International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences

PLGA nanoparticles for Risedronate using Double emulsion precipitation method

So Hee Nam — 2025-05-20

Risedronate (RIS), a hydrophilic bisphosphonate, was successfully encapsulated into poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) using a novel double emulsion nanoprecipitation (DEPE) method. This approach improved drug entrapment efficiency (EE), which is typically low for hydrophilic compounds. Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) were employed as counter ions to form RIS-Ca²⁺ complexes, reducing RIS solubility in water and enhancing EE. The highest EE (20.5%) and particle size (237.5 ± 0.1 nm) were achieved using dichloromethane (DCM) with a RIS:Ca²⁺ molar ratio of 1:5. In contrast, EE without calcium ions was only 10.1%. Drug release studies demonstrated a rapid initial release followed by sustained release over 24 hours. Formulations containing calcium ions exhibited slower drug release than those without, likely due to ionic interactions. DCM proved more effective than ethyl acetate (EA) as an organic solvent, yielding smaller particles and higher EE. Overall, the DEPE method combined with calcium ion incorporation offers a promising strategy for formulating hydrophilic drugs into PLGA NPs for sustained delivery.

A systematic review on patient centric buccal film

Saroni Saha — 2025-04-06

Buccal drug delivery devices present a promising alternative to systemic drug administration, especially for patients requiring rapid therapeutic effects. By bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism, these systems promote direct absorption into the systemic circulation, thus enhancing bioavailability. This is particularly beneficial for patients who may have dysphagia, such as those in psychiatric, pediatric, or elderly populations. Recent advancements in formulation technology have led to the development of various mucoadhesive dosage forms, such as films, patches, and gels. These formulations use water-soluble polymers that dissolve quickly and adhere to the oral mucosa, allowing for sustained drug release. The review examines key factors influencing the mucosal structural properties, the mucoadhesion mechanism, and considerations in the design of mucoadhesive systems. The paper also discusses evaluation criteria and preparation techniques for orally disintegrating films, which offer faster onset of action and improved patient compliance. Given that buccal drug delivery systems provide a painless and easily detachable method for drug administration, further research into these systems is essential. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of oral mucosal drug delivery, emphasizing the importance of formulation design and the potential for novel therapeutic applications in the future.

Recent advances in Roganidana through digital integration (artificial intelligence)

Monika Gupta — 2025-05-29

The Indian Ministry of AYUSH has extensively embraced digital initiatives for the purpose of research and development. The use of advanced medical technologies and electronic communication in healthcare is the need of the hour. In Ayurveda, Roganidana highlights concepts propounding causative factors of disease and its pathology through the framework of clinical examination and diagnostic techniques. This ancient method of examination and diagnosis faces constraints and hurdles in achieving global acceptance. The need for Artificial Intelligence is to revolutionize Ayurveda by integrating machine learning algorithms, Natural Language Processing (NLP), and data analytics in various aspects. This underscores the utility of incorporating digital integration in Roganidana through various initiatives at different levels. The AYUSH sector has already put forth multiple initiatives accordingly. In the context of Roganidana research, initiatives include the AYUSH Research Portal, Digital Helpline for Ayurveda Research Articles (DHARA), National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal (NAMASTE), and Triskandha Kosha. Academic initiatives include Ayurveda e-learning modes and access to e-Samhita to improve the quality of education among Ayurveda students. Various diagnostic software such as Ayusoft, Prakriti Parikshan, and Nirogstreet are easily accessible to Ayurveda practitioners for disease diagnosis. Technical equipment use has also increased in research, for example, Nadi Tarangini, which ensures accuracy with the aid of information technology-based medical devices. This article aims to review improvements in patient health issues, their diagnosis, examination techniques, and treatment strategies with the utilization of modern technology in the context of Roganidana in Ayurveda.

Anticestodal evaluation of the Devil’s tree (Echites scholaris) against an intestinal parasite and assessment of the anthelmintic effects using scanning electron microscopy

Lalngaihmanawmi — 2025-04-29

The present research was formulated to assess the anthelmintic property of the medicinal plant, Echites scholaris, as used in the Mizo traditional medicine of northeast India. An experiment was set up to test the cestocidal activity against an intestinal parasite of chicken, Taenia tetragona. The plant extract was prepared in different concentrations alongside a standard anthelmintic, albendazole. The cestode was susceptible to both the treatments. Significant killing effects (p < 0.05) were noted in all the concentrations tested. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine and delineate the structural effects of the plant extract on the different body parts of the parasite. The most extensive damages on the anterior region, the scolex, included tegumental degeneration and progressive pruning of the parasitic attachment devices, the spines. Extensive tegumental erosion was seen throughout the main body segments. The young body segments showed more severe damages with characteristic erosion of the tegument and dystrophy of the microtriches. Unusual longitudinal tissue crevices and warts also developed. Localised erosion, disintegration and clumping of microtriches were observed on the mature body segments. The experimental results are evidence that E. scholaris is a valuable medicinal plant and could be the source of novel lead molecules in drug development.

Development and validation of UV-VIs spectroscopic method for quantification of ibrutinib, an anticancer drug

Mossammat Rima Akter — 2025-04-02

Ibrutinib, an International Nonproprietary Name (INN) drug that inhibits Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), is a key treatment for various hematological malignancies, requiring reliable analytical methods for quality control and quantification in pharmaceutical formulations. This study aimed to develop and validate a UV-Vis spectroscopic method for quantifying Ibrutinib, following ICH guidelines. Ibrutinib was analyzed in raw materials and pharmaceutical dosage forms using solutions at various concentrations to construct a calibration curve. The method's accuracy, precision, ruggedness, robustness, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) were evaluated. Maximum absorbance occurred at 213 nm and 288 nm, with a regression equation of y=0.059x−0.007. The determination coefficient (R²) was 0.999, indicating excellent linearity. The dynamic range was 1.56–25 μg/mL, and the % Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) for precision, robustness, and ruggedness was below 2%. The LOD was 0.419 μg/mL and the LOQ 1.27 μg/mL, demonstrating a robust, accurate, and simple method for routine quality control of Ibrutinib.

Streamlined synthesis of 3-azabicyclo [2.2.2] oct-3-one hydrochloride: enhanced and simplified approach

V. N. Chandrasekhar — 2025-04-19

The quinuclidine ring system, found in various natural products and pivotal in synthesizing therapeutic compounds such as azasetron and palonosetron, holds significant importance. Azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-one derivatives, derivatives of this ring system, exhibit diverse biological activities ranging from anti-cancer to antihistaminic properties. Moreover, they serve as key components in catalysts for asymmetric reactions. However, the conventional synthesis method for azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-one hydrochloride suffers from drawbacks like the use of toxic pyridine rings and expensive catalysts, making large-scale production unfeasible. In response, we propose a novel synthesis route utilizing isonepecotic acid, offering simplicity, safety, and cost-effectiveness while avoiding harsh conditions and the need for expensive catalysts. This approach presents a scalable and economically viable alternative for the synthesis of 3-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-one hydrochloride.

Phytochemical screening of methanolic and aqueous extract of areal part (leaf, bark, fruit) of Bridelia retusa plant located in Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Odisha

M. Nitesh Rao — 2025-06-04

Medicinal plants have played a pivotal role in the treatment of diseases with minimal or no side effects since ancient times. The preparation of medicinal herbs requires timely and appropriate plant collection, expert authentication, proper drying, and grinding for various experiments. B. retusa is used in folk medicine to treat conditions such as diabetes, rheumatism, dysentery, and diarrhea. This investigation aims to screen the phytochemicals present in the methanolic (hot and cold) and aqueous extracts of B. retusa aerial parts, including the leaf, bark, and fruit. The yield percentage was higher for the methanolic extracts compared to the aqueous extract when powdered leaves and bark samples were extracted using hot and cold methanol techniques, respectively. The highest extract yield of 16.32% was obtained from the hot methanolic extraction of bark powder. For fruit, the aqueous extraction method was superior to the methanolic techniques. The moisture content of the bark was 43.78±0.01%, leaves 41.52±0.01%, and fruits 56.03±0.18%. Moisture content significantly impacts phytochemical screening, as excessive moisture can dilute phytochemicals, leading to inaccurate measurements, while insufficient moisture can cause compound degradation. The plant extracts were found to contain saponins, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, and reducing sugars, with no phlobatannins detected. This study contributes to expanding the database of medicinal plants and exploring their medicinal properties.

Assessment of antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic effects of the hydroethanolic extract of the trunk bark of Lannea acida A. Rich. (Anacardiaceae) in male NMRI mice

Abdelaziz Koussoube — 2025-04-11

Lannea acida A. Rich (Anacardiaceae) is a plant widely used in African traditional medicine to treat various ailments, including diabetes and infertility. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-hyperglycemic activities of the hydroethanolic extract from its trunk bark in male NMRI mice. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Hypoglycemic effects were tested in fasting normoglycemic mice divided into five groups (n=5). The anti-hyperglycemic activity was evaluated via an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on five groups of NMRI male mice (n=5). The extract showed an IC50 of 0.630 ± 0.003 mg/mL and a ferric ion reducing capacity of 393.13 ± 20.13 mg EAA/g. Oral administration of the extract at 40, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight (bw) did not produce hypoglycemic effects compared to glibenclamide. However, at 200 mg/kg bw, the extract slightly reduced glucose-induced hyperglycemia (4 g/kg bw), though not significantly. This effect was weaker than that of glibenclamide (5 mg/kg). These findings suggest that Lannea acida possesses antioxidant and mild anti-hyperglycemic properties without inducing hypoglycemia, supporting its potential use in developing affordable phytomedicines.

Impact of clinical pharmacist in resolving drug related problem in acute coronary syndrome

Lakshmi Priyanka P — 2025-04-08

The goal of this investigation was to identify drug-related problems (DRPs) and assess the effects of clinical pharmacist interventions in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) patients. Over a six-month period, 104 patients were evaluated, and the “Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe V9.1” framework was used to classify DRPs. Pharmacists focused on optimizing treatment and improving patient education through the use of patient information leaflets. The most frequently observed DRPs were adverse drug reactions (41.86%) and drug interactions (27.90%). A total of 73.2% of DRPs were successfully resolved. Furthermore, quality of life, as measured by the WHOQOL-BREF scale, showed significant improvement (p < 0.005), underlining the critical role of clinical pharmacists in patient care. This study emphasizes the importance of clinical pharmacist interventions in the early detection and resolution of DRPs, which can significantly enhance treatment outcomes and improve the overall quality of life for ACS patients. The findings highlight the essential role that clinical pharmacists play in optimizing medication management and promoting patient well-being.

Challenges and solutions in enhancing oral bioavailability of bcs class ii anti-cancer drugs

Deepika Kumari Sandrapati — 2025-05-15

This review aims to explore and evaluate the current strategies employed to enhance the oral bioavailability of BCS Class II anti-cancer drugs, which are characterized by high permeability and low aqueous solubility. These drugs face several formulation and pharmacokinetic challenges, including limited dissolution rates, variable gastrointestinal conditions, and extensive first-pass metabolism, all contributing to inconsistent and reduced therapeutic efficacy. Relevant scientific literature was sourced from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, focusing on studies published in the last ten years that reported on formulation strategies and bioavailability enhancement of poorly soluble anti-cancer drugs. Studies were selected based on their relevance to BCS Class II compounds and their inclusion of in vitro or in vivo bioavailability data. The review covers a wide range of formulation approaches, including the use of solubilizing agents, nanoparticulate systems, solid dispersions, and prodrugs. Special emphasis is placed on emerging technologies such as self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), lipid-based formulations, nano emulsions, and the incorporation of pH-modifying excipients, which have demonstrated significant improvements in solubility and absorption. The findings suggest that these innovative delivery systems hold considerable promise for optimizing the oral bioavailability of BCS Class II anti-cancer drugs, thereby improving therapeutic outcomes and patient compliance. Continued research and development in this area are essential for translating these strategies into clinically viable treatments and advancing the field of cancer pharmacotherapy.

An overview on nanofibres: their whereabouts and applications in the pharmaceutical field

Paramita Dey — 2025-04-03

Nanofibers are generally solid, porous and high surface to volume ratio serving as an important approach towards various diseases in the medical field like wound healing, drug delivery, contraceptives, tissue engineering, bone regeneration etc. There are different types of nanofibers like polymeric, composite, inorganic and carbon. Electrospinning is a well known method of preparation that produces fibers ranging from micro meter to nanometer. Hence, nanofibers have an immense scope in therapeutic field. This paper deals with a vivid study about the emergence of nanofiber over the conventional dosage form, it’s pros and cons, method of preparation, different variety and so on. To get a good quality of nanofibers, a number of quality control tests are carried out like Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR (Fourier’s transform infrared spectroscopy) etc. Lastly, the article goes around its application and future perspectives.

Alterations in hemodynamics and plasma concentrations of urokinase plasminogen activator and pro-adrenomedullin among malaria-infected adults at Nauth, Nnewi, Nigeria

Nkiruka R. Ukibe — 2025-04-29

Malaria remains a significant public health issue, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions like Nigeria. This study evaluates the impact of malaria infection on anthropometric variables, blood pressure, and plasma levels of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and pro-adrenomedullin (pro-ADM) in adults attending the General Outpatient Department (GOPD) at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study involving 90 participants aged 18-45 years was conducted, including 23 male and 22 female malaria-infected adults, and 22 male and 23 female non-malaria-infected controls. Plasma samples were analyzed for uPA and pro-ADM levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were recorded. Significant elevations in uPA and pro-ADM levels were found in malaria-infected adults compared to controls (p < 0.05). Elevated blood pressure and biomarker levels suggest malaria’s role in cardiovascular dysfunction and systemic inflammation, highlighting the potential of uPA and pro-ADM as biomarkers for malaria.

Flow-through cell dissolution method as predictor of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim plasma concentrations: studies using two-dose formulations

Medina-López J R — 2025-04-01

The study aimed to predict sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) plasma levels using in vitro release data from the flow-through cell method (USP apparatus IV) and published pharmacokinetic information. Low-dose (400/80 mg) and high-dose (800/160 mg) tablets of both reference and generic fixed-dose combination formulations were tested using USP apparatus IV (22.6 mm cells, laminar flow at 16 ml/min) in a pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. Samples were collected at intervals from 10 to 60 minutes, and the extent of drug dissolution was determined using a spectrophotometric derivative method.Dissolution profiles of generic and reference formulations were compared using the f₂ similarity factor, dissolved drug at the last sampling time, dissolution efficiency, and mean dissolution time (t-test). Additionally, t50%, t63.2%, t85% (from hyperbola models) and Td values (from the Weibull function) were analyzed. While f₂ results indicated similarity (f₂ = 50–100), other comparisons yielded conflicting outcomes. A convolution approach was applied to predict plasma concentrations, and pharmacokinetic parameters such as Cmax and AUC₀-∞ were compared to real pharmacokinetic data. Prediction errors <10% were observed only for low-dose SMZ, while higher errors were found for low-dose TMP and high-dose formulations. Further human studies are needed to validate these findings.

A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study on Hepatitis C Virus Genotypic Diversity among Hemodialysis Patients

Abeer Ali Marhoon — 2025-04-18

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a significant public health challenge, particularly among hemodialysis patients, who are at increased risk due to frequent exposure to blood products and potentially contaminated medical equipment. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, genotypic distribution, and associated risk factors of HCV infection among hemodialysis patients in Southern India. A prospective, multi-center observational study was conducted over two years (January 2022 to December 2023) across several tertiary care centers in the region. A total of 340 hemodialysis patients were enrolled. Blood samples were collected and tested for HCV using ELISA, RT-PCR, and genotyping. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was employed for untypable samples. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. The prevalence of HCV infection was 17.35% (59/340). Genotype 1a was the most common (54.2%), followed by genotype 1b (20.3%) and genotype 3 (8.5%). NGS resolved 90% of untypable samples, identifying them as genotypes 1a and 1b. Prolonged hemodialysis duration (>3 years), multiple blood transfusions, and comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension were significant risk factors for HCV infection. This study highlights the high burden of HCV among hemodialysis patients in Southern India, emphasizing the need for advanced diagnostics, robust infection control, and targeted preventive strategies.

A comprehensive examination of regulatory affairs awareness in several pharmacy industries

P Pravallika — 2025-05-25

The registration process for various pharmaceutical products and new drug applications is the primary responsibility of the pharmaceutical drug regulatory affairs department. In the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory affairs (RA) specialists are essential due to their involvement with medical devices. RA offers operational and strategic guidance to accelerate the development of pharmaceutical, biological, and medical devices while working within legal constraints. Its main concerns include ensuring safety, effectiveness, low risk/high reward, and quality evaluation of pharmaceutical products used globally. Different regulatory authorities regulate certification and good manufacturing practices in each country’s regulatory framework. RA also plays a specialized role in drug product development. This abstract highlights research on awareness and knowledge testing in regulatory affairs, conducted among pharmaceutical professionals. A certified online survey, based on key RA concepts, was shared with over 1,000 professionals (academics, students, and industry experts). The results show that industrial professionals possess greater knowledge of RA than scholars and students. The survey concludes that RA education should be incorporated into academic curricula to meet future demands.

Assess the burnout syndrome and its impact on personal and professional life of the ICU nurses in a selected hospital of Bhubaneswar, Odisha

Sanghamitra Rout — 2025-04-09

Objectives: The study aimed to assess burnout syndrome and its impact on the personal and professional lives of ICU nurses. Materials and Methods: A quantitative survey approach with a cross-sectional descriptive study design was adopted. A total of 140 ICU nurses were selected using purposive sampling. Burnout levels were assessed with the modified Burnout Self-Test Scale, while the impact on personal and professional life was evaluated with a self-structured questionnaire. Results: The findings revealed that the majority of participants (47.4%) were in the 20-24 years age group, 70% were unmarried, and 75.7% had completed GNM. Among the ICU nurses, 85.7% showed moderate signs of burnout, with 51.4% experiencing a severe impact on personal life and 57.15% on professional life. A positive correlation was found between burnout syndrome and personal life (r = 0.494, p = 0.000*) and between burnout syndrome and professional life (r = 0.387, p = 0.000*). The working department was associated with burnout levels, with a chi-square value of 16.501 (p = 0.011), confirming the existence of burnout. Conclusion: Burnout syndrome exists among ICU nurses, emphasizing the need to understand its magnitude and risk factors to implement effective preventive measures.