprazole and Domperidone was found to be 3.33 and 5.74 min respectively. The % recovery value for Rabeprazole is 100.2% and for Domperidone is 102% confirms the non-interferences of the excipients in the formulation. Due to its simplicity, rapidness and high precision, the proposed HPLC method may be used for the simultaneous estimation of these two drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms. --- ## Functionality enhancement of sorbitol and anhydrous calcium diphosphate composites for direct compression applications **Authors:** Edward Echeverry, John Rojas **Published:** 2014-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coprocessed excipient, direct compression, sorbitol, anhydrous calcium diphosphate Sorbitol and calcium diphosphate have been used as diluents for making solid dosage forms. However, due to their intrinsic properties these two materials cannot be used for direct compression applications. In order to improve their functional properties, coprocessing of sorbitol with anhydrous calcium diphosphate was conducted by spray drying, agglomeration, hot melt granulation and cocrystallization. The resulting powder and tableting properties and the selection of the best technology were evaluated by the principal component analysis. Bulk and tap densities increased with increasing calcium diphosphate levels. Spray drying rendered highly porous materials with the lowest yield, whereas agglomeration rendered a product yield of ~90%. Hot melt rendered materials with the best compactibility. The bulk and tap densities, product yield and porosity of the composites depended on the technology employed. On the contrary, properties such as true density, compact tensile strength and tablet disintegration times were more dependent on the level of calcium diphosphate rather than on the technology used. Further, processing time was independent of the technology and level of calcium diphosphate. Coprocessing proved to be useful tool to modify the powder properties of sorbitol. The agglomeration was selected as the most practical technology for the production of sorbitol:calcium diphosphate composites for direct compression applications. --- ## Antioxidant Activity of Endophytic Fungi isolated from Lannea coromendalica **Authors:** Premjanu N., Jaynthy C. **Published:** 2014-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant activity, ethyl acetate extract, Lannea coromendalica, phenolic compounds The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the ethyl acetate extract of the endophytic fungi isolated from Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr (Anacardiaceae).The dominant fungi isolated from Lannea coromandelica were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Alternaria alternata, they were subjected to antioxidant activity by diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. All the extracts showed significant antioxidant potential and the antioxidant nature of the extracts were dependent on the concentration. There was a positive correlation between the phenolic content and the antioxidant capacity of the endophyte extracts. Further work is needed to isolate the exact compound which is responsible for antioxidant activity and further characterization will be done in the future. --- ## Evaluation of physicochemical character of Ipomoea batata starch as a Pharmaceutical excipient **Authors:** Kusuma R., Venkat Reddy P., Samba Shiva Rao A. **Published:** 2014-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ipomoea batata, Potato, Maize, Starch, Pharmaceutical excipient Ipomoea batata is commonly grown throughout India, and locally known as Sweet potato or Chilagada dumpa. In the present study, physicochemical property of sweet potato starch was comparatively with official potato and maize starch. Ipomoea batata starch is isolated from tubers and the yield is 13.5%. The granule shape is irregular and polygonal with the particle size diameter 10.5-26.3-‐40.83µm. The powders obtained were characterized for their particle size, particle size distribution. The organoleptic and physicochemical characterization such as viscosity, hydration capacity, swelling capacity, moisture sorption capacity, pH, flow rate and porosity, Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio were evaluated. The total results were compared with the commercial maize and potato starch. The results suggest that the Ipomoea batata starch complies with the standards of maize and potato starch. The cost of production is less as compared to commercial starch as it is distributed throughout India. The powder characteristics are nearby similar to the official starches. Hydration and swelling capacity of sweet potato is approximately similar which makes this potential excipient in pharmaceutical formulation development. --- ## Study of Molar Volume and Viscosity of Tetracyclin Hydrochloride in Methanol-­Water System at 298.15°K **Authors:** Prakash Chandra Pal, Smruti Prava Das **Published:** 2014-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Molar Volume, Viscosity, Tetracyclin hydrochloride, solute-solvent interaction In this research article, we have described to Viscometric properties of Tetracyclin hydrochloride (TCH) are measured in 20% (v/v) methanol-water system 298.15∘K. The related parameters are the experimental values of viscosity (????) allow to determine relative viscosity (????????), viscosity ????-coefficient of the Jones-Dole equation, free energies of activation of viscous flow Δ????10≠ and Δ????20≠ per mole solvent and solute respectively. The excess molar volume, excess viscosity, excess Gibb’s free energy, and interaction parameter of Grunberg and Nissan have also been calculated. These studies help in characterizing the structure and properties of solutions. The addition of an organic solvent to water brings about a sharp change in the solvation of ions. The dependence of these properties with temperature are shown. The results are interpreted in terms of solute-solvent interaction. --- ## Anti-­HIV and antimicrobial activity in vitro of some new Benzimidazole derivatives **Authors:** Geeta Yadav, Swastika Ganguly, Sankaran Murugesan, Abhimanyu Dev **Published:** 2014-12-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Benzimidazole, Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity, Anti-HIV activity, SAR, ADME A series of 2-‐(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)-N-‐4-aryl acetamides (11-20) were synthesized and evaluated to investigate their possible anti-HIV and antimicrobial activities. HIV-1 RT inhibitory activity was evaluated by using HIV-1 RT RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity assay. Among these derivatives, compounds 12 and 20 were found to have reasonable HIV-1 RT inhibitory activity while the rest exhibited weak activity in comparison to the standard efavirenz. On the other hand, most of the test compounds were found to be significantly effective against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and some gram-negative bacterial strains (E.coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), among which compounds 12, 13, 17 and 19 sprouted out as the most effective antibacterials but less effective than the standard ciprofloxacin. In case of fungal strains like Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, almost all the compounds were found to exhibit potency comparable or more than that of standard drug fluconazole except for the compound 11 which exhibited moderate to good activity against both the fungal strains. For a deep insight into the role of different functional groups at different positions of phenyl ring attached with the help of a linker group to the N-1 position of benzimidazole, structure activity relationship (SAR) study was carried out, which clearly states the importance of chloro and methyl groups in enhancing the antimicrobial activity. ADME prediction study also indicates the significant drug like properties of the derivatives. --- ## Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants from Eastern Algeria: Traditional treatment of type II diabetes **Authors:** Louiza Mansar-­Ben Hamza, Zouhir Djerrou **Published:** 2014-12-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ethno botanical survey, Phytotherapy, Type II diabetes, East Algeria An ethno botanical survey was conducted to investigate the medicinal plants used in East Algerian folk medicine to remedy the different pathologies and type II diabetes particularly. The results of this study have revealed 39 plant species belonging to 24 families used largely by the local population of these regions. Some of these plants were used to alleviate non-‐insulin-dependent diabetes. 6 plants were used alone and 21 plants were used in the preparation of some teas containing 2 or several plants. The anti diabetic activity of the majority of these plants was confirmed by several scientific reports. However, other studies are required to look for possible adverse effects consecutively to this traditional plant’s use. --- ## Isolation of xanthine oxidase inhibitor compounds of pekoe fanning black tea and their activity on interferon-­γ production in vivo **Authors:** Dadan Rohdiana, Asep Gana Suganda, Komar Ruslan Wirasutisna, Maria Immaculata Iwo **Published:** 2014-12-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Flavonoids, IFN-γ, Isolation, Pekoe Fanning, Xanthine Oxidase Isolation of bioactive compounds on pekoe fanning black tea was done. The isolation was guided by xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity test. On the fractionation and separation steps, the ethyl acetate fraction and subfraction (SB)-3 had greater on XO activity with percentage of inhibition 71.38% and 74.49% respectively. The purification steps obtained four compounds and they were identified by spectral data of UV-Vis, 1H-NMR, MS, and 13C- NMR. From spectral data the compounds were known as kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin and myricetin. All isolates were assayed by XO inhibitory and their activity on interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in vivo. Luteolin demonstrated the greatest of XO inhibitory activity with IC50 5.06 µg/ml. On IFN-γ production indicated that quercetin demonstrated the greatest ability with IFN- γ production 14.45 pg/ml. --- ## A study on nutritional benefits of soya milk in malnourished children aged 1- 5 years **Authors:** Srinivasan Ramamoorthy **Published:** 2014-11-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Malnutrition,, Soya Milk, Children aged 1 to 5 years Poor nutritional intake, an imbalance of vital nutrients, or an excess or shortage of nutrients are all manifestations of malnutrition. Undernourishment and overweight, both emotionally and physically, are consequences of malnutrition. Malnutrition leads to undernutrition, overweight, obesity, and food-related noncommunicable diseases. The consequences of malnutrition are particularly severe in the early years of life. Growth retardation is a direct result of childhood malnutrition. Undernourished children do not reach their full potential in terms of mental and physical development. This study used a quasi-experimental research approach. Although it manipulates an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable, it lacks at least one of the two essential elements of a true experimental design: a control group or randomisation. The data collected were summarised, and the differences between pre- and post-scores of the degree of malnutrition were statistically analysed. It has also been demonstrated that soy milk supplements enhance children's overall growth. Malnourished children gained weight when given soy milk, which reduced malnutrition and helped increase normal weights. --- ## Effectiveness of soya milk in the nutritional rehabilitation of malnourished children aged 1-5 years **Authors:** Srinivasan Ramamoorthy **Published:** 2014-11-24 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Malnutrition,, Soya Milk, Nutritional Rehabilitation, Children. Malnutrition is the result of poor nutritional intake, an imbalance of essential nutrients, or a deficiency or excess of nutrients. Undernutrition, overweight, and obesity, along with noncommunicable diseases linked to food, are all consequences of malnutrition. The effects of malnutrition are more severe during the early stages of life. In childhood, malnutrition causes growth retardation. Undernourished children do not develop to their full capacity, both mentally and physically. To assess the study strategy, a pre-experimental design (one group pre-test and post-test) was used. A non-randomized purposive selection approach was employed to choose the study's sample. Fifty preschoolers (ages 1 to 5) made up the study sample. The study was conducted at a specific location, which is referenced as the context for the research. The distribution of birth orders in the experimental and control groups showed that the second child had the highest percentage, while the fourth child had the lowest percentage. Malnutrition may be prevented, maintained, and reversed effectively with the use of soy milk, which is a low-cost source of protein and other essential nutrients. Supplementing with soy milk has also been shown to improve children's overall development. Giving malnourished children soy milk resulted in weight gain, which decreased malnutrition and helped achieve normal weight levels. --- ## Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of some novel thiadiazole and imidazo (2, 1-b) 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole derivatives **Authors:** Pradeep Kumar M.R., Honnalli S.S. **Published:** 2014-10-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Thiadiazole, imidazo (2,1-b)1,3,4-thiadiazole, Clotrimazole, Ciprofloxacin Infections caused by bacteria and fungi are the leading cause for the death of millions of people in the world. To combat these infections there is a need to develop some novel and potent antimicrobial agents. With this aim we have synthesized some novel series of thiadiazoles and imidazo (2,1-b) 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives. The title compounds, thiadiazoles 5(a-b) and imidazo(2,1-b)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles 6(a-j) were synthesized by the reaction be- tween Schiff bases of 1,3,4-thiadiazoles with thioglycollic acid in the presence of ethanol and 2-amino-5- (substituted phenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles with different substituted aryl/ heteroaryl a-bromoketones in dry ethanol respectively. Structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed on the bases of spectral data (IR, 1H NMR and Mass). All the synthesized compounds were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities using Ciprofloxacin and Clotrimazole as standard drugs respectively. The results showed that compounds 6b, 6g, 6h and 6j exhibited good anti-bacterial activity and compounds 6a, 6c, 6h and 6j exhibited good antifungal activity. --- ## A review on buccal drug delivery system **Authors:** Ramesh B., Saravanakumar K., Nagaveni P., Mohan Kumar A., Jaya Preethi P., Vivek Kumar P. **Published:** 2014-10-30 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Buccal route, Adhesion, Super Disintegrates, Swallowing, Fast dissolving films The oral route is most popular route for the administration of therapeutic agents because of low cost, ease of administration and high level of patient compliance. The most popular oral solid dosage forms are tablets and capsules. Many patients find it difficult to swallow tablets and hard gelatin capsules particularly pediatric and geriatric patients and result in non- compliance. Difficulty in swallowing or dysphasia is seen to afflict nearly 35% of the general population. Fast dissolving drug delivery system is used to overcome this problem. When put on the tongue, this film dissolves instantaneously releasing the medication. --- ## A review on floating drug delivery systems **Authors:** Mohan Kumar A., Saravanakumar K., Nagaveni P., Vivek Kumar P., Ramesh B., Gowri Y. **Published:** 2014-10-30 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Buoyancy, Gastro Retentive System, Hydrodynamically Balanced System, Swelling Index, Absorption Window, Crushing Strength, Friability Currently, several approaches have been utilized in the extension of gastric residence time which includes FDDS, swelling and expanding systems, bio-adhesive systems, modified shape systems and high density systems. Among the gastro retentive dosage forms, floating dosage forms are coming out as a predicting dosage forms. Floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) have bulk density less than the gastric fluid contents and so, rest float on the stomach contents for a sustained period of time and ejecting the drug slowly at a desired rate from the system and enhance the bio-availability of the drug having narrow absorption window. Various components like hydrocolloids, inert fatty materials and buoyancy increasing agents can be used to formulate floating dosage forms. Various categories like antacids, anti-diabetic, anti- fungal and anticancer drugs are formulated into FDDS. The present review article addresses briefly about the back ground, advantages, disadvantages applications, approaches, and future aspects of floating drug delivery systems. This review also emphasizes about characterization parameters such as FT-IR, DSC, X-RD and evaluation parameters like floating time, drug release and swelling studies are also discussed. --- ## Phytochemical screening and evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Mimusops elengi linn., bark **Authors:** Renuka V.B., Pradeep Kumar M.R., Savadi R.V. **Published:** 2014-10-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Silymarin, carbon tetrachloride, hepatotoxicity, Mimusops elengi L bark, Sapotaceae Liver diseases are one among the deadly diseases in the world today. Since modern medicines are less effective in treating the liver diseases and it is the plant preparations which are most commonly and effectively used for the treatment of hepatic diseases, there is a need to develop some novel, potent plant preparations for treating the same. With this objective our present study includes phytochemical screening and evaluation of In-vivo hepato- protective activity of Mimusops elengi L bark. Here the powdered bark was subjected to successive Soxhlet extraction using different solvents of increasing polarity. The successive methanol and aqueous extracts were subjected for In-vivo hepatoprotective evaluation. The methanolic extract was found more effective. So it was further subjected for preliminary phytochemical and chromatographic examination. Attempt was made to isolate the compounds using isocratic elution technique. The isolated compounds was characterized by UV, FT-IR, 1H-NMR,13C- NMR and mass spectroscopy. --- ## Novel review on mucoadhesive drug delivery system **Authors:** Vivek Kumar P., Saravanakumar K., Nagaveni P., Mohan Kumar A., Ramesh B. **Published:** 2014-10-30 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Mucoadhesion, bioadhesion, consolidation stage, mucoadhesive polymers, mucoadhesive drug delivery systems Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems bind to the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface and enhance the residence time of the dosage form at the place of absorption. The process of mucoadhesion is a complex incident which contains wetting, adsorption and interpenetration of polymer chains among the other delivery systems. The mucoadhesive capability of a dosage form depends on a variety of factors such as nature of the mucosal membrane and physicochemical properties of formulation. The ideal character of a mucoadhesive polymer includes without any change in the physical property of the delivery matrix, minimum interference to release the active agent and inhibit the enzymes present at the delivery site and enhance the penetration of the active agent. Mucoadhesive polymers have been used to enhance the contact time for a wide variety of drugs and routes of administration has shown dramatic enhancement in both specific therapies and more general patient compliance. This article mainly reviews about the advantages, composition and functions of mucus, mechanism and various theories of mucoadhesion and different types of mucoadhesive polymers. It also emphasizes about the different mucoadhesive drug delivery systems (oral, nasal, ocular, gastro, vaginal and rectal), existing mucoadhesive formulations and finally evaluation parameters of mucoadhesive systems. --- ## Effects of non weight bearing strength training for knee osteoarthritis **Authors:** Samuel Sundar Doss D., Rekha K., Prathap S. **Published:** 2014-10-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Knee, Osteoarthritis, Non Weight Bearing, Strength training, Physical Function Osteoarthritis Knee is the most common problem among Indians. Generally weight bearing exercises are given to strengthen the muscles, which might aggravate symptoms where as Non weight bearing exercises relieves the stress created during exercise as well as it strengthens. This study proposed to perform Non weight bearing strength training exercises among Knee Osteoarthritis. 73 subjects randomized into two groups Group A treated with Interferential Therapy and Non Weight Bearing strength training exercises. Group B treated with Interferential therapy. WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index was used as a Pretest and Posttest. Group A proved to be statistically significant as the P value equals 0 by improving the WOMAC scores. Study concludes that Non Weight Bearing Strength training exercises improved WOMAC scores by reducing the Pain and Stiffness and Improving Physical function related to Quality of Life. --- ## Preliminary phytochemical screening and spectroscopic analysis of Ormocarpum sennoides DC **Authors:** Bhuvaneswari Srinivasan, Radhika Krishnan, Sundarapandian S. **Published:** 2014-10-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bio-active compound, HPLC, IR-UV spectroscopy, Ormocarpum sennoides DC Since ancient ages medicinal herbs have gained attention because of its immense potential for treating various disease with less side effects. The present study was carried out to highlight phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Ormocarpum sennoides DC. Ormocarpum sennoides, a shrub used in traditional system of Indian medicine has been reported to possess bone fracture healing, and strengthening bone. Phytochemical screening of Ormocarpum sennoides DC was analyzed using various solvent such as ethanol, methanol, aqueous leaf extract were tested for presence of bio-active compounds such as alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenols, tannis. Further these compounds needs to be isolated to confirm the activities of the individual compound. The unidentified anabolic steroid may act on estrogenic receptors of the bone, used in fracture healing, the high levels of flavonoids content may be responsible for antioxidant potential of Ormocarpum sennoides. The HPLC fingerprinting and IR, UV spectroscopy analysis was carried out to help in the identification and authentication of this species and provide referential information for standardization of the plant. The present study was carried out to identify the various phyto constituents present in the different extracts of Ormocarpum sennoides DC. --- ## Apigenin reduces cell viability of Human epidermoid cancer cells (Hep-2) **Authors:** Shanmugam Manoharan, Tharmaraj Rejitharaji, Murugaraj Manoj Prabhakar, Sekar Karthikeyan, Villianur Ibrahim Hairul Islam **Published:** 2014-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Apigenin, apoptosis, cell viability, Hep-2 The aim of the present study is to explore the cytotoxic potential of apigenin in Hep-2 cells. The mechanistic pathway for its cytotoxic potential was analyzed using MTT assay (cytotoxicity), DNA fragmentation (agarose gel electrophoresis), Nuclear damage (DAPI Staining), ROS generation ability (DCFH-DA method), apoptosis inducing potential (dual staining) and expression of apoptosis and angiogenic proteins (Western blotting). The overall findings of the present study suggest that apigenin might have reduced the cell viability of Hep-2 cells through its apoptotic and anti-angiogenic potential. --- ## Preparation and characterization of Sucralfate suspension containing different suspending agents for improving suspendability **Authors:** Dastagiri Reddy Y., Dhachinamoorthi D., Chandra Sekhar KB **Published:** 2014-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Suspension, Sucralfate, Xanthangum, Carboxymethyl Cellulose, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Sedimentation volume The invention is an aqueous suspension of Sucralfate a basic aluminium salt of sulfated sucrose; and it polymerizes at pH<4 by cross linking of molecules, assuming a sticky gel-like consistency. It is ulcer protective agent and it preferentially and strongly adheres to ulcer base, especially duodenal ulcer; has been seen endoscopically to remain there for ~6 hours and it repairs the effected mucus. The main aim of the work is to prepare sucralfate containing finished medicaments in the form of suspension and the preparation is stable for prolonged period and made to prevent sedimentation of the suspended particles, by using suitable suspending agents such as xanthan gum, (0.05%-0.5%) sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, (1%-2.5%) sodium alginate (1%-2.5%) in different concentrations. Characterization test were carried out on Sucralfate suspension Viscosity, PH, Sedimentation volume. The suspending ability of all the suspending agents was found to be in order Sodiumcarboxy methylcellulose˃Xanthan gum˃ carboxy methylcellulose. From the results suggest that high viscosity of Sodium carboxy methylcellulose it can also serves as good thickening agent in pharmaceutical industry. --- ## Design and characterization of mouth dissolving tablets of Metoprolol Tartrate **Authors:** Alagusundaram M., Cherukupalli Chanikya, Ramesh Reddy K., Angala Parameswari S., Umasankar K., Jayachandrareddy P., Bothiraj M. **Published:** 2014-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fast dispersible tablet, Metoprolol tartrate, croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone, indion 414, in vitro dispersion The demand for mouth dissolving tablet (MDT) has been growing during the last decade especially for elderly and children who have swallowing difficulties. Metoprolol tartrate is a selective beta1-‐adrenoreceptor blocking agent used in Essential hypertension, prevention after a myocardial infarction, tachycardia, coronary heart disease, treatment of heart failure. Oral bioavailability of metoprolol tartrate is around 40% and having half life 3 to 5 hrs. In present work an attempt has been made to prepare mouth dissolving tablets of metoprolol tartrate with increased rate of dissolution may leads to increase bioavailability. Mouth dissolving tablet of metoprolol tartrate prepared using Indion 414, croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone as superdisintegrants by direct compression and sublimation methods. The tablets prepared were evaluated for various parameters like weight variation, hardness, friability, in vitro dispersion time, drug-polymer interaction, drug content water absorption ratio, wetting time, in vitro drug release, FTIR and DSC studies and short term stability studies. The tablets prepared by direct compression method possess a weight variation in the range 196 to 205 mg which is below ± 7.5%, hardness of 2.0 to 3.0Kg/cm², percentage friability of 0.54 to 0.81 %, in vitro dispersion time of 21 to 59 sec, drug content uniformity was in between 99.08 to 100.76%, water absorption ratio of 46.77 to 85.64%, wetting time of 37 to 50 sec, and in vitro drug release showed 69.12% - 99.83% within 9 min. IR spectral analysis and DSC study showed that there was no drug interaction with formulation additives of the tablet, short term stability studies on the formulations indicated that there are no significant change in hardness, friability, drug content and in vitro drug release. (p<0.05). Similarly the tablets prepared by sublimation method possess a weight variation in the range 197 to 204 mg which is below ± 7.5%, hardness of 2.1 to 2.9 kg/cm², in vitro dispersion time of 18 to 48 sec. IR spectral analysis the pure drug characteristic absorption bands and formulations absorption bands have shown all most same range. As there is no variation and shift in the position of characteristic absorption bands it can be justified there is no interaction between drug and polymer. The DSC study during the formulation chemical reaction has not taken place to result into a single product. The DSC results shows that there was no drug interaction with the formulation additives of the tablet, drug content uniformity was in between 98.56 to 100.65%, water absorption ratio showed 51.15 to 85.15%, wetting time between 37 to 50 sec and in vitro drug release of 72.88 to 99.75% within 9 min respectively. Short term stability studies on the formulations indicated that there are no significant changes in drug content and in in vitro drug release (p<0.05). The results concluded that fast dissolving tablets of metoprolol tartrate showing enhanced dissolution will lead to improved bioavailability and effective therapy by using sublimation method. --- ## Formulation and in-vitro in-vivo characterization of buccoadhesive bilayer tablets of Carvedilol **Authors:** Alagusundaram M., Raju Rayyi, Ramesh Reddy K., Angala Parameswari S., Umasankar K., Jayachandra Reddy P., Bothiraj M. **Published:** 2014-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carvedilol, buccoadhesive, bilayered tablet, ex-vivo permeation, histological examination, ANOVA An effort has been made to formulate buccoadhesive bilayered tablets comprising of Carvedilol containing bioadhesive layer and drug free backing layer to release the Carvedilol for extended period of time with reduction in dosing frequency. The buccoadhesive bilayer tablets of Carvedilol were prepared by most convenient direct compression method using various proportions of Bioadhesive polymers like HPMC K 100, SCMC, PVP K 30 and CP 934 in combination with EC as an impermeable baking layer provide unidirectional drug release towards the buccal mucosa. The drug-polymer interactions study through FTIR shows there is no significant reaction between the drug and polymer. The powder substances of drug and other excipients used for the formulation of Carvedilol buccal tablets were evaluated for derived and flow properties include bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio before carry out the formulations. The prepared buccosdhesive bilayered tablets were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, surface pH, swelling index, ex-vivo buccoadhesive strength, in-vitro, in-vivo drug release and ex-vivo permeation studies. The noticeable differences in the results were shown to be based on characteristics and combination of bioadhesive polymers used. Stability was performed in natural human saliva and accelerated temperatures showed no significant changes in physical appearance, drug content and buccoadhesive strength. Ex-vivo muco irritation by histological examination indicates the formulation should not cause any irritation and inflammation over the administration site. Amongst all formulation, the formulation C5 contains HPMC 25 mg, CP 12.5 mg, and PVP 12.5 mg was the best one in all the aspects. Good correlation was observed between in-vitro and in-vivo drug release profile of best formulation with correlation coefficient of 0.996, which reveals the ability of the formulation to reproduce the in-vitro release pattern through the biological membrane. The formulation was stable and non-significant from p-value obtained by one way ANOVA followed by Tukeys test. --- ## Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antibacterial, antitubercular activities of Peganum harmala linn., seeds **Authors:** Pradeep Kumar MR, Shrinivas D. Joshi, Kulkarni VH **Published:** 2014-07-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ciprofloxacin, Pyrazinamide, MABA method, M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv, Peganum harmala, Zygophyllaceae The objective of this research work is to carry out the phytochemical screening and evaluate the antibacterial, antitubercular activities of Peganum harmala Linn., seeds. Due to the development of resistance in the micro- organisms against available drugs there is a need to develop new, potent, fast-acting antibacterial and antitubercular drugs with low toxicity. In this study different extracts of Peganum harmala (Linn) seeds were evaluated for antibacterial and antitubercular activities against different gram-positive, gram-negative bacterial strains and Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv using ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and pyrazinamide as standard drugs respectively. Ethyl acetate extract showed significant activity against Streptococuus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while this extract was found to show moderate activity against Escherichia coli. Alcoholic extract has showed significant activity against M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while this extract has shown moderate activity against Bacillus subtilis and Streptococuus faecalis. The ethyl acetate and alcoholic extracts can be considered as a potential candidate for antibacterial and antitubercular activities. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids in alcoholic extract and alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids in ethyl acetate extract of Peganum harmala (Linn) seeds could be attributed for the antibacterial and antitubercular activities. --- ## Influence of dose and the USP basket and flow-through cell dissolution apparatuses in the release kinetics of metronidazole immediate-release products **Authors:** José Raúl Medina, Heli David Ortiz, Marcela Hurtado, Adriana Miriam Domínguez-Ramírez **Published:** 2014-07-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dissolution kinetics, Dose, Generic products, Metronidazole, USP Apparatus 4 Metronidazole has been classified as a drug with high solubility/high permeability and for this compound a biowaiver monograph has been published however, no significant in vitro-in vivo correlation was found using the current pharmacopeial conditions. On the other hand, ineffectiveness due to low drug plasma levels in patients as well as differences in dissolution performance from commercial products even between batches of the same product, have been found. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dissolution performance of two metronidazole generic products and the reference product Flagyl® at two doses (250- and 500-mg) under the hydrodynamic environment generated by the flow-through cell (USP Apparatus 4) and to compare it with the results obtained with the USP official basket method. USP Apparatus 4 with laminar flow at 24 ml/min and 0.1 N hydrochloric acid solution as dissolution medium was used. In USP Apparatus 1, 250-mg products were classified as very rap- id dissolution products (> 85% dissolved in 15 min), whereas the 500-mg products were classified as rapid dissolution (> 85% in 30 min). With the USP Apparatus 4, 250-mg products were considered rapid dissolution products (> 85% dissolved in 30 min) and 500-mg products were not considered rapid dissolution products due to not reaching 85% dissolution in 30 min. Under this system, that best simulates the gastrointestinal flow, only the 500-mg reference product achieved 100% release up to 52 min. Dissolution profiles were compared using model-dependent and -independent methods and with both approaches significant differences were found (p < 0.05). Metronidazole is considered an ideal drug for waiver of bioequivalence studies but their dissolution equivalence is not as obvious when doses or system are changed, which impacts on request biowaiver. --- ## Selection of excipients for polymer coated capsule of Celecoxib through drug- excipient compatibility testing **Authors:** Kathiravan P, Pandey V.P **Published:** 2014-07-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** FTIR, DSC, Celecoxib, Excipients Celecoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain, painful menstruation and menstrual symptoms, and to reduce numbers of colon and rectum polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Formulation is considered appropriate when no interactions drug-excipient or excipient-excipient occur. In this sagacity, devising a quick and accurate method to evaluate and choose the best excipients for stable dosage forms constitute, a real achievement in the preformulation stage. Recently by the application of thermal analytical techniques at the drug-excipient compatibility stage of development of solid dosage form has increased enormously. The intention of the present work was to study the compatibility of Celecoxib drug substance with the excipients employed in colon target release capsule preformulation by adopting Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) study and Fourier transform Infra red spectrophotometric study (FTIR). Based on the DSC results Celecoxib was found to be compatible with excipients succinic acid, ethyl cellulose, eudragit-E100, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose, carboxy methyl ethyl cellulose. FTIR was used as supportive techniques for the analyses. --- ## Heating effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) in content of volatile oil and Oleoresin **Authors:** Suk rasno, Eka Sri Waningsih, Irda Fidrianny **Published:** 2014-07-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ginger, Zingiber officinale, heating, volatile oil, oleoresin The influence of various heating treatments on the oleoresin and volatile oil content of ginger rhizome had been studied. The heating treatments employed included heating in an air oven at 60°C, 120°C, 180°C and burning in a charcoal fire for 15 minutes. Heating at above 60°C and burning reduced the total volatile oil content. All heating treatments reduced gingerol and shogaol content of ginger rhizome. Heating at 180°C gave highest concentration of the major oil components of ginger oil such as camphene, phellandrene, E-citral, Z-citral, ar-curcumene, zingiberene, β-bisabolene and β-sesquiphellandrene. --- ## Gum Karaya: A release modifier employed in the formulation of matrix granules containing Amoxicillin trihydrate as a model drug **Authors:** Gopa Roy Biswas, Ushasi Das, Sutapa Biswas Majee **Published:** 2014-07-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gum Karaya, Amoxicillin Trihydrate, Matrix Granules, Drug Release Kinetics Hydrophilic swellable polymers are widely used to control the release of drugs from matrix formulations. The natural polymers are biodegradable and nontoxic, which hydrate and swell on contact with aqueous media. The present investigation is aimed to formulate the controlled release matrix granules of Amoxicillin trihydrate with different concentration of a plant derived gum, gum karaya, using no other varying parameter. Prepared granules were evaluated for different micrometrics properties like bulk density, tapped density, Hausner’s ratio, Carr’s index. The drug content and swelling behaviour were also investigated along with drug release kinetics. Percent swelling of the granules was 10-107.87 % in phosphate buffer pH-6.8. The drug release data from the granules were fitted in kinetic models of zero order, first order and Higuchi. The granules with 10-15% of gum karaya reveal the dominance of the highly swollen layer which controls the drug release from the granules. The findings lead to the conclusion that the matrix granules can be compressed to tablet to get a successful oral controlled release formulation. --- ## Studies on phytochemistry and bioefficacy of cultivars of Piper betle Linn. **Authors:** Smila KH, Priyanka JD, Srinithya B, Sripriya N, Udaya Prakash NK **Published:** 2014-07-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Piper betle, Cultivars, Antibacterial, Anticandidal, Larvicidal, Phytochemistry The plant, Piper betle. Linn is a creeper belonging to the Piperaceae family. The leaves are found to possess different medicinal properties and function as a stimulant. The taste is found to differ with different types of cultivars and the present study is conducted to know whether they differ in their phytochemical constitution and biological efficacies. Four different cultivars, i.e. Banarasi, Calcutta, Kammar and Kumbakonam of Piper betle were selected for this study and the methanolic extracts of the leaves were evaluated for antibacterial, anticandidal, antioxidant and larvicidal activities. Antibacterial and anticandidal efficacy was studied using Disc diffusion test. DPPH was used to detect antioxidant ability and the larvicidal potency was studied using the larvae of Artemia salina. Further, the aqueous extract of the leaves was screened for the presence of phytoconstituents. Tannins, flavonoids and terpenoids were detected in all the four cultivars however; Steroids are found to be absent. Among the cultivars, Kumbakonam variety has shown better antibacterial and anticandidal activity, Kammar has shown better antioxidant potency and the variety Calcutta has shown better larvicidal potency. The study aptly demonstrates the existence of difference in biopotency among the cultivars of Piper betle and proper selection of cultivar for specific usage in pharmaceutical industry is recommended. --- ## Evaluation of stability data – An overview **Authors:** Neelima B, Alagusundaram M, Vidya G, Jayachandra Reddy P, Prabhakaran V **Published:** 2014-07-18 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** stability data, statistical analysis, ICH guideline, shelf life, single or multi factor design The guidance on the evaluation and statistical analysis of stability data provided in the parent guideline is brief in nature and limited in scope. The parent guideline states that regression analysis is an appropriate approach to analyzing quantitative stability data for retest period or shelf life estimation and recommends that a statistical test for batch poolability be performed using a level of significance of 0.25. However, the parent guideline includes few details and does not cover situations where multiple factors are involved in a full- or reduced-design study. This review is intended to provide recommendations on how to use stability data generated in accordance with the principles detailed in the ICH guideline “Q1A(R) Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products” (hereafter referred to as the parent guideline) to propose a retest period or shelf life in a registration application. This guideline describes when and how extrapolation can be considered when proposing a retest period for a drug substance or a shelf life for a drug product that extends beyond the period covered by “available data from the stability study under the long-term storage condition” (hereafter referred to as long-term data). The scope of the guide- line addresses the evaluation of stability data that should be submitted in registration applications for new molecular entities and associated drug products. The guideline provides recommendations on establishing retest periods and shelf lives for drug substances and drug products intended for storage at or below “room temperature”. It covers stability studies using single- or multifactor designs and full or reduced designs. --- ## Evaluation of antioxidant activities from various extracts of Dragon fruit peels using DPPH, ABTS assays and correlation with phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid content **Authors:** Irda Fidrianny, Nadiya Sahar A, Komar Ruslan W **Published:** 2014-07-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidants, DPPH, ABTS, dragon fruit peels, flavonoid, phenolic, carotenoid The antioxidant capacities from various extracts of dragon fruit peels were conducted by DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2-2’-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays. Sample WH2 (ethyl acetate peels extract of white dragon fruit) had the highest DPPH scavenging capacity (53.87 %) and the highest ABTS capacity (72.47 %). Sample HB2 (ethyl acetate peels extract of hybrid dragon fruit) contained the highest total flavonoid (9.85 g QE/100 g), the highest phenolic contents (4.55 g GAE/100 g) for SR3 (ethanolic peels extract of super red dragon fruit), while the highest carotenoid 1.51 g BET/100 g was given by SR1 (n-hexane peels extract of super red dragon fruit) and WH1 (n-hexane peels extract of white dragon fruit). The total phenolic and total flavonoid content in sample WH (white dragon fruit peels extract) had positively high correlation with its DPPH and ABTS scavenging capacities. The total carotenoid of three dragon fruit peels extracts had no correlation with DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities. DPPH scavenging capacities in hybrid dragon fruit peels extract had positively high correlation with their ABTS scavenging activities. --- ## Studies on the phytochemistry and bioefficacy of industrial crops - Coffea canephora and Gravillearobusta from Kolli hills **Authors:** Bhuvaneswari S, Sripriya N, Balamurugan A, Siril A, Kasinathan V, Karthikeyan PT, Udaya Prakash NK **Published:** 2014-07-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Kolli Hills, Coffea canephora, Gravillea robusta, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Pesticidal Industrial crops are used only for their potential plant parts in general, neglecting the other parts, which are either wasted or underutilized. If proper study is conducted on the neglected parts of industrially significant plants, it might result in further exploitation of the same in other allied industries. Hence, to know the potency of leaves, which are neglected parts, of the plants of Coffea canephora L. Linden and Gravillea robusta A. Cunn. Ex. R. Br. were studied for their phytochemistry, antibacterial, antioxidant, larvicidal and pesticidal activities. The plant leaves were collected from Kolli Hills of Tamil Nadu, India. Acetone, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and Methanolic extracts of the leaves of the plants were studied for their antibacterial efficacy through micro broth dilution method, antioxidant property using DPPH free radical scavenging assay, larvicidal activity using the larvae of Artemia salina and pesticidal potency using the storage pest, Sitophilus oryzae. The plant Coffea canephora has shown the presence of Tannin and Steroid and the plant Gravillea robusta, the presence of flavonoid and steroid. The plant Coffea canephora has showed better antibacterial activity when compared with Gravillea robusta. Similarly, acetone extract of Coffea canephora showed better antioxidant ability. Mortality of 100% was recorded against Artemia salina and Sitophilus oryzae for all types of extracts of the plants studied. The study suggests the plant Coffea canephora as a potential member which can be exploited as an antibacterial agent. The study also suggests that the plants studied can be utilized in controlling the storage pest, Sitophilus oryzae. --- ## Copper (I) assisted catalyst synthesis of substituted allenes and their biological studies **Authors:** Mohankumar K., Munirajasekhar D., Bhattacharya S., Chandrasekaran K. **Published:** 2014-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aquatic plants, antimicrobial, tannins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids The present study addresses the synthesis of 1,2-dienes from terminal alkynes, during the rearrangement process in the presence of Cu (I) Catalyst. Terminal alkynes were prepared by using aldehyde or ketone in the presence of sodium actylide and allenes formed under mild conditions. The structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by using TLC, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized 1,2-dienes were screened for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial analysis shows that compound 2f scored good activity compared to the all other synthesized compounds. Besides, the compounds 1- (4-chlorobuta-2,3-dien-2-yl)benzene (2b) and (2e) also shows moderate antibacterial activity. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of Rosuvastatin pulsatile drug delivery system by using press coating technique **Authors:** Sandeep P., Venkateswara Reddy B., Navaneetha K. **Published:** 2014-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pulsatile drug delivery system, Press-coated tablet, Circadian rhythms, Lag time Pulsatile drug delivery systems are developed to deliver drug according to circadian behavior of diseases. This means that these systems will deliver drug at time when disease display it’s most morbid and mortal state within a circadian cycle (24 hrs). The product follow a sigmoidal drug release profile characterized by a time period of no release (lag time) followed by a rapid and complete drug release. Thus drug can be delivered at right time in right amount and at right site of action. By use of such approach, the potential benefits of chronotherapeutics have been investigated and established for number of diseases like asthma, arthritis, cancer, diabetes, epilepsy, hypertension, ulcer, hypercholesterolemia etc. Congestive heart failure is one of such diseases that follow circadian rhythms where increasing of air way resistance and worsening of heart function is observed during the early morning time. So, in this research work press-coated tablet containing rosuvastatin in the inner core was formulated with an outer barrier layer by different compositions of natural polymers like xanthan gum and guar gum. The effect of formulation composition of the barrier layer on the lag time of drug release was investigated. --- ## Cytokine Mediated Immunomodulatory Properties of Kaempferol-5-O-β-D- glucopyranoside from methanol extract of aerial parts of Indigofera aspalathoides Vahl ex DC **Authors:** Subramaniam Swarnalatha, Ayarivan Puratchikody **Published:** 2014-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Indigofera aspalathoides Vahl ex DC, Kaempferol-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, immunomodulatory, T lymphocytes, cytokines The objective of the study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of isolate compound Kaempferol-5-O-β- D-glucopyranoside from methanol extract of aerial parts of Indigofera aspalathoides Vahl ex DC. on Swiss albino rats by Cyclophosphamide induced myelosuppression, In vivo phagocytic activity by carbon clearance assay, Pla- que forming cell (PFC) assay, flow cytometric studies for the estimation of T lymphocytes (CD3 and CD19) and Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4). Levamisole (50 mg/kg b.w.p.o) and Cyclophosphamide (30mg/kg b.w.i.p.) were used as immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive standard drugs. Administration of Kaempferol-5-O-β-D- glucopyranoside at the doses of 10, 20, 40, 50 mg/kg b. w. p. o. showed significant increase in the phagocytic in- dex and in Plaque forming cell assay, and an significant protection against cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia and showed dose dependent increase in the production of T lymphocytes (CD3 and CD19) and Th 1 cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4). The maximum increase in the production of CD3, CD19, IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4 at 50 mg kg b.w of the test compound was observed. The above results suggest that Kaempferol-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from methanol extract of aerial parts of Indigofera aspalathoides Vahl ex DC. can be further explored for the development of potent immunomodulatory drug. --- ## Pharmacognostical, Preliminary Phytochemical and Hepatoprotective studies on Phyllanthus maderaspatensis (L) **Authors:** Rajasekhar G., Kavya K., Uvarani M. **Published:** 2014-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Phyllanthus maderaspatensis, Ethanol, Aqueous, Silymarin, Paracetamol The objective of this research work is to evaluate in detail the Hepatoprotective activity of different lead extracts of Phyllanthus maderaspatensis. The whole plant was shade dried, size reduced and macerated with Hexane, Ethanol, Chloroform and Aqueous solvents. The potency of Ethanol and Aqueous extracts was compared with standard drug like Silymarin for hepatoprotectivity. Initially Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical studies were done on Phyllanthus maderaspatensis. For Hepatoprotective evaluation albino rats of either sex were taken in seven groups of four each. First group was treated with normal saline. Second group is treated with Paracetamol (3gm/kg) orally. Third to seventh groups were treated initially with Paracetamol (3gm/kg, p.o), followed by Silymarin (50mg/kg, p.o), Aqueous extract (50mg/kg, p.o), Aqueous extract (300mg/kg, p.o), Ethanol extract (50mg/kg, p.o) and Ethanol extract (300mg/kg, p.o) respectively. Then the blood of these rats is collected from retro orbital sinus and then the serum was used for the assay of marker enzymes. Finally rats were sacrificed and livers were removed and sent for histopathological studies. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of controlled release matrix Transdermal patches of Metoprolol Succinate **Authors:** Sarath Chandiran I., Jayaveera KN, Saravanan G. **Published:** 2014-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Metoprolol succinate, Solvent casting technique, zero order kinetics, non-Fickian The controlled release matrix transdermal patches of Metoprolol succinate were prepared by the method of solvent casting technique employing ‘O’ shape ring placed on a glass surface as substrate by using different polymers like HPMC K4M, PVP K30 and Eudragit RL100. The dibutylphthalate (30%w/w) used as plasticizer and permeation enhancer, whereas aluminium foil served as a baking membrane. The prepared matrix transdermal patches of Metoprolol succinate was evaluated for physicochemical characteristics like thickness, weight, flatness, folding endurance, surface pH, percentage moisture absorption, percentage moisture loss, water vapor transmission rate and drug content. The satisfactory results were obtained in all prepared formulation and based on the results MP14 (HPMCK4M-71.25mg, PVP K30-4.75mg and Eudragit RL100-19mg) was the best one when compared to other. The in-vitro kinetics shows the zero order drug release followed by non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. The in- vivo kinetics was shows in the extent of bioavailability and in the rate of absorption. The optimized formulation were stable at accelerated conditions with level of significance P>0.05. Good correlation was observed between in-vitro and ex-vivo, in-vitro and in-vivo profile revealed the ability of the formulation to reproduce the in-vitro permeation pattern through the rat abdominal skin and rabbit. Hence the controlled release matrix transdermal patches of Metoprolol succinate which are used mainly in minimizing dose and help to improve the patient compliance and Metoprolol succinate is a drug of choice for delivery through the control release via matrix transdermal patches. --- ## Antioxidant activity and phytochemistry of various flowers from Tamil Nadu, India **Authors:** Bhuvaneswari S., Deepa S., Sripriya N., Prameela L., Udaya Prakash NK **Published:** 2014-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant, DPPH, Phytochemistry, Flavonoids, Flowers, Tamil Nadu, Pharmacy, Nutraceuticals It is a known fact that plants are widely used in pharmaceutical and food industries due to their biological importance. Among the plant parts, leaves, stems, roots and bark are being widely studied for their biological properties. However, flowers are almost neglected and are not much probed for their importance. In this study, the methanolic and aqueous extracts of 25 commonly available flowers belonging to 16 different families from the state of Tamil Nadu are probed for their antioxidant property and their phytochemical constituents respectively. Methanolic crude extracts of the flowers at the concentrations of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000µg/ml were studied against DPPH to know their antioxidant potential. The presence or absence of phytochemicals like cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phlobatannins, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids was detected. The flowers of Couroupita guianensis and Gerbera sp. recorded EC50 values of <200 µg/ml. However, the flower of Gomphrena globosa has not recorded any value even at the concentration of 1000 µg/ml. Among the phytochemicals, flavonoid was recorded from almost all the floral extracts except that of Gomphrena globosa. Phlobatannins and Steroids were not recorded in any of the floral extracts studied. As few flowers showed the presence of either flavonoid and tannin or flavonoid and saponin, they may better exploited for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. --- ## Pharmacognostical studies on leaves of Passiflora foetida linn **Authors:** Rama Chandra Reddy Linga, Dhachinamoorthi D., Chandrasekhar KB, Chellaram S. **Published:** 2014-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anomocytic, Glandular, Xylem, Pholem, Calcium Oxalate Medicinal plants have more useful effects than their synthetic counterparts as being safer, acceptable, affordable, culturally compatible and suitable for chronic treatments such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, sickle-cell anemia, diabetes and Hypertension. The scope of herbal drugs and the increasing demand especially in the cases of diseases like diabetes, liver, hypertension, cancer, renal diseases, inflammation, infectious diseases, arthritis and skin diseases and keeping in mind the adverse effects of allopathic drugs, the standardization methods of medicinal plants and their extracts have a great importance in the fields of cosmetics and neutraceuticals, which are emerging as two most important segments prominently in the global markets, the Establishment of Pharmacognostical standards has been done for leaves of the plant Passiflora foetida Linn. --- ## Total antioxidant potential of selected indigenous plants and culinary spices **Authors:** Lakshmana Swamy P., Prasad VGNV, Vamsi Krishna B., Srinivasa Rao T., Cyril Arun Kumar L., Rao GS **Published:** 2014-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ascorbic acid, Culinary spices, indigenous plants, Oxidative stress, Total antioxidant activity The total antioxidant activity of selected indigenous plants and culinary spices was determined in vitro by phosphomolybdenum method. The antioxidant activity of each extract was expressed as ascorbic acid equivalents. Among the spices tested, Illicium verum (hook fruit) revealed strongest antioxidant potential followed by Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Bl. (Bark), Pimpinella anisum (seed), Myristica fragrans Houtt (seed), Terminalia chebula, Retz. (seed), Mentha piperata (leaf), Cuminum cyminum, L. (Seed) and Nigella sativa, Linn (seed). All the tested spices have exhibited greater antioxidant potential than that of ascorbic acid except for some concentrations of Mentha piperata (leaf), Cuminum cyminum, L. (Seed) and Nigella sativa, Linn (seed). Among the indigenous plants, antioxidant potential observed were in the following descending order; Amaranthus gangeticus (leaf), Gloriosa superba, L. (Tubers), Mangifera indica, L., Achyranthues aspera, L. (whole plant), Calotropis gigantea, R. Br. (Leaf) and Sesbania grandiflora, L. Pers (Leaf). The present study revealed that the tested plants could be used as natural sources of antioxidants or as nutritional supplements to counter the deleterious effects of the oxidative stress. --- ## Investigation of hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of ethanolic extract of Grewia serrulata DC on high fat diet (HFD) - streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats **Authors:** Sarath Chandiran I., Jayaveera KN, Karimulla Shaik **Published:** 2014-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Grewia serrulata DC, Anti-diabetic activity, Streptozotocin The present study was aimed to investigate the antihyperglcemic activity of ethanolic extract of aerial parts of Grewia Serrulata DC (EEGS) on high fat diet (HFD) - streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Male wistar albino rats were fed with a high fat diet for a period of two weeks prior to the administration of streptozotocin (50mg/kg) intraperitonially. The long term effect of the extract was studied by treating diabetic rats with vehicle (0.5% CMC) and EEGS (200 and 400 mg/kg b wt) for a period of 28 days. The effects of EEGS on fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels were studied. In addition, body weight changes, lipid profile and serum biomarkers of liver and kidney function were also studied. Results revealed that EEGS-400mg shows excellent antihyperglycemic activity when compared to lower dose of the extract 200mg and also shows better antihyperlipidemic activity. The elevated serum urea and creatinine levels also decreased by the treatment with extract. Hence the results justify that Grewia serrulata DC possess antidiabetic activity. --- ## Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Amaranthus viridis twig extract **Authors:** Rama Koyyati, Veera babu Nagati, Raju Nalvothula, Ramchander Merugu, Karunakar Rao Kudle, Paul Marx, Pratap Rudra Manthur Padigya **Published:** 2014-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amaranthus viridis twig extract, UV–Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-Ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), antibacterial activity, biocidal action Development of nano biotechnology is generating interest of researchers toward ecofriendly, cost effective and biological synthesis of nanoparticles. In this study, synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles was done using Amaranthus viridis twig extract. These rapid biological synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized with the help of UV–Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy-Energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-Ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Stability of reduced silver nanoparticles was analyzed using UV–Vis spectra shown that the absorption peak, occurring due to Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), exists at 423.5nm and their antibacterial activity was screened against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It was observed that Amaranthus viridis twig extract reduced silver ions into silver nanoparticles within 10 min of time. Thus, this method is rapid and eco- friendly. The TEM and SEM analysis inferred that the rapid biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles are spherical in shape and have an average size of 5-20nm. The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria was performed in Luria–Bertani (LB) medium on solid agar plates and in liquid systems supplemented with different concentrations of nano-sized silver particles. These particles were shown to be an effective bactericide. Test for protein and nucleic acids leakage were performed to study the bio- cidal action of this nano sized particles. The results confirmed that the treated bacterial cells were damaged, showing leakage of proteins and nucleic acids into LB media. These nanoparticles, which can be prepared in a simple, rapid and cost-effective manner, are suitable for the formulation of new types of bactericidal materials. --- ## Pharmacokinetic properties and binding affinity prediction of leonurine and its derivatives design on phospodiesterease-5 **Authors:** Rus lin, Kartasasmita R.E., Wibowo M.S., Ibrahim S. **Published:** 2014-03-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Molecular Docking, Leonurine Derivatives, PDE5, ADMED/T Leonurine is an alkaloid produced from the medicinal plant of deungdeureuman (Leonurus artemisia L.). It has been reported to show antiapoptotis, antihipertension, antiinflamation, antipiretic, and diuretic effect. In addition was also reported to show despile different meaning of aphrodisiac effect and evection, its interessting to study the possible influence of leonurine and its derivatives on erectile dysfunction condition. The cryatalographic structure of this enzyme is published and can be obtained from Brookhaven Data Bank with the code of PDB ID : 2H42. Applying this PDB data, it is posible to perfom docking study of leonurine and its derivatives on PDE-5. As well as the pharmacokinetic properties of those compounds including oral absorption, distribution, metabolism, and toxicity (ADME/T) by means of in silico method. Thirteen Leonurine derivatives design which produced by stuctural modification of leonurine, especially on their carboxylic and methoxy group, were included in this research. The affinities of those compound designs were studied applying molecular docking using ArgusLab 4.0.1 2004 program, while those of pharmacokinetic properties were performed by PreADMET online free program. The result showed that ten leonurine derivatives designs have lower free energy binding (-9.460 kcal/mol) in comparison to leonurine (-7.397 kcal/mol). This compound has human intestial absorption (HIA), Cac0-2 cell permeability, and plasma protein binding values of 18.71%, 8.28 (nm/Sec), and 66.79 %, respectively, which are comparable to those of leonurine and other leonurine derivatives design. Based on overall results, it was conclude that 4-amino buthyl -4(-3amino-5-hydroxypentyl)guanidino)3,5-dimethoxybenzoat was an leonurine derivative design with highest possibility to be further developed as a potential PDE5 inhibitor. --- ## Studies on Passive Protection of Shrimps against WSSV using Chicken Egg Yolk Antibodies (IgY) **Authors:** John Thomas P., Naveen S., Karthick N., Michael A. **Published:** 2014-03-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Shrimp, Chicken Egg Yolk Antibody, WSSV, Passive therapy White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), is one of the most virulent pathogens, causing high mortality and dramatic economic losses in cultured shrimp worldwide. In India, commercial shrimp farming started gaining roots only during the mid-eighties particularly in Kerala and West Bengal, for several decades. Up to date no effective measure is available to prevent the spreading of WSSV. Therefore, it is urgent to find an effective method to control this pathogen. Chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) provides an inexpensive and effective source of antibodies for the passive immunization of animals suffering from WSSV. In the present study, infected animals were collected from coastal areas and WSSV antigen was prepared and immunized in white leghorn chickens to generate egg yolk antibodies. In conclusion; the specific IgY preparation in this study can provide a novel approach to the prevention and treatment of WSSV infection, which will have an industrial prospect. --- ## Synthesis, characterization and anti-bacterial evaluation of metal complexes of 2-substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-one oxime derivatives **Authors:** Prasanthi G. **Published:** 2014-03-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** quinazolin-4(3H)-oxime, metal complexes, minimum inhibitory concentration, anti-bacterial activity A series of Co (II), Cu(II) and Zn (II) complexes with quinazolin-4(3H)-one oxime, 2-phenyl quinazolin-4(3H)- oneoxime, and 2-methyl quinazolin-4(3H)-oneoxime derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria using agar diffusion method. Among the nine derivatives, 5b showed good potency against both strains with 10μg/ml as MIC value. Other derivatives with copper, cobalt and zinc metal complexes of quinazolin-4(3H)-oneoxime and 2-substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-oneoxime were displayed significant antibacterial activity and also less potential than 5b. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of doxorubicin hydrochloride liposomes by dried thin lipid film technique **Authors:** Raja Sekhar Ambati, Rama Kotaiah Mogili, Prasada Rao M., Lakshmana Rao P. **Published:** 2014-03-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Doxorubicin hydrochloride, Liposomes, HSPC, Stearylamine, Phosphotidyl glycerol, Ammonium sulphate, cholesterol The main objective of the work was encapsulating of Doxorubicin hydrochloride in liposomal formulation for treatment of cancer chemotherapy. Conventional compositions of Doxorubicin hydrochloride were available as freeze-dried product or as a solution of doxorubicin hydrochloride in water. Both these products have been associated with a number of toxicities when administered intravenously. To overcome these problems, in the present study, inclusion of Doxorubicin hydrochloride in liposomal formulation has proved to be good approach to eliminate the toxicities and improve drug antitumor activity. In this study, Doxorubicin hydrochloride liposomes containing Hydrogenated Soy Phosphatidyl Choline, Cholesterol, various stabilizers and ammonium sulphate prepared by dried thin film hydration method. The characterization of liposomes was carried out by vesicle size, zeta potential, %free drug and in-vitro dissolution. The release kinetics of formulations containing neural, negative and positive stabilizers followed zero-order release kinetics. Hence it could be concluded that stabilizers like Stearylamine and Phosphotidyl glycerol along with Hydrogenated Soy Phosphatidyl Choline (HSPC) and Cholesterol were suitable carriers for the preparation of Doxorubicin HCl liposomes. --- ## Simultaneous estimation of olopatadine hydrochloride and Ketorolac tromethamine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form by RP-HPLC method **Authors:** Balan P., Kannappan N., Chusena Narasimha Raju Bhimanadhuni **Published:** 2014-03-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ketorolac tromethamine, Method development, Olopatadine hydrochloride, RP-HPLC, Simultaneous estimation, Validation A new analytical RP-HPLC chromatographic method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Olopatadine Hydrochloride (OPH) and Ketorolac Tromethamine (KLT) in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The separation was carried out by using a mobile phase consisting of buffer: acetonitrile in the ratio of 50: 50. The column used was inertsil ODS C18 (4.6×250mm) 5µ with flow rate of 1.0 ml / min using UV detector at 260 nm. The described method was linear over a concentration range of 2.5-15.0 μg/ml for OPH (r2 =0.999) and 10-60 μg/ml for KLT (r2 =0.999). The retention times were found to be 2.7 min for OPH and 3.8 min for KLT. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.11 μg/ml for OPH and 0.94 μg/ml for KLT. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 0.36 μg/ml for OPH and 2.80 μg/ml for KLT. The study results showed that the proposed RP-HPLC method is simple, sensitive, rapid, precise, accurate and specific, which is useful for the routine simultaneous determination of OPH and KLT in its dosage form. --- ## Pharmacological Evaluation of Traditional Medicinal Plant of Dyschoriste Littoralis Nees **Authors:** Hemant Kumar Sharma, Alagarsamy V **Published:** 2013-12-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dyschoriste littoralis, anti-pyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, luteoline, quercetin To evaluate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activity of aerial parts of plant extracts and isolated compounds of Dyschoriste littoralis Nees (Fam: Acanthaceae). The drug materials were prepared by successive soxhlation of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Analgesic activity was performed by tailflick technique in mice. The inflammatory reaction is readily produced in rats in the form of paw edema with the help of carrageenan (0.1 ml of 1% w/v) which was injected into the right hind paw sub-plantar region of rat to determine the anti-inflammatory effect. Pyrexia was induced by injecting subcutaneously 15% w/v 10 ml/kg yeast suspended in 0.5% w/v methyl cellulose solution into the animal’s dorsum region. Bioactive compounds were isolated by running column chromatography, characterized and percentage of activity of bioactive principle was calculated. The methanol extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg body (P<0.05) and isolated compound B (P<0.001) shown the more increase in percentage of activity than a reference diclofenac sodium (P<0.001). The isolated compounds A & B shows the reduction in body temperature within 30 min as that one and the same to standard drug paracetamol. DLME (methanolic extract) at a dose of 600 mg /kg exhibited a maximum percentage of activity in the dose dependent inhibition than DLEAE (ethyl acetate extract) on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. These results suggest that the antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity were may be due to its bioactive principle luteolin and quercetin present in the extract and reveals that Dyschoriste littoralis could be used as potential drug for the treatment of pain, fever and inflammation --- ## Structural stability and folding pathways of proteins under native conditions as monitored by hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange methods **Authors:** Tambi Richa, Thirunavukkarasu Sivaraman **Published:** 2013-12-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** H/D exchange, Protein folding, Residue-specific stability, Unfolding kinetics The conformational stability and dynamics of proteins are indispensable to address the structure function relationships of proteins and also to design novel proteins for therapeutic purposes. At molecular level, conformational stability of a protein can be monitored in presence of external denaturing agents by using traditional biophysical techniques, whereas at residue level, conformational stability of a protein can be measured by hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange methods in conjunction with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. In this review, stability and folding of proteins probed at residue level resolutions by using H/D exchange methods to date have been exclusively covered, systematically classified and discussed in detail. Moreover the merits and limitations of the exquisite methods and computational alternatives to the proteins H/D exchanges have also been discoursed. --- ## Evaluation of antimicrobial property of few co-polyesters **Authors:** Tamilarasan K, Nanthini R, Prakash N, Rajkumar E, Renganathan N.G, Udaya Prakash N.K **Published:** 2013-12-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Polymers, Antibacterial, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans Aliphatic random co-polyesters Poly (Propane1,3-diol Fumaric acid 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol) (PPFCDM), Poly (Propane1, 3-diol Fumaric acid Pimelic acid (PPFPi), Poly (Butane1,4-diol Fumaricacid 1, 4-cyclohexanedimethanol (PBFCDM), Poly (1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol Pimelicacid 1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid) (PCDMPiCDC) Poly (1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol Fumaricacid 1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylicacid (PCDMFCDC) were synthesized from propane1, 3-diol and 1, 4-cyclohexane dimethanol with various carboxylic acids in the presence of catalyst using microwave technique. The antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated using well diffusion method against gram positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus), gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and yeast (Candida albicans). Streptomycin and Ketoconazole were used as a positive control against the studied bacteria and yeast respectively. These results show that random copolyesters possess mild activities against microorganisms selected. --- ## Mirabegron - a beta-3 adrenergic agonist for overactive bladder syndrome: A review **Authors:** Parasuraman S, Muralidharan S, Jaya Raja Kumar K **Published:** 2013-12-18 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Mirabegron, overactive bladder, β3 agonist Overactive bladder (OAB) is a urological disorder with symptoms of frequency urgency and incontinence, which substantially affects quality of life. The prevalence of OAB increased with old age Caucasians, White and Asians. The main etiological factor for OAB is lifestyle modification and stress, embarrassment, frustration, etc. OAB can be treated with anticholinergic (first-line treatment) and adrenergic agonists. Anticholinergic agents are first-line drug for the treatment of OAB; unfortunately, antimuscarinic agents are not effective in controlling OAB symptoms. In the year, 2012 US-FDA approved first β3 adrenergic agonist (mirabegron) for the treatment of OAB. Mirabegron was developed by Astellas Pharma, Japan and introduced into the market in 2011. Recommended adult dose of mirabegron is 25 mg/day for 8 weeks. Mirabegron is a beta agonist, which can increase a blood pressure, hence it was not recommended to patients who have uncontrolled blood pressure. This review is mainly focused to discuss about mirabegron for the treatment of OAB. --- ## Purification and characterization of Riboflavin carrier protein from egg yolk of South Indian spotted owlet (Athene brama) **Authors:** Karunakar Rao Kudle, M.P.Pratap Rudra **Published:** 2013-12-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Spotted Owlet Eggs Yolk, DEAE-Sepharose, Sephdex G-100, fluorescence spectra, Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy Riboflavin carrier protein has been isolated and purified from the Indian spotted owlet (Athene brama). Purification could be achieved by DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100. Further the RCP was immunologically characterized and compared with the hen (Gallus gallus domesticus) egg yolk RCP (RfBP). The protein was characterized using absorption, fluorescence and CD spectral analysis. Comparison of the mobility of the purified proteins with the standard molecular weight marker proteins revealed that the spotted Owlet egg RCP had a molecular weight close to 29.2kDa and it was approximately 3 kDa less than the hen egg Yolk RCP. --- ## Testicular corticotrophin releasing hormone gene expression of phenytoin treated Albino rats using qRT PCR Analysis **Authors:** Rajkumar R, Vathsala Venkatesan, Sriram Thanigai, Chidambaram R **Published:** 2013-12-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Crh gene, epileptic seizure, qRT PCR, microarray analysis The present study is aimed at the effect of phenytoin induced differential regulation Crh gene in albino rat testis. The albino rats were divided into two groups, control and test. The test group was given 120mgs/kg /body weight of phenytoin orally and equal amount of normal saline was given for the control group. After 45 days with the rat under deep anaesthesia, the testis was removed from the scrotum and stored in liquid nitrogen. The stored specimens of testis of control and tests group were subjected to cDNA microarray analysis. This study showed the differential expression of test group when compared with the control group. The expression patterns of several genes differentially regulated which can be confirmed by qRT PCR to verify the results of the microarray analysis. --- ## Anti-hypertensive activity of Alang – Alang (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. root methanolic extract on male Wistar rat **Authors:** Rus lin, Mohd. Zaini Asmawi, Usman Rianse, Sahidin I, Diah Dhianawaty, Andreanus A. Soemardji, Lia Amalia **Published:** 2013-12-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alang-alang, Dana, Imperata cylindrica, hypertensive, heart rate, amplitude stroke, heart volume Alang – alang (Imperata cylindrica) root was used an anti hypertension traditional medicine in Southeast Sulawesi. Study of antihypertensive activity of Alang – alang (Imperata cylindrica) root methanolic extract on NaCl induced hypertensive rat have been done by non invasive method. Non invasive method used two parameters, heart rate and amplitude stroke heart volume, those have direct correlation with blood pressure. Hypertensive rats were induced with NaCl orally twice a day for 14 days. Therapy with extract and reference drugs (amlodipine and captopril), were given orally to hypertensive rats for 14 days once a day. During therapy NaCl was given. Heart rate and amplitude were measured before therapy (D14-0) and 4 hours after the first therapy (D14-4), and then day 1 (D15), day 3 (D17), day 6 (D20), day 10 (D24), and day 14 (D28). Three doses of the extract were tested, 60, 90 and 115 mg/kg-bw. The results showed that reference drugs (amlodipine and captopril) and Imperata cylindrica root methanolic extract at doses of 60 and 90 mg/kg-bw, have an anti-hypertensive effect by decrease both two parameters, and at a dose of 115 mg/kg-bw did not significant anti hypertensive effect. In conclusion two of doses tested of the extract (60 and 90 mg/kg-bw) gave anti-hypertensive effect and the dose of 90 mg/kg-bw had the highest effect. --- ## Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of Rhynchosia beddomei Baker **Authors:** Jaya Sankar Reddy V, Deval Rao G **Published:** 2013-12-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rhynchosia beddomei, antioxidant, Fabaceae, free radicals To evaluate the antioxidant capability of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Rhynchosia beddomei. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by studying total phenol content, flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, reducing power, super ion scavenging activity and metal chelating activity. Gallic acid, ascorbic acid, Butylated hydroxyl toluene and quercetin were used as standards for all the experiments. The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and IC50 values were observed for DPPH radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, reducing power, super ion scavenging activity and metal chelating activities were determined to be 52.59, 48.6, 209, 191.18, 192.14, 218.4, 190.97 and 220.73. Each experiment was carried out in triplicate and results were expressed as mean ± SD. The results clearly indicated that ethanolic extract of leaves of Rhynchosia beddomei of the study species is effective in scavenging free radicals and has the potential to be a powerful in vitro antioxidant. --- ## Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using water soluble gum of Sterculia foetida and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity **Authors:** Karunakar Rao Kudle, Manisha R Donda, Ramchander Merugu, Prashanthi Y, Madhukar Rao Kudle, Pratap Rudra M.P **Published:** 2013-12-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Silver nanoparticles, Sterculia foetida, antibacterial activity In the present study, green synthesis of Ag0 nanoparticles using gum extract as reducing and capping agent was investigated. Sterculia foetida gum extract prepared at different concentrations (0.1% to 0.01%) was used for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. The gum extract incubated with 1mM AgNO3 and autoclaved for 15 mints showed gradual change in the colour from yellow to reddish brown indicating the formation of silver nanoparticles. Different spectral analyses were used for confirming nanoparticle formation. Sterile silver nanoparticles devoid of bacteria, viruses, and spores could be produced using this method. Antibacterial activity of the prepared nanoparticles was investigated and the synthesized nanoparticles showed inhibitory activity on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. --- ## Preparation and characterization of Nelfinavir Mesylate nanocrystals by ball milling **Authors:** Dasari Naga Naresh, Usha Yogendra Nayak, Om Prakash Ranjan **Published:** 2013-12-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nelfinavirmesylate, Nanocrystals, Ball milling, Poloxamer 407, Dissolution Velocity The objective of the present study was to formulate Nelfinavir mesylate nanocrystals by ball milling to improve its pharmacokinetic behavior in turn bioavailability. Nanocrystals were prepared by dispersing the drug in Poloxamer 407 solution and subjected for size reduction by ball milling. The nanocrystals were lyophilized using mannitol ascryoprotectant. The free flowing powder forms of nanocrystals powder was evaluated for its particle size, zeta potential, solubility, in vitro dissolution. Solid-state characteristics were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy. The particle size and zeta potential of optimized formulation was found to be 740.12 ± 79.21 nm and 23.31 ± 1.10 mV respectively with PDI of 0.20 ± 0.07. DSC analysis and SEM revealed that there was slight decrease in crystallinity in the nanocrystals compared to raw crystals. Increased dissolution velocity was observed along with increased saturation solubility. Thus it can be concluded that increase in solubility and dissolution velocity of Nelfinavirmesylate was observed by formulating it as nanocrystals. --- ## Novel carrier based vaccine delivery systems for mucosal immune responses for HPV L1 capsid protein administered subcutaneously and intra nasally **Authors:** Muruganandham S, Michael A, Balasubramaniam V, Jaganathan S **Published:** 2013-12-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPV L1, Intranasal & Subcutaneous immunization, Niosomes, Serum, vaginal fluid Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines based on L1 capsid protein can prevent genital HPV infection and associated complications after three intramuscular injections. The currently available vaccines for HPV infection are based on capsid protein L1 virus like particles (VLPs) and they are formulated using aluminium adjuvants. The aluminium based vaccines always posses some constrains as they cannot induce the cell mediated immune response and the complete protection is based on the humoral antibodies. Here we have experimented subcutaneous and intranasal immunization of HPV L1 antigen formulated in Niosomes in order to induce both Humoral and Cell Mediated Immune (CMI) response. The Niosomes were formulated with the HPV antigen, with or without Cholera Toxin- B (CTB) and immunized in mice. The immune response was studied in both systemic and as well as in mucosal surfaces. The subcutaneous injection elicited an acceptable level of systemic immune response but failed to produce significant response in mucosal surfaces. The intranasal immunization was effective in eliciting both systemic and mucosal immune responses as tested from serum and vaginal fluids respectively when compared with subcutaneous injection. --- ## Radioprotection of small intestinal injury by Mentha piperita in Swiss albino mice **Authors:** Pallavi Kaushik, Punar Dutt Meena, Ashok Kumar **Published:** 2013-12-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mentha piperita, Small Intestine, histopathological lesion, irradiation, mice Naturally occurring dietary components like Mentha piperita offer opportunities for development as effective radioprotective agents because of their potential low toxicity and therapeutic actions. The present investigation is an attempt to evaluate the radioprotective effect of Mentha piperita (Linn.) leaves on small intestine of Swiss albino mice exposed to gamma radiation. Mice were administered the optimum dose (100mg/kg/day) of 50% alcoholic extract of Mentha piperita (ALM) for three consecutive days prior to 6,8 ,10 Gy irradiation and autopsied at 1,3,7,14 and 30 day post irradiation to observe the histopathological changes in small intestine. The control group (irradiation alone), drug alone (ALM treatment at optimum dose) and normal group were run simultaneously. The results of histopathological studies did not show any changes in the normal histological structure of small intestine in the normal (Group I) and drug alone (Group II) at all the autopsy intervals. The control group (Group III) of animals exhibited marked histopathological lesions at all radiation doses (6, 8 and 10 Gy). The initial radiation damage was observed on day 1 and 3 which gradually recovered at later autopsy intervals. The histopathological lesions like sloughing and shortening of villi with shrunken stroma, suppressed mitosis, decreased number of normal epithelial cells and increased pyknotic cells were observed. The treatment of ALM prior to irradiation was found to be effective in suppressing the extent of radiation induced injury and promoted early recovery as compared to control as significantly higher number of mitotic figures, epithelial cells and goblet cell/crypt section was observed. The injury in terms of reduced villus height and pycknotic cell/crypt was also found to be significantly arrested in ALM treated group as compared to irradiation alone. It was evident that ALM pretreatment was able to reduce initial damage and stimulates early recovery in the post irradiation period in small intestine of swiss albino mice. --- ## Antifungal activity of catecholate type siderophore produced by Bacillus sp. **Authors:** Bharucha UD, Patel KC, Trivedi UB **Published:** 2013-12-11 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bacillus sp., siderophore, catecholate, bio-control Siderophore production by Bacillus sp. isolated from rhizospheric soil of a medicinally and agriculturally important plant alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and its antifungal activity on two common plant pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger) has been described in present work. Siderophores during their production in succinate medium were detected by the Chrome Azurol S (CAS) assay. Arnow’s assay was performed to reveal the catecholate type of siderophore. Extraction by ethyl acetate yielded 200 mg/L of siderophore. The purified siderophore was subjected to antifungal assay to check its bio-control potential and was found to inhibit the common plant pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger. --- ## Study the potency of colonic pellet containing ibuprofen on the suppression of gastro duodenal ulceration in male Wistar rats **Authors:** Heni Rachmawati, Krishnaveni Apparavoo, Ana tasia, Kusnandar Anggadiredja **Published:** 2013-11-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Colon targeting, coating pellet, ibuprofen, insulin, shellac, ulcer, microbial-dependent release, histopathology In the previous study, the colonic release of ibuprofen pellet has been developed by using the microbial dependent release system which was successfully obtained by using the dual coatings. Pharmacokinetic study of this pellet had been done in New Zealand albino rabbit and showed delay absorption, but better bioavailability compared to conventional oral preparation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the potential benefit of this formulation in minimizing the main side effect of ibuprofen: gastric duodenal ulcer. To study the suppression effect on ulcer in vivo, male Wistar rats were used and divided into 4 groups: negative control, group given ibuprofen suspension, group given uncoated ibuprofen pellet and group with coated ibuprofen pellet. All treated groups were administered orally twice a day for 14 days. Then, parameters including platelet counts and observation on gastroduodenal ulcer development both visual and histological analyses were performed. Groups receiving both suspension and uncoated pellet of ibuprofen showed ulcer development, meanwhile this condition did not occur in rats treated with coated pellet. Colonic release of ibuprofen seems to be promising in the suppression of ulceration. The efficacy of anti-inflammatory activity of the formula is now under progress. --- ## Attenuation of whole cell of Salmonella sp., isolated from a rural community pond water and its appliances in rat model: A preliminary study **Authors:** Koresh Ranjan Panigrahi, Smaranika Pattnaik, Santosh Mohapatra **Published:** 2013-10-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Village pond water, Salmonella sp, attenuation, TLC count, immunogenicity There is need for acknowledgment of specific Ag (s), so that a vaccine candidate may be recognized against the dreaded strains like Salmonella sp. the causal organism for Typhoid. We have taken an effort to screen an isolated bacterial strain isolated from village pond water for its immune modulating activity. Four groups of mice were taken as a test animal model. Group I was taken as control, Group II was symptomatic; Group III was symptomatic, induced with supernatant of Salmonella culture and attenuated with neutral phosphate buffer formalin, while Group IV was symptomatic but induced with crude attenuated whole cells. The rat groups were kept for 28 days with periodical observation and were subjected to Total Leucocyte Count/ mm3. The group I, which were found to be healthy with an initial TLC count 7269/mm3 at the day 1 which could be maintained till the end of the day 28 (7648 mm3). Group II and Group III could not maintain the TLC count after day 14. There was a drastic reduction in TLC counts, 5917 /mm3 for Group II and 5194 /mm3 for Group III. Group IV could maintain the TLC count from day 1 to day 28. Group II and Group III were unable to survive after day 21. The pond water isolated Salmonella sp. attenuated with neutral phosphate buffer formalin had an immune modulatory activity in symptomatic rat models, which could be evidenced from TLC/mm3 count. --- ## Antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of methanolic extract of Salicornia brachiata L. in HepG2 cells **Authors:** Deepa Santhanakrishnan, Ramesh Kannan Perumal, Swarna Vinodh Kanth, Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao, Bangaru Chandrasekaran **Published:** 2013-10-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Halophyte, MTT assay, S. brachiata The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant and anticancer activities of methanolic extract of S.brachiata. In this study; total phenolic content was estimated, and free radical scavenging activity was measured by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) method, 2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC), and Thiobarbituric acid (TBA). The methanolic extract of S.brachiata was tested against HepG2 cells for its inhibitory effect of cell viability study was carried out by MTT assay. The extract showed highest DPPH inhibition percentage of 85% and ABTS inhibitory activity of 75% at 1000 μg/mL. The inhibition percentage of lipid peroxidation was evaluated by FTC and TBA Method. The results showed decreased cell viability and increased growth inhibition at a concentration dependent manner and altered the cell morphology. The inhibition percentage with regard to cytotoxicity was found to be 80% at 1000 μg/mL. The methanolic extract of S.brachiata showed better antioxidant and anticancer activity. --- ## Appraisal on preparation and characterization of nanoparticles for parenteral and ophthalmic administration **Authors:** Om M Bagade, Shashikant N Dhole, Shejal K Kahane, Dhanashri R Bhosale, Dhanashri N Bhargude, Dhanashree R Kad **Published:** 2013-10-18 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Nanotechnology, Polymers, Particle size, Release kinetics, Bioavailability, Stability PAS71 document developed in the UK is: "A particle having one or more dimensions of the order of 100 nm or less". Various polymers have been used in the formulation of nanoparticles for drug delivery to increase the therapeutic benefits, while minimizing side effect. The polymeric nanoparticles can carry drugs, which are entrapped in the polymer matrix as particulates or may be bound to the particle surface by physical adsorption or chemically. This appraisal addresses how drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated to a nanoparticles matrix and delivers a drug to specific targets by a physical approach to alter and improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmaco-dynamic properties of various types of drug molecules and to protect the drug entity in the systemic circulation and to study the biodistribution of nanoparticles through the ocular and parenteral rout. Nanoparticles not only deliver drug(s) to specific organs but also delivery rate in addition could be controlled as being by standers, burst, and controlled, pulsatile or modulated. However, special attention has been paid to its biopharmaceutical aspects, drug kinetics and its application in various areas. The major goals in designing nanoparticles as a delivery system are to control particle size, surface properties and release of pharmacologically active agents in order to achieve the site-specific action of the drug at the therapeutically optimal rate and dose regime. This review discussed about various methods of preparation, their characterization techniques, such as drug loading, release and the applications of Nanoparticles along with some marketed products and focusing on its properties and biological transport. --- ## Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the medicinal plant Allmania nadiflora and evaluation of its anti microbial activities **Authors:** Karunakar Rao Kudle, Manisha R Donda, Prashanthi Y, Ramchander Merugu, Pratap Rudra M.P **Published:** 2013-10-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Allmania nadiflora, nanoparticles, UV-Vis-spectra, FTIR, SEM-EDX, TEM, antimicrobial activity In the present study, we report an eco-friendly and economical way for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the weed Allmania nadiflora. The plant popularly known as “Erra baddiaaku” belongs to the family Amaranthaceae. Characterization of the silver nanoparticles was done using UV Visible Spectroscopy (Uv-Vis), Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron Microscopy (TEM). All the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. Significance of the above in the light of existing literature is discussed in the present communication. --- ## In Vitro Antioxidant and Antiglycation Activity of Zingiber zerumbet (Wild Zinger) Rhizome Extract **Authors:** Vaghasiya D. Bhavesh, Yogendra Nayak, Jayashree BS **Published:** 2013-10-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidants, flavonoids, phenols, shampoo zinger, wild zinger, Zingiber zerumbet rhizome Rhizomes of Zingiber zerumbet (Family: Zingiberaceae) is also known as wild zinger or shampoo zinger. Most of the biological activities reported for this plant are attributed to phenolic contents and volatile principles. Hence, a detailed investigation of antioxidant and antiglycation activities of Zingiber zerumbet rhizome was carried out. The ethyl acetate extract of Zingiber zerumbet rhizome (ZZE) was prepared and tested for phytoconstituents. Antioxidant and antiglycation activity of ZZE was determined by standard methods. Upon phytochemical investigations of ZZE showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids and terpenoids. ZZE had a total phenolic content of 331.93±1.23 mg/ml gallic acid equivalent and total flavonoid content of 198±2.65 mg/ml of quercetin equivalent. ZZE also showed a significant total antioxidant activity (86.04±0.98 mg/ml ascorbic acid equivalent). Further, ZZE scavenged DPPH and ABTS radical with an IC50 of 117.65±1.45 and 78.72±1.12 µg/ml respectively. Similarly, hydroxyl, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide radicals were scavenged with an IC50 of 39.90±0.77, 185.49±0.97, 144.71±3.75 and 89.87±1.02 µg/ml respectively. The IC50 values in O-phenanthroline (iron-chelating capacity), β- carotene bleaching and lipid peroxidation assays were 189.63±2.21, 317.24±0.34 and 94.45±2.76 µg/ml respectively. The observed antioxidant activity can be attributed mainly to the total phenolics and flavonoids present in ZZE. Furthermore, ZZE also demonstrated antiglycation activity in hemoglobin-glucose and BSA-glucose assays, but the activity was not significant when compared to the standards quercetin and aminoguanidine. Results of this study confirm the antioxidant and antiglycation potentials of Zingiber zerumbet rhizomes. --- ## Formulation and optimization of novel vesicular drug delivery system of acyclovir using 3^2 factorial design **Authors:** Dhobale Shankar Maruti, Subir Kumar Banerjee **Published:** 2013-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acyclovir, 3^2 Factorial Design, PEGylated Liposomes, sustained release Acyclovir, the first agent to be licensed for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections, is the most widely used drug for infections such as cutaneous herpes, genital herpes, chicken pox, varicella zoster infections with an oral bioavailability of only 10 to 20 % (limiting absorption in GIT to duodenum and jejunum), half-life about 3 hrs, soluble only at acidic pH (pKa 2.27). Liposomal drug delivery systems of acyclovir have been designed and optimized using 3² full factorial designs. PEGylated Liposomes were prepared by thin film hydration method. From the preliminary trials, the constraints for independent variables X1 (amount of Acyclovir), X2 (amount of Phospholipids) and X3 (amount of cholesterol) have been fixed. The derived polynomial equations for Particle size, % drug entrapment and zeta potential were verified by check point formulation. The prepared formulations were further evaluated for drug content, in vitro drug releases pattern, and stability. The application of factorial design gave a statistically systematic approach for the formulation and optimization of PEGylated Liposome desired particle size and high entrapment efficiency. Concentration of drug, Lipid and cholesterol were found to influence the particle size and entrapment efficiency of acyclovir loaded PEGylated Liposome. The release was found to follow first order release kinetics with Higuchi mechanism for optimized batches. These preliminary results indicate that acyclovir loaded PEGylated Liposome could be effective in sustaining drug release for a prolonged period. --- ## GC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in the Leaves of Actinodaphne madraspatana Bedd **Authors:** Saravanan D., Kasisankar V., Asharani IV **Published:** 2013-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** GC-MS analysis, Phytocomponents, Actinodaphne madraspatana, Leaves, Methanol and ethanol extracts This study was designed to determine the phytocomponents in the methanol and ethanol extracts of leaves of Actinodaphne madraspatana Bedd by Perkin Elmer gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This investigation was carried out to determine the possible phytocomponents from the methanol and ethanol extracts of leaves of Actinodaphne madraspatana by GC-MS. This analysis revealed that the methanol extract contained six compounds that have been identified mainly as sesquitriterpene lactone compounds and fatty acid ester compounds and ethanol extract contain twenty compounds that have been identified mainly as fatty acid ester, sesquiterpenes, triterpene and steroid. From the results, it is evident that methanol and ethanol extract of leaves of Actinodaphne madraspatana contains various bioactive compounds and is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance. --- ## Studies on bio activity and phytochemistry of leaves of common trees **Authors:** Udaya Prakash N.K., Bhuvaneswari S., Balamurugan A., Ashwin Karthik N., Deepa S., Hima Aishwarya, Manasveni K.S., Sahana S.. **Published:** 2013-09-30 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Bactericide, Free radical scavenging, Insecticidal, Phytochemistry, Tree Leaves Plants are well known for their medical importance. Among the plant habits, trees produce large biomass of leaves and are found to be wasted. In this study, the methanolic extracts of leaves of few trees were evaluated for their bactericidal, free radical scavenging ability and insecticidal activity. Further, their phytochemical constituents were studied. Leaves of Annona squamosa, Citrus limon, Delonix regia, Millingtonia hortensis and Thespesia populnea belonging to different families were selected. The crude extracts were studied for antibacterial efficacy through Micro broth dilution, free radical scavenging ability using DPPH, and their insecticidal activity by using the larvae of Artemia salina and insect pest of Sitophilus oryzae. Further, the aqueous extract of the leaves were screened for phytoconstituents. The phytochemical studies revealed that Saponins and Steroids are present in all 5 tree leaves. The plant, Milingtonia hortensis showed wider antibacterial spectrum. Citrus limon recorded better free radical scavenging activity followed by Annona squamosa and Thespesia populnea. Annona squamosa showed better insecticidal activity with both the larvae of Artemia salina and against the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae. --- ## Adenosine deaminase as a screening test for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion **Authors:** Swetha Garimella, Ramchander Merugu, Archana A. Dharwadkar **Published:** 2013-09-30 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Adenosine deaminase, Pulmonary tuberculosis, screening marker Tuberculosis is one of the commonest infectious diseases, which affects lungs. In tubercular diseases, diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is usually done by sputum examination for AFB. Pleural fluid biochemistry, cytology and pleural biopsy investigations are required for the diagnosis of extra pulmonary tuberculosis. Detection of AFB and its culture, histopathological study of a pleura is not desirable as they are time consuming. Advanced tests like ELISA and PCR are expensive. Adenosine deaminase screening test has been proposed to be a useful marker for pleural tuberculosis. In this study, levels of adenosine deaminase for early diagnosis of extra pulmonary tuberculosis along with its specificity and sensitivity have been evaluated and discussed. --- ## Apigenin protects 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene–induced chromosomal abnormalities and DNA damage in the bone marrow cells of golden Syrian hamsters **Authors:** Simon Silvan, Shanmugam Manoharan, Nagarethinam Baskaran, Arjun Kumar Singh **Published:** 2013-09-24 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Apigenin, Chromosomal aberrations, DNA damage, DMBA, MnPCEs The present study has investigated the protective effect of apigenin on 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)- induced chromosomal abnormalities and DNA damage in the bone marrow cells of golden Syrian hamsters. The protective effect of apigenin was examined by analyzing the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythro- cytes (MnPCEs), chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage in hamsters treated with DMBA. We noticed an increase in MnPCEs frequency, chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage in hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Oral pretreatment of apigenin for 5 days to DMBA-treated hamsters significantly decreased the frequency of MnPCEs, chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage. The present study thus suggests that apigenin has the ability to prevent 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene–induced chromosomal abnormalities and DNA damage in the bone marrow cells of golden Syrian hamsters. --- ## Quantitative estimation of piperine, 18- beta glycyrrhetinic acid and 6- gingerol from Suryacid tablet formulation by HPTLC method **Authors:** Shruti H. Bhosale, Sandhya Parmeswaran **Published:** 2013-09-24 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Piperine, 18- beta glycyrrhetinic acid, 6- gingerol, ayurvedic proprietary formulation, Simultaneous estimation A high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been established for simultaneous analysis of piperine, 18- beta glycyrrhetinic acid and 6- gingerol in ayurvedic proprietary formulation Suryacid tablet. TLC was performed on aluminum foil-backed silica gel 60F 254 plates with toluene: ethyl acetate: glacial acetic acid (7:3:0.1) as mobile phase. The plates were scanned and the compounds were quantified at their wavelengths of maximum absorption at 340 nm for piperine at Rf 0.48, 254nm for 18 beta- glycyrrhetinic acid at Rf 0.26 and 284nm for 6- gingerol at Rf 0.43 respectively. Calibration plots for all three standards were linear in the range of 0.2 µg/spot – 1.0 µg/spot. The polynomial regression data for the calibration plots were indicative of good relationships with r2 = 0.997, r2 = 0.991, r2 = 0.991 for piperine, 18 beta- glycyrrhetinic acid and 6- gingerol respectively. Average recovery was 95.88% for piperine, 96.72% for 18 beta- glycyrrhetinic acid and 96.91% for 6- gingerol. The method enabled simple, sensitive, precise, accurate, and specific analysis of all the three marker compounds in the formulation. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of herbal microemulsion for controlling hair loss **Authors:** Nalini S. Kurup, Priyanka R. Joshi **Published:** 2013-09-21 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Herbal microemulsion, hair loss, Hibiscus rosa sinensis, Murraya koenigii Hibiscus rosa sinensis flowers and Murraya koenigii leaves have been reported to have the potential to control hair loss. The aim was to develop a formulation containing extracts of both herbs and test its safety and efficacy to control hair loss. Both herbs have been extracted using a suitable solvent and then incorporated into the oil phase of an oil in water microemulsion. It has been optimized for its oil phase: surfactant concentration: water phase ratio and then characterized for its particle size, zeta potential, drug release in vitro, ex vivo. Primary skin irritation and Qualitative hair growth studies have been carried out to determine the safety and efficacy of the formulation respectively. The hair growth potential has also been compared against a standard marketed formulation. The optimized microemulsion was non-irritant and had a greater efficacy to control hair loss than the standard. --- ## Antioxidant activities from various bulbs extracts of three kinds allium using DPPH, ABTS assays and correlation with total phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid content **Authors:** Irda Fidrianny, Listya Permatasari, Komar Ruslan Wirasutisna **Published:** 2013-09-21 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidants, DPPH, ABTS, Allium bulbs, flavonoid, phenolic, carotenoid The antioxidant activities of various bulbs extracts of three kinds Allium were conducted by DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2-2’-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays. Sample O2 (ethyl acetate extract of onion bulbs) had the highest DPPH scavenging capacity (45.86 %.) and the highest ABTS capacity (49.03%). Sample RO2 (ethyl acetate extract of sample red onion) contained the highest total flavonoid (89.3 g QE/100 g) and the highest phenolic contents (40.75 g GAE/100 g), while the highest carotenoid 7.4 g BET/100 g was given by RO1 (n-hexane extract of sample red onion). Phenolic and flavonoid were the major contributors to antioxidant activity in onion and red onion bulbs. The total carotenoid of three Allium bulbs extracts had no significant correlation with DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities. There were positively high correlation between ABTS and DPPH scavenging capacities for sample O and RO, but no correlation for sample G (garlic). --- ## Evaluation of crystal forms of Nateglinide **Authors:** Shaik Wajid Pasha, Madhu M.V.V., Bonthu Satyanarayana, Nagakanyaka Devi Paladugu, Rajeev Kumar M., Arief MD, Shaik Irfan Pasha, Deepthi Poloju **Published:** 2013-09-21 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Crystal, DSC analysis, Nateglinide, X-ray powder diffraction Different physiological and formulation factors are responsible for the bioavailability of drug from the dosage form. One of the most important physical factors, which affect the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of drug, is the existence of active ingredients in various crystal forms having different internal structure and physical properties. The different crystal form of a drug have different physico-chemical characteristics namely crystal shape, crystal size, melting point, density, flow properties solubility pattern, dissolution characteristics and XRD pattern, though they are chemically identical. The crystal habit is an important variable in pharmaceutical manufacturing, where some factors such as the polarity of crystallization solvent and the presence of impurities in the solvent affect crystallization. Among them, solvent strongly affects the habit of crystalline materials; however the role played by solvent interactions in enhancing or inhibiting crystal growth is still not completely understood. The drug nateglinide used here is practically insoluble in water. But the water insolubility and the less bioavailability are the limitations of its effective use clinically. Keeping this in view crystal modification of nateglinide has been undertaken to improve solubility, dissolution and bioavailability. New crystals prepared by two different methods using solvents like Benzene, Ethanol and Acetone in this study to observe the effect of solvents on the development of crystal habits in the changed environment, and prepared crystals were characterized by some physico chemical techniques like melting point, UV and I.R spectroscopy, solubility and invivo dissolution studies, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and DSC analysis. --- ## Evaluation of pharmacological activities of traditional herbal drug Ocimum sanctum in rats **Authors:** Mahima Vedi, Bharath Loganathan, Gayathri Chandrasekar, Saranya Vinayagam, Kanika Verma, Mahaboobkhan Rasool, Evan Prince Sabina **Published:** 2013-09-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ocimum sanctum, antipyretic, analgesic, ulcer, indomethacin Ocimum sanctum is a traditional herbal plant possessing numerous pharmacological and therapeutic properties. The present study was carried out to evaluate antipyretic, analgesic and anti-ulcerogenic properties of Ocimum sanctum (500 and 1000mg kg-1b.wt-1) in model system of rats. Drug Indomethacin (10mg kg-1b.wt-1) was used as a reference drug. Animals were randomly allocated in four groups consisting of six animals each. Group I was control group which received normal saline 0.09%; Group II received O.sanctum (500mg kg-1b.wt-1) and Group III was administered with 1000mg kg-1b.wt-1 O.sanctum; Group IV received Indomethacin (10mg kg-1b.wt-1). Hot plate reaction test was used for determining the analgesic activity, acetic acid test was used to evaluate the writhing response, yeast induced pyrexia was used for determining the antipyretic activity test in control and experimental rats. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA to determine significant differences between groups followed by student’s Newman-keul’s test *p<0.05 implied significance. Rats were fasted to induce ulcer and then effect of O.sanctum was evaluated. Ocimum sanctum at both the doses was found to possess analgesic, antipyretic, anti- ulcerogenic activities experimental rats and O.sanctum at a dose of 1000mg kg-1b.wt-1 was found to be significantly effective than the other dose. --- ## In vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic fractions of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta **Authors:** Neetika Chahar, Sandeep Deswal, Vijender Singh Mahalwal **Published:** 2013-09-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, disk diffusion method, inhibition zones, microplate dilution method, phytochemical screening Different solvent fractions of ethanolic extract of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta were evaluated against standard bacteria and clinical isolates. The solvent partitioning protocol involving ethanol, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water, was used to extract various fractions of dried pulverized Cryptolepis sanguinolenta roots. Qualitative phyto-constituents screening was performed on the ethanol extract, chloroform fraction and the water fraction. The disk diffusion method was employed to ascertain the antibiogram of the test organisms while the agar diffusion method was used to investigate the antimicrobial properties of the crude plant extracts. The microplate dilution method aided in finding the MICs while the MBCs were obtained by the method of Nester and friends. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, reducing sugars, polyuronides, anthocyanosides and triterpenes. The ethanol extract inhibited 5 out of 8 (62.5%) of the standard organisms and 6 out of 8 (75%) clinical isolates. The petroleum ether fraction inhibited 4 out of 8 (50%) of the standard microbes and 1 out of 8 (12.5%) clinical isolates. It was also observed that the chloroform fraction inhibited the growth of all the organisms (100%). Average inhibition zones of 14.0 ± 1.0 mm to 24.67 ± 0.58 mm was seen in the ethyl acetate fraction which halted the growth of 3 (37.5%) of the standard organisms. Inhibition of 7 (87.5%) of standard strains and 6 (75%) of clinical isolates were observed in the water fraction. The chloroform fraction exhibited bactericidal activity against all the test organisms while the remaining fractions showed varying degrees of bacteriostatic activity. The study confirmed that fractions of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta have antimicrobial activity. The chloroform fraction had the highest activity, followed by water, ethanol, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate respectively. Only the chloroform fraction exhibited bactericidal activity and further investigations are needed to ascertain its safety and prospects of drug development. --- ## A way to low cost, quality medicines: implementation of an essential medicines policy in public health facilities in Delhi (India) **Authors:** Vandana Roy **Published:** 2013-09-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Essential medicines, drug policy, procurement, costs, quality, access Access to essential medicines is poor in India. To improve accessibility of essential medicines, the Government of Delhi (India) implemented a drug policy based on the essential medicine concept in 1994. A list of essential medicines was selected and systems for quality assurance and pooled procurement of medicines were established. In this study the impact of the drug policy, on costs and quality of medicines has been assessed. The costs and quality of medicines procured by the Delhi Government's Central Procurement Agency (CPA), for public health facilities were analyzed from 1995 to 2009. The CPA costs were compared with procurement prices of other public sector agencies: Medical Stores Organization (MSO) and Tamil Nadu Medical Stores Corporation (TNMSC), local hospital tender, retail pharmacies (Government and private) and international reference prices. The costs of prescriptions in Public health facilities were monitored and the quality of medicines being procured was assessed. The findings showed that costs of essential medicines have decreased by 33.3% over 15 years. Over three years (2006-2009) the unit costs of medicines and the average expenditure per prescription increased marginally. The local tender prices were 27.2% and medicine costs at Government retail pharmacies 96.5% more than CPA prices. The procurement prices of agencies, with larger volumes of bulk purchase ie. MSO & TNMSC, were lesser than CPA prices by 18.7 % and 44.23% respectively. The private retail prices were variable and 242.7% to 897.12% more and international reference prices higher than CPA prices by 226%. The costs of medicines procured by CPA were lower than all other agencies, except MSO and TNMSC. The medicine samples that failed quality tests decreased from 1.45% to 0.13%. Implementation of an essential medicine policy by the Government of Delhi has enabled quality medicines to be procured at low costs. Such policies may help improve medicine accessibility in India. --- ## A stability indicating RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and Efavirenz in pharmaceutical dosage forms **Authors:** Sreekanth Nadig, Jane T Jacob, Ishwar Bhat, Kishoreraju V. **Published:** 2013-09-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Emtricitabine, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, Efavirenz, HPLC, Validation A stability indicating RP-HPLC method has been developed for quantitative determination of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate and Efavirenz in Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved through gradient elution. Detection wavelength was monitored at 262 nm. The retention times of the Emtricitibine, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and Efavirenz was about 2.6, 5.4, 7.9min respectively. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. This method is found to be simple, fast and economical Hence this validated method can be used in routine quality testing of individual dosage forms and combination dosage forms of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and Efavirenz. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of bendamustine hydrochloride poly (L-lactide) (PLA) microspheres **Authors:** Gollapally Madhu, Shobhan Babu T., Mallikharjun K., Lokesh T., Venugopal Pyata **Published:** 2013-09-07 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Double emulsion, Encapsulation efficiency, Homogenization, Poly (L-lactide), Salt concentrations The present investigation was aimed at developing Bendamustine-loaded poly (L-lactide) (PLA) based biodegrada- ble microspheres by a double emulsion solvent evaporation technique which would have sustained release of the drug. The poly (L-lactide) (PLA) microspheres containing Bendamustine as a drug and evaluate the various physicochemical characteristics of the formulations, namely morphology, particle size, FTIR, Bendamustine encapsulation efficiency and In vitro Bendamustine release profile. Bendamustine-loaded microspheres were prepared by double emulsion solvent evaporation method with different Bendamustine, PLA ratios and at different speeds of homogenization keeping the amount of Bendamustine constant in all the formulations and different amount of salt (NaCl) concentrations Accelerated stability testing was performed with the optimized formulations for a period of two months. The mean particle size and encapsulation efficiency of the microspheres were found to decrease as the speed of homogenization increased and the encapsulation efficiency was increased with increase in salt (NaCl) concentration. The in vitro release study showed a slow and steady release pattern of Bendamustine. Thus a sustained release formulation of Bendamustine loaded PLA microspheres were developed. --- ## Isolation and characterization of anthracene degrading bacteria from soil contaminated with petroleum wastes **Authors:** Neeraja P., Madhusudhan N.CH., Soma Shanker, Ravikumar M. **Published:** 2013-09-07 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anthracene, PAHs, biodegradation, soil contaminated with petroleum wastes, Pseudomonas Poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are one of the most widespread organic pollutants. Among the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), anthracene is highly carcinogenic. The vast amount of bacterial genomic data provides unparalleled opportunities for understanding the genetic and molecular bases of the degradation of organic pollutants In the present work, it is designed to isolate and identify anthracene degrading bacterial species from soil contaminated with wastes of petroleum industry. The efficiency of biodegradation capacity of isolated microorganism was measured by U.V spectroscopy. Soil samples contaminated with petroleum wastes were grown on MM9 medium. The cultures were then transferred onto the GSP agar medium for the presence of Pseudomonas species. The presence of yellow to red coloration indicated the presence of Pseudomonas species. Further, the isolates were identified on the basis of morphological, trophic and biochemical traits according to the Bergey’s Manual of systemic bacteriology (1994). Chromosomal DNA is isolated from the isolated bacterial species. Spectrophotometric and electrophoretic analysis of the DNA has been done and compared with that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853.DNA purity was estimated from A280, A260 and A230 values. Based on the percentage of cytosine to guanine content the isolated organism may be considered as Pseudomonas stutzery. Around 76% of anthracene was degraded by isolated pseudomonas species. --- ## Bioactive potential of Graphene derivatives **Authors:** Chellaram C., Alex John A., Mark Praveen M., Sivakumar R., Kumar N., Archana H. **Published:** 2013-09-03 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Graphene Oxide, Reduced Graphene Oxide, Colony counting, Antibacterial activity Graphene and graphene oxide (GO) layers have become a hotspot so far and have been actively investigated to build new composite materials. These novel nanomaterials have great potential in applications such as electro- chemical devices, energy storage catalysis, and adsorption of enzyme, cell imaging and drug delivery, as well as biosensors. In this project, we have synthesized graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by chemical method and characterized with UV- Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and XRD. The antibacterial activity of GO and rGO aqueous dispersions toward selected microorganisms were compared. Colony counting method results show that GO has the highest antibacterial activities, followed by rGO under the same dispersion concentration. --- ## A review on bilayer floating tablets **Authors:** Suresh Karudumpala, Madhusudhana Chetty C., Gnanaprakash K., Venkatesh B., Sankar P. **Published:** 2013-09-03 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Bilayer tablets, controlled release layer, Floating tablets, Gastro retentive drug delivery system, immediate release layer Bilayer tablets have been developed to achieve controlled delivery of different drugs with pre-defined release profiles. In the last decade, interest in developing a combination of two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in a single dosage form (Bilayer tablet) has increased in the pharmaceutical industry, promoting patient convenience and compliance. Bilayer tablet can be a primary option to avoid chemical incompatibilities between Active pharmaceutical ingredients by physical separation, and to enable the development of different drug release profiles (immediate release with controlled release). Despite their advantages, due to the use of different materials and complex geometric boundaries between adjacent layers, the mechanical structures of this drug delivery system have become quite intricate, requiring complicated tablet architectures as well as patient friendly. Gastro retentive drug delivery system prolongs the retention time of dosage forms in the stomach or upper gastro intestinal tract, as to improve solubility, bioavailability and the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs. Several pharmaceutical companies are currently developing Bilayer tablets. For a variety of reasons: patient extension, therapeutic, marketing to name a few. To reduce capital investment, quite often existing but modified tablet presses and are used to develop and reduce such tablets. This review is an attempt to illustrate the applications of Bilayer tablet by releasing the medicaments immediately for patient’s relief and also maintaining therapeutic level to an extended period of time by controlling the release of drug in a sustained manner for better patient compliance and acceptability. --- ## Human Alkaline phosphatases in health and disease: A mini review **Authors:** Nageshwari Badgu, Ramchander Merugu **Published:** 2013-09-03 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Apase, Tumour markers, B-lymphocyte activation, inhibitors Distribution of Alkaline phosphatase (APase) is ubiquitous amongst different cell types and tissues in almost all living organisms. In mammals four isoenzymes with tissue-specific distribution have been well characterized. Several physiological functions have been proposed for APase. In bone, Tissue Non specific Alkaline Phosphatase (TNAPase) is thought to mediate phosphate assimilation. TNAPase may also play a role in the renal transport of phosphate. In the intestine, APase has been proposed to participate in the absorption and transport of lipids and nucleotides. Intestinal Alkaline phosphatase (IAPase) also function as a phosphate binding protein under physiological conditions in the brush border membrane vesicles. APases are abundantly expressed in tumor cells, and serum levels of APase isozymes are often used as tumor markers. Placental Alkaline phosphatase (PLAPase) and Germ cell Alkaline phosphatase (GCAPase) have been evaluated extensively in various malignant conditions. Structure and functions of different human APases along with their clinical significance are discussed in this communication. --- ## Spectrophotometric determination of Chloroquine in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations **Authors:** Aitha Vijaya Lakshmi **Published:** 2013-09-03 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chloroquine (CQ), Spectrophotometry, Dosageforms, Wool fast blue (WFB), Bromo cresol green (BCG) Two simple, sensitive, precise, accurate and cost-effective spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of Chloroquine in pure and dosage forms. Both Method-A and B are based on the formation of ion association complex with acid dyes Wool fast blue (WFB) and Bromo cresol green (BCG).which are extractable into chloroform phase. The colored chromogen for Method-A shows absorption maximum at 590 nm and linear within the limits50-250μg/mL.Method-B produced colored chromogen which is measured at 420nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 50-250 μg/mL for the developed method. Different experimental parameters affecting the color development and stability of colored product are carefully studied and optimized. The developed methods could be successfully applied to pharmaceutical formulations. The results obtained are in good agreement with those obtained using official methods. --- ## Green Fluorescent Protein as an analytical tool in Process Analytical Technology **Authors:** Sunita Ogale, Anubha Khale, Siddhesh Juvekar **Published:** 2013-08-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** PAT, US FDA, quality, fermentation, GFP Process Analytical Technology (PAT) is an initiative of US FDA to ensure for a better quality product with minimum cost, minimum wastage and defects by a constant check on the quality attributes throughout a process. The PAT concept proved beneficial in maintaining the quality of many of the pharmaceutical and biotechnological process. Yet for all there had been much opposition on implementation of PAT. Fermentation being one of the prime processes linking to most of the pharmaceutical products proves to be an excellent stand on this issue if at all PAT is successful in its case. Of the many techniques suggested by PAT for analyzing the quality of the process Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), a step ahead in process analysis. The review aims at supporting the PAT concept with the discussion made on the benefits of GFP in various fermentation processes. --- ## Investigation on hypoglycemic, antioxidant and Hypolipidemic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Cordia sebestena in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats **Authors:** Sarathchandiran I., Gnanavel M. **Published:** 2013-08-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hypoglycemic effect, Herbal drugs, Lipid peroxidation, Hyperglycemia, Diabetic animals Herbal drugs are frequently considered to be less toxic and also free from side effects, than synthetic ones. Hence, the present study is an attempt to study antihyperglycemic property of Cordia sebestena against streptozotocin induced diabetes. The effect of alcoholic extract of Cordia sebestena on blood glucose and liver glycogen were studied in the diabetic rats. The study also assessed for the effect of plant extract for their effect on SOD, catalase, GSH and LPO in the homogenates of the pancreas. The results of the present study attests significant antidiabetic and antioxidant potential for the selected plants individually and also in combination as a prominent decrease in blood glucose and liver glycogen was observed in the rats treated with the extracts of the selected plants. Similarly, the levels of the protective antioxidant enzymes like SOD, catalase and GSH were increased along with decrease in the LPO levels. The present study provides a scientific evidence for antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of Cordia sebestena. --- ## Formulation and in vitro evaluation of Esomeprazole delayed release multi- particulate capsules **Authors:** Sirisha K.V.R., Vijayasri K., Devanna N., Kamalakar Reddy G. **Published:** 2013-08-03 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Esomeprazole Magnesium Dihydrate, Delayed Release, Multi-Particulates, Solution/Suspension layering, Wurster The present research was aimed to formulate and evaluate Esomeprazole magnesium dihydrate delayed release multi-particulate capsules. The delayed release multiple units were prepared by solution/suspension layering using fluid-bed Wurster (bottom-spray) technology, a well recognized process for providing excellent coating uniformity and efficiency. The prepared multiparticulates consists of successive layers of seal coat, drug coat, barrier coat, enteric-polymer coat, over coat on existing inert seeds and finally filled into capsules. The filled capsules were evaluated for drug content, acid resistance test, in vitro drug release and compared with the marketed product. The dissimilarity (f1) and similarity (f2) factors for optimized and marketed formulations were found to be 3.56 and 72.49, respectively. Accelerated stability study conducted as per ICH guide lines at 400C/75% RH for six months showed that the finalized formulation (E5 multiple units filled into capsules) was stable during the study period. --- ## Development and evaluation of sustained release matrix transdermal patches of Nano carvedilol **Authors:** Ashok Kumar J., Gopal V. **Published:** 2013-06-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nano carvedilol, Transdermal patches, Physicochemical parameters, In-vitro study Transdermal drug delivery system of nano carvedilol has been formulated by solvent casting method. Nano sized carvedilol was prepared by high pressure homogenization technique and morphology of nano particles confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Sustained release nano carvedilol matrix patches were prepared by using hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). Physicochemical parameters like thickness uniformity, folding endurance, elongation break, weight variation, drug content uniformity, percentage moisture content, percentage moisture uptake, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) were evaluated. On the basis of in vitro drug release studies (12 hours) and ex vivo permeation performance, formulation code CT2 was found to be better than other formulation and it was selected as the optimized formulation. In vitro kinetic studies results followed higuchi (r2=0.9948), and the mechanism of release was diffusion. The optimized patch was found to be stable at 40oC ± 2oC and 75 ± 5 % RH for six month with respect to their physicochemical parameters and drug content. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of Ebastine mouth dissolving tablets by molecular dispersion technique **Authors:** Raja Sridhar Rao P., Chandrasekara Rao G. **Published:** 2013-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ebastine, Molecular dispersion, Mouth dissolving tablets, Stability: Tutti frutti Ebastine is a second generation antihistamine mainly used for allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Ebastine is available in India as a conventional immediate release tablet; there is a need of formulating Ebastine in mouth dissolving tablet form to allow the administration of the dosage form without water, where particularly important for geriatrics, pediatrics and mentally retarded patients. Since, Ebastine is insoluble in water, different formulation techniques and excipients were tried for formulation of mouth dissolving tablets, molecular dispersion granulation technique was employed to optimize the formulation. Results were observed that, formulated mouth dissolving tablets are ready to disperse on tongue within a minute and the dissolution is very quick compared to the conventional immediate release tablets. Main physical parameters like weight variation, hardness, friability, fineness of dispersion and disintegration time and chemical quality parameters like assay and dissolution were evaluated during manufacturing and found satisfactory with meeting the pharamacopoeial limits. Finalized formulation F13 was packed in to blisters and charged for stability at 40°C/75%RH. Main physical and chemical quality parameters were evaluated during stability and found satisfactory. Dissolution profile was also generated during stability showed satisfactory results compared to initial dissolution profile. --- ## Development and validation of HPTLC method for estimation of acyclovir in formulations **Authors:** Dhobale Shankar Maruti, Subir Kumar Banerjee **Published:** 2013-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acyclovir, Estimation, HPTLC A new, simple, and rapid high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method was developed and validated for quantitative determination of Acyclovir. Acyclovir was chromatographed on silica gel 60 F254 TLC plate using chloroform: methanol: formic acid (6.5 + 3.5 + 0.1 v/v/v) as mobile phase. Acyclovir was quantified by densitometric analysis at 259 nm. The method was found to give compact spots for the drug (Rf = 0.25±0.01). The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship with r2 = 0.9996 in the concentration range 100–600 ng/spot. The method was validated for precision, recovery, repeatability, and robustness as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The minimum detectable amount was found to be 100 ng/spot, whereas the limit of quantitation was found to be 300 ng/spot. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the method is precise, accurate, reproducible, and selective for the routine quality control of Acyclovir. --- ## Anti-inflammatory agents of herbal origin: An overview **Authors:** Praveen K Dixit, Suchita Mittal **Published:** 2013-06-27 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Inflammation, Anti-inflammatory activity, Herbal agents Inflammation is a pathological state characterized by redness, pain and swelling which is probably the result of leucocyte infiltration. Various agents such as Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID’s) have potent anti- inflammatory activity that are accompanied by various adverse effects like peptic ulceration, increase Na+ and water retention, raised transaminases, mental confusion, etc. Contrary to that the drugs obtained from plant source (herbal drug) have fewer side effects. The main objective of this review is to abridge the herbal plants used in inflammation and to seek their anti-inflammatory potential. --- ## Studies on antibacterial, antioxidant, larvicidal, pesticidal activities and phytochemistry of Leonotis nepetifolia (Linn) R. Br. **Authors:** Udaya Prakash N.K., Bhuvaneswari S., Balamurugan A., Vaishnavi S., Sunisha Sugunan, Sindhu Meena, Chandran M., Sekar Babu H. **Published:** 2013-06-27 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Leonotis nepetifolia, Antibacterial, Anti-oxidant, Larvicidal, Pesticidal activity, Phytochemistry Antibacterial, anti-oxidant, larvicidal, pesticidal activity and phytochemical constituents of the plant Leonotis nepetifolia is studied. The plant, Leonotis nepetifolia was collected from Villiambakkam Village belonging to Chengalpet District of Tamil Nadu State in India. The acetone, chloroform, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves, stem and root of the plant were evaluated for their phytochemical constituents. Antibacterial efficacy was studied through Micro dilution technique on Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 121), Escherichia coli (MTCC 443), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC 1320), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96) and Streptococcus epidermidis (MTCC 435), antioxidant potency through DPPH scavenging activity, larvicidal potency using the nauplii of Artemia salina and pesticidal activity using a rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae. The phytochemical studies revealed that Phlobatannins are completely absent in leaf, stem and root of the plant. Steroids are absent in stem and root and Saponin in stem of the plant. Ethyl acetate extract of the stem of the plant showed significant anti-bacterial activity comparable to Streptomycin as control. The ethanolic extract of the plant, Leonotis nepetifolia recorded the EC50 value at 14 mg/ml against DPPH. The root of the plant was found to possess significant larvicidal and pesticidal activity against Artemia salina and Sitophilus oryzae respectively. The study amply demonstrates that the plant, Leonotis nepetifolia can be potentially used as an antibacterial, antioxidant, larvicidal and pesticidal agent. --- ## Application of Planar chromatography for the simultaneous determination of Metformin Hydrochloride and Glimepiride in combined dosage form **Authors:** Dhobale Shankar Maruti, Subir Kumar Banerjee **Published:** 2013-06-26 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Glimepiride (GLI), High-performance thin layer chromatography-Densitometry, ICH Guidelines, Metformin Hydrochloride (MET) A Simple, sensitive, selective and precise high-performance thin layer chromatographic method for analysis of Metformin Hydrochloride and glimepiride in combined dosage form. The method employed TLC aluminium plates Precoated with silica gel 60F-254 as the stationary phase. The solvent system consisted of toluene: methanol: ethyl acetate: formic acid (3:6:3:0.2, v/v/v/v). This system was found to give compact spots for Metformin Hydrochloride and glimepiride (Rf value of 0.74 ± 0.01 and 0.08 ± 0.01). Densitometric analysis of Metformin Hydrochloride and glimipiride were carried out in the absorbance mode at 216 nm. The linear regression data for the calibration plots showed good relationship with, r2 = 0.9975 ± 0.01 from 200 -1400 ng for Metformin Hydrochloride and r2 = 0.9999 ± 0.02 from 20-140 ng for glimipiride, respectively. The methods were validated for precision, accuracy, ruggedness and recovery. The limits of detection and quantification were 50 and 100 ng per spot for Metformin Hydrochloride and 5 and 50ng per spot for glimipiride, respectively. --- ## Standardization of Rasayana churna – A classical ayurvedic formulation **Authors:** Hardik Soni, Surendra Bhatt, Biswajyoti Patgiri **Published:** 2013-06-26 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rasayana Churna, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial Standard, Standardization Standardization is necessary to ensure quality and purity of the herbal drugs. It is equally important to establish system of standardization for every plant used in the herbal formulation to develop safe and quality based herbal formulation. Present study is initiated with to establish a standard methods and quality parameters for Rasayana Churna. It includes Authentication, Organoleptic properties, physic-chemical parameters, assay of active, heavy metal analysis, microbial load and qualitative HPTLC analysis. All results were compared with Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial standard. The obtained values should be helpful to develop pharmacopoeial standards of Rasayana Churna. Simultaneous comparative data of Rasayana Churna showed presence of each and every ingredient in formulation with their unique Rf value. This data will be helpful to overcome batch to batch variations in traditional preparation of Rasayana Churna. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of floating mucoadhesive beads of Nizatidine **Authors:** Jadhav S L, Banrjee S K **Published:** 2013-06-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Beads, alginate, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose, chitosan, floating- mucoadhesion, Nizatidine An objective of the present study was to develop alginate/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)/chitosan based floating-mucoadhesive beads of Nizatidine to provide prolonged contact time of drug to treat gastric disorders. Floating-mucoadhesive beads were prepared and characterized for invivo performance in rabits. Beads were prepared by ionic gelation technique where calcium chloride used as gelating agent. Prepared beads were evaluated extensively for particle size, drug entrapment; swelling and surface morphology by using scanning electron microscopy, in vitro mucoadhesion using rat stomach mucosal membrane and invitro drug release studies were carried out. Alginate-HPMC-chitosan beads may be suitable floating-mucoadhesive drug delivery system for delivering Nizatidine to treat gastric disorders. --- ## Pharmacognostical and phyto-physicochemical investigation of Mangifera indica Linn. **Authors:** Gaikwad D.D., Banerjee S.K. **Published:** 2013-06-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mangifera indica L. bark, Phytochemical screening, Pharmacognostical study The aim of the present study is to describe the microscopically, physicochemical and phytochemical attributes of the Mangifera indica L. bark. This is required to generate preformulation data useful for the preparation of the pharmaceutical dosage form of Mangifera indica L. bark extract. Microscopic investigation was done using high magnification lens from Cerlzeis microscope. The physicochemical properties such as loss on drying, total ash, pH, solubility, extractive values etc. were determined on the bark extract powder. Phytochemical investigations such as qualitative phytochemical analysis were carried out as per standard method reported by T.E. Wallis. It was observed that the T.S. of matured bark has got distinct irregular cork, under which there are about 15-30 layers of rectangular tangentially elongated cells consisting of phellogen and pheloderm. There are stone cells scattered in the cortex Area. The results of present study revealed the presence of various active constituents such as Glycoside, Sterols, Saponins, Phenolic compounds, Tanins, Amino acids and Flavonoids. The investigational work suggested that Mangifera indica L. Hydroalcoholic dry extract contains the ingredients which can support the claim of the reported pharmacological activities of Mangifera indica L. aqueous extract (Vimang). Hence the present study helped and provided information required for as preformulation needed of Mangifera indica L. extract dosage form. --- ## Formulation of liquisolid tablets of candesartan cilexetil **Authors:** Abdul Hasan Sathali A., Deepa C. **Published:** 2013-06-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Candesartan cilexetil, liquisolid tablets, solubility, dissolution rate The main objective of present investigation was to enhance the dissolution rate of water insoluble drug Candesartan cilexetil by using liquisolid technique. Liquisolid tablets were prepared using a mathematical model to calculate the required quantities of carrier and coating materials to produce acceptably flowable and compressible admixture. Propylene glycol, PEG 400, Cremophor EL, Capryol 90 and Tween 80 were used as non-volatile liquid vehicles. Avicel PH 102, Aerosil 200 and sodium starch glycolate were employed as carrier, coating material and disintegrant respectively. Drug concentration of 20% w/w (1:4 ratio of drug and liquid vehicle) and 40% w/w (1:2 ratio of drug and liquid vehicle) and R-values (carrier to coating materials ratio) of 10, 20 and 30 were used to formulate the tablets. The formulated liquisolid tablets were evaluated for various parameters including dissolution studies. It was found that the liquisolid tablets formulated with Cremophor EL at drug concentration of 20 % w/w showed higher dissolution profile when compared with other liquisolid formulations, pure drug and directly compressed tablets. The stability studies showed that the dissolution profiles of liquisolid tablets were not affected by ageing significantly. Infrared spectroscopic (IR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetric studies confirmed no interaction exists between drug and excipients. Powder X- ray diffraction studies (PXRD) suggested loss of drug crystallinity upon liquisolid formulation which was further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). --- ## Formulation and evaluation of floating in situ gel of Nizatidine **Authors:** Jadhav S.L., Banerjee S.K. **Published:** 2013-06-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nizatidine, sodium Alginate, In-situ gel, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose The present investigation concerns with the development and optimization of an floating in-situ gelling formulation of Nizatidine. It is H2-receptor antagonist absorbed from the upper gastrointestinal tract and it is preferentially localized in parietal cells of gastric mucosa. The polymer used in the study is Sodium alginate which forms a gel when it comes in contact with simulated gastric fluid. The principle of gelling involves supply of complexed calcium ions in form of calcium carbonate that are released in the acidic environment of the stomach. The formulations are designed by using 32 full factorial design. Sodium alginate sols of various concentrations were prepared by dissolving variable amount of sodium alginate in deionized water. In sodium alginate solution variable amounts of calcium carbonate were added so as to obtain nine different formulations. The amount of Nizatidine is kept constant for all nine formulations. The F5 formulation showed optimum drug release. The gels were evaluated with respect to In Vitro Drug Release Appearance of gel, Viscosity of In Situ Gelling Solution, in vitro Floating Study, Content uniformity and pH Measurement. Stability study was done according to ICH guidelines. This study reports that the aqueous solutions of nizatidine containing sodium alginate forms in situ gel in acidic environment. The results of a 32 full factorial design revealed that the concentration of sodium alginate and concentration of calcium carbonate significantly affected on the dependent variables like viscosity, floating lag time, drug release The in- vivo study shows significant anti-ulcer effect of alginate based in situ gel of nizatidine. --- ## Development and evaluation of herbal gel formulation of Magnifera indica linn extract **Authors:** Gaikwad D.D., Banerjee S.K. **Published:** 2013-06-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mangifera indica Linn, Herbal gel, HPMC, carbopol934, Ethanol:Water The aim of the present study is to develop topical gel formulation containing ethanol:water (80:20) dry extract of Mangifera indica L. and to evaluate its properties with respect to its quality, effectiveness against inflammation and stability. Different gel formulations containing ethanol:water dry extract of Mangifera indica Linn were prepared using various concentrations of Carbapol 934 P and HPMC separately. The formulation were evaluated and its anti-inflammatory activities compared with standard formulations were also subjected to intermediate and accelerated stability studies as per ICH guideline. The Gel were found to be non-newtonian; viscoelastic with equivalent anti-inflammatory effect on rat when compared with standard preparation of Diclofenac Sodium. The present work suggest that the ethanol:water extract of Mangifera indica Linn can be successfully used as a topical preparation. Topical gel formulation using Carbapol 934p polymer shows good stability on storage and also encouraging drug release profile and anti-inflammatory action. --- ## Antioxidant activity of the waste water of boiled Zea mays (sweet corn) on the cob **Authors:** Diah Dhianawaty D., Ramdan Panigoro **Published:** 2013-06-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant activity, antioxidant supplement, corn on the cob, DPPH assay Zea mays or corn is one of the important foodstuffs in Indonesia. Harvested area was 33 Provence, which in many cities is commonly sold on the street by hawkers as boiled or burned corn. The objective of the research is to study antioxidant activity on the waste water boiled. Sweet corn on the cob was boiled in 20 minutes. The waste water boiled was dried with freeze dryer equipment. Dried extract was screened of phytochemical constituents, and antioxidant activity was determined with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Screening of phytochemicals showed positive results from the presence of flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, and quinon. Antioxidant activity EC50 was 189.8µg/ml. In conclusion, the waste water of boiled sweet corn on the cob has antioxidant activity, and maybe the waste water can be used as antioxidant supplement. --- ## Comparison of curcumin level in fresh and decoction of dried Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. rhizome **Authors:** Ramdan Panigoro, Samsudin Surialaga, Diah Dhianawaty D. **Published:** 2013-06-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Curcumin, Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb, decoction, traditional medicine Curcuma xanthorhiza Roxb, is an original medicinal plant from Indonesia. Almost of Indonesian Jamu consist of it, and the people made it in the various methods such as decoction, homemade jamu. Nowadays, it is used in the formal therapy, such as in vitamins. It contains curcuminoid which one is curcumin that has various activities. The objective of the research is to evaluate the curcumin concentrations in two different preparation methods, fresh and decoction of dried rhizome. The rhizome was screened of the phytochemical constituents. Fresh rhizome was scraped and was kneaded with 50 ml of boiled water, dried rhizome was boiled in 50 ml water at 90°C in 30 minutes, volume to be kept at constant. Both were filtered and the supernatants were evaporated on the water bath. Curcumin were isolated with 50 ml methanol. Concentrations of curcumin were measured with spectrophotometer at wavelength 418 nm. Phytochemicals screening showed of positive results for the presence of alkaloid, saponin, quinon, and steroid/triterfenoid. From 20 g fresh of Curcuma xanthorhiza rhizome and 5.87 g decoction of dried Curcuma xanthorhiza rhizome could be isolated 37.9 mg and 12.95 mg curcumin respectively. In conclusion curcumin concentration that could be isolated from fresh Curcuma xanthorhiza rhizome is higher than decoction of dried Curcuma xanthorhiza rhizome, those are 37.9 mg and 12.95 mg curcumin respectively. Curcumin has positive effects on health, hence both fresh and decoction of dried Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizome can promote the consumers health. --- ## A review on process validation as an essential process **Authors:** Bharat Parashar, Rohit Gupta, Gaurav Khurana **Published:** 2013-06-18 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Process Validation, Quality Assurance, Manufacturing Processes, Predetermined quality characteristics The present article gives an introduction and general overview on process validation as an essential process for manufacturing pharmaceutical products. Process validation is an important component in the design, prototyping and manufacturing process and assures that a process will consistently produce product, meeting its predetermined quality characteristics and attributes. As quality is always an imperative prerequisite when we consider any product. Therefore, drugs must be manufactured to the highest quality levels. Also end-product testing by itself does not guarantee the quality of the product so quality assurance techniques must be used to build the quality into the product at every step and not just tested for at the end. In pharmaceutical industry, Process Validation performs this task to build the quality into the product because according to ISO 9000:2000, it had proven to be an important tool for quality management of pharmaceuticals. --- ## The road of generic medicines towards improving the accessibility of essential medicines **Authors:** Bora Lichanda, Mi Luo, Bikui Zhang **Published:** 2013-06-18 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Generic medicines, essential medicines, accessibility, affordability The skyrocket rising of the prices of medicines is one of the problems for people to access medicines essential for the maintenance of their health; generic medicines seem to be the savior and way out of this burden. Apart from stimulating domestic production of pharmaceuticals, generic medicines has increased availability and affordability of essential medicines especially in low and mid income countries. Promoting the use, strict regulation and improving the standards of production of generic medicines especially in developing countries will reduce the doubts and skepticisms people are having on generic medicines thus increasing the use of generics therefore improving the accessibility of essential medicines. --- ## A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of Solifenacin in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations **Authors:** Alia Afra S., Rameeja S., Madhavi R., Venkataramanamma C., Divya G., Srilakshmi Y., Gobinath M., Saravanan D. **Published:** 2013-06-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Solifenacin succinate, Alizarin red, Extractive spectrophotometric method, Ion-pair complex Simple, sensitive and rapid extractive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of solifenacin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. This method was based on the formation of yellow ion-pair complex between the basic nitrogen of the solifenacin and alizarin red in acid solution. The formed complex was extracted with chloroform and the absorbance was measured at 430 nm. The system obeyed Beer’s law in the ranges 2.5–22.5 µgmL−1. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The effect of optimum conditions via strength of the acid solution on the ion pair formation, reagent concentration, time and temperature, and solvent was studied. The low relative standard deviation (%RSD) values indicate good precision and high recovery values. This method has been successfully applied for the assay of solifenacin in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. --- ## Secretory Expression of recombinant human Interferon-alpha2b in methilotropic yeast Pichia pastoris **Authors:** Ratih Asmana Ningrum, Adi Santoso, Neng Herawati **Published:** 2013-06-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** hIFNα-2b, secretory expression, methilotropic yeast, Pichia pastoris Interferon is a cytokine secreted by eukaryotic cells as a response to virus, bacteria, and different type of macromolecules exposure. This research was purposed to obtain human interferon-alpha2b (hIFN-α2b) protein in methylotropic yeast Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris). The isolated and amplified open reading frame (ORF) was produced as 522 bps that corresponding to its theoretical hifn-α2b ORF size. The ORF was cloned into pPICZαB shuttle vector and transformed into Escherichia coli (E. coli). Nucleotide sequence analysis confirmed that the recombinant plasmid contained correct sequence of hifn-α2b ORF. The recombinant plasmid pPICZαB-hifn-α2b was linearized by using Bstx1 enzyme and transformed into P. pastoris genome. High expression screening of transformants that performed by using 2000 µg/mL zeocin as a marker resulted in thirteen transformants. All transformants produced 24.05 kDa protein bands in extracellular compartment by using 0.5% methanol as inducer. Slot blot analysis confirmed that the band was hIFN-α2b with the highest expression achieved by clone number 12. To conclude, hIFN-α2b protein was successfully obtained as secretory protein with 24.05 kDa in size containing polyhistidine tag and c-myc epitope in its C terminus. --- ## Curcumin nanoforms promise better therapeutic values **Authors:** Heni Rachmawati **Published:** 2013-06-10 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Curcumin, dendrimer, lipid-based nanoparticle, nanocrystal, nanocarrier, polymeric nanoparticle, polymeric micelle There are many reports proved great potential effects of curcumin in various diseases. Curcumin exhibits antioxidant, anti inflammation, antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic activities. It’s unique ability to work through so many different pathways has a positive influence in combating almost every known disease. However, lack of its stability and solubility limits its therapeutic applications in clinic. Several approaches have been described not only in chemical modifications but also in formulation technologies to expose the therapeutic values of curcumin. This review presented an updated concise review of currently available technologies to improve the physicochemical characteristic of curcumin as well as its stability, hence showing better therapeutic effects, using different types of nanoform: nanocrystal and nanocarriers. --- ## Diet and colorectal cancer: knowledge assessment among Malaysian university students **Authors:** Abdul Rahman M.F. Nahas, Azmi Sarriff, Saad Othman **Published:** 2013-06-07 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Colorectal cancer (CRC), Dietary habits, Knowledge assessment The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge of dietary habits related to colorectal cancer (CRC) in a university students’ population. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted among students from different schools and grades of studies at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) (n = 385), regarding knowledge of CRC and dietary habits. Only (34.8%) of students could correctly define CRC as cancer of colon and rectum and (55.3%) of them could not define diet as a risk factor for CRC. The overall score of knowledge was low (Mean ± SD = -4.27 ± 0.4). Majority of students showed lack of knowledge (71.9%). Inferential analysis revealed significant association and difference in knowledge among different sociodemographic subgroups. --- ## Spectrophotometric determination of pramipexole di-hydrochloride in bulk and tablet dosage form **Authors:** Pawar D.S., Dole M.N., Sawant S.D. **Published:** 2013-06-07 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pramipexole dihydrochloride, UV spectrophotometry Pramipexole dihydrochloride is chemically (s)-2-amino 4, 5, 6, 7 tetra hydro-6 (propylamino) benzothiazole dihydrochloride is used as an anti-Parkinsons drug. The drug is commercially accessible as tablets for oral administration. In the present work an attempt has been made to estimate the drug by three methods. Method A is absorption maxima method in which λmax was found to be 262nm. Method B is first order derivative spectroscopy where drug showed λmaxima=278nm and λminima=246nm.In this method amplitude difference (dA/dλ) was calculated and was plotted against concentration and regression equation was calculated. Method C is area under the curve (AUC) in which area in the wavelength range of 258nm - 266nm was selected for analysis of Pramipexole. Linearity was observed in the concentration range 10-50μg/ml (r2 =0.999) for all the three methods. The % assay for the marketed formulation for absorption maxima, first order derivative and area under the curve method was found to be 102.11%, 99.41% and 103.1% respectively. The methods were validated with respect to linearity, precision and accuracy studies. Recovery studies for absorption maxima, first order derivative and area under the curve was found to be 101.4%, 100.1% and 100.52% respectively. The methods were found to be simple, rapid, economical, precise and accurate and can be employed for routine quality control analysis of Pramipexole in bulk as well as from its dosage form. --- ## In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Asparagus racemosus roots **Authors:** Suchita Mittal, Praveen K Dixit, Rupesh K Gautam, Gupta M.M. **Published:** 2013-06-07 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-inflammatory, A. racemosus, Liliaceae, HRBC, Protein denaturation Asparagus racemosus commonly known as Shatavari belonging to family Liliaceae. In India, it is found in Himalaya’s up to an altitude of 1300-1400m and all tropical part. Its various uses are galactogogue, tonic, diuretic, rheumatism, inflammation, nervine disorder etc. The aim of study is to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Asparagus racemosus (ARHE) roots by using human red blood cell membrane stabilisation (HRBC) method and protein denaturation method. The inhibition of hypotonicity induced HRBC membrane lysis and denaturation of protein was taken as a measure of the anti inflammatory activity. The percentage of membrane stabilisation and protein denaturation for hydroalcoholic extracts and Diclofenac sodium were done at different concentrations. The maximum membrane stabilization and denaturation of protein of A. racemosus extracts was found to be 76.63 % at a dose of 1600 μg/ml and 545.91 at a dose of 2000 μg/ml respectively. --- ## Liposomes as novel drug delivery system: A comprehensive review **Authors:** Nagasamy Venkatesh Dhandapani, Anup Thapa, Goti Sandip, Ayush Shrestha, Niroj Shrestha, Rajan Sharma Bhattarai **Published:** 2013-06-07 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Liposomes, Controlled release, Carrier, Drug targeting Liposome is a microparticulate colloidal vesicle, in which aqueous medium is surrounded by single or multiple concentric layers of phospholipids. Both hydrophilic & hydrophobic drug can be incorporated, water soluble drug being trapped in aqueous core and fat soluble drug in phospholipids. It offers controlled release, targeted drug delivery thus enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced dosing frequency. Several liposome based drug formulation are approved for clinical use and many are under extensive investigation. Therapeutically, these are used as carrier for drugs, viruses, bacteria, antigen, peptides (antibiotic), vaccines, genes and diagnostic agents. This review discusses about the method of production and extensive therapeutic potential of liposomes as carriers for targeted and controlled delivery. --- ## Antibacterial activity of a few medicinal plants against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris **Authors:** Nidhi Didwania, Deepti Sadana, Trivedi P. C. **Published:** 2013-05-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial activity, Black rot disease, Brassica oleracea (L.) var. botrytis L, Cauliflower, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris Antibacterial activity of 12.5%, 25% and 50% alcoholic extracts of leaves of twenty different medicinal plants were investigated by disc diffusion method against gram negative bacteria namely Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (plant pathogen) causing black rot disease on cauliflower. It was found that twenty extracts of all the plant samples showed significant activity against the tested bacteria. The plant extracts of Allium cepa, Azadirachta indica, Tamarix aphylla, Vernonia anthelmentica, Plumbago zelanicum, and Tagetes erecta showed significantly good antibacterial activity in 50% concentration against X. c. pv. campestris in vitro and resulted in better seed germination and plant vigour than streptomycin. --- ## Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of ESBL producing gram negative rods causing nosocomial infection **Authors:** Umer Syed, Shaki rullah, Aziz Ullah, Baha rullah, Hamid Iqbal, Abdul Wahab, Ali Rehman **Published:** 2013-05-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gram Negative Rods, Antimicrobial, Patients To find the possible risks to hospitalized patients from hospital environment, this study was conducted with aim to investigate about prevalence of Gram Negative Rods (GNRs), their antibiotics susceptibility profile and ESBL producing ability of strains from a tertiary care hospital in Kohat, Pakistan. Total 120 samples were collected from medical, surgical, orthopedic, children and gyneae wards. All the samples were inoculated on various media including Blood Agar, MacConky Agar, EMB Agar and Clid Agar. All GNRs were identified on the basis of biochemical tests performed on API20E kit. ESBL detection and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of all isolates was performed on Mueller-Hinton Agar plates using Kirby Bauer's Disc Diffusion method. From all the samples, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from 49 (40.83%) samples, Proteus sp. from 35 (29.17%) samples, Klebsiella pneumoniae from 21 (17.50%) samples and Escherichia coli from 15 (12.50%) samples. ESBL producing strains were found as 47.36% in Klebsiella pneumoniae, 46.42% in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 77.7% in E. coli, and 20% in Proteus sp. Antibiotics resistance profile of both ESBL producing and non-ESBL producing bacteria was also too high. --- ## Studies on the detection of genetic variation of commercially cultivated Mushroom species using RAPD markers **Authors:** Prasad M.P., Rekha Sethi **Published:** 2013-05-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Genetic discrimination, Mushroom, Phytochemicals, RAPD Edible mushrooms are nutritionally endowed fungi (mostly Basidiomycetes) that grow naturally. Besides containing high protein, vitamins, fibers and low calories, it also has many medicinal properties. In this study, seven samples of mushrooms which are commercially cultivated were screened for phytochemicals such as Cardiac glycosides, Anthraquinones, Terpenoids, Proteins, Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins, Lignins and Phenol. All the samples showed a positive results for Terpenoids and Proteins and showed a negative results for Anthraquinones, Flavonoids, Tannins, Lignins and Phenol. Most of the samples were found to be positive for Cardiac glycosides and Saponins. In this study, genomic DNA was extracted from seven samples of mushroom and molecular characterization was taken up using ten decamer oligo-nucleotides as single primers in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), DNA fingerprinting, dendrogram analysis and genetic similarity matrix were estimated, revealing variations between selected seven samples of mushrooms. From the analyzed samples, White beach, Shimeji and Chinese shimeji were found to be most closely related. The described approach holds great promise for further analyses and gives support to discrimination as well as for conservation of genetic resources. --- ## Detection of extended spectrum beta lactamase in escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from clinical samples **Authors:** Shahitha S., Kumaravel S., Poornima K. **Published:** 2013-05-24 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** β –lactamases, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli The β -lactamases are the diverse family of enzymes that are capable of hydrolyzing a wide variety of β –lactam antibiotics. Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) is defined as β -lactamases capable of hydrolyzing oxyimino- cephalosporins that are inhibited by clavulanic acid and are placed into a functional group, the majority of strains belong to the family Enterbacteriaceae. The most common ESBL products are Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. The present study was carried out to find out the incidence of extended spectrum β lactamase in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia isolated from various clinical samples. --- ## A novel UPLC–MS/MS method for the estimation of an immunosuppressant in human whole blood **Authors:** Anju Aji, Sarita Karthikeyan, Sarabjit Singh, Shivanand Puthli **Published:** 2013-05-24 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ciclosporine A, Human whole blood, Immunosuppressant, UPLC-MS/MS To facilitate estimation of Ciclosporine (CsA), an immunosuppressant, in whole blood sample, ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometric method employing positive electrospray ionization was developed for the determination of CsA concentration in human whole blood. CsA together with the internal standard (Ciclosporine D) was extracted from 250µL of human whole blood by protein precipitation followed by solid phase extraction. The chromatography was performed using C18, sub 2µ column with a mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.1% ammonia solution. Multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for the quantification of CsA in whole blood. The validation of the method including sensitivity, linearity, reproducibility and stability was examined. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the developed assay method for CsA was 10ng/mL and the linear calibration curve was acquired with r > 0.99 between 10 and 2000 ng/ml. The intra-day and inter-day variation of the current assay was evaluated and the coefficient of variation were found within 6.4% at LLOQ and 6.8% for other quality control samples, whereas the mean accuracy ranged from 92.3% to 108.6%. The present method provides a robust, rapid and sensitive analytical tool for Ciclosporine in human whole blood. --- ## Preparation and evaluation of buccal patches of losartan potassium using hydrophilic polymers **Authors:** Rajesh R.S., Karthikeyan A., Deepthi Swapna P.R., Senthila S., John Wesley I. **Published:** 2013-05-24 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Losartan potassium, HPMC, PVP K-30, SCMC Losartan potassium is an Angiotensin II receptor antagonist with a half life of 1.5-2 hrs and an oral bioavailability of only 33% due to extensive first pass metabolism. Mucoadhesive buccal films of losartan potassium were prepared using hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC 5cps and K100M), hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC), Polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-30 (PVP K-30), sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (SCMC). FTIR analysis of formulations shows no interaction between drug and polymers. The films were subjected to physical investigations such as uniformity of thickness, weight, drug content, folding endurance, surface pH, percentage moisture absorption, water vapour transmission rate and mucoadhesive strength. The mucoadhesive force, swelling index, was higher for those formulations containing higher percentage of HPMC. In vitro drug release studies reveal that all films exhibited sustained release in the range of 72.09 to 97.10 % for a period of 8 hours. The data was subjected to kinetic analysis which indicated non fickian diffusion for all formulations except few. Ex vivo release studies through goat cheek mucosa indicate that films containing higher percentage of the mucoadhesive polymer SCMC showed slower permeation of the drug for 12 hours. --- ## Assessment of quality of life of patients with epilepsy in the neurology OPD of a tertiary care University hospital **Authors:** Vanitha Rani N., Nisha Alice Varughese, Shankar V., Kannan G., Thennarasu P. **Published:** 2013-05-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** antiepileptics, epilepsy, pharmacotherapy, quality of life Epilepsy is a chronic disease which has a major influence on the quality of life of epileptic patients. A cross- sectional study conducted on patients either sex, aged ≥18 years, with epilepsy to identify the factors that influence their quality of life. Data including the patient demographics (age, sex, educational status, employment status), duration of epilepsy, frequency of seizure episodes during the past month, drugs prescribed, were obtained from the patient case records and by direct history interview of the patients. Quality of life of the patients was assessed using a standard validated questionnaire on Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-31-P). Univariate linear regression analysis, student t-test and one way ANOVA were performed to analyze the data collected. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. 130 patients (73 males (56.2%) and 57 females (43.8%); mean age 34.89±10.18 years were included and the mean quality of life (QOL) score was 60.3 ±15.72 (range 20.45- 97). There was a significant association between age, sex, duration of epilepsy, seizure frequency, employment status, seizure worry, emotional well-being, energy/fatigue, cognitive function, medication effects, social functioning & distress and the QOL (P <0.05) whereas, educational status and type of therapy had no effect on the QOL of the patients (P >0.05).The care of the epileptic patients must be taken into account by considering the various factors influencing the quality of life in these patients. --- ## A review on identification strategy of phyto constituents present in herbal plants **Authors:** Charishma Yalavarthi, Thiruvengadarajan V. S. **Published:** 2013-05-15 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Secondary metabolites, Phytoconstituents, Enfluerage Plants have been used as medicine in ancient. Now day’s Pharmaceutical companies start processing of medicinal and aromatic plants in their formulation by using extraction of active components. Extraction of plant components like volatile, Essential or ethereal oils and mixtures composed of volatile liquid and solid compounds depend upon their composition and their boiling point. Now days there are several processes like distillation, enfleurage, maceration, expression, solvent extraction and fluid extraction are available for extraction of plant components. This review also summarizes the characters of phytoconstituents, choice of solvents, influence of solvents, extraction strategy, procedures for extraction of herbal drugs and treatment of drug residue after extraction. --- ## Comparative studies on arsenic, nickel & lead levels in ambient air repairable suspended particulate matter (p.m10) in and around Tirupati **Authors:** Prasad P.M.N., Shyam Sundar E., Hanuman Reddy V., Chenna Krishna Reddy R., Rami Reddy Y.V. **Published:** 2013-05-15 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** AAQ, Comparison Studies, MoEF, NAAQS, Trace Metals (As, Ni, Pb), Tirupati Air pollution is one of the most important concerns in these present atmospheric conditions. Owing rapid industrialization, increased vehicular pollution and other manmade activities, the present atmospheric conditions are changed. It is very important to study the air pollutants on regular intervals in all cities and urban areas. Every year the pollution rate may increase rapidly depending upon the surrounding environmental activities of surrounding areas. In this study we made an attempt to study of the three inorganic hazardous air pollutants / trace carcinogenic metals (Arsenic, Nickel and Lead) concentration levels in AAQ in Tirupati in the years February 2011 and February 2012. For this study we were identified 5 sampling locations in Tirupati. Sampling was carried out 24 hourly and twice a week for P.M.10 in the years February 2011 and February 2012. For this study 15 P.M10 samples were collected. These samples were digested and subjected to analysis for Arsenic, Lead and Nickel using Inductively Coupled Plasma -Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) based on USEPA Compendium method IO 3.5.The concentration levels of present study (Arsenic, Nickel and Lead) in different areas of Tirupati are summarized, discussion and these results are compared with NAAQS amended by MoEF on November 14th, 2009. --- ## Mechanisms involved in hepatoprotection of different herbal products: A Review **Authors:** Anil Kumar, Nishant Rai, Navin Kumar, Pankaj Gautam, Kumar J.S. **Published:** 2013-04-30 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antioxidants, Glutathione, Hepatoprotection, Hepatotoxicity, Inhibition of Cytochrome p450, Liver enzymes, MDA Since ancient time, herbal products are being used for health remedies. These plant products are in continuous demand and have an edge over other products in the area of drug discovery and therapeutics due to their high efficacy, safety and easy availability. Although herbal drugs are available for almost all ailments, hepato-protective drugs have unique importance. Since liver being one of the most vital organs responsible for nutrient metabolism, digestion, storage, excretion, drug metabolism and detoxification, its toxicity is major problem and caused by different compounds like carbon tetrachloride, thioacetamide which damage the hepatocytes and affect liver functioning by acting through generation of oxidants, ROS or inhibition of Cytochrome p450 activity, etc. Different herbal products representing different plant parts are able to act as hepatoprotective drugs by minimizing or preventing the hepatotoxicity through many mechanisms. The primary induction of hepatotoxicity is inducing level of liver enzymes as serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), Serum glutamate oxalo transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALT), total Bilirubin, MDA, total protein, SOD, and CATS. Most of the mechanism of antioxidants is to decrease the elevated level of liver enzymes in serum via different mechanism and in case of liver toxicity to stop the lipid peroxidation. Hepatoprotective herbal drugs thus have far reaching effects in preventing the liver damage and more such drugs are being sought and more precise mechanism of action is being investigated. --- ## Procurement and distribution of medicines in government hospitals of Tamil Nadu – An overview **Authors:** Remya Reghu, Meenu Vijayan, Roshni PR **Published:** 2013-03-30 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Drug procurement, Drug distribution, TNMSC It is an established truth that the drug availability in the Indian public health system is always remaining as a problem. One can attribute many reasons like shortage of fund, inefficient indenting procedures, poor inventory management and others for the problem. Recognizing the shortage of medicines in government hospitals, many Indian states have introduced exclusive set ups for the purchase of medicines for the hospitals. They procure medicines through centralized pooled purchases. Kerala, Delhi, and Tamil Nadu governments were introduced such pooled procurement system for drug purchase. Tamil Nadu, a major state in India started a corporation styled as Tamil Nadu Medical Service Corporation (TNMSC) registered under the Companies Act 1956 in July 1994. With the help of a well-designed and scientifically planned scheme TNMSC could introduce many innovations and thereby revolutionize the public drug procurement system in the country. Articles about the drug purchase systems followed in hospitals are rare. In this article mainly focusing the procurements methods adopted by the Tamil Nadu State. --- ## Formulation and in vitro investigation of aspirin nanoparticles loaded suppositories as a drug delivery system for colorectal carcinoma **Authors:** Ravi Sankar V., Dachinamoorthi D., Chandra Shekar K.B. **Published:** 2013-03-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aspirin, Chitosan, Nanoparticles, Aspirin Suppositories, Colorectal Carcinoma, Glycerogelatin Suppositories Aspirin suppositories are in commercial use suffer with side effects such as irritation, burning sensation, rectal hemorrhage. The aim of the present work is to formulate aspirin nanoparticles loaded suppositories and to perform In vitro investigation for the prepared suppositories. Initially aspirin-chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method and the nanoparticles evaluated for different In vitro evaluation studies; based on results the best formulation was selected and in order to know the diffusion efficiency, different compositions of aspirin glycerogelatin suppositories were prepared and subjected to various In vitro evaluation studies and best composition was selected. From the previously performed evaluation studies best formulation from aspirin nanoparticles incorporated in to selected glycerol gelatin bases and evaluated for In vitro characteristics. The results indicates that formulation Fa9 Aspirin nanoparticles were proved to be best formulation with 88.3±1.1 % of drug release at the end of 24hr, with zero drug release. In vitro characterization performed for aspirin suppositories indicates that Fs2, Fs4, Fs9 and Fa11 was proved to be best composition with highest percentage of drug release at the end of 60 minutes with 98.06±1, 99.3±0.45, 97.6±1.8 and 97±1 drug release and other characteristic studies performed indicates that all formulation are ideal characteristics. Previously selected bases composition used for the loading of nanoparticles based on displacement value results indicates that drug release appears with a lag phase initially and controlled for a period of 24hr. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of Atorvastatin calcium sustained release matrix tablets **Authors:** Gowtham T., Punitha S., Thrishala B., Soujanya P., Rajasekar S **Published:** 2013-03-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atorvastatin, Carrageenan, Guar gum, Sustained release, Xanthan gum In the present research, an attempt has been made to formulate sustained release matrix tablets of Atorvastatin Calcium, a novel statin reported to reduce the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases, which shows poor bioavailability (12%) and low aqueous solubility (BCS Class II). The matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression method using natural polymers (Xanthum gum -F1, F2, Guar gum -F3, F4, Carragenan -F5, F6) and synthetic polymers (HPMC-K100M -F7, F8 and HPMC- 50 cps -F9, F10) at various concentrations and its effect were compared. The tablets were subjected for weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, drug content uniformity, in vitro dissolution and FT-IR studies. All the formulations showed compliance with pharmacopoeia standards and the FT-IR spectrum shows compatibility of the drug with excipients. The cumulative drug release for F2, F4 and F6 was 72%, 98% and85% up to 17 h indicating the retarded release due to higher concentration (60 mg) of natural polymers than the other batches and its t50% values were found to be 12 ½ h and 8 h. The drug release mechanism was found to be Korsmeyers and Peppas model (R2=0.9022) for F2 and zero order (R2=0.9244) for F4 and (R2=0.9348) for F6. The formulations F2, F4 and F6 which was prepared by natural polymers were optimized for the formulation of sustained release matrix tablets of Atorvastatin Calcium. --- ## Anti-diabetic activity of polyherbal therapy in Streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus **Authors:** Harshad Shete, Sadhana Sathaye **Published:** 2013-03-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** diabetes, Nigella sativa, Streptozotocin HCl, Trachyspermum copticum, Trigonella foenum Trigonella foenum, Trachyspermum copticum and Nigella sativa have been traditionally used for anti-diabetic activity and reported as having excellent anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic activity. The combination of extracts of these herbs has been potential of being developed as a therapy for the treatment of diabetes mellitus along with secondary complications due to its antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity. The objective was to evaluate antidiabetic activity of combination of methanolic extracts of T. foenum, T. copticum, & N. sativa in 1:1:1 proportion and elucidate its possible mechanism of action in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes model using Sprague Dawley rats. Methanolic extracts of three herbs at two dose levels (100 and 200 mg/kg), were administered orally to both male and female rats. The parameters studied included effect on the normal blood glucose level (normoglycemic model), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin, serum lipid profile, atherogenic index, and extrapancreatic effects like glucose uptake, liver glycogenolysis and liver glycogen content. Histopathological studies were carried out to determine the amount of pancreatic damage in each group. Normoglycemic and OGTT studies, demonstrated that both the doses showed significant hypoglycemic activity in treated rats. After 15 days of treatment with the combination of extracts, both the doses lowered the FBG by 64.1 mg % and 65.9 mg% respectively. A significant increase in serum insulin level was observed in the treated rats at both the doses. Elevated serum lipid levels were reversed to normal. The extract treatment also showed a significant increase in glucose uptake, elevated liver glycogen content and a significant decrease in glycogenolysis. The results demonstrated that the combination of extract possess significant antidiabetic activity in diabetic rats. Moreover, the combination reduced the hyperlipidemia; a complication of the metabolic disorder justifying its traditional claim and endorsing its potential as a promising therapy. --- ## Antibacterial and antimycobacterial activities of 3-ethyl-2-substituted quinazolin-4-ones **Authors:** Sheorey R.V., Thangathiruppathy A., Alagarsamy V. **Published:** 2013-03-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antitubercular, Anti-bacterial, M. tuberculosis, Quinazolinone A variety of novel 3-ethyl-2-substitutedamino-quinazolin-4(3H)-ones were synthesized from 3-ethyl-2-hydrazino quinazolin-4(3H)-one with a variety of aldehydes and ketones. When tested for their in vitro antitubercular activity using H37RV strain on Middle brook 7H11 agar slants with OADC growth supplement, all the test compounds inhibited the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at micro gram concentration. Among the test compounds, 2-(N-(4- Chloro-benzylidene-hydrazino)-3-ethyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one (S6) and 2-(N-(4-Nitro-benzylidene-hydrazino))-3- ethyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one (S7) are found to be the most active compounds against M.tuberculosis with the MIC of 6µg/ml. The title compounds are also screened for the antimicrobial activity against some other gram positive and gram negative bacteria by agar dilution method, compounds S6 and S7 showed the most potent activity (MIC in the range of 32-63 µg/ml) against the tested bacteria. --- ## Quantitative estimation of tannins, phenols and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Imperata cylindrica **Authors:** Padma R., Parvathy N.G., Renjith V., Kalpana P. Rahate **Published:** 2013-03-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Imperata cylindrica, antioxidant activity, Nitric oxide, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide, tannins The aim of present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the Methanolic root extract of Imperata cylindrica (MEIC) by using various in-vitro models of antioxidant activity. The extract was comprised to phytochemical screening and quantitative determination of tannins and total phenols by spectrophotometric methods. Scavenging of nitric oxide by MEIC was estimated by using Gries's reagent. Reducing the ability of MEIC was studied by using FeCl3 reagent. Ascorbic acid was used as standard in all the three methods. The extract showed the IC50 value for nitric oxide scavenging method as 400.15± 1.934 µg/ml as compared to the standard ascorbic acid with IC50 value 269.75± 0.852 µg/ml. The extract was found to have been strong reducing power and the activity was comparable to the standard ascorbic acid. The hydrogen peroxide scavenging capacity of MEIC was reported as IC50 value of 185.6± 1.551µg/ml as compared to the IC50 value of the standard ascorbic acid 128.5 ± 0.683µg/ml. MEIC showed significant antioxidant activity in all the three antioxidant models comparable to the standard. The phytochemical screening of the MEIC revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds/tannins, flavonoids, proteins and volatile oils. The tannin content of MEIC was found to be 12.53 ± 0.56mg tannic acid equivalent g-1 extracted powder. The total phenolic content was found to be 7.09 ± 0.14mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 extracted powder. The antioxidant potential of the methanolic extracts of Imperata cylindrica may be due to the presence of tannins and phenolic compounds. --- ## Detection of genetic diversity in Ocimum species using RAPD markers **Authors:** Budiguppe Kapanigowda Chikkaswamy, Prasad MP, Chandrashekharaiah KS **Published:** 2013-03-15 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aquatic Ocimum species, RAPD, genetic diversity Ocimum is an important member of Lamiaceae and the genus is an important source of many essential oils and aroma chemicals in perfumery and cosmetic industries. Ocimum species are Used as pot herbs and find diverse uses in the indigenous system of medicine of many Asian and African countries, from industrial point of view. Ocimum species with oil rich in camphor, citral, geraniol, linalool, linalylacetate and methyl etc., are important and can be harnessed for successful utilization in industry. There is a variation in the production of these products among different species of Ocimum. Therefore, precise characterization of promising species and determination of genetic variation among those are felt necessary. Until recently, ever-promising species released formally are characterized based on morphological data, organic content and yield potential. These characters differ under varying environmental condition thereby nosing problem in proper identification of species. Unlike morphological markers, cytological (chromosome number, nuclear DNA content) and molecular markers (RAPD, AFLP, ISSR etc., ) are not prone to environmental influences and accurately characterize the plants portraying the extent of genetic diversity among the taxa. Of the different markers RAPD has been widely used in the last decade in species identification programme and in accessing genetic variations among different taxa at DNA level because of its cost effectiveness and simple operation without requiring prior knowledge of species DNA sequences. RAPDs reveal similar patterns of genetic diversity when compared with other markers type, can be performed more rapidly than most other methods, and can provide vital information for the development of genetic, sampling, conservation and improvement strategies. Random amplified Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were employed to study the genetic relationships between six Ocimum species. Of the 80 random primers screened 10 primers resulted in 73 RAPD bands of good amplification. The data structure included a total of 100 to 1000 base pair marker levels. A dendrogram was constructed using Euclidean distances by Ward’s method. Based on the number of bands all the species were grouped into three clusters and the dendrogram maximum similarity between the Ocimum species. --- ## Prediction of interaction of various apoptotic proteins with Sulforaphane (SFN) isolated from Brassica oleraceae using docking studies **Authors:** Renuka Devi J., Berla Thangam E. **Published:** 2013-03-15 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bax, bcl-2, Brassica, docking, p53, Sulforaphane Sulforaphane an isothiocyanate formed by hydrolysis of glucosinolates exerts various activities such as antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Previous research proved the induction of apoptosis by SFN in HEp-2 cell line. Here we studied the structure activity relationship of sulforaphane with various apoptosis proteins such as p53, bax, bcl-2 and caspases by docking studies using molecular docking server. Molecular models were used to study the interactions of SFN with various binding pockets in the protein. SFN was successfully docked to all the proteins and their binding energies were comparable with positive inducer of apoptosis 5FU. The results were appreciable and in agreement with our earlier research. Hence, SFN from plant source can be developed as a promising lead in adjuvant cancer chemotherapy. --- ## Pharmacogenomic analysis of individual variation in prostate cancer **Authors:** Meenu das, Jinty Sukumaran, Praveen kumar, Vadi vel, Krishnan Namboori P K **Published:** 2013-03-15 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Comparative modeling, Individual variation, pharmacogenomic, prostate cancer, SNPs Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common genetic variation among individuals. The work aims at identifying the SNPs associated with prostate cancer. In the present work, pharmacogenomic analysis has been carried out to analyze the impact of functional SNPs in prostate cancer. 11 genes involved in signal transduction in prostate cancer have been subjected to genomic analysis. The genomic analysis protocol includes microsatellite analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, silent mutation analysis, GC content Analysis and deleterious SNP analysis. From the deleterious SNP analysis, it has been found that the mutations rs28571178 in IL16 (5’ UTR) and rs17854206 in JAZF1 (3’ UTR) cause functional effects on the specific genes. Upon stability analysis of native and mutated proteins, it has been concluded that the above deleterious mutations are supported by nature due to their increased stability. These SNPs have been identified as the most deleterious in causing prostate cancer. --- ## Isolation of endophytic fungi from marine algae and its bioactivity **Authors:** Suja Mathan, Vasuki Subramanian, Sajitha Nagamony, Kokilam Ganapathy **Published:** 2013-03-11 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial activity, Endophytic fungi, Marine algae, Seaweed associated fungi To isolate the endophytic fungal species from the marine macro algae and analyzed the isolation frequency and its potentials. Ten different seaweeds collected from the Mandapam and Pondicherry coastal region and endophytic fungal species were isolated. Isolation frequency (IF) was determined for each species of algae. 19 strains were screened for antimicrobial activity against human and fish bacterial pathogens. In this study, the higher isolation frequency was observed in Codium sp (80%) and least isolation frequency in Ulva fasciata (10%). 19 strains were screened and the antibacterial activities were expressed as zone of inhibition. Maximum bacterial inhibition >10mm was observed in strains 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 & 15. The isolation frequency was higher in Codium sp and among the 19 strains, 6 strains showed better antibacterial activity against human and fish pathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial activity may be due to the presence of bioactive metabolites, which are produced by the endophytic fungi. --- ## Development of validated HPTLC method for quantitation of phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin and picroside-II in marketed herbal formulation (Valiliv capsules) **Authors:** Safeena Sheikh, Subuddha Yadav, Suhail Asghar, Showkat Ahmad **Published:** 2013-03-11 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fingerprinting, Hepatoprotective, HPTLC, Phyllanthin, TLC, Hypophyllanthin, Picroside, Method development, Validation A rapid and sensitive high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method was developed and validated for quantitative estimation of Picroside-II, Phyllanthin and Hypophyllanthin simultaneously in marketed formulation (Valliliv capsule) containing Picrorhiza kurroa and Phyllanthus niruri. The sample (Valliliv capsule) were chromatographed on silica gel 60F254- TLC plates, using solvent system (Hexane: Ethyl acetate, 6:3 v/v) and scanned at 278nm. The linearity range for Picroside was 200-1600ng/spot with average recovery of 99.90%, Phyllanthin was 200-1600ng/spot with average recovery 100.41% and Hypophyllanthin 200-1600ng/spot with average recovery of 99.99% in formulation. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for Picroside-II, Phyllanthin and Hypophyllanthin were found to be 40ng/spot- 120ng/spot, 90-270ng/spot and 100ng/spot-300ng/spot. The developed method was successfully applied for the assay of market formulation containing Picrorhiza kurroa and Phyllanthus niruri. --- ## In vitro growth inhibitory activity of Prosopis cineraria leaves in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line **Authors:** Sumathi S., Dharani B., Sivaprabha J., Sonia Raj K., Padma P.R. **Published:** 2013-02-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anticancer activity, Cytotoxicity, Vanni, HBL 100, MCF-7, Prosopis cineraria Phytotherapy which implies the use of plant derived products for the treatment of cancer has assumed higher value due to the reduction in the adverse side effects which results due to chemotherapy or radiation therapy. One such medicinal plant is Prosopis cineraria, which is known as Vanni. In the present study, the growth inhibitory potential of the extract was tested using a human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 (ER+, PR+) in the pres- ence/absence of the standard chemotherapeutic drug tamoxifen by MTT, SRB, neutral red, LDH release, WST-1 and alamar blue assays. The safety of the extract was also evaluated using non-cancerous breast cell line HBL-100. The results showed that the extracts inhibited the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. --- ## Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Terminalia arjuna **Authors:** Jethinlalkhosh J. P., Arun Antony **Published:** 2013-02-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Terminalia arjuna, Antibacterial, Brine shrimp, MCF-7 cell lines In the present study, the antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of bark of Terminalia arjuna was screened. Antibacterial activity was tested using agar well diffusion method against Esterichia coli, Klebsiella sps, Pseudomonas sps and Staphylococcus sps. The aqueous and methanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna showed inhibition against all the above mentioned organisms in a dose dependent manner. Cytotoxicity of the plant extract was evaluated using brine shrimp lethality bioassay and MTT assay. The brine shrimp lethality assay of extract showed prominent results in a dose dependent manner, and the LC50 value was found to be 0.093 ± 0.008 and 0.067 ± 0.024 mg/ml with aqueous and methanolic extract respectively. Both aqueous and methanol extracts of Terminalia arjuna showed a decrease in viability of MCF-7 cell lines with aqueous showing greater decrease in viability indicating significant anti-proliferative action of the plant extract. The result of the study indicated that both the extracts of Terminalia arjuna bark were having significant antibacterial as well as cytotoxic activity. --- ## RP-HPLC method development and validation for the determination of methylcobalamin and pregabalin in combined capsule dosage form **Authors:** Narmada P., Vijaya Lakshmi G., Nalini G., Gowtham Y., Suhasini B., Jogi K.V. **Published:** 2013-02-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Combined capsule dosage form, Pregabalin, Methylcobalamin, RP-HPLC, Validation A simple, precise and accurate RP- HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of pregabalin and methylcobalamin in capsule formulation. The HPLC instrument used was Shimadzu Prominence LC20AT with UV detection. Inertsil ODS 3 C-18 column with dimensions of 250 mm length, particle size of 3 microns and internal diameter of 4.0 mm was used for separation. The mobile phase consisted of 60 volumes of buffer 0.01 M potassium dihydrogen and 0.01M dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and 40 volumes of solvent methanol at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. The wavelength of 210 nm was used for the detection. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ and robustness as per ICH guidelines. The response was found to be linear for the concentration range of 75µg/ml to 1125µg/ml for pregabalin and 0.75µg/ml to 11.25µg/ml for methylcobalamin. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was 5µg/ml and 15µg/ml for pregabalin and 0.05µg/ml and 0.15µg/ml for methylcobalamin. This validated method was applied for the estimation of pregabalin and methylcobalamin in commercial capsule formulation. --- ## Forced swimming stress disrupts testicular steroidogenesis by inhibiting ∆53β and 17β-HSD enzymes, its protective effect by ethanolic extract of Smilax china Linn. **Authors:** Saraswathi C.D., Suresh M.V., Satyanarayan Sreemantula **Published:** 2013-02-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Smilax china rhizomes, Forced swimming, Testosterone, ∆53β-HSD, 17β-HSD The present study was undertaken to evaluate the ethanolic extract of Smilax china Linn. in treating male reproductive dysfunctions induced by forced swimming in rats. Animals of the experimental group except vehicle control were subjected to forced swimming stress (FSS) 15 min/day for 52 days. Animals were treated with 100 mg/kg b.w and 200 mg/kg b.w with ethanolic extract of Smilax china rhizomes for 67 days and from day 16, animals were subjected to forced swimming for 15 min/day half an hour after administration of the extract. Assessment of its effectiveness was done by physical, biochemical, hormonal, testicular enzymes and supported by histopathological studies. Ethanolic extract of Smilax china (EESC) rhizomes at doses 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg b.w showed a significant changes (p<0.001) in the weight of body, testes, seminal vesicles adrenal gland, serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides levels, testicular ∆53β-HSD,17β-HSD enzymes, plasma testosterone. Histopathological studies also showed adrenal gland with partially intact histoarchitecture at 100 mg/kg b.w and normal intact histoarchitecture at 200 mg/kg b.w. Testis showed spermatogonia with normal in number and size, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa were considerably increased in number at 100 mg/kg b.w and normal intact architecture at 200 mg/kg b.w. Ethanolic extract of Smilax china rhizomes at both doses showed good protection against forced swimming induced male reproductive dysfunctions in rats. --- ## Co-crystal integrity and pharmaceutical role of Cremophor ELP **Authors:** Márta Venczel, Zoltán Budavári, András Szabó, Klára Pintye-Hódi, Gabriella Ujhelyi **Published:** 2013-02-12 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** wet granulation, co-crystal integrity, flow through dissolution Co-crystals are sensitive to dissociation in aqueous microenvironment losing their effects on bioavailability increase before oral administration. The integrity of the fumaric acid co-crystal of SAR1 active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was studied after a wet granulation process with four formulations containing the same qualitative and quantitative composition. Standard pharmaceutical excipients, particularly water and Cremophor ELP were used in different addition order to evaluate the robustness of the manufacturing process. Slight dissociation of fumaric acid co-crystal was measured by XRPD in all cases, lowest dissociation was observed when Cremophor ELP was added to the granulation liquid. Dissolution profiles of the formulations were analysed by flow through dissolution method. The in vitro dissolution profile of the experimental formulation showing the best co-crystal integrity was approximately 10% lower compared to the formulation with the highest integrity. --- ## Studies on crystal forms of lomefloxacin hydrochloride: preparation, characterization and dissolution profile **Authors:** Thenge R.R., Ganesan V., Tekade N.P. **Published:** 2013-02-12 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Crystal forms, Dissolution rate, DSC, FT-IR, Lomefloxacin, X-ray diffraction Crystal habit modification of lomefloxacin hydrochloride was obtained by recrystallization from various solvents based on polarity. Among the various solvents, water, methanol and ethanol can produce well defined crystal forms. The newly obtained crystals were characterized by analytical techniques viz. Optical microscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Differential scanning calorimetry. In addition, the crystals were evaluated for melting point, solubility and dissolution profile. The newly developed crystals possess the different physicomechanical properties but chemically identical. The crystals obtained from water are rod shaped whereas the crystals obtained from methanol and ethanol are thin needle shape. The FT-IR spectra of newly developed crystals showed the characteristic peak as that of commercial sample. In addition, DSC spectra of newly developed crystals showed significant change in the melting endothermic compare to commercial sample and the XRD spectra revealed the slight difference in the diffraction pattern compare to commercial sample. The obtained crystals have different melting point. The crystal obtained from methanol and ethanol markedly improved solubility and dissolution profile compared to crystal obtained from water and commercial sample. Thus, the DSC and XRD indicate existence of different crystal forms of lomefloxacin. --- ## Trend on traditional system of medicine and modern Ethnopharmacology - Perspective view **Authors:** Srinivasan Muthuirulappan, Sridhar Rajendren **Published:** 2013-02-12 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ethnopharmacology, Herbal medicines, Modern science, Traditional medicine The concepts of modern science and traditional knowledge often conflict in many ways, especially in the field of medicine. Though the traditional system of medicine has been followed from thousands of years back, still it is unable to achieve many expectations of modern medicine standards. At present, the researchers are being accelerated intensively on herbs because many herbs have been descended to modern pills with lead compounds like, Aspirin, Atropine, Ephedrine, Digoxin, Morphine, Quinine, etc. Thus, the different opinions have been established for traditional herbal medicines by the current trend. As the basic principles of these two systems differ from raw material selection to the treatment processes, fitting standard norms of one to another always remain difficult. This paper elaborately discusses the problems associated with the traditional herbal medicines to achieve the standards equivalent to the modern medicine. Due to this fact, the commercial value of the tradition system of medicine and its knowledge may disappear from the global market in the absence of sufficient measures. Hence, there is a need for the understanding the everlasting foundational logics of the traditional system of medicine and must be completely decoded by the modern science, or else it is suggested for a separate regulatory organization for traditional system of medicine, which can exclusively look after the quality and standards adapted from traditionally acquired knowledge and system of medicine developed by our ancient scientists. --- ## Synthesis and evaluation of dialkyl-4-substituted-2,6-dimethyl-1,4- dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivatives as anticonvulsive agents **Authors:** Prasanthi G., Bharathi K., Swarnalatha G., Mohamed Saleem TS **Published:** 2012-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 1, 4-dihydropyridine, Hantzsch method, Maximal electroshock method, Pentylenetetrazole induced Method A series of symmetrical dialkyl-4-substituted-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivatives were prepared by the classical Hantzsch method. This method involved in the condensation of aromatic aldehyde, alky- lacetoacetate and ammonia in methanol. The structure of all the twelve synthesized 1,4-dihydropyridne derivatives was confirmed by the IR, H1NMR, and MASS spectra. All the synthesized compounds were screened for the anticonvulsant activity by using Maximal electroshock (MES) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced models. Compounds 3F and 3L exhibited significant anticonvulsant activity in MES and PTZ induced seizure in rats. --- ## Oxygen therapy: A rejuvenator of body defense as per its antioxidant nature **Authors:** Amin Mir M., Sawhney SS, Rangila Ram **Published:** 2012-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oxygen therapy, Antioxidants, Blood Serum, Biochemical Tests The oxidation stress is known to be a reason for various tissue degenerations and plays a role in premature aging. In a wake of this, there is a need to explore antioxidants, which can help the body to maintain a balance between inbuilt oxidation stress and detoxifying reactions. The antioxidant power of the blood serum was determined by FRAP (ferric reducing the ability of plasma) method after being supplied with oxygen. Furthermore, the other bio- chemical tests of the volunteer showed no variation in his biochemistry. --- ## Development and evaluation of transdermal drug delivery system of metoprolol **Authors:** Ramkanth S., Madhusudhana Chetty C., Sudhakar Y. **Published:** 2012-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPMC, Metoprolol tartrate, Transdermal Patch, Zero order kinetic Metoprolol (MP) is a potent ill-selective adrenergic blocking agent with proven antihypertensive activity. However, it undergoes extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism and has a short biological half-life, which necessitates frequent dosing to attain adequate therapeutic blood levels. To overcome this problem, the feasibility of systemic delivery of MT via the transdermal route was explored. In the present work, efforts have been made to prepare a transdermal drug delivery system of MT using various blends of polymers such as Eudragit RS 100, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose and Poly vinyl pyrrolidone using propylene glycol as a permeation enhancer. The prepared patches were evaluated for various physicochemical properties and In-vitro drug release studies. The releases were fitted to statistical treatment such as Zero order kinetics, Higuchi’s and Peppa’s plot. The optimized formulation from the In-vitro drug release study is used to carry out In-vitro skin permeation study using porcine ear skin, snake shed skin and rat skin. The In-vivo evaluation of formulation F 1 (1% Eudragit RS 100, 1.5%HPMC & 0.5% PVP) show better correlation with the In-vitro drug release which confirms the achievement of targets of the present study such as the controlled prolonged zero order release, reduced frequency of administration, greater therapeutic effect, overcome the side effects, simplify the treatment regimen and thus may improve patient compliance. --- ## Prospective Evaluation of Imaging Modalities for Intracranial Space- Occupying Lesions at a Tertiary Care Centre in Northern India **Authors:** Udhayan Felix **Published:** 2012-12-23 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Intracranial space-occupying lesion, Clinical presentation, Computed tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Intracranial space-occupying lesions (ICSOLs) are significant contributors to morbidity and mortality, making early diagnosis essential for timely intervention. These lesions may arise from neoplastic, inflammatory, or infectious causes. Imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are pivotal in detecting ICSOLs. This study aimed to evaluate ICSOLs through neuroimaging and correlate radiological findings with clinical features. In this prospective cohort study, 80 patients diagnosed with ICSOL underwent both CT and MRI scans. Imaging data were analyzed alongside clinical information and, when available, histopathological findings. Statistical analysis was conducted to assess the diagnostic accuracy of imaging. The majority of patients were aged 31 to 50 years, with a mean age of 42.2 years, and a male-to-female ratio of 3:2. Headache was the most common symptom. Solitary lesions were observed in 58 patients (72.5%), while 22 patients (27.5%) had multiple lesions. Most lesions (76.2%) were supratentorial, with the remainder infratentorial. Neoplastic lesions made up 76.2%, with metastases being predominant. Arachnoid cysts were the most frequent non-neoplastic lesions. The imaging sensitivity for neoplastic lesions was 90%, specificity 57%, and accuracy 84.2%; for non-neoplastic lesions, sensitivity was 57%, specificity 90%, and accuracy 84.2%. A weak positive correlation (phi coefficient 0.41) was noted between clinical and imaging findings. In conclusion, neuroimaging combined with clinical evaluation is crucial for early diagnosis, accurate localization, and prediction of ICSOL etiology. However, larger epidemiological studies are needed to minimize bias and confirm these findings. --- ## Exploring Patient Awareness and Views on MRI Scans: Findings from a Tertiary Care Hospital **Authors:** Udhayan Felix **Published:** 2012-12-22 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** MRI,, Safety and Compliance, Claustrophobia, Anxiety, Patient Awareness, Knowledge and Perception Introduction: Understanding patients' knowledge about Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is essential for ensuring their compliance and safety, which in turn improves workflow efficiency, patient comfort, and optimizes valuable scan time. This study aimed to assess patients' awareness regarding MRI scans, focusing on their knowledge, perception, and safety concerns. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was performed at a tertiary care hospital in Tamil Nadu, between March 2011 to September 2011. A total of 217 patients referred for MRI scans were surveyed using a questionnaire divided into four parts: Section 1 collected sociodemographic details; Section 2 evaluated knowledge about MRI and safety measures; Section 3 gauged patient perception before undergoing MRI; and Section 4 explored patient perception after the scan. Researchers conducted face-to-face interviews to complete the questionnaire after obtaining informed consent. Results: Among the 217 participants, majority having completed high school (n = 61) and around 31 patients were illiterate . More than half (51.5%) mistakenly believed that MRI involves harmful ionizing radiation similar to CT and X-rays. Furthermore, 22.5% (n = 45) reported experiencing claustrophobia and anxiety during the MRI procedure. Conclusion: The study identified that a considerable number of patients reported increased or uncertain pain levels after diagnosis. Anxiety and claustrophobia were common during the MRI scan. Assessing patient knowledge, perception, and safety regarding MRI is vital for improving patient cooperation and streamlining scan duration. --- ## Study of prescribing pattern of topical corticosteroids in the department of dermatology of a multispecialty tertiary care teaching hospital in south India **Authors:** Saravanakumar RT, Prasad GS, Ragul G, Mohanta GP, Manna PK, Moorthi C **Published:** 2012-12-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Dermatological Practice, Irrational Use of Drugs, Non-Specific Use of Drugs, Prescribing Pattern, Topical Corticosteroids, Corticosteroids Dermatological conditions account for up to 2% of consultations in general practice worldwide. In developing countries, irrational use of drug/non-specific use of drug leads to scarcity of drug resources and increases the expenditure and burden to government/patients to treat the adverse clinical consequences of the drug. This study has been undertaken to evaluate the disease pattern and prescribing pattern of topical corticosteroids among inpatients in the department of dermatology of a multispecialty tertiary care teaching hospital. The present study was carried out in the dermatology department of multispecialty tertiary care teaching hospital. Prescriptions of both male and female inpatients of all age groups, who have moderate to severe dermatological problem, were included in the study. A total of 55 dermatological inpatient prescriptions were collected and analyzed. The prevalence of psoriasis was higher followed by dermatitis. The topical corticosteroids prescribed belong to very potent and potent groups. It was found that physician do not prescribe corticosteroids unless the diagnosis is reasonably certain. --- ## Comprehensive Assessment of Adverse Drug Reactions in Antiepileptic Drugs: A Prospective Observational Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital **Authors:** Arthanareeswaran S, Sharmila Nirojini P, Palanisamy A **Published:** 2012-12-14 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Epilepsy, Anti-Epileptic Drugs, Adverse Drug Reactions, Pharmacovigilance, Causality Assessment Throughout the world, millions of people suffer from epilepsy, a neurological condition that is more common in countries that are developing like India. The cornerstone of epilepsy treatment, anti-epileptic medications is linked to a variety of adverse drug reactions because of their intricate pharmacokinetic profiles and limited therapeutic index. This prospective observational study sought to thoroughly examine adverse drug reactions connected to antiemetic drugs at a Tertiary Care hospital. After screening 150 people in total, 100 were eventually added to the research. Pharmacovigilance measures were among the materials and methods used in the data-gathering process. The study showed that the individuals were mostly female and that there were disparities in the frequency of ADR according to age and gender. The two AEDs that were most commonly associated with side effects were phenytoin and carbamazepine. Notable side effects included ataxia, gum hypertrophy, and skin reactions like Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Additional insights into the groups of ADRs were obtained through severity assessment and causation assessment utilizing the WHO and Naranjo scales. The results highlight the significance of frequent follow-up, dose modifications, and attentive monitoring in reducing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and improving patient compliance and quality of life. --- ## Isolation of some new steroids and evaluation of bio-activity of Cenchrus ciliaris **Authors:** Premlata Singariya, Padma Kumar, Krishan Kumar Mourya **Published:** 2012-12-12 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial activity, photosynthetic pigments, total soluble sugar, Cenchrus grass, Lupeol, Ethyl iso-allocholate, proline Cenchrus ciliaris L. (Poaceae) is most suitable and highly nutritive grass for desert environmental conditions; still no bioactive compound identified and no antimicrobial work yet have been done on this grass. To determine the possible bioactive components (steroids) of C. ciliaris and in vivo estimation of metabolites, photosynthetic pigments of seedlings and antimicrobial activity of extract in various polar solvents from the seeds of C. ciliaris. New compounds were isolated by GC-MS analysis. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Proteus merabilis, Klebsiella pnemoniae, Agerobacterium tumefaciens and Aspergillus niger; using disk diffusion method followed by MIC by broth dilution method. Estimation of metabolites (total soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline and total phenolics), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and carotenoids) of seedlings were done with well established methods. Four new steroids from C. ciliaris were first time identified in the isopropyl alcohol extract such as 4,22-Stigmastadiene-3-one (4.76%), fagarsterol (lupeol) (1.94%), δ4-sitosterol-3-one (stigmast-4-en-3-one) (1.93%) and ethyl iso-allocholate (0.49%). The highest antimicrobial activities (in terms of zone of inhibition in mm) were exhibited by the ethyl acetate and water extract against P. merabilis (18.50 ± 0.64 and 15.5 ± 0.64 respectively) after the glacial acetic acid extract. Total soluble sugar and chlorophyll-a showed highest content. --- ## Nutraceutical value of sesame oil – An update **Authors:** Mohamed Saleem T.S., Madhusudhana Chetty C., Kavimani S. **Published:** 2012-12-04 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Antioxidants, cardio protection, human diet, oxidative stress, sesame lignans, Sesamum indicum Sesame oil is one of the cooking oil used in the human diet since ancient times. Sesame oil is obtained from seeds of Sesamum indicum cultivated throughout the world. Sesamin and sesamol are antioxidant lignans present as rich concentration in sesame oil. Beneficial effect of sesame oil and its antioxidant lignans reported by researchers in various experimental animals and human models. The aim of this review to discuss the accumulating evidence that suggests that sesame oil possess a diverse range of biological action and may be beneficial for human to deviate from various diseases. --- ## Anti-diabetic Activity of Stereospermum Colais (Bignoniaceae) Leaf Extracts **Authors:** Vijaya Bharathi R., Jayshree N., Kumudhaveni B., Thirumal M., Kishore G. **Published:** 2012-12-04 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Stereospermum colais, Glucose diffusion inhibitory assay, glucose oxidase peroxides diagnostic kit Stereospermum colais (Bignoniaceae), known as Yellow snake tree in English and Pathiri in Tamil, is used in Ayurvedic system of medicine to treat various ailments includes vomiting, leprosy, fevers, mitigate kapha, itching, diabetes, and clean bad wounds. The coarsely powdered leaves of the plant material were extracted successively with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol in increasing polarity by using Soxhlet’s apparatus and aqueous extract by the maceration process. The Preliminary phytochemical analysis of various extracts and powder revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, steroids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, terpenoids, quinones, furan, gums and mucilage, fats and oil. The various extracts of S.colais were evaluated at a concentration of 50gram/litre using an in vitro method glucose diffusion inhibitory assay to assess the possible effects on glucose diffusion across the gastrointestinal tract and compared to the control conducted in the absence of extracts. The movement of glucose into the external solution was determined by using glucose oxidase peroxide diagnostic kit at a regular intervals. The ethanolic extract showed a significant Glucose Diffusion Retardation Index (GDRI = 1.38 ± 0.005 at 180min), and it proves the traditional claim at this stage. Hence, an in-depth research can be established to identify, isolate and characterize the compound having antidiabetic therapeutic potential. --- ## Evaluation of laxative activity of an ethanolic extract of Alangium Salvifolium and Pavonia Zeylanica in rats **Authors:** Hepcy Kalarani D., Dinakar A., Senthilkumar N. **Published:** 2012-12-04 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alangium Salvifolium, Pavonia Zeylanica, Laxative, sodium picosulfate, Faeces Alcoholic extracts of stem and leaves of Alangium Salvifolium (EEAS) and Pavonia Zeylanica (EEPZ) at doses 400 and 800mg was investigated for laxative activity in albino rats that were compared with standard drug sodium picosulfate (5mg/kg) in normal saline. The rats were fasted for 12 hours before the experiment. After 8 and 16 hours of drug administration, the faeces were collected and weighed. The extracts were found to produce significant laxative activity. --- ## Studies on the process of detoxification and safety evaluation of shodhit and ashodhit Datura metel seeds for the use in Ayurvedic preparations **Authors:** Vibhavari Chhatre, Tanuja Nesari, Gauresh Somani, Rahul Chaudhari, Sadhana Sathaye **Published:** 2012-12-04 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atropine, cardiotoxicity, cow urine, Datura metel seeds, hyoscine, shodhan Datura metel Linn. is a well known and frequently used herbal drug in Ayurveda. Seeds of D. metel are poisonous and according to Ayurvedic literature, they should be used in medicines after appropriate shodhan (purification or detoxification procedures). The present study evaluates various physicochemical parameters and HPLC analysis with special reference to hyoscine and atropine content for D. metel seeds (DMS), ashodhit (before shodhan) and shodhit (after shodhan) samples, as well as for shodhan reagent (cow urine). DMS, ashodhit as well as shodhit, were further evaluated for acute oral toxicity in mice and for cardiotoxicity in the isolated heart preparation of frog. The percentage of water soluble extractives, alcohol soluble extractives, and total alkaloids were found reduced in the shodhit DMS. HPLC analysis also showed the depletion of toxic alkaloids like atropine and hyoscine in the shodhit DMS as compared to ashodhit DMS. Shodhit DMS showed no toxicity on isolated heart preparation of frog as compared to ashodhit DMS. Thus, the present study reflects the importance of shodhan methods for the toxic drugs by means of which reduction of toxic constituents is achieved as advocated by Ayurveda. --- ## Design formulation and evaluation of chronotherapeutic drug delivery system of carbamazepine treatment for epileptic seizures **Authors:** Chandan Kumar Brahma, Vidya Sagar Gali **Published:** 2012-12-04 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chronotherapeutics, Carbamazepine, Inlay tablet, Kinetic release The objective of the study was to improve the oral therapeutic efficacy a formulation has been designed which contains one drug carbamazepine but dual releases An object of the present invention is to provide a dosage form comprising of an active ingredient as sustained release and half of an active ingredient as immediate release. Using HPMC K-4M, Povidone K30 and ethyl cellulose sustained dosage form has been formulated by wet granulation method. Tablet compressing was done with core rod tooling in which only one surface of core is expose to outside and other drug is incorporated in cup portion. The % drug release for carbamazepine as immediate release is 99.98 % and sustained release is 99. 53%. The kinetic release carbamazepine chrono tablets show zero order and Higuchi model. This drug will time dependent from sudden releases at 11.00 P.M and after that sustained and peak time shows at 7.00 PM. According to the circadian rhythm the formulation is prepared. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of fast disintegrating tablet containing capecitabine for dysphagia patients **Authors:** Dixit Anil S., Kulkarni PK **Published:** 2012-11-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fast dissolving tablet, Polymeric based Superdisintegrants, Dysphagia patients, Capecitabine, Cancer Capecitabine (CAP), an anticancer agent used for breast and colorectal cancer has high and variable dosage regimen based on body surface area. Due to high dose, around 3 to 7 tablets are swallowed each time. Dysphagic patients experience difficulty in swallowing the conventional tablets and consequently do not take medications as prescribed. Hence the aim of the present research was to overcome the swallowing problem by developing fast disintegrating tablet (FDT) which disintegrates rapidly when placed on the tongue. FDT was prepared and optimized by wet granulation technique incorporating various superdisintegrants and other excipients. The granules prepared showed good flow and compressible property; hence tablets produced were of uniform weight with acceptable weight variation. Drug-excipient compatibility was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) studies. FDT retained its crystalline nature after tableting which was revealed by X-ray Diffraction studies. The disintegration time (DT) of the optimized formulation F1 (150 mg strength) and F2 (500 mg) showed rapid DT of 9 and 14 s when carried out using 1 mL purified water. FDTs demonstrated excellent in vitro dissolution results. Stability studies results were also found satisfactory when stored at 25 ± 2°C / 60 ± 5% RH. Hence it can be concluded that CAP FDT disintegrates rapidly in seconds with excellent dissolution profile, thus providing convenience of administration, patient compliance and safety to overcome swallowing problem for dysphagia patients. --- ## Preparation and in vitro characterization of gastroretentive atorvastatin calcium mucoadhesive tablets **Authors:** Srinivasa Rao Y., Hyndavi Manyam **Published:** 2012-11-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atorvastatin calcium, Gastro retention, Mucoadhesive tablets, HPMC different grades, Direct compression The present investigation concerns the development of mucoadhesive tablets of Atorvastatin calcium which were designed to prolong the gastric residence time after oral administration. Atorvastatin calcium has a maximum rate of absorption in the upper GI tract, but because of poor solubility in this region, it has a low bioavailability of 12%. In the present study mucoadhesion as a strategy to enhance the bioavailability of Atorvastatin calcium by increasing the gastric residence time was studied. Matrix tablets of Atorvastatin calcium were formulated using different viscosity grades of hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M and HPMC K100 M) by direct compression method. The tablets were evaluated for physical properties, content uniformity, swelling index, bioadhesion and in vitro drug release. Swelling was increased as the concentration and viscosity of HPMC increases. It was evident from the study that the formulation F5 containing HPMC K15M exhibited desirable swelling and in vitro drug release of 101.23% at the end of 12 hrs with non fickian diffusion mechanism. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of Rifampicin and Ofloxacin niosomes for Drug- resistant TB on Logarithmic-phase cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis **Authors:** Paramita Chowdhury, Uma Shankar MS **Published:** 2012-11-27 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** BACTEC, in vitro, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Niosomes, Ofloxacin, Proniosomes, Rifampicin Nanotechnology has offered enormous improvement in field of therapeutics by means of designing of nanocarriers that can cross biological barriers and are able to target cellular reservoirs of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tuberculosis). Niosomes are mainly consisting of non-ionic surfactants that have been found to form vesicles, capable of entrapping hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules. Niosomes of rifampicin and ofloxacin were prepared by ether injection method. A procedure is described for producing a dry product, proniosomes that may be hydrated immediately before use to yield aqueous niosome dispersions, which minimize problems of aggregation, fusion and leaking, and provide additional convenience in transportation, distribution, storage and dosing. The prepared rifampicin and ofloxacin niosomes and proniosomes showed a vesicle size in the range of 100- 300nm, the entrapment efficiency were 81.76% and 92.06% of niosomes and proniosomes respectively. The in vitro release study suggested that the action extended till 15days and all formulations followed non-Fickian anomalous diffusion that plays an important role in controlling the drug release. The bactericidal activities of the formulations were studied by BACTEC radiometric method using the resistant strains (RF 8554) and sensitive strains (H37RV) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that showed greater inhibition and reduced growth index. --- ## Pro-apoptotic potential of ferulic acid during 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis **Authors:** Murugaraj Manoj Prabhakar, Shanmugam Manoharan, Sekar Karthikeyan, Duraisamy Rajasekaran, Simon Silvan, Nagarethinam Baskaran, Duraisamy Palanimuthu **Published:** 2012-11-27 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oral cancer, ferulic acid, Bax, caspases The present study has investigated the pro-apoptotic potential of ferulic acid by analysing the activities of caspase-3 and 9 as well as by investigating the expression pattern of pro-apoptotic protein, Bax, during 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Oral tumors were developed in the buccal pouch of hamsters by painting with 0.5% DMBA three times a week for 14 weeks. We noticed 100% tumor formation, histopathologically confirmed as well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, with marked abnormalities in the activities of caspase-3 and 9 and Bax expression pattern in hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Oral administration of ferulic acid at a dose of 40mg/kg bw to hamsters treated with DMBA, not only completely prevented the formation of oral tumors but also restored the activities of caspase 3 and 9 and up regulated the expression of Bax. The present study thus suggests that the pro-apoptotic potential of ferulic acid might have inhibited tumor formation during DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. --- ## Recent strategies for colon specific drug delivery: A review **Authors:** Modi RK, Sulabh Khare, Gourav Tiwari, Thakur JS **Published:** 2012-11-20 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** long residence time, GIT, pH-dependent systems, time-dependent systems, microflora-activated systems Colon targeted drug delivery is a relatively new concept for the absorption of drugs as it offers near neutral pH and also it offers long residence time, thereby increasing the drug absorption. The nature of food and enzymes does not affect the drug absorption. Colon has proved to be a site for the absorption of poorly soluble drugs. For the successful targeting of drugs to colon the dosage form should be designed such that it prevents the drug release in upper GIT and releasing it in the colonic region. Colon specific drug delivery not only increases the bioavailability of the drug at the target site, but also reduces the side effects. This review article comprises of the Anatomy of colon, various approaches such as pH dependent, time-dependent and microflora-activated systems have been developed for colon specific drug delivery as well as its benefits and limitations also comprises. --- ## Effect of enalapril and losartan on testosterone induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats **Authors:** Captan Hemant P., Patel Vrushant I., Patel Sandip B., Dhorajiya Mehul C., Machhi Jatin, Patel Keyur **Published:** 2012-11-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Renin Angiotensin System, Serum Testosterone, Serum Prostate Specific Antigen, Serum Prostatic Acid Phosphatase The aim of the present investigation is to establish the therapeutic potential of drugs affecting Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) on Testosterone induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in rats. We investigated whether RAS affecting drugs modulate on testosterone induced BPH in Rats. Animals were distributed in 5 groups (6 rats each). Group 1 receives only vehicles. Four other groups injected with Testosterone (3mg/kg, SC) to induce BPH, Group 2 was model group, Group 3 animals were treated with Enalapril (10mg/kg, IP), Group 4 animals were treated with Losartan (10mg/kg, IP), Group 5 animals were treated with Finasteride (5mg/kg, IP). The drugs were administered once a day for 21 days consecutively. Body weights were recorded before and after treatment. On 22nd day, blood samples were collected from the Retro-orbital plexus, centrifuged to obtain serum for determination of various parameters like Serum Testosterone level, Serum Prostate Specific Antigen, Serum Prostatic Acid Phosphatase, Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase. Then animals were sacrificed, prostates were weighed and histopathological studies of prostate were carried out. Effect of Enalapril and Losartan on contractility were examined on preparations of the isolated rat prostate gland. Enalapril and Losartan treatment showed significant inhibition of prostate enlargement, prevent the reduction in Serum Testosterone levels, reduced the level of Serum Prostate Specific Antigen, reduced the level of Serum Prostatic Acid Phosphatase, protection of histoarchitecture of prostate when compared with model group. These results suggest that Enalapril and Losartan has a definite inhibitory effect on BPH and might be an alternative medicine for treatment of human BPH. --- ## Mineral status of female breast cancer patients in Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Sivakumar S., Mohankumar N. **Published:** 2012-11-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Breast cancer, Minerals, Plasma, Tissue Cancer is rated as one of the most dreadful diseases next to AIDS. Breast cancer has emerged as the leading site of cancer among women and has overtaken cancer of the uterine cervix. The aim of the study was to find out mineral status in plasma and tissue of the breast cancer patients compared to healthy subject and minerals selected for the study were calcium, phosphorous, iron, copper and chlorine. In breast cancer condition, calcium, phosphorous and iron levels were significantly increased and decreased copper and chlorine levels in both tissue and plasma were observed. Present study results showed that the minerals could be used as diagnostic tool for breast cancer patients. It was concluded that copper and chlorine supplementation might lower risk of breast cancer patients. --- ## Anti-Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity of Dendrobium macrostachyum Lindl. **Authors:** Nimisha P.S., Hiranmai Yadav R. **Published:** 2012-11-20 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Dendrobium macrostachyum, Anti lipoxygenase activity, LOX, Orchidaceae, Dendrobium, Radam, Marathilotti The Ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-Butanol (n-BuOH) and aqueous fractions of ethanolic stem extract of Dendrobium macrostachyum Lindl. were screened in vitro for anti lipoxygenase (LOX) property. Anti lipoxygenase activity was carried out as described by Lyckander and Malterud. Although all fractions exhibited anti lipoxygenase activity in comparison with reference standard Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) Indomethcin (IC50=272.73µg/mL), the EtOAc fraction (IC50=232.58µg/mL) showed highest anti lipoxygenase activity than n- BuOH (IC50=629.95µg/mL) and aqueous (IC50=325.87µg/mL) fractions. IC50 was calculated from the concentration– effect regression lines. The results obtained in the present study indicates that the anti lipoxygenase property may be one of the mechanisms behind the medicinal claims of the plant being used in the treatment of earache and to relieve pain. --- ## Coumarin modulates apoptotic, cell proliferative, inflammatory and angiogenic markers in favor of tumor inhibition during 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene- induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis **Authors:** Nagarethinam Baskaran, Shanmugam Manoharan, Raju Kowsalya, Simon Silvan, Duraisamy Palanimuthu **Published:** 2012-11-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, inflammation, DMBA, oral cancer Oral carcinoma, the fifth most frequent aggressive epithelial tumor, accounts for 40-50% of all cancers in developing countries, especially in India. The aim of the present study was to assess the modulating effect of coumarin on the immunohistochemical expression pattern of apoptotic, inflammatory, angiogenic and cell proliferative markers during DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis. Oral squamous cell carcinoma was developed in the buccal pouches of hamsters using topical application of 0.5% 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) three times a week for 14 weeks. The expression patterns of molecular markers were studied using immunohistochemistry (p53, Bcl-2, Bax, VEGF and PCNA), RT-PCR (cyclin D1 and NF-κB) and ELISA reader (COX-2 and c-Fos). Deregulation in the expression pattern of apoptotic (p53, Bcl-2 and Bax), cell-proliferatives (c-Fos, PCNA and cyclin D1), inflammatory (COX-2 and NF-κB) and angiogenic (VEGF) markers were noticed in the buccal mucosa of hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Oral administration of coumarin at a dose of 100 mg/kg bw protected the deregulation of above mentioned markers in hamsters treated with DMBA. The present study thus concludes that the apoptotic, anti-cell proliferatives, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic potential of coumarin might have played a possible role in the prevention of oral tumors during DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of solid dispersion of lomefloxacin hydrochloride **Authors:** Priyal Jain, Shilpa Nair, Nilesh Jain, Deepak Kumar Jain, Surendra Jain **Published:** 2012-11-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lomefloxacin, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Urea, Solid dispersion, Dissolution Lomefloxacin hydrochloride is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery. Although lomefloxacin is not rapidly absorbed after oral administration its half life is 8 hr., it is critical to improve the dissolution rate to enhance the bioavailability, due to its low water solubility. Solid dispersions of lomefloxacin hydrochloride with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP K30) and HPMC K4M and Urea were prepared by using fusion method. The prepared solid dispersions using urea were free flowing and showed good percentage of drug content (96%w/w). The FTIR study reveals no chemical interaction between lomefloxacin hydrochloride and carriers used. The XRPD and DSC studies confirm transformation of crystalline form of lomefloxacin hydrochloride into the amorphous form. The in vitro dissolution studies of formulated solid dispersions shows the increase in solubility in order of Urea> PVP> HPMC. --- ## Ligands as tools for Brain Targeting **Authors:** Lohan Shikha, Sharma Sumit, Murthy R.S.R. **Published:** 2012-11-07 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ligands, peptides, blood brain barrier, receptors, transporters Blood brain barrier is one of the most efficient barriers in the body which regulates brain homeostasis and protects the brain from chemical substances via means of tight junctions and thus BBB is considered as the most important barrier in preventing molecules from reaching the brain parenchyma via extensive branches of blood capillary networks. Therefore for decades scientists have tried to bypass this insurmountable barrier and the use of ligands as targeting molecules have provided a sound approach for the delivery. This class of ligands is wide in nature and includes various transporters, receptors, antibodies, surfactants. This article presents various approaches used in design and delivery of nanoparticles to brain mediated by the ligands and shows how these could target the brain and provide drug treatment for diseases such as Schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s. --- ## Effect of different cooking methods on the antioxidant properties of methanolic extract of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) **Authors:** Jesupriya Poornakala S., Padmini T., Banumathi P., Parvathi S., Sundaram SP **Published:** 2012-11-07 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidants, Beetroot, Total Flavonoids, Tannins, Total Polyphenols, FRAP, Phosphomolybdenum assay Beet root was cooked using three different home scale cooking methods (boiling, pressure cooking and stir frying). The antioxidant content of flavonoids, tannins and polyphenols were estimated. The antioxidant activity was determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay and phosphomolybdenum assay. Results indicated that the total flavonoid, tannins and total polyphenols of raw beet root were 0.31g CE/ 100g (DWB), 0.25 g TAE/ 100 g (DWB) and 0.76 g GAE /100g (DWB) respectively. Cooking methods significantly increased the antioxidant content and antioxidant activities. Boiling exhibited the highest value among the three cooking methods. The antioxidant contents significantly correlated with antioxidant activities and also the correlation between FRAP and phosphomolybdenum assay was high. --- ## A quantitative assessment of bioactive phytochemicals of Nerium indicum: An ethnopharmacological herb **Authors:** Priyankar Dey, Subhrajyoti Roy, Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri **Published:** 2012-11-07 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nerium, phytochemical, flavonoid, phenol, pharmaceutical, herbal medicine, vitamin Phytochemicals fall under various classes of chemicals which are solely derived from plants. Some of these plants possess immense medicinal and therapeutic value for which the modern pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industry aims towards utilizing the natural plant based resources. These phytochemicals have lesser side effects as believed than the conventional synthetic chemicals and also are more economic. From ages, extracts from various plants are used as traditional medicines all over the world. These extracts, rich in phytochemicals, may provide protection from various diseases and also may develop the resistance against some diseases. Nerium indicum is one of the traditional medicinal plants used all over the world and especially in Indian subcontinent and China. In the present study we have documented the presence or absence of different phytochemicals like tannin, phlobatannin, cholesterol, terpinoid, glycoside, phenolics, flavonoid, steroid, anthraquinone, saponin, carbohydrate, alkaloid and protein in leaf, stem separately and root apart from the whole plant part of N.indicum. We also quantified the amount of saponin, alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, thiamine, soluble sugar, protein, lipid, total moisture and ash content in different parts of the plant. All the methods followed are standard biochemical and spectrophotometric procedures for detection and quantification of phytochemicals. This may lead to open a new vista regarding the medicinal value of N. indicum. --- ## Comparative studies on the pharmacopoeial and flow properties of powdered celluloses extracted from maize cob using different chemical procedures **Authors:** Chukwuemeka P. Azubuike, Jimson O. Odulaja, Augustine O. Okhamafe **Published:** 2012-10-16 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Agricultural residue, Cellulose extraction, Ionic liquid, Physicochemical properties In this work a comparative study on different methods of extraction of α-cellulose from agricultural residue- maize (Zea mays) cob was carried out. α-Celluloses were extracted from the agricultural residue using various chemical procedures based on:- nitric acid/ sodium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, organsolvent and ionic liquid (IL) [1-butyl- 3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl)]. The chemical composition and flow properties of the extracted α- celluloses were estimated using the known standard methods. The α-celluloses extracted from the agricultural residue using nitric acid/ sodium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide methods, respectively, were relatively free from other lignocellulosic contents (lignin content < 0.70% and hemicelluloses < 1.30%) compared to the organosolvent method (lignin content 1.54-4.03 % and hemicelluloses 4.50-10.05%), and IL method (lignin content 3.45% and hemicelluloses 12.50%). Apart from the α-cellulose obtained with IL, others showed poor flow properties. The results show that the IL method is a promising process for the extraction of cellulose with improved flow characteristics from maize cobs, however, the cellulose method obtained with this method failed pharmacopoeial requirement in terms of purity. Since the ionic liquids can be almost 100% recycled, this might be a low cost, fast, simple and environmentally friendly chemical procedure that can increase significantly the competitiveness of α- cellulose extraction if the purity of the obtained cellulose can be improved upon. --- ## Anti tubercular activity of Stereospermum colais (Bignoniaceae) leaf extracts **Authors:** Vijaya Bharathi R., Jayashree N., Kumudhaveni B., Thirumal M., Srimanthula Surya **Published:** 2012-10-16 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Stereospermum colais, Radiometric Respiratory Technique, Ethanol and Chloroform extract Stereospermum colais (Buch. - Ham. ex Dillw.) Mabberley (Bignoniaceae) is a woody shrub aboriginal to Asian country where the plant parts are used in traditional human medication. It is traditionally named as Patala (Sanskrit) in India. The aim of the present study was to determine the antituberculosis activity of the ethanol and chloroform extracts of the leaves of S. colais. The preliminary phytochemical study has revealed that the ethanolic extract contains carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, saponins, iridoid, flavonoids and the chloroform extract contains carbohydrates, steroids, cardiac and iridoid glycosides. The ethanol and chloroform extracts of the leaves of Stereospermum colais were evaluated for anti tubercular activity by Radiometric Respiratory Technique using the BACTEC method. Drug susceptibility testing was performed on Middle brook 7H12 medium. Two fold serial dilution were followed at the concentrations of 20mg/ml, 10mg/ml and 5mg/ml. The standard drug Rifampicin and Isoniazid were used for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Growth Index (GI) was noted for susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis to a maximum of 11-15 days. ∆GI value for ethanol extract at 20mg/ml was -15. This shows that the ethanol extract has bacteriostatic action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Further study can be extrapolated to identify and isolate the compound responsible for the bacteriostatic activity. --- ## Formulation development studies on pioglitazone- β-cd matrix tablets for controlled release **Authors:** Chowdary K. P. R., Dwarakanadha Reddy P. **Published:** 2012-10-16 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** pioglitazone, β-cyclodextrin, inclusion complex, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethyl cellulose, starch acetate, matrix tablets The aim of the present investigation was to enhance the solubility and impart a controlled release pioglitazone - βCD matrix tablets; pioglitazone is an oral hypoglycemic agent, which belongs to Class II of BCS with relatively short elimination half life. Inclusion complex of pioglitazone with β-cyclodextrin was prepared by kneading, co- precipitation, physical mixture and evaluated for its in-vitro release. The dissolution study of kneading complex shows significant increase in the drug release from kneading complex than pure drug and physical mixture. Matrix tablet complex equivalent to 30 mg pioglitazone were prepared by using ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), ethyl cellulose (EC) and starch acetate (SA) evaluated for various tablet properties and in-vitro dissolution studies. The feasibility of employing βCD complexes in the design of controlled release matrix tablets of pioglitazone for obtaining slow controlled and complete drug release in 24 h. --- ## Cell adhesion molecules: The important biomaterials **Authors:** Pallavi Bafna, Anand Bafna **Published:** 2012-10-16 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Adhesion molecules, characteristics, physiological roles, uses Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are glycoproteins expressed on the cell surface and play a vital role in a wide array of biologic processes. Some of these include: cell growth, differentiation, embryogenesis, immune cell transmigration and response, inflammation, wound healing and cancer metastasis. Adhesion molecules are also capable of transmitting information from the extracellular matrix to the cell. There are four main groups: the integrin family, the immunoglobulin superfamily, selectins, and cadherins. These molecules contribute to the pathogenesis of a large number of common human disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis and tumor cell metastasis in cancer. In this review, the basic mechanisms of cellular adhesion, the characteristics of adhesion molecules, their physiological roles and therapeutic utility are summarized. --- ## Fast dissolving film: A review **Authors:** Taruna Kalra, Monika Madhra, Kamal Gandhi, Anu Dahiya, Khush boo **Published:** 2012-10-16 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Mouth dissolving films, Oral dispersible films, Oral disintegrating films Fast-dissolving drug-delivery systems (FDDS) were first developed in the late 1970s as an alternative to tablets, capsules, and syrups for pediatric and geriatric patients who experience difficulties swallowing traditional oral solid dosage forms. Over the past three decades, fast disintegrating tablets (FDTs) have gained considerable attention as a preferred alternative to conventional tablets and capsules due to better patient compliance. FDTs are solid dosage forms containing medicinal substances which disintegrate rapidly, usually in a matter of seconds, when placed on the tongue. But in this, there are still some chances of chocking. So Oral dissolving film Technology (ODFTS) are another FDDS evolved over the past few years from the confection and oral care markets in the form of breath strips and became a novel and widely accepted form by consumers for delivering vitamins and personal care products. Itcan be administrated in the buccal cavity for a shorter period of time in Secs and gives better therapeutic action. OFDFs are very similar to postage stamp in their shape, size and thickness. These films have a potential to deliver the drug systemically through intragastric, sublingual or buccal route of administration and also has been used for local action. This type of technology offer a convenient way of dosing medication, not to special population groups like pediatric, geriatric, bedridden patients, mentally ill patients, but also to the general population. --- ## Overview of current technologies in ocuserts for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases **Authors:** Sowjanya A., Mallikarjuna Rao K., Gnanaprakash K., Divya A., Vidyasagar N., Gobinath M. **Published:** 2012-10-10 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Ocuserts, kneading method, Glaucoma, cul-de-sac, film casting method, conjunctivitis, Keratitis Ocular drug delivery is one of the most fascinating and challenging tasks facing the Pharmaceutical researchers. One of the major barriers of ocular medication is to obtain and maintain a therapeutic level at the site of action for prolonged period of time. The development of newer, more sensitive diagnostic techniques and therapeutic agents renders urgency to the development of maximum successful and advanced ocular drug delivery systems. The main objective of the present review was to describe different technologies used for the preparation of ocuserts and importance of ocuserts in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. Different categories of drugs used for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases such as anti-viral, anti-biotics, anti-glaucoma, anti-bacterial and anti- fungal drugs. Methods involved in the preparation of ocuserts like solvent casting method, film casting and kneading method. Finally concluded that the present review gives the full description about ocular drug delivery system for the treatment of ophthalmic disease in effective manner. --- ## Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of some novel flavone derivatives **Authors:** Devi R., Nalini CN **Published:** 2012-10-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial, Antifungal, Chalcones, Flavones, Schiff reaction, 1, 3, 4-Thiadiazoles Five novel chalcones were synthesized by condensing 2-hydroxy-acetophenone with hetero aromatic and aromatic aldehydes in dilute ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution at room temperature according to Claisen- Schmidt condensation, five flavones derivatives were prepared by cyclisation of 2-hydroxy Chalcones in the presence of DMSO/I2. Three 1, 3, 4-Thiadiazole derivatives also prepared by standard method and finally these derivatives are admitted for Schiff reaction with flavones derivatives to get 15 novel Schiff bases of Flavones. All these compounds were characterized by means of their IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectroscopic data. The antibacterial activity of these compounds was evaluated by the Paper disc diffusion method and the antifungal activity was done by Agar Plate Method. --- ## Formulation and in vitro evaluation of gastro retentive drug delivery system of tramadol hydrochloride **Authors:** Ravi M., Narayanan N. **Published:** 2012-10-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tramadol HCl, Floating drug delivery, Gastro-retentive delivery, Super-disintegrant Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic used in treatment of moderate to severe pain. Tramadol is chemically (1R,2R)-rel-2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]- 1-(3-methohxyphenyl) cyclohexanol. Tramadol Hcl Floating tablet containing tramadol HCl were prepared to have gastroretention in the upper region of stomach with objective of prolongation of the drug release at this region with aim of prolongation of residence time by the candidate due to its low half life with severity of the existing pain. In the present study the dosage forms of floating drug delivery system is tried with different excipients with different grades of polymer of hypromellose like HPMC K 4M, HPMC K 15 M and HPMC K 100 M with varying proportion of disintegrating agent and superdisintegrant along with the gas generating agent such as Sodium bicarbonate. Thus prepared batches of different formulations were subjected for its release kinetics fitted with different kinetic equations the percentage drug release and the effect of superdisintegrant was found that the tramadol Hcl floating tablet is a promising approach as it can lead to decrease in the frequency of administration and increase the residence time in the stomach. --- ## A review on current scenario of transdermal drug delivery system **Authors:** Divya A., Mallikarjuna Rao K., Gnanaprakash K., Sowjanya A., Vidyasagar N., Gobinath M. **Published:** 2012-10-10 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Transdermal patches, matrix diffusion system, anti-asthmatic drugs, permeation enhancers, Iontophoresis, Electroporation and ultrasound Transdermal delivery system offers an alternative route for administering drugs that by passes the gut and may be a more convenient, safer and non-invasive mean for delivery of drugs especially in case of long-term use. The main objective of the present review was to describe the different categories of drugs used for the preparation of transdermal patches, methods and their applications. Transdermal patch or Adhesive patch used to deliver a drug in controlled release manner through the skin over a period of time. Mainly transdermal patches can be prepared for the different category of drugs such as Analgesics and antipyretics, anti-diuretics, anti-diabetics, anti- asthmatics, antihypertensive, Local Anesthetics and antibiotics. Types of Transdermal patches which include Matrix type, Membrane type, Reservoir type, Microreservoir type. This review article also emphasize most of the technologies involved in better permeation through skin into an effective drug delivery system. Finally concluded that the present review gives the full description about transdermal drug delivery system to maintain the drug levels in blood stream in controlled manner. --- ## In silico exploration of anti-inflammatory activity of Pseudarthria viscida root **Authors:** Suriyavathana Muthukrishnan, Thinakaran Rajan **Published:** 2012-10-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Inflammation, Cyclooxygenase-2, Pseudarthria viscid, d-mannitol-1 – decyl sulfonyl Cyclooxygenase is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of prostanoids, biologically active substances that are involved in several physiological processes but also in pathological conditions, such as inflammation. The non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly medication in the world. The mechanism of action of these drugs is the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme, which catalyse the biosynthesis of prostaglandins-G2 from arachidonic acid. Despite the success of NSAIDs to treat inflammatory disorders with decreased side effects is an ongoing effort. Bioinformatics is seen as an emerging field with the potential to significantly improve how drugs are found brought to the clinical trials and eventually released to the marketplace. Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) is a specialized discipline that uses computational methods to stimulate drug-protein interaction. Discovery studio 2.1 provides a set of protocols for predicting and analyzing the interaction between protein and ligands. Molecular Docking experiments were carried out for the compounds identified from the Pseudarthria viscida root extract with cyclooxygenase-2 using Accelry’s DISCOVERY STUDIO 2.1. Docking is a method which predicts the preferred orientation of one molecule to a second when bound to each other to form a stable complex. Out of 13 compounds characterized from Pseudarthria viscida, only three of them docked with cyclooxygenase-2. of that three, d-mannitol-1 – decyl sulfonyl alone can be considered to be lead compound since it satisfies all Lipinski’s rule five. --- ## Simultaneous estimation of levofloxacin and ambroxol hydrochloride from tablet dosage form using RP-HPLC **Authors:** Prathap B, Akalanka Dey, Srinivasa Rao G, Shahul Hussan **Published:** 2012-08-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), levofloxacin (LE), ambroxol hy- drochloride (AM), pharmaceutical tablet dosage form A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed, validated and used for the quantitative determination of levofloxacin (LE) and ambroxol hrdrochloride (AM) from its tablet dosage form. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Intersil ODS-3u C18 column (250mmx4.6mm, 5µm) with a mobile phase comprising of a mixture of buffer: acetonitrile: methanol (75:10:15v/v/v) and pH adjusted to 3 with ortho phosphoric acid, at flow rate of 1ml/min, with detection at 215nm. As per International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines the method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quatification and robustness. Linearity of LE was found to be in the range of 19.5-45.5µg/ml and that for AM was found to be 3-7µg/ml. the correlation coefficient were 0.9972 and 0.9999 for LE and AM respectively. The results of tablet analysis were found to be 101.1 and 102.6 for LE and AM respectively. Percentage recovery of LE was found to be 97.20% - 99.98% and that of AM was 98.05% - 99.9%. The assay experiment shows that the method is free from interference of excipients. This demonstrates that the developed HPLC method is simple, linear, precise and accurate and can be conveniently adopted for the routine quality control analysis of the tablet. --- ## Evaluation of self medication among professional students of Rajampet **Authors:** Lokanath N, Ramkanth S, Balavardhan SN, Kiran Kumar R, Mohamed Saleem TS **Published:** 2012-08-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nonprescription medication, OTC drugs, self-medication The objective of this study was to describe and examine the branded medicines used by professional students awareness trust in medicine system, reasons behind self-medication, drug information resources, and knowledge of drug profile. Samples of 300 young students belonging to two professional colleges in Rajampet, Kadapa district were selected. An inclusion criterion was 18-25 years a total of 38 students were excluded in accordance with the exclusion criteria like incomplete information. The prevalence of self-medication among professional students was 78.62%. About 54.19% has a positive trust in allopathic medicines, 27.48% students ayurvedic, homeopathy medicine 13.74%, Sidda 4.58%. Most of the self-medication was involved with headache and fever, cough & cold, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, running nose and eye conjunctivitis, & others. Respondents were using Schedule H drugs/potent drugs for minor illness. The results are based on feed backs, which were provided by respondents included in study. The percentage of self-medication might be a change along with locality and region. This descriptive survey shows that the majority of professional students had a poor knowledge about appropriate self- medication while knowledge of the benefits and risks was not adequate. A number of students consult pharmacists and follow advertisements on drug information. --- ## Antiulcer Activity of Parkinsonia acculeata, Measurement of Ulcer Index using innovative Pixel count **Authors:** Ghalib I. Hundekari, Shukoor M. A, Nagappa A. N, Nazneen Akhter, Syeda Shahana **Published:** 2012-08-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Parkinsonia acculeata, Gastric ulcer, Flavonoids The objective of this study was to investigate the antiulcer activity of leaves of Parkinsonia acculeata in rats. Parkinsonia acculeata (Leguminosae) is a commonly used plant in Southern region of Maharashtra as a traditional medicine. In the present study anti-ulcer activity of its petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of leaves were investigated using animal models. All extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis and their toxic potential. Petroleum ether extract was found to contain steroids, flavonoids and Spectroscopy studies revealed presence of prostaglandin, aqueous extract revealed the presence of flavonoids and alkaloids. Parkinsonia acculeata pet ether and aqueous extracts were found to be non-toxic up to 5000 mg/kg dose after single dose administration of the extracts. During study of the claimed anti-ulcer activity, treatment with petroleum ether and aqueous extracts showed significant reduction in ulcer index in alcohol treated rats. --- ## Wound healing activity of chloroform extract of coccinia grandis on excision, incision & dead space wound model in rats **Authors:** Deepti B, Sasidhar K, Sadhana G, Srinivasa Babu P, Santhrani Thaakur **Published:** 2012-08-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coccinia grandis, Nitrofurazone, Tensile strength, Wound contraction Coccinia grandis is well known in Traditional system of Indian medicine. It is effective against mouth ulcers, diabetes, liver related disorders, asthma, injuries, pain, constipation etc. The present study was aimed for evaluation of wound healing property of chloroform extract of Coccinia grandis on Excision, Incision & Dead space wound models in rats. The results were comparable to standard drug (i.e., Nitrofurazone) & control in terms of wound contraction, period of epithelialisation, tensile strength & hydroxyproline content. The results indicate that chloroform extract exhibit significant wound healing activity when compared to standard & control. --- ## Vitex trifolia linn. (Verbaneaceae): A Review on pharmacological and biological effects, isolated and known potential phytoconstituents of therapeutic importance **Authors:** Kulkarni Laxmikant **Published:** 2012-08-08 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Genus Vitex, Vitex trifolia Linn, Verbaneaceae, Phytoconstituents From thousands of years, the traditional medicinal plants were used for the treatment of various diseases based on knowledge and experience. Many of these plants failed to draw attention for their useful medicinal properties and remain to be undiscovered. In recent years, many traditional plants from various genus, species and families were evaluated scientifically for their role in prevention and treatment of many diseased conditions. The genus Vitex contains 270 species all over the world with diverse medicinal active constituents and properties. The present review focuses on one of such traditional plant Vitex trifola Linn. from genus Vitex, its pharmacological and biological effects, isolated and known potential phytoconstituents of therapeutic importance. --- ## Review on bioavailability enhancement **Authors:** Sheshgiri N. Gada, Mukesh K. Vaishnav, Mahesh J. Birajdar, Mahaveer K. Kabra **Published:** 2012-08-08 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Bioavailability, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic The U.S Food and Drug administration defines bioavailability as “The rate and extent to which the active drug in- gredient or therapeutic moiety is absorbed from a drug product and become available at the site of drug action.” Many studies illustrate that difference in manufacturing procedures, as well as the composition of the dosage form; can affect the bioavailability of a drug product. The importance of bioavailability is related to the drug action. A pharmacological response occur when drug with receptor after administration. A pharmacological activity can only be observed above the minimum effective concentration, hence that concentration of the drug, which above MEC is required for drug. The solubility of poorly bioavailability drug can be enhanced by the pharmaceuti- cal approach which involves modification of formulation, manufacturing process or the physico-chemical properties of the drug without changing the chemical structure or by the pharmacokinetic approach in which pharmacokinetic of the drug is altered or the biologic approach where the route of drug administration can be changed. The methods used for the enhancement of bioavailability are as follows: Particle size reduction, use of surfactants, use of salt forms, use of metastable polymorphs etc. --- ## Transdermal drug delivery system: An overview **Authors:** Hemanth kumar G **Published:** 2012-08-08 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Transdermal delivery, types of patches, skin penetration, Evaluation Today three fourth of the drugs manufactured are taken orally and are not found to be effective as desired. When compared to oral route of administration, transdermal route has numerous advantages over the more traditional drug delivery systems. Drug delivery through the skin to attain systemic circulation is known as transdermal drug delivery system (TDD).TDDS are the dosage forms which involves penetration of the drug substances through the outermost layer of skin that is stratum corneum to show its therapeutic effect, where major part of drug is transported into systemic circulation. A Transdermal Patch is an adhesive patch that has a coating of medicine (drug) that is placed on the skin to deliver specific dose (drug) into the blood over a period of time. This review describes about recent advancements in TDD enhancement techniques, skin morphology & mechanism of penetration, components of Transdermal patches, types of patches, and its physicochemical methods of evaluation is described. --- ## Altered metabolism of diabetes mellitus and its metabolic blockers **Authors:** Srinivasan Muthuirulappan, Steffi Pulikodan Francis **Published:** 2012-08-08 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Metabolic rearrangements, Diabetic complications, Diabetic therapy The treatment of diabetes will not be perfect when it controls merely hyperglycemia. Hence, there are many multi dimensional approaches accelerated in diabetes research. In recent years, considerable progress has been made towards understanding the biochemical mechanisms leading to diabetic complications. Some of such path ways and drugs discovered for blocking such metabolism from chemical and herbal sources are conferred in this paper. To describe biochemical mechanisms and new treatment modalities being explored in current scenario. As the discovery of drug and clinical trials take several years to achieve their goal it is necessary to observe the develop- mental process taking place worldwide. The papers reviewed here in this decade will help us to predict the trend of the next decade. There are many drugs have proved its efficacy in in-vitro assays and animal models. Some of them are underway in clinical trials. Altered path ways responsible for secondary complications of diabetes are illustrated. A possible mechanism for higher rate of free radical production in diabetes is also proposed. There are hundreds of plant based medicines found to have better antioxidant metabolites and trace elements that play vital role in degenerative diseases though their specific mechanism could not be established, but they are proved by scientific evaluations. There are many metabolic blockers under clinical trials, when outcome of these trials demonstrate unsafe for the usage, drug modification may be the potential area for research or else the process of chemical synthesis may have such potential. As this task is the major thirst area for research, it is presented for exploration. --- ## Comparative analysis of in vitro antibacterial activity of extracts of Viola patrinii on pathogenic microorganisms **Authors:** Sajad Yousuf, Bachheti R.K, Archana Joshi, Mehraj-ud-din Bhat **Published:** 2012-08-08 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Viola partinii, antimicrobial activity, MIC, MLC, pathogenic microorganisms, extracts The antibacterial activities of hexane (H), petroleum ether (PE), acetone (AC), choloroform (C), ethanolic (E) and water (W) extracts of whole plant (1mg/ml) of Viola patrinii were determined against wide variety of pathogenic bacteria. The extracts were tested against various bacteria’s like Escherichia coli (EC), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Staphylococcus pyogens (SP), Bacillus subtilis (BS), Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) and lactococcus (LC) by well diffu- sion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum lethal concentration (MLC) values of each extract were determined. It is concluded that ethanolic extract of whole plant of Viola partinii exhibited significant antibacterial activity. These findings established the potential of the plant Viola partinii as an effective antibacterial agent. However, further studies are needed to evaluate active compounds and probable medicinal benefits in chemotherapy among humans. --- ## Screening of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of traditional medicinal plants **Authors:** Jethinlalkhosh J.P, Lathika V **Published:** 2012-08-08 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial, Antifungal, Phytochemicals, PIRG, Well diffusion method In the present study the leaves of three traditional plants namely Tecoma stans, Heliotropium indicum and Mimo- sa pudica were screened for their phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity. Phyotochemical analysis carried out with petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides and tannins. Higher yield of phytochemicals was detected in petroleum ether and methanol extract and hence they were considered for further studies. Antibacterial activity was tested using agar well diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Pseudomonas sp and Staphylococcus sp. Antibacterial activity was exhibited by petroleum ether and methanol extracts of Tecoma stans and Heliotropium indicum against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas sp. The petroleum ether and methanol extract of Mimosa pudi- ca showed inhibition against all the four microorganisms under study in a dosage dependent manner. Antifungal activity was tested against Penicillium notatum, Penicillium crysogenum, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus and percentage inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) was determined. Highest PIRG of upto 82.26% by methanolic extract of Heliotropium indicum against Penicillium crysogenum was observed. --- ## In vitro studies on antibacterial activity of diethyl ether and ethanol extracts of Aloe barbadensis L. and Lawsonia inermis L. **Authors:** Ramakrishnaiah G, Hariprasad T **Published:** 2012-08-08 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Medicinal plants, organic extracts, antibacterial activity, bacteria In vitro studies on antibacterial activity of organic extracts (Diethyl ether and Ethanol) of two medicinal plants Aloe barbadensis L and Lawsonia inermis L were carried out against three common human pathogenic (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli) bacteria. Both the two types of extracts of Lawsonia inermis showed antibac- terial activity on three types of bacteria, where as Aloe barbadensis extracts showed antibacterial activity on S. aureus, B. subtilis and not on E. coli bacteria. The diameters of zone of inhibitions of two types of extracts of two plants were also varied. Between the two types of organic extracts of two plants, Ethanol extracts showed more antibacterial activity than Diethyl ether extracts. Zones of inhibition were comparatively high in case of ethanol extracts of both plants than diethyl ether extracts. --- ## A study of cadmium acetate induced toxicity and heptoprotective activities of curcumin in albino rats **Authors:** Deevika B, Asha S, Taju G, Nalini T **Published:** 2012-08-08 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant enzymes, Cadmium acetate, Curcumin, Hepatotoxicity Pollution is a worldwide environmental problem that affects our environment in a wide range. These pollutants causes a great variety of health problems. Among them, toxic metals play an important role. The one comnmon toxic metal is cadmium. Curcumin (diferuoyl methane) is a well-knowm biologically active compound in tumeric derived from the rhizome of plant curcuma longa . curcuma longa is a gold coloured spice most commonly used in food as colouring agent and also for preservation of food. The aim of our present study was to evaluate the toxici- ty nature of cadmium acetate and antioxidant capacity of curcumin on liver injury in albino mice. The animals were randomly divided into four groups, each with six animals. Group I (control group) received normal feed, Group II was administered with cadmium acetate (200 mg/kg) dissolved in water, Group III was administered only with curcumin and Group IV received a dose of 250 mg/kg of curcumin and 200 mg/kg of cadmium acetate. The experiment was conducted for the period of 7 days. Rats treated with cadmium acetate alone showed a increased activity of ALT, AST and a decreased activity of ALP, Protein concentrartion in serum. And also a marked decline in antioxidant enzymes like Superoxide dismutase and Catalase in cadmium acetate induced rats. However, on com- bined treatment of rats with curcumin and cadmium acetate provoked the above changes more significantly, when compared to each of them as alone. Hence it is suggested that curcumin has a protective effect against a cadmium acetate induced hepatic injury. --- ## Bio chemical alterations due to the impact of lead nitrate in sublethal levels on muscle and liver tissues of an economically important marine fish Mystus gulio (Hamilton) **Authors:** Palani Kumar S, Marimuthu S, Sharahdamma A.S **Published:** 2012-08-04 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Biochemical studies, Muscle, Liver, Lead nitrate, M.gulio In this study, the Marine fish Mystus gulio subjected to lead nitrate toxicity under three sublethal concentrations (09.60 mg/L, 15.50 mg/L and 26.50 mg/L)for 24 hrs, 48 hrs 72 hrs and 96 hrs . The vital organs Muscle and Liver were dissected from M.gulio and processed for biochemical assay. The result of Lead nitrate treated fish tissue shows a decrease in the level of Protein, Carbohydrate and Lipid comparing to the control fish. The depletion re- sults of Protein in Muscle from 69.10 to 56.48 in male and 69.55 to 55.60 percent in female, Carbohydrate from 16.52 to 13.65 Percent in male and 16.81 to 13.34 percent in female and Lipid from17.70 to 12.00 percent in male and 18.21 to 13.50 percentage in female, similarly the liver tissue shows depletion of protein from 50.15 to 41.12 percent in male and 52.00 to 43.05 percent in female, Carbohydrate from 25.15 to 20.48 percent in male and 25.44 to 19.60 percent in female Lipid shows from 21.78 to 17.86 percent in male and 20.06 to 17.00 percent in female. This shows depletion of three biochemical components due to the impact of Lead nitrate toxicity. Impact of Lead nitrate leads to active depletion of biochemical components of protein carbohydrate and Lipid resulting in accelerated metabolism. --- ## Compritol Solid Lipid Microparticles Loaded with Herbal Extracts for Acne Treatment **Authors:** Priyanka Mishra, Shikha Agrawal, Nidhi Soni, Dishant Gupta **Published:** 2012-08-04 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acne Vulgaris, Inflammation, Solid Lipid Microparticles Acne Vulgaris is an inflammation of sebaceous glands characterized by pustules and skin lesions. The usage of herbal cosmetics has been increased to many folds in personal care system and there is a great demand for the herbal cosmetics. The use of bioactive ingredients in cosmetics influence biological functions of skin and provide nutrients necessary for the healthy skin or hair. The present research work deals with Development and evalua- tion of solid lipid micro particles loaded with Grapes (Vitis venifera) seed and Marigold (Calendula officinalis) flower extract, and essential oils of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides )seeds for treatment of acne vulgaris. Compritol (5.0% wt/wt) SLM dispersions were prepared by oil in water emulsification method, using different sur- factant concentrations and Extract concentration. The SLM were characterized, in terms of surface morphology, particle size and stability. Solid lipid micro particle technology represents a promising new approach to lipophilic drug delivery. Herbal extract and oils were screened Phytochemical and TLC, HPLC were performed for Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of active constituents present. The formulation have been developed and evaluated. --- ## Evaluation of diuretic activity of Delonix regia (Gul mohr) flowers in albino rats **Authors:** Senthil Velan S, Jeeva Prakash G, Sindhan V, Somasekhar E, Bharathi S, Rajani B **Published:** 2012-07-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Delonix regia (Gul Mohr), Electrolyte excretion, Furosemide, Lipschitz test model, Metabolic cages The Diuretic activity of Delonix regia (Gul Mohr) flower extract was evaluated by Lipschitz test model in Albino rat. The animals were divided into four groups. Group I serving as control, received normal saline (25ml/kg,p.o), the group II received methanolic extract (100mg/kg,p.o) and group III also received methanolic extract (200mg/kg,p.o), the group IV received Furosemide (20mg/kg,p.o), respectively, in normal saline. Immediately after the administration, the animals were kept in metabolic cages (3 per cage) specially designed to separate urine and fecal matter and kept at room temperature of 25 ± 0.5°C throughout the experiment. The volumes of urine, uri- nary concentration of sodium, potassium and chloride ions were the parameters of the study. The results indicate that methanol extract at a concentration of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight shows an increase in the urine volume and electrolyte excretion when compared to control. Thus, the methanol extract of the flower of Delonix regia (Gul Mohr) showed a significant diuretic activity. From the present study, it may be concluded that the phy- toconstituents present in methanol extract may be responsible for diuretic activity. --- ## Antioxidant potential and total phenolic content of Leucas aspera of Sonitpur district, Assam **Authors:** Baikuntha Jyoti Gogoi, Jambey Tsering, Hui Tag, Vijay Veer **Published:** 2012-07-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** DPPH, Free radical scavenging activity, IC50, TPC Antioxidants are capable of inhibiting oxidative reactions which produces free radicals in the body responsible for various diseases. In current decade, attention is being given on plants having antioxidant property to replace syn- thetic antioxidants. Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link (Lamiaceae), a wild edible vegetable was analyzed to determine antioxidant property of methanolic leaf extract by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and IC50 was calcu- lated by plotting nonlinear regression curve. The total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu’s method using gallic acid as standard. L. aspera exhibit potent antioxidant property with IC50 value 54.78µg/ml. Total phenolic content was found to be 45.30 ± 0.64 mg GAE/g dry extract. L. aspera which is consumed as com- mon vegetable in Sonitpur district of Assam (India) are potent source of antioxidants and can be recommended as healthy vegetable. --- ## An investigation on effect of various hydrophobic polymers alone and in combination with hydrophilic polymers on matrix tablets of desvenlafaxine succinate **Authors:** Narayana Charyulu R, Keyur G. Manavadaria, Denish H. Bera, Darshan D. Sakhia, Nisha G. Shetty **Published:** 2012-07-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Desvenlafaxine Succinate, Eudragit, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, Matrix Tablets, Sustained/ Con- trolled release This work aims at investigating the effects of different hydrophobic polymers alone and in combination with hy- drophilic polymers on in vitro drug release in an attempt to formulate matrix tablets of desvenlafaxine succinate. Matrix tablets were prepared by wet granulation method employing different types and levels of polymers viz. Eudragit RS-100, Eudragit S-100, Eudragit L-100 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K15M. The granules were evaluated for angle of repose, density, compressibility index and Hausner’s factor showed satisfactory re- sults. Compressed tablets were evaluated for thickness, friability, hardness, uniformity of weight, content of active ingredient, swelling and in vitro dissolution studies. FT-IR spectra revealed that there was no interaction between drug and polymers. All the formulations showed compliance with pharmacopoeial standards. It was observed that combination of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers in equal concentration exhibited the best release pro- file compared to be used alone and able to sustain the drug release for 10 h. The studies indicated that the drug release can be modulated by varying concentrations and types of polymers. The formulations were subjected to stability studies at different temperature and humidity conditions as per ICH guidelines. Combination of polymer undergoes swelling as well as erosion during the dissolution study, which indicates that polymer relaxation had a role in drug release mechanism. The release data were fitted to various mathematical models such as Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, first-order and zero-order to evaluate the release kinetics and mechanism of the drug release found to be diffusion coupled with erosion. --- ## Conception and in vitro evaluation of Salbutamol sulphate sustained release tablets using natural mucoadhesive materials **Authors:** Jeevanandham S, Dhachinamoorthi D, Chandrasekhar K.B **Published:** 2012-07-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Salbutamol sulphate, natural mucoadhesive materials, release kinetics The present objective of the work is to investigate the efficiency of freshly extracted natural mucoadhesive mate- rials Caesalpinia pulcherrima (NMM01) and Leucaena leucocephala (NMM02) were compared with synthetic and semi synthetic mucoadhesive polymers like hydro propyl cellulose (HPC) and sodium alginate respectively. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation method and followed by evaluation of granules and tablets were carried out by possible methods like, angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index and hausner’s ratios showed that the granules good to compress, gelling and mucoadhesive strength of natural materials were studied by swelling index and ex vivo methods, NMM01 was showed more adhesion, 0.1535 neutons at 30 min- utes of time, greatest retardation of drug release was observed. In vitro drug release mechanism was found out by fitting the cumulative percentage drug release against time in hours to higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppa’s first and zero order. The drug release studies reveals that best formulation was follows non-fickian diffusion, due to erosion of the matrices. There is no significant difference in drug release between the marketed sustained release product and natural mucoadhesive materials incorporated best formulation. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of low cost sustained release floating alginate beads **Authors:** Venkateshwar Reddy A, Sairam Maduri **Published:** 2012-07-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Floating Beads, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, Sodium Alginate, Counter ion effect, Carboxy methyl cellulose, Clarithromycin, Paracetamol, Aluminium Hydroxide Floating beads are the micro-beads/ spheres prepared by ionic gelation technique. They can be either of sustained release or immediate release type. Sustained release type of floating drug delivery systems generally employ a high viscosity polymer like the hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) or ethyl cellulose as the matrixing agent. These polymers are generally very expensive, and their use in the formulation leads to increased cost of the for- mulation, which is the main reason that limits the wide-spread usage of this dosage form. In this study, we have tried to produce low cost floating alginate beads by substituting high-cost polymers like HPMC with low cost po- lymer like carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC). Comparative studies were carried out to determine the efficacy of for- mulations containing CMC with that of formulations containing HPMC as the matrixing agent. We have also stu- died the effect of physicochemical properties of the drugs on the drug release pattern of the dosage form i.e. floating alginate beads. --- ## Estimation of Valethamate bromide in pharmaceutical dosage forms by HPTLC **Authors:** Venugopal V, Harshita M, Sowjanya G, Nikitha B, Vikram B, Sunil L, Kanaka Prasad M, Subhash G **Published:** 2012-07-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Valethamate bromide, Methanol, Glacial acetic acid, n-butanol, HPTLC, Validation A simple, rapid, sensitive and highly precise High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Method has been de- veloped for the estimation of Valethamate bromide in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. HPTLC was per- formed on CAMAGLINOMAT IV, TLC scanner version 3.20, using n-butanol and glacial acetic acid (9:1) (v/v) gas mobile phase. The Chromatogram was developed in CAMAG twin trough glass chamber containing mobile phase. The TLC plates were scanned at 299nm in schimadzu dual wavelength scanner, and Rf value of valethamate bro- mide was found to be 0.37. The LOD and LOQ values were found to be 6μg/ml and 18μg/ml respectively. The li- nearity of Valethamate bromide was found to be 20-100μg/ml and gives correlation coefficient of 0.9985. --- ## Anti inflammatory activity of Parkinsonia acculeata on carrageenan and formalin induced rat paw edema in rats **Authors:** Ghalib I. Hundekari, Shukoor M. A, Nagappa A. N, Syeda Shahana, Syeda Saba, Shaikh Samina **Published:** 2012-07-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Parkinsonia acculeata, Carrageenan, formalin, anti-inflammatory The anti-inflammatory effect of the Pet ether and aqueous leaf extract of Parkinsonia acculeata was evaluated using the carrageenan and formalin induced rat paw edema. The extract administered orally at 500 mg/kg b. w produced a significant inhibition. The results obtained suggest that the Pet ether and aqueous leaf extract of Par- kinsonia acculeata is endowed with effective anti-inflammatory activity mediated via either inhibition of cyclo- oxygenase pathways, inhibiting the synthesis of inflammatory mediators and scavenging free oxygen radicals. These findings seem to justify that the plant can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent. --- ## Formulation and physicochemical evaluation of Indomethacin transdermal patches **Authors:** Venkatachalam V.V., Ravichandran S., Subramanian S., Andhuvan G. **Published:** 2012-06-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Transdermal therapeutic system (TTS), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), Ethyl cellulose (EC) Indomethacin is a NSAID available for several decades, highly effective against any condition of pain. In this study drug dispersion with different polymers like hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), polyvinyl pyrolidine (PVP), ethyl cellulose(EC), either in individual or combination were used, with or without rate controlling membrane of 1%W/V of ethyl cellulose to formulate matrix type of transdrmal patches. All the patches were prepared by added 20%W/V of di butyl phthalate (DBP) as plasticizer to make the film flexible and free from brittleness and the solvent used for dispersion was ethanol as common solvent. The prepared patches were evaluated for various physico-chemical parameters like film thickness, film weight variation, folding endurance, water absorption capacity, percentage moisture loss, percentage moisture absorption, weight vapor transmission rate, tensile strength & percentage elongation and drug content uniformity. --- ## Fast dissolving tablets - An overview **Authors:** Dinesh Kumar Pandurangan, Tejaswi Vuyyuru, Dhatrija Kollipara **Published:** 2012-06-27 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fast dissolving tablets, Drug delivery system, Ideal characteristics, Manufacturing technology Despite disadvantage, oral drug delivery remains the preferred route of drug delivery. Oral fast dissolving tablets have received important acceptance as novel drug delivery system for treatment of various diseases upon introduction in the mouth disintegrate in the mouth in the absence of additional water for easy administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients. This article provides comprehensive review of fast dissolving tablets. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of Rifampicin loaded poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles using 3^2 factorial design **Authors:** Atanu Kumar Behera, Barik B.B., Snehal Joshi, Samip Shah **Published:** 2012-06-27 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Factorial design, Nanoparticles, Poly -ε-caprolactone, Rifampicin The objective of this work was to apply the response surface approach in the development of Rifampicin nanoparticle with poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL). Experiments were performed according to a 32 factorial design to evaluate the effects of two independent variables, Sonication time (X1) and PCL amount (X2) on the percent entrapment efficiency (% EE), mean diameter (MD) of the Rifampicin nanoparticle. The effect of the two independent variables on the response variables was studied by response surface plots and contour plots generated by the Design Expert® software. The compatibility between Rifampicin and the other excipients were confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies. The sonication time has an antagonistic effect on % EE and Mean diameter of the nanoparticle but the effect of polymer amount was synergistic one. A nonlinear twisted relationship was obtained for both EE and MD, which indicated an interaction between them at the corresponding factor levels. Kinetic treatment to the dissolution profiles revealed that the drug release follows Highuchi equation which confirms the burst release pattern. The desirability function was used to optimize the response variables, and the observed responses were in agreement with the experimental values. These results indicate that Rifampicin loaded PCL nanoparticles could be effective in sustaining its release for a prolonged period. The PCL NPs could be alternate method for delivery for Rifampicin with prolonged drug release profiles and better therapeutic effect can be achieved for the treatment of tuberculosis. However, further studies are needed to confirm its performance in vivo. --- ## A validated stability-indicating HPLC assay method to investigate stability of Pantoprazole injection with injectable solutions (5 % Dextrose injection and 0.9% Sodium Chloride injection) **Authors:** Binnor Anil K., Mukkanti Khagga, Suryanarayana M V, Roy Sunilendu B **Published:** 2012-06-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pantoprazole injection, 5% Dextrose injection, 0.9% Sodium Chloride injection, Physical and Chemical Stability, Stability-indicating HPLC Assay Intravenous Pantoprazole is an alternative short-term treatment for patients with gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) who cannot take pantoprazole tablets. The stability of reconstituted solutions of Pantoprazole Injection in 5% Dextrose and 0.9% Sodium Chloride is critical before intravenous infusion, Physical stability (by pH measurement) and chemical stability (by measuring the concentration) in solution of Pantoprazole was assessed. A stability-indicating reversed phase High-Performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay method was developed and validated. The reconstituted solutions were kept under storage at room temperature (25°C ±2°C) and tested as per method at 0,4,8,12,18 & 24 hours. The validation study concluded that assay method is suitable to investigate the stability of Pantoprazole injection in injectable solutions (5% Dextrose injection and 0.9% Sodium Chloride injection) and solutions are stable for up to 24 hours at 25°C. --- ## Review on substituted 1, 2, 4-triazoles as potent antifungal and antibacterial agents **Authors:** Subhas Sahoo, Veliyath S. K., Mahendra Kumar C.B. **Published:** 2012-06-18 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** antibacterial, antifungal, Triazole, 1, 2, 4-triazole For the past two decades, modification of 1, 2, 4 triazole nucleus have made a tremendous significance in medicinal chemistry. 1, 2, 4 triazoles and their derivatives are found to have wide variety of pharmacological uses. From literature survey it is well known that triazole heterocycles exhibit manifold importance in the field of medicinal chemistry as a potent chemotherapeutic agent. Triazole is a synthetically versatile substrate used for the synthesis of a large variety of heterocyclic compounds, such as triazole fused with thiadiazole, oxadiazole and as a raw material for drug synthesis. Much work has been carried out on triazoles as potent anti fungal agents and many drugs with triazole nucleus having antifungal properties have come into the market (e.g. Fluconazole, Voriconazole, Itraconzole). This review represents the synthesized 1,2,4 triazole derivatives and their pharmacological profiles which may contribute in future to synthesize various analogs and to develop new pharmacologically less toxic medicines. --- ## Tuberculous meningitis - An update on diagnostic approaches **Authors:** Ankush Raj, Netrapal Singh **Published:** 2012-06-15 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Tuberculous meningitis, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, cerebrospinal fluid, diagnosis, nucleic acid amplification tests Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a severe form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis which causes a devastating morbidity and mortality in adults and children. Even in patients presenting at an early stage of disease, deterioration may occur despite apparently adequate therapy. Diagnosis of TBM is primarily based on clinical diagnosis, neuroimaging abnormalities and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes. Other diagnostic methods are smear examination, mycobacterial culture, serological assays, adenosine deaminase (ADA) assay, interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) and nucleic acid amplification (NAA) tests that could be helpful in TBM confirmation. However, most of assays have low sensitivity and long time duration to detect tubercle bacilli in TBM cases which could results into increased morbidity and mortality. To reduce the number of morbidity and mortality, early detection of tubercle bacilli is highly crucial so that anti-tuberculous treatment (ATT) should be started at early phase. NAA tests are useful to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in CSF samples at early stage. However, NAA tests revealed variable results in diagnosing of TBM. Hence, the conjugation of NAA tests with other diagnostic methods should be used to detect TBM at early stage to achieve high accuracy. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of bilayer floating tablets of Diltiazem hydrochloride for bimodal release **Authors:** Narayana Charyulu R., Denish Bera, Darshan Sakhia, Keyur Manavadaria, Nisha G Shetty **Published:** 2012-06-13 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diltiazem HCl, Bilayer Floating Tablets, Gas Generating Agent, Low Density Polymers In the present investigation concern, the formulation and evaluation of bilayer floating tablet of diltiazem hydrochloride which after an oral administration increase gastric residence time, to increase the bioavailability. Diltiazem HCl is the Ca2+ channel blocker which used in ischemic heart disease and hypertension. It has a half-life of 3 – 4 h and bioavailability of 40%. Moreover, after administration of 60 mg of sustained release dose it required 3.9 h to reach peak plasma concentration. So to overcome these drawbacks it is advantageous to formulate bilayer floating tablet of diltiazem hydrochloride helps to increase bioavailability, decreases the frequency of administration and also to reach peak plasma concentration rapidly. Bilayer floating tablets comprised of two layers, immediate and control release layers. The immediate release layer is comprised of gas generating system sodium bicarbonate and citric acid, control release layer comprised of low density release retardant polymers like HPMC K4M, K15M, E50LV. The prepared powder blends were subjected to FT-IR for any interaction. The tablets were prepared by direct compression. First, the powder blends of controlled release layer was precompressed and then powder blends of immediate release layer was added. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, drug content, floating lag time, total floating time, swelling index and in vitro drug release. In the present study, it was found that formulation F3 showed maximum release retardant capacity, F4, F5, F2 were next in sequence. The release data were fitted to various mathematical models such as Higuchi, first order and zero order to evaluate kinetics and mechanism of drug release, and it was and best fitted to first order and Higuchi's model. Stability studies revealed no significant changes. --- ## Effect of various penetration enhancers on permeation kinetic of itraconazole for the topical drug delivery system **Authors:** Samip Shah, Pasha T. Y., Atanu Kumar Behera, Dipti Desai, Anil Bhandari **Published:** 2012-06-13 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cyclodextrin, Inclusion complex, Itraconazole, Penetration enhancer Itraconazole (ITZ) is a synthetic triazole antifungal agent having topical and systemic efficacy against familiar fungi such as Aspergillus and other filamentous fungi. The difficulties of ITZ with oral administration like dissolution rate limited absorption and gastric side effects can be overcome by formulating it in topical system. The aim of the this study was to evaluate the effect of various penetration enhancers on permeation kinetic of ITZ using Franz diffusion cell through pretreated cellophane membrane for topical system. Various permeability parameters like steady state flux, permeability coefficient and enhancement ratio were calculated. The permeation rate of pure ITZ was found to be 33.27 µg/cm2/hr. All penetration enhancers (except cyclodextrin) showed 1 to 2 times enhancement ratio. The inclusion complex of the ITZ showed best drug permeation rate (452.20 µg/cm2/hr). It was concluded that ITZ inclusion complex with HPβCD is the best way of enhancing the permeation of drug through cellophane membrane for transdermal system. --- ## Phytochemical evaluation and study of in vitro antioxidant potential of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Amorphophallus campanulatus: a popular tuber of West Bengal **Authors:** Subhashree Basu, Moumita Das, Gouriprosad Datta **Published:** 2012-06-13 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidant potential, DPPH, Free radical, Hydroxyl radical, Lipid peroxidation, Oxidative stress, Superoxide radical The use of herbal medicines worldwide had provided an excellent opportunity to India to look for therapeutic compounds from our ancient system of therapy, Ayurveda, which can be utilized for development of new drug. Amorphophallus campanulatus is grown wild and cultivated all over India. It is very popular for its edible corms and leaves, especially in Assam and Bengal and is cultivated there as a common food crop. Since ancient time, it has been considered as medicinal plant in Sushruta Samhita and Ayurveda. It is recommended for different ailments like digestive disorders, piles, buccal ulcers and as liver stimulant in Dravyaguna Vigyan. So, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of this tuber were screened for the presence of in vitro antioxidant potential against 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, ferric reducing power, hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical and lipid peroxidation. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of both the extracts were also evaluated. IC50 values of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Amorphophallus campanulatus represented 676.37 and 820.46 μg/ml respectively for DPPH ; 665 and 968.64 μg/ml respectively for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity; 703.33 and 1097.61 μg/ml respectively for superoxide radical scavenging activity and 842.83 and 1337.35 μg/ml respectively in case of lipid peroxidation inhibition. The total phenol for ethanolic and aqueous extract was estimated to be 194.4 ± 2.2 mg % w/w and 104.6 ± 1.24 mg % w/w respectively (mg Gallic acid equivalent per gm dry weight of sample) and that of flavonoid was 6.75 ± 1.2 mg w/w and 1.50 ± 0.23 mg % w/w respectively (mg of Rutin equivalent per gm dry weight of sample). Ethanolic extract shows maximum antioxidant capacity in comparison to aqueous extract and hence can be utilized in future as therapeutic agent against free radical induced oxidative stress. --- ## Design and evaluation of three layer matrix tablet of Losartan potassium capped with Eudragit and HPMC combination **Authors:** Narayana Charyulu R, Sakhia Darshan, Manavadaria Keyur, Bera Denish, Nisha G Shetty, Shastry C S **Published:** 2012-06-04 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Trilayer Matrix Tablets, Losartan Potassium, Direct Compression Method, HPMC, Eudragit In the present investigation concern the formulation and evaluation of trilayer matrix tablets of losartan potassium (LP). Losartan potassium is an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist drug used mainly to treat high blood pressure. The biological half-life and bioavailability of losartan is very poor. Therefore, by using trilayer matrix tablet, we can improve the bioavailability of losartan using combination of different polymers and improve the patient compliance by reducing the frequency of administration. In the trilayer matrix tablets by using polymeric matrix to control the release of an active ingredient is one of the simple ways of formulating dosage form, and has been widely studied for various drug molecules. Trilayer matrix tablets comprised of three layers, a middle layer containing drug capped with combination of different polymers. The powder blend prepared fortrilayer tablet formulations were subjected to FT-IR for any interaction. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method. The results showed that higher the concentration of HPMC in upper and lower layer were better in sustaining the release of the drug. The best sustained release profile in case of trilayer matrix tablets of losartan potassium was seen in F3 followed by F2, F6, F1, F5 and F4. The release data was fitted to various mathematical models such as Higuchi, first and zero order to evaluate kinetics and mechanism of drug release and it was observed that drug release was best fitted to Zero order and Higuchi model. All formulations were subjected for stability studies at different temperatures for 8 weeks and no significant change was observed. --- ## Antifungal activity of methanolic fractions of Alstonia scholaris against clinical isolates of Candida and other Yeast species **Authors:** Molly Antony, Neethu S K, Kavitha B., Chandra Shekhar Misra, Thankamani V. **Published:** 2012-06-04 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alstonia scholaris, Candida krusei, antifungal activity Secondary metabolites are produced by many plants which are useful to human beings. These metabolites have been known for ages and served as potent antimicrobial agents. Alstonia scholaris(AS) is one of the most important plants which in our experiments has demonstrated a promising anti microbial activity. The present study aims at evaluating the anti fungal potential of this plant. Methanol extracts of leaf and bark were used for investigating anti fungal activity against different strains of Candida species isolated from clinical specimens. The result of the present study showed that most of the Candida sps were sensitive to the butanol and ethyl acetate (EA) fractions while hexane and chloroform showed no activity against the tested strains. However the largest zone of inhibition measured 16 mm for butanol fractions of Alstonia scholaris bark against Candida krusei. The SDA agar incorporated with the methanol fraction of leaf and bark extract showed complementary result in case of butanol fraction with 100 percent inhibition and almost little inhibition in ethyl acetate fraction. Unlike other fractions, the aqueous fraction showed zero inhibition in both well diffusion method as well as agar dilution method. --- ## Lupeol protects DNA damage against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced genotoxicity **Authors:** Duraisamy Palanimuthu, Shanmugam Manoharan, Simon Silvan, Nagarethinam Baskaran, Ramachandran Srinivasan **Published:** 2012-06-04 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lupeol, DMBA, Genotoxicity, Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidants, Comet Assay The present study has investigated the protective effect of lupeol on 7,12-dimethylbenz (a)anthracene (DMBA) induced genotoxicity in the bone marrow cells of golden Syrian hamsters. DNA damage was assessed in the bone marrow cells using single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) in experimental hamsters. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants status in plasma was utilized as biochemical endpoints to assesses the antigenotoxic effect of lupeol during DMBA induced genotoxicity. Extensive DNA damage with marked abnormalities in the status of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants was noticed in hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Oral pretreatment of lupeol to DMBA-treated hamsters not only protected DNA damage, but also restored the status of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants. The present study thus suggests that lupeol exhibited antigenotoxic potential against DMBA-induced genotoxicity, which is probably due to its antioxidant property. --- ## A study of evaluation of safety and efficacy of memomet, a multi herbal formulation (memomet) in the treatment of behavioural disorder in children **Authors:** Basudeb Dutta, Barua TK, Jayanto Ray, Anjan Adhikari, Sharmistha Biswas, Soma Banerjee, Aniruddha Roy, Debnath PK **Published:** 2012-06-04 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Memomet, ADHD, Bacopa, Centella, Hyperactivity, Behavioural problem, Children This study shows the efficacy of Memomet in the treatment of ADHD in children. Total 86 patients were recruited in the study. There were 56 children in the treated group and 30 in placebo treated group. The children were subjected to various test parameters like Yale’s behavioural scale for children with ADHD, Conner’s test and Malin’s test. Both Memomet and Placebo was given at the dose of 1 tsf twice daily for 4 months. At the end of the study period both the groups were evaluated for response to treatment. It was observed that group treated with Memomet responded significantly compared to placebo. --- ## Regulatory aspects of drug stability studies **Authors:** Shiva Prasad S., Pramod Kumar TM, Mahesh E., Krishna Chaitanya GVNS **Published:** 2012-05-10 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Stability studies, Shelf-life, Drug substance, Drug product, Long term stability studies, Accelerated stability studies, Stress testing The U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) defines stability as the extent to which a product retains, within specified limits and throughout its period of storage and use (i.e., its shelf life), the same properties and characteristics that it possessed at the time of manufacture. Stability studies play a major role in determining shelf-life of the product, fixing storage conditions for the product. Stability studies in general are divided into long term, accelerated, stress testing. Long term stability studies are conducted at normal storage conditions of the pharmaceutical product. Accelerated studies are conducted at exaggerated storage conditions and useful in predicting the stability in normal storage conditions. Stress testing strictly cannot be considered as stability studies however, they are performed to identify degradation products, and thus provide insight into validation of analytical testing methods, that determines the stability of pharmaceutical products (e.g. photo-stability studies). Regulatory aspects of stability studies includes the selection of batches for performing stability studies, storage conditions for performing stability studies and their frequency, test to be performed to analyze the stability of the drug substance and drug product. Data generated from stability studies forms the basis for evaluating shelf-life and storage conditions for the pharmaceutical product. Thus, Stability studies ensures that right amount of drug is available to the patient throughout its shelf life, and it is the one of the important criterion to be satisfied for the registration/ obtaining license for marketing pharmaceuticals. --- ## Aconite: A pharmacological update **Authors:** Mukesh Kr. Singh, Minu Vinod, Shiv Kr. Iyer, Gaurav Khare, Gotmi Sharwan, Yogesh Kr. Larokar **Published:** 2012-05-08 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Aconite, Aconitine, Anti-inflammatory, Arrhythmia, Phosphorylation, Poisoning Aconitine (Queen of Poisons) and related alkaloids found in the Aconitum species are highly toxic cardiotoxins and neurotoxins. Aconite is a herbaceous perennial plant, chiefly native of the northern hemisphere, growing in moisture retentive but well-draining soils of the mountain meadows. At present, more than 120 species of the plant have been found. Severe aconite poisoning occurs after accidental ingestion of the wild plant or consumption of an herbal decoction made from aconite roots. This review paper discusses some of the pharmacological activities of the aconite plant and its chief constituent aconitine. The effect of KB-R7943, the sodium-calcium exchange (NCX) blocker, on aconitine-induced arrhythmias in Guinea pigs using the ECG recordings suppressed abnormal electrical activity, but SEA did not show such effects. Aconitine also mediates the phosphorylation status of Cx43 and PKCα in the cultured ventricular myocytes of neonatal rats. These reports collected are very encouraging and indicate that the plant should be studied more expensively for its therapeutic benefits. --- ## Pharmacological Evaluation of Ethanolic Extract of Rubia Cardifolia **Authors:** Sandip Sen, Bishwabara Roy, Nasiruddin Ahmad Farooqui **Published:** 2012-05-08 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Rubia cardifolia, CNS depressant, Motor cordination Rubia cardifolia Linn. (Rubiaceae) is also known as manjishta. Roots and stems are active part of plant. Plant contains various chemical constituents like glycosides, antraquinone, saponins, tannins and phytosterol, hexapeptides, quinones, triterpinoids. Phytochemical examinations have shown that it produces tri-terpenoids, anthraquinones, cyclopeptides and phenolics.The roots of Manjistha are used for medicinal purpose. Externally manjistha is highly recommended in skin diseases associated with edema and oozing. The present study reports some neuropharmacological activities of ethanolic extract of Rubia cardifolia in mice. Results indicated that the Rubia cardifolia significantly decreased in motor-cordination and aweak fullness. But before performing the pharmacological activity it was decided to perform the acute toxicity study. From the acute toxicity study it was found that 100-150 mg/kg body weight is the optimum dose for CNS depressant activity. From the in-vitro experimental model it can be concluded that the extract shows CNS depressant and skeletal muscle relaxant activity which have been established by statistical analysis. --- ## Design and ex-vivo evaluation of adhesive matrix type transdermal patch of buspirone hydrochloride **Authors:** Subhash Kumbhar, Yogesh Pawar, Amir Shaikh, Pramod Kasture **Published:** 2012-04-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Buspirone, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Oleic Acid, Human Cadaver Skin, Transdermal Patch The present work was intended to design alternative dosage form to the conventional tablets of the Buspirone hydrochloride (BH); as about 96% drug is metabolized during its first pass by oral route. An adhesive matrix system of BH was prepared by taking different ratios of Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP) and Hydroxypropyl methylcellu- lose LMV (HPMC) with polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) as plasticizer. Oleic acid was incorporated as penetration enhancer and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as solubilizer in the hydroalcoholic solution. Resultant solution was dried on the Polyvinyl Alcohol EF (PVA) backing membrane to prepare adhesive matrix type transdermal patch. Physical evaluation of the adhesive matrix layers obtained by the various combinations of PVP and HPMC were carried out by performing thickness uniformity, ultimate tensile strength, peel adhesion, ball adhesion and moisture absorp- tion studies. Permeation studies were performed using Keshary-Chien diffusion cell through human cadaver skin in 10% buffered formalin (7.4pH). Approximate zero order release kinetics was observed when a patch containing 4 mg/cm2 of BH created a flux of 42µg/cm2h-1 and penetrated about 1mg/cm2 of drug in a day. Transdermal patch of BH provides a superior option to conventional tablets and creates reasonable change in the drug therapy of anxiety patients. --- ## In vitro antibacterial activities study of norfloxacin containing mucoadhesive suspensions **Authors:** Subhashree Sahoo, Chandra Kanti Chakraborti, Pradipta Kumar Behera **Published:** 2012-04-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial Activity, Norfloxacin, HPMC, C934, C940 To study the in vitro antibacterial properties of mucoadhesive suspensions containing Norfloxacin, three different formulations were prepared by using three polymers, such as Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) (S1), Carba- pol934 (S2) and Carbapol940 (S3), along with some common ingredients (bases). For the antibacterial activities study of the suspensions agar well diffusion method was performed taking Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). Considering the overall antibacterial activity pattern of different suspensions, it may be concluded that S1 was the most potent, and S2 and S3 were more or less equally effective formulations. Antibacterial properties of all the suspensions were either more or similar to those of pure drug in water (S4). At least those formulations were not inferior to S4, Marketed suspension containing Norfloxacin and Disc containing Norfloxacin. The negative controls of the study, i.e., the different bases and distilled water did not show any antibacterial activity. --- ## Development and validation methods for the estimation of Clopidogrel in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms **Authors:** Sandeep Sahu, Sarada Prasad Sarangi, Himanshu Bhusan Sahoo **Published:** 2012-04-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Deionised Water, Absorbance Maxima, Limit of Detection, Limit of Quantitation The present research work discussed Development and validation of HPLC method for the estimation of clopido- grel in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms, which is based on the measurement of absorption maxima at 217 nm. Double beam U.V visible spectrophotometers, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan. Model UV1800 with 1cm matched quartz cells and de-ionized water as solvent were used. Developed methods obeyed the Beer’s law in the concen- tration range of 16 to 24µg/ml having lined equation y = 0.015x + 0.251 with the correlation coefficient of 0.999. Method was validated statistically. Percentage recovery of the drug for the proposed method ranged from (98.76%) indicating no interference of the excipients. The developed method was validated with respect to lineari- ty, precision, accuracy (recovery), limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ). --- ## The influence of polyethylene glycol structure on the conjugation of recombi- nant human interferon α2b overproduced using synthetic gene in E.coli **Authors:** Heni Rachmawati, Prima L Febrina, Ratih A Ningrum, Debbie S Retnoningrum **Published:** 2012-04-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Recombinant Human IFNα2b, Pegylation, PEG-Carbonylimidazole, Trimethyl Succinimidyl PEG Interferon α2b (IFNα2b) is a cytokine which has antiviral, antiproliveration and immunomudulator activities. IFN α2b has been used as a drug for treatment of hepatitis B and C infections. However, the use of this protein is li- mited, as rapidly cleared by the kidney. Approaches have been made to prevent this fast renal clearance such as increasing the molecular weight of protein using inert compounds like polyethylene glycol (PEG). The aim of this research was to study the influence of PEG structure on the interferon alpha 2b pegylation. rhIFNα2b was ob- tained from Eschericia coli BL21 containing synthetic gene for rhIFNα2b. rhIFNα2b was pegylated with two differ- ent form of PEGs, i.e linear PEG-carbonyldiimidazole (PEG-CI) and branched, trimethyl succinimidyl polyethylene glycol (TMS(PEG)12). PEG-CI was activated and characterized with Dragendorf reagent and infra red spectropho- tometry. rhIFNα2b was pegylated using molar ratio 1:100 and 1:300 (protein:PEG). Characterization was per- formed on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). PEG 2000 was successfully activated with CDI. rhIFNα2b was only successfully conjugated with TMS(PEG)12 resulting in polyform of pegylated proteins with 1, 3, and 5 molecules PEG attached. The structure of PEG molecule influenced the pegylation of in- terferon. Linear PEG activated with carbonyldiimidazole showed less reactive to interferon than branced PEG. --- ## Evaluation of change in pH, Osmolarity upon change in concentration of mannitol and sodium acetate anhydrous at fixed concentration of gemcitabine hydrochloride **Authors:** Sreedhar Bandari, Seshasai Marella **Published:** 2012-04-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gemcitabine Hydrochloride, Mannitol, Sodium Acetate Anhydrous, Osmolarity, pH, Quadratic Modeling The experimental objective was to evaluate change in pH, Osmolarity upon change in concentration of Mannitol and Sodium acetate anhydrous at fixed concentration of Gemcitabine hydrochloride. So the experiment was designed by varying the concentrations of two excipients Mannitol and sodium acetate anhydrous. A model was generated using Quadratic modeling and CCF design with eight runs in design and three centre points. The innovator product/ reference list drug composition corresponds to 45.5408 mg/ml of Gemcitabine Hydrochloride equivalent to 40 mg/ml of Gemcitabine, 40.0 mg/ml of Mannitol and 2.5 mg/ml of Sodium Acetate anhydrous. The low and the high levels of each factor were specified in relation to the reference list drug composition. It was decided to vary Sodium Acetate anhydrous concentration from 0 to 2.5 mg/ml and Mannitol from 30 to 50 mg/ml keeping the concentration of Gemcitabine Hydrochloride constant. Then a standard experimental plan with eleven expe- riments was created. For each of the eleven experiments Osmolarity, pH of the solution was measured. As the drug product is intended for intravenous administration Osmolarity and pH of the solution play a vital role. So the drug product is designed to have comparable Osmolarity as that of RLD (Gemzar), in the pH range of 2.7 to 3.3. Based on the experimental results the Osmolarity of solution could be 510 mOsm/kg ±10% (Range 460 mOsm/kg to 560 mOsm/kg). Change in concentration of Mannitol did not result in significant change in pH of the solution. Whereas the increase in concentration of sodium acetate anhydrous resulted in higher pH of solution. The pH range of solution as specified in USP is 2.7 to 3.3. Increase in concentration of Mannitol or sodium acetate anhydrous or both results in the increase in Osmolarity of solution. --- ## Formulation and in vitro comparative evaluation of orodispersible tablets of Granisetron hydrochloride **Authors:** Srinivasa DS, Narayana Charyulu R, Prabhakara Prabhu, Nithish Kumar, Marina Koland, Satyanarayana DS, Srilakshmi D **Published:** 2012-04-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Granisetron HCl, Orodispersible Tablets, Superdisintegrants, Effervescent, Sublimation In the present work, an attempt has been made to formulate oral dispersible tablets of granisetron HCl by three different methods. Conventional tabletting procedure was followed for the preparation of tablets. Nine batches of tablets were prepared and evaluated for general appearance and physical parameters, drug content, in vitro disin- tegration, in vitro dispersion, in vitro drug release, kinetic and stability studies. Formulations prepared by superdi- sintegrants addition method emerged as the best formulations, as they showed rapid in vitro disintegration time, in vitro dispersion time and drug release at the end of 5 min, apart from taste and excellent mouth feel compared to formulations prepared by sublimation and effervescent methods. It was concluded that oral dispersible tablets of granisetron HCl can be successfully formulated and will be used as a novel drug dosage form for pediatrics and geriatrics with improved patient compliance. --- ## Synthesis, spectral, thermal and antimicrobial studies of some transition metal complexes containing 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde moiety **Authors:** Mishra AP, Annapoorna Tiwari, Rajendra Jain **Published:** 2012-04-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Synthesis, 2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde, Thermal Analyses, Biological Activity Some Schiff base metal complexes of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) derived from 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde with 2-imidodicarbonic diamide (TID) 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline (TCA) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, molar conductance, electronic spectra, ESR, magnetic susceptibility, and thermal analysis. The complexes exhibit coordination number 4 or 6. The complexes are coloured and stable in air. Analytical data revealed that all the complexes exhibited 1:1 or 1:2 (metal: ligand) ratio. Thermal data show degradation pattern of the complexes. The Schiff base and metal complexes show a good activity against the Gram-positive bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria; Escherichia coli and fungi Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial results also indicate that the metal complexes are better antimicrobial agents as compared to the Schiff bases. --- ## Floristic analysis and phytosociological studies on trees of Perumal Malai hill, Salem, Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Prabakaran R, Greeshma V **Published:** 2012-04-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Floristic Analysis, Perumalmalai, Phytosociological Studies The study area Perumalmalai is situated in Southern Eastern Ghats. It is located between 78° 10' Longitude in East and 110° 70’ Latitude in North. The flora enriched with 47 families, 89 genera and 106 species of angiosperm. The Vegetation includes different types of habit such a tree, shrubs, herbs, prostrate, climbers, stragglers, Lianas, Pa- rasite. To investigate the tree Vegetation, quadrates was established and (20x20) were marked on either side at equal intervals for measuring tree diversity. The highest relative frequency recorded in Wrightia tinctoria, Albizia amara, Diospyros montana is lowest density (1.04 individuals/m2) followed by other trees such as Grewia hirsuta. The presentation and documentation this forest is crucial not only for maintaining the biodiversity, but also for meeting the basic of the human population. --- ## Pharmacophore Modeling and 3D QSAR analysis of flavonoids and congeners active against A549 cell line **Authors:** Sudhan Debnath, Utpal Ch. De, Debanjan Sen, Biswanath Dinda **Published:** 2012-04-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pharmacophore, 3D QSAR, Flavonoid, Cytotoxicity In our present study we have developed a ligand based 3D QSAR of 27 flavonoids and congeners active against human lung cancer cell line (A549) using the Phase module of Schrödinger suit. A five feature pharmacophore (AAARR) hypothesis yielded a statistically significant 3D-QSAR model having r2 = 0.9058, q2 = 0.6545, Pearson R = 0.8223, RMSD = 0.373 and r2pred = 0.65512. The results of this pharmacophore based 3D-QSAR model gives a structural insight of selected flavonoids and congeners as A549 inhibitors which will provide guidance for the potential anti lung cancer drug design. --- ## Comparative review on conventional advanced occular drug delivery system **Authors:** Borase Manoj B, Kale Sachin S, Baviskar Dheeraj T, Jain Dinesh K **Published:** 2012-04-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Eye, Ophthalmic Drug Delivery, Nanotechnology, Microsphere, Micro Emulsion Eye diseases are commonly encountered in a day to day life, which are most interesting and challenging for scientists. A newly development and particulate vesicular systems like liposomes, pharmacosomes and discomes are useful in delivering the drug for longer extent and helpful in systemic circulation. When the eye drops is administered in the inferior fornix of the conjunctiva, a very minute amount of the dose reaches to the intraocular tissues and major fraction of the administered drug get washed away with the lachrymal fluid or absorbed systemically in the nasolacrimal duct and pharyngeal sites. The unique anatomy and physiology which content various type of barrier such as the different layer of cornea, sclera and cornea and retina. Including blood aqueous and blood retinal barrier, coroidal and conjuctival blood flow these review focuses on recent development in the convectional ophthalmic drug delivery system for eye having eye drop, eye ointment, aqueous gel, solid matrices and devices, nano-suspension,nano-particles, liposomes, neosomes, and ion-tophorosis to improve ophthalmic bioavailability of drug to an anterior chamber of the eye. Ocular drug delivery system provides the delivery of genes, and proteins to internal structure, which is inaccessible. In these review non conventional technologies such as nanotechnology, microspheres, micro-emulsion and ocular inserts would be developed in the pharmaceutical market. --- ## Modulating effect of Andrographolide on cell surface glycoconjugates status during 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis **Authors:** Arjun Kumar Singh, Shanmugam Manoharan, Kathiresan Suresh, Duraisamy Rajasekaran **Published:** 2012-04-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oral Cancer, Glycoconjugates, DMBA, Andrographolide Cell surface glycoconjugates play an important role in pinocytosis, cell differentiation, intra cellular recognition, cell adhesion and tumorigenesis. Aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of androgra- pholide on cellular integrity by measuring the status of glycoconjugates in the buccal mucosa and plasma of ham- sters during 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Oral squam- ous cell carcinoma was developed in the buccal pouch of hamsters by painting with DMBA three times a week for 14 weeks. The status of glycoconjugates was assayed in plasma and buccal mucosa using the specific calorimetric methods. We noticed 100% tumours formation with marked abnormalities in the status of plasma and buccal mu- cosa glycoconjugates in hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Oral administration of andrographolide at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw not only completely prevents the tumour formation, but also restored the status of glycoconjugates in DMBA treated hamsters. The present study thus demonstrates the protective effect of andrographolide on cell surface glycoconjugates abnormalities during DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. --- ## Formulation and in vitro evaluation of glucosamine hydrochloride modified release tablets **Authors:** Sambasiva Rao Maram, Vidyadhara S., Raju NSV **Published:** 2012-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Accelerated stability, Bi-Phasic release, Glucosamine hydrochloride, HPMC K100M, HPMC K200M, In- vitro dissolution, Modified release The present study was aimed towards the formulation and evaluation of Glucosamine Hydrochloride modified release tablets of 1500mg tablets in aiming to control the release over 24hours with bi-phasic release model as immediate release followed by controlled release of the dosage form. Around 40% of Glucosamine Hydrochloride i.e., 600mg was aimed to release immediately and remaining 60% of Glucosamine Hydrochloride was aimed to release in a controlled manner. Different grades at different concentrations of hydroxy propyl methylcellulose were used to achieve controlled release. Blend parameters, Physical parameters and Dissolution profile were taken as the basis to optimize the controlled release tablet. It was observed that formulation F7 was able to control the release of Glucosamine till 24hrs. --- ## Antimicrobial activity of Acanthophora spicifera **Authors:** Lavakumar V., Ravichandiran V. **Published:** 2012-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acanthophora spicifera, Antibacterial activity, Disc diffusion method The anti bacterial activity of ethanolic extract and its bioactivite guided fraction of the seaweed Acanthophora spicifera (ACS) was studied by disc diffusion method using Muller Hinton agar medium and the zone of inhibition was compared that of standard ciprofloxacin (5µg/ disc). All the tested extract and guided fractions showed potential antibacterial activity to that of the standard drug against the tested organisms. The MIC for all the test samples was fixed at 300 µg/ml. Hence the presence study validated the scientific documentation of the anti infective property of the seaweed ACS. --- ## Effect of some beta-lactum antibiotics on liver enzyme activities and their residues in vital organs following long term administration in goats **Authors:** Dewangan G., Mishra A., Pal S., Kundu S., Datta B.K., Khargaria S., Ghosh A., Chakraborty A.K., Mandal T.K. **Published:** 2012-03-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ceftriaxone, amoxicillin, cytochrome P450, residues, goats Liver biochemical parameters and residue levels were studied in black Bengal goats following daily intramuscular administration of amoxicillin and ceftriaxone at two dose levels (10 and 5mg/kg for amoxicillin and 50 and 25mg/kg for ceftriaxone) for 60 days. Liver aspartate and alanine transminase (ALT and AST) activities were significantly (P<0.05) depressed at both dose levels of amoxicillin and ceftriaxone suggesting liver injury. Catalase, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione levels were non-significantly altered by both antibiotics at both dose levels. Both amoxicillin and ceftriaxone caused significant induction of cytochrome P450 content of liver tissue of goats at both dose levels. Higher concentration of amoxicillin remained in different tissues of goats on day 60 compared to ceftriaxone. Residues of amoxicillin and ceftriaxone were higher in kidney followed by other organs on day 60 at both dose levels. On day 81 (21 days of withdrawal period) concentration of amoxicillin was below detection limit in different organs at both dose levels. Ceftriaxone could not be detected in most of the organs at both dose levels on day 60 and 81. On histopathological examination, remarkable changes were recorded in liver, kidney and spleen by amoxicillin and mild alterations were noticed in heart and liver by ceftriaxone. --- ## Dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) extract alters the glycogen deposition in liver and protein metabolism in gonads of male albino rats **Authors:** Srivastava S, Pathak PH **Published:** 2012-03-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Garlic Extract, Glycogen Deposition, Protein Metabolis, Albino Rats The prophylactic efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) extract was studied on glycogen deposition and protein metabolism in male albino rats. The garlic extract was tested in three different doses 1ml, 2ml and 4ml/ kg body weight daily for a period of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The significant (P<0.01 & P<0.05) increase in Glycogen and Protein level was observed when rats were fed with low and medium dose but when rats were fed with 4ml/kg body weight of garlic extract there was significant (P<0.01) decrease in Glycogen level and a not significant increase in Protein level was observed. --- ## Hepatoprotective Role of Herbal Plants – A Review **Authors:** Deepak Kumar Mittal, Deepmala Joshi, Sangeeta Shukla **Published:** 2012-03-29 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Herbal Plants, Carbon tetrachloride, Paracetamol, Alcohol, Hepatotoxicity Liver plays a pivotal role in regulating various physiological processes such as metabolism, secretion and storage. It also plays an important role in removing harmful substances and toxins that enter the body. Liver cell injury caused by various toxic chemicals (Paracetamol, Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), Alcohol, D-galactosamine, Thioacetamide, etc.), excessive alcohol consumption and microbes are well-studied. The available synthetic drugs to treat liver disorders in this condition also cause further damage in the liver. Hence, Herbal drugs have become increasingly popular and their use is wide-spread. Herbal medicines have been used for the treatment of liver diseases for a long time. A number of herbal preparations are available on the market. The present review is aimed at compiling data on promising from medicinal plants that have been tested in hepatotoxicity models using the modern scientific system. Latest trends have shown increasing demand of phyto drugs and thus India, with its traditional background. --- ## In vitro anti - cancer activity of Solidago canadensis L. **Authors:** Ravichandiran V., Deepa N. **Published:** 2012-03-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** In vitro anticancer activity, Solidago canadensis L., cytotoxicity The In-vitro anti - cancer activity of various extracts viz., Hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and 50% Aqueous – ethanol of the whole plant of Solidogo canadensis L was studied by Tryphan blue dye exclusion technique. And further the ethyl acetate extracts, which showed best response and activity against the tested extracts was sub- jected to MTT- assay and apoptosis screening with the cell lines HeLa and MCF-7. All extract showed potential cytotoxicity comparable to that of the standard drug against the tested cell lines viz., HeLa and MCF-7. The Ic50 values of the ethyl acetate extract was found to be best with 150 and 210 µg/ml with Hela and MCF-7 respectively in tryphan blue dye exclusion technique. In MTT- assay it was found to be 170 and 275 µg/ml with Hela and MCF-7 respectively. In apoptosis screening ethyl acetate (EA) extracts showed an apoptosis dose dependently in both the tested cell lines viz., HeLa and MCF-7. Ethyl acetate extract at high concentration (500µg/ml) showed apoptosis of cells representing nuclear fragmentation with 42% and 30.33% apoptotic cells against viz., HeLa and MCF-7 respectively. Thus, confirms the potent invitro anti-cancer property of the EA extract against the tested cell lines viz., HeLa and MCF-7. Hence, the present study brought to light the scientific validation of the plant Solidogo canadensis L. With respect to cytotoxicity. Further investigations with the ethyl acetate extract may lead a way for the identification of the entity responsible for this potential property. --- ## Effect of Horse Gram on the cultivation of Pleurotus florida Mushroom and their Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity **Authors:** Menaga D, Ayyasamy PM **Published:** 2012-03-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pleurotus florida, Phytochemicals, Antibacterial activity, Oyster mushroom cultivation Pleurotus florida mushroom was cultivated by using Macrotyloma uniflorum (horse gram) as a nutrient supplement adopting the “layer spawning” method and the effect of straw size reduction on mushroom yield were studied. The fruit bodies of mushroom were harvested fresh, dried, powdered and extracted using soxhlet apparatus. The crude extracts were characterized phytochemically and subjected to antibacterial activity by cup plate agar diffusion method against human pathogens. The ground straw and horse gram supplemented batch increased 23% of mushroom yield than control. Aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts showed positive results on preliminary phytochemical analysis and also strongly inhibited the growth of the Gram-positive and Gram negative bacterium whereas ethyl acetate and hexane extracts have low reaction in phytochemical analysis and low antimicrobial activity. Bioactive compounds from Pleurotus florida mushroom extracts could be used as an alternate to antibiotics, considering the side effects and escalating levels of antibiotic resistance among microorganisms. Mushroom cultivation with horse gram supplementation and straw reduction method was found to have increased mushroom yield and high phytochemical constituents. --- ## Anticancer and antitubercular study of some 1,4-disubstituted [1,2,4]- triazolo[4,3-a] quinazolin-5(4H)-ones **Authors:** Gobinath Manavalan, Subramanian Natesan, Alagarsamy Veerachamy **Published:** 2012-03-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Quinazoline, Anticancer, Antitubercular, MTT assay, Agar Dilution Method In the present study, a series of 1-substituted-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-[1,2,4]-triazolo[4,3-a]quinazolin-5(4H)-ones were screened for their anticancer activity and anti tubercular activity. In vitro anticancer activity was determined against cancer cell lines HT-29, Hep-G2 and Hela using MTT assay and in vitro antitubercular activity was studied by agar dilution method using Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37 Rv. Among the series of compounds, 1- chloromethyl-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)- [1,2,4]-triazolo[4,3-a]quinazolin-5(4H)-one showed moderate anti-cancer activity than other substituted quinazolin-5(4H)-ones. While, 1-ethyl-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-[1,2,4]-triazolo [4,3-a] quinazolin-5(4H)-one and 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-propyl-[1,2,4]-triazolo [4,3-a] quinazolin-5(4H)-one exhibited effective anti-tubercular activity with the MIC of 6.25 mg/mL. --- ## Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of combined extracts of cissusquadrangularis and aegle marmelos **Authors:** Prema Rathinam, Chandra Sekhar K. B., Satheesh Sekhar D. **Published:** 2012-03-22 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cissus quadrangularis, Aegle marmelos, Antimicrobial activity, phytochemical constituents This study is a part of a screening project has been dedicated to investigate the antimicrobial and phytochemical constituents of combined plant extracts. Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of ethanolic and ethylacetate extracts of Cissus quandrangularis (stem) and Aegle marmelos (fruit pulp) was investigated. The crude extracts were analysed for the presence of some phytochemical constituents. Phytochemical screening of the crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, fat and oils, gums and mucillages and terpenoids. And the extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against certain organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtillis. They showed significant antimicrobial activity against the above mentioned organisms. The zone of inhibition in mm was recorded. Since ancient ages plants have served human beings as a natural source of treatments and therapies amongst them medicinal herbs have gained attention because of its wide use and less side effects. The results lead to the conclusion that the combined extracts of Cissus quadrangularis and Aegle marmelos possesses effective antimicrobial activity. --- ## Comparison of the efficacy of follicular and endometrial response on metformin – clomophene citrate and metformin – letrozole on polycystic ovarian syndrome women **Authors:** Dhanalakshmi G., Sumathi P., Pasupathy P. **Published:** 2012-03-22 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Letrozole, Clomiphene citrate, follicle size, Endometrial response To compare the effects of metformin - Clomiphene citrate (CC) and metformin – letrozole on follicular and endometrial response in infertile polycystic ovary syndrome patients. The patients were visited infertility clinic and examined by gynecologists. Healthy normal cycled women conclude as a control ( group I), untreated PCOS patients selected for (group II), All patients of both groups (III and IV) were received 1500 mg metformin (Glucophage, Merck, West Drayton, UK) per day (500 mg three times a day) for 6–8 weeks. If pregnancy occurred, the patient was excluded from the study. However, in case of failure of pregnancy at the end of this period, the patients in Group III were received 100mg of clomophene citrate and Group IV were received 2.5 mg letrozole (Femara, Novartis, Quebec, Canada) for 5 days from day 3 of their menstrual cycle. In this study, the mean levels of glucose, Insulin, FSH and LH decreased significantly (p<0.001) in treated groups. The mean levels of estrdiol (E2), progesterone (p) were significantly (p<0.001) suppressed and inhibin B were significantly (p< 0.001) improved after the treatment period. The result demonstrates that the total number of matured follicles and endometrial thickness also significantly (p< 0.001) increased in treated subjects. The combined effect of metformin - letrozole showed a significantly better follicular and endometrial response compared with metformin - Clomiphene citrate (CC). --- ## Chemopreventive potential of chrysin in 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice **Authors:** Murugaraj Manoj Prabhakar, Shanmugam Manoharan, Nagarethinam Baskaran, Ramachandran Srinivasan, Sekar Karthikeyan, Shamsul Afaq Wani **Published:** 2012-03-15 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Chemoprevention, DMBA, Skin cancer, Chrysin Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxy flavone) possesses diverse pharmacological effects including anticancer potential. Aim of the present investigation was to assess the chemopreventive potential of chrysin in 7, 12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Skin tumors in mice were developed by painting with DMBA two times a week for 8 weeks. Hundred percent tumors was noticed in mice treated with DMBA alone after 14 weeks. Though oral administration of chrysin at a dose of 250 mg/kg bw to mice treated with DMBA significantly (86.6%) prevented tumor formation, severe hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis and dysplasia was noticed. The present results suggest that chrysin might have delayed rather than inhibiting the tumor formation during DMBA-induced skin carcinogenesis. --- ## Determination of Duloxetine in rat plasma for pharmacokinetic study by developing a highly sensitive method using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry **Authors:** Radhe Raman Singh, Yogisha Shivarnna, Ghulam Samdani, Surya Pal Singh **Published:** 2012-03-15 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Duloxetine, LC-MS/MS, method validation, rat plasma, pharmacokinetics A high sensitive, accurate, rapid assay method has been developed and validated for the estimation of duloxetine in rat plasma with liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with electro spray ionization in the positive-ion mode. The assay procedure involves extraction of duloxetine and phenacetin (internal standard, IS) from rat plasma by protein precipitation method. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a binary gradient using mobile phase acetonitrile and 0.2% formic acid in water delivered at flow rate of 0.50 mL/min on an Atlantis ODS column with a total run time 4.5 min. The MS/MS ion transitions monitored were 298.4 ➔ 154.1 for duloxetine and 180.2 ➔ 110.1 for IS. As per FDA guidelines, method validation and sample analysis were performed and the results met the acceptance criteria. The linearity was obtained over the concentration range of 0.027 to 1072 ng/mL and the lower limit of quantitation achieved was 27 pg/mL. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were in the range of 1.19-9.51 and 1.98-7.60%, respectively. This method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of duloxetine in rats. --- ## Qualitative analysis of Gefitinib by Quadrupole –Time of Flight (LCMS) Coupled with PDA and ELSD Detectors, using dual Electrospray Ionization **Authors:** Subhash Chandra Bose Kotte, Ramakoteswara Rao CH, Vijaya Kumar Tulam, Shriram Raghavan, Dubey P. K., Murali P. M. **Published:** 2012-03-15 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gefitinib, LCMS, dual-ESI, Quadrupole Time of Flight, ELSD, Linearity, Validation, Robustness A simple, fast, novel and reproducible analytical method by using High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) /High resolution mass spectrometry was proposed. Quadrupole Time of Flight coupled with Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (ELSD), Photo Diode Array detector and dual Electrospray ionization (dual ESI) multistage tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to identify of Gefitinib in tablet dosage form for validated and estimation. Efficient Chromatographic separation of analytes was achieved on Agilent XDB-C18 column (4.6 x 50mm, 1.8um) using an isocratic elution mode with a mobile phase comprised acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water (75:25, v/v). The flow rate was 500 μL/min and effluents were monitored at 250nm.The chromatographic run time was 2 min. The column effluents were detected by Agilent Accurate mass Q-TOF LC/MS 6500 series mass spectrometer using dual electrospray ionization (ESI) in negative mode (445.1299m/z and chlorine adduct 481.1056m/z).The developed LCMS method is validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness. The method was observed to be limit-of-detection (LOD) and limit-of-quantification (LOQ) was found to be 5.56ppm and 11.12ppm respectively. The method was successfully used for applied for the qualitative determination of Gefitinib in tablet formulation. --- ## Investigation of pH dependent in situ gel forming solutions of imidazoline drug for ocular administration **Authors:** Nisha G Shetty, Charyulu RN., Marina K., Shastry C. S. **Published:** 2012-03-15 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** In Situ gelling solution, Naphazoline Hydrochloride, Carbopol 940, HPMC K4M Imidazoline drugs which are antihistamines indicated for the treatment of ocular allergy are presently available as drops and has to be instilled 4-5 times a day. Hence to overcome all these disadvantages, an investigation with the purpose to increase the residence time of a solution in the cul-de-sac of the eye by increasing the viscosity of the vehicle which decreases the drainage rate thereby slowing drug release from the delivery system and minimizing the pre-corneal drug loss in in situ forming solutions of ophthalmic drugs. The current study includes the in vitro studies for the prepared formulations. The phase transition was induced by a shift in pH at physiological temperature condition. For the study, naphazoline hydrochloride was chosen. The polymers used Carbopol 940 and HPMC k4M. All the formulations FF17, FF18, AA15 and AA20 were found to have satisfactory drug release ranging from 75 to 80 % over a time duration of 8 h. Stability studies indicated that there are no significant changes in pH, visual appearance, clarity, gelation, drug content, and in vitro release during two month of study period. --- ## Estimation of Phytoconstituents and Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory activity of Vigna Mungo Linn. Seeds **Authors:** Mohammed Rageeb Mohammed Usman, Barhate S. D. **Published:** 2012-03-15 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vigna Mungo Linn, FT-IR, Anti-inflammatory, Phytoconstituents, Phytochemical, HPLC, Investigation, Ibuprofen, Chromatography This research has been done for the Estimation of Phytoconstituents and evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of solvent extract of dried seeds of Vigna mungo linn. The seeds are used in inflammatory, rheumatism, affections of nervous system, and diseases of liver, also used as diuretic and in dropsy. Roots are used as narcotic. For estimation of different constituents of extract use Pharmacognostical & preliminary phytochemical investigation, Thin Layer Chromatography and further evaluation them for possible anti-inflammatory activity by using carrageenan induced paw edema model in albino rats then High Performance Liquid Chromatography of alcoholic extract, isolation of Phytoconstituents from Column Chromatography and again anti-inflammatory activity of isolated constituents by using carrageenan induced paw edema model in albino rats. alcoholic and aqueous extract shown good significant in anti-inflammatory activity. Hence, the present study was under taken to investigate the anti- inflammatory activity of alcoholic extract at some medicinal plant in rats by using carrageenan induced paw edema model and the isolated constituent is Isoflavones. The extract was compared with the standard drug ibuprofen. --- ## Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of Snakebites in Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu, South India **Authors:** Durairaj P., Kamaraj M., Senthil Kumar S. **Published:** 2012-03-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Snakebite, Medicinal plants, indigenous groups, Traditional uses An ethnobotanical survey was carried out between January 2009 and January 2010 in surveys was conducted in indigenous groups in Tiruchirappalli District Tamilnadu, India, using a questionnaire. The herbal practitioners in the study area were interviewed, and information on medicinal plants was collected from the traditional healers called “Nattu Vaithyer”. This survey covers 54 medicinal plants belonging to 38 families that are used for the treatment of snakebite in a traditional way. --- ## Sustained release nanosuspension of acetaminophen- formulation and in-vitro evaluation **Authors:** Ajay J.Y., Pradeep Kumar Gajula, Vedha Hari B.N. **Published:** 2012-03-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Paracetamol, Nanotechnology, Methylmethacrylate The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize nanosuspensions of poorly water soluble drug (Acetaminophen) by modified solvent diffusion method using Eudragit L-100 polymer in order to sustain the release of Acetaminophen. Nanosuspension was subjected to various studies like particle size, pH, drug content, density, drug polymer interaction, in-vitro drug release and release kinetics. The spectral analysis revealed that there was no interaction and presence of drug. In-vitro studies showed sustained release of the drug for prolonged period. --- ## Incidence of adverse drug reactions with commonly prescribed drugs in tertiary care teaching hospital in India **Authors:** Akram Ahmad, Parimalakrishnan S., Mohanta G.P., Manna P.K., Manavalan R. **Published:** 2012-03-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Incidence, Naranjo Score, Casualty Assessment, ADR, Pharmacovigilance Adverse drug reactions Is a worldwide public health problem and an important cause of death and hospitalizations in developed countries. An adverse drug reaction is a major cause of patient morbidity and mortality, Increase in hospital stay and unnecessary economic burden to the patient. To study the incidence of ADRs in tertiary care teaching hospital, in Tamil Nadu at Southern part of India. An analytical cross sectional, observational study was carried over a period of 6 months. A total of 40 cases were reported to have ADRs from 500 patients. ADRs were monitored by using standard developed and designed by CDSCO, India. Data thus obtained were analyzed by using casualty assessment. The WHO scale and Naranjo Algorithm score were used to evaluate ADRs. In this study overall Incidence of ADR found to be 8% and male to female ratio was 3.6 and 4.4% respectively. Maximum number of ADRs were reported from the GIT 37.5% followed by Skin 25% and CNS 12.5%. Different types of ADRs were studied in which rashes (35.13%) the most commonly ADR. Then reported followed by vomiting (13.51%), dizziness (10.81%) and with respect to outcome attributed to ADRs 15 patient got hospitalized due to ADRs. When causality of ADRs was assessed by Naranjo algorithm scale and it is found to be 42.5% probable, 37.5% possible, 7.5% definite and doubtful 12.5% and WHO scale certain 15%, probable 30%, possible 32.5%, unlikely 10%, conditional 7.5% and unassessable 5%. The result of our study is similar to other studies. All ADRs were not toxic reactions and they were unpredictable. --- ## Simple and sensitive extractive spectrophotometric method for the assay of Ambien in pure and pharmaceutical formulations **Authors:** Lakshmi Lavanya A., Jagarlapudi V. S. K., Settaluri V. S., Ramachandran D., Prasad K. R. S. **Published:** 2012-03-03 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Molar absorptivity, Ion-pair complex, Visible Spectrophotometry, Zolpidem Tartrate (ZPD), Insomnia Two simple, reliable, inexpensive and less time-consuming methods were developed and validated for determina tion of Zolpidem tartrate in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. Both methods were based on ion-pair complexation reaction of the drug with Bromothymol blue (BTB) and Solochrome black –T (SBT). Absorbance measurement was made at 416 nm for BTB and 508 nm for SBT. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration ranges of 5-50 μg ml-1 for BTB and 2-20 μg ml-1 for SBT with a correlation coefficient of 0.9991 and 0.9990 respectively. The proposed method may be successfully applied for the routine analysis of Zolpidem in pharmaceutical preparations as the results are on par with the reported method. --- ## A comparative study of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity among Malaysians in urban regions - A cross sectional study **Authors:** Sutha Rajakumar, Lim Li Ann, Preeti Kaur Gill, Goon Wan Xin, Anandarajagopal Kalasalingam **Published:** 2012-03-03 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cross sectional study, Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity The objective is to study the relationship between age, gender and race with the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity in the urban population. Relationships of these three main diseases in the country were also studied. A cross sectional study was conducted among 862 Malaysian citizens in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor region who were 10 years old and above. Standard procedure of blood pressure (BP) measurement was used based on the American Heart Association guidelines. Fasting blood glucose was measured using glucometer and Body Mass Index (BMI) was also calculated. Throughout the study, health awareness was the lowest among urban Chinese and highest among younger age group, 10-30 (46.06%). The mean BP classification was 2 (pre-hypertension) according to the JNC VII classification. 15.7% of the participants have hypertension. Percentage of hypertension in Malays, Chinese and Indians are 17.1%, 11.1% and 10.6% respectively. Males have higher percentage of hypertension, 23.2% compared to females with 11.51%. A growing trend of younger age group having hypertension was noted in age groups 10 – 19 (2.96%) and 20 – 29 (8.25%). Fasting blood glucose level showed 20.65% of the total participants were diabetic. The Malays recorded highest percentage of DM, which is 22.14%, meanwhile Chinese, 17.78% and Indians, 15.23%. The younger generation comprising age groups 10–19 and 20– 29 prevalence of DM were 6.9% and 6.7% respectively. 25.5% of males have DM compared to females, 17.99%. The overall percentage of obese participants is 18.56%. The participants’ BMI were classified according to the WHO criteria. Malays were found to have the highest percentage of obesity with 79.375%, followed by Indians, 13.75% and Chinese, 6.25% out of overall participants affected by obesity. In the study, 19.93% of male participants and 17.81% of female participants were obese. Age group of 50–59 years showed highest percentage of obese participants. Among the participants, 24.7% who have hypertension also have DM. 30% of the hypertensive participants and 33.75% of diabetic participants were obese. Variables such as age and gender are related to the three diseases were studied. Thus, more health awareness should be conducted in the urban regions targeting the high risk groups. --- ## Cardiotonic activity of aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula bark on isolated frog’s heart **Authors:** Ravindra Babu P., Naveen Babu K., Satish Chandra, Bhaskar U., Lakshman G., Venkatesh J. **Published:** 2012-03-03 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cardiotonic, Hypodynamic heart, Positive inotropic effect, Terminalia chebula, Congestive heart failure The present study was undertaken to evaluate cardiotonic activity of aqueous extract of stem bark of Terminalia chebula. Different parts of this species are used in India for a wide range of medicinal purposes. Cardiotonic effect of aqueous extract of stem bark of Terminalia chebula was studied by using isolated frog heart perfusion technique (IFHP). Cardiotonic activity was studied on both normal and hypodynamic hearts. Calcium free Ringer solution was used as vehicle for administration of aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula as a test extract and digoxin as a standard. A significant increase in height of force of contraction (positive inotropic effect) no change in heart rate was observed with test extract as compared to the same dose of a standard digoxin. The present results indicated that a significant increase in height of force of contraction was observed as the dose of test extract increased. The test extract produced cardiac arrest at 3 mg/ml, a higher concentration, as compared to standard, digoxin (15µg/ml). Compared to digoxin, a drug with narrow therapeutic window, Terminalia chebula showed wide therapeutic window. --- ## Attenuation the Side Effects of Adriamycin- induced Cardiotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Rats by Fermented Punica granatum (Pomegranate) Peel Extract **Authors:** Abeer E. Mahmoud, Mamdouh M. Ali **Published:** 2012-03-03 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Adriamycin, Pomegranate, Fermentation, Cardiotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, Free radicals, Antioxidants Most pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn., Punicaceae) fruit parts are known to possess enormous antioxidant activity. The present study used Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-8281, as yeast candidate to enhance the anti-oxidant activities of pomegranate peel by modulating polyphenolic substances during solid state fermentation, in an attempt to examine the protective effects of either methanolic extract of unfermented (UFPP) or fermented (FPP) pomegranate peels on adriamycin-induced myocardial and renal toxicities in rats. Both extracts were found to contain a large amount of polyphenols and exhibit enormous antioxidant activity. UFPP and FPP extracts showed 92% and 93% antioxidant activity in DPPH model system respectively, while the phenolic content recorded 160 and 211 mg gallic acid/ g dry peel for UFPP and FPP respectively at concentration of 125 µg /ml. Administration of adriamycin (10 mg/Kg body weight /day, i.p. for 3 days) caused significant rise in the levels of diagnostic markers [serum creatine kinase (CK) for heart and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) for kidney] as well as lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant status in the heart and kidney tissues. Concomitant decline in the level of tissues reduced glutathione and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) were observed. Administration of either UFPP or FPP extracts at 1/10 of lethal dose, two doses before and two doses after ADR, significantly prevented all the adriamycin adverse effects, through diminution the activity of CK and the level of BUN as well as the level of cardiac and renal lipid peroxidation comparing with ADR group. At the same time, the levels of glutathione, total antioxidant and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were increased. The most significant effects were obtained with FPP extract which could thus relate to their high total phenolic content. In conclusion, the protective effect of pomegranate might be ascribable to its membrane stabilizing property and/or antioxidant nature which might serve as novel combination chemotherapeutic agent with ADR to limit free radical-mediated organ injury. --- ## Development and validation of RP-UPLC method for simultaneous estimation of metronidazole and ofloxacin in their combine dosage form **Authors:** Arvadiya Alpesh C., Patel Nirav B., Desai Hemant T. **Published:** 2012-03-03 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Combined dosage forms, Metronidazole, Method validation, Ofloxacin, RP-UPLC This research manuscript describe simple, sensitive, accurate, precise and repeatable RP-UPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Metronidazole (MET) and Ofloxacin (OFL) in suspension dosage form. The sample was analyzed by reverse phase C18 column (Purospher Star 100×2.1 mm, Merck Specialities) as stationary phase and Phosphate Buffer: Acetonitrile (85:15, v/v) as a mobile phase and PH of 3. 0 adjusted by Triethylamine and ortho-phosphoric acid at a flow rate of 0. 4 ml/min. Quantification was achieved with PDA detector at 318 nm. The retention time for Metronidazole and Ofloxacin was found to be 1.131 and 1.658 minute respectively. The linearity for both the drugs was obtain in the concentration range of 5-35 µg/ml and 2. 5-17.5 µg/ml with mean accuracies 99.73 ± 0.05 and 99.13 ± 0.41 for Metronidazole and Ofloxacin, respectively. The method was successfully applied to pharmaceutical formulation because no chromatographic interferences from suspension excipients were found. The method retained its accuracy and precision when the standard addition technique was applied. --- ## Combination of inulin-shellac as a unique coating formulation for design of colonic delivery dosage form of ibuprofen **Authors:** Heni Rachmawati, Diky Mudhakir, Janti Kusuma **Published:** 2012-02-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** ibuprofen, pellet, inulin, shellac, microbe-dependent colonic release, pharmacokinetic profile A combination of inulin and shellac, when applied as a film coat, has a potential value as a colon-specific delivery system for ibuprofen. The inulin-based multi-unit pellet system is prepared by coating inulin and shellac sequentially around drug-loaded cores in a fluid-bed coater. The outer shellac coating protects the system against gastrointestinal environment and dissolves rapidly in small intestine, where a lumen pH around 7 triggers the dissolution of the enteric polymer. The inner inulin coating works as a time-controlled retardant and offers additional protection of the pellets until it is degraded by microbial enzymes at the colon region. In vitro data indicates that inulin is a promising coating material to obtain timed and enzyme-triggered ibuprofen release. Pharmacokinetic study in New Zealand rabbit confirmed the in vitro data and revealed a delayed absorption of about 3 h but with higher AUC. This result suggests that inulin-shellac system shows potential materials to provide a microbial triggered drug in the colon compartment. The higher AUC of ibuprofen from double coated pellet dosage form may indicate that absorption of ibuprofen in colonic compartment is more extensive than in gastric. --- ## Effect of various binding agents on tablet hardness and release rate profiles of diclofenac sodium tablets **Authors:** Nagadivya P., Ramakrishna R., Sridhar G., Bhanushashank R. **Published:** 2012-01-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** polyvinyl pyrrolidone k-30, starch (potato), Diclofenac sodium Diclofenac sodium tablets were prepared by wet granulation method using starch and PVP K-30 as binding agents. Diclofenac sodium (DS) is a substituted phenyl-acetic acid derivative; widely used in the management of many inflammatory conditions. It also has analgesic and antipyretic actions. The effects of binding agents on the physical characteristics of the Diclofenac granules were studied. The granules were evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density, compressibility index etc. and showed satisfactory results. The tablets were subjected to weight variation test, drug content, hardness, friability and in vitro release studies. The in vitro dissolution study was carried out for one hour using United States Pharmacopoeia USP- 2 (paddle-type dissolution apparatus) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) as dissolution media. All the tablet formulations showed acceptable pharmacotechnical properties and complied with pharmacopoeial specifications. The results indicated that a decrease in release kinetics of the drug was observed with starch as binder than with PVP K-30. The mechanical and release properties of Diclofenac sodium tablets formulated with povidone (PVP) and starch as binders were studied and compared. A good correlation between various physical parameters of granules and tablets was observed. The PVP-K30 showed better binding properties compared to the starch (potato). --- ## Potential of desmostachya bipinnata stapf (poaceae) root extracts in inhibition of cell proliferation of cervical cancer cell lines **Authors:** Kalpana P. Rahate, Rajasekaran A., Arulkumaran KSG **Published:** 2012-01-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Desmostachya bipinnata, DPPH, HeLa, HEp-2, MTT, NIH 3T3 Desmostachya bipinnata Stapf (Poaceae), a Sacrificial Grass is an important constituent of ayurvedic preparations of Tripanchamool, Kusablecha, and Kusadya-ghrita. The objective of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer activities of Desmostachya bipinnata root extracts. The antioxidant activities of different concentrations of 70% methanolic extract of the roots of Desmostachya bipinnata were examined for different reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities including DPPH, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. The in-vitro cytotoxic study was performed on the human cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa), human laryngeal epithelial carcinoma cells (HEp-2) and NIH 3T3 using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide [MTT]. The extract has shown effective antioxidant activity in all assay techniques. Further Desmostachya bipinnata was found to be most potent scavenger of hydrogen peroxide with IC50 value 127.07± 6.44 µg/ml (R2 0.982) against standard ascorbic acid 122.60± 2.14 µg/ml (R2 0.984) respectively. The present investigation revealed that the methanolic extract of Desmostachya bipinnata possess significant in vitro anti-cancer activity at 400 μg/ml and showed inhibition in concentration dependant manner of range between 25– 400 µg/ml on all the cell lines. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the roots of Desmostachya bipinnata are a potential source of natural antioxidants. The study indicated that Desmostachya bipinnata was more active against cervical cell lines. --- ## Ethical Issues in Magic Cell Therapy **Authors:** Tehseen Fatima Ali, Tabinda Hasan, Siddiqui A. R. **Published:** 2012-01-28 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Stem Cell, Magic cell therapy, Ethics Stem cell therapy, often referred to as “magic cell therapy” boost tissue differentiation, development, and repair and facilitate an interpretation of ageing and organogenesis phenomenon. However, many social, moral and ethical dilemmas arise in context of therapeutic application and biomedical researches involving stem cells. Issues of concern may range from psychological/physiological effects on potential beneficiaries or donors; ethical dilemmas concerning the origin of embryonic stem cells; logistic issues like cost and availability, medical concerns like tera- togenic proliferation as well long term general implications on society. Key stake potential challenge lies in distinguishing, defining and justifying ‘benchmark’ guidelines of therapeutic, prophylactic and non-therapeutic intervention in stem cell therapy. Researchers related to stem cells cultivate a ‘lot of tissues’, in an almost commercial pattern. Stem cell oriented biomedical techniques like cloning, genetic modification and in- vitro fertilization furnish progressive physical creation, maintenance, alteration or repair of humans, without any clear distinction between the natural and the artificial. There is no convergence between ‘what is original and what is scoop’. Would perhaps not be an understatement in such a scenario, the ‘magic cell’ holds the possibility to direct and alter prime personalities, life and life styles. --- ## Simultaneous estimation of colorants Sunset Yellow and Tartrazine in food products by RP-HPLC **Authors:** Krishna Veni N., Meyyanathan S. N., Narendra Babu B., Abhishek Kumar Sharma, Arun Srikanth B., Bombhroliya Satyam A., Suresh B. **Published:** 2011-12-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sunset yellow, Tartrazine, RP-HPLC, Validation, Food analysis An accurate, rapid and sensitive RP-HPLC method was developed and validated to simultaneously estimate sunset yellow and tartrazine in food products. Analysis was performed using waters 1515 isocratic HPLC system (pump); A Waters 2487 dual wavelength detector was used for analysis with a Waters Breeze version 3.3 data station for data collection and processing. Separation was achieved using a Phenomenex C18 column, (250 × 4.6mm, 5µ), A mixture of 50 mM potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer (adjusted to pH 7.5): acetonitrile (80: 20v/v) was pumped at 0.7 mL/min for separation. The eluents were monitored at 244 nm. A solution containing 0.5gm of both Sunset yellow and Tartrazine were prepared from a commercially available food product and then used for evaluation. 15µg/ml solution of riboflavin was used as internal standard. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The separation with the above said conditions gave a sharp and symmetric peak. Linearity for Tartrazine and Sunset yellow were observed in the concentration range of 0.5 – 3.0 µg/mL for both with a correlation of 0.999. The recoveries were found to be 85.5 and 83.3 % respectively. In conclusion a simple, sensitive and rapid RP HPLC method was developed for simultaneous estimation of Tartrazine and Sunset yellow in food products. --- ## Chemopreventive potential of Geraniol on 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide induced oral carcinogenesis in rats **Authors:** Arumugam Madankumar, Subramaniyan Jayakumar, Selvamani Asokkumar, Subramanian Raghunandhakumar, Chandrashekar Naveenkumar, Thiruvengadam Devaki **Published:** 2011-12-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidants, Chemoprevention, Geraniol, 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide, Oral cancer The present study was aimed to investigate the chemopreventive potential of geraniol against 4Nitroquinoline-1- oxide induced oral carcinogenesis. Geraniol (GOH) and other monoterpenes found in essential oil of fruits and herbs have been suggested to represent a new class of agents for cancer chemoprevention. As a first step in clarifying, the chemopreventive potential of GOH we have analyzed its effect on tumor incidence, lipid peroxidation and level of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) and Reduced Glutathione (GSH). Administration of geraniol (25mg/100g b.w.) effectively suppressed 4-NQO induced oral carcinogenesis. The results of the present study suggest that GOH may exert its chemopreventive effect by modulating lipid peroxidation and enhancing the level of antioxidant enzymes of the tumor bearing animals. --- ## Method development and validation of telmisartan in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms by UV spectrophotometric method **Authors:** Kishanta Kumar Pradhan, Uma Shankar Mishra, Aurobindo Sahoo, Kanhu Charana Sahu, Debananda Mishra, Ranjit Dash **Published:** 2011-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Analytical Method, Telmisartan, UV Spectroscopy, Validation This paper describes the analytical method suitable for validation of Telmisartan by UV Spectrophotometric method. The method utilized UV spectroscopy (Shimadzu, model 1700).The solvent system was consists of Methanol: water in the ratio of 90:10 at wave length (λmax) 298 nm. Validation experiments were performed to demonstrate System suitability, Specificity, Precision, Linearity, Accuracy Interday assay, intraday assay, robustness, ruggedness, LOD, &LOQ. The method was linear over the concentration range of 5-45 mg/ml. The method was showed good recoveries (98.04- 101.04%) and the recovery studies were carried out by adding different amounts (80%, 100% & 120%) of bulk samples of Telmisartan. The Proposed method was simple, sensitive &reliable with good Precise, Accurate, and Reproducible and rapid for the determination of Telmisartan. While estimating the commercial formulation without interference of excipients & other additives hence this method can be used for routine determination of Telmisartan in bulk and their pharmaceutical dosage forms. --- ## Formulation, characterization and in- vitro evaluation of cyclodextrin complexed orodispersible tablets of glimepiride **Authors:** Neha Choudhary, Meenakshi Bajpai **Published:** 2011-12-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, Glimepiride, complexation, Kneading method, Dissolution rate The objective of this research was to improve solubility, and dissolution rate, of poorly water soluble Glimepiride by comlexation with HP-β-Cyclodextrin and impart a fast release in a single formulation. Glimepiride, an oral hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus which belongs to Class II of BCS was complexed with HP-β-CD. The complexes of glimepiride with HP-β-CD were prepared by Physical mixing, Co-grinding and kneading methods and were characterized and evaluated to study the effect of complexation on dissolution and solubility profiles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Differential scanning calorimetry, and Scanning electron microscopy indicated stronger drug amorphization and entrapment in HP-β- CD. Phase solubility studies were performed according to method reported by Higuchi and Connors which was classified as AL type characterized by apparent 1:1 stability constant that had a value of 429.90 in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. Remarkable improvement was observed in the In-vitro drug release profiles in 0.1N HCl and phosphate buffer pH 6.8 with all complexes. The characterization studies confirmed the inclusion of glimepiride within the nonpolar cavity of HP-β-CD. The glimepiride:HP-β-CD (1:3M) complex prepared by kneading method exhibited higher dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency values in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer than pure drug and physical mixture. The orodispersible tablets were formulated using the kneaded complex with suitable excipients showed 100% release within 5 minutes. Stability studies were carried out as per ICH guidelines indicated that there was no significant change found in physical appearance, disintegration time, and wetting time of the tablets. --- ## Candida albicans Lanosterol 14α-demethylase: Structural insights into its molecular mechanisms and mode of inhibition by azole antifungals **Authors:** Saravana Kumar N., Purnima S. **Published:** 2011-12-27 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Azole antifungals, Lanosterol 14α-demethylase, CYP51, Ergosterol biosynthesis During the past three decades azole compounds have been developed as medical and agricultural agents to combat fungal diseases. During the 1980s they were introduced as orally active compounds in medicine and the number of such azole drugs is likely to expand in the near future. They act by inhibiting cytochrome P450 14α- demethylase (CYP51), a key enzyme in the fungal ergosterol biosynthesis. Azole antifungals now represent a successful strategy for antifungal development. A universal step in the biosynthesis of membrane sterols and steroid hormones is the oxidative removal of the 14α-methyl group from sterol precursors by sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51). This enzyme is a primary target in treatment of fungal infections in organisms ranging from humans to plants, and development of more potent and selective CYP51 inhibitors (azoles) is an important biological objective. However, their clinical value has been limited by their relatively high risk of toxicity, the emergence of drug resistance, pharmacokinetic deficiencies, and/or insufficiencies in their antifungal activities. Despite recent developments, there is still need for genuinely broad-spectrum and low-toxicity azole antifungal agents. In this review molecular basis of how azoles interact with their target enzyme is discussed. Indeed, the understanding of the molecular basis of such interaction will help in the design of more active CYP51 inhibitors. --- ## Effect and evaluation of antihyperlipidemic activity of fractions of total methanol extract of Bauhinia variegata (Linn.) leaves on Triton WR-1339 (Tyloxapol) induced hyperlipidemic rats **Authors:** Deepak Kumar, Versha Parcha, Alok Maithani, Ishan Dhulia **Published:** 2011-12-27 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Bauhinia variegata (Linn.), Triton WR-1339, Anti-hyperlipidemic, Tyloxapol, Atherosclerosis, fenofibrate Hyperlipidemia is the greatest risk factor of coronary heart disease. Currently available hypolipidemic drugs have been associated with number of side effects. Herbal treatment for hyperlipidemia has no side effects and is relatively cheap and locally available. The present study focus on the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of fractions of total methanol extract of leaves of Bauhinia variegata (Linn.) against Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Fractions administered a dose of 100mg/kg (oral) to the Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic rats. Butanol fraction showed significant reduction (p<0.05) in serum cholesterol (78.86 mg/dl), triglyceride (113.52 mg/dl), LDL (28.01 mg/dl), VLDL (20.70 mg/dl) and increase in HDL level (30.15 mg/dl) in comparison with standard drug feno- fibrate (p<0.05). --- ## Insulin drug delivery systems: A review **Authors:** Amish Panchal, Viral Shah, Upadhyay U. M. **Published:** 2011-12-27 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus, proteins and peptides, Insulin drug delivery systems Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia, glycosuria, and hyperlipidemia. At present, India is considered as the diabetic capital of the world. There are approximately 3.5 crore diabetics in India, and this figure is expected to increase up to 5.2 crore by 2025. Two major types of diabetes mellitus are IDDM and NIDDM. Insulin is a hormone. And like many hormones, insulin is a protein. Insulin is secreted by groups of cells within the pancreas called islet cells. Discovery of Insulin is appropriately attributed to Banting and Best. It is made up of 51 amino acids having two chains. Chain A have 21 and Chain B have 30 amino acids. The more commonly used types of insulin are Rapid-acting (aspart or Lispro), Short-acting (regular insulin), Long-acting (ultralente insulin), Insulin glargine and insulin detemir. Insulin delivery systems that are currently available for the administration of insulin include syringes, insulin infusion pumps, jet injectors and pens. Insulin syringe is the most commonly used, and the most economical of all the delivery devices. Insulin pump is known as continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. A jet injector is a type of medical injecting syringe that uses a high-pressure narrow jet of the injection liquid instead of a hypodermic needle to penetrate the epidermis. Pen is reusable and prefilled device. Many insulin delivery devices are under process. The purpose of this review is to focus more light on the insulin as a prime drug for the treatment of diabetes from historical era to present time. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of Itraconazole granules **Authors:** Raj Kapoor B, Subbarao G V **Published:** 2011-12-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Itraconazole, Granules, In vitro dissolution, Accelerated stability studies The aim of present study is preparation and evaluation of itraconazole granules. Poorly water soluble drugs like itraconazole are chosen for the present study. According to the BCS classification, Itraconazole belongs to class-II category (highly permeable and low soluble drug). Itraconazole is a weak basic drug (pK a=3. 7) having partition coefficient value of 8.1. Itraconazole is used for the treatment of fungal infections. In this study, The Parameters such as Sieve analysis, Rheological parameters, In vitro dissolution studies, Accelerated stability studies and the Test formulation was compared with marketed formulation are evaluated. --- ## Elucidation of pharmacognostic profiles and pharmacological activity of Tephrosia Purpurea **Authors:** Saravana Kumar K., Chandra Sekhar K.B., Jayachandra Reddy P., Grace Rathnam, Sankari E., Nagaveni P. **Published:** 2011-12-14 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pyrogens, Methanolic extract, Anti-Pyretic activity, Pyrexia, Brewer’s yeast The Cause of fever in patients is mainly due to, when the body’s immune response is triggered by pyrogens (fever – producing substances). Pyrogens usually come from a source outside the body and in turn, stimulate the production of pyrogens inside the body. The plant is reported to contain coumarins, falvonoids, carotenoids, flavanones, iso-flavanones and quercetin. The plant has been reported to have anti-pyretic, anti-helmintic, hepato-protective, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial properties. The methanolic extract of Tephrosia Purpurea leaves was investigated for its anti-pyretic activity. Anti-pyretic potential of methanolic extract was evaluated by Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia test. The pyrexia in rats was reduced significantly (P<0.01) compared to that of control. --- ## Analytical method for the determination of pesticides in soil by thin layer chromatography **Authors:** Karthik Kumar B., Thiruvengada Rajan V.S., Amruth Kumar N., Angala Parameswari S., Madhusudhana Chetty C. **Published:** 2011-12-14 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acephate, Chloropyrofus, Extraction, Monocrotophos, Quinolphos, Thin-layer chromatography, soil The term pesticide as used throughout this report refers to chemical substances (i.e. conventional pesticides) that are biologically active and interfere with the normal biological processes of living organisms deemed to be pests, whether these are noxious plants or weeds, insects, mould or fungi. Monocrotophos is an organophosphorus insecticide with systemic activity and is used for the control of a wide range of chewing, sucking and boring pests. Chloropyrofus is a crystalline organophosphate insecticide that inhibits acetyl cholinesterase and is used to control insect pests. Acephate is an organophosphate foliar insecticide, is used primarily for control of aphids. Accurately weighed 10g of spiked soil and transfer in to 50ml volumetric flask and add 20ml of methanol then kept in ultrasonicator for 20min for efficient extraction. The above extracts were filtered through whatman filter paper. The filtrates were evaporated on a heating mantle at 40°C to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 1ml of Methanol. The type of pesticide present in the soil sample was determined TLC method by using Methanol–water (8:2, v/v) as a mobile phase. The Rf value of test sample (1) and standard sample (1) Monocrotophos are 0.92 and 0.88 respectively, the spots are identified under the short U.V light and the spot colour is blue in colour. Other test samples did not produce any spots, it indicates the absence of Chloropyrofus, Quinolphos and Acephate in the soil sample. --- ## Development and evaluation of Transdermal drug delivery system of Atenolol **Authors:** Ramkanth S., Madhusudhana chetty V., Sudhakar Y. **Published:** 2011-12-14 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atenolol, Eudragit RS 100, Transdermal Patch, Zero order kinetic Administration of conventional tablets of atenolol has been reported to exhibit fluctuations in the plasma drug levels, resulting either in manifestation of side effects such as diarrhea, ischemic colitis and mesenteric arterial thrombosis or reduction in drug concentration at the receptor site. Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) method has been selected as it provides controlled release of the drug, and produces a steady blood-level profile, leading to reduced systemic side effects and, sometimes, improved efficacy over other dosage forms. In the present work efforts have been made to prepare transdermal drug delivery system of Atenolol using various blends of polymers such as Eudragit RS 100, Hydroxy Propyl methyl cellulose and Poly vinyl pyrrolidone using propylene glycol as a permeation enhancer. The prepared patches were evaluated for various physicochemical properties and in-vitro drug release studies. The release were fitted to statistical treatment such as Zero order kinetics, Higuchi’s and Peppa’s plot. The optimized formulation from the in-vitro drug release study is used to carry out in-vitro skin permeation study using porcine ear skin, snake shed skin and rat skin. The in-vivo evaluation of formulation F 7 (2% Eudragit RS 100, 1%HPMC) show better correlation with the in-vitro drug release which confirms the achievement of targets of the present study such as controlled prolonged zero order release, reduced frequency of administration, greater therapeutic effect, overcome the side effects, simplify the treatment regimen and thus may improve patient compliance. --- ## A review on management of myasthenia gravis **Authors:** Saravana Kumar K., Jayachandra Reddy P., Chandra Sekhar K.B. **Published:** 2011-12-10 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Genetic diagnosis, Treatment, Neuromuscular Junction, Neuromuscular transmission Substantial therapeutic progress has been made in myasthenia gravis (MG) even before the molecular medicine. In very mild cases and in some occular forms of MG, treatment with acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors may be sufficient, at least temporarily, but commonly some kind of immunologically active treatment is needed. In generalized MG, a wide array of immunosuppressive treatments has been established through observational studies, some prospective, but most of them have never been tested in a randomized trial. Within the immunologically active drugs, corticosteroids and the immunosuppressive drug azathioprine (Aza) have been studied the longest. The several alternatives are available including cyclosporine A, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate, all of them are label in most western countries. Tacrolimus is under investigation. Serial measurements of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies, once these are elevated, are a useful adjust for monitoring long-term treatment success and may help in wearing from higher to lower doses or to single drugs rather than combinations. For very severe and treatment-resistant cases, co-treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin. Including older children and adults up to the 5th decade, a complete transversal thymectomy is recommended based on available open trials and expert opinion, preferentially during the first year of disease. --- ## Design and evaluation of buccal mucoadhesive patches containing an anti hypertensive prodrug Trandolapril **Authors:** Subhash Chandra Bose P., Saritha D., Nagaraju R. **Published:** 2011-12-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Trandolapril, Buccal patches, Mucoadhesion, First pass metabolism, Residual solvents The buccal region offers an attractive route for systemic drug delivery. Trandolapril is an ACE inhibitor widely used as an antihypertensive agent shows less oral bioavailability as it undergoes first pass metabolism. Trandolapril patches were prepared using HPMCK4M, Chitosan, HPMCP, PVP and PVA. FTIR and DSC studies revealed that there was no interaction between trandolapril and polymers. Gas phase chromatography was carried to estimate the residual Methanol, acetic acid and dichloromethane. The patches were evaluated for their thickness, folding endurance, weight uniformity, content uniformity, swelling behaviour, tensile strength, and surface pH. The tensile strength was higher for formulations containing HPMCP and HPMCK4M. In vitro release studies were conducted for trandolapril loaded patches in 6.6 pH phosphate buffer solution. Patches containing chitosan and HPMCK4M exhibited greater release than other formulations containing HPMCP, PVP, PVA and HPMCK4M. Patches exhibited drug release in the range of 63.8 to 99.9% in 8 hrs. Data of in vitro release from patches were fit to different equations and kinetic models to explain release profiles. Many of the buccoadhesive systems followed zero-order release kinetics. Buccoadhesive patches of trandolapril can be developed as potential controlled release formulations for the treatment of hypertension. --- ## Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Comprehensive Review **Authors:** Mohammed Haseebur, Ashok Kumar Uppuluru, Vijaya Ratna J., Vidya Sagar P., Kumara Swamy G. **Published:** 2011-12-10 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** PTSD, Re-experiencing Symptoms, Treatment, SSRIs, MAOs Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder in which an overwhelming traumatic event is re experienced, causing intense fear, helplessness, horror, and avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma. In other words, PTSD is a debilitating condition that follows a terrifying event. The main symptoms of PTSD are Flashbacks (also called re-experiencing symptoms), Emotional detachment, Jumpiness (also called hyperarousal symptoms), Substance abuse, Depression and Suicide Thoughts. PTSD can have severe and long lasting effects on people’s lives. Examples of outcomes of PTSD include Physiological outcomes (Neurobiological changes, Psycho physiological Changes), Psychological outcomes as well as Social outcomes. PTSD is also reported in children. Treatment for PTSD consists of three types of therapies namely Pharmacotherapy, Psychotherapy and Behavioral Therapy. Pharmacotherapy with several drugs is widely used in the Treatment of PTSD. Among different antidepressant drugs, the drugs which are effective in the treatment of PTSD include Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and MAO Inhibitors. --- ## In vitro anti-microbial activity of combined isolates from ethyl acetate extract of Cynodon dactylon and Piper betle **Authors:** Thiruvengada Rajan V.S., Ellaiah P., Madhusudhana Chetty C. **Published:** 2011-12-06 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cynodon dactylon, Piper betle, Cylinder or cup plate method The antibacterial effect of isolated compound from Cynodon dactylon and Piper betle was evaluated on both Gram-positive and Gram-negativie bacteria. The in-vitro antibacterial activity was performed by Cylinder or cup plate method. The dried materials were coarsely powdered using an electric blender. Powdered materials (500g) were then packed in soxhlet apparatus and successively extracted with petroleum ether, Benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Each time before extraction with the next solvent, the powdered materials were dried in hot air oven at below 50ºC. About 2 gms of the concentrated ethyl acetate extract was mixed with suitable quantity of silica gel (100-200 mesh). The elute was concentrated by evaporating the solvent and the residues named as CD isolate (90% of Chloroform: 10 % of Ethyl acetate) and PB isolate (50% of Toluene: 50 % of Ethyl acetate) were identified by High performance Thin Layer Chromatography. The selected isolates from Cynodon dactylon and Piper betle and the combination of both were found to have anti-microbial activity in the present study. The MIC value of CD Isolate against gram positive bacteria was 4.4 ± 0.5 mg/ml and against gram negative bacteria was 4.5 mg/ml. The MIC value of PB Isolate against gram positive bacteria was 4.2 mg/ml and against gram negative bacteria was 4.1 mg/ml. The MIC values of Test Antibiotics were found to be 0.001- 0.412 mg/ml and 0.008 -0.412 mg/ml against gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria respectively. The result data revealed that the isolates of individual and combined samples were showed better results for both Gram positive and Gram negative organisms. In that it was very effective against S.Typhi when compare to other organisms which are compared with standard solution. The results obtained in the present study suggest that the isolates can be used in treating diseases caused by the test organisms. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of Cefixime trihydrate loaded Chitosan – Alginate Transdermal patches **Authors:** Natarajan R., Ranga Priya M., Rajendran N.N. **Published:** 2011-12-06 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Transdermal, Cefixime trihydrate, Chitosan alginate Cefixime trihydrate is a third generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum bactericidal activity. Due to its short biological half-life, it is required for frequent dosing. So, transdermal delivery system was chosen to deliver the drug directly to the systemic circulation thereby to reduce the dose as well as the frequency of dosing. Transdermal matrix patches of Cefixime trihydrate were prepared by Solvent casting method using Chitosan and Sodium alginate as polymers. Two types of Chitosan with mol.wt.190kDa and 419kDa were used. The patches prepared were found to be having good physicochemical properties. After 24 hours of in-vitro dissolution studies, the drug release was found to be maximum (89%) from the formulation FS-1. The release patterns of the patches were controlled and were found for extended period of time. The kinetic profiles show that the drug release followed zero- order kinetics and fits with Higuchi’s model. The rate of drug permeation after 24hrs through rat skin was found to be 68.27% from the formulation FS-1. The drug permeation profile suggests that it followed Fick’s law of diffusion. The values of the correlation coefficient were found to be linear for the Zero order release. The permeation rate was further enhanced to 87.25% with formulation FPE, by using permeation enhancer like Span-80 (1%). The permeation co-efficient of the formulations FS-1 and FPE were 17.83mg/cm2/day and 21.32mg/cm2/day respectively. The enhancement ratio was found to be 1.19. On the basis of the above studies, it could be concluded that the polymer Chitosan of low molecular weight and high molecular weight, cross linked with a co-polymer like Sodium alginate could be utilized for the transdermal drug delivery of anti-bacterial drugs like Cefixime trihydrate. --- ## Screening of traditional medicinal plants for secondary metabolites **Authors:** Savithramma N., Linga Rao M., Ankanna S. **Published:** 2011-12-06 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Traditional medicinal plants, Secondary metabolites, Phytochemical screening Traditional medicines are prepared from a single plant or combination of more than one plant. Phytochemical constituents are responsible for medicinal activity of plant species. Hence in the present study phytochemical screening of some traditional medicinal plants was carried out. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirm the presence of various secondary metabolites like saponins, triterpenoids, steroids, anthraquinons, coumarins, fatty acids, tannins, lignins, leucoanthocyanins, emodins, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids and phenols. The results suggest that the phytochemical properties for curing various ailments and possess potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and leads to the isolation of new and novel compounds. --- ## Antibacterial screening and qualitative phytochemical estimation of selected aquatic plants **Authors:** Minal Jani, Saumiya Shah, Sujit Prajapati **Published:** 2011-12-06 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aquatic plants, antimicrobial, tannins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids Ignoring little economic importance aquatic plants are considered as menace. Present investigation has been carried out on five different aquatic plants Hygrophila auriculata, Polygonum glabrum, Lemna gibba, Ludwigia adscendens and Najas marina for their probable potent antibacterial activity as well as active phytochemical components. Plants were collected from Pariyej and Kanewal lakes located surrounding Anand district, Gujarat, India. Crude extracts of all five plants and their different parts were prepared in water, hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol respectively. These extracts were assayed for the presence of antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method against three Gram positive (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and one Gram negative (Proteus vulgaris) bacterial strains. Furthermore the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and qualitative phytochemical testing has been done for actively reported plants. Five crude extracts prepared in methanol showed best response. Out of 36 different crude extracts of above five plants and their parts in different solvents 15 extracts showed positive antibacterial activity. The phytochemical evaluation revealed that Hygrophila auriculata stem and leaf showed presence of alkaloids where as polygonum glabrum leaves showed presence of phenolic compounds, tannins and alkaloids. --- ## Medicinal Uses of L-Lysine: Past and Future **Authors:** Meenu Singh, Muralidhara Rao D., Shivansh Pande, Sowjanya Battu, Mahalakshmi K., Rajeswar Dutt K., Ramesh M. **Published:** 2011-11-30 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** L-Lysine, Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Migraine and Osteoporosis L-Lysine is an essential amino acid that has to be available in sufficient amounts in feed-stuffs to meet the nutritional requirements of animals and humans. This supplementation is realized by the direct addition of Lysine and, as a result, a tremendous growth in the market has taken place in the past ten years. L-Lysine is a necessary building block for all proteins in the body. L-Lysine plays a major role in calcium absorption, building muscle protein, recovering from surgery or sports injuries and the body's production of hormones, enzymes, and antibodies. This review describes the clinical significance of L-Lysine in the treatment of various pathological conditions like herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, osteoporosis, anxiety and mood disturbances, migraine etc. Clinical studies producing contradictory results on the effects of oral L-Lysine supplementation as prophylaxis or treatment of herpes simplex virus infections have been discussed in detail. This review also discusses the safety profile and scientific rational behind the alleged physiological benefits of its tremendous increase in its uses in the intervention of drug therapies like in Alzheimer's dementia, hair loss, shingles, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and aging. The benefits of using L-Lysine as a diet supplement in relation to future prospective are also covered. --- ## Approaches for improving the production of L-Lysine in Corynebacterium glutamicum **Authors:** Meenu Singh, Muralidhara Rao D., Shivansh Pande, Sowjanya Battu, Mahalakshmi K., Rajeswar Dutt K., Ramesh M. **Published:** 2011-11-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Classical mutagenesis, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Genome Sequencing, L-Lysine, Metabolic Flux Analysis One of the most commonly used approaches for improving the production of L-Lysine in Corynebacterium glutamicum was classical mutagenesis which involves the repeated mutation and selection of the desired mutant. Single and/ or combined cloning and expression of the genes or disruption of certain genes in Corynebacterium glutamicum enabled the analysis of carbon flux control in response to elevation or removal of the respective enzyme activity. Based on these analyses, new strategies for the manipulation of this industrially important amino acid producer become possible. A quantitative description of how a pathway flux is controlled by individual pathway reactions and how this control changes in response to environmental and genetic changes will provide a rational basis for genetic manipulation. The key aspect of this approach is to enable a production strain to make full use of its intrinsic ability through eliminating all undesirable mutations accumulated in its genome. This review focuses on the approaches in the last 30 years in the field of industrial production of L-Lysine by Corynebacterium glutamicum from conventional methods like classical mutagenesis, metabolic flux analysis to the recent advancements like DNA microarray, genome based strain breeding and genome sequencing and functional genomics. This review also explains about the accomplishments by different approaches to the strain improvement in Corynebacterium glutamicum and also gives an insight for rationalizing production mechanism. --- ## Evaluation of acacia catechu gum as a binder in tablet formulations **Authors:** Tekade Bharat W., Chaudhari Yogita A., Patil Vijay R. **Published:** 2011-11-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Binder, acacia catechu, natural gum, diclofenac, granules, tablet The aim of present study was to examine the suitability of acacia catechu gum as a binder in tablet formulation. Tablets were prepared by using acacia catechu gum as a binder and diclofenac sodium as model drug. Concentration of binder was varied from 2 to 12% w/w in tablet formulation and was compared with starch paste (10% w/v) as a standard binder. The granules and tablets were evaluated for: angle of repose, bulk and taped density, compressibility index % fine, friability, hardness, disintegrating time, maximum drug release and dissolution time. Granules sowed good flow characteristics. However concentration of binder affects the flow characteristics. It also increased the disintegration time and dissolution time. Friability was decreased wit increased concentration of gum. Nevertheless it could be a good candidate for evaluation as a binder or hydrophilic polymer in sustained release tablet formulation. --- ## Chemopreventive effect of Eulophia Herbaceae on DMBA/Croton Oil-induced two stage mouse skin carcinogenesis **Authors:** Jagdish Mahale, Prakash Patil, Jagdish Patel, Sanjay Surana **Published:** 2011-11-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lipid peroxidation, Phase II enzymes, Reduced glutathione, Triterpenoids Eulophia Herbaceae (EH) is a widely distributed plant in India and is found mainly on terrestrial and hill slopes as forest undergrowth in the area of Himalaya, Bengal and Eastern part of India. The tubers of EH are traditionally used for treatment of various diseases such as tumors of scrofulous glands of neck, treatment on worms, rheumatism and is also used for ailment of pimples. Decoction of tuber is used on spermatorrhoea, urinary complaints and menses. Tubers are source of salep, pseudobulbs and are used as tonic. In this study, the chemopreventive effect of triterpenoid fraction of tubers from EH was investigated. The triterpenoid fraction of EH (TFEH) showed a strong chemopreventive activity against DMBA/Croton oil induced two stage mouse skin carcinogenesis. The mechanistic pathway for the chemopreventive potential of TFEH was evaluated by analyzing the status of enzymatic (CAT, SOD) and non enzymatic (reduced glutathione) detoxification agents and lipid peroxidation during DMBA- induced skin carcinogenesis. The results obtained showed significant reduction of the incidence and number of skin papillomas, tumor burden, tumor volume along with significant elevation of phase II detoxifying enzymes (CAT and SOD) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in liver. The present study thus demonstrates that TFEH has significant suppressing effect on cell proliferation during DMBA-induced mouse skin carcinogenesis. The chemo preventive potential of TFEH is probably due to its modulating effect on the status of lipid peroxidation, antioxidants and detoxification agents during DMBA-induced skin carcinogenesis. --- ## Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Alpinia purpurata rhizome (Vieill) **Authors:** Vadivel Subramanian, Suja S. **Published:** 2011-11-15 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alpinia purpurata, Secondary metabolites, Antioxidants, FRAP, ABTS, DPPH Research field with endless potential is especially important in countries possessing great interest to identify anti-oxidant compounds that are pharmacologically potent and have low or no side effects for use in preventive medicine and the food industry. As plants produce significant amount of antioxidants to prevent the oxidative stress caused by photons and oxygen. The present study investigates the quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity of three various extracts of Alpinia purpurata rhizome. Using DPPH, ABTS and Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay FRAP to investigate the antioxidant potential of crude extracts. The extracts showed the inhibition in a dose dependant manner. The results were expressed as IC50 values, considering the growing interest in assessing the antioxidant capacity of herbal medicine. The ethanolic extract of Alpinia purpurata rhizome exhibited a DPPH radical scavenging higher activity, FRAP and ABTS. --- ## Development and validation of a stability-indicating RP-HPLC for the simultaneous determination of Atorvastatin Calcium and Simvastatin in pharmaceutical solid dosage forms **Authors:** Narasimha Swamy Lakka, Nishant Goswami, Penugonda Balakrishna, Vaddi Sailaja **Published:** 2011-11-15 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atorvasatin Calcium, Simvasation, RP-HPLC, Forced degradation, Method development and validation A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was suitable for simultaneous determination of AT, ST and their degradation products in raw materials and pharmaceuticals formulations has been developed. The separation was accomplished on X-Bridge shield RP18 (50mm × 4.6mm, 3.5µm) column under isocratic mode. The mobile phase consisting of 0.02M ammonium acetate buffer with pH 4.0 and organic modifier mixture (acetonitrile-THF, 95:5) in the ratio of 50:50, v/v respectively. The flow rate was monitored at 0.8mL/min, with 5µL injection volume and a PDA detector set at 246nm used for detection. Forced degradation of AT and ST were carried out under thermal, acidic, alkaline, peroxide, sunlight and ultraviolet light conditions. Under stressed conditions AT and ST were degraded and the mass balance was found to be above 95%. The retention times of AT and ST were 2.5min and 10.5min, respectively. The total run time was 15min within which from the drug product and degradation processes. The linearity was established for atorvastatin calcium and simvastatin in the concentration range of 50% to 150% of target concentration and correlation found to be 0.999. A RP-HPLC method has been validated for specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy, ruggedness and robustness. The proposed analytical method demonstrated to be suitable for quantitation of all relevant degradants, as well as respective drug products. --- ## Anti-lipid peroxidative potential of glycyrrhetinic acid in 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis **Authors:** Shanmugam Manoharan, Raju Kowsalya, Simon Silvan, Nagarethinam Baskaran, Chezhiyan Anusuya **Published:** 2011-11-08 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** oral cancer, lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, hamsters, DMBA Present study investigated the effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants status in 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Topical application of DMBA for 14 weeks in the buccal pouch of hamsters resulted in well-developed squamous cell carcinoma. The status of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants were measured in the plasma and buccal mucosa of hamsters treated with DMBA alone and DMBA + glycyrrhetinic acid treated hamsters. Altered levels of lipid peroxidation by-products [Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)] and disturbances in antioxidants status [vitamin E, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] were noticed in hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Oral administration of glycyrrhetinic acid at a dose of 45 mg/kg b.w restored the status of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in hamsters treated with DMBA. Present study thus suggests that glycyrrhetinic acid improved the status of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense mechanism during DMBA induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. --- ## Formulation and Optimisation of Osmotic pump of Propranolol Hydrochloride using EOP and Microporous concepts **Authors:** Ghedia Tejaskumar P., Patel Parth, Christian Vishal, Panchal Amish, Bamaniya Sanjay, Sangada Kiran **Published:** 2011-11-08 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Controlled release tablet, Elementary Osmotic Pump, Mannitol, micro porous osmotic pump, Poly ethylene glycol 400, Propranolol hydrochloride, sodium chloride Propranolol Hydrochloride is class I drug and hence completely and rapidly absorbed which shows quick but shorter action which leads to frequent dosing. This fact gives opportunity to develop controlled release formulation. The controlled release tablet of Propranolol hydrochloride was prepared based on osmotic pump technique. Core tablet of Propranolol hydrochloride was prepared using Sodium chloride, Mannitol, PVP K30, MCC, talc & Mg. stearate; and the tablets of selected batch was coated with coating solution containing different proportions of Cellulose acetate, Castor oil and PEG400 and evaluated for in vitro drug release studies. The comparison study of the formulations has shown that all batches showing sustained release profile following zero order and batch F3 showing the maximum correlation with zero order release and hence considered as optimized batch. The observed result revels that osmotic agents have significant effect on drug release up to 12h. in successful development of dual release osmotic pump tablets containing Propranolol Hydrochloride by using Sodium chloride and Mannitol as key excipients. --- ## Hypoglycaemic and Hypolipidemic activity of Tinospora cordifolia root extract on aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity in mice **Authors:** Veena Sharma, Rekha Gupta, Shatruhan Sharma **Published:** 2011-11-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atherosclerosis, Glucose, Lipid profile, Mycotoxins, Protection Aflatoxin, a fungal mycotoxins are potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic agent. Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) is an ayurvedic herb and has wide range of traditional use in different diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypolipidemic and hypoglycaemic effect of ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia root on aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity. Aflatoxin was administered orally (2µg /30g body weight, 0.2 ml day ) to mice of each group except control, group III, group IV and group V. Different doses of plant extract of Tinospora cordifolia were given to all groups except control and aflatoxin B1 administered group. The entire study was carried out for 75 days and animals were scarified after an interval of 25 days till the completion of study. From the current study it was illustrated that the Tinospora cordifolia significantly recovered the body weight, liver weight, kidney weight and also showed the hypolipidemic and hypoglycaemic activity by lowering down the level of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, blood glucose and enhancing the level of HDL cholesterol. The overall data indicated that Tinospora cordifolia possess potent hypolipidemic effect against aflatoxin B1-induced atherosclerosis, and the main mechanism involved in protection could be associated with its strong hypoglycaemic property. --- ## Molecular diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination in ophthalmic viscosurgical devices **Authors:** Vijayakumar R., Venkatesa Kannan V., Manoharan C. **Published:** 2011-11-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Polymerase chain reaction, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, contamination, OVDs Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to verify the utility of this technique in detecting low levels of microbial contamination in quality control of ophthalmic viscosurgical devices (OVDs). Universal and specific primers (oprL) were applied to identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa as one of the objectionable microorganisms in pharmaceutical products. Samples of hydoxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium hyaluronate inoculated with defined number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells and subsequently exposed to boiling for 15 minutes for releasing DNA materials from the contaminants. The treated samples were subjected to PCR amplification. Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed amplified fragments as predicted, with no interference from the products and other environmental bacterial and fungal strains included in the study. The minimum detection limit of Pseudomonas aeruginosa DNA was 2.1 ng. In contrast to conventional culturing methods that require mean of 5 – 6 days for identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the entire mentioned PCR assay lasted about 4 – 5 hours. --- ## Toluidine blue loaded transferosomes for topical photodynamic therapy: formulation and characterization **Authors:** Maha Fadel, Ghada Abdelbary, Shahira F. Elmenshawe, Essam Eissa **Published:** 2011-11-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** In vivo studies, Photodynamic therapy, Subcutaneous Ehrlich tumor, Toluidine blue, transferosomes Targeted drug delivery systems have distinct advantages over conventional dosage forms. In the present approach, flexible liposomal drug carriers (transferosomes) were formulated and their physicochemical properties were studied compared with conventional liposomal and niosomal formulae. Lipid vesicles composed of lecithin, cholesterol, span 60, and sodium deoxycholate (SDC) were prepared by thin film hydration method. Photodynamic treatment of subcutaneous Ehrlich tumor using prepared and pharmaceutically studied hydrogel containing 1% hydrophilic toluidine blue (TB) loaded transferosomes was evaluated. The results showed that transferosomes containing both span 60 and SDC were of the highest entrapment efficiency (> 82%), particle size (1.36 µm) and released 52% of its content within 2 hours. The in vivo study on BALB/C mice showed that there was a marked increase in the survival time and decrease in the tumor size in mice group treated with transferosomal (span 60 and SDC) hydrogel for 1h followed by irradiation with 90J/cm2 from 650 nm diode laser twice weekly compared with animals treated with free TB and irradiated only. Furthermore, there was a marked deep necrosis of tumor cells, which may be attributed to the deep penetration of TB through skin layers. These findings suggest the use of TB loaded transferosomes in topical targeted photodynamic treatment of skin tumors. --- ## In vitro anthelmintic activity of Annona Reticulata leaves extract against Eisinia fetida **Authors:** Sonal Bhale, Trupti Tuse, Ganesh Jadhav **Published:** 2011-11-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anthelmintic activity, Annona Reticulata, Eisinia fetida, Custard apple Crude extracts of leaves of Annona Reticulata (Annonaceae) were evaluated for in vitro anthelmintic activity on the Indian adult earthworms Eisinia fetida. The leaves extracts of Annona Reticulata had shown a dose dependant inhibition of spontaneous motility (Paralysis) of earthworms. It has been observed that methanolic extract (100 mg/ml) has shown anthelmintic activity, which was compared with Albendazole as reference drug. Therefore the leaves could be categorized under anthelmintic herbal drugs and could become a potent key ingredient of such herbal formulation. --- ## Pharmacognostical standardization of leaves of Azadirachta indica – An effective panacea for all disease **Authors:** Maithani Alok, Parcha Versha, Pant Geeta, Kumar Deepak, Dhulia Ishan **Published:** 2011-11-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Azadirachta indica, Pharmacognostical Standardization, HPTLC, Marker Component Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) commonly called Neem in India and is nature’s drugstore due to thousands of medicinal properties associated with it. It is one of two species in the genus Azadirachta, and is native to India and Burma, growing in tropical and semi-tropical regions. Present investigation highlights the standardization of Azadirachta indica leaf from Garhwal Himalayas. The various parameters applied (WHO Guideline) were ash value, acid insoluble ash, water & alcohol extractive values, loss on drying, pH, volatile matter, heavy metal content, phytochemical investigation, chromatographic profile, spectroscopic profile, heavey metal content and microscopic and macroscopic description. The quantitative determination of marker component was also done by HPTLC study using azadirachtin as standard. --- ## In vitro release kinetics study of Cefuroxime Axetil alone and along with Herbal Alkalizer-trends for herb-drug interactions **Authors:** Zahed Bin Rahim, Md. Arifuzzaman, Md. Golam Kabir, Rasel Das, Md. Mahabubur Rahman, Probir Das, Md. Sheikh Anwar, Zahid Hosen S.M. **Published:** 2011-11-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cefuroxime Axetil, Herbal alkalizer syrup, multiple coefficients (r2), Release kinetics, TLC The present study focuses on the Herb-Drug interactions. In treating Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Cefuroxime Axetil is prescribed along with a herbal alkalizer as an adjuvant therapy. Herbal alkalizer is use to detoxify excretable urinary substances and thus reducing the irritation during micturation and also to reduce urinary obstruction in respective case. The samples were analyzed according to United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) methods. In this study the in vitro dissolution test and TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) were performed. The dissolution studies include the determination of percent release of Cefuroxime Axetil alone and Cefuroxime Axetil in presence of Herbal alkalizer syrup. The study reveals that, the release of Cefuroxime Axetil in presence of Herbal alkailizer and Cefuroxime Axetil alone almost same. Different mathematical models were adopted to explore into the release kinetics. It was found from multiple coefficients (r2) that at simulated gastric medium of pH 1.2, acetate buffer of pH 4.5 and simulated intestinal media at pH 6.8, the release kinetics followed by drug alone and in presence of herbal related to Higuchi release kinetics. By evaluating TLC the possibility of drug interactions between Cefuroxime Axetil (CA) and Herbal alkailizer was not observed. --- ## Ventilation tube a fleeting alcove for multi drug resistant non-hemolytic Staphylococcus epidermidis **Authors:** Pallavi J., Azuan L. **Published:** 2011-10-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Health care associated infection, Commensals, Skin infection, Antibiotic susceptibility Health care associated infections are escalating globally. Ventilation tube is one of the potential reservoirs for microorganisms. In view of this a prospective study was undertaken to detect the microbial spectrum, haemolytic assay and antibiotic susceptibility of nosocomial bacteria on ventilation tube. Samples were collected by wiping the sterile moist swab over the ventilation tube in intensive care unit (ICU). Collected samples were subjected to standard isolation and characterization procedures. Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated from the collected samples. For hemolytic assay, loopful of Staphylococcus epidermidis culture was streaked on freshly prepared blood agar and incubated overnight. Hemolytic assay revealed non-hemolytic Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed according to CLSI (2007). Bacterial isolates were subjected to disc diffusion test against gentamicin (120µg), vancomycin (30µg), erythromycin (15µg) tetracycline (30µg), ampicillin (10µg), amoxicillin (10µg) doxycycline (30µg), bacitracin (10µg) and ceftazidime (30µg). Antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed Staphylococcus epidermidis sensitivity to gentamycin and vancomycin but resistant to all antibiotics tested. --- ## Effect of musa paradisiaca l. extract against hyperammonemia in rats **Authors:** Jha U, Oswal RJ, Shelke TT, Navgire VN **Published:** 2011-10-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Musa paradisiaca, hyperammonemia, Lipid peroxidation, Antioxidants, Liver marker enzymes This investigation was designed to determine the possible protective effect of root stock of Musa paradisiaca l extract (MP) against ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) induced hyperammonemia. Experimental hyperammonemia was induced in adult male Wistar rats (180–200 g) by intraperitoneal injections of NH4Cl (100 mg/kg body weight) thrice a week. Rats were treated with MP (300 mg/kg body weight) via oral administration. At the end of experimental duration, blood ammonia, plasma urea, serum liver marker enzymes and lipid peroxidation in plasma and tissues (liver and brain) of normal and experimental animals were analysed. The results revealed that NH4Cl induced hyperammonemia, as evidenced by increases in the levels of blood ammonia, plasma urea, lipid peroxidations such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), hydroperoxides (HP) and activities of liver markers (alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and reduced glutathione (GSH), were decreased in liver and brain tissues of NH4Cl group compared with the normal group. On the other hand, MP treatment reversed all these biochemical indices. The study shows wider evidence for the antihyperammonemic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and antioxidant activities of MP extract against NH4Cl induced hyperammonemia. --- ## Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Ficus bengalensis **Authors:** Jagdish R. Baheti, Ramesh K. Goyal **Published:** 2011-10-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** F. bengalensis, Hepatoprotective, CCl4, Paracetamol We have investigated the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of bark of Ficus bengalensis against paracetamol and CCl4 induced liver damage. Treatment of rats with paracetamol and CCl4 produced a significant increase in the levels of Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase SGPT, Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase SGOT, Alkaline Phosphatase ALP, total and direct bilirubin. Rats pretreated with methanolic extract of barks of F. bengalensis 100 and 250 mg/kg body weight p.o. exhibited rise in the levels of these enzymes but it was significantly less as compared to those treated with paracetamol or CCl4 alone. The results of methanolic extract of F. bengalensis were comparable with the standard hepatoprotective agent silymarin 100mg/kg. Maximum hepatoprotective effect was found to be at the dose of 250mg/kg body weight in case of CCl4 induced hepatic damage while 500mg/kg body weight in case of paracetamol induced hepatic damage. Our data suggest that methanolic extract of F. bengalensis bark possesses a potential antihepatotoxic activity. --- ## Isolation and characterization of lead molecule from gramineae and piparaceae drugs **Authors:** Thiruvengada Rajan V.S., Ellaiah P., Madhusudhana Chetty C. **Published:** 2011-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cynodon dactylon, Piper betle, 5-Phenyl-3,4-alkynyl-2-pentanone, 1-methyl ethyl propanoate The classes of phytochemicals have been isolated from Piper species, phenylpropanoids, lignans and neolignans, alkaloids and several compounds of mixed-biosynthetic origin. Piper betle Linn. (Piperaceae) is a perennial dioecious creeper, cultivated in India for its leaves, used for chewing. The leaf is carminative, aphrodisiac, tonic, laxative and improves appetite. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Fam: Gramineae) is commonly known as “Doob” in India (Arugampul: Tamil). It is a weed and possesses varied medicinal properties. Leaf, root and rhizome of the plant have been used in folk medicine in different countries, as anti‐inflammatory, anticystitis, antihypertensive antiviral, hypolipidemic agent, antihysteria, antipsychotic, and antigonorrheal infection. A weighed quantity (500 g) of the air-dried powdered drugs of C. dactyon and P. Betle was taken, in a soxhelet apparatus. The filtrate was concentrated in a rotary flash evaporator at a temperature not exceeding 60oC (yield 15.0% for PB extract and 13.5% for CD extract, dry weight basis). The isolation was performed by using column chromatography having the dimension of 63.3 cm in length, 1.3 cm in diameter by using silica gel (100-200 mesh) as the stationary phase for the collected ethyl acetate extract of Piper betle by wet packing method. The collected fraction of the solvent system having 50:50 ratio of toluene: ethyl acetate has shown the Rf value of 0.6, and for Cynodon dactylon having 90:10 ratio of Chloroform and ethyl acetate has shown the Rf value of 0.76, it was compared with standard Rf and the fraction was characterized by using IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy studies. The Spectral data revealed that the isolated compounds from the selected plant materials were 5-Phenyl-3,4-alkynyl-2-pentanone and 1-methyl ethyl propanoate, these componenets were new compounds and they not yet isolated. --- ## Synthesis, characterization and biological screening of some 3-phenyl indole derivatives **Authors:** Muthu Kumar S., Selva Kumar D., Rajpati Yadav, Shiv Prakash Pandey, Sanjay Kumar Gupta **Published:** 2011-09-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimalarial activity, Antibacterial activity, Anti-inflammatory activity, Indole, Plasmodium falciparum, ferriprotoporphyrin 3-phenyl Indole derivatives In an attempt to search for new and alternative antimalarial agents, a series of 2-(4-amino sulfonyl phenyl) 3-phenyl indole substituted amine derivative -2-(4-amino sulfonyl phenyl) 3-phenyl-5 chloro indole and 2-(4-amino sulfonyl phenyl) 3-phenyl -5 fluoro indole derivatives were synthesized and their chemical structures confirmed by Elemental, 1H NMR, IR and mass spectrophotometric analysis. The in vitro antimalarial activities of these compounds were evaluated against the chloroquine-sensitive (D10) and the chloroquine-resistant (RSA11) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The 2-(4-amino sulfonyl phenyl) 3-phenyl -5 chloro indole derivatives increased in vitro activity when compared to the unsubstituted analogues, which are all devoid of activity. The presence of the 5- chloro, fluoro, amine, mehoxy, hydroxy group in the indole ring system leads to compounds with diminished anti malarial activity when compared to the corresponding unsubstituted analogues. The compounds associate with ferriprotoporphyrin. --- ## Studies on the solid dispersions of gliclazide **Authors:** Nagasamy Venkatesh D., Anindita De, Vindya Komali, Meyyanathan S. N., Elango K. **Published:** 2011-09-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Gliclazide, dissolution, β-cyclodextrin, kneading method, release kinetics Gliclazide and β-cyclodextrin (Gli/β-CD) dispersions were prepared with a view to study the influence of β-CD on the solubility and dissolution rate of this poorly soluble drug. Phase-solubility profile indicated that the solubility of gliclazide was significantly increased in the presence of β-cyclodextrin and was classified as AL-type, indicating the 1:1 stoichiometric inclusion complexes. Physical characterization of the prepared systems was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction studies (XRD) and IR studies. Solid state characterization of the drug β-CD binary system using XRD, FTIR and DSC revealed distinct loss of drug crystallinity in the formulation, ostensibly accounting for enhancement of dissolution rate. The drug release from solid dispersion obeyed first order kinetics. Solid dispersions of gliclazide exhibited a 14 times fold increase in dissolution rate over pure drug. --- ## Development and evaluation of medicated soap strip’s of clotrimazole for dermal infection **Authors:** Amit B. Patil, Purushotham Rao K, Charyulu RN, Prabhu P, Marina Koland **Published:** 2011-09-26 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clotrimazole, paper soap strip, foam The research is aimed to formulate clotrimazole paper soap strip that will result in faster drug release through foam; for better and effective relief from fungal infections like tinea, cutaneous candidiasis and seborrhoeic dermatitis. The formulation of medicated paper soap strips was carried out in two phases. Phase-I optimization Study, consist of formulation of non medicated paper soap strip; by randomly selecting marketed soap bars, then preparing their soap solution of varying concentration and then different pharmaceutical grade papers were dipped into these soap solution and air dried. The formulated soap strips were then evaluated for soap absorption capacity on paper, weight gain, thickness, size, shape, foam, and stability studies. From the results best soap, its soap solution concentration and paper was screened out. Phase-II study involves incorporation of drug into the best soap and its soap solution was achieved by emulsification technique and application of medicated soap solution over best paper was achieved by dipping technique. Medicated paper soap strip were characterized for thickness, weight, foam test, stability studies, drug content uniformity, FTIR, in vitro drug release studies carried out in 0.1N HCl media showed 40.17% drug release in 30 min. The primary skin irritation studies carried out on guinea pigs, showed no sensitization and edema on skin after 72 hours of application. Zone of inhibition has revealed the potential antimicrobial activity the drug formulation. The results of present study revealed that the prepared medicated paper soap strips of Clotrimazole is economic, convenient, gives good foam on application, uniform drug content and no skin irritation on animals. --- ## Analytical estimation of lansoprazole and validation of simple spectrophotometric in bulk and capsule formulation **Authors:** Alagar Raja M., Satish Kumar Yadav, Amit Rai, Shuchita Mishra **Published:** 2011-09-26 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** spectrophotometry, PPI-drug, proton pump inhibitors A simple chemo metrics-assisted spectrophotometric method for the determination of lansoprazole in capsule form is described. Lansoprazole is an active proton-pump inhibitor drug act by irreversibly blocking the hydrogen/potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system (the H+/K+ ATPase, or, more common, gastric proton pump) of the gastric parietal cell. The UV absorption spectra of the studied drugs were in the range of 200-400 nm. The developed spectrophotometric method is simple, rapid, precise, accurate, reliable and economical when compared to other methods? The method was also applied for capsule formulations. It gives better results in terms of accuracy, precision and linearity over a range of 5- 25 µg/ml for lansoprazole. The limit of detection in capsule dosage form are 2µg/ml, the limit of quantification for capsule are 5µg/ml for pharmaceutical formulation. The % RSD is less than 49.19 %, and the recovery is 111 – 147 % as results the above method can be applied for bulk and finished product of lansoprazole. --- ## Design and physico-chemical evaluation of cetirizine dihydrochloride transderml patches **Authors:** Subramanian S., Rajkapoor B., Vijayaraghavan C. **Published:** 2011-09-22 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Transdermal therapeutic system (TTS), cetirizine dihydrochloride (CTZ), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) Transdermal therapeutic system of cetirizine dihydrochloride with different polymers like hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), polyvinyl pyrolidine (PVP), ethyl cellulose(EC), either in individual or combination were used, with or without rate controlling membrane of 1%W/V of ethyl cellulose. All the patches were prepared by added 30%W/V of di butyl phthalate (DBP) as plasticizer to make the film flexible and free from brittleness and the solvent used was ethanol as common solvent. The prepared patches were evaluated for various physic-chemical parameters like thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, water absorption capacity, percentage moisture loss, percentage moisture absorption, weight variation, tensile strength & percentage elongation and drug content uniformity. --- ## Effect and evaluation of antihyperlipidemic activity of fractions of total methanol extract of Salvadora oleoides (decne.) leaves on Triton WR-1339 (Tyloxapol) induced hyperlipidemic rats **Authors:** Deepak Kumar, Versha Parcha, Ishan Dhulia, Alok Maithani **Published:** 2011-09-22 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Salvadora oleoides (Decne.), Triton WR-1339, Anti-hyperlipidemic, Tyloxapol, Atherosclerosis, fenofibrate Hyperlipidemia is the greatest risk factor of coronary heart disease. Currently available hypolipidemic drugs have been associated with number of side effects. Herbal treatment for hyperlipidemia has no side effects and is relatively cheap and locally available. The present study focus on the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of fractions of total methanol extract of leaves of Salvadora oleoides (Decne.) against Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Fractions administered a dose of 100mg/kg (oral) to the Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic rats. Butanol fraction showed significant reduction (p<0.05) in serum cholesterol (61.73 mg/dl), triglyceride (121.25 mg/dl), LDL (37.89 mg/dl), VLDL (24.98 mg/dl) and increase in HDL level (36.44 mg/dl) in comparison with standard drug fenofibrate (p<0.05). --- ## Assessment of micronuclei formation for genotoxicity and hematological indices after exposure to commercial malathion and ascorbic acid: In vivo study **Authors:** Janita R. T. D' Souza, Vidya Bernhardt, Kavitha Bernhardt, Manjula Shantaram **Published:** 2011-09-22 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ascorbic acid, Body weight, Hematological indices, Malathion, Micronuclei Impurities in commercial formulations of Malathion cause pronounced toxicity and they interact with DNA, causing mutagenicity. Ascorbic acid is a potent water soluble antioxidant that protects the cellular compartment from oxygen and nitrogen radicals. In the present study effect of ascorbic acid was studied on 14 days of repeated treatment of commercial grade Malathion (CGM) induced toxicity assessed by micronuclei (MN) formation for genotoxicity and hematological indices in Swiss albino mice. The treatment with 50% of LD50 and 5% of LD50 of CGM (LD50 :1000 mg /Kg body weight) resulted in a significant dose dependent increase in the frequency of MN. Significant decrease was observed in a dose dependent manner in the RBC, hematocrit, thrombocyte count as well as a significant increase in WBCs and reticulocytes. The treatment with 250 mg/Kg body weight of ascorbic acid did not have any effect on the MN induced by 50% LD50 CGM treatment but arrested 5% LD50 induced MN. A similar dose dependent result was obtained with ascorbic acid treatment with a normalization of hematological indices in 5% LD50 treated animals. CGM treated animals in both the groups showed a significant decrease in body weight which was restored by ascorbic acid. The results of the present study suggest a protective effect of ascorbic acid against CGM induced genotoxic damage as well as altered hematological indices and bodyweight in a dose dependent manner. --- ## Evaluation of thrombolytic properties of Nigella sativa, Capsicum frutescens and Brassica oleracea **Authors:** Md. Arifuzzaman, Adnan Mannan, Imtha Sal Binta Abdullah, Jesmin Abedin, Md. Sheikh Anwar, Zahid Hosen S. M., Sabuj Barua **Published:** 2011-09-21 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Clot lysis, Herbal preparation, Streptokinase, Synergistic effect, Atherothrombotic disease Thrombolytic drugs are widely used for the management of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis patients. Several in vitro models have been developed to study clot lysis activity of thrombolytic drugs, but all of these have certain limitations. The present study was carried out to investigate the thrombolytic activity, synergistic activity on thrombolysis in the aqueous extract of fruits of Nigella sativa, Capsicum frutescens, Brassica oleracea. An in vitro thrombolytic method was used to investigate the thrombolytic activity of plant extracts in blood sample from healthy human volunteers, along with streptokinase as a positive control and water as a negative control. Same method was also applied to assess the synergistic activity of plant extracts with streptokinase. Aqueous extract of Nigella sativa, Capsicum frutescens, Brassica oleracea showed 40.65%, 36.93%, 57.03% thrombolytic activity and also showed 60.46%, 80.00%, 72.50% synergistic activity with streptokinase respectively. Among the plant extracts studied Capsicum frutescens showed significant % of synergistic activity (80%) with compared to other plant extracts. The present study demonstrates that Capsicum frutescens extract showed synergistic activity with streptokinase on thrombolysis. Isolation and purification of the compound responsible for synergistic activity would be one of the best sources of herbal drugs for atherothrombotic diseases. --- ## Aquasomes - A self assembled nanotechnology system **Authors:** Sunil Mesariya, Kruti Joshi, Hitesh Jain, Upadhyay U. M. **Published:** 2011-09-21 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Aquasomes, brushite, bioactives, hydroxypatite, nanocrystalline core, nanoparticels, polyhydroxyoligomers, self assembled Aquasomes are one of the most recently developed delivery systems; these are nanoparticulate carrier systems with three-layered self-assembled structures. They comprise a central solid nanocrystalline core coated with poly- hydroxyoligomers onto which biochemically active molecules are adsorbed. Three types of core materials are mainly used for producing aquasomes: tin oxide, nanocrystalline carbon ceramics (diamonds) and brushite (calcium phosphate dihydrate). Calcium phosphate is the core of interest, owing to its natural presence in the body. The brushite is unstable and converts to hydroxyapatite upon prolong storage. Hydroxyapatite seems, therefore, a better core for the preparation of aquasomes. It is widely used for the preparation of implants for drug delivery. The solid core provides the structural stability, while the carbohydrate coating protects against dehydration and stabilizes the biochemically active molecules. This property of maintaining the conformational integrity of bioactive molecules has led to the proposal that aquasomes have potential as a carrier system for delivery of peptide, protein, hormones, antigens and genes to specific sites. --- ## Extraction of anthocyanin and analyzing its antioxidant properties from different onion (Allium cepa) varieties **Authors:** Geetha M., Ponmozhi P., Saravanakumar M., Suganyadevi P. **Published:** 2011-09-21 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Allium cepa, red, anthocyanin, total phenol, Flavanoid content, antioxidants, free radicals scavenging effect Onion waste is a renewable raw material rich in different molecular species of antioxidant compounds. To utilize this source as a raw material an environmentally sustainable procedure has been developed for the extraction of anthocyanin and to analyze its antioxidant properties. Three (Red, Small, Big) varieties of onion (Allium cepa) were studied for their total phenol contents, total flavanoid content, total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activities. The data represented in this study demonstrated that the amount of phenolic compound and anthocyanin content differ significantly between 3 varieties of onion peel, and determine the free radical scavenging activity of onion peel. The anthocyanin and phenol content were found to be high in red onion variety when compared to other two varieties. The unutilized outer layer of onion varieties were found to be a rich source of anthocyanin and significant antioxidant properties. The onion peel which is considered as waste can be used as a rich source for anthocyanins and antioxidants. --- ## Formulation development and evaluation of transdermal drug delivery system of a prokinetic agent - Itopride hydrochloride **Authors:** Dinesh M. Biyani, Varsha Toshniwal **Published:** 2011-09-07 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Transdermal patch, Itopride hydrochloride, in-vitro study, plasticizer Transdermal patches of Itopride hydrochloride were prepared by solvent casting method using HPMC K 15, Carbopol 934 P and Eudragit L 100 in different ratios. Patches were evaluated for various physicochemical properties like thickness uniformity, weight variation, drug content, moisture uptake at 23%, 43%, 75% and 93 % RH, moisture content, folding endurance and water vapour transmission studies. The in-vitro permeation studies were carried out using modified Franz diffusion cell with cellophane as diffusion membrane. Effect of dibutyl phthalate as a plasticizer at concentration of 5% w/w and 10%w/w, on release kinetics of the drug was also studied. It was found that incorporation of dibutylphthalate as plasticizer decreases in-vitro permeation rate of drug. However, changes in concentration of dibutylpthalate from 5% to 10 % w/w do not affect the in-vitro permeation rate of drug significantly. --- ## In vivo antioxidant, organ protective, ameliorative and cholesterol Lowering potential of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of “Ata-Ofa” polyherbal tea (A-Polyherbal) **Authors:** Atawodi S. E. **Published:** 2011-09-07 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ata-Ofa polyherbal tea, hepatoprotective, aminotransferase Methanol and ethanol extracts of a new polyherbal formulation, “Ata-Ofa” polyherbal tea (A-Polyherbal) which is composed of Twenty one (21) plant products, including Tamarindus indica, Ginger officinalle, Khaya senegalensis, Nauclea latifolia, Moringa oleifera, Phyllantus amarus, Camellia sinensis, Anacardium occidentale, Mangifera indica, Aframomum melegueta and Morinda lucida were evaluated for antioxidant, hepatoprotective and ameliorative activity against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats at 5mg/kg. The prophylactic effect was evaluated following 48 h pre-treatment with the extracts prior to administration of CCl4, while the ameliorative effect was assessed in rats, first pretreated with CCl4, and then treated with CCl4 every 72 hrs followed with daily administration of the extracts for 10 days. In vivo antioxidant effect was evaluated as levels of thiobarbituric reactive substances in tissue homogenates, while the functional integrity of the liver was monitored using biochemical, including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and bilirubin. In addition to lowering cholesterol levels, both extracts showed significant in vivo antioxidant, hepatoprotective and curative effect on pre-existing liver conditions, with methanol extract showing better effects. These results strongly suggest that A-Polyherbal is effective for both prophylactic and therapeutic management of liver-related and oxidative stress associated disorders. --- ## Anti-ulcer activity of Mimosa pudica on Experimental animal models **Authors:** Divya T., Girija K., Lakshman K., Nirmala M. **Published:** 2011-09-07 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mimosa pudica, anti-ulcer, pylorus ligation, Indomethacin Mimosa pudica is a species belonging to the Mimosaceae family. This plant is popularly known as Touch-me-not and is widely grown as weed in tropical crops particularly when fields are hand cultivated. This species has many uses in folk medicine for example the leaf preparations were used as traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of ulcers, fever and burning sensation. The main objective of present work is to investigate the anti ulcer activity of the leaves of Mimosa pudica. The effect of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Mimosa pudicawas investigated in rats by usingtwo models, i. e. pylorus ligation and indomethacin induced ulcer models. The PH, total acidity and ulcer index were determined. The results indicated that the alcoholic extract significantly (P < 0. 001) decreases the PH, total acidity and ulcer index with respect to control at dose 400mg/kg p. o. --- ## Solid Lipid Nanoparticles System: An Overview **Authors:** Vijay Kumar Sharma, Anupama Diwan, Satish Sardana, Vipan Dhall **Published:** 2011-08-31 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Solid lipid nanoparticles, colloidal carrier, hot homogenization Development of novel drug delivery has been a growing interest among the researchers. The novel drug delivery usually aims for maximal drug bioavailability, tissue targeting, controlled release kinetics, minimal immune response, ease of administration, and the effective delivery of traditionally difficult drugs such as lipophiles, amphiphiles and biomolecules. Colloidal drug carriers are one of the most acceptable approach to attain the goals of the novel drug delivery system. Colloidal drug carriers include vesicular drug carriers and microparticulate drug carriers, which successfully prolong the existence of the drug in systemic circulation and lower the toxicity. A number of colloidal drug carriers such as liposomes, niosomes, pharmacosomes, virosomes, immunoliposomes, microparticles, nanoparticles, albumin microspheres have been developed, however, these carriers still have some drawbacks. To combat these drawbacks, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) were introduced as a new class of colloidal drug carries. This paper presents an overview about the definition, advantages, selection of ingredients and formulation techniques of the SLN. --- ## Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of poly herbal formulation (PHF) in albino rats **Authors:** Vidya S., Sravya D., Neeraja P., Ramesh A. **Published:** 2011-08-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** PHF, Analgesic, Anti inflammatory, Indomethacin The effect of poly herbal formulation consisting of Gum acacia suspension of Aegle marmelo leaves, Eugenia jambolana seeds and Bacopa monnieri leaves (1:1:1) respectively was investigated for analgesic and anti – inflammatory activity in various experimental models of pain and inflammation. Analgesic activity of PHF (50, 100 mg/kg, I.P) was studied in rats using, tail immersion method and hot plate method. Anti-inflammatory activity of PHF (100, 150mg/kg, I.P) was studied in rats using Histamine induced edema and egg white induced rat paw edema method. PHF (100 mg/kg I.P) significantly (p<0.01) increased latency to flick tail in tail immersion method and elevated the mean basal reaction time in hot plate method compared to control (2ml of1%Gum acaia suspension). PHF (150mg/kg) significantly (p<0.01) inhibited histamine and egg white induced rat paw edema, compared to standard drug Indomethacin (20mg/kgI.P). --- ## Determination of Balofloxacin in Pharmaceutical formulation by Zero, First and Second order Derivative Spectrophotometric methods **Authors:** Seetharaman R., Lakshmi K.S., Dinesh Kumar Boggavarappu, Hariprasad G., Kumud Ranjan Ravi **Published:** 2011-08-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti bacterial, Balofloxacin, First and second derivative spectroscopy, Fluoroquinolone, UV spectroscopy In this study, zero, first and second order derivative spectrophotometric methods were developed for quantitative determination of Balofloxacin in pharmaceutical preparation. In zero order spectrophotometry, absorbance values were measured at 286 nm. In first derivative spectrophotometry, amplitude values were measured at 295 nm. In second derivative spectrophotometry, amplitude values were measured at 266 nm. Parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy were studied according to the International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines. Calibration curves were linear between the concentration range of 10-50 μg/ml, 2-10 μg/ml and 10-50 μg/ml for zero, first and second order derivative spectrophotometric methods. The RSD values of system and method precision for Balofloxacin were less than 2%, the mean recovery value of Balofloxacin was in between 98-102% for pharmaceutical preparation. All the methods developed were successfully applied to a tablet formulation and the results were found to be within the limits. --- ## A study to focus on the prevalence of hyperlipidemia in master health checkup patients at a multi specialty hospital **Authors:** Satynarayana V., Ramanarayana Reddy V. **Published:** 2011-08-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Coronary heart disease, hypercholesterolemia, Hypertriglyceridemia, Hyperlipidemia Coronary heart disease is now becoming the major leading cause of mortality in India, and thus the study reveals the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, Hypertriglyceridemia, increased levels of LDL-C and low levels of HDL-C, which are well known risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in all groups. The study was conducted for a period of six months- from November2009-April 2010. The study was carried out in Mediciti hospitals, under the master health check-up programme, a total of 397 patients were taken for the study. In this, 245 (62%) were males with the mean age of 49.59±12.81 tears and 152 females (38%) within the mean age of 49.13±10.60. Hyperlipidemia was more common in the age groups of 40-59 yrs for both. There were more males than females. This study concludes that there is a need for the prevention and control of Hyperlipidemia and a separate scoring system should be developed for the risk prediction towards coronary heart disease, for Indian population. --- ## Cardio protective hypolipidemic activity of amino guanidine against Streptozotocin induced diabetic mice heart (an In vivo) and high glucose induced lipid accumulation cardiac fibroblasts (an in vitro study) **Authors:** Gangadhar Prasadachari Vadla, Nehru Kumarasamy, Elangovan Vellaichamy **Published:** 2011-08-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aminoguanidine, Glucose, Streptozotocin, Triglycerides, Phospholipids This study mainly will focus on cardio protective antilipidemic activity of Aminguanidine against streptozotocin induced diabetic heart and high glucose induced lipid synthesis in H9C2 cardiac myoblasts. Excess lipid accumulation is one of the most diabetes associated complications in diabetic patients. Excess lipid may be stored as triglycerides, but are also shunted into non-oxidative pathways that disrupt normal cellular signaling leading to organ dysfunction and in some cases apoptosis, a process termed lipotoxicity. Lipid accumulation in cardiac turns Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with ectopic lipid deposition in multiple tissues including heart. Single dose of Streptozotocin (100 mg/kg) were given tail vein for diabetic induction. Normal and diabetic mice receive Aminoguanidine orally (100mg/kg) throughout the study period of eight weeks. H9C2 cardiac myoblasts grown and exposed to high glucose and Aminoguanidine for 48 hrs to study whether Aminoguanidine can successfully reduces high glucose induced lipid accumulation. Aminguanidine significantly reduces the cholesterol, Triglycerides, Low density lipoproteins in Streptozotocin induced diabetic mice and reduces accumulated Triglycerides and Phospholipids in cell lysates of H9C2 exposed to high glucose and Aminoguanidine. Exact mechanisms responsible for the high glucose induced lipid accumulation and by which lipotoxicity alter cardiac structure and function are incompletely understood. This study mainly focuses on cardio protective antilipidemic activity of Aminguanidine against streptozotocin induced diabetic heart and high glucose induced lipid synthesis in H9C2 cardiac myoblasts. --- ## Simultaneous estimation of zinc carnosine and aceclofenac in bulk and tablet dosage form by HPLC method **Authors:** Chandra Mohan Rao G., Gnanaprakash K., Alagusundaram M., Rajan V.S.T., Badarinath A.V., Madhusudhanachetty C. **Published:** 2011-08-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Zinc carnosine, Aceclofenac, HPLC, validation, Tablet A simple, precise, rapid and accurate HPLC method developed for the simultaneous estimation of Zinc carnosine and Aceclofenac in tablet dosage form. An C-18 column with 250x4.6mm, 5µm particle size with mobile phase consisting of a mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, Acetonitrile, methanol in the ratio of 50:30:20 v/v was used. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and detection carried out by using U.V visible detector at 215 and 275nm .The retention time were 2.258 for Zinc carnosine, and 6.690min for Aceclofenac. The detector response was linear for Zinc carnosine and Aceclofenac in the concentration range of 2 to 10μg/ml for both drugs. The limit of detection (LOD) for Zinc carnosine and Aceclofenac were found to be 33.4ng/ml and 101.3ng/ml respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for Zinc carnosine and Aceclofenac were found to be 2.473ng/ml and 7.495ng/ml respectively. The percentage assay of Zinc carnosine and Aceclofenac was 99.82% and 99.92% respectively. The method was validated by determining its linearity, precision, accuracy, system suitability in accordance with ICH guidelines. The results of the study showed that the proposed HPLC method is simple, rapid, precise and accurate, which is useful for the routine determination of Zinc carnosine and Aceclofenac in bulk drug and its pharmaceutical dosage forms. --- ## Retrospective prescription-based survey in type 2 diabetes in an Indian tertiary care hospital **Authors:** Pandit V., Suresh S., Sanath B., Shekhar H. S., Daniel D., Matalia H. B. **Published:** 2011-08-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** diabetes mellitus, analysis of variance, combinational therapy The guidelines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes have increasingly favored tighter glycemic control, necessitating the use of more aggressive pharmacological therapy. The objective of this study was to describe trends in the prescription of anti-diabetic medications among in-patients with type 2 diabetes. The study included 130 patients who had diabetes mellitus 2, were of either sex, any age, and had been undergoing treatment at tertiary care teaching hospital, Bangalore. A data was compiled from the medication usage records maintained by the hospital. Data were analyzed using SPSS 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States of America). Student's t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to compare quantitative variables, and the chi-square test was applied to compare categorical variables. Results indicate that 58.46% of the study population was male patients, out of which 55.26% were having history of either smoking or alcohol. The prevalence of diabetes was observed more in the population taking non-vegetarian diet. Most common disease associated with diabetes mellitus was found to be hypertension (45.38%). Highest prevalence of disease was found to be in the age group of 51 to 60 yrs (28.46%). Highest prescribed antidiabetic agent is insulin followed by metformin and then glimepiride. In combinational therapy metformin and glimepiride is the maximum prescribed combination. The study indicated that the choice of anti-diabetic drugs remained more or less unchanged compared to previous studies. The study also revealed the common use of metformin and glimepiride along with insulin treatment for inpatients. The study pro- vides baseline data for carrying out further therapeutic audit with more parameters of analysis which in turn will provide regular feedback to researchers and prescribers. This may encourage rational prescribing in type 2 diabetes mellitus. --- ## Method development and validation for the simultaneous determination of omeprazole in sold dosage form by RP-HPLC **Authors:** Mane Varsha Balkrishna, Babar Surekha, Karishma Waghmare, Anita S. Kulkarni **Published:** 2011-08-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Omeprazole, Mehanol, Jasaco HPLC (2080 Plus) The present work describes a simple Reverse Phase HPLC method for the determination of Omeprazole from Capsule formulations. The determination was carried out on a Gasco, ODS, C-18 (250×4. 5mm, 5 microns) column using a mobile phase of Methanol: HPLC water (80:20). The flow rate and runtime were 1 ml/min and 10 min, respectively. The eluent was monitored at 280 nm. The method was reproducible, with good resolution and sharp peak of omeprazole. The detector response was found to be linear in the concentration range of 6-20 µg/ml for omeprazole. --- ## Review on Microrobot **Authors:** Sunitha Reddy M., Arunajyothi S., Sravanthi M., Phanita S. **Published:** 2011-08-05 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Microrobot, Minimally invasive medicine (MIM), MEMS, drug release and actuation Recent progresses in Microrobots are moving us closer to future in which tiny intelligent machine will navigate through out our bodies. Microrobots, a type of drug delivering submarines have revolutionized many aspects. This review presents the recent progress in this field and discusses near-term applications in ophthalmic therapies. These are used for controlled drug delivery as well as for targeted delivery of drugs and various forms of energy (heat, radioactive energy) as in case of branchy therapy. A Microrobot is still in stages of development, these are largely based on micromachining, Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and scanning probe microscopy. Microrobots are typically envisioned as miniature mechatronics systems that utilize MEMS technology to incorporate sensing and actuation onboard. --- ## Evaluation of Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory activity of Lagenaria vulgaris **Authors:** Vinam B. Mehta, Vanita J Sharma, Mohd. Farooq Shaikh, Purnima D. Amin, Sadhana Sathaye **Published:** 2011-08-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lagenaria vulgaris, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, pyrogallol, immunosuppression Fresh juice of Lagenaria vulgaris has been prescribed traditionally for the treatment of pain, gastric ulcer, fever, pectoral cough, asthma, treatment of inflammation and hepatotoxicity. L. vulgaris is known to contain actives like triterpenoid cucurbitacins B, D, G, H, fucosterol, campesterol, flavone C-glycosides, various antioxidants like ascorbic acid and β-carotene which are reported to have therapeutic efficacy. In the present work, fresh juice of L. vulgaris was evaluated for its in-vivo antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity against pyrogallol induced immunosuppression. For in-vivo antioxidant activity, various parameters such as lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were evaluated as markers of oxidative stress. Specific immune responses including humoral (both primary & secondary) and cellular immune response were determined. Phagocytosis, total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count as a measure of non specific immunity were also estimated. It was observed that juice of L. vulgaris showed stimulation of both humoral and cellular immune responses in immunocompromised conditions. There was increase in neutrophils and total leukocyte count, which could be responsible for stimulation of non-specific immunity, mediated by phagocytosis and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. Thus fresh juice of L. vulgaris showed significant protection against oxidative stress induced immunosuppression by pyrogallol. --- ## Synthesis, characterization and antifungal activity of quinazoline -4-one derivatives containing 8-hydroxy quinazoline ligand and its transition metal chelates **Authors:** Vashi R. T., Shelat C. D., Himanshu Patel **Published:** 2011-08-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ligand, 8-hydroxyquinoline, IR and NMR spectral studies, magnetic moment, antifungal study The novel ligand HL3 was synthesized using 2-Chloromethyl-3-(8-hydroxyquinolin-5-yl)-3(H)- quinozolin-4-one and it was undergo the chelating reaction with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II) and Zn(II) to prepare transition metal chelates. These chelates were characterized by physicochemical methods such as elemental analysis, conductometric studies, magnetic susceptibility, FT-IR, NMR and electronic spectral data. The stoichiometry of the complex has been found to be 1: 2 (Metal: ligand). An octahedral geometry around Co(II), Ni(II) and Mn(II), distorted octahedral geometry around Cu(II) and tetra hedral geometry around Zn(II) have been proposed. The antifungal activity of ligand and its metal chelates was conducted against various fungi. --- ## A HPTLC report on Desmodium gangeticum **Authors:** Srivastava Anamika, Rajkumar T., Sinha B. N. **Published:** 2011-07-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Desmodium gangeticum, Fabaceae, HPTLC, Indole bases Traditional medicine also known as indigenous or folk medicine comprises medical knowledge systems that developed over generations within various societies before the era of modern medicine. Indian contribution to herbal market and emphasis on novel research is continuously increasing. The importance of phytochemical standardisation of herbal drugs and highly processed materials in herbal formulation has been well understood. Desmodium gangeticum is one such plant which is found all over areas that are up to the height of 5000 feet including lower Himalayan region and throughout the plains of India. The HPTL chromatogram helps in characterisation of active constituent of any herbal plant. D. gangeticum is used as anti-inflammatory, anti ulcer, anti oxidant, and febrifuge. The methanolic extract of Desmodium gangeticum (Fabaceae) leaf was found to contain simple indole base namely N, N dimethyltryptamine. The indole base was isolated and identified by Camag HPTLC. The coarse dry powdered leaves was first extracted with petroleum ether (60-80)oC by soxhalation process and then with methanol for next 72 hrs. Solvent system was developed for this extraction and then TLC and HPTLC fingerprint were recorded by using silica gel G.F. as stationary phase. --- ## Review on self micro emulsifying drug delivery systems **Authors:** Sunitha Reddy, Katyayani T., Navatha A., Ramya G. **Published:** 2011-07-30 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** self-micro emulsifying, oral delivery, targeted delivery, lipophilic drugs In modern drug discovery techniques, there has been a consistent increase in the number of poor water soluble drug candidate compounds, and currently more than 50% of new pharmacologically active chemical entities are lipophilic and exhibit poor water solubility. Self-micro emulsifying drug delivery (SMEDDS) is the one of the method for the improvement of oral bioavailability. SMEDDS are the isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants, solvents and co-solvents. This review article tries to describe the formulation of SMEDDS and also talks about the construction of the phase diagram for SMEDDS. It describes the mechanism involved in self emulsification and the bio- pharmaceutical aspects involved. The advantages of SMEDDS over conventional emulsions are listed. Some of the marketed preparations of SMEDDS are listed in detail. A few drug delivery systems which show the scope for usage of the SMEDDS are also described. --- ## Design and evaluation of bilayer floating tablets of amoxicillin trihydrate **Authors:** Dhananjay Machindra Patil, Parag Ashok Pathade, Vinod Ashok Bairagi **Published:** 2011-07-26 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amoxicillin trihydrate, Bilayer-floating tablet (BFT), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), relative humidity (RH) The present investigation concerns the development and evaluation of floating tablets of amoxicillin trihydrate which, after oral administration, are designed to prolong the gastric residence time and increase drug bioavailability. Bilayer floating tablets comprised two layers, immediate release and controlled release layers. The immediate release layer comprised sodium starch glycolate as a super disintegrant and the controlled release layer comprised HPMC K4M, K15M and SCMC as release retarding polymers. Sodium bicarbonate was used as a gas generating agent. The controlled layer was compressed and granules of the immediate release layer were added to it then both layers were compressed using a single station rotary press. Direct compression method was used for formulation of the bilayer tablets. The release of amoxicillin trihydrate was found to follow a mixed pattern of Korsmeyer-Peppas release model. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, Drug content uniformity, swelling index, and in vitro drug release. Final formulation released approximately 87% drug in 12 h in vitro, while the floating lag time was 20 min, because of prompt disintegration of the fast releasing layer and the enhanced rate of dissolution of amoxicillin trihydrate from the system. Final formulation followed the Korsemeyer-Peppa’s model and showed no significant change in physical appearance, drug content, floatability or in vitro dissolution pattern after storage at 40°C/75% RH for three months. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of herbal gel containing essential oils of piper betle against skin infecting pathogens **Authors:** Satpathy B., Sahoo M., Sahoo P., Patra S. R. **Published:** 2011-07-26 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Sabroud dextrose agar (SDA), Sabroud dextrose broth (SDB), Nutrient broth (NB), Nutrient agar (NA), Gel The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial potency of essential oil of piper betle against different skin infecting pathogens and to formulate and evaluate suitable dermatological preparation containing betle oil as the active ingredient. The evaluation of antimicrobial potency of betle oil was studied prior to gel formulation to compare the changes in activity after incorporation in polymer gel. The assay was done using agar well disc diffusion method for zone of inhibition and broth dilution method for MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration). Zone of inhibition was found to be maximum that was 26mm at 15µl for S. aureus followed by 19mm at 25 µl for P.aeruginosa, 20 mm at 20 µl for S.epidermidis, 22mm at 18 µl for E. coli, 21.6mm at 18 µl for M.luteus. Among the fungus C.albicans showed maximum sensitivity to the oil that was 24mm at 20 µl and 20mm at 20 µl for A. niger. Gels were formulated by using different polymers like hydroxy propyl methyl cellulos e (HPMC), Carbopol 934, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (sodium CMC), sodium alginate and evaluated for various physicochemical parameters like pH, viscosity, consistency, homogeneity, spreadability, skin irritation test and stability study. MIC for all the tested pathogens was below 60 µg/ml. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the co‐solvent for the essential oil and Carbopol 934 (1%), HPMC (5%) as gelling agent showed the best results in final formulations. Zone of inhibition of oil was not much affected by incorporation in gel which was confirmed from the antimicrobial results of final formulations. The gel showed promising antibacterial and antifungal activity against other strains used for the study. The gel was stable at room temperature. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of glipizide pellets by using fluid bed coating method **Authors:** Gaikwad Abhijit, Pathade Parag, Pawar Amol **Published:** 2011-07-23 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pellets, Glipizide, Scanning electron microscopy, in vivo study The present invention embodies formulation and evaluation of controlled release pellets of glipizide. The objective of the work was to decrease the dosage regimen and to maintain the necessary blood concentration for the treatment of non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). For this purpose, solution layering technique was utilized. Fluid bed coater with wurster insert (bottom spray) was used for the coating of Non pareils with drug solution. Then, drug loaded pellets were coated with dispersion of Eudragit NE 30 D: Eudragit L 30 D 55 (80:20) upto 30% weight gains. The shape and surface morphology of prepared pellet were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and it shows the uniformity in the coating process. The prepared pellets exhibited prolonged drug release (> 12h) by altering the theoretical weight gain of pellets. In vivo testing of the pellets to albino Wistar rats demonstrated significant hypoglycemic effect of glipizide. --- ## Development and evaluation of haloperidol orally disintegrating tablets using novel co–processed superdisintegrants **Authors:** Govind K. Chandile, Ashok Kumar J., Suhas M. Kakade, Rajasekar S., Ravindra T. Jadhav **Published:** 2011-07-19 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Haloperidol, Orally disintegrating tablets, Co-processed superdisintegrants, Dissolution rate Orally disintegrating tablets are gaining popularity over conventional tablets due to their convenience in administration and suitability for patients. In the present work, fast dissolving tablets of Haloperidol were prepared using novel co-processed superdisintegrants consisting of crospovidone and primogel in the different ratios (1:1, 1:2 & 1:3) by direct compression technique. Evaluated for the pre-compression parameters such as bulk density, compressibility, angle of repose etc. The prepared batches of tablets were evaluated for hardness, weight variation, friability, drug content, disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution profile and found satisfactory. Among all, the formulation CP1 containing 4%w/w superdisintegrant (1:1 mixture of crospovidone and primogel) was considered to be best formulation, which release up to 99.21% in 12 min. The present study demonstrated potentials for rapid absorption, improved bioavailability, effective therapy and patient compliance. --- ## Colon targeted drug delivery of propranolol hydro chloride by using different natural polymers **Authors:** Arun Prasath B., Sankaranand R., Nantheeswaran S., Swetha T., Anoosha M., Sunitha P., Laxmi P., Lalitha A. **Published:** 2011-07-19 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Propranolol HCl, Guar gum, Ceratonia, Chitosan Oral colon targeted drug delivery system have recently gained importance for delivering a variety of therapeutic agents for both local and systemic administration. The successful targeted delivery of drugs to the colon via the gastrointestinal tract requires the protection of a drug from degradation and its release in the stomach and small intestine and then ensures abrupt or controlled release in the proximal colon. This review represents the approaches for formulating colon targeted drug delivery dosage form of Propranolol HCl using polysaccharides like Guar gum, Ceratonia, Chitosan as polymer coating material. The various formulations having Chitosan (F1, F2, F3), Ceratonia (F4, F5, F6) and Guar gum (F7, F8, F9) were prepared using three respective concentrations (i.e 200mg, 250mg, 300mg) of each polymer. These were prepared by direct compression method and were evaluated analytically by in vitro method in rat caecal organ. The results from the study clearly shows that 200mg of Guar gum and 200mg of Chitosan in the form of a compression coat is a potential carrier for drug targeting to the colon because at that concentration of these polymer rapidly releases 86.6% (in case of guar gum) and 91.35% (in case of chitosan) of core drug in the colon. Evaluation parameters like Hardness (6.5-7.6kg/cm2), weight variation, drug uniform content (100±5%), friability (>1%) and in vitro dissolution profiles stated that F1 and F7 formulation having 200mg chitosan & 200mg of guar gum was confirmed as a ideal formulation for colon targeting. --- ## Microneedle drug delivery system-Overview **Authors:** Sunitha Reddy, Divya Sanganabhatla, Himabindhu I. **Published:** 2011-07-15 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Microneedle, Micromold, MEMS Technology Transdermal patches offer a convenient way to administer drugs without the drawbacks of injections and oral dosage forms. However, the stratum corneum allows only low molecular weight drugs to diffuse through and acts as a barrier that limits the penetration of drug substances through the skin. Recently, the use of microneedles for skin permeability has been proposed and shown to dramatically increase transdermal delivery. Microneedles are long and robust enough to penetrate across the barrier, but short enough to prevent nerve stimulation which projections of solid silicon or hollow drug-filled metal needles which are fabricated in several shapes and sizes. With the use of hollow microneedles it allows the delivery of medicines, insulin, proteins, or nanoparticles that would encapsulate a drug or demonstrate the ability to deliver a virus for vaccinations. Microneedle use is simple, painfree, and causes no bleeding, with further advantages of convenient manufacture, distribution, and disposal. --- ## Development and validation of a RP-HPLC for simultaneous determination of Ibuprofen and Paracetamol in solid dosage forms: Application to dissolution studies **Authors:** Narasimha Swamy Lakka, Nishant Goswami, Balakrishna P. **Published:** 2011-07-15 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ibuprofen, Paracetamol, Dissolution test, Method development, validation A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method suitable for simultaneous determination of Ibuprofen and Paracetamol in dissolution of solid dosage forms in pharmaceuticals has been developed. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters-Spherisorb C8 (250 mm × 4.6mm, 5µm) column using a mobile phase of buffer (0.045M phosphoric acid, apparent pH adjusted to 4.0 ±0.2 with triethylamine) and acetonitrile in the ration of 30:70, v/v respectively. The effluent flow rate monitored at 1.0mL/minute, injection volume was 20µL and detected by ultraviolet at 225nm. The retention times of Ibuprofen and Paracetamol 2.7 and 3.8minutes, respectively. The total run time was 6minutes within which the drug product. The developed method has been validated for specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy, ruggedness and robustness. Additionally, the conditions of the dissolution test for Ibuprofen and Paracetamol tablets were presented by using: paddle at 150rpm stirring speed; medium volume of 900mL; temperature at 37±0.5°C; and pH 7.2 phosphate buffer used as dissolution medium. The average percentage drug release was found to be in between 95% to 105% within 30minutes for both drugs. The proposed analytical and dissolution method can be applied successfully for the quality control of commercial Ibuprofen and Paracetamol tablets and the comparison of in vitro dissolution of combination drug products. --- ## Development and in vitro evaluation of fast dissolving tablets of imipramine **Authors:** Ramesh Y., Raghu Murthy V., Nagarjuna S., Viswanatha Reddy M., Sudheer M., Manikanta M. **Published:** 2011-07-15 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fast Dissolving Tablets, Imipramine, Superdisintegrants, Direct Compression Fast dissolving tablet dissolve rapidly in the mouth to be swallowed without the aid of water. Because of the strong public interest, a number of products have already been commercialized. The aim of the present investigation is to formulate fast dissolving tablets of imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant and water soluble, by direct compression method. Two superdisintegrants viz, crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium (5%, 6%) with different binders viz, pvp k-30 and pregelatinized starch (3%) were used. The prepared batches of tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration, wetting time, drug content and in vitro dissolution studies. Based on evaluating parameters, Formulation prepared by using 5% croscarmellose sodium with 3% PVP K30 was selected as optimized formulation. Stability studies were carried out at 25°C / 60% RH and 40°C / 75% RH for optimized formulation for 3 months. Stability studies on the optimized formulation indicated that there was no significant change found in physical appearance, disintegration time and wetting time of the tablets. Finally it was concluded that fast dissolving tablets of imipramine can be successfully formulated by superdisintegrant addition method with improved patient compliance. --- ## Evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of polyherbal formulation - Livomyn **Authors:** Rakesh Kenjale, Mohd. Farooq Shaikh, Sadhana Sathaye **Published:** 2011-07-15 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant, Polyherbal formulation, Livomyn The liver is the most important organ and has great capacity to detoxify and synthesize useful substances. Therefore liver diseases like hepatic fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma are of global concern. In absence of reliable hepatoprotective agent in modern medicine the herbal formulations are the most preferred therapy for liver injury. The present study investigates the efficacy of one such polyherbal formulation – Livomyn as a hepatoprotective formula against ethanol, CCl4 and galactosamine induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. The evaluation of blood serum parameters exhibits significant reduction in the levels of albumin, bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, LPO, alkaline phosphate and cholesterol whereas significant increase in Total protein and reduced GSH levels in Livomyn treated groups. The hepatoprotective effect is attributed to synergistic effect of potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective property of various medicinal plant extracts in Livomyn formulation. --- ## Chronotherapeutics: An advanced approach to decrease the mortality in cardiovascular events **Authors:** Santosh Kumar N., Nageswara Reddy M.V.V., Chandramohan Eaga **Published:** 2011-06-30 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Chronotherapeutics, Chronobiology, cardiovascular events, antihypertensive agents Chronobiology is the technical study of biologic rhythms and their fundamental mechanisms. Chronotherapeutics is defined as a treatment system where the in vivo drug availability has been timed in accordance to cyclic rhythms of drug related biological phenomena to create maximum benefit minimizing harm. A highly significant circadian variation was observed with many adverse cardiovascular events in human body. The increased frequency of cardiovascular events in the early morning is related to factors that activate increased myocardial oxygen demand and also in chorus to reduction of oxygen supply. Blood pressure is not steady over a 24-hour period and also it is fluctuating according to a circadian pattern. There is a high increase in incidence of mortality cases with cardiovascular events these days. Now a days, new chronotherapeutic antihypertensive products proving their success with decrease in mortality with cardiovascular events. --- ## Use of avicel® ph-103 and selected binders in the tablet formulation of the deliquescent crude leaves extract of Vernonia galamensis (Asteraceae) **Authors:** Musa Autamashih, Adamu Baba Isah, Teriyila Susan Allagh, Musa Andrew Ibrahim **Published:** 2011-06-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Crude extract, binding effect, maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin A decoction of the leaves of Vernonia galamensis (Asteraceae) has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. But because folkloric medicines have no standard dose or acceptable method of formulation, attempts have been made by some scientists to formulate crude plant extracts into tablets. The crude leaves extract of Vernonia galamensis is highly hygroscopic and deliquescent and is stored over silica gel crystals in a desiccator. In this study, the effect of a grade of microcrystalline cellulose; avicel PH-103 (FMC Corporation, USA), an efflorescent pharmaceutical powder of reduced moisture content, ideal for moisture-sensitive materials; and the comparative binding effects of maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone and gelatin were investigated in the tablet formulation of the deliquescent crude extract. Preparations of the binders at varying concentrations of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% w/v were used to produce the granules by wet granulation method and compressed into tablets at 26.25KN. Granule properties such as angle of repose, moisture content, bulk and tapped densities, Carr’s index, and tablet properties such as tablet thickness, friability, disintegration times, and dissolution rates using standard methods were investigated. An increase in binder concentration led to an increase in crushing strength, decrease in friability and increase in disintegration time of the tablets. Formulations using gelatin as binder produced the best quality tablets in terms of the CS/FR ratio, CSFR/DT ratio and dissolution rate. Gelatin can therefore be a useful binding agent in the formulation of the deliquescent crude leaves extract of V. galamensis when the efflorescent fumed silica is used as diluent. --- ## In vitro anthelmintic activities of cassia tora stem bark **Authors:** Swati Pokale, Sagar Shedage **Published:** 2011-06-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anthelmintic activity, Pheretima posthuma, Cassia tora Pune region of Maharashtra is inhabited by several tribes and they are using several plants or plant-based preparations for the treatment of various ailments in their traditional system of medicine. During our course of studies on ethnomedicine of this region, the plant being used as anthelmintic is root of Cassia tora (Caesalpiniaceae) This plant has a wide reputation among natives of being curative for intestinalworm infections in the form of aqueous extract. Based on this, an attempt has been made to evaluate the anthelmintic potential of this plant. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of Cassia tora stem bark were investigated for anthelmintic potential against earthworm (Pheretima posthuma). Various concentrations (25-100 mg/ml) of methanolic and aqueous plant extract were tested in the bioassay and different parameters such as determination of paralysis and time of death of worms were recorded. Both extracts exhibit significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentrations of 100 mg/ml and 75 mg/ml. Albendazole (40 mg/ml) was used as reference standard and distilled water as control. --- ## Anti inflammatory potential of alcoholic extract of resvaretrol from fruits of Vitis vinifera linn. **Authors:** Sonal Bhale, Nikhil Sonawane **Published:** 2011-06-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-inflammatory, Vitis vinifera linn, Carrageenan Anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extracts of the fruits of resvaretrol in Vitis vinifera linn was studied in Sprague dowley rats using the carrageenan induced left hind paw edema. The ethanolic extracts at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight shows moderate to significant anti-inflammatory activity. The ethanolic extracts of resvaretrol in Vitis vinifera linn reduced the edema induced by carrageenan by 25.87 % on oral administration of 500 mg/kg body weight as compared to the untreated control group. Diclofenac sodium at 10 mg/kg body weight inhibited the edema volume by 37.79%. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract 500 mg/kg body weight shows more significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard and untreated control. --- ## Development and validation of simple spectrophotometric, first and second derivative spectroscopy for estimation of Atovaquone in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations **Authors:** Sumanth K.S., Jaya Lakshmi Kumari K., Sreelekha P., Chandana A., Sankar Rao B., Suresh CH.V. **Published:** 2011-06-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atovaquone, Anti malarial, Chloroform, Tetrahydrofuran, UV spectroscopy A sensitive, selective and well validated spectrophotometric method using Tetrahydrofuran and Chloroform have been proposed for the determination of Atovaquone in pharmaceutical formulations which is widely used as antimalarial agent. The developed spectrophotometric method is simple, rapid, precise, accurate, reliable and economical when compared to other methods. The method was also applied for first and second derivative spectroscopy. The method shows better results in terms of accuracy, precision and linearity over a range of 20- 100µg/ml for Tetrahydrofuran and 10-50 µg/ml for Chloroform. The limit of detection in Tetrahydrofuran and Chloroform are observed as 2 µg /ml and 5 µg/ml, the limit of quantification in Tetrahydrofuran and Chloroform are observed as 6 µg/ml and 15 µg/ml respectively. The %RSD is less than 2% in Chloroform and less than 1.5% in Tetrahydrofuran for precision. And the recovery is 99-101% in both the solvents. As a result the above method can be applied for bulk and finished product of Atovaquone. --- ## Induction of Hepatic Antioxidant Enzymes by Chrysin in N-Nitrosodiethylamine induced Hepatocellular carcinoma in Wistar albino rats **Authors:** Mangalamani Daisy Glory, Thiruvengadam Devaki **Published:** 2011-06-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diethyl nitrosamine, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Catalase, Reactive oxygen species The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the Chrysin against Diethylnitrosamine induced Hepatocellular carcinoma in Wistar albino rats by assessing the levels of tumour incidence, liver endogenous antioxidant enzyme, lipid peroxidation and hydro peroxides, cytosolic superoxide dismutase. Decreases in liver antioxidant status and increase tumour incidence, rapid lipid peroxidation and hydro peroxides were observed significantly in animals induced with Diethylnitrosamine. Animal treated with chrysin 50 mg/kg body weight shows significant attenuation of these changes when compare to Diethylnitrosamine induced animals. Chemopreventive effect of Chrysin further confirmed by observing the activities of cytosolic superoxide dismutase. Restoration of the liver antioxidants and reduced the levels of free radicals in tissue were observed in chrysin treated animal groups. With confining these data, the induction of antioxidant by chrysin has been well established against Diethylnitrosamine induced Hepatocellular carcinoma. --- ## Simultaneous estimation of Cefixime and Ofloxacin in tablet dosage form by RP- HPLC **Authors:** Subramanian Natesan, Rameshkumar Loganathan, Venkateshwaran Krishnaswami, Abimanyu Sugumaran **Published:** 2011-06-07 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** cefixime, ofloxacin, RP-HPLC, simultaneous analysis, validation A simple, precise, accurate RP-HPLC method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of cefixime and ofloxacin in combined tablet dosage form. The chromatographic separation was achieved using Phenomenex Luna C18 (250 X 4.60 mm, 5 µm) analytical column and the mobile phase consisting of methanol and 25 mM phosphate buffer 40: 60% (v/v) pH adjusted to 5.5 using ortho phosphoric acid at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The UV detection was carried out at 290 nm using photodiode array detector. The retention time of cefixime and ofloxacin was found to be 2.5 min and 7.8 min respectively. The proposed method was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, ruggedness, robustness, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Linear calibration curves were obtained in the concentration of 5-25 µg/mL for cefixime and ofloxacin. The mean percentage recovery obtained for cefixime and ofloxacin were respectively between 98.0% and 105.7%. Limit of detection and quantification for cefixime were 13.3 ng/mL and 40.1 ng/mL and for ofloxacin 12.3 ng/mL and 37.1 ng/mL, respectively. The developed method can be used for routine analysis of titled drugs combination in tablet formulation. --- ## Oral osmotic drug delivery system: An update **Authors:** Panchaxari M. Dandagi, Navik V. Koradia, Anand P. Gadad, Vinayak S. Mastiholimath, Mayank M. Sanghvi **Published:** 2011-06-07 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Controlled drug delivery, General consideration, Key formulation aspects, Osmotic pumps It is advantageous to deliver some drugs with short half-life, and which are to be given frequently for chronic ailments, in the form of controlled-release (CR) formulations. The orally administered drugs, in the form of conventional matrix or reservoir type formulations, pose problems of bioavailability fluctuations due to gastric pH variations. Moreover, the release of drug(s) from these systems is affected by the hydrodynamic conditions of the body. Osmotically controlled drug delivery systems utilize the principles of osmotic pressure for the controlled delivery of active agent(s). The release rate of drug(s) from these systems is independent of the physiological factors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to a large extent. The main clinical benefits of ODDS are their ability to improve treatment tolerability and patient compliance. The release of drug(s) from osmotic systems is governed by various formulation factors such as solubility and osmotic pressure of the core component(s), size of the delivery orifice, and nature of the rate-controlling membrane. By optimizing formulation and processing factors, it is possible to develop osmotic systems to deliver drugs of diverse nature at a pre-programmed rate. In the present review article deals with history, development, general considerations and key aspects for the formulation of oral osmotic drug delivery systems. --- ## Carnosic acid protects cell surface glycoconjugates abnormalities during 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene(DMBA) induced oral carcinogenesis **Authors:** Shanmugam Manoharan, Muthamizh Selvan Vasantha Selvan, Simon Silvan, Radhakrishnan Muralinaidu, Nagarethinam Baskaran **Published:** 2011-06-07 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Oral cancer, Glycoconjugates, Carnosic acid Aim of the present study was to focus the protective effect of carnosic acid on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced cell surface glycoconjugates (Protein bound hexose, Hexosamine, Lipid bound sialic acid, Total sialic acid and Fucose) abnormalities in the plasma and buccal mucosa of golden Syrian hamsters. Oral squamous cell carcinoma was developed in the buccal pouch of hamsters by painting with 0.5% DMBA three times a week for 14 weeks. Glycoconjugates status was assessed both histologically and biochemically in the buccal mucosa of DMBA treated hamsters. The levels of glycoconjugates were increased in both plasma and buccal mucosa of DMBA treated hamsters. Oral administration of carnosic acid at a dose of 10mg/kg bw brought back the status of glycoconjugates to near normal concentrations in DMBA treated hamsters. Present results thus suggest that carnosic acid protected DMBA induced cell surface abnormalities during DMBA induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. --- ## Design, development and evaluation of trimetazidine dihydrochloride sustained release matrix tablets **Authors:** Nagasamy Venkatesh D., Indiran G., Nrupan Samrat Reddy, Gowthamarajan K., Meyyanathan S. N., Elango K. **Published:** 2011-06-07 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Trimetazidine dihydrochloride, sustained release, locust bean gum, hydrophilic matrix, drug excipient compatibility This work aims at investigating the use of natural gum locust bean gum as matrix agent in an attempt to formulate sustained release matrix tablets containing trimetazidine dihydrochloride. The sustained release (SR) tablets of trimetazidine dihydrochloride were prepared by direct compression method. The excipients used in this study did not alter the physicochemical properties of drug, as tested by the FTIR spectrometry. The prepared matrix tablets showed good mechanical properties in terms of hardness and friability. Locust bean gum based tablet formulations alone showed high release retarding efficiency as compared to immediate release formulation. The in vitro release studies indicated that the drug release can be modulated by varying concentrations of polymer. Mathematical analysis of the release kinetics indicated the nature of drug release from optimized formulation matrix tablets followed non-fickian diffusion obeying first order kinetics. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of gastroretentive floating bioadhesive tablets of glipizide **Authors:** Rajesh Kumar Ranga, Siva P., Sajeeth C.I., Abdul Bari Mohd, Santhi K. **Published:** 2011-06-07 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Glipizide, HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M, HPMC K100M, Carbopol 974P, Gastroretentive Floating Bioadhesive tablets The purpose of present investigation was to develop and characterize a Novel Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System of Glipizide in the form of Floating and Bioadhesive Tablet which possesses a unique combination of floatation and bioadhesion properties. It was aimed to prepare for prolonged residence in the stomach over conventional Gastroretentive approaches. The tablets are produced by direct compression method by using HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M and HPMC K100M as hydrophilic polymers and Carbopol 974P as Bioadhesive polymer along with other requisite excipients in different combinations and proportions. Glipizide is a second-generation sulfonylurea drug which is typically prescribed to treat type II diabetes (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus). Its short biological half-life (3.4 ± 0.7 hours) necessitates that it be administered in 2 or 3 doses of 2.5 to 10 mg per day. Moreover, the site of absorption of Glipizide is in the stomach. Thus, the development of Gastroretentive dosage forms would clearly be advantageous. The prepared tablets were evaluated for different parameters such as thickness, hardness, weight uniformity, content uniformity, floating lag time, floating duration, swelling index, in vitro drug release, ex vivo bioadhesive strength, stability studies, and DSC, FTIR studies. The prepared tablets exhibited satisfactory physical parameters and good in vitro buoyancy. The modified in vitro assembly was used to measure the bioadhesive strength of tablets with fresh gastric mucosa of a goat as model tissue. Bioadhesion strength was increased with increase in the concentration of Carbopol. The tablets were evaluated for in vitro release in 1.2 pH buffer 0.1 N HCl. The in-vitro drug release of floating tablets (n=3) followed Fickian diffusion controlled release and are best explained by Higuchi equation. Carbopol 974P and HPMC K15M combination could be used to design effective and stable floating and bioadhesive tablets of Glipizide. The present study concludes that floating and bio-adhesive tablets of Glipizide are potential dosage form due to its prolonged residence in stomach as compared to conventional stomach specific dosage forms. --- ## Evaluation of Anti diabetic activity of Cassia surattensis burm.F. Flower in Streptozotocin induced Diabetic rats **Authors:** Ramesh Petchi R., Vijaya C., Devika G.S. **Published:** 2011-05-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cassia Surattensis Burm.f, Streptozotocin, hot water extract, Ethanolic extract Flowers of Cassia Surattensis Burm.f. (Piperaceae) possess several bioactivities and are used in traditional medicinal systems. However, its anti diabetic activity has not been scientifically investigated so far. The aim of this study therefore, was to investigate the anti diabetic activity of Cassia Surattensis flower. This was tested in normoglycaemic and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats using oral administration of hot water extract (HE) and ethanolic extract (EE). In normoglycaemic rats, both HE and EE significantly lowered the blood glucose level in a dose-dependent manner. In glucose tolerance test, both extracts markedly reduced the external glucose load. The anti diabetic activity of HE is comparable to that of EE. Both extracts were found to be non-toxic and well tolerated after following chronic oral administration (no overt signs of toxicity, hepatotoxicity or renotoxicity). It is concluded that HE and EE of Cassia Surattensis flower possess safe and strong anti diabetic activity and efficacy of both extracts was almost comparable to that of glybenclamide. --- ## Determination and validation of cefadroxil, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime by using n-bromosuccinamide in human plasma and pharmaceutical dosage form **Authors:** Aswani Kumar CH, Gurupadayya BM, Navya Sloka S **Published:** 2011-05-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cephalosporins, Oxidation, N-Bromosuccinamide (NBS), ethyl orange, Human plasma Selective and highly sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of three cephalosporins, namely cefadroxil, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Spectrophotometric method involves adding a measured excess of NBS to the drugs in acid medium followed by determination of residual NBS by reacting with a fixed amount of methyl orange and measuring the absorbance at 508nm. The measured absorbance is found to increase linearly with the concentration of cephalosporins serving as basis for quantitation. Under the described conditions, the proposed method is linear over the concentration range of 2.0-6.0 µg/ml, 1.5-4.5 µg/ml and 1.2-3.2 µg/ml for cefadroxil, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime respectively and the coefficients of variation was found to be in the range of 0.9992-0.9997. The recoveries of the title compounds in spiked plasma and in pharmaceutical dosage form ranged from 83.0 to 118.0% with a limit of detection (LOD) in the range of 0.0240- 0.088 µg/ml and limit of quantification in the range of 0.0720-0.264 µg/ml (LOQ) of for all the three drugs. --- ## Anti-arthritic effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of Vitex negundo Linn., (Verbenaceae) in male albino Wistar rats **Authors:** Ramesh Petchi R., Vijaya C., Parasuraman S., Alagu Natchiappan, Devika GS **Published:** 2011-05-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vitex negundo, Freund’s complete adjuvant, arthritis, anti-arthritic activity To determine the anti-arthritic effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of Vitex negundo Linn., (Verbenaceae) in male albino Wistar rats using Freund’s complete adjuvant model. The plant was collected in agricultural college, Madurai and preliminary phytoconstituents were identified by chemical analysis. The fatty materials from the leaves were extracted with petroleum ether by hot percolation method. The dried leaves were extracted with ethanol and used for the pharmacological experiments. The male Wistar rats were used for the chronopharmacological and anti-arthritic study. The arthritis was induced by Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) and anti-arthritic effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of Vitex negundo Linn (VNE), was studied at 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg dose levels. At the end of the study, the liver function test and radiological examination were carried out to assess the anti-arthritic effect of the VNE. VNE at 250 and 500 mg/kg showed significant inhibition of FCA-induced arthritis in evening time drug administered group. The animals which received VNE at evening time showed significant anti- arthritic effect than morning treated animals. VNE-treated animals showed significant (p<0.05) increase in body weight. Present study concluded that the leaves extracts of Vitex negundo showed significant anti-arthritic activity against Freund’s complete adjuvant-induced arthritis in male Wistar rats. --- ## Cyclization of microbiologically active 4-(furan-2-yl)-1-(pyridine-4-yl)-azetidine-2-one derivatives **Authors:** Sandip Sen, Biplab De, Easwari T.S., Nagarajan A.S., Sandeep Maurya **Published:** 2011-05-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Furfuraldehyde, Imines, Column chroatography, Azetidines, Antimicrobial The present work involved cyclization of imines by reaction with chloro-methtlene chloride using 1, 4-dioxane as solvent (2a&2b). The imines were formed by reaction with furan-2-carboxyldehyde and various substituted heterocyclic amines (1a&1b). The cyclic derivatives were found to be associated with diverse antimicrobial activity. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of prednisolone sodium phosphate orally disintegrating tablets **Authors:** Adinarayana N., Brito Raj S., Shrinivas Gopal Hukeri, Rajasekhar M., Bhaskar Reddy K., Mohanambal E. **Published:** 2011-05-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Predinsolone, Superdisintegrants, Orally disintegrating tablets There is an increasing demand for more patient compliant dosage form and a novel method is the development orally disintegrating tablets which dissolve or disintegrates instantly on the patient tongue or buccal mucosa. Prednisolone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone), it targets to corticosteroid binding globulin (it regulates Enzyme regulatory activity, Enzyme inhibitory activity and protease inhibitor activity. Used in treatment of severe inglammatory conditions including allergies, arthritis, asthma, or skin reactions. Its metabolizing enzyme is Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP 3A40). Hence the main objective of the study was to formulate orally disintegrating tablets of Prednisolone to achieve a better dissolution rate and further improving the bioavailability of the drug. Orally disintegrating tablets prepared by direct compression and using super disintegrate like crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium starch glycolate designate, designated as three different groups of formulation (F-1 to F-13) respectively were prepared and evaluated for the pre-compression parameters such as bulk density, compressibility, angle of repose etc. The prepared batches of tablets were evaluated for hardness, weight variation, friability, drug content, disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution profile and found satisfactory. In present work wet granulation technique was employed to prepare tablets. Microcrystalline cellulose is used as diluents. Aspartame and mannitol is used as sweetening agents. Crospovidone XL10 as disintegrant. Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate was having bitter taste and to mask the bitter taste flavoring agent like mint flavor and taste masking agents like PEG4000, Ethyl cellulose 4cps, Eudragit EPO and Eudragit L100. Post compressional parameters hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration time, drug content and dissolution studies are studied. All three groups of formulations released the drug at faster rates than that of marketed conventional tablets of Prednisolone. --- ## Stability indicating RP-HPLC method development and validation of Sildenafil Citrate in pure form **Authors:** Mannur V.S., Rathi S.M., Mastiholimath V.S., Dengale N.P., Shinde T.A. **Published:** 2011-05-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sildenafil citrate, HPLC method, Validation, Stability indicating A simple, selective, precise, sensitive and stability indicating reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the analysis of sildenafil citrate in pure form. Chromatographic separation achieved isocratically on Inertsil ODS-3V (4.6 x 250) mm, 5µ column utilizing a mobile phase of water: acetonitrile (40:60)%v/v with flow rate of 1ml/min with UV detection at 214 nm at ambient temperature. The retention time was 6.91 min. The method is accurate (100.32 ± 0.84), precise (100.4 ± 1.04) and linear (R2=0.999) within the range of 20% - 150% of standard drug concentration. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 0.0177 µg/ml and 0.0535 µg/ml respectively. Stress studies were carried out as per recommendations of ICH guidelines. The method was proved to be robust with respect to change in flow rate, mobile phase composition and column oven temperature. Solution stability was found to be more than 8 hrs. --- ## Analytical methods for the estimation of paliperidone **Authors:** Jane Mathew, Joshi Chintankumar K., Aghera Jonils **Published:** 2011-05-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Paliperidone, HPLC, UV Visible spectrophotometry Four simple, sensitive, rapid and accurate analytical methods have been developed for the estimation of paliperidone in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Paliperidone is an atypical antipsychotic. Methond I was a precise reverse phase HPLC involving an isocratic elution of Paliperidone in a column of Pkenomenex CIS, using a mobile phase composition of acetonitrile: Methanol: Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (45:30:25, v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and the effluent was monitored at 275 nm and retention time was observed at 4.15 mm. Forced degradation studies were carried out in acid and basic medium, oxidative degradation in H2O2 and as well as uv photo stability studies. Methnd H & HI are visible spectrophotometnc methods based on the formation of red colored complex between Paliperidone and PDACA which showed linearity in the concentration range 20-120 |ig/ml and between Paliperidone and 4-Amino phenazone in red colored chromogen which obeyed Beer's law 30-150 |ig/ml at absorbance maxima of 460 nm and 532 nm respectively Method IV was a simple ultraviolet spectroscopic method was developed for the estimation of Paliperidone in 0.1N HC1 which obeyed Beer's law in the linearity range 5-25 |ig/ml at 275 nm. The proposed methods are optimized and validated as per the ICH guidelines. Recovery of paliperidone in the proposed methods was found to be in the range of 97.5-99.2 %. The proposed methods can be used for routine analysis for the estimation of paliperidone in formulations. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of self microemulsifying drug delivery system of carbamazepine **Authors:** Nisha GS, Vaishali P, Geeta R, Prabhakar P, Harish NM, Marina K, Charyulu RN **Published:** 2011-05-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Self microemulsifying drug delivery systems, Carbamazepine, Pseudoternary phase diagram Carbamazepine is a common antiepileptic drug and due to its poor aqueous solubility absorbed very slowly and erratically after oral administration. To enhance its solubility, dissolution rate self microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) was formulated and evaluated. The solubility of carbamazepine was determined in various vehicles. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were evaluated for microemulsification existence area, and the release rate of carbamazepine was investigated using an in vitro dissolution test. SMEDDS formulations were tested for microemulsifying properties and the resultant microemulsions were evaluated for clarity, precipitation and particle size distribution. Formulation development and screening was done based on results obtained from phase diagrams and characteristics of resultant microemulsion. The optimized formulation was studied for in vitro study and was found that the formulation containing Labrafac CC (28.5%), Tween 60 (53.64%) propylene glycol:ethanol (1:1) showed a complete release in 30 minutes as compared with the pure drug which showed a limited dissolution rate. The stability studies found that the formulations were stable over period of 3 months. Thus the study confirmed that the SMEDDS formulation can be used as a possible alternative to traditional oral formulation of carbamazepine to improve its solubility and dissolution rate. --- ## Analytical method development and validation for estimation of sildenafil citrate from tablet dosage form by using RP-HPLC **Authors:** Shrikrishna B. Baokar, Shirke B., Sivanand V., Pratheesh G. K. **Published:** 2011-05-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sildenafil citrate, Viagra, HPLC, Validation This study was aimed at develop and validate RP-HPLC method for the assay of sildenafil citrate in tablets' formulation. A chromatographic system comprising Partisil 10 ODS C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5µm) column, a mobile phase of Buffer solution (pH 2.0): acetonitrile, a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min and a UV detector set at 228 nm has shown good chromatographic separation for sildenfil. The degree of lineratity of the calibration curves, the percent recoveries of sildenafil and related substances, the limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for the HPLC method have been determined. The HPLC method under study was found to be specific, precise, accurate, reproducible indicating stability and robust. --- ## Cancer stem cells of aberrant stem cells: The targetable target of cancer **Authors:** Manishika Sharma, Chhavi Singla, Jaswinder K. Bajwa, Kumud Uniyal **Published:** 2011-05-25 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Cancer stem cells, division, source, targeting, resistance, therapy, chemotherapy A new kind of cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) is making their presence among the different types of cancer cells. Endowed with the properties of self-renewal and differentiation, they abet the development, growth, metastasis and heterogeneity of cancer cells. Increasingly making their presence by way of resisting the action of chemo and radiotherapy, they are proving havoc in the management of cancer. Great amount of work is going on to deal with them. --- ## Anti-nociceptive activity of methanolic extract of ocimum gratissimum (labiate) on experimental animals **Authors:** Vikram Kumar, Manjeet Sinha, Angshu Banerjee, Jyoti Mohanty **Published:** 2011-05-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ocimum gratissimum, Labiatae, Anti-nociceptive, Piroxicam, Acetic acid-induced writhing, hot-plate The methanolic leaves extract of Ocimum gratissimum was investigated for anti-nociceptive effects in mice. The models used to study the effect on nociception are the acetic acid induced abdominal constriction test, hot- plate method in mice. The extract demonstrated a significant (P< 0.05) anti-nociceptive activity at all the doses (50,100 and 200 mg/kg body weight i.p.) tested group and standard group (piroxicam 20mg/kg) compared to control normal saline. The activity resides more at the highest dose 200mg/kg body weight i.p. that was found to have the highest percentage (92.5 %) of inhibition of the abdominal constriction induced by acetic acid in mice. Also the extract was found to have a significant (p <0.05) inhibitory effect on hot-plate method at all the three doses. The extract caused a significant (p<0.05), dose dependent inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate method. The intraperitoneal LD50 value of the extract was 1285.5mg/kg body weight in mice. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. The results suggest the extract contained pharmacologically active principles, and supports the local application of the plant in painful conditions. Further studies may reveal the exact mechanisms of action responsible for the analgesic activities of O. gratissimum leaves extract. --- ## Investigation on the role of alpha lipoic acid in glipizide treatment in diabetic rats **Authors:** David Banji, Swetha Merugu, Otilia J.F. Banji, Vijaya Laxmi Chiluka, Sonia Bindu Pandra, Narsi Reddy Koppula, Vinod K.R. **Published:** 2011-05-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diabetes mellitus, glipizide, alpha lipoic acid Glipizide is a second generation sulfonylurea employed for the management of diabetes. Prolonged use of glipizide as monotherapy can cause insulin resistance. Our study aimed at ascertaining the effect of glipizide and alpha lipoic acid on alloxan induced diabetes in rats and its impact on hepatic function. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg/b.w. of alloxan. After the confirmation of diabetes, animals were assigned into groups and treated with 2.5 mg/kg of glipizide followed by alpha lipoic acid at two dose levels (100 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Body weight was monitored at regular intervals. Biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, cholesterol, triglycerides, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyurvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total, direct bilirubin and creatinine was determined using standard kits. Data was analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett multiple comparison test. A significant improvement was observed in blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides levels compared with the positive control group. Glipizide and alpha lipoic acid protected against hepato cellular toxicity induced by alloxan. These results were statistically significant compared with positive control (p<0.05). Glipizide and alpha lipoic acid in combination did not alter liver function when compared to the alloxan treated group (p<0.05). Our study revealed that the combination of alpha lipoic acid with glipizide was capable of maintaining a normoglycemic state and capable of reversing the hepatocellular manifestations induced by alloxan. --- ## Influence of various bridging liquids on spherical agglomeration of indomethacin **Authors:** Subhash Chandra Bose P., Damineni Saritha, Vimal Kumar Varma M., Sunil Kumar Dathrika **Published:** 2011-05-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Spherical agglomeration, Indomethacin, bridging liquid, ternary diagram, tensile Strength, agglomeration, micromeritic properties, direct compression For poorly soluble, highly permeable (Class II) drugs, such as Indomethacin, the rate of oral absorption is often controlled by the dissolution rate in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore together with the permeability, the solubility and dissolution behaviour of a drug are key determinants of its oral bioavailability. Indomethacin is an anti- inflammatory drug that is characterized by poor water solubility and flow properties. The main objective of the present study is to prepare spherical agglomerates of Indomethacin by using various bridging liquids and to study the effect of bridging liquids on micromeritic properties and dissolution behavior. Spherical agglomerates were prepared by using solvent change method. Solvent composition for spherical agglomeration was determined by constructing ternary diagram. Crystallization medium used for spherical agglomerates of Indomethacin were DMF (good solvent); water (poor solvent); chloroform/isopropyl acetate/dichloromethane (bridging liquids) in the ratio of 25:62.5:12.5 respectively. Spherical agglomerates were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, IR spectroscopy, XRD and Scanning electron microscopy. Gas phase chromatography was carried to estimate the residual DMF, chloroform, isopropyl acetate and dichloromethane. Micromeritic and dissolution behavior studies were carried out. Process variables such as amount of bridging liquid were optimized. Dissolution profile of the spherical agglomerates was compared with commercial sample. Tablets were prepared using spherical agglomerates by direct compression and evaluated for tablet properties. Spherical agglomerates exhibited decreased crystallinity and improved micromeritic properties. The dissolution profiles of Indomethacin tablets prepared using spherical agglomerates exhibit greater dissolution behaviour than tablets prepared by powder raw material. Hence this technique can be used for formulation of tablets of Indomethacin by direct compression with directly compressible tablet excipients. --- ## Formulation and in vitro evaluation of bi-layer tablet of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride ER and diclofenac potassium IR – A novel fixed dose combination **Authors:** Jamunadhevi V., Sahoo P. K., Kailasam P. **Published:** 2011-05-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** bi-layer tablet, hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose, diclofenac potassium, cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride, extended release, immediate release, FDC, stability The aim of this study was to prepare bi-layer tablet of Diclofenac Potassium (DP) and Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride (CBH) for the effective treatment of severe pain due to inflammation and muscle spasm. DP and CBH were formulated as immediate and extended release layer respectively. DP was formulated as immediate release layer (IR) using excipients like microcrystalline cellulose and maize starch in different drug to excipient ratio keeping other excipients as constant. DP granules was prepared by wet granulation method using purified water and mixed with extragranular excipients. CBH was formulated as extended release (ER) layer using hydrophilic matrix (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose [HPMC K100MCR]). The effect of concentration of hydrophilic matrix (HPMC K100MCR) on CBH release was studied. The dissolution study of extended release layer showed that an increasing amount of HPMC results in reduced CBH release. The rationale for formulation of bi-layer tablet of these two drugs in combination was (1) to reduce the manufacturing cost and time (2) to reduce the dosing frequency and thereby improve the patient compliance. --- ## Design and evaluation of buccoadhesive bi-layer tablet of atenolol **Authors:** Panneer K., Ramkanth S., Thirumurugan R., Kishore Kumar, Raji S. **Published:** 2011-04-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Buccal drug delivery, Atenolol, carbopol 971P, sodium alginate The aim of the study was to prepare and characterize buccoadhesive tablets of atenolol using different mucoadhesive polymers such as carbopol 971P, sodium alginate and HPMC K100M incombination. The bilayered buccoadhesive tablets were prepared by direct compression technology. The prepared tablets were evaluated for physicochemical parameters such as hardness, thickness uniformity, weight variation, surface pH and swelling studies. Also prepared tablets were evaluated for bioadhesive strength and in vitro drug release. In vitro bioadhesive strength studies showed that formulations containing combination of carbopol 971P and HPMC K100M were more bioadhesive than sodium alginate. In vitro dissolution studies revealed that all the formulations exhibited non-fickian release kinetics. The optimized formulations F1 and F5 showed 90% release in 8 hr in vitro dissolution studies. --- ## Taste masked sustained release tablet of cefpodoxime proxetil **Authors:** Pravin K. Bhoyar, Anand B. Bhanarkar, Dhanashri B. Nagulwar, Yogesh M. Amgaonkar, Akhilesh K. Tripathi, Sharad Bhandarkar, Rengini Muraleedharan, Jayashri G. Mahore **Published:** 2011-04-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cefpodoxime proxetil, Sustained release, Taste masking, Tulsion-344 resin, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose Cefpodoxime proxetil is an intensely bitter extended spectrum third generation oral cephalosporin used to treat upper and lower respiratory tract infections, gonorrhea and urinary tract indections, administered on thrice a day dosage regimen. It is bitter in taste and taste should be masked to formulate it in a palatable form. So an attempt was made to sustain the release as well as to mask the bitter taste by complexation technique using strong cation-exchange resins, tulson-344. The drug loading onto ion-exchange resin was optimized for mixing time, activation, effect of pH, mode of mixing, ratio of drug:resin and temperature. The resinate was evaluated for micromeritic properties, taste masking and characterized using DSC and IR. Using resinate sustained release tablets were formulated using hydoxy propyl methyl cellulose (K100M). The tablets were evaluated for hardness, thickness, friability, drug content, weight variation and in vitro drug release. Tablets thus formulated (Batch PK-4) provided sustained release of drug over a period of 12 h. The release of cefpodoxime proxetil from resinate controls the diffusion of drug molecules through the polymeric material into aqueous medium. The results showed that cefpodoxime proxetil was successfully taste masked and formulated into a sustained dosage form as an alternative to conventional tablet. --- ## Antioxidant capacities of vegetables consumed in north east India assessed by three different in vitro assays **Authors:** Ayub Ali M., Victoria Chanu Kh., Inaotombi Devi L. **Published:** 2011-04-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antioxidants, Vegetables, DPPH, FRAP, Total phenolic content The antioxidant capacity of the vegetables consumed in North East India was estimated by three different in vitro methods. A total of 22 (twenty two) vegetables were evaluated using the extracts for their ability to scavenge the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, ability to reduce ferric ions determined by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) assay and Total phenolic content. The antioxidant capacity was expressed as mg Trolox equivalents for DPPH radicals scavenging and FRAP assay while the total phenolic content was expressed as mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per 100 gm of edible portion of the vegetables. The antioxidant capacity of the vegetables estimated by the three methods does not vary markedly though the values of total phenolic content was slightly higher compared to that of the other two methods. The highest antioxidant capacity was observed in stink bean and least in cucumber. Based on the antioxidant capacity, the vegetables were grouped into four categories i.e. extremely high, high, medium and low. Stink bean (Parkia speciosa) showed an extremely high antioxidant activity in all the three methods. The vegetables with high antioxidant capacity includes bean leaves, brinjal, mustard leaves, potato and pea while pumpkin leaves, radish, tomato, naga chilli, small chilli and hyacinth bean fall in medium okra, broccoli, banana flower, cabbage, turnip, common beans, cauliflower, carrot and cucumber in low category. --- ## Development and validation method for quantification of Abacavir in formulation and serum analysis by using RP-HPLC **Authors:** Ramakotaiah M., Chandrashekar K. B., Babu Rao CH **Published:** 2011-03-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Abacavir, UV detection, serum, recovery, precise, C18 Column A simple, selective, linear, precise and accurate RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for rapid assay of Abacavir in tablet dosage form. Isocratic elution at a flow rate of 1ml/min was employed on a symmetry C18 (250x4.6mm, 5μm in particle size) at ambient temperature. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid: acetonitrile: methanol 10:25:65 (V/V). The UV detection wavelength was 259nm and 20μl sample was injected. The retention time for Abacavir was 7.005 min. The method was validated as per the ICH guidelines. The method was successfully applied for routine analysis of Abacavir in tablet dosage form and in serum. --- ## Antibacterial Activity of the plant extract of Symphytum officinale L. against selected Pathogenic Bacteria **Authors:** Sumathi S., Senthil Kumar S., Bharathi V., Sahaya Sathish S. **Published:** 2011-03-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Symphytum officinale L., Leaf extracts, Antibacterial activity, Streak plate method Comfrey is promoted in Ayurvedic and other herbal systems, with claims for benefit in disorders such as peptic ulcer. Comfrey also has been commonly used as a topical anti inflammatory healing agent. The present study was carried out antibacterial activity of Symphytum officinale L. By Streak plate method using different solvent such as ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform. Both gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains were found to be sensitivity to the leaf extracts of all the solvents except chloroform at higher concentrations (75% and 100%). --- ## Development of difference spectroscopic method for the estimation of Aspirin in formulation using hydrotropy **Authors:** Bhattacharyya I., Bhattacharyya S. P., Talukdar S., Medya S. **Published:** 2011-03-22 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Aspirin, Difference spectroscopy, Estimation, Validation A simple, precise and accurate difference spectroscopic method has been developed for the estimation of aspirin in pharmaceutical dosage form. The proposed method is based on the principle that aspirin can exhibit two different chemical forms which differ in absorption spectra in basic and acidic medium. Science the drug was not freely soluble in the distilled water, 1M sodium salicylate has been used as hydrotropic solubilising agent for aspirin to carryout its spectrophotometric analysis and make the process cost effective. The stock solution was prepared by taking water as solvent. Further dilutions were made by using 0.1M sodium hydroxide and 0.1M hydrochloric acid separately. The maxima and minima in the difference spectra of aspirin were 312nm and 285nm, respectively. Difference in absorbance between maxima and minima was calculated to find out the amplitude. The amplitude was plotted against concentration. Beer’s-Lambert’s law is valid in the concentration range 0.1-1μg/ml. The result of analysis was validated statistically and by recovery study. --- ## Preventive and curative effect of Lagenaria vulgaris in NSAID induced ulcer model **Authors:** Sadhana Sathaye, Vinam B. Mehta, Mohd. Farooq Shaikh, Purnima D. Amin **Published:** 2011-03-22 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lagenaria vulgaris, NSAID induced ulcer, Vitamin A & C, Glutathione, Ulcer Index Lagenaria vulgaris is a popular vegetable grown almost all the year round. The fresh fruit juice has been used to treat acidity and ulcers in folklore medicines. In recent years, there has been phenomenal rise in the interest of scientific community to explore the pharmacological actions or to confirm the veracity of claims made about herbs in the official books of Ayurveda. The main objective of present work is to investigate the antiulcer activity of the fresh juice of Lagenaria vulgaris. Chemical analysis confirmed the presence of Vitamin A & C and Tannins. Male albino rats were used for the study and were divided into six different groups. Gastric ulcers were induced by NSA-ID (Diclofenac sodium). β – carotene was used as the standard drug for comparison. L. vulgaris was administered in a dose of 1ml and 2ml/rat. Levels of Glutathione and Ulcer Index were two major parameters. The fresh juice from the fruits of L. vulgaris exhibited both protective as well as healing effect on NSAID induced ulcers. It produced better recovery than β –carotene as far as both ulcer index and GSH levels were concerned. --- ## Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of rhizomes of Hedychium spicatum Buch.Ham. **Authors:** Sravani T., Padmaa M Paarakh **Published:** 2011-03-17 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hedychium spicatum, Zingiberaceae, anthelmintic activity, piperazine citrate, methanol extract, rhizome Hedychium spicatum Buch. Ham. (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as spiked ginger lily, is found in the entire Himalayan region. Traditionally, the rhizomes are used in the treatment of respiratory disorders, fevers, tranquilizer, hypotensive, antispasmodic, CNS depresant, analgestic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, pediculicidal and cytotoxic activities. The present study is an attempt to explore the anthelmintic activity of rhizomes of Hedychium spicatum against adult Indian earthworms, Pheretima posthuma. The time taken for each worm for paralysis and death was determined. The results were compared with that of standard i.e., piperazine citrate. Methanol extract of Hedychium spicatum produced dose dependent anthelmintic activity whereas aqueous extract was not all effective. Methanol extract showed better anthelmintic activity when compared with the standard drug piperazine citrate. --- ## Anthelmintic activity of leaves of garcinia cambogia **Authors:** Githa Elizabeth Mathew, Bijo Mathew, Mohamed Sheneeb M., Nyan thara, Haribabu Y. **Published:** 2011-03-17 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Garcinia cambogia, Anthelmintic activity, Pheretima posthuma Human beings are primary hosts for many helminthes. Most worms reproduce sexually in the human host, producing eggs or larvae that pass out of the body and infect the secondary host. Anthelmintic from natural sources may play an important role in the treatment of those parasite indections. In this view our attempt has been made to study the leaves of Garcinia cambogia by method described in details by Kuppast and Nayak. In this study petether, cholorform, and ethanolic, extracts were used and studied for paralysis and death of earthworm. The ethanol extract was found to be more effective to execute the earthworm. --- ## Screening of methanol & acetone extract for antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants species of Indian folklore **Authors:** Bharat Gami, Farzin Parabia **Published:** 2011-03-17 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial activity, Alstonia scholaris, Antibiotic, Staphylococcus aureus In search for new and safe antibacterial agent medicinal plants have been continuously investigated. The methanol and acetone extract of Alstonia scholaris (stem bark), Achyranthus aspera (whole plant) Moringa oleifera (leaves), Tinospora cordifolia (stem), and Enicostema hyssopifolium (stem) were screened for their antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method. The susceptibility of the microorganisms to the extracts of these plants was compared with each other and with selected standard antibiotics. The antimicrobial activities of these plants were discussed according to their phytochemical components. Finding of current research was suggest A. scholaris and M. oleifera can be explored as a new source of antibacterial compound, for Enterobacter aerogens (ATCC13048), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC9144), and Micrococcus luteus (ATCC4698). --- ## Floating drug delivery systems: A review **Authors:** Arunachalam A., Karthikeyan M., Kishore Konam, Pottabathula Hari Prasad, Sethuraman S., Ashutoshkumar S., Manidipa S. **Published:** 2011-03-17 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Floating drug delivery systems, Different unit, Characterization, Evaluation in vitro and in vivo and Applications of FDDS The purpose of writing this review on floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) was to compile the recent literature with special focus on the principal mechanism of floatation to achieve gastric retention. The recent developments of FDDS including the physiological and formulation variables affecting gastric retention, approaches to design single-unit and multiple-unit floating systems, and their classification and formulation aspects are covered in detail. This review also summarizes the in vitro techniques, in vivo studies to evaluate the performance and application of floating systems, and applications of these systems. These systems are useful to several problems encountered during the development of a pharmaceutical dosage form. --- ## A novel isocratic RP-HPLC method development and validation for estimation of 5HMF in Levofloxacin Hemihydrate intravenous infusion **Authors:** Narasimha Swamy Lakka, Nishant Goswami **Published:** 2011-03-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 5HMF, Method development, Method validation, RP HPLC A RP-HPLC method was developed for estimation of 5-Hydroxy methyl furfural content in Levofloxacin Hemihydrate intravenous infusion 5mg/ml. It involved a 150mm x 4.6mm, 5μm LichroSphere C-18 column with 40°C temperature. The separation was achieved on simple isocratic method. A mixture of pH 3.0 buffer (0.04M, ortho phosphoric acid buffer, adjusted pH 3.0 with triethylamine) - acetonitrile (87:13, v/v) was used as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0ml/min, injection volume was 5μl and the detection wavelength was 284nm. The retention time of 5HMF was 2.7min. The total runtime was 12min within which active compound and degradation products were separated. The developed method successfully applied to the determination of 5HMF content in pharmaceutical preparations. The developed RP-HPLC method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, robustness and ruggedness. --- ## A clinical study on therapeutic management and impact of patient counseling on asthma patients **Authors:** Ramanarayana Reddy V., Kishore Babu A., Venkateswara Rao B., Arun Kumar CH, Sai Koteswar Sarma D., Nagarjun Reddy G. **Published:** 2011-03-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Patient Education, KAP, PIL, Intervention An observational descriptive study was conducted in Krishna nursing home, Narasaraopet. For six months to assess the impact of pharmacist provided therapeutic management, patient education on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) and patient counseling in tuberculosis patients. 200 patients were taken for the study in preintervention 100 patients and post intervention 100 patients in study and control groups. Patient knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire was prepared in English and translated in telugu. The patients received pharmacist provides patient education regarding drug therapy and life style modifications through the patient information leaflets (PIL) in English and Telugu. a significant was observed with the help of knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire towards the disease. KAP was observed in paired‘t’ test significant was difference (P<0.001). --- ## Antibacterial screening of the leaf extracts of Vanda coerulea Griff. ex Lindl **Authors:** Shanmuga Priya R., Senthil Kumar, S. R., John Britto S. **Published:** 2011-03-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vanda coerulea, antibacterial activity, herbal medicines, active compounds The various leaves extracts such as ethanol, chloroform and petroleum ether: ethanol (1:1) of Vanda coerulea Griff. ex Lindl. were investigated for an in vitro antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. Ethanolic leaf extracts produced definite antibacterial activity against gram positive Bacillus cereus than Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus and very less inhibition by gram negative bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella typhi. The present study reveals that the ethanolic extracts of Vanda coerulea leaf had more antibacterial activity against all bacteria tested followed by chloroform and petroleum ether: ethanol (1:1) extracts. From the present study, it reveals that the selected plant material has potential antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria Bacillus cereus. --- ## Anticancer activity of methanol extract of Cucurbita maxima against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma **Authors:** Prerona Saha, Mazumder U. K., Haldar P. K., Sagar Naskar, Sriparna Kundu, Asis Bala, Biswakanth Kar **Published:** 2011-03-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anticancer, EAC, Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbitaceae, cytotoxicity One of the largest causes of mortality worldwide is cancer. Increasing interest and research on herbal medicine have revealed its importance in treating many diseases including cancer. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antitumor activity of methanol extract of Cucurbita maxima Duchesne aerial parts (MECM) on Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) model in mice. After inoculation of EAC cells into mice, treatment with MECM (200 and 400 mg/kg) and standard drug 5-Fluorouracil (20 mg/kg) were continued for 9 days. Evaluation of the effect of drug response was made by the study of tumor growth response including increase in life span, study of hematological parameters, biochemical estimations, antioxidant assay of liver tissue and in vitro cytotoxicity. Experimental results revealed that C.maxima possesses significant anticancer activity which may be due to its cytotoxicity and antioxidant properties. Further research is going on to find out the active principle(s) of MECM for its anti-cancer activity. --- ## Herbal Antidiabetics: A Review **Authors:** Akhilesh K. Tripathi, Pravin K. Bhoyar, Jagdish R. Baheti, Dinesh M. Biyani, Khalique M., Mayuresh S. Kothmire, Yogesh M. Amgaonkar, Anand B. Bhanarkar **Published:** 2011-03-10 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** diabetes mellitus, hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic plants, Active chemical constituents, pharmacognosy Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the commonest endocrine disorder that affects more than 100 million people worldwide (6% of the population)(WHO/Acadia, 1992). It is caused by the deficiency or ineffective production of insulin by pancreas which results in increase or decrease in concentrations of glucose in the blood. It is found to damage many of the body systems, particularly the blood vessels and nerves. Many herbal plants with hypoglycemic properties are known from across the world. In India, diabetes has been known for a long time, but its incidence is not of the same magnitude across the subcontinent. The wide range of structures of the plant constituents, which appear to be the active hypoglycemic principles, suggests different sites of action within the body. Whether these plants truly possess hypoglycemic properties needs to be investigated for those plants that are commonly used in the management of diabetes. Researches conducted in the last few decades on plants, mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally for diabetes, have shown antidiabetic property. Among them, 30 plants and their products (active natural principles and crude extracts) that have been mentioned used in the Indian traditional system of medicine have shown experimental or clinical antidiabetic activity. Trigonella foenumgraecum, Momordica charantia, Tinospora cordifolia, Enicostema littorae, Gymnema sylvestre, Azadirachta indica, Syzigium cumini are some of the most effective and the most commonly studied Indian plants in relation to diabetes. Based on possible mechanism of action, antidiabetic plants have been classified and described in this article. --- ## Sub - lethal effect of phytopesticide nimbecidine on biochemical changes in the adult male insect Sphaerodema rusticum (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae) **Authors:** Shoba V., Elanchezhiyan C., Hemalatha S., Selvi sabanayakam **Published:** 2011-03-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sphaerodema rusticum, nimbecidine, fat body, testis, seminal vesicle, biochemical changes Carbohydrate, protein and lipid are the major components of the body playing important role in the body construction and energy metabolism. Effect of sub-lethal concentration (0.00028 ppm 1/10th of LC50) of the phytopesticide nimbecidine was studied on Sphaerodema rusticum for 7, 14 and 21 days of exposure. A significant decline in the contents of glycogen, protein and lipid and an increase of glucose and amino acid contents of fat body, testis and seminal vesicle were observed. It was observed that the biochemical changes in the nimbecidine treated (7, 14 and 21days) fat body, testis and seminal vesicle were significantly differed than control. --- ## Phytochemical evaluation and lipid lowering property of leaves of Vitex negundo linn. in hyper cholestremic rats **Authors:** Githa Elizabeth Mathew, Bijo Mathew, Sajeeth C.I. **Published:** 2011-03-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL The aim of the present study was to determine lipid lowering property of ethanol extract of Vitex negundo linn.The phytochemical studies performed as described by Wagner et al. Acute toxicity studies were performed initially in order to determine the safety of ethanol extract of Vitex negundo linn. (EEVN). In the present study the ethanol extract of Vitex negundo L. results a significant dose dependent reduction in Total Cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein level when compared with Cholesterol control group. Also all the treatment groups show a little bit increase in HDL level. Up on the triglycerides level the extracts posses a significant activity when compared to Lovastatin treated groups. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the leaf of Vitex negundo L. as an anti-atherogenic agent preventing coronary artery diseases. --- ## Anti-inflammatory potential of alcoholic extract of Indigofera oblongifolia Forsk **Authors:** Nitinkumar Upwar, Roshan Patel, Naheed Waseem, Naveen Kumar Mahobia **Published:** 2011-03-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-inflammatory, Indigofera oblongifolia Forsk, Carrageenan Anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extracts of the root of Indigofera oblongifolia Forsk was studied in Wistar rats using the carrageenan induced left hind paw edema. The methanolic extracts at the dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight shows moderate to significant anti-inflammatory activity. The methanolic extracts of Indigofera oblongifolia Forsk reduced the edema induced by carrageenan by 32.19 % and 40.97 % respectively on oral administration of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight as compared to the untreated control group. Diclofenac sodium at 10 mg/kg body weight inhibited the edema volume by 39.02 %. The results indicated that the methanolic extract 500 mg/kg body weight shows more significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard and untreated control. --- ## Epidemiology and treatment pattern of atopic dermatitis in patients attending a tertiary care teaching hospital **Authors:** Soniya Scaria, Emmanuel James, Dharmaratnam A.D. **Published:** 2011-03-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Atopic dermatitis, Prevalence, Treatment pattern, Atopy, Adverse drug reaction An observational, prospective, cross sectional study was carried out on atopic dermatitis (AD) patients attending the dermatology outpatient department of Amrita Institute of Medical sciences, Kochi from January 2010 to May 2010. The study population consisted of 6250 outpatients and the entire 60 patients from all the age groups who were diagnosed to have atopic dermatitis based on the Hanifin and Rajka’s diagnostic criteria and who agreed to participate in the study were included. Relevant data was obtained from patients, patients’ parents and/or relatives by interviewing them and by individual analysis of the patient’s prescription and was compiled using Microsoft excel and descriptive statistical analysis carried out. The prevalence of AD was found to be 0.96% in the study population. Majority of the patients were in the age group of 3 to 10 years with a mean age of 13.8 ± 15.1 years and the mean age at onset was 10.6 ± 14.8years. 31.7% of the patients had ``pure'' AD and 68.3% suffered from a ``mixed'' type. The disease severity assessment showed that 51.7% of patients had moderate AD, followed by mild type in 30.0% of patients. Family history of atopy was seen in 56.7% of patients. Majority of the patients had aggravation of the disease during winter months. Most of the patients (95.0%) were prescribed topical emollients while topical steroids in 75% and short courses of systemic steroids in 25% of patients. Adverse drug reactions reported include gastric irritation in 6.7% of patients, followed by weight gain in 3.3%, folliculitis & exacerbation of eyelid dermatitis in 1.7%. It was concluded from this study that the prevalence was slightly higher than those reported from northern India. Only moderate and mild type of AD was found in the study population and majority of the patients could be controlled with topical emollients and topical steroids. --- ## Development and Validation of a RP-HPLC-PDA method for Simultaneous Determination of Lornoxicam and Thiocolchicoside in Pharmaceutical dosage form and its Application for Dissolution study **Authors:** Madhusmita Sahoo, Pratima Syal, Snehal Ingale, Kunal Ingale, Santosh Sindhe, Monali Sali, Choudhari V. P., Kuchekar B. S. **Published:** 2011-01-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lornoxicam, Thiocolchicoside, RP-HPLC-PDA, Method validation, Column Liquid Chromatography, Dissolution A simple, selective, rapid, and precise RP-HPLC-PDA method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Lornoxicam (LOR) and Thiocolchicoside (THIO) in pharmaceutical dosage form by reverse phase liquid chromatography using Waters Symmetry C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μ) column. The mobile phase consisting of methanol: THF: acetate buffer (60: 10: 30 v/v); pH adjusted to 5.5 with glacial acetic acid at a flow rate of 0.75 mL min-1 and column was maintained at 50 0C with detection at 382 nm. The retention time of Thiocolchicoside and Lornoxicam was 3.36 and 4.08 minutes, respectively. The method was validated according to the ICH guidelines with respect to specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness, limit of detection and limit of quantification. Linearity of Lornoxicam and Thiocolchicoside were in the range of 0.2 to 80 μg mL-1 and 0.1 to 40 μg mL-1, respectively and its percentage recovery were found to be 100.37 % and 100.51 %, respectively. The proposed method is suitable for simultaneous determination of Lornoxicam and Thiocolchicoside in pharmaceutical dosage form. Method was successfully applied for dissolution study of tablet formulation. --- ## Expression pattern of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix **Authors:** Krishnan Baskaran, Ramanathan Satish, Viswan Santhosh, Radhika Govindaraju, Shanmugam Manoharan, Subramanian Sethupathy S **Published:** 2010-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Apoptosis, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase, Cervical cancer Apoptosis is a complex pathway, which plays a central role in the physiological processes. Aberrant regulation of apoptosis or defective expression of apoptotic- related proteins might result in tumourigenesis. The present study investigated the expression pattern of Bcl-2 and Bax by immunohistochemistry and the activities of caspase-3 and -9 by ELISA reader in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the uterine cervix. Bcl-2 expression was found in 65% of the tumour cells while Bax expression was found in 45% of the tumour cells. The activity of caspase-3 was significantly reduced (p<0.001) while the activity of caspase-9 was unaltered in patients with SCC (p>0.05) as compared to normal subjects. The results thus suggest defective expression of pro- and anti- apoptotic proteins in patients with SCC of the uterine cervix, which could play a role in the abnormal cell proliferation of the uterine cervix. --- ## Formulation optimization and release kinetics of Metronidazole matrix, compression and spray coated tablets: Effect of organic acid on colon targeted drug delivery system **Authors:** Purushothaman M, Vijaya Ratna J **Published:** 2010-12-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amoebiasis, Metronidazole, Organic acids, coated matrix tablets, release kinetics Amoebiasis is an infection of the large intestine caused by Entamoeba histolytica, and it is mainly present in the intra-intestinal lumen. The efficient treatment of amoebiasis and other colonic infections could be achieved by targeting the drug to the colon. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for intestinal amoebiasis and other colon infections and the best approach for this drug is to target the drug delivery to colon which would make the drug effective with low dose and prevent the potential hazards observed in conventional dose. Moreover, addition of suitable organic acid in the formulation could enhance the drug solubility where less free aqueous is present than intestine. The aim of the present investigation was to formulate matrix formulations using different concentrations of guar gum and pectin with suitable organic acid and to prevent the premature drug release in the GI tract, the matrix formulations further taken for compression and spray coating to test the suitability for targeted drug delivery to the colon. The release kinetics of the formulations was performed using PCP-Disso Excel software. All the Matrix, Compression coated and Spray coated formulations were showed the desired physicochemical properties as per the official limits. Based on the drug release study in pH 1.2 (0.1N HCl), Phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and 6.8, the three MGT F8, MGTE F20, and MGTES F32 were found to be best and they were taken for further release study in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 with rat cecal content (4% w/v). The formulations MGTE F20 (r2 - 0.9986, n - 1.0601) and MGTES F32 (r2 -0.9974, n - 1.1501) were shown zero order release in terms of its kinetic release. Guar gum (40%) and Tartaric acid (80mg) was found to be suitable for this formulation and further gastrointestinal resistant coating is necessary for targeting the drug release. Hence, this special drug delivery system is needed to minimize the hazardous effects and to increase the effectiveness of the drug. --- ## A comparative study of antibacterial activity of stem bark and leaves extracts of Ficus mollis (vahl) **Authors:** Munna Sreenivasulu, Jayaveera K. N., Mallikarjuna Rao P. **Published:** 2010-12-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ficus mollis, Methanol, Anti-bacterial Activity, Petroleum Ether, Agar slats, FMB, FML, MEFMB, MEFML The present study was designated to evaluate the antibacterial activities of stem bark and leaves extracts of Ficus mollis Vahl. Ficus mollis (Vahl) belonging to the family Moraceae. Which is a monoecious evergreen large size tree. Branchlets fulvous with small several tomentosa. It is also used as folk medicine. The decoction of leaves of Ficus mollis used for ear ache. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts against 9 laboratory strains belong bacterial species were tested by using disc diffusion assay. Ciprofloxacin used as a standard drug to compare the all extracts of Ficus mollis vahl. All aerial parts of Ficus mollis vahl shows antibacterial activity against the gram positive and gram negative microorganisms. While comparing the leaves and stem bark extracts for anti-bacterial activity, the leaves extract having the better activity. Methanol extract showed stronger and broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity as compared to other extracts. --- ## Preparation and evaluation of liposomes of brimonidine tartrate as an ocular drug delivery system **Authors:** Prabhakara Prabhu, Nithish Kumar, Ganesh Dhondge, Vijaynarayana K, Marina Koland, Harish NM, Narayana Charyulu R **Published:** 2010-12-08 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** liposome, film hydration, brimonidine tartrate, intraocular pressure Liposomes of brimonidine tartrate were prepared by film hydration method. The prepared vesicles were evaluated for photomicroscopic characteristics, entrapment efficiency, in vitro, ex- in vitro drug release, in vivo intraocular pressure lowering activity. Method employed for preparation of vesicles was found to be simple and reproducible, produced vesicles of acceptable shape and size with unimodal frequency distribution pattern. The size of sonicated liposomes was found to be approximately 210 nm and drug loading was approximately 30- 40%. The in vitro, ex- in vitro drug release studies showed that there was a slow and prolonged release of drug which followed zero order kinetics. The intra ocular pressure lowering activity of prepared formulations were determined and compared with pure drug solution. It was found that intraocular pressure lowering action was sustained for longer period of time than the pure drug solution. Stability studies data revealed that the formulations were found to be stable when stored at refrigerator temperature (2 °C to 8 °C) with no change in shape and drug content. Results of the study indicated that it is possible to develop a safe and physiological effective topical liposomal formulation which is patient compliance. --- ## Behavior and Biochemical changes of nanoginkgoba (Ginkgo biloba gold nano-particles) on restraint stress-induced male albino mice **Authors:** Desikan Jaya Prakash, Subramanian Arulkumar, Muthukumaran Sabesan **Published:** 2010-12-08 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ginkgo biloba, Nanoginkgoba, goldnanoparticles, T-maze, stress Ginkgo biloba (GB), is known for its antidepressant effect. In the present study we investigated Ginkgo biloba gold nanoparticles (Nanoginkgoba -GBGNPs) protective role against restraint stress-induced behavioral and biochemical alterations in mice. Animals were immobilized for a period of 6 hrs/ day. Ginkgo biloba Extract (GBE) (100 mg/kg), Nanoginkgoba (10 mg/kg) were administered 30 minutes before the animals were subjecting to acute immobilized stress. Behavioral test parameters for anxiety, spatial memory were assessed followed by biochemical parameters (lipid per oxidation, super oxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione per oxidase, reduced glutathione) subsequently. The Behavior study showed severe anxiety and memory loss compared to unstressed animals. Biochemical analyses revealed an increase in lipid per oxidation, depletion of super oxide dismutase, reduced glutathione , catalase activity and glutathione per oxidase as compared to unstressed animal. Twenty one days Ginkgo biloba Extract and Nanoginkgoba treatment in a dose of 100 mg/kg and 10mg/kg significantly attenuated restraint stress-induced behavioral and oxidative damage. In conclusion Nanoginkgoba prove the modest activity than the Ginkgo biloba Extract. --- ## Eco-Friendly Management of Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita using Organic amendments on Tomato **Authors:** Nagaraju M., Karemegam N., Kadalmani B. **Published:** 2010-12-08 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, organic materials, tomato, root-knot index Chemical control of plant-parasitic nematodes, essentially, involves the use of synthetic nematicides. However, apart from its very high cost, increased concern for the environment has necessitated a reduction in the amount of nematicides used for nematode control. Additionally, there has been an increase in the intensity of search for other efficient, ecologically sound and safe control methods. The screen house experiments were conducted to test the efficacy of five organic wastes rice husk, saw dust, cow urine, cow dung and neem cake to control the root knot nematode of tomato. Equal quantities of rice husk, saw dust, cow urine, cow dung and neem cake were separately made up to one liter with autoclaved soil. Two weeks old seedlings of tomato raised in autoclaved soil were transplanted into soil manure mixture and inoculated with one thousand second stage larvae of Meloidogyne incognita race I. Treatments were completely randomized and effects assessed based on plant height, dry weight, extent of galling and the nematode multiplication factor. Results obtained showed that rice husk, saw dust, cow urine, cow dung and neem cake produced significantly higher result than the untreated control. --- ## Histopathological changes caused by accidental avocado leaves toxicity in rabbits **Authors:** Ramdas Singh W., Tridib K. Rajkhowa, Victoria Chanu KH., Ayub Ali M., Lalmuanthanga C., Pritam Mohan, Ayub Shah M. A. **Published:** 2010-12-08 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** Persea americana, leaves poisoning, rabbits, histopathological changes Avocado is one of the common fruits in the state of Mizoram, India. Though the fruit is loaded with various nutrients, leaves are highly toxic to rabbits. Dead male Chinchilla rabbits (2 months old) died due to ingestion of avocado leaves was the subject of the present study. On post-mortem examination, pathological changes like severe congestion and petechiation of liver, infarction of kidney and congestion of myocardium were observed. Histopathological changes include hepatic degeneration with severe congestion, degeneration of kidney tubular epithelial cells with congestion in the interstitium and degeneration and fragmentation of myocardial cells.Avocado is one of the common fruits in the state of Mizoram, India. Though the fruit is loaded with various nutrients, leaves are highly toxic to rabbits. Dead male Chinchilla rabbits (2 months old) died due to ingestion of avocado leaves was the subject of the present study. On post-mortem examination, pathological changes like severe congestion and petechiation of liver, infarction of kidney and congestion of myocardium were observed. Histopathological changes include hepatic degeneration with severe congestion, degeneration of kidney tubular epithelial cells with congestion in the interstitium and degeneration and fragmentation of myocardial cells. --- ## An attempt to reduce the side effects of colchicine **Authors:** Sairam Maduri, Sofiya Kousar, Venkateshwar Reddy A **Published:** 2010-12-08 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Colchicine, Microtubules, Yeast, Colorimeter, Incubation Cancer is basically a disorder characterized by uncontrolled division of cells of any particular tissue or organ. This uncontrolled division of cells occurs by mitosis and one approach to treat cancer is to block this mitotic division of cancer cells by using antimitotic drugs. Among the drugs used so far in this approach, the antimitotic drugs which particularly target microtubules were found to be the most effective. But these drugs cannot cure cancer completely because cancer cells become resistant to these drugs if used for a long time. But colchicine is a drug which irreversibly binds to microtubules and leads to mitotic arrest, thus can overcome the problem of drug resistance because of its irreversible binding to microtubules. Even after having this advantage colchicine is not used in cancer treatment because of its severe side effects which sometimes can even lead to death. These side effects are mainly due to the lack of specificity of action, because of which it causes mitotic arrest in both normal body cells and cancer cells. We can overcome this problem by reducing the concentration of colchicine to such an extent at which it acts mainly on cancer cells with minimal effect on normal body cells. Because microtubules are prominent in rapidly dividing cells when compared to slowly dividing normal body cells, rapidly dividing cells are more susceptible to colchicine in low concentrations. In this study we tried to find out the lowest possible concentration of colchicine which can effectively block the division of rapidly dividing cells with minimal or no effect on slowly dividing cells. --- ## Chemopreventive efficacy of berberine in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice **Authors:** Shanmugam Manoharan, Mookkan Muneeswaran, Nagarethinam Baskaran **Published:** 2010-12-08 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Berberine, Skin Cancer, Antioxidant, Lipid peroxidation Chemoprevention is a novel approach to study the anti-initiating and anti-tumor promoting efficacy of medicinal plants and its active principles. Chemopreventive agents exert their anticancer potential through their anti-lipid peroxidative and antioxidant function. The present study investigated the chemopreventive potential of berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene induced skin carcinogenesis. The chemopreventive potential of berberine was assessed by measuring the tumor incidence and by analyzing the status of lipid peroxidation by products, antioxidants and phase II detoxification enzymes during DMBA-induced skin carcinogenesis. Repeated topical applications of DMBA (2 times per week for 8 weeks) induced skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. DMBA alone treated animals showed 100% tumor incidence and the tumor was histopathologically confirmed as well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. The status of lipid peroxidation by products, antioxidants and detoxification enzymes activities were marked by altered in mice treated with DMBA alone. Oral administration of berberine completely prevented the formation of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma as well as restored the status of biochemical parameters in DMBA treated animals. The present study thus demonstrated the chemopreventive potential of berberine in DMBA-induced skin carcinogenesis. Although the exact mechanism of action of chemopreventive potential of berberine is unclear, its anti-lipid peroxidative, antioxidant and modulating effect on detoxification cascade could play a possible role. --- ## Development of Solid lipid nanoparticles as Eschar delivery system for Nitrofurazone Using Taguchi Design Approach **Authors:** Behzad Sharif Makhmal Zadeh, Nastaran Barati, Mohammad Hossin Hassani, Fakher Rahim **Published:** 2010-11-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** SLN, Taguchi design, percutaneous absorption, entrapment efficiency Effective topical antimicrobial agents decrease bacterial colonization and infection. Localization of nitrofurazone into the eschar using vehicle such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) improves antimicrobial efficiency in treatment of the infection in burn patients. This study was undertaken to develop solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) of nitrofura-zone using cold homogenization technique and study the permeability of the drug through rat skin. Results show type and percentage of surfactant, type of lipid and drug/lipid ratio can influence SLN character Drug release from SLN was the rate limiting step for drug permeation across rat skin and so prepared formulations can act as a drug reservoir. --- ## A study of drug-drug interactions in prescriptions received at selected community pharmacies in Tamil Nadu **Authors:** Arul Prakasam K.C., Senthil Kumar N., Ramesh J. **Published:** 2010-11-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drug – drug interactions, Prescriptions, Community Pharmacies, Pharmacists The main objective of the study is to assess the significance and severity of Drug- Drug Interactions (DDI) in prescriptions collected prospectively at selected community pharmacies in Erode and Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu for a period of six months. All prescriptions with two or more drugs were included in the study and reviewed for drug interactions using Drug interactions software. A total of 2466 prescriptions were reviewed and assessed for the DDIs. A total of 1053 DDIs were observed in 696 (28.22%) prescriptions with frequency rate of 42.7%. Gender difference did not shown any significant influence on precipitation of DDIs. Prescriptions with one or more DDIs used a significantly large number of drugs with an average of 5.42 ± 1.26 (ranged from 2-10 drugs). Prescriptions with 7 or more drugs shown maximum incidence rate of DDIs (96%). Among the total number of prescriptions with DDIs, 64% prescriptions contain more than 4 drugs suggesting a direct relationship between the number of drugs prescribed and the incidence of DDIs (r=0.41). About 44.26% of DDIs found were due to pharmacokinetic, unknown. The main drug classes commonly involved in the precipitation of DDIs were Anti-TB (14.6%), analgesics & antipyretics (17.04%), bronchodilators (15.56%), and diuretics (12.46%). Commonly interacting drug classes involved in DDIs were anti-TB (20.92%), antiplatelets (15.63%), H2 blockers and ulcer healing drugs (16.46%), and bronchodilators (14.64%). The results of the present study show a high frequency rate of the DDIs in prescriptions received at community pharmacies. The occurrence rate is directly proportional to more number of drugs in the prescription. --- ## Formulation and Evaluation of Buccal Patches of Terbutaline Sulphate **Authors:** Peeush Singhal, Gajendra Singh Jadoun, Mukesh Sinha, Shubhini A. Saraf **Published:** 2010-11-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Buccal patches, Terbutaline sulphate, Eudragit, Mucoadhesive The purpose of this study was to develop and optimize formulations of mucoadhesive patches of Terbutaline sulphate. The patches were prepared by the solvent casting method using Hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose(HPMC cps50) as basic polymer and Carbopol 934, Eudragit RL 100, and Ethyl cellulose were taken in various ratios and 6 different formulations were made. The patches were found to be smooth in appearance, uniform in thickness, weight uniformity, drug content, swelling behaviour, and surface pH. The BP3 formulation containing Terbutaline sulphate, HPMC: Eudragit RL100 (4:1) Glycerine, Acetone and Tween 80 showed a release of 96.36% after 12 hours in phosphate buffer (pH, 6.8). This formulation was further optimized by varying HPMC cps50 and Eudragit RL100 and other variables and 9 new formulations F1 to F9 were prepared. Among the nine formulation, F6 formulation showed maximum desired properties and release 96.89%. --- ## Simultaneous Estimation of Fluticasone propionate, Azelastine Hydrochloride, Phenylethyl alcohol and Benzalkonium chloride by RP-HPLC Method in Nasal spray preparations **Authors:** Lakshmi Narasimha Rao K., Padmaja Reddy K., Sudheer Babu K., Soloman Raju K., Visweswara Rao K., Jafer Vali Shaik **Published:** 2010-11-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fluticasone propionate, Azelastine Hydrochloride, Phenylethyl alcohol, Benzalkonium chloride, Nasal preparations, RP-HPLC, simultaneous estimation A simple, reproducible and accurate efficient reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for simultaneous estimation of Fluticasone propionate (FLP), Azelastine Hydrochloride (AZH), Phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) and Benzalkonium chloride (BKC) in combined nasal spray preparations. Formulation containing FLP with AZH are used as antihistamine-corticosteroid combination available as a metered spray formulation for nasal or intranasal administration. Chromatography was performed on a 250 mm ✖ 4.6 mm, 5-μm particle size, Waters Spherisorb CN column with a 55:45 (v/v) mixture of buffer and acetonitrile as a mobile phase. The detection of the combined dosage form was carried out at 215 nm and flow rate employed was 1.0 ml/min. The retention times were 3.380, 4.855, 6.647 & 10.175, 12.179 min for Phenylethyl alcohol, Fluticasone propionate, Azelastine Hydrochloride and Benzalkonium chloride (C12, C14), respectively. Linearity was established in the concentration range 70.0 to 120.0 μg/ml for Phenyl ethyl alcohol, 14.0 to 24.0 μg/ml for Fluticasone propionate, 39.2 to 67.2 μg/ml for Azelastine Hydrochloride and in the range 2.8 to 4.8 μg/ml for Benzalkonium chloride, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9961, 0.9992, 0.997 and 0.9997, respectively. The results of the analysis were validated statistically and recovery studies confirmed the accuracy and precision of the proposed method. --- ## Development and validation of stability indicating HPLC method for the estimation of Telmisartan related substances in tablets formulation **Authors:** Phani Kishore Ch., Bhanuprakash Reddy V., Dhanashri M Kale **Published:** 2010-11-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Telmisartan, HPLC method, Validation, Stability indicating, tablets formulation A sensitive HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of Telmisartan related impurities in tablets formulation. The highly polar molecule requires aqueous mobile phase for the elution and separation of Telmisartan and its impurities (Impurity A, B, E and F official in EP). The developed method is found to be specific, reproducible, and stability indicating. The X-Bridge C18 150x4.6mm 3.5μ column was used and mobile phase consisted of 25mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) and 10mM of 1-hexaneusulphonic acid, sodium salt monohydrate buffer to achieve good resolution and retention of the analyte and its impurities. The detector linearity was established from concentrations ranging from 0.08 μg/mL to 500 μg/mL for Telmisartan and from 0.017 to 3.0 μg/mL for related impurities with a correlation co-efficient of 0.997. The relative response factor (RRF) values of impurity A, impurity E, impurity F, impurity B, TEL2, Dimer acid and Chloro analogue determined from linearity plots were 1.27, 0.43, 0.83, 1.02, 0.81, 0.80 and 0.84 respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) found to be in the range of 0.023 μg/mL to 0.190 μg/mL for Telmisartan and impurities respectively. The molecule is forced to all stress conditions such as acid, base, oxidation, heat and photolysis as per the recommendations of ICH guidelines. All degradants are well separated from the main analyte.The method is proved to be robust with respect to change in flow rate, pH, organic phase composition and column temperature. The proposed method is found to be sensitive, precise, rapid, reproducible, and offers good column life. --- ## Nasal drug delivery system - an overview **Authors:** Alagusundaram M., Chengaiah B., Gnanaprakash K., Ramkanth S., Madhusudhana Chetty C., Dhachinamoorthi D. **Published:** 2010-11-29 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Nose, peptides and proteins, vaccines, bioavailability, nasal drug delivery The use of the nasal route for the delivery of challenging drugs such as small polar molecules, vaccines, hormones, peptides and proteins has created much interest in nowadays. Due to the high permeability, high vasculature, low enzymatic environment of nasal cavity and avoidance of hepatic first pass metabolism are well suitable for systemic delivery of drug molecule via nose. Many drug delivery devices for nasal application of liquid, semisolid and solid formulation are investigated to deliver the drugs to the treat most crisis CNS diseases (i.e., Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease) because it requires rapid and/or specific targeting of drugs to the brain. It is well suitable for the delivery of biotechnological products like proteins, peptides, hormones, DNA plasmids for DNA vaccines to give enhanced bioavailability. This review sets out to discuss some factors affecting nasal absorption, bio-availability barriers, strategies to improve nasal absorption, new developments in nasal dosage form design and applications of nasal drug delivery system. --- ## Improvement of physicochemical characteristics and dissolution profile of poorly water soluble drug: ketoprofen by solid dispersion technique **Authors:** Shitalkumar Patil, Amol Sherikar, Sujit Patil, Ashwini Patil **Published:** 2010-11-29 **Type:** short communication **Keywords:** solid dispersion, PVP, UV spectroscopy, phosphate buffer, ketoprofen Ketoprofen solid dispersion was prepared by the solvent fusion method using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as carrier to improve physicochemical characteristics and dissolution profile of ketoprofen. The prepared solid dispersions were evaluated for the flowability, solubility and dissolution behaviour. Flowability studies of powders showed that solid dispersion technique improve flow properties compared with the physical mixtures. Solid dispersion technique found to be effective in increasing the aqueous solubility of ketoprofen. The dissolution of ketoprofen and polymers (PVP) were investigated by UV spectroscopy in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) using a standard USP II dissolution apparatus. In vitro dissolution studies showed that in the dispersion system containing ketoprofen:PVP in the ratio of 1:1.5 gives faster dissolution rate of ketoprofen than the physical mixtures. Finally, solid dispersion of ketoprofen:PVP prepared in 1:1.5 ratio showed excellent physicochemical characteristics and was optimised. --- ## Phytochemical Investigation of Water Soluble Phytoconstituents of Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn **Authors:** Mammen D, Daniel M, Sane RT **Published:** 2010-11-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Leptadenia reticulata, flavonoids, phenolic acids, amino acids Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn, referred to as ‘Jivanti’ in ayurvedic texts, is held in high esteem in terms of its medicinal value. Apart from terpenoids and sterols, very few of the phytochemicals are reported in literature, especially water soluble constituents. In the present work, three flavonoids apart from those previously reported, have been identified occurring as O-glycosides. A flavone occurring as C-glycoside has also been identified in the plant. The analysis for flavonoids was done for leaf, young stem, mature stem and root individually using separation by paper chromatography and identification of the separated components using UV spectroscopy. Phenolic acid analysis involved a 2-D separation technique on paper, followed by derivatization using diazotizing reagents. Ferulic acid was the only phenolic acid reported earlier for this plant. The present study has unearthed six more phenolic acids. The amino acid content for the leaf, young stem, mature stem and root have been analyzed using co-chromatography of plant extracts, with 21 authentic amino acid standards, using paper chromatography. --- ## Comparative bioavailability study with two amiodarone tablet formulations in healthy subjects **Authors:** Dhaneshwar Shep, Ankit Shah, Asmita Nimkar, Rajen Shah, Vijaya Jaiswal **Published:** 2010-11-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amiodarone, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics The aim was to assess the comparative bioavailability of two formulations (200 mg tablet) of amiodarone in healthy volunteers. METHODS: This Open label, Randomized, One period, Two Treatment, One Sequence, Parallel Design study was conducted in 36 healthy Indian adult volunteers. Subjects received amiodarone 2 x 200 mg of either test or reference formulation. After study drug administration, serial blood samples were collected over a period of 96 hours. The samples were analyzed for amiodarone by a pre-validated HPLC method. Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters Cmax, Tmax, t1/2, AUC0-t, AUC 0-∞, and kel, were determined for the 2 amiodarone formulations. Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were used to test for bioequivalence after log-transformation of plasma data. The formulations were to be considered bioequivalent if the log-transformed ratios of Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were within the predetermined bioequivalence range of 80% to 125%. A total of 36 healthy subjects were enrolled. No significant differences were found based on analysis of variance, with mean values and 90% confidence intervals of test/reference ratios for these parameters as follows: Cmax, 303.68 versus 289.43 ng/mL (87.46 - 122.18); AUC0-t, 3811.26 versus 3806.08 ng.hr/mL (82.87 - 118.79); and AUC0-∞, 4787.95 versus 4800.96 ng.hr/mL (82.79 - 117.82). In these healthy Indian volunteers, results from the PK analysis suggested that the test and reference formulations of amiodarone 200 mg tablets were bioequivalent. Both the formulations were well tolerated. --- ## Antioxidant and wound healing studies on different extracts of Stereospermum colais leaf **Authors:** Vijaya Bharathi R., Kumudha Veni B., Jaya shree, Suseela L., Thirumal M. **Published:** 2010-11-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Stereospermum colais, anti oxidant, wound healing activity Stereospermum colais (Bignoniaceae) leaves were extracted successively with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol by continuous hot percolation process and aqueous extract by cold maceration process. All the extracts were subjected to anti oxidant activity. Chloroform extract showed maximum antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 36μg/ml. Chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts were taken for the screening of wound healing activity by excision model. Chloroform and ethanol extract showed significant activity when compared with control and standard. Percentage of wound contraction on 15th day was found to be 96.34 ± 1.64, 95.15 ± 1.54 and 16.6 ± 0.33, 17 ± 0.25. The observations confirmed that chloroform and ethanol extracts showed significant wound healing activity. --- ## Biosynthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticle using antiparkinsonian drug Mucuna pruriens plant extract **Authors:** Subramanian Arulkumar, Muthukumaran Sabesan **Published:** 2010-11-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nanoparticle, Parkinson disease, Mucuna pruriens, biosynthesis, Transmission Electron microscopy The process of development of reliable and eco-friendly metallic nanoparticles is an important step in the field of nanotechnology. To achieve this use of natural sources like biological systems becomes essential. Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative neurological disorder that is prevalent throughout the world. The plant Mucuna pruriens has been used as a nerve tonic for nervous system disorders including Parkinsonism. It contains high concentration of L-dopa in the seeds, so that it has been studied for its possible use in Parkinson’s disease. In the present, work we have synthesized the gold nanoparticles using the plant extract Mucuna pruriens and have achieved rapid formation of gold nanoparticles in a short duration. The nanoparticles were examined using UV-Visible Spectroscopy, FT – IR, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum of the gold nanoparticles analyses. No toxic chemicals are needed for this preparation and also it is stable for several months. This is a good alternate for other methods. --- ## Effects of genistein and daidzein, in combination, on immunoexpression pattern of ER, PR and HER-2/neu during 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats **Authors:** Pachaiappan Pugalendhi, Shanmugam Manoharan, Nagarethinam Baskaran **Published:** 2010-11-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Genistein, Daidzein, Estrogen receptor, Progesterone receptor, HER2/neu The status of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2/neu) has been used as routine markers for diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment of breast cancer. Aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of genistein and daidzein, in combination, on immunoexpression pattern of ER, PR and HER2/neu receptors during 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced mammary carcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley rats. A single subcutaneous injection of DMBA (25 mg/rat) in the mammary gland developed mammary carcinoma in rats. Mammary tissues of control and experimental rats were routinely processed and paraffin embedded, 2-3μm sections were cut in a rotary microtome and mounted on clean glass slides. Immunohistochemical staining of mammary tissue was performed and each slide was microscopically analyzed and enumerated for the percentage of the positively stained cells semi-quantitatively and grading was then made. Immunohistochemical analysis showed over expression of ER, PR and HER2/neu in the mammary tissues of DMBA treated rats. Oral administration of genistein+daidzein (20mg+20mg/kg body weight) in combination, to DMBA treated rats significantly prevented the over expression of ER, PR and HER2/neu in the mammary tissues. Genistein and daidzein inhibited mammary epithelial cell proliferation probably by preventing the over expression of ER, PR and HER2/neu in the mammary tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats, during DMBA induced mammary carcinogenesis. --- ## Antibacterial activity and Preliminary phytochemical analysis of leaf extract of Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. (Beach Bean) **Authors:** Prabhu S., Joelri Michael Raj L., John Britto S., Senthilkumar S. R. **Published:** 2010-11-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Canavalia rosea, phytochemical, methanolic extract, ethanolic extract, antibacterial activity, MIC, MBC Leaves of Canavalia rosea were shade dried, powdered and was extracted using nine solvents Ethanol, Methanol, Chloroform, Acetone, Benzene, Dichloromethane, Petroleum ether, Hexane and Aqueous. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the crude extracts revealed the presence of tannins, phlobatannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides and phenolics. The presence of these bioactive constituents is associated with the antimicrobial activity of the plant. Agar well diffusion method revealed high activity against microorganisms, Bacillus cereus; Bacillus megaterium; Bacillus stearothemophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis a group of gram- positive bacteria that frequently cause enteric infections in humans. Gram negative bacteria were not as susceptible as gram- positive bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranged from 0.03mg/ml to 2 mg/ml and 0.12 to 4 mg/ml respectively. The results confirm that C. rosea can be used as source of drugs to fight infections caused by susceptible bacteria. --- ## Synthesis of combretastatin analogues with their potent anticancer activity **Authors:** Sakshi Bhardwaj, Sarabjeet Bakshi, Bhawna Chopra, Ashwani Dhingra, Dhar K. L. **Published:** 2010-11-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Combretastatin, Antimitotic, Potent activity, Cell lines, in-vitro There is a growing interest in the development of newer and effective antimitotic agents because cancer is a major public health burden in both developed and developing countries. Combretastatin, the most powerful antimitotic agent, is isolated from the bark of the South African Willow tree Combretum caffrum. Combretastatin and its analogues are very powerful antimitotic agents which show their potential biological activities. A series of combretastatin analogues were synthesized and further evaluated for in-vitro cytotoxic activity against a panel of human cancer cell lines. Structures of newly synthesized compounds have been confirmed by using different spectral techniques. All compounds were screened, which showed significant activity against particular cell lines. Biological evaluation of the compounds reflects that all the synthesized compounds show appreciable activity. --- ## Antibacterial and antifungal screening on various leaf extracts of Barringtonia acutangula **Authors:** Vijaya Bharathi R., Jerad Suresh A., Thirumal M., Latha Sriram, Geetha Lakshmi S., Kumudhaveni B. **Published:** 2010-11-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Barringtonia acutangula, antibacterial, antifungal, preliminary phytochemical studies The various extracts of leaves of Barringtonia acutangula (Lecythidaceae) viz., n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening and screened for their antibacterial activity against gram-positive (Staphyloccocus aureus, Entero cocci, Coagulase staphylococci) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Aceneto bacter, Pseudomonas, Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi) using Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and zone of inhibition by Agar Disc Diffusion method. The results of the preliminary investigation revealed the presence of terpenoids, steroids, tannins, saponins, flavanoids and glycosides. Among the crude extracts, n-Hexane extract showed good antibacterial activity against all tested organisms followed by chloroform (MIC = 100 μg/ml), Ethyl acetate (MIC = 100 μg/ml), ethanol and aqueous extracts (MIC = 166.67 μg/ml). Results on the zone of inhibition (mm) revealed n-Hexane extract showed the maximum antibacterial potential followed by ethyl acetate, ethanol, aqueous and chloroform. The extracts were subjected to antifungal activity using MIC method against Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger. The n-Hexane extract inhibited growth of pathogenic fungi at a lesser concentration followed by aqueous, ethanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The results reveal that the Barringtonia acutangula leaves possess potential antibacterial and antifungal activity. Further study can be extrapolated towards the isolation of the active constituents. --- ## Formulation and characterization of carvedilol buccal mucoadhesive patches **Authors:** Arpita Choudhary, Gulab Tiwari, Manisha Pandey, Koshy M. Kymonil, Shubhini A. Saraf **Published:** 2010-11-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Carvedilol, buccal patches, in vitro release, evaluation Bioadhesive formulations have a wide scope of application for both systemic and local effects of the drug. The oral transmucosal drug delivery bypasses liver and avoids pre-systemic elimination. Carvedilol (Dose-3.125-25 mg) is β-adrenergic antagonist. Its oral bioavailability is 25-35% because of first pass metabolism. FTIR method revealed no interaction between carvedilol and polymers. Carvedilol patches were prepared using HPMC K15 and Carbopol 940.The patches were evaluated for their thickness, folding endurance, weight and content uniformity, swelling behaviour, mucoadhesive strength and surface pH. In vitro release studies were conducted for carvedilol-loaded patches in phosphate buffer (pH, 6.8) solution. The patches exhibited drug release in the range of 77.05 to 97.20% in 8 hours. Data of in vitro release from patches were fitted into kinetic models (Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models) to explain release profiles. The optimized formulation (patch V) showed first order release followed by zero order. --- ## Spectrophotometric Estimation of Efavirenz in Formulation and Biological Fluid **Authors:** Deshpande Anant N, Dhawale Shashikant C, Gurav Suhas B, Walsangikar Sandeep D, Gadgul Ajay B, Niranjane Kamlesh D **Published:** 2010-11-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Efavirenz, Spectrophotometry, Validation, Pharmaceutical formulations, Biological fluid A simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric method was developed in ultraviolet region for the estimation of efavirenz (EFA) in pure drug, pharmaceutical formulation. Linear response obtained was in the concentration range of 5-40 μg/ml with correlation coefficient of 0.9993, 0.9989 in solvent and plasma respectively. Excellent recovery proved that the method was sufficiently accurate. There is no interference from any common pharmaceutical additives and diluents. Results of the analysis were validated by recovery studies according to ICH Q2B guidelines and the same method is applied for estimation of efavirenz from plasma and these results were validated according to USFDA guidelines for bioanalytical method. --- ## Antimicrobial activity of extractives of Solidago canadensis L. **Authors:** Deepa N., Ravichandiran V. **Published:** 2010-11-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-bacterial activity, Disc diffusion method The anti - bacterial activity of various extracts viz., Hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and 50% Aqueous – ethanol of the whole plant of Solidogo candensis L was studied by disc diffusion method using Muller Hinton Agar media and the zone of inhibition for various extracts was compared with that of standard Ciprofloxacin (5 micrograms / disc). All extract showed potential anti – bacterial activity comparable to that of the standard drug against the tested organisms. The MIC for various extracts was 300 micrograms / ml for Hexane and Chloroform extract and 200 micrograms / ml for ethyl acetate and 50% aqueous – ethanol extract. Where, hexane showed MIC of 200 micrograms / ml except for Salmonella typhi which was as comparable with that of the standard Ciprofloxacin (5 micrograms / disc). Hence the present study brought to light the scientific data documentation with respect to the anti – infective property of the plant Solidogo candensis L. --- ## Novel analytical approach for reducing the consumption of organic solvents in the charge transfer-based spectrophotometric analysis of losartan potassium **Authors:** Ibrahim A. Darwish, Ashraf M. Mahmoud, Abdul-Rahman A. Al-Majed **Published:** 2010-10-13 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Charge-transfer reaction, Organic solvents, Spectrophotometry, High throughput analysis, Losartan potassium The present study describes the development of a novel analytical approach that can reduce the consumption of organic solvents in the charge transfer (CT)-based spectrophotometric analysis of losartan potassium (LOS) by 50-fold. The proposed approach employed 96-microwell assay plates for carrying out the reaction. In this approach, the CT reaction between LOS and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4- benzoquinone (DDQ) as a π-electron acceptor was performed in the microwells (200-μl of organic solvent). The color signals of the CT complex were measured at 460 nm by microwell-plate reader. The optimum conditions for the proposed approach were established and the analytical procedures were recommended. The proposed approach offered high sensitivity and precision; the limits of detection and quantitation were 2.47 and 7.49 μg ml-1, respectively. The proposed approach was successfully applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms that contain LOS with good accuracy and precision, and the results were compared favorably with a reference method. The approach described herein has great practical value in the routine analysis of LOS in quality control laboratories, as it offers the reduction in the exposures of the analysts to the toxic effects of organic solvents, reduction in the analysis cost by 50-fold, and it has a high throughput property. Although the approach was validated for LOS, however, the same methodology could be used for any electron-donating analyte for which a CT reaction can be performed. --- ## Preparation and characterization of Cefadroxil loaded alginate microbeads **Authors:** Sowjanya Battu, Indira Prasanna R., Jyothshna Devi K., Narayana Swamy, Madhusudhana Chetty C., Purushothaman M., Gnanaprakash K. **Published:** 2010-10-13 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Cefadroxil, Ionotropic gelation technique, Carbopol 934, Sodium alginate, Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose Cefadroxil is a broad spectrum antibiotic that acts against an extensive variety of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The major drawback of orally administered drug like cefadroxil is its shorter half life of 1.2 hrs. The goal of the study is to prolong the drug release, producing a desired blood serum level, reduction in drug toxicity and improving the patient compliance by prolonging the dosing intervals. The present research highlights the formulation and evaluation of cefadroxil loaded microbeads using polymers such as carbopol and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose while sodium alginate being the common polymer with a cross linking agent being calcium chloride. The beads were prepared by “Ionotropic gelation technique” and characterized for its particle size shape, micromeritic properties, percentage drug loading, percentage drug entrapment efficiency, swelling ratio and In vitro drug release studies. The release studies were obtained up to 12 hrs from 3 batches. The in vitro release data were fit to different equations and kinetic models to explain release profiles. The kinetic models used were zero order, Higuchi’s and Peppa’s. The correlation coefficient value (r) indicates the kinetic of drug release was zero order and the mechanism of drug release was found to be super case II transport. --- ## Screening and standardization of Adhatoda vasica used as medicine in homoeopathy using HPTLC method **Authors:** Shanbhag D. A., Amit N. Khandagale **Published:** 2010-09-24 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** HPTLC, Mother Tincture, Adhatoda vasica, Fingerprint A simple and accurate HPTLC method has been developed for quantification of Adhatoda vasica and finger printing of the in-housed mother tincture considered here to be a standard with that of different marketed samples available from manufacturers of homoeopathic medicines in India. This HPTLC method was quantitatively evaluated in terms of stability, repeatability, accuracy and calibration providing the utility in the analysis of the mother tincture. --- ## Method development and validation of hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage form by UV spectroscopy **Authors:** Alagar Raja M, Selvakumar D **Published:** 2010-09-24 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Hydrochlorothiazide, Methanol, UV spectrophotometer A simple, reproducible and efficient spectroscopic method development and validation of hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage form. The drug was ermined by using methanol as a solvent for this study, which is determined by spectrophotometrically at 224-nm.the percentage recovery study of the drug for the proposed method range from 99-100%w/v indicating no interferences of the tablet excipients, by using methanol as a solvent. Linearity was obtained in the concentration range 10-50 μg/ml for the hydrochlorothiazide with correlation coefficient of 0.9916. The result analysis was validated statistically and recovery studies confirmed the accuracy and precision of the proposed method. --- ## Investigation of effect of drug solubility on colon specificity of polysaccharide polymers khaya gum and guar gum **Authors:** Prabhakara Prabhu, Satyanarayana D, Marina Koland, Harish Nairy M, Nissara Ahmed, Narayana Charyulu R. **Published:** 2010-09-24 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Khaya gum, guar gum, colon specificity, solubility, domperidone, budesonide The fast disintegrating core tablets of budesonide and domperidone, were prepared separately by direct compression technique. Later, these tablets were compression coated with khaya gum/guar gum, polysaccharide polymers. These tablets were further coated using eudragit S-100 by dip coating technique. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation, swelling index, drug content, in vitro release studies. In vitro drug release studies were carried out in presence and absence of rat cecal contents and revealed that khaya gum/guar gum, when used as compression coating, though protected the poorly soluble drug budesonide from being released in the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract to some extent, but could not prevent the release of a weakly basic drug domperidone significantly. Further, the enteric coated formulations completely protected the drugs irrespective their solubility from being released in the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract, and released the drug in the colon by bacterial degradation of gums. Though, the cumulative amount of drug release from the formulations of two different drugs remained same, the release difference in the different parts of gastrointestinal tract was observed from compression coated formulations due to their difference in solubility in the upper parts of gastrointestinal tract. It was also found that different release profiles in presence and absence of rat cecal contents. Different solubility nature of the drugs did produce significant effect on the MDT values of compression coated tablets and enteric coated tablets. Further, effect of dissolution environment on MDT values was observed only with formulations containing budesonide as drug but not with domperidone, indicated that the effect of solubility of drugs plays a significant role in determining the efficiency of colon specificity of polysaccharide polymers in targeting the drugs to colon. --- ## Emerging trends in medicine procurement in government sector in India - A critical study **Authors:** Veena R, Revikumar KG, Manna PK, Mohanta GP **Published:** 2010-09-24 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drug procurement, pooled medicine procurement In 1994 a couple of Indian states ventured to introduce innovative methods in medicine procurement with the primary objective of making uninterrupted availability of essential medicines in their government hospitals. It was Delhi, the national capital territory (NCT) of India which took the lead in developing a comprehensive drug policy. Delhi entrusted the responsibility to a non-governmental agency- the Delhi Society for the Promotion of Rational Use of Drugs (DSPRUD) and managed to get considerable financial support from WHO. Tamil Nadu, a major state in India started a corporation styled as Tamil Nadu Medical Service Corporation (TNMSC) registered under the Companies Act 1956 in July 1994. With the help of a well designed and scientifically planned scheme TNMSC could introduce many innovations and thereby revolutionize the public drug procurement system in the country. A team of committed and dedicated bureaucrats and technocrats made TNMSC not only a great success but a model worth emulating for the entire nation and perhaps for the world. Currently the Indian states are competing among themselves in adopting the TNMSC model. --- ## Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some 2-[(2- substituted-phenyl-5-methyl-1, 3-thiazolidin-4-one)-5-(2'-methylamino-4-phenyl-1', 3'- thiazolyl]-1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles **Authors:** Rajiv Dua, Sonwane S.K., Srivastava S.D., Srivastava S.K. **Published:** 2010-09-24 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 2-Amino-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole, Thiadiazole, Arylidene, 4-Thiazolidinone, Antimicrobial activity A new 2-[(2-substituted phenyl-5-methyl-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one)-5-(2'-methylamino-4-phenyl-1',3'-thiazolyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, 5(a-n) were synthesized from 2-substituted-benzylideneamino-5-[2'-methyl-amino 4'-phenyl-1',3'-thiazolyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 4(a-n) using 2-amino-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole as a starting material. The synthesised compounds have been screened in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus aureus bacteria and Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxisporium and Trichoderma viride fungi respectively. Some of the compounds displayed pronounced biological activity. --- ## Impact of formulation and process variable on the preparation of acyclovir microspheres by spray drying using factorial design **Authors:** Madhuri L. Shinde, Virag A. Shah, Dhananjay S. Ghodke, Rohit R. Shah **Published:** 2010-09-24 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Acyclovir, carbopol, spray dryer, polymer ratio, feed flow rate The aim of this work is to study the impact of polymer ratio and feed flow rate (ml/min) in the preparation of acyclovir microspheres by using spray drying technique. A 32 full factorial experiment was designed to study the effects of the polymer ratio and feed flow rate (ml/min) of spray dryer on the percent yield and encapsulation efficiency of microspheres. The result of analysis of variance test for both effects indicated that the test is significant. The effect of factor X1 (polymer ratio) (SSY1=120.96; SSY2=357.38) is higher than factor X2 (feed flow rate) (SSY1=79.06; SSY2=88.94) for optimizing the percent yield and encapsulation efficiency. The optimum polymer ratio (X1) and feed flow rate (X2) was found to be 3.68 and 10.00 ml/min respectively for obtaining higher percent yield and maximum encapsulation efficiency of microspheres which was found to be 33.26% and 91.23% respectively. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of taste masked orally disintegrating ondansetron hydrochloride tablet **Authors:** Magesh Kumar K., Antaryami Jena, Ruckmani K., Rajendran P. **Published:** 2010-09-07 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Orally disintegrating tablet, Ondansetron hydrochloride, ion-exchange resin, super disintegrant The present study concerns to mask the bitter taste of ondansetron hydrochloride as an orally disintegrating tablet using Indion 294 (ion exchange resin) as a taste masking agent. FT-IR spectrometries were used to investigate the compatibility of drug: resin complex. Six batches (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, and F6) of orally disintegrating tablets were prepared by wet granulation method with super disintegrant like Crosscarmellose sodium, Crospovidone, Indion 234. The granules were evaluated for pre-compression parameters like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index and Hausner’s ratio. And post-compression parameters like weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, and in-vitro disintegration and in-vitro dissolution tests. The results indicate that orally disintegrating tablets of ondansetron hydrochloride containing Indion 294 and Indion 234 provides good taste and better option for quick disintegration and fast release and improved bioavailability. The drug release rate was enhanced for formulation F6. --- ## Simultaneous determination of gatifloxacin and ambroxol hydrochloride from tablet dosage form using RP-HPLC **Authors:** Prathap B, Rajendran S.S., Dinakar A., Srinivasa Rao G., Ashok Kumar J., Roosewelt C. **Published:** 2010-09-07 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), gatifloxacin (GA), ambroxol hydrochloride (AM), pharmaceutical tablet dosage form A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed, validated, and used for the quantitative determination of gatifloxacin (GA) and ambroxol hydrochloride (AM), from its tablet dosage form. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Thermo Hypersil Keystone ODS C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), with a mobile phase comprising of a mixture of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (60:40, v/v), and pH adjusted to 3 with ortho phosphoric acid, at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, with detection at 250 nm. Separation was completed in less than 10 min. As per International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines the method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of quantitation,limit of detection, and robustness. Linearity of GA was found to be in the range of 20–100 μg/mL and that for AM was found to be 5–15 μg/mL. The correlation coefficients were 0.9989 and 0.9966 for GA and AM respectively. The results of the tablet analysis (n= 5) were found to be 99.86% and 100.09% for GA and AM respectively. Percent recovery of GA was found to be 98.2%–101.02% and that of AM was 98.86%–102.05%. The assay experiment shows that the method is free from interference of excipients. This demonstrates that the developed HPLC method is simple, linear, precise, and accurate, and can be conveniently adopted for the routine quality control analysis of the tablet. --- ## Development of Analytical Method for Lumefantrine by UV Spectrophotometry **Authors:** Arun R., Anton Smith A. **Published:** 2010-09-07 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Spectrophotometry, Lumefantrine, Determination A Simple, sensitive, specific, spectrophotometric method has been developed for the detection of Lumefantrine in pure form and Pharmaceutical formulations. The optimum condition for the analysis of the drug was established. Lumefantrine exhibiting absorption at 234nm and obeyed beers law in the concentration range 8 to 16μg/ml. The lower limit of detection was found to be 4.3×10-2 and the limit of quantification to be 13.2 ×10-2. The regression equation was y = 0.065x + 0.02. The precision of the method was found to be 480.96mg at 234nm against the label claim of 480mg. The sample solution was stable up to 24 hours. The assay results were found to be in good agreement with label claim. The proposed method was simple sensitive, precise, quick and useful for routine quality control. --- ## Formulation and Evaluation of Iontophoretic Transdermal Delivery of Diltiazem Hydrochloride **Authors:** Patel N. B., Sonpal R N, Mohan S, Selvaraj S **Published:** 2010-09-07 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Diltiazem hydrochloride, Polymers, Transdermal patches, Iontophoresis, ex vivo skin permeation The purpose of this research work was to develop and evaluate Iontophoretic Transdermal Delivery of Diltiazem Hydrochloride with various hydrophilic polymers HPMC, SCMC and PVA with propylene glycol as plasticizer by solvent casting method. The physicochemical compatibility of the drug and the polymers was studied by infrared spectroscopy. Diltiazem hydrochloride patch were characterized by physicochemical characteristics like thickness, weight variation, drug content, folding endurance, percentage moisture loss, percentage moisture absorption, water vapour transmission rate, tensile strength and ex vivo skin permeation studies were performed using Franz’s diffusion cell and in vitro permeation by using iontophoresis. The formulations exhibited uniform thickess, folding endurance, weight and good uniformity in drug content. The prepared transdermal patches were subjected to in vitro drug permeation studies by using rat skin in Phosphate Buffer pH 7.2 for 24 hrs (passive and iontophoresis). On the basis of invitro drug release and ex vivo skin permeation performance, formulation F3 was found to be better than the other formulations. Electrodes for iontophoresis were made up of platinum wire and current density 0.5 mA/cm2 has been used for permeation enhancement. The formulation F3 was subjected to different current density from 0.4 mA/cm2 to 0.6mA/cm2 and it was found that permeability gradually increases with the increase in the current density. Kinetic data revealed that the drug release followed zero order nonfickian diffusion mechanism. The results of the study show that Diltiazem HCl could be administered transdermally by using iontophoresis through the matrix type TDDS for effective control of angina pectoris and hypertension. --- ## Evaluation of crude saponins extract from leaves of Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. for topical anti-inflammatory activity **Authors:** Payal R. Dande, Vikram S. Talekar, Chakraborthy G.S. **Published:** 2010-08-26 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sesbania sesban, topical anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan induced paw edema Sesbania sesban is a short-lived shrub up to 8 m tall, which belongs to the family Leguminosae. Leaves are found to be rich in saponin content. The leaves of Sesbania sesban has traditionally been used as purgative, demulcent, maturant, anthelmintic and for all pains and inflammation. This study was intended to evaluate the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the crude saponins extract by carrageenan induced rat paw edema method by preparing the gel formulation. The activity was carried on Wistar albino rats, receiving two strengths of crude saponin gel at a concentration of 1% w/w and 2%w/w respectively and Diclofenac sodium gel (1%w/w) was used as reference drug. The crude saponins extract in 2% w/w gel formulation showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in com-parison to control group and the results were comparable to the activity shown by reference drug. --- ## Chromatographic finger print analysis of budmunchiamines in Albizia amara by HPTLC technique **Authors:** Rajkumar T., Sinha B. N. **Published:** 2010-08-26 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Budmunchiamines, HPTLC, Fingerprint, Albizia amara Recently, there has been an increase in the use of herbal drugs for healthcare. Herbal Medicine is a time-tested and valuable resource for healing. In India, the herbal drug market is about $ one billion and the export of plant based crude drugs is around $ 80 million. So it is absolutely essential to provide scientifically proven and evidence based herbal formulations for global acceptance. Chromatographic fingerprint symbolize the active chemical constituents of herbal medicines for desired therapeutic action. This study presents a simple, rapid and selective HPTLC method for separation and determination of Albizia amara. Albizia amara (Fabaceae) is the medicinal plant which has been used to treat piles, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, leprosy, and leucoderma. The macro cyclic alkaloid Budmunchiamines is the main constituent which has been separated and identified by camag HPTLC. The coarsely dried powdered leaves were extracted with Petroleum Ether (60-80)0C by cold maceration, and hot percolation with 90% methanol for 72 h. TLC profile and HPTLC fingerprints were recorded by using silica gel GF254 as stationary phase. Separation was performed on pre-coated 10x10cm HPTLC Aluminium sheets. Sample volumes of (5μl) were applied to the 6 tracks contain bandwidth of 5mm and 10 secs/μl using a TLC applicator. The plates were developed using a mobile phase of Chloroform: diethylamine (86:22 v/v). The peak 2, 6 reveals that the presence of macro cyclic alkaloids Budmunchiamines L4, L5 were characterised and confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR, MASS and CHN analysis. The results were compared with earlier reports. The developed HPTLC fingerprints will help the manufacturer for quality control and standardization of herbal formulations. --- ## Spectrophotometric determination of Tolperisone using 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent **Authors:** Sai Praveen P., Anupama B., Jagathi V., Devala Rao G. **Published:** 2010-08-26 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Tolperisone, 2, 4 Dinitrophenylhydrazine, Spectrophotometry A simple, novel, sensitive, and specific spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of Tolperisone in bulk and its dosage forms. The proposed method was based on the interaction of the drug with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in the presence of an acid catalyst, followed by treatment with a methanolic solution of potassium hydroxide; an intensely colored chromogen was formed that was measured in dimethyl formamide as the diluting solvent at 520 nm. All variables affecting the development of the measured chromogen were studied and optimized. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration ranges of 2.5-15 μg/ml with good correlation coefficient of 0.9995. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of Quantification (LOQ) for this method are 0.344 and 1.043 μg/ml respectively, and the relative standard deviation of intra-day precision was 1.10% and inter-day precision was 1.42%. The proposed method was applied successfully for the determination of Tolperisone in pure bulk form and in tablets without interference from commonly encountered additives. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of once daily mucoahdesive vaginal tablet of metronidazole **Authors:** Kailasam P, Jamunadhevi V, Gurpreet Kaur **Published:** 2010-08-26 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Metronidazole, Bioadhesion, Controlled Release, Vaginal Tablet, HPMC K4M, Carbopol 934P The antitrichomonal imidazole derivative metronidazole is employed locally for the treatment of genitourinary tract bacterial infections and is formulated as creams, foams, tablets, or irrigations. In this study, a new dosage form was developed by using carbopol 934P (CP 934P) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC K4M) as bioadhesive polymers in different ratios. The mucoadhesive strength was evaluated by detachment force measurement from porcine vaginal mucosal membrane. The strong interaction between the polymer and the mucus lining of the tissue helps increase the contact time and permits the localization. CP 934P showed maximum bioadhesion and was directly proportional to its total content. The formulations were tested for their swelling behavior using agar gel plate. The swelling index increased with an increase in the content of HPMC. In vitro and in situ release studies were also carried out using porcine vaginal mucus membrane. The biopharmaceutical studies showed that the dosage form was able to release drug for 24 h. The similarity factor f2 showed no significant difference between fresh and aged sample. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of mouth dissolving tablets of losartan potassium by direct compression techniques **Authors:** Suhas M. Kakade, Vinodh S. Mannur, Ketan B. Ramani, Ayaz A. Dhada, Chirag V. Naval, Avinash Bhagwat **Published:** 2010-08-26 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Losartan potassium, Mouth dissolving tablet, superdisintegrants, Dissolution rate In the present work, mouth dissolving tablets of losartan potassium were design with a view to enhance the patient compliance and provide a quick onset of action. Losartan potassium is an angiotensin receptor antagonist, used in the management of hypertension. It has low bioavailability due to its first pass metabolism. Hence the main objective of the study was to formulate mouth dissolving tablets of losartan potassium to achieve a better dissolution rate and further improving the bioavailability of the drug. Mouth dissolving tablets prepared by direct compression and using super disintegrants like Polyplasdone XL 10, Croscarmellose sodium and Explotab in different concentration and evaluated for the pre-compression parameters such as bulk density, compressibility, angle of repose etc. The prepared batches of tablets were evaluated for hardness, weight variation, friability, drug content, disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution profile and found satisfactory. Among all, the formulation F3 containing 5%w/w superdisintegrant Polyplasdone XL 10 was considered to be best formulation, which release up to 99.26% in 12 min. --- ## Synthesis and anti-convulsant screening of novel Schiff bases of 3-amino-2-methyl quinazolin-4-(3H)-one **Authors:** Govindaraj Saravanan, Perumal Pannerselvam, Chinnasamy Rajaram prakash **Published:** 2010-08-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 3-Amino-2-methyl quinazolin-4-(3H)-one, Schiff base, anti-convulsant In the present study, a novel schiff bases were synthesized by condensation of 3-amino-2-methyl quinazolin-4-(3H)-ones with different aromatic aldehyde. The 3-amino-2-methyl quinazolin-4-(3H)-one was synthesized from anthranilic acid via 2-methyl benzoxazin-4-one. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by means of IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, mass spectral and elemental analysis. These compounds were screened for anti-convulsant activity by MES method in mice. All the compounds exhibited significant anti-convulsant activity. Entire title compounds exhibit more effect on extensor phase than flexion phase. 3-(4-methyl benzylideneami-no)-2-methyl quinazolin-4(3H)-one (4f) exhibited highest activity among the series. Compound 4d and 4e exhibited moderate activity. --- ## Evaluation of Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective effects of 70 % ethanolic bark extract of Albizzia lebbeck in rats **Authors:** Tushar Patel, Devendra Shirode, Samaresh Pal Roy, Sunil Kumar, Ramachandra Setty S **Published:** 2010-08-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Albizzia lebbeck, Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant, CCl4 The Plant Albizzia lebbeck is reported to contain polyphenolic compounds. However, there are no reports on the antioxidant and organ protective properties of this plant. Hence, the present study was planned with an objective to evaluate the plant for its antioxidant (both in vitro and in vivo) and hepatoprotective properties against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by using various in-vitro models like reducing power, superoxide anion scavenging and hydroxyl ion scavenging activity. The hepatoprotective activity was assessed by using CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Concentrations of various biochemical markers like SGPT, SGOT, Total and Direct Bilirubin, ALP, tissue GSH, lipid peroxidation and various physical parameters were estimated to determine the extent of hepatic damage. In addition histopathological observation was also made so as to assess the organ protective potential of the test extract. The test plant has shown dose dependant antioxidant activity in all the models of the study. Pretreatment with test extract (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg) prevented the depletion of tissue GSH, lipid peroxidation and reduced the elevated levels of all the biochemical markers of hepatotoxicity, indicating that the test extract possess hepatoprotective property. The histopathological study exhibited near to normal liver architecture as compared to control. The result of present study suggests that 70% ethanolic extract of bark of Albizzia lebbeck possesses Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective effects in rats. --- ## In vitro anthelmintic activity of Fenugreek seeds extract against Pheritima posthuma **Authors:** Chandrashekhar D. Khadse, Rajendra B. Kakde **Published:** 2010-08-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anthelmintic activity, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Pheritima posthuma, Fenugreek Crude extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum (Leguminoceae) were evaluated for in-vitro anthelmintic activity on the Indian adult earthworms Pheritima posthuma. The seed extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum had shown a dose dependant inhibition of spontaneous motility (Paralysis) of earthworms. It has been observed that alcoholic extract (60mg/ml) has shown anthelmintic activity, which was compared with albendazole as reference drug. Therefore the seeds could be categorized under anthelmintic herbal drugs and could become a potent key ingredient of such herbal formulation. --- ## Formulation and evaluation of chewable tablet of levamisole **Authors:** Swati Jagdale, Mahesh Gattani, Dhaval Bhavsar, Bhanudas Kuchekar, Aniruddha Chabukswar **Published:** 2010-08-10 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Levamisole, Chewable tablet, paediatric use, sodium starch glycolate, lactose, mannitol, disintegration time Levamisole is a synthetic imidazothiazole derivative that has been widely used in treatment of worm infestations in both humans and animals. As an anthelmintic, it probably works by targeting the nematode nicotinergic acetylcholine receptor. In the market, levamisole tablets are available in the form of tablets. Geriatric and paediatric patients find it difficult to swallow these tablets. So in order to avoid this problem, chewable tablets are most preferable. The chewable tablets of levamisole were prepared by using lactose or mannitol along with sodium starch glycolate in concentration ratios especially for paediatric use. Sodium saccharin and vanilla were used as sweetening agent and flavouring agent respectively. From the disintegration studies, it was observed that the formulation containing 1.6% w/w of sodium starch glycolate shows minimum disintegration time whereas formulation having no or less concentration of sodium starch glycolate shows increase in disintegration time. It was observed that the formulation containing lactose shows less disintegration time than formulation containing mannitol. --- ## Pharmacognostic and anti-hyperglycemic evaluation of Lantana camara (L.) var. aculeate leaves in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats **Authors:** Ganesh T, Saikat Sen, Thilagam E, Thamotharan G, Loganathan T, Raja Chakraborty **Published:** 2010-07-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** antidiabetic activity, pharmacognostic evaluation, Lantana camara, methanol extract Lantana camara (L.) var. aculeate (family: Verbenaceae) commonly called as wild sage is large scrambling evergreen, strong smelling shrub with stout recurred prickles; leaves opposite, often rugose, scabrid on both sides. A survey on recent literature, it is clear that diabetes is a challenging metabolic disorder to mankind. Currently many researchers have been envisaged on medicinal plants to establish more effective antidiabetic drug. We had put some effort in this direction to strengthen the research. Hence, the present study aims to open new avenues for the improvement of medicinal uses of Lantana camara (L.) for the selected area for diabetes. It was also our aim to establish the correct identity of the selected plant through pharmacognostic study. Ash value, extractive value, loss on drying and fluorescence analysis was also carried out to characterise the crude drug. Oral administration of the methanol extract of Lantana camara (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, showed significant (P<0.01) reduction in the blood glucose concentration in dose dependent manner. Treatment with extract (400 mg/kg) decreased blood glucose level to 121.94 mg/dl. Body weight significantly (P<0.05) increased to normal after treatment with extract and it was found effective in oral glucose tolerance test as it decreased the elevated level of glucose after one hour. The biochemical parameters like triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and high density lipoprotein were investigated and extract was found effective against diabetes induced hyperlipidemia. Present study demonstrated that methanol extract of Lantana camata (L.) leaves exhibit promising anti-hyperglycemic activity against alloxan-induced diabetic rats. --- ## Preparation and evaluation of Transdermal patches of Papaverine hydrochloride **Authors:** Prabhu Prabhakara, Marina Koland, Vijaynarayana K, Harish NM, Shankar G, Mohd Gulzar Ahmed, Narayana Charyulu R, Satyanarayana D **Published:** 2010-07-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Transdermal patch, Papaverine HCl, in-vivo study, ethyl cellulose, eudragit polymers Transdermal patches of Papaverine hydrochloride were prepared by solvent casting method using ethyl cellulose: PVP, PVA: PVP and eudragit RL-100: eudragit RS-100 in different ratios. The physicochemical parameters like flexibility, thickness, smoothness, weight variation, moisture content, hardness and tensile strength were evaluated and found to be flexible, uniform thickness and weight, smooth, good drug content (92 to 96%) and little moisture absorption. The in-vitro diffusion studies were carried out using modified Keshery-Chein cell with cellophane as diffusion membrane and the formulation followed Higuchi diffusion mechanism. The formulation containing PVA:PVP as polymers showed faster release rate (hydrophilic polymers) compared to eudragit RL-100:eudragit RS-100 (hydrophobic polymers) or combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers (Ethyl cellulose and PVP). The stability studies indicated that all the patches maintained good physicochemical properties and drug content after storing the patches in different storage conditions. Compatibility studies indicated that there was no interaction between the drug and polymers. In vivo studies showed that papaverine hydrochloride helps in decreasing the effect of isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis. --- ## Development and validation of a RP-HPLC-PDA method for simultaneous estimation of Drotaverine and Aceclofenac in a combined dosage form **Authors:** Vishnu Choudhari, Kunal Ingale, Madhusmita Sahoo, Pratima Syal, Snehal Ingale, Santosh Shinde, Abhijit Sutar, Bhanudas Kuchekar **Published:** 2010-07-31 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Drotaverine, Aceclofenac, RP-HPLC-PDA, Method Validation, Column Liquid Chromatography A simple, precise, rapid and accurate RP-HPLC-PDA method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of drotaverine HCl (DRT) and aceclofenac (ACE) in combined tablet dosage form. Formulation containing DRT with ACE are used as antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory agent. The chromatographic separation was achieved on Qualisil BDS C8 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5.0 μ particle size) using methanol: THF: acetate buffer (68:12:20 v/v) pH adjusted to 5.0 with acetic acid, flow rate was 1.0 mL min-1 and column was maintained at 50 0C. Quantification and linearity was achieved at 298 nm over the concentration range of 1 - 150 μg mL-1 for Drotaverine HCl and 1.25 – 187.5 μg mL-1 for Aceclofenac. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ and robustness. The proposed method was optimized and validated as per the ICH guidelines. --- ## Biochemical and pathological changes associated with avocado leaves poisoning in rabbits - A case report **Authors:** Ayub Ali M., Victoria Chanu Kh., Ramdas Singh W., Ayub Shah M. A., Geeta D. Leishangthem **Published:** 2010-07-30 **Type:** case study **Keywords:** Avocado, Persea americana, leaves, poisoning, rabbits Avocado fruits are very popular among vegetarians as an excellent substitute for meats in sandwiches and salads in some countries because of its high fat content. It is also one of the common fruits in the state of Mizoram, India. Though the fruit is loaded with various nutrients, leaves are toxic. The study deals with biochemical and gross pathological changes associated with avocado leaves poisoning in rabbits. Serum enzymes, SGOT and SGPT were found to be elevated accompanied by the changes in concentration of sodium, phosphorus and chloride. Such biochemical changes can be correlated with the gross pathologic observation in various organs which includes fluid filled pericardium, congested and necrotic liver and detachment of stomach mucosal layer exposing the red congested submucosal layer. --- ## Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin loaded sepia Nanoparticles in healthy rabbits **Authors:** Ramesh S., Ranganayakulu D., Ravikiran P., Madhusudhana Chetty C., Sathya A. **Published:** 2010-07-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pharmacokinetic parameters, absorption rate constant, amoxicillin, sepia nanoparticles, gellification method The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the Pharmacokinetic profiles amoxicillin nanoparticles after oral administrations in rabbits. The sepia nanoparticles were prepared by using the controlled gellification process. In this research work different drug and polymer ratios were used. The prepared sepia nanoparticles were used for the determination of pharmacokinetics parameters such as Cmax, Tmax, AUC, absorption rate constant, Elimination rate constant and biological half life. The, pharmacokinetics parameters results were obtained viz. Cmax (8.6 μg/ ml), Tmax (39.25 hrs), AUC (130.58 μg / ml /hr), absorption rate constant (0.0069), Elimination rate constant (0.634) and biological half life (10.43 hrs). So by observing of all the pharmacokinetic parameters, we concluded that the prepared nanoparticles having the good pharmacokinetic profile. --- ## Augmentation of endothelial dependent relaxation in thoracic aorta of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats: Role of Statins **Authors:** Timir B. Patel, Tejas B. Patel, Patel L. D., Sunil H. Makwana, Tushar R. Patel, Adeshara S. P. **Published:** 2010-07-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Vascular endothelial dysfunction, cardiovascular complication, statins Oxidative stress is pathogenetic hypotheses of vascular complication in diabetes by impaired endothelial dysfunction (ED) and antioxidant status. The endothelium is complex organ essential for controlling vascular functions. Vascular endothelium dysfunction leads to pathogenesis of diabetic associated cardiovascular complications. The aim of present study was to evaluate the role of statins in diabetic cardiovascular complications. Hydroxy methyl glutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) used as lipid lowering began to emerge; such pleiotropic effects include improvement of endothelial dysfunction (ED), increased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities. Hence to evaluate the effect of statins in diabetic vascular complications, we studied the effect of Atorvastatin on acetylcholine responses in thoracic aorta isolated from streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg kg-1 i.p.) induced 8 weeks diabetic rats. Acetylcholine induced relaxation response was significantly decreased in aortic strips from diabetic as compared to control rats. Lipid peroxidation was significantly increased while the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity were significantly decreased in aorta of diabetic rats with compared to control rats. The systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was significantly increased in diabetic rats with compared to control rats. Diabetic rats treated with Atorvastain (20 & 40 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks selectively restored the endothelial dependent relaxation response of acetylcholine to near the reactivity observed in vessels from control rats. The enhanced lipid peroxidation, systolic, diastolic and MAP and reduced SOD and Catalase activity were significantly restored to control values following Atorvastain treatment. From results we infer that Atorvastain improves diabetes induced endothelial dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress and blood pressure, increasing relaxation responses of acetylcholine. So it could be an ideal intervention in therapy of diabetic associated cardiovascular complications. --- ## Investigation effect of pioglitazone, glimepiride, nobivolol, valsartan and hesperidine on glucose, HbA1c and blood pressure in experimentally induced myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic rats **Authors:** Jagdish Kakadiya, Jigar Brahmbhatt, Nehal Shah **Published:** 2010-07-30 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Blood pressure, Glucose, HbA1c, Streptozotocin, Nicotinamide Present study was designed to evaluate effect some synthetic drugs and some herbal compound on Glucose, HbA1c and Systolic and diastolic blood pressure in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in normal and Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide induced diabetic in rats. Pioglitazone (10 mg/kg, p.o), Glimepiride (0.5 mg/kg, p.o), Nobivolol (2 mg/kg, p.o), Valsartan (8 mg/kg, p.o) and Hesperidin (100 mg/kg, p.o) were administered for 28 days in rats injected with single dose of Streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.p, STZ) and Nicotinamide (12mg/kg, i.p, NIC) and after isoproterenol (200 mg/kg, s.c.) induced myocardial infarction in rats on 29th and 30th day. At the end of experimental period (i.e. on the day 31) serum sample were collected, and glucose, HbA1c were find out and measurement of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Administration of STZ–NIC in rats showed a significant (p<0.001) increased in the levels of serum glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and significant (p<0.01) increased in the level systolic and diastolic blood pressure as compared to respective control groups. Treatment with Pioglitazone, Glimepiride and Hesperidin significantly (P<0.05) decreased HbA1c, glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure but treatment with Nobivolol and Valsartan significantly (p<0.01) decreased without change on glucose and HbA1c. This study concluded that Pioglitazone, Glimepiride and Hesperidin may show reduced diabetes marker and systolic and diastolic blood pressure but Nobivolol and Valsartan may show reduced only systolic and diastolic blood pressure on experimentally induced myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic rats. --- ## Preparation and evaluation of mucoadhesive microcapsules of Nimodipne **Authors:** Stephen Rathinaraj B., Ch. Rajveer, Sudharshini S., Kishore Reddy A. **Published:** 2010-06-26 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nimodipine, mucoadhesive micro capsule, in vitro release studies, zero order Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems are delivery systems which utilized the property of bioadhesion of certain polymers which become adhesive on hydration. Nimodipine is an effective calcium channel blocker, used in the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage, migraine and angina. It has short biological half life of 1-2hrs, and eliminated rapidly and its activity lost only a few hours. Therefore, sustained release is needed for Nimodipine to give a prolonged action and reduction of usage frequency. Microcapsules of Nimodipine employing various Mucoadhesive polymers like Hydropropyl Methyl Cellulose, Methyl Cellulose, Carbopol 934, Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose and Sodium Alginate. Data of in-vitro release from microcapsules were fit to different equations and kinetic models to explain release profiles. Kinetic models used were zero and first-order equations, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. The correlation coefficient value (r) indicates the kinetic of drug release was zero order. The formulation was found to be right and suitable candidate for the formulation of Mucoadhesive microcapsules of Nimodipine for therapeutic use. --- ## Validation of Spectrophotometric determination of Rabeprazole using Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) **Authors:** Madhuri D., Chandrasekhar K. B., Ramakotaiah M., Somasekhar G., Harinadhababa K., Ravi Kumar K. **Published:** 2010-06-26 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Rabeprazole sodium, Spectrophotometer, IronIII (Fe 3), metal chelate, validation Spectrophotometric determination of irreversible proton pump inhibitor Rabeprazole sodium has been developed, the procedure is based on the formation of 2:1 chelate of drug and metal in ethanol media to form an orange colour chelate having an absorption maximum at 455nm. The regression analysis of Beer’s law showed a good correlation in the concentration range of 10 - 60μg/ml of pure Rabeprazole with Iron (Fe+3). The limit of detection was 1.98μg/ml and limit of quantification was 6.59μg/ml. The optimum assay conditions were investigated and the recovery of the drug from their dosage forms was found to be 99.8 – 100.3%. Good values of precision were obtained, intraday R.S.D was 0.1567 and interday R.S.D was 0.1792. --- ## Microsponge drug delivery: A Review **Authors:** Viral Shaha, Hitesh Jain, Jethva Krishna, Pramit Patel **Published:** 2010-06-26 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Microsponge, transdermal delivery, proteins and peptides The drug delivery technology landscape has become highly competitive and rapidly evolving. More and more developments in delivery systems are being integrated to optimize the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the therapy. Peptides, proteins and DNA-based therapeutics cannot be effectively delivered by conventional means. To control the delivery rate of active agents to a predetermined site in human body has been one of the biggest challenges faced by drug industry. Controlled release of drugs onto the epidermis with assurance that the drug remains primarily localized and does not enter the systemic circulation in significant amounts is an area of research that is successively done by the microsponge delivery system. The Microsponge Delivery System (MDS) is a unique technology for the controlled release of topical agents and consists of macroporous beads, typically 10-25 microns in diameter, loaded with active agent. When applied to the skin, the microsponge releases its active ingredient on a time mode and also in response to other stimuli (rubbing, temperature, pH, etc). Microsponge technology offers entrapment of ingredients and is believed to contribute towards reduced side effects, improved stability, increased elegance, and enhanced formulation flexibility. In addition, numerous studies have confirmed that microsponge systems are non-irritating, non-mutagenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic. MDS technology is being used currently in cosmetics, over-the-counter (OTC) skin care, sunscreens and prescription products. --- ## Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of various bark extracts of bombax malabaricum **Authors:** Girija K., Udaya chandrika P., Lakshman K., Pruthvi N. **Published:** 2010-05-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Antibacterial, antifungal, Bombax malabaricum, Amoxycillin, Ketoconazole This study was carried out with an objective to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal potential of Bark of Bombax malabaricum. Antibacterial activity of successive extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, alcohol, water) of bark were carried out against two Gram positive bacteria – Bacillus Subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus and two Gram negative bacteria – Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antifungal activity of the extracts was evaluated on two common pathogenic fungi – Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The testing was done by the agar diffusion method. Zones of inhibition of extracts were compared with that of standard Amoxycillin for antibacterial activity and Ketoconazole for antifungal activity. The extracts showed antibacterial and anti-fungal activities comparable with that of standard against the organisms tested. The results showed that the Petroleum ether and chloroform extracts showed no activity while the alcoholic extract showed more activity than the acetone and aqueous extracts. The highest inhibitory activity was determined for alcoholic extract against E.coli (19.50 ± 0.5000 mm, inhibition zone diameter). On the other hand, the weakest inhibitory activity was determined against P. aeruginosa for aqueous extract (7.00 ± 0.5774 mm, inhibition zone diameter). --- ## Analytical method development and validation of different marketed Didanosine tablets by RP-HPLC **Authors:** Sathiya Sundar R., Carolin Nimila I., Ashok Kumar J., Vijaya Kumar T.M., Poovi G., Sankar Anand R. **Published:** 2010-05-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Didanosine, RP-HPLC, Analytical method development, validation A Simple and suitable analytical method for validation of Didanosine (DDI) by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method. The method was performed on a RP-HPLC (Agilent 1120 LC Germany) model, C-18 Zorabax column, 4.6 mm X 250 mm, 5μm particle size. The mobile phase was mixture of methanol and 0.01M sodium acetate buffer adjusted to the pH 6.5 (75:25) at flow rate of 1.2 ml/min. UV detection was performed at 250 nm and the linearity was found to be 10 to 60 μg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. The retention time for DDI was 5.17 min. The method showed good recovery and the relative standard deviation of intra and inter day assay results were 99.96% to 100.05 %. This method used for the analysis of different marketed DDI tablets. --- ## Protective Role of Pitcher of Nepenthes khasiana Hook against Dexamethazone Induced Hyperlipidemia and Insulin Resistance in Rats **Authors:** Dibyendu Shil, Mohanty J. P., Trishna Das, Bhuyan N. R., Uriah T., Mohamed Saleem T. S. **Published:** 2010-05-28 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nepenthes khasiana Hook, Dexamethazone, Insulin Resistance, Hypolipidemic effect The present research was made to investigate the potential hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Nepenthes khasiana Hook in Dexamethazone-induced Hyperlipidemia and Insulin Resistance in Rats. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of pitcher extract of Nepenthes khasiana Hook was tested at two different doses of 250 & 500 mg/kg p.o. On day 11 of treatment, blood was collected for the estimation of serum glucose and lipid parameters. Pitcher extract was compared with standard Glibenclamide at a dose of 500 mcg/kg p.o. pitcher extract and Glibenclamide significantly decreased (P<0.05) dexamethazone induced elevation of serum glucose when compared to disease control group. Pitcher extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg showed better activity than standard. The present study indicates that pitcher extract of Nepenthes khasiana Hook show significant glucose and lipid lowering activity. --- ## New Sensitive HPLC Method for Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics of New Amantadine Prodrugs as Hepatic Delivery Systems to Enhance its Activity against HCV * **Authors:** Ibrahim A. Darwish, Tarek Aboul-Fadl, Nasr Y. Khalil, Ashraf M. Mahmoud, Abdul-Rahman M. Al-Obaid **Published:** 2010-05-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amantadine, Prodrugs, HPLC, pharmacokinetic studies, Plasma To improve the efficacy of amantadine (AMD) in chronic hepatitis C therapy, various prodrugs were designed and synthesized to enhance its hepatic delivery based on the incorporation of AMD into modified bile acid or cysteine derivatives. A new sensitive and selective HPLC method with fluorescence detection has been developed and validated for determination of AMD in human plasma for evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of these prodrugs. Betaxolol hydrochloride (BTX) was used as internal standard. AMD and BTX were isolated from plasma by protein precipitation with acetonitrile and derivatized by heating with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate (NQS) in alkaline medium (0.01 M NaOH) at 90±5oC for 45 min. Separations were performed in isocratic mode on Nucleosil CN column (250 mm length × 3.9 mm i.d., 5 μm particle diameter) using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile:10 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 3.5):methanol (20:70:10, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.5 mL min-1. The derivatized samples were extracted with chloroform and reduced with 0.03% potassium borohydride. The reduced fluorescent AMD-NQS derivative was monitored at emission wavelength of 382 nm after excitation at 293 nm. Under the optimum chromatographic conditions, a linear relationship with good correlation coefficient (r = 0.9989, n = 5) was found between the peak area ratio of AMD to BTX and AMD concentration in the range of 30–3200 ng mL-1. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 6.7 and 21 ng mL-1, respectively. The intra and interassay precisions were satisfactory; the relative standard deviations did not exceed 1.57%. The accuracy of the method was proved; the recovery of AMD from spiked human plasma were 97.51100.95 ± 0.261.57%. The method had higher throughput as it involved simple sample preparation procedure and short runtime (<15 min). The results demonstrated that the proposed method would have a great value in the pharmacokinetic studies for AMD released from the synthesized produgs. --- ## Polymers in mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery system – A review **Authors:** Punitha S, Girish Y **Published:** 2010-05-25 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Mucoadhesive, buccal, polymers, drug delivery system Mucoadhesion is defined as the ability of material adheres to biological tissue for an extended period of time. Over the last few decades' pharmaceutical scientists throughout the world are trying to explore transdermal and transmucosal routes as an alternative to injections. Among the various transmucosal sites available, mucosa of the buccal cavity was found to be the most convenient and easily accessible site for the delivery of therapeutic agents for both local and systemic delivery as retentive dosage forms. Buccal delivery of the desired drug using mucoadhesive polymers has been the subject of interest since the early 1980s. Advantages associated with buccal drug delivery have rendered this route of administration useful for a variety of drugs. The mucoadhesive interaction is explained in relation to the structural characteristics of mucosal tissues and the theories & properties of the polymers. The success and degree of mucoadhesion bonding is influenced by various polymer-based properties. Evolution of such mucoadhesive formulations has transgressed from first-generation charged hydrophilic polymer networks to more specific second-generation systems based on lectin, Thiol and various other adhesive functional groups. This paper aims to review the mucoadhesive polymeric platforms, properties & characteristics to provide basics to the young scientists, which will be useful to circumvent the difficulties associated with the formulation design. --- ## Synthesis and Evaluation of Anti-Depressant like Activity of Some Novel Thieno 1, 2, 3 – triazine 4 – ones **Authors:** Srinath R, Pinkal D. Vithlani, Saravanan J, Pravin S. Jagdale, Prashant Raghav, Aravind Shenoy **Published:** 2010-05-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Anti-Depressant Activity, Thieno 1, 2, 3 Triazine – 4 – ones, Forced swim test, Reserpine Induced Hypothermia, Tail Suspension test Five derivatives of Thieno 1, 2, 3 triazine 4 – ones were synthesized by a well known Gewald reaction followed by Diazotization. The chemical structures of the compounds were proved by Physical and Spectral data. Compounds were screened for its antidepressant activity by using Tail Suspension Test (TST), Reserpine Induced Hypothermia and Forced Swim Test (FST). In Tail suspension test JSV 2a (3- furfuryl–5,6–dihydrocyclohexathieno [2,3-d][1,2,3] triazine-4(3H)-one) and JSV 2b (3-cyclohexyl-5,6-dihydrocyclohexathieno [2,3-d] [1,2,3] triazine -4(3H)-one) showed significant activity (p<0.001) by decreasing immobility time of mice at higher dose levels (50mg/kg). At lower dose levels (25 mg/kg) only JSV 2a had decreased the immobility time and shown significant activity (p<0.001), while JSV 2c (3- furfuryl-5,6-dihydrocyclopentathieno [2,3-d][1,2,3] triazine -4(3H)-one), JSV 2d (3- cyclohexayl-5,6-dihydrocyclopentathieno [2,3-d][1,2,3] triazine -4(3H)-one) and JSV 2e (3-cyclohexayl-5,6-dimethylthieno [2,3-d][1,2,3] triazine -4(3H)-one) have not shown any activity at both dose levels. JSV 2b at 25mg/kg did not show any activity. Based on the results of TST out of five only two compounds were used for other two models as they have shown significant results. In Reserpine induced hypothermia test in Rats JSV 2a and JSV 2b at 50mg/kg showed significant activity (p<0.001). At lower dose levels (25 mg/kg) only JSV 2a has shown significant activity (p<0.001). JSV 2b at 25mg/kg did not show any activity. In Forced Swim Test JSV 2a and JSV 2b at 50 mg/kg have shown significant activity (p<0.001). JSV 2a at 25 mg/kg has shown significant activity (p<0.001) whereas; JSV 2b did not show any activity at 25 mg/kg. These results indicate that compounds possessed Antidepressant activity. Anti-depressant activity of both the compounds at both the dose levels (25mg/kg and 50mg/kg) was comparable to standard drug Imipramine (20mg/kg). --- ## RP-HPLC method development and validation for estimation of Voglibose in bulk and tablet dosage forms **Authors:** Mallikarjuna Rao N., Konda Ravi Kumar, Bagyalakshmi J., Ravi T.K., Ramakotaiah Mogili **Published:** 2010-05-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Voglibose, RP-HPLC Method, Reverse phase chromatography, Acetonitrile, Validation A simple, sensitive, precise and specific reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of voglibose in bulk and tablet dosage forms. It was found that the excipient in the tablet dosage forms does not interfere in the quantification of active drug by proposed method. The HPLC separation was carried out by reverse phase chromatography on RP-18e, Hibar RT column (250×4.6mm) with a mobile phase composed of 0.025M potassium dihydrogen phosphate pH 2.5 : acetonitrile: methanol (40:55:5) in isocratic mode at a flow rate of 1ml/min. As voglibose cannot be directly detected with high sensitivity, it was derivatized with Taurine and sodium periodate. The detection was monitored at 282nm. The calibration curve for voglibose was linear from 100 to 500ng/ml. The interday and intraday precision was found to be within limits. The proposed method has adequate sensitivity, reproducibility and specificity for the determination of voglibose in bulk and its tablet dosage forms. LOD and LOQ for voglibose were found to be 30ng/ml and 100ng/ml. Accuracy (recoveries: 99.8-101.2%) and reproducibility were found to satisfactory. --- ## Evidence based analysis of chemical method of induction of diabetes mellitus in experimental rats **Authors:** Etuk E.U., Muhammed B.J. **Published:** 2010-05-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Alloxan monohydrate, diabetes mellitus, experimental rats, glucose There have been several reports expressing doubt concerning the use of chemical induction of diabetes mellitus in experimental animals as a suitable model for studying type II diabetes mellitus. This study is designed to assess whether there is a significant difference in response by chemically (alloxan) induced hyperglycaemic (AIH) and oral glucose loading induced hyperglycaemic (GIH) wistar rats to antidiabetic agents. AIH was achieved through intraperitoneal administration of alloxan monohydrate (150mg/kg body weight) to rats, while GIH was induced in another group of rats by administering orally (2.5g/kg body weight) of glucose solution. The two sets of rats represent hyperglycaemia with insufficient pancreatic activity and hyperglycaemia with intact pancreas functions respectively. Two standard antidiabetic agents namely: metformin (20mg/kg) and tolbutamide (20mg/kg body weight) and two plant extracts namely: Vernonia amygdalina and Mangifera indica (200mg/kg body weight) leaves extracts were used as the antidiabetic agents. The results showed that, administration of 150mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate successfully raised the blood glucose levels in 75% of the treated rat’s to ≥ 150mg/dl after 72 hours, while oral loading of the rats with 2.5g/kg body weight of glucose solution produced hyperglycemia in 70% of the rats. The maximum blood glucose levels reached after induction with glucose and alloxan were 338.3±61.2mg/dl and 514.7±34.7mg/dl respectively. The highest percentage reductions in blood glucose level achieved after the treatment with the agents were 54.3% in GIH and 67.1% in AIH. The Spearman rank correlation (Rs) calculated for the two sets of data was 0.8261 which is very significant. This finding showed that, chemical induction of diabetes mellitus has no differential effect on the response of antidiabetic agents and the method is suitable for studying type II diabetes mellitus in experimental animals. --- ## Nanoparticle Formulation for Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic Drugs **Authors:** Vivek Kumar Gupta, Karar P.K., Ramesh S., Misra S.P., Alok Gupta **Published:** 2010-05-25 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** nanotechnology, hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, nanoparticle formulations, nanoparticle toxicity Nanoparticle formulations have many advantages over traditional dosage forms, such as enhanced dissolution properties and the potential for intracellular drug delivery. Specifically, pure drug nanoparticles, polymeric nano-particles and polyelectrolyte complexes offer some encouraging results for delivering drugs to various organs and through various routes. Traditional techniques such as spray drying and grinding, and more recent advances in supercritical fluid extraction, precipitation, and double solvent evaporation have been employed to produce nanoparticle formulations for delivery of hydrophilic & hydrophobic drugs here, the benefits of nanoparticle formulations and current progress are compared in light of the practical encumbrances of producing formulations, and possible toxicological effects of these materials. --- ## Eco-benign mediated versatile synthesis of newer quinazolin-4- (3H)-one clubbed isatin derivatives as potent antimicrobial agents **Authors:** Ilango K, Valentina P, Umarani N, Beena K.P. **Published:** 2010-05-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Synthons, mannich bases, spectral studies, in vitro antimicrobial activity A series of synthons consisting of a heterocyclic core flanked by two basic functionalities isatin and quinazolin-4-(3H)-one were synthesized using environmentally benign procedure and screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity. Neat reactants on subjecting to microwave irradiation gave the target products more quickly and in better yields. Benzoylation of anthranilic acid afforded the 2-phenyl-4H-benzo-(1,3)-oxazin-4-one I. The latter undergoes condensation with urea resulted in the formation of 4-oxo-2- phenyl quinazolin-4-(3H)-carboxamide II, which further undergoes condensation with isatin yielded the corresponding 4-oxo-N-(2-oxindolin-3-ylidene)-2-phenylquinazolin-4-(3H)-carboxamide III. This synthesized scaffolds were reacted under mannich condition to get the corresponding mannich bases of N-(1-substituted-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-4-oxo-2-phenyl - quinazolin-4-(3H)carboxamide IVa-IVf. The chemical structures of all these title compounds have been confirmed by IR, 1HNMR and mass spectral studies. Significant antimicrobial activities were observed for some members of the series. --- ## Reverse phase HPLC method for the determination of Pravastatin in tablet dosage forms **Authors:** Delhi Raj N., Kumaravel S., Murugan R., Sriman Narayanan S., Vijayalakshmi R. **Published:** 2010-05-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Pravastatin, HPLC, Stability A simple RP-HPLC method for the determination of pravastatin in tablet dosage form. Numerous HPLC conditions were tested for the determination of pravastatin. The best result was achieved by using Phenomenex® Luna 5μm C18( 150x4.6mm) ID column, and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (0.02M) (30:70) adjusted to pH 3.0 with orthophosphoric acid, a flow rate of 1.5ml/min with ultraviolet detection at 240nm.The correlation coefficient for calibration curves within the detection range of 35.22-65.40μl/ml are 0.9993. The within and between-day precision was determined for both retention time and peak area. --- ## Effects of Pioglitazone, Glimepiride, Nobivolol, Valsartan and Hesperidine on Serum Diabetic Marker and Lipid Metabolizing Enzymes in Isoproterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction in Normal and Diabetic Rats **Authors:** Jagdish Kakadiya, Nehal Shah **Published:** 2010-05-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Lipid metabolizing enzymes, Glucose, HbA1c, cardioprotective Present study was designed to evaluate effect some synthetic drugs and some herbal compound on Glucose, HbA1c and Lipid Metabolizing Enzymes in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in normal and Streptozoto-cin-Nicotinamide induced diabetic in rats. Pioglitazone (10 mg/kg, p.o), Glimepiride (0.5 mg/kg, p.o), Nobivolol (2 mg/kg, p.o), Valsartan (8 mg/kg, p.o) and Hesperidin (100 mg/kg, p.o) were administered for 28 days in rats in-jected with single dose of Streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.p, STZ) and Nicotinamide (12mg/kg, i.p, NIC) and after iso-proterenol (200 mg/kg, s.c.) induced myocardial infarction in rats on 29th and 30th day. At the end of experimen-tal period (i.e. on the day 31) serum and heart tissues sample were collected, and glucose, HbA1c and cholesterol ester synthetase (CES), lecithin Cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were find out. Adminis-tration of STZ–NIC in rats showed a significant (p<0.001) increased in the levels of serum glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), significant (p<0.001) increased in the level of heart tissues CES and significant (p<0.001, p<0.01) decreased LCAT and LPL as compared to respective control groups. Treatment with Pioglitazone, Glimepi-ride significantly (P<0.001) decreased and Hesperidin significant (P<0.05) decreased HbA1c, glucose and CES level but treatment with nobivolol significant (p<0.05) decreased CES level without change on glucose and HbA1c. Treatment with Pioglitazone and Glimepiride significantly (P<0.001) increased and Hesperidin and Nobivolol (P<0.01) increased LCAT and LPL as compared to diabetic control. Treatment with Valsartan shows no change on Glucose, HbA1c and lipid metabolizing enzyme in diabetic rats. This study concluded that Pioglitazone and Glime-piride may show reduced diabetes marker, CES and protect LCAT and LPL on experimentally induced myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic rats. --- ## Design, development and in vitro evaluation of Mesalamine tablets containing Pectin and Chitosan for colon-specific drug delivery **Authors:** Nirav V. Patel, Jayvadan K. Patel, Shreeraj H. Shah, Jagruti J Patel **Published:** 2010-04-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Mesalamine, Pectin, Chitosan, Rat ceacal content, Compression coated tablet, Colon-Specific Drug Delivery The potential of matrix, multilayer and compression coated tablets of Mesalamine to reach the colon intact has been investigated in vitro, using Pectin as a carrier. Matrix tablets containing various proportions of Pectin were prepared by wet granulation and direct compression techniques. Multilayer tablets were formulated using Pectin as release controlling layers, on either side of Mesalamine matrix tablets. Mesalamine core tablets were prepared and compression coated with Pectin. The effect of the coat: core ratio as well as the incorporation of different percentages of Chitosan in the Pectin coat on drug release was investigated. In vitro release studies indicated that matrix and multilayer tablets failed to control the drug release in the physiological environment of stomach and small intestine. Compression coated formulations were able to protect the tablet cores from premature drug release, but at high Pectin coat: core ratios 4: 1 (F13) and 5: 1 (F14). Inclusion of Chitosan 3% and 5% w/w (F11 and F12) in the Pectin coat offered better protection at a lower coat: core ratio (3: 1). Selective delivery of Mesalamine to the colon could be achieved using a Pectin or Pectin/Chitosan mixture in the form of compression coated tablets. --- ## Estimation of Valsartan and Nebivolol in pharmaceutical dosage forms by absorption ratio method **Authors:** Chaudhary Ankit B, Patel Rakesh K, Chaudhary Sunita A **Published:** 2010-04-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nebivolol, Valsartan, Iso-absorptive point A new Absorption Ratio method was developed and validated for the determination of Valsartan and Nebivolol in tablets. Calibration curves for Valsartan and nebivolol over concentration range of 4 - 80 μg/ml were plotted and molar absorptivity for both the drugs were calculated at both the wavelengths of 281 nm (λ-max of nebivolol) and 276.5 nm (iso- absorptive point). The results of analysis have been validated statistically and by recovery studies. The value of standard deviation was satisfactory and recovery studies ranging from 98.74-101.27 % for Valsartan and 98.06-102.96% for nebivolol were indicative of the accuracy and precision of the proposed method. The re-sults of the assay are in good agreement with the label amount. The method was found to be simple, rapid, and accurate and can be adopted in routine analysis of these drugs in formulations. Due to these attributes, the pro-posed method could be used for routine analysis of these drugs in combined dosage forms. --- ## Anti-Tubercular Activity of Isatin Derivatives **Authors:** Tarek Aboul-Fadl, Fayzah A. S. Bin-Jubair **Published:** 2010-04-05 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Isatin, Indoline-2,3-dione, Isatin derivatives, Tuberculosis, Anti-tubercular Tuberculosis (TB) remains among the world’s great public health challenges. Worldwide resurgence of TB is due to two major problems: the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, which started in the mid-1980s, and the outbreak of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Thus, there is an urgent need for anti-TB drugs with improved properties such as: Enhanced activity against MDR strains, reduced toxicity, shortened duration of therapy, rapid mycobactericidal mechanism of action and the ability to penetrate host cells and exert antimyco-bacterial effects in the intracellular environment. Indoline-2,3-dione (isatin) derivatives are reported to show anti-tubercular activities, accordingly, isatin is a versatile lead molecule for designing of potential anti-tubercular agent. The current review outlines isatin derivatives with potential anti-tubercular activity. --- ## Excipients Updates for Orally Disintegrating Dosage Forms **Authors:** Sunita A. Chaudhary, Ankit B. Chaudharya, Tejal A. Mehta **Published:** 2010-04-05 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Fast disintegrating dosage forms, Coprocessed excipients, Mannitol ODTs orally disintegrating tablets are the dosage form which will disintegrate in mouth within seconds without need of water. This type of property in dosage form can be attained by addition of different varieties of excipients. But the number of fillers/binders/disintegrant which can be used for ODT formulations is limited because these bulk excipients have to fulfill special requirements, such as being soluble in water, pleasant taste, mouth feel, sweetness, and rapid dispersibility. Compared with existing excipients, the improved physical, mechanical, and/or chemical properties of such excipients have helped in solving formulation problems such as flowability, compressibility, hygroscopicity, palatability, dissolution, disintegration, sticking, and dust generation. So to fulfill this requirement coprocessed excipients are available like Ludiflash, Pharmaburst, F-melt, Modified chitosan with silicon dioxide. In excipients mannitols are used as diluents but now a day’s modified mannitol are available which give extensive flow, compression and rapid dispersibility to the tablet e.g. like Orocell, Mannogem EZ, and Pearlitol 200 SD. --- ## N-Bromosuccinimide/fluorescein system for spectrophotometric determination of H2-receptor antagonists in their dosage forms **Authors:** Ibrahim A. Darwish, Samiha A. Hussein, Ashraf M. Mahmoud, Ahmed I. Hassan **Published:** 2010-04-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** N-bromosuccinimide, fluorescein, H2-receptor antagonists A simple, accurate and sensitive spectrophotometric method for analysis of H2-receptor antagonists has been developed and validated. The method was based on the reaction of these drugs with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and subsequent reaction of the remaining NBS with fluorescein (FLC) to give a pink colored product that was measured at 518 nm. Different variables affecting the reaction conditions were carefully studied and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, Beer’s law was obeyed in the drugs concentration range of 0.5-35 μg ml-1. The assay limits of detection and quantitation were 0.13-1.32, and 0.44-4.42 μg ml-1, respectively. The precision of the method was satisfactory; the values of relative standard deviations did not exceed 2%. The reaction stoichiometry and mechanism were studied. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of the investigated drugs in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms (recovery was 98.3–102.1 ± 0.58–1.30%) without interference from the common excipients. Interference from ascorbic acid that is added as a stabilizer for the ampoule formulation was avoided by its oxidation with potassium bromate before applying the analytical procedure. The results obtained by the proposed method were comparable with those obtained by the official methods. --- ## Development and validation of stability indicating HPLC method for the estimation of 5-Fluorouracil and related substances in topical formulation **Authors:** Sriguru Bandana, Nandha NP, Vairale AS, Sherikar AV, Nalamothu V **Published:** 2010-04-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** 5-Fluorouracil, HPLC method, Validation, Stability indicating, topical formulation A sensitive HPLC method has been developed and validated for the determination of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and related substances in a novel topical formulation. The highly polar molecule requires aqueous mobile phase for the elution and separation of 5-Fluorouracil and its impurities (Impurity A, B and C official in EP). The developed method is found to be specific, reproducible, and stability indicating. The Phenomenex Synergi Polar RP 250×4.6mm 4μ column was used and mobile phase consisted of 0.1M potassium di hydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) buffer to achieve good resolution and retention of the analyte and its impurities. The detector linearity was estab-lished from concentrations ranging from 0.01 μg/ml to 500 μg/ml for 5-Flurouracil and from 0.01 μg/ml to 0.08 μg/ml for related substances with a correlation co-efficient of 0.999. The relative response factor (RRF) values of impurity A, impurity B and impurity C determined from linearity plots were 1.9, 0.9 and 1.4 respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) found to be in a range of 0.004 μg/ml and 0.014μg/ml for 5-Fluorouracil and related substances respectively. The molecule was stable in all the stress conditions such as acid, base, oxidation, heat and photolysis as per the recommendations of ICH guidelines. The method was proved to be robust with respect to changes in flow rate, pH and column temperature. The proposed method is found to be sensitive, precise, rapid, reproducible, and offers good column life. --- ## Enhancement of dissolution of Fenofibrate by Solid dispersion Technique **Authors:** Tejas Patel, L. D. Patel, Timir Patel, Sunil Makwana, Tushar Patel **Published:** 2010-04-05 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Fenofibrate, Poloxamer 407, Physical Mixture, Solid dispersion, Lyophilization, Solubility, Enhancement in dissolution Fenofibrate is a lipid lowering drug used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, which is not soluble in water and lower absorption in gastric fluid. In order to improve the solubility and oral absorption of the drug in gastric fluid and to enhance its dissolution rate solid dispersions and Lyophilization of dispersion is designed and evaluated. Solid dispersions of Fenofibrate were prepared using PEG 6000, Poloxamer 407 and a mixture of PEG 6000 and Poloxamer 407(1:1 mixture). The effect of melt and solvent methods of preparation of solid dispersion on dissolution behavior was also investigated. Dissolution studies indicated a significant increase in dissolution of Fenofibrate when dispersed in PEG6000 and Poloxamer 407. Physical mixtures containing PEG and Poloxamer 407 also showed improved dissolution of Fenofibrate as compared with that of pure drug, indicating the solubilizing effect of PEG6000 and Poloxamer 407. Solid dispersions containing Fenofibrate /Poloxamer 407, 1: 8, showed a 14-fold increase in dissolution after 60 min (D60) and another dispersion containing Fenofibrate /PEG 6000, 1:10, showed an 8-fold increase in the 0.1 N HCl systems. The dispersion containing six parts of the PEG 6000: Poloxamer 407 mixture (PEG 4000/PEG 6000, 1:1 mixture) showed a 12-fold increase in D60 as compared with pure drug. When multi-carrier solid dispersion containing six parts of mixture was prepared by the solvent method, the D60 value was about 2-fold that of the same dispersion prepared by the melt method. The dissolution of lyophilized solid dispersions further increased the dissolution of Fenofibrate significantly. --- ## Formulation and Physical characterization of microcrystals for dissolution rate enhancement of Tolbutamide **Authors:** Rajesh A Keraliya, Tejal G Soni, Vaishali T Thakkar, Tejal R Gandhi, Rajanikant C Patel **Published:** 2010-01-29 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Microcrystal, Solvent Change Method, Dissolution Efficiency, Tolbutamide Tolbutamide (TBM) is a first-generation sulphonylurea, used for treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Tolbutamide is practically insoluble in water and its dissolution is the rate-limiting step for its absorption, which leads variable bioavailability. The aim of this investigation was to enhance the dissolution rate of Tolbutamide by formation of microcrystals using solvent change method. The in situ micronization process was carried out using solvent change method in the presence of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as stabilizing agents that limits the size of the particles generated. TBM was dissolved in methanol and the stabilizing agent in water (as non-solvent). The non-solvent was poured rapidly into the drug solution under stirring by a magnetic stirrer, and the resultant was oven-dried. Microcrystals were characterized by optical microscopy, SEM, FTIR, DSC, XRD and in vitro powder dissolution study. TBM microcrystals showed narrow particle size and change in crystalline shape from rod-shape to. FTIR and DSC results showed no interaction between the drug and the stabilizer. XRD diffractograms of microcrystals showed smaller peak height than untreated TBM indicates that crystal habit modification occurred in the microcrystals without any polymorphic changes. Negative Gibb’s free energy change represented spontaneous solubility of microcrystals. Dissolution efficiency of TBM microcrystals at 15 min. (DE15%) was increased about 9 times. Microcrystals were found to have good flow property. --- ## Design and in vitro characterization of Amoxicillin loaded sepia nanoparticles **Authors:** Ramesh S, Ranganayakulu D, Madhusudhanachetty C, Mallikarjuna Rao K, Gnanaprakash K, Shanmugam V **Published:** 2010-01-27 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Amoxycillin, Sepia Nanoparticles, Zeta Potential Analysis, SEM Analysis, Particle Size, U.V. Spectroscopic Analysis The objective of the present work was to investigate the preparation of sepia nanoparticles as a potential drug carrier, amoxicillin Trihydrate as a model drug. The sepia nanoparticles were prepared by using the controlled gellification process. In this research work, different drug and polymer ratios were used. The prepared nanoparticles were evaluated to assess the various parameters such as drug content analysis, particle size analysis (SEM Analysis), Zeta potential analysis, In-Vitro drug release and stability studies. The particle size of prepared nanoparticles was found to be 500nm. The drug content analysis of all the prepared formulations was estimated in the range of 57.34 ± 0.10 to 65.33 ± 0.11 %. The zeta potential of the sepia nanoparticles was estimated as 69mv. The Cumulative percentage drug release of the third formulation was found to be 90.36 %. By observing in- Vitro drug release results of all formulations, we concluded that, AMN3 formulation was found to be the best formulation with a higher Cumulative percentage drug release. --- ## A novel approach for dissolution enhancement of Ibuprofen by preparing floating granules **Authors:** Patel Rajanikant, Patel Nirav, Patel N M, Patel M M **Published:** 2010-01-25 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ibuprofen, Floating Granules, Gelucire 44/14, Gelucire 43/01, Factorial Design, Physical Characterization Model-Dependent Approaches Ibuprofen, a weekly acidic, non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug having high permeability through stomach but due to its solubility limitation it can’t enter in to systemic circulation and gastric empting time ranging from 30 min to 2 hr, after this time ibuprofen goes in to small intestine where it is solubilise but can’t permeate through its membrane. To improve dissolution of such drug is challenging and rational. In present investigation, dissolution of ibuprofen improves by preparing floating granules. Floating is requiring for increasing residence time of granules in stomach. Ibuprofen must have to remain in stomach because it is mostly permeable through it. Multipurpose floating formulations was developed by preparing immediate release (for loading dose) granules containing gelucire 44/14 and sustained release floating granules containing gelucire 43/01 and small amount of gelucire 44/14. Amount of gelucire 44/14 and gelucire 43/01 was optimized using factorial design. Amount of gelucire 44/14 (X1) and amount of Gelucire 43/01 (X2) selected as independed variable. t100% (time require to dissolve 100 % drug) and total floating time chosen as response or depended variable. Release kinetic of ibuprofen studied by applying different model (zero order, first order, higuchi, korsmeyer-peppas, Hixson crowell and weibull). In optimized formulation, Granules remain floated for 3 hrs. and gave 100% drug release in 150 minute. Highest R2 and lowest Sum of square residual (calculated from AUC) was observed in Weibull model. --- ## Potential hypoglycemic & hypolipidemic effect of Morus Indica and Asystasia gangetica in alloxan induced diabetes mellitus **Authors:** Pradeep Kumar R, Sujatha D, Mohamed Saleem T S, Madhusudhana Chetty C, Ranganayakulu D **Published:** 2010-01-22 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Morus indica, Asystasia gangetica, Alloxan, Diabetes mellitus, Hypolipidemic Effect The present research was made to investigate the potential hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Morus Indica and Asystasia gangetica in alloxan induced diabetes mellitus. Diabetes was induced by alloxan (150 mg/kg i.p) into rats. Ethanolic extract of leaves of Morus Indica and Asystasia gangetica was administered to alloxan induced diabetic rats. Glibenclamide used as a reference standard. Blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and total proteins were estimated from the serum by using standard kits. All groups show significant increase in the level of biochemical parameters were decreased by administration of ethanolic extract of leaves of Morus Indica and Asystasia gangetica. From this study it has been concluded that the ethanolic extracts of leaves of Morus Indica and Asystasia gangetica having good hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect. --- ## Dry Powder Inhalers - An Overview **Authors:** Alagusundaram M, Deepthi N, Ramkanth S, Angalaparameswari S, Mohamed Saleem T S, Gnanaprakash K, Thiruvengadarajan V S, Madhusudhana Chetty C **Published:** 2010-01-20 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Dry Powder Inhaler, Micronization, Dose Consistency, Patient Complaints The drug product encompasses the pharmacologic activity with the pharmaceutical properties. The ideal characteristics are physical and chemical stability, ease of processing, accurate and reproducible delivery to the target organs and availability at the site of action. A Dry powder inhaler (DPI) is a device that delivers medication to the lungs in the form of a dry powder. For the DPI, these goals can be met with a suitable powder formulation, an efficient metering system and a perfectly selected device. This review focuses on the dry powder inhaler formulation, evaluation, material methods and development processes. Most of the dry powder inhaler formulation encompasses micronized drug particles blended with larger carrier particles that promote the flow properties, reduce aggregation and help in dispersion. A combination of the physicochemical properties, particle size, shape, surface area and morphology affects the forces of interaction and aerodynamic properties, which in turn determine the fluidization, dispersion, delivery to the lungs and deposition in the peripheral airways. However the properties of free micronized powders often interfere with the drug handling and with drug delivery, reducing the dose consistency. Dry powder inhalers are evaluated by the drug product characterization studies such as the in vitro dose proportionality, effect of patient dose, priming etc. The development of the new designs of the DPI is governed by the driving forces such as the regulatory and pharmacopoeial requirements, delivery systems for the NCE, clinical factors and commercial factors. --- ## Kinetic spectrophotometric method for determination of ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin in their pharmaceutical dosage forms **Authors:** Ibrahim A Darwish, Maha A Sultan, Hessa A Al-Arfaj **Published:** 2010-01-20 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Ciprofloxacin, Lomefloxacin, Kinetic Spectrophotometry, Initial Rate Method, Fixed Time Method, Pharmaceutical Analysis A simple and sensitive kinetic spectrophotometric method has been developed and validated for the determina- tion of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and lomefloxacin (LOM) in their pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method was based on the oxidation of CIP and LOM with alkaline potassium permanganate to give a green colored reaction product. The reaction was monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance of the reaction product at 610 nm. The factors affecting the reaction was studied and optimized. The stoichiometries of the reaction were de- termined and the reaction pathway was postulated. The activation energy of the reaction was calculated and found to be 4.48 and 4.17 KJ mole–1 for CIP and LOM, respectively. The initial rate and fixed time (at 5 min) me- thods were utilized for constructing the calibration graphs. The analytical performance of both methods was fully validated, and the results were satisfactory. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determina- tion of both CIP and LOM in their commercial pharmaceutical dosage forms. The label claim percentages were 99.4 – 100.2 ± 1.15 – 1.81%. Statistical comparison of the results with those obtained by a reference method showed excellent agreement between the accuracy and precision of the two methods. The proposed method has a great value in its application to the analysis of CIP and LOM in quality control laboratories. --- ## Safety evaluations of aqueous stem bark extract of Lophira lanceolata in Sprague dawley rats **Authors:** Etuk EU, Muhammad AA **Published:** 2010-01-18 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Sexual Stimulant, Toxicity, Parameters, Lophira lanceolata Lophira lanceolata extract is widely used to enhance sexual performance among the male population in Sokoto state, Nigeria. The efficacy of this extract to enhance sexual behaviours in experimental animals has been reported. This study was conducted to evaluate the safety of oral administration of the plant extract in Sprague dawley rats. Various concentrations (500, 1000, 3000 and 5000mg/kg body weight of aqueous stem bark extract of Lophira lanceolata were administered orally to four groups of rats to test for acute toxicity. Also, the effects of oral administration of the extract at 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/kg body weight for 28 days on the body weight, some haematological and biochemical parameters of the animals were investigated. The result showed that, a single oral dose treatment with up to 5000mg/kg of the extract did not cause any dead or observable adverse effect in the rats. In the repeated dose study, the extract produced an increase in the body weight gain of the rats. The total white blood cell count and haemoglobin level were elevated. These were considered to be beneficial and indicative of safety. The plant extract at 1500 and 2000mg/kg body weight produced a slight increase in the serum transaminases enzymes. The histology of the liver and kidney were normal while the testes showed some pathological lesions. These results have shown that, repeated administration of appropriate dose of the extract may have some beneficial effects on the blood system but a high dose may damage the testes thereby causing infertility. Consumers should therefore be aware of these health risks and avoid over consumption of the extract. --- ## Simultaneous Estimation of Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide by RP-HPLC Method from Combined Dosage Forms **Authors:** Ashok Kumar J, Sathya A, Senthil Kumar K, Patil Sagar N, Prathap B, Lokesh S B, Gopal V **Published:** 2010-01-15 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Olmesartan Medoxomil, Hydrochlorothiazide, RP-HPLC, Simultaneous Estimation A simple, reproducible and efficient reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for simultaneous estimation of olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in combined tablet dosage form. Formulation containing OLM with HCTZ are used as antihypertensive angiotensin II receptor blocker. Chromatography was performed on a 250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5-µm particle size, C8 Qualisil BDS column with a 50:50 (v/v) mixture of buffer and acetonitrile as a mobile phase and the pH was adjusted to 4.7 by adding dilute phosphoric acid. The detection of the combined dosage form was carried out at 225 nm and a flow rate employed was 1 ml min-1. The retention times were 5.074 & 7.242 min for olmesartan medoxomil and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively. Linearity was obtained in the concentration range 20 to 100 µg mL-1 for olmesartan medoxomil and in the range 12.5 to 62.5 µg mL-1 for hydrochlorothiazide, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9956 and 0.989. The result of the analysis were validated statistically and recovery studies confirmed the accuracy and precision of the proposed method. --- ## Spectrophotometric estimation of Nifidipine by using various solvents **Authors:** Alagar Raja M, Selva Kumar D, Muthu Kumar S, Purnima Tripathi, Amuthadevi C **Published:** 2010-01-11 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Nifidipine, Dimethyl Formamide, Glacial Acetic Acid A Simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of nifedipine in bulk and tablet formulation. The drug was determined by using various solvents like aqueous, organic and inorganic, which is determined spectrophotometrically at 281nm. The percentage recovery study of the drug for the proposed method range from 98-102% indicating no interference of the tablet excipients by using various solvents. The result obtained for percentage purity of nifidipine was dimethyl formamide and glacial acetic acid was only the solvents indicating the limit of recovery studies. --- ## Scrutinizing the role of aqueous extract of Trapa bispinosa as an immunomodulator in experimental animals **Authors:** Samir C Patel, David Banji, Otilia J F Banji, Patel M M, Shah K K **Published:** 2010-01-08 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** Trapa bispinosa, Immunomodulation, Neutrophils, Haemagglutination Titre The objective of the present study was to scrutinize the immunomodulatory potential of aqueous extract of fruits of T. bispinosa (TBAE) in experimental animals. The immunomodulatory effect was assessed in rats against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as antigen by studying cell-mediated delayed type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH), humoral immunity response and percent change in neutrophil count. Macrophage phagocytosis assay was carried out by carbon clearance method in mice. Oral administration of TBAE dose dependently increased immunostimulatory response. Delayed type hypersensitivity reaction was found to be augmented significantly (p<0.05) by increasing the mean foot pad thickness at 48 hr and production of circulatory antibody titre (humoral antibody response) was significantly (p<0.05) increased in response to SRBC as an antigen. In addition, immunostimulation was counteracted by up regulating macrophage phagocytosis in response to carbon particles. Immunostimulatory property of TBAE further confirmed by elevated neutrophil counts significantly (p<0.01) compared to control values. The result of present study suggests that aqueous extract of fruits of T. bispinosa could stimulate the cellular and humoral response in animals and it deserves further researches to develop an immunostimulating agent among herbal origin. --- ## Spectral investigation and analytical application of the vinylamino-substituted haloquinone derivatives of Nizatidine and Ranitidine **Authors:** Ibrahim A Darwish, Samiha A Hussein, Ashraf M Mahmoud, Ahmed I Hassan **Published:** 2010-01-06 **Type:** original article **Keywords:** H2-Receptor Antagonists, Nizatidine, Ranitidine, N-Vinylamino-substituted haloquinones, Spectrophotometry, Pharmaceutical Analysis Studies were carried out, for the first time, to investigate the formation and spectral characteristics of N-vinylamino-substituted haloquinone derivatives of nizatidine and ranitidine. The reactions involved the condensation of N-alkylvinylamine formed from the interaction between the free secondary amino groups in the investigated drugs and acetaldehyde with each of chloranil, bromanil, and 2,3-dichloronaphthoquinone. The experimental conditions affecting the reactions were optimized and the characteristics of the absorption spectra of the formed colored derivatives were established. Under the optimum reaction conditions and at the λmax of the formed derivatives, linear relationships were found between the absorbances and the concentrations of the investigated drugs in a concentration range of 10–250 mg ml-1. The limits of assays detection were 2.61–7.77 mg ml-1. The precisions of the methods were satisfactory; the relative standard deviations were 1.13–1.73%. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the analysis of the studied drugs in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms with good accuracy; the recovery percentages were 98.1–101.8 ± 0.58–1.57%. The results were compared favorably with those of the official methods. --- ## Hepatoprotective Herbs – A Review **Authors:** Mohamed Saleem T S, Madhusudhana Chetty C, Ramkanth S, Rajan V S T, Mahesh Kumar K, Gauthaman K **Published:** 2010-01-04 **Type:** review article **Keywords:** Herbal Drugs, Liver Injury, Carbon Tetrachloride (CCL4), Hepatotoxicity, Serum Transaminases Liver is a vital organ play a major role in metabolism and excretion of xenobiotics from the body. Liver injury or liver dysfunction is a major health problem that challenges not only health care professionals but also the pharmaceutical industry and drug regulatory agencies. Liver cell injury caused by various toxic chemicals (certain antibiotic, chemotherapeutic agents, carbon tetrachloride (CCL4), thioacetamide (TAA) etc.), excessive alcohol consumption and microbes is well-studied. The available synthetic drugs to treat liver disorders in this condition also cause further damage to the liver. Hence, Herbal drugs have become increasingly popular and their use is widespread. Herbal medicines have been used in the treatment of liver diseases for a long time. A number of herbal preparations are available in the market. The present review is aimed at compiling data on promising phytochemicals from medicinal plants that have been tested in hepatotoxicity models using modern scientific system. ---