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\def\RunningAuthor{Aparna Pareek and Shalini Maheshwari}
\firstPage{1808}
\articleType{Original Article}
\receivedDate{09 Apr 2020}
\acceptedDate{04 Jun 2021}
\revisedDate{28 May 2021}
\journalVolume{2021, 12}
\journalIssue{3}
\journalDoi{ijrps.v12i3.4784}
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\title{Endangered Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Herbal Medicines in the South-East Rajasthan (Hadoti Region)}
\author{Aparna~Pareek\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{1}, 
            Shalini~Maheshwari\textsuperscript{2}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur {\textendash} 302004, Rajasthan, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}Department of Life Sciences, Career Point University, Kota, Rajasthan, India}}

\begin{abstract}
The present study was carried out to gather information about Ethno-botanical knowledge of tribal people and ethnic races those are residing in forests of south-east Rajasthan since ages. A large number of wild and cultivated plants are being used by them to treat various ailments due to limited access to modern health care services. The study was carried out in an unexplored remote tribal area of South east region of Rajasthan to investigate and document the existing ethno-medicinal knowledge on local flora which is rich and diversified in important medicinal plants. The ethno-medicinal knowledge in the study area is gradually heading towards extinction because the old age community members being the main bearer of this knowledge are passing away and younger generation is not interested to take it. Herbal practitioners in the area have sufficient traditional knowledge, but mostly, they are reluctant to disclose it to other community members. Hence, the current study was planned with the objectives to record the traditional knowledge of study area mainly pertaining to endangered Ethno-medicinal plants of the proposed area of study.  The study was conducted through direct interviews with 35 Herbal practitioners and 240 informants from the study area. Data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires from the community members and local herbal. We presented thirty most used species by ancestral healers of Hadoti to cure different ailments and their medicinal uses. This study also provide details regarding Habitat, Mode of transfer, Abundance Status, Effect and popularity and Cultivation practices (status of plant)of selected 30 plants. 
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Endangered,\newline Ethno-medicinal,\newline Conservation,\newline Indegenous,\newline Hadoti Region,\newline Traditional Knowledge
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Aparna~Pareek~\\ Phone:\ 9829265096~\\  Email:\ aparna992000@yahoo.com
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\section{Introduction}
Rajasthan is the largest state of India with its different geographical features with dense forests, rivers, deserts and plateaus. The south-eastern part of Rajasthan is known as the Hadoti region and it includes 4 districts: Kota, Baran, Bundi and Jhalawar. \unskip~\citep{1390197:24737696,1390197:24737699,1390197:24737697}

Due to the presence of dense forest patches in all four districts, a considerable number of people, especially tribal, are still dependent on these forests for treating various diseases. The plants growing around them form an integral part of their culture \unskip~\citep{1390197:24737703}. 


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\caption{\boldmath {Map of Rajasthan Showing study area Hadoti Region.} (Source: Atlas of Rajasthan, 2011. Government of Rajasthan, Jodhpur.)}
\label{f-924688bed8a0}
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\egroup
The tribal and local people of the area are largely dependent on their traditional healthcare system, which is based on the plants growing in nearby forests \unskip~\citep{1390197:24737706,1390197:24737708,1390197:24737705}. Hadoti Plateau, with rich floristic diversity, is situated at the edge of Malwa Plateau. The region has one of the best scopes of genetic resources for future development in the peninsula due to flourishing biodiversity. It possesses a great potentiality in the form of gen-pool due to the wide range of Flora and fauna. The contribution of the Hadoti region in the regulation of climate and rainfall patterns is very important. Kota is located at 25\ensuremath{^\circ}11'N 75\ensuremath{^\circ}50'E/ 25.18\ensuremath{^\circ}N 75.83\ensuremath{^\circ}E with an average elevation of 271 meters (890ft above mean sea level). Most of the parts of this region are drained by the Chambal River and its tributaries like Kali-Sindh, Parwan, Aahu, Ujar, Parwati and Chandrabhaga etc. Figure~\ref{f-924688bed8a0}. 

The folk knowledge of medicinal plants species of the Southeast region of Rajasthan was unexplored. We, for the first time, conducted this quantitative study in the area to document medicinal plants uses, to preserve traditional knowledge, and also to motivate the local residents against the disappearing wealth of traditional knowledge of medicinal flora. 

The vast use of medicinal plants reported shows the significance of indigenous herbal preparations among local people of the area for their health care. \unskip~\citep{1390197:24737700,1390197:24737702,1390197:24737698} Knowledge about the medicinal use of plants is rapidly disappearing in the area as a new generation is unwilling to take an interest in medicinal plant use, and knowledgeable persons keep their knowledge a secret \unskip~\citep{1390197:24737704,1390197:24737701,1390197:24737707}. Thus, the indigenous use of plants needs several conservational strategies and further investigation for better utilization of natural resources. 

\textbf{Ethnographic and socio-economic background of the study area}

Hadoti region is the main tribal belt of Rajasthan in which Bhil, Meena, Damor, Sahariyas Kalbelia, Kan- 


\begingroup
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\begin{longtable}{p{\dimexpr.0608\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.13889999999999986\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1988\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.12470000000000006\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.09890000000000004\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.12725000000000005\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.11170000000000007\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.13895000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\caption{\boldmath {Useful endangered plants in the south east region of Rajasthan} }
\label{tw-d1c827b10e90}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}\\\endfirsthead \hline \noalign{\vskip3pt} \noalign{\textit{Table \thetable\ continued}} \noalign{\vskip3pt} 
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S. No. & \cAlignHack Plant Name & \cAlignHack Botanical Name & \cAlignHack Habitat & \cAlignHack Mode of Transfer & \cAlignHack Abundance Status & \cAlignHack Effect and Popularity & \cAlignHack Cultivation Practices (Status of Plant)\\
\tblmidrule \endhead \hline \noalign{\vskip3pt} \noalign{\textit{\hfill Continued on next page}} \noalign{\vskip3pt} \endfoot \endlastfoot 
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S. No. & \cAlignHack Plant Name & \cAlignHack Botanical Name & \cAlignHack Habitat & \cAlignHack Mode of Transfer & \cAlignHack Abundance Status & \cAlignHack Effect and Popularity & \cAlignHack Cultivation Practices (Status of Plant)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1. &
  \cAlignHack Arjuna &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Terminalia arjuna} &
  \cAlignHack T &
  \cAlignHack Seeds &
  \cAlignHack Threatenend &
  \cAlignHack High &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 2. &
  \cAlignHack Salai guggal/ Shallakki &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Boswellia serrata} &
  \cAlignHack T &
  \cAlignHack Seeds &
  \cAlignHack Threatenend &
  \cAlignHack High &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 3. &
  \cAlignHack Madan phal &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Rendia dumentorum} &
  \cAlignHack T &
  \cAlignHack Seeds &
  \cAlignHack Critically endangered &
  \cAlignHack High &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 4. &
  \cAlignHack Ratti/Safed Gunja &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Abarus precatorius} &
  \cAlignHack S &
  \cAlignHack Seeds &
  \cAlignHack Threatenend &
  \cAlignHack High &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 5. &
  \cAlignHack Vacha &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Acorus calamus} &
  \cAlignHack H &
  \cAlignHack Roots &
  \cAlignHack Vulnerable &
  \cAlignHack High &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 6. &
  \cAlignHack Kali musli &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Curculigo orchides} &
  \cAlignHack H &
  \cAlignHack Rhizom &
  \cAlignHack Sporadic &
  \cAlignHack Low &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 7. &
  \cAlignHack Kalpvriksha &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Adansonia digitata} &
  \cAlignHack T &
  \cAlignHack Seed and stem cutting &
  \cAlignHack Endangered &
  \cAlignHack Low &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 8. &
  \cAlignHack Khadira/Katha &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Acacia catechu} &
  \cAlignHack T &
  \cAlignHack Seed and stem cutting &
  \cAlignHack Vulnerable species &
  \cAlignHack Low &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 9. &
  \cAlignHack Kaamla/Sindor &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Mallotus phillippinnensis} &
  \cAlignHack S &
  \cAlignHack Seeds &
  \cAlignHack Vulnerable species &
  \cAlignHack High &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 10. &
  \cAlignHack Sita Ashok &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Sarraca asoca} &
  \cAlignHack T &
  \cAlignHack Seeds &
  \cAlignHack Vulnerable species &
  \cAlignHack High &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 11. &
  \cAlignHack Kaal megh &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Andrographis paniculata} &
  \cAlignHack H &
  \cAlignHack Roots &
  \cAlignHack Not known &
  \cAlignHack Low &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 12. &
  \cAlignHack Jeevanti &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Leptadenia reticulata} &
  \cAlignHack CL &
  \cAlignHack Bulb &
  \cAlignHack Vulnerable species &
  \cAlignHack High &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 13. &
  \cAlignHack Chiraunji &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Buchanania lanzen} &
  \cAlignHack T &
  \cAlignHack Seeds &
  \cAlignHack Threatened &
  \cAlignHack High &
  \cAlignHack C\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 14. &
  \cAlignHack Guggal &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Commiphora mukul} &
  \cAlignHack T &
  \cAlignHack Stem cutting &
  \cAlignHack Critically endangered &
  \cAlignHack Very high &
  \cAlignHack W\\
\cAlignHack 15. &
  \cAlignHack Gambhari &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Gmelina arboria} &
  \cAlignHack T &
  \cAlignHack Seeds &
  \cAlignHack Threatened &
  \cAlignHack High &
  \cAlignHack W\\
\cAlignHack 16. &
  \cAlignHack Tins/Tinish &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Ougeinia oogenesis} &
  \cAlignHack T &
  \cAlignHack Seeds &
  \cAlignHack Sporadic &
  \cAlignHack Low &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 17. &
  \cAlignHack Mansarohinni &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Soymida febrifuga} &
  \cAlignHack T &
  \cAlignHack Seeds &
  \cAlignHack Endangered &
  \cAlignHack High &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 18. &
  \cAlignHack Gangdi &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Grewia latifolia} &
  \cAlignHack S &
  \cAlignHack Roots &
  \cAlignHack Threatened &
  \cAlignHack High &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 19. &
  \cAlignHack Vridhdaru/ Vidhara &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Argyria speciosa} &
  \cAlignHack CL &
  \cAlignHack Stem cutting and seeds &
  \cAlignHack Endangered &
  \cAlignHack High &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 20. &
  \cAlignHack Malkangni/ Jyotishmati &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Celestrus paniculatus} &
  \cAlignHack CL &
  \cAlignHack Seeds &
  \cAlignHack Threatened &
  \cAlignHack Very high &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 21. &
  \cAlignHack Mandukparni &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Centella asiatica} &
  \cAlignHack H &
  \cAlignHack Roots &
  \cAlignHack Vulnerable &
  \cAlignHack Very high &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 22. &
  \cAlignHack Bilwaparni &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Naringi crenulata} &
  \cAlignHack T &
  \cAlignHack Seeds/ Stem cutting &
  \cAlignHack Endangered species &
  \cAlignHack Very high &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 23. &
  \cAlignHack Kadaya &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Sterculia urenus} &
  \cAlignHack T &
  \cAlignHack Seeds/ Stem cutting &
  \cAlignHack Threatened &
  \cAlignHack Very high &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 24. &
  \cAlignHack Adusa/ Vasaka &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Adhatoda vasica} &
  \cAlignHack S &
  \cAlignHack Seeds/ Stem cutting &
  \cAlignHack Vulnerable &
  \cAlignHack Very high &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 25. &
  \cAlignHack Amrita/ Giloy &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Tinospora cordifolia} &
  \cAlignHack CL &
  \cAlignHack Stem cutting &
  \cAlignHack Presently safe &
  \cAlignHack Very high &
  \cAlignHack C\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 26. &
  \cAlignHack Mulethi &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra} &
  \cAlignHack S &
  \cAlignHack Stem cutting &
  \cAlignHack Vulnerable &
  \cAlignHack Very high &
  \cAlignHack C\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 27. &
  \cAlignHack Nirgundi &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Vitex nirgundo} &
  \cAlignHack T &
  \cAlignHack Seeds &
  \cAlignHack Threatened &
  \cAlignHack Very high &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 28. &
  \cAlignHack Akol &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Alangium salvifolium} &
  \cAlignHack T &
  \cAlignHack Seeds/ Stem cutting &
  \cAlignHack Threatened &
  \cAlignHack Very high &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 29. &
  \cAlignHack Gudmaar &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Gymnema sylvestre} &
  \cAlignHack CL &
  \cAlignHack Cutting &
  \cAlignHack Vulnerable &
  \cAlignHack Very high &
  \cAlignHack W\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 30. &
  \cAlignHack Vijaysaar &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Pterocarpus marsupium} &
  \cAlignHack T &
  \cAlignHack Seeds/ cutting &
  \cAlignHack Threatened &
  \cAlignHack Very high &
  \cAlignHack W\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{longtable}
\endgroup
\makeatletter\@ifundefined{TwoColDocument}{}{\twocolumn}\makeatother 

\begingroup
\makeatletter\if@twocolumn\@ifundefined{theposttbl}{\gdef\TwoColDocument{true}\onecolumn\onecolumn}{}\fi\makeatother \setlength\LTcapwidth{\textwidth}
\begin{longtable}{p{\dimexpr.08190000000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1518\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1185\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.14780000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.15625000000000004\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.12025\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.11950000000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.10400000000000004\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\caption{\boldmath {The location of ethnomedicinal plants of Hadoti Region} }
\label{tw-4f473b18636a}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}\\\endfirsthead \hline \noalign{\vskip3pt} \noalign{\textit{Table \thetable\ continued}} \noalign{\vskip3pt} 
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Site No. & \cAlignHack District & \cAlignHack Site Name & \multicolumn{2}{p{\dimexpr(.3040500000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\cAlignHack GPS readings} & \cAlignHack Tree community & \cAlignHack Soil texture class & \cAlignHack Climatic Zone\\
\rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack  & \cAlignHack  &  & \cAlignHack Latitude & \cAlignHack Longitude & \cAlignHack  & \cAlignHack  & \\
\tblmidrule \endhead \hline \noalign{\vskip3pt} \noalign{\textit{\hfill Continued on next page}} \noalign{\vskip3pt} \endfoot \endlastfoot 
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Site No. & \cAlignHack District & \cAlignHack Site Name & \multicolumn{2}{p{\dimexpr(.3040500000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\cAlignHack GPS readings} & \cAlignHack Tree community & \cAlignHack Soil texture class & \cAlignHack Climatic Zone\\
\rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack  & \cAlignHack  &  & \cAlignHack Latitude & \cAlignHack Longitude & \cAlignHack  & \cAlignHack  & \\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1. &
  \cAlignHack Baran &
  \cAlignHack Forest office &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Black soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Kota &
  \cAlignHack Shiv Temple, Borabas &
  \cAlignHack 25.192180 &
  \cAlignHack 75.850840 &
  \cAlignHack Arjuna &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Jhalawar &
  \cAlignHack Jhirniya Nursery &
  \cAlignHack 24.590700 &
  \cAlignHack 76.158500 &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Black Cotton Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack 2. &
  \cAlignHack Baran &
  \cAlignHack Kunda Kho &
  \cAlignHack 25.095900 &
  \cAlignHack 76.505900 &
  \cAlignHack Salai guggal/ Shallakki &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Jhalawar &
  \cAlignHack Baghel ghati &
  \cAlignHack 24.590700 &
  \cAlignHack 76.158500 &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Black Cotton Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Kota &
  \cAlignHack Ganesh Pura &
  \cAlignHack 25.234580 &
  \cAlignHack 75.875670 &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack 3. &
  \cAlignHack Jhalawar &
  \cAlignHack Dara Forest, Dargah Peer Baba &
  \cAlignHack 24.590700 &
  \cAlignHack 76.158500 &
  \cAlignHack Madan phal &
  \cAlignHack Black Cotton Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack 4. &
  \cAlignHack Jhalawar &
  \cAlignHack Bhawani Mandi &
  \cAlignHack 24.401800 &
  \cAlignHack 75.809300 &
  \cAlignHack Safed musli &
  \cAlignHack Black Cotton Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Kota &
  \cAlignHack Ramganj Mandi &
  \cAlignHack 24.651670 &
  \cAlignHack 75.939250 &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack 5. &
  \cAlignHack Baran &
  \cAlignHack Madho Kho &
  \cAlignHack 25.095900 &
  \cAlignHack 76.505900 &
  \cAlignHack Gaangdi &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack 6. &
  \cAlignHack Baran &
  \cAlignHack Naharghar &
  \cAlignHack 25.095900 &
  \cAlignHack 76.505900 &
  \cAlignHack Kali musli &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack 7. &
  \cAlignHack Kota &
  \cAlignHack Kohlipura &
  \cAlignHack 25.192180 &
  \cAlignHack 75.850840 &
  \cAlignHack Kaith &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Bundi &
  \cAlignHack Ramghar Sanctuary, Ramesher Mahadev &
  \cAlignHack 23.627670 &
  \cAlignHack 85.150500 &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack 8. &
  \cAlignHack Jhalawar &
  \cAlignHack Jhalrapatan &
  \cAlignHack 24.590700 &
  \cAlignHack 76.158500 &
  \cAlignHack Indra jao &
  \cAlignHack Black Cotton Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack 9. &
  \cAlignHack Kota &
  \cAlignHack Career point University, Alaniya &
  \cAlignHack 25.192180 &
  \cAlignHack 75.850840 &
  \cAlignHack Badi kateli &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack 10. &
  \cAlignHack Kota &
  \cAlignHack Herbal Park, Rathi Industry &
  \cAlignHack 25.176050 &
  \cAlignHack 75.927280 &
  \cAlignHack Chakramad/ Pavaad &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack 11. &
  \cAlignHack Kota &
  \cAlignHack Herbal Park, Rathi Industry &
  \cAlignHack 25.176050 &
  \cAlignHack 75.927280 &
  \cAlignHack Kaal megh &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack 12. &
  \cAlignHack Baran &
  \cAlignHack Mudiyar Kho &
  \cAlignHack 25.095900 &
  \cAlignHack 76.505900 &
  \cAlignHack Jeevanti &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack 13. &
  \cAlignHack Baran &
  \cAlignHack Bhawarghar, Sitabadi &
  \cAlignHack 25.200870 &
  \cAlignHack 77.146470 &
  \cAlignHack Chiraunji &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack 14. &
  \cAlignHack Baran &
  \cAlignHack Shahabad forest &
  \cAlignHack 25.200870 &
  \cAlignHack 77.146470 &
  \cAlignHack Guggal &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Jhalawar &
  \cAlignHack Bagel Gati &
  \cAlignHack 24.590700 &
  \cAlignHack 76.158500 &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Black Cotton Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack 15. &
  \cAlignHack Kota &
  \cAlignHack Nahar singhi Mata &
  \cAlignHack 25.158070 &
  \cAlignHack 75.857910 &
  \cAlignHack Gambhari &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack 16. &
  \cAlignHack Kota &
  \cAlignHack Herbal Park, Rathi Industry &
  \cAlignHack 25.176050 &
  \cAlignHack 75.927280 &
  \cAlignHack Malkangni &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Jawahar Sagar Dam &
  \cAlignHack 25.778240 &
  \cAlignHack 73.306130 &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Kota &
  \cAlignHack Akelgarh, water station &
  \cAlignHack 25.175040 &
  \cAlignHack 75.852720 &
  \cAlignHack Manduk \mbox{}\protect\newline -parni &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Ganeshpura Kota &
  \cAlignHack 25.234580 &
  \cAlignHack 75.875670 &
  \cAlignHack Masarohiidi &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Shahabad Fort &
  \cAlignHack 25.192181 &
  \cAlignHack 75.850838 &
  \cAlignHack Mahabil \mbox{}\protect\newline -vaparni &
  \cAlignHack Alluvial Soil, Black Soil &
  \cAlignHack 5\ensuremath{^{th}}, South Eastern\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{longtable}
\endgroup
\makeatletter\@ifundefined{TwoColDocument}{}{\twocolumn}\makeatother 

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/36d0b732-c4d0-4fbe-a006-e092b95f3c58-uplate1.png}
\begin{plate*}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/36d0b732-c4d0-4fbe-a006-e092b95f3c58-uplate1.png}{\includegraphics{images/36d0b732-c4d0-4fbe-a006-e092b95f3c58-uplate1.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Endangered Plants of Hadoti Region}}
\label{f-f5bbac2be440}
\end{plate*}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/fb7edd37-3c8f-4e89-9208-023596a255fa-uplate2.png}
\begin{plate*}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/fb7edd37-3c8f-4e89-9208-023596a255fa-uplate2.png}{\includegraphics{images/fb7edd37-3c8f-4e89-9208-023596a255fa-uplate2.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Ethnomedicinal Plants of Hadoti Region}}
\label{f-44fefb524123}
\end{plate*}
\egroup
jar, and Saansi -Nut are the main tribes (Figure~\ref{f-924688bed8a0}). Rajasthan is one of the largest states and has a great heritage related to these forests and aboriginals. India has suffered with the loss of its rich heritage due to urbanization and deforestation.

Tribals preserved this knowledge through their conservation-oriented approach that pass on from generation to generation through word of mouth. 

Now, this is the time to preserve this knowledge in written form, so looking to the importance of ethnomedicinal plants in the safe cure of human beings, the present study is carried out.
    
\section{Materials and Methods}
\textbf{Study design and Sampling Techniques}

The study involved 35 traditional healers and 260 informants from the study area who consented to participate in the study on a voluntary basis. The study began in February 2017 and was concluded in December 2018. 

Tribal persons who have consented to participate in the study have been recruited, and the data have been collected using a questionnaire and during interactive sessions. 

Different localities were visited and data has been collected through purposive, snowball, and random sampling techniques.

\textbf{Purposive Sampling Technique}

This method involves screening the individuals with sufficient knowledge and share valuable inputs freely with the scholar. We found that it is easy to get information regarding such healers in tribal settings as they are famous for treating various diseases in their village settings.

\textbf{Snowball Sampling Technique}

This technique was useful to get information from those healers who had no official permission to use their traditional knowledge for treating people. These persons were found through the suggestion of other informants on the condition of being confidential. 

These people usually hesitated to coming out publically and sharing their knowledge, so it was useful to find out these hidden participants who were eligible and potentially contribute to our requirement.

\textbf{Random Sampling Techniques}

This was an unbiased, true representation of the total population of the study area and the simplest technique of data collection, including the overall target population. 

Each member carried an equal opportunity to become a part of the sampling process. Information were collected from general informants and non-healers, normally those people who were living in the study area for a long period of time.

They used their knowledge of indigenous medicinal plant for treatment for since long.

\textbf{Identification of Plants}

The entire collected flora was brought to the laboratory, identified them and classified to their respective species level. A list of the medicinal plant will be prepared on the basis of information collected from informers. 

About 30 plants were selected for further study considering their:-


  
  \begin{enumerate}
  \item \relax Potential use for normal and therapeutic purpose.
  \item \relax Consumption by tribals in various forms. 
  \item \relax Availability of selected plants in different seasons. 
  \end{enumerate}
  \textbf{Data Collection} \textbf{and analysis}

The data were collected by visiting tribal localities, interviews of informers, observations and participation in their customs. Information's collected from tribal and traditional communities can be further categorized under these 4-categories-

\textbf{Qualitative data}

Uses of plants in various forms. 

\textbf{Quantitative data}

Plant qualities as Bio-medicine.

\textbf{Descriptive data}

Information's regarding rituals, festivals and the role of flora in the daily customs of traditional communities. 

\textbf{Supportive data}

Information such as socio-economic background, occupation, welfare status were included in this category.

The above-cited sampling methods were used for the selection of informants, and information regarding the ethnomedicinal use of plants was collected through semi-structured interviews. The collected data was analyzed through quantitative indices viz. relative frequency citation, use-value, and family use-value. 

The conservation status of medicinal plants was enumerated with the help of the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List Categories and Criteria (2001). Plant samples were deposited at the Herbarium of Botany Department, the University of Rajasthan, for future reference. 

\textbf{Analyse status of Medicinal plants}

This was assessed in terms of fieldwork and by interaction with some experienced Ayurvedic vaidya and farmers recently working in this field. Selected possibilities were also be analyzed to confirm the potential future of the medicinal plants. The threats to medicinal plants also found out, and their therapeutic application, effect and popularity were analyzed to conserve medicinal plants. Plants were classified as wild or cultivated on the basis of their availability for forest dwellers and different plant types such as herbs, shrubs and trees. On the basis of information retrieved from locals, we came to know about different plants that are more popular among them and the effect of plants on diseases. The abundance was categorized as under: 

Threatened - the species are to be taken care of for conservation (T)

Sporadic {\textendash}plants growing in scattered patches and need careful monitoring(S)

Presently safe- These species seems presently safe but need the effort to protect them (PS)

Doubtful presence- Not known (D)
    
\section{Results}
The present piece of work is shown in Table~\ref{tw-d1c827b10e90}, which throws light on some of the plants used for multiple reasons by the ethnic communities of the South-east region of the state (Plate~\ref{f-f5bbac2be440} and Plate~\ref{f-44fefb524123}). The location of the ethnomedicinal plants showing latitude and longitude during the survey are shown in Table~\ref{tw-4f473b18636a}.
    
\section{Conclusion}
The resurgence of interest in green medicine is mainly due to several reasons that the number of ailments and disorders are increasing day by day. Even some dreadful diseases like asthma, cancer, diabetes, epilepsy, Filariasis, jaundice, rheumatism, gout and arthritis are still not curable in modern allopathic systems of medicine. The loss of biodiversity resulting in the extinction of many useful species has also imposed a serious concern on global medical scientists and researchers. With this point of view, medicinal plants have become one of the main concerns of world conservation organizations. Systematically more attempts for the documentation of the medicinal plants of the Indian subcontinent are seriously required and is the need of the hour. There is also a need to establish herbal drug centers for collecting, processing and preparation of ethnomedicine and to develop cultivation, farming and further documentation of potential and promising ethnomedicinal plants in social forestry programmes for improving the lifestyle and economic condition of the local tribal and rural people. The proper establishment of some more wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and biosphere reserves in botanical rich areas and hot spots are also required for the protection and conservation of valuable biodiversity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to document complete biodiversity, prioritize useful threatened plants, and conserve them in-situ and ex-situ for sustainable utilization in health care and human welfare. The current study may thus prove to be of great use to the researchers, conservationists, foresters and people interested in herbal medicine. The documentation may further help to conserve the traditional knowledge and aid in the improvement of the local people of these areas.

\textbf{Funding Support}

The authors are thankful to the Department of Science and\textbf{\space }Technology, Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur, for the financial support.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
    

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