\documentclass[twocolumn,twoside]{article}
\makeatletter\if@twocolumn\PassOptionsToPackage{switch}{lineno}\else\fi\makeatother

\usepackage{amsfonts,amssymb,amsbsy,latexsym,amsmath,tabulary,graphicx,times,xcolor}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Following additional macros are required to function some 
% functions which are not available in the class used.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\usepackage{url,multirow,morefloats,floatflt,cancel,tfrupee}
\makeatletter


\AtBeginDocument{\@ifpackageloaded{textcomp}{}{\usepackage{textcomp}}}
\makeatother
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{pifont}
\usepackage[nointegrals]{wasysym}
\urlstyle{rm}
\makeatletter

%%%For Table column width calculation.
\def\mcWidth#1{\csname TY@F#1\endcsname+\tabcolsep}

%%Hacking center and right align for table
\def\cAlignHack{\rightskip\@flushglue\leftskip\@flushglue\parindent\z@\parfillskip\z@skip}
\def\rAlignHack{\rightskip\z@skip\leftskip\@flushglue \parindent\z@\parfillskip\z@skip}

%Etal definition in references
\@ifundefined{etal}{\def\etal{\textit{et~al}}}{}


%\if@twocolumn\usepackage{dblfloatfix}\fi
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex\else\if@twocolumn\@ifpackageloaded{stfloats}{}{\usepackage{dblfloatfix}}\fi\fi

\AtBeginDocument{
\expandafter\ifx\csname eqalign\endcsname\relax
\def\eqalign#1{\null\vcenter{\def\\{\cr}\openup\jot\m@th
  \ialign{\strut$\displaystyle{##}$\hfil&$\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfil
      \crcr#1\crcr}}\,}
\fi
}

%For fixing hardfail when unicode letters appear inside table with endfloat
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifpackageloaded{endfloat}%
   {\renewcommand\efloat@iwrite[1]{\immediate\expandafter\protected@write\csname efloat@post#1\endcsname{}}}{\newif\ifefloat@tables}%
}%

\def\BreakURLText#1{\@tfor\brk@tempa:=#1\do{\brk@tempa\hskip0pt}}
\let\lt=<
\let\gt=>
\def\processVert{\ifmmode|\else\textbar\fi}
\let\processvert\processVert

\@ifundefined{subparagraph}{
\def\subparagraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{5}{2\parindent}{0ex plus 0.1ex minus 0.1ex}%
{0ex}{\normalfont\small\itshape}}%
}{}

% These are now gobbled, so won't appear in the PDF.
\newcommand\role[1]{\unskip}
\newcommand\aucollab[1]{\unskip}
  
\@ifundefined{tsGraphicsScaleX}{\gdef\tsGraphicsScaleX{1}}{}
\@ifundefined{tsGraphicsScaleY}{\gdef\tsGraphicsScaleY{.9}}{}
% To automatically resize figures to fit inside the text area
\def\checkGraphicsWidth{\ifdim\Gin@nat@width>\linewidth
	\tsGraphicsScaleX\linewidth\else\Gin@nat@width\fi}

\def\checkGraphicsHeight{\ifdim\Gin@nat@height>.9\textheight
	\tsGraphicsScaleY\textheight\else\Gin@nat@height\fi}

\def\fixFloatSize#1{}%\@ifundefined{processdelayedfloats}{\setbox0=\hbox{\includegraphics{#1}}\ifnum\wd0<\columnwidth\relax\renewenvironment{figure*}{\begin{figure}}{\end{figure}}\fi}{}}
\let\ts@includegraphics\includegraphics

\def\inlinegraphic[#1]#2{{\edef\@tempa{#1}\edef\baseline@shift{\ifx\@tempa\@empty0\else#1\fi}\edef\tempZ{\the\numexpr(\numexpr(\baseline@shift*\f@size/100))}\protect\raisebox{\tempZ pt}{\ts@includegraphics{#2}}}}

%\renewcommand{\includegraphics}[1]{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth]{#1}}
\AtBeginDocument{\def\includegraphics{\@ifnextchar[{\ts@includegraphics}{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth,height=\checkGraphicsHeight,keepaspectratio]}}}

\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathpzc}{OT1}{pzc}{m}{it}

\def\URL#1#2{\@ifundefined{href}{#2}{\href{#1}{#2}}}

%%For url break
\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~\do\'\do\"\do\-}%
\g@addto@macro{\UrlBreaks}{\UrlOrds}



\edef\fntEncoding{\f@encoding}
\def\EUoneEnc{EU1}
\makeatother
\def\floatpagefraction{0.8} 
\def\dblfloatpagefraction{0.8}
\def\style#1#2{#2}
\def\xxxguillemotleft{\fontencoding{T1}\selectfont\guillemotleft}
\def\xxxguillemotright{\fontencoding{T1}\selectfont\guillemotright}

\newif\ifmultipleabstract\multipleabstractfalse%
\newenvironment{typesetAbstractGroup}{}{}%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\usepackage[authoryear]{natbib}



\newif\ifnokeywords\nokeywordsfalse

\makeatletter\input{size10-pointfive.clo}\makeatother%
\definecolor{kwdboxcolor}{RGB}{242,242,242}
\usepackage[hidelinks,colorlinks=true,allcolors=blue]{hyperref}
\linespread{1}                 
\def\floatpagefraction{0.8}

\usepackage[paperheight=11.69in,paperwidth=8.26in,top=1in,bottom=1in,left=1in,right=.75in,headsep=24pt]{geometry}

\usepackage{multirow-custom}

\makeatletter

\def\hlinewd#1{%
  \noalign{\ifnum0=`}\fi\hrule \@height #1%
  \futurelet\reserved@a\@xhline}
\def\tbltoprule{\hlinewd{1pt}\\[-14pt]}
\def\tblbottomrule{\noalign{\vspace*{6pt}}\hline\noalign{\vspace*{2pt}}}
\def\tblmidrule{\hline\noalign{\vspace*{2pt}}}



\let\@articleType\@empty
\let\@journalDoi\@empty
\let\@journalVolume\@empty
\let\@journalIssue\@empty
\let\@crossMarkLink\@empty
\let\@receivedDate\@empty
\let\@acceptedDate\@empty
\let\@revisedDate\@empty
\let\@publishedDate\@empty
\let\@copyrightYear\@empty
\let\@firstPage\@empty
\def\articleType#1{\gdef\@articleType{#1}}
\def\journalDoi#1{\gdef\@journalDoi{#1}}
\def\crossMarkLink#1{\gdef\@crossMarkLink{#1}}
\def\receivedDate#1{\gdef\@receivedDate{#1}}
\def\acceptedDate#1{\gdef\@acceptedDate{#1}}
\def\revisedDate#1{\gdef\@revisedDate{#1}}
\def\publishedDate#1{\gdef\@publishedDate{#1}}
\def\copyrightYear#1{\gdef\@copyrightYear{#1}}
\def\journalVolume#1{\gdef\@journalVolume{#1}}
\def\journalIssue#1{\gdef\@journalIssue{#1}}
\def\firstPage#1{\gdef\@firstPage{#1}}
\let\@issuelogo\@empty%
\let\@issuelogoex\@empty%
\def\issuelogo#1{\gdef\@issuelogo{#1}}
\def\issuelogoex#1{\gdef\@issuelogoex{#1}}


\def\author#1{%
  \gdef\@author{%
    \hskip-\dimexpr(\tabcolsep)\hskip5pt%
    \parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-1pt}%
    {\fontsize{11}{13}\selectfont\raggedright #1}%
  }%
}


\usepackage{pharmascope-abs}
\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{lastpage}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage[noindentafter,explicit]{titlesec}
\usepackage{fontspec}

\setmainfont[%
BoldFont=cambriab.ttf,%
ItalicFont=CAMBRIAI.TTF,%
BoldItalicFont=CAMBRIAZ.TTF]{Cambria.ttf}
\lefthyphenmin = 3

\def\title#1{%
  \gdef\@title{%
      \vspace*{-40pt}%
       \ifx\@articleType\@empty\else{\fontsize{10}{12}\scshape\selectfont\hspace{8pt}\@articleType\hfill\mbox{}\par\vspace{2pt}}\fi%
       \minipage{\linewidth}
         \hrulefill\\[-0.7pt]%%{\includegraphics[width=75pt,height=50pt]{ijrps_logo.png}}\hfill
         \mbox{~}\hspace{5pt}\parbox{.1\linewidth}{\IfFileExists{images/\@issuelogo.\@issuelogoex}{\includegraphics[width=79pt,height=61pt]{images/\@issuelogo.\@issuelogoex}}{\includegraphics[width=75pt,height=50pt]{ijrps_logo.png}}}\hfill
         \fcolorbox{kwdboxcolor}{kwdboxcolor}{\parbox{.792\linewidth}{%
          \begin{center}\fontsize{17}{17}\selectfont\scshape\vskip-7pt International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences\hfill\end{center}%
          \vspace*{-10pt}\hspace*{4pt}{\fontsize{8}{9}\selectfont Published by JK Welfare \& Pharmascope Foundation\hfill  Journal Home Page: \href{www.ijrps.com}{\color{blue}\underline{\smash{www.ijrps.com}}}}\hspace*{4pt}\mbox{}}}%
       \par\vspace*{-1pt}\rule{\linewidth}{1.3pt}%
       \endminipage%
    \par\vspace*{9.2pt}\parbox{.98\linewidth}{\linespread{.9}\raggedright\fontsize{14}{17}\selectfont #1}%
    \vspace*{-8pt}%
  }
}


\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
\setlength{\parskip}{0.4pc plus 1pt minus 1pt}

\def\abbrvJournalTitle{Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci.}

\fancypagestyle{headings}{%
  \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}%
  \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.3pt}
  \fancyhf{}%
  \fancyhead[R]{%
    \fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\RunningAuthor,\ \abbrvJournalTitle,\ \ifx\@journalVolume\@empty X\else\@journalVolume\fi%
    \ifx\@journalIssue\@empty\else(\@journalIssue)\fi%
    ,\ \ifx\@firstPage\@empty 1\else\@firstPage\fi-\pageref*{LastPage}%
  }%
  \fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\textcopyright\ International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}%
  \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\thepage}
}\pagestyle{headings}

                                                         
\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
  \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}%
  \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.3pt}%
  \fancyhf{}%
  \fancyhead[R]{%
    \fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\RunningAuthor,\ \abbrvJournalTitle,\ \ifx\@journalVolume\@empty X\else\@journalVolume\fi%
    \ifx\@journalIssue\@empty\else(\@journalIssue)\fi%
    ,\ \ifx\@firstPage\@empty 1\else\@firstPage\fi-\pageref*{LastPage}%
  }%
  \fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\textcopyright\ International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}%
  \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\thepage}
  \ifx\@firstPage\@empty\else\setcounter{page}{\@firstPage}\fi
}


\def\NormalBaseline{\def\baselinestretch{1.1}}
\usepackage{textcase}
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{0}

\titleformat{\section}[block]{\bfseries\boldmath\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{13}\selectfont}
{\thesection}
{6pt}
{\MakeTextUppercase{#1}}
[]
\titleformat{\subsection}[block]{\bfseries\boldmath\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubsection}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\subsubsection}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubsubsection}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\paragraph}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{10}\selectfont}
{\theparagraph}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\subparagraph}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubparagraph}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\paragraph}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subparagraph}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}

\captionsetup[figure]{skip=1.4pt,font=bf,labelsep=colon,justification=raggedright,singlelinecheck=false}
\captionsetup[table]{skip=1.4pt,font=bf,labelsep=colon,justification=raggedright,singlelinecheck=false}

\def\bibyear#1{#1}
%\def\bibjtitle#1{#1}   %%Publisher request
\def\bibauand{}
\setlength\bibsep{3pt}
\setlength\bibhang{8pt}

\makeatother
\date{}


\usepackage[flushleft]{threeparttablex}

\begin{document}


\def\RunningAuthor{Ramam Sripada et al.}
\firstPage{3988}
\articleType{Original Article}
\receivedDate{04 Jan 2020}
\acceptedDate{4 Mar 2020}
\revisedDate{11 Feb 2020}
\journalVolume{2020, 11}
\journalIssue{3}
\journalDoi{ijrps.v11i3.2591}
\copyrightYear{2020}
\def\authorCount{4}
\def\affCount{4}

\def\journalTitle{International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}

\title{Pattern of Possible Drug-Drug Interactions among Different Specialties at an Indian Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital}
\author{Ramam~Sripada\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{1},  
            Suresh~Kumar~S~V\textsuperscript{2},  
            Devanna~N\textsuperscript{3}, 
            Ravindra~Reddy~Kandula\textsuperscript{4}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Department of Pharmacy Practice, GIET School of Pharmacy, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}Department of Pharmacognosy, CES College of Pharmacy, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{3}Department of Chemistry, JNTUA, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{4}PRRM College of Pharmacy, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India}}

\begin{abstract}
 To study the pattern of possible drug-drug interactions among different specialties at an Indian tertiary care teaching hospital. The present study was a retrospective study where the inpatient case records of psychiatry, chest \& tuberculosis, gynecology \& obstetrics and orthopedics were included. By using the software Micromedex 2.0, all the collected cases were screened for possible DDIs and the severity of the interactions was classified into minor, moderate and major. A total of 205 cases were screened for possible DDIs and about 120 (58.5\%) cases were observed to be with possible DDIs. Among all the departments, moderate polypharmacy was observed to be more in the prescriptions (41.7\%). A total of 314 possible DDIs were observed and most of the possible DDIs were of moderate severity (64.1\%). Majority of the possible DDIs were found in the department of gynecology \& obstetrics (42.4\%) followed by the psychiatry department (29.6\%). In order to reduce the DDIs, rationale prescriptions must be prescribed by considering the risk benefit ratio.  Clinical pharmacists should take the responsibility in assisting all the prescribers for screening the possible DDIs in the prescriptions there by preventing them and providing a better pharmaceutical care in various specialties.
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Drug-drug interactions,\newline Gynecology \& Obstetrics,\newline Orthopedics,\newline Psychiatry
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Ramam~Sripada~\\ Phone:\ 8374214213~\\  Email:\ ramampharmd7@gmail.com
        \par}\vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\par{\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont ISSN: 0975-7538}\par% 
        \textsc{DOI:}\ \href{https://doi.org/10.26452/\@journalDoi}{\textcolor{blue}{\underline{\smash{https://doi.org/10.26452/\@journalDoi}}}}\par%
        \vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\\{\fontsize{9.12}{10.12}\selectfont Production and Hosted by}\par{IJRPS |~\href{www.ijrps.com}{www.ijrps.com}}\par%
        \vspace*{-2pt}{\fontsize{9.12}{10.12}\selectfont\textcopyright\ \@copyrightYear\ $|$ All rights reserved.}\par%
        \vspace*{-11pt}\rule{\linewidth}{1.2pt}
        \makeatother
        
    
\section{Introduction}
 Drug-drug interactions became a significant concern in the clinical practice for both the patients and health care professionals \unskip~\citep{746422:17732894}. A drug-drug interaction (DDI) can be defined as the pharmacological or clinical response to the administration of a drug with another drug that alters the response of the patient to the drug index \unskip~\citep{746422:17732892}. In the clinical scenario, managing the complex and chronic diseases with polypharmacy became more common \unskip~\citep{746422:17732891}. Patients with chronic diseases, complex drug regimen and prolonged therapy with polypharmacy can be vulnerable to DDIs. DDIs may lead to an increased untoward effects or alteration of therapeutic response of the drugs that may result in hospitalization or even some times death \unskip~\citep{746422:17732895}. The common risk factors of DDIs can be gender, age, polypharmacy, prolonged hospital stay and multiple disease conditions \unskip~\citep{746422:17732890}. Mal-absorption, impaired hepatic and/or renal function can be the other risk factors of DDIs \unskip~\citep{746422:17732892}. 

 Recent studies revealed that DDIs may cause 20-30\% of ADRs \unskip~\citep{746422:17732896,746422:17732899}. According to a recent review, about 0.05\% of the emergency department visits, almost 0.1\% of the re-hospitalizations and around 0.6\% of the hospital admissions were caused due to adverse drug reactions as a result of drug-drug interactions\unskip~\citep{746422:17732893,746422:17732898}. DDIs have attained a great attention from the scientific, regulatory and healthcare communities globally. In developing countries, studies are required to explore and evaluate the pattern of possible DDIs among different specialties. In this study, we made an attempt in studying the pattern of possible drug-drug interactions among the psychiatry, chest \& tuberculosis, gynecology \& obstetrics and orthopedics departments.
    
\section{Materials and Methods}
This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee (No: 97/2015) and was conducted retrospectively at Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India. In-patient case records of psychiatry, gynecology \& obstetrics, chest \& TB and orthopedics were included in this study. Prescriptions with more than two drugs (polypharmacy) were taken for the screening of possible DDIs. Prescriptions with 3-5 drugs, 6-8 drugs and \ensuremath{\geq }9 drugs were considered to be minor, moderate and major polypharmacy prescriptions respectively. By using the software Micromedex 2.0, all the collected cases were screened for possible DDIs and the severity of the interactions was classified into minor, moderate and major \unskip~\citep{746422:17732894,746422:17732889}. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 21.0. Chi square test was done and p-values were obtained by two tailed method at 95\% confidence interval.
    
\section{Results and Discussion}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Categorization of cases based on gender } }
\label{tw-00b2fa949a05}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.15130000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.21160000000000004\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.22240000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.15399999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1416\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1191\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Gender & Cases with possible DDIs (\%) & Cases without possible DDIs(\%) & Total \mbox{}\protect\newline (\%) & \ensuremath{\chi }2 -value & p-value\\
\tblmidrule 
Male &
  45 (37.5) &
  39 (45.9) &
  84 (41) &
  \multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.1416\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{3}{\linewidth}{1.44}} &
  \multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.1191\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{3}{\linewidth}{0.22}}\\
Female &
  75 (62.5) &
  46 (54.1) &
  121 (59) &
   &
  \\
Total &
  120 (100) &
  85 (100) &
  205 (100) &
   &
  \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Age wise categorization of cases with possible DDIs} }
\label{tw-c441e17699c9}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.25\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2702\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2427\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2371\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Age & Male (\%) & Female (\%) & Total (\%)\\
\tblmidrule 
11-20 &
  4 (8.9) &
  12 (16) &
  16 (13.3)\\
21-30 &
  10 (22.2) &
  24 (32) &
  34 (28.4)\\
31-40 &
  6 (13.4) &
  15 (20) &
  21 (17.5)\\
41-50 &
  11 (24.4) &
  13 (17.4) &
  24 (20)\\
51-60 &
  9 (20) &
  6 (8) &
  15 (12.5)\\
61-70 &
  3 (6.7) &
  4 (5.3) &
  7 (5.8)\\
71-80 &
  2 (4.4) &
  1 (1.3) &
  3 (2.5)\\
Total &
  45 (100) &
  75 (100) &
  120 (100)\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Department wise categorization of cases with possible DDIs} }
\label{tw-5cecfccb909f}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.3732\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.22049999999999997\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.21700000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1893\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Department & Male & Female & Total\\
\tblmidrule 
Psychiatry &
  22 (48.9) &
  25 (33.4) &
  47 (39.2)\\
Gynecology \& Obstetrics &
  N/A &
  36 (48) &
  36 (30)\\
Chest \& TB &
  15 (33.3) &
  7 (9.3) &
  22 (18.3)\\
Orthopedics &
  8 (17.8) &
  7 (9.3) &
  15 (12.5)\\
Total &
  45 (100) &
  75 (100) &
  120 (100)\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Gender wise categorization of the possible DDIs based on their severity} }
\label{tw-a13f8a74303a}
\centering 
\begin{threeparttable}

\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1845\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16740000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.182\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16370000000000005\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1723\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1301\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Gender & Minor & Moderate & Major & Total & p- value\\
\tblmidrule 
Male &
  6 (12.8) &
  66 (32.8) &
  22 (33.3) &
  94 (29.9) &
  \multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.1301\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{3}{\linewidth}{0.02*}}\\
Female &
  41 (87.2) &
  135 (67.2) &
  44 (66.7) &
  220 (70.1) &
  \\
Total &
  47 (100) &
  201 (100) &
  66 (100) &
  314 (100) &
  \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\begin{tablenotes}\footnotesize 
    
\item{*indicates statisticallysignificant}
    
\item{}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}

\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Department wise categorization of the possible DDIs based on their severity} }
\label{tw-ca768f5f486b}
\centering 
\begin{threeparttable}

\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.20040000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.17469999999999995\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.19189999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1649\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.15389999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1142\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Department & Minor & Moderate & Major & Total & p- value\\
\tblmidrule 
Psychiatry &
  1 (2.1) &
  58 (28.9) &
  34 (51.5) &
  93 (29.6) &
  \multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.1142\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{5}{\linewidth}{0.03*}}\\
Gynecology \& Obstetrics &
  30 (63.8) &
  83 (41.3) &
  20 (30.3) &
  133 (42.4) &
  \\
Chest \& TB &
  11 (23.4) &
  36 (17.9) &
  7 (10.6) &
  54 (17.2) &
  \\
Orthopedics &
  5 (10.7) &
  24 (11.9) &
  5 (7.6) &
  34 (10.8) &
  \\
Total &
  47 (100) &
  201 (100) &
  66 (100) &
  314 (100) &
  \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\begin{tablenotes}\footnotesize 
    
\item{*indicates statisticallysignificant}
    
\item{}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}

\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Most commonly observed possible DDIs in the study} }
\label{tw-bad5dfdb5832}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.3502\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.4091\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.24070000000000004\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Drug combination & Warning & Severity\\
\tblmidrule 
Clozapine   + Lorazepam &
  CNS depression &
  Minor\\
Calcium + Iron  &
  Decreased iron effectiveness &
  Minor\\
Glimepiride + Rifampicin  &
  Decreased plasma concentrations of glimepiride &
  Minor\\
Calcium carbonate + Folic acid &
  Decreased iron effectiveness &
  Minor\\
Haloperidol + Trihexyphenydyl  &
  Excessive anticholinergic effects &
  Moderate\\
Ciprofloxacin + Diclofenac  &
  Increased plasma concentrations of ciprofloxacin &
  Moderate\\
Isoniazid + Phenytoin  &
  High risk of phenytoin toxicity &
  Moderate\\
Diclofenac + Telmisartan  &
  Risk of renal dysfunction  &
  Moderate\\
Lorazepam + Olanzepine  &
  Cardiorespiratory depression  &
  Major\\
Ondansetron + Metronidazole  &
  Increased risk of QT-interval prolongation and arrhythmias &
  Major\\
Rifampicin + Phenytoin  &
  Decreased phenytoin and/ or rifampicin exposure.  &
  Major\\
Atorvostatin + Colchicine  &
  Increased risk of rhabdomyolysis ormyopathy. &
  Major\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}
A total of 205 cases were screened for possible DDIs and among them 120 cases were found to be with possible DDIs (Table~\ref{tw-00b2fa949a05}). In this study, the prevalence was found to be 58.5\% and this result was found to be little high when compared to the study done by \unskip~\citep{746422:17732897}. Among the 120 cases which were found to be with possible DDIs, 45 (37.5\%) were males and 75 (62.5\%) were females.

Majority of the possible DDIs were observed in the age group of 21-30 years (28.4\%) followed by the age group 41-50 years (20\%) (Table~\ref{tw-c441e17699c9}). 

The mean age of the patients was found to be 31.5 (\ensuremath{\pm}11.6) years in the department of psychiatry, 33.3 (\ensuremath{\pm}15.4) years in the department of gynecology\& obstetrics, 49.9 (\ensuremath{\pm}13.3) years in the department of chest \& TB and 48.5 (\ensuremath{\pm}18.1) years in the department of orthopedics.

According to the department wise categorization (Table~\ref{tw-5cecfccb909f}), about 39.2\% of the cases with possible DDIs were found in the psychiatry, 30\% in the gynecology \& obstetrics, 18.3\% in the chest \& TB and 12.5\% in the orthopedics. In this study, prescriptions observed with possible DDIs were categorized based on the classification of polypharmacy. About 28.3\% of the prescriptions were of minor polypharmacy, 41.7\% were of moderate polypharmacy and 30\% were of major polypharmacy. 

Among all the departments, moderate polypharmacy (6-8 drugs) was observed to be more in the prescriptions. In this study, duration of stay was also taken into consideration and most of the cases were found to have stayed for 6-10 days (44.2\%) followed by 1-5 days (29.2\%). In this study, the average length of stay of the patients with DDIs was observed to be 5.2 (\ensuremath{\pm}2.1) days in psychiatry, 11.8 (\ensuremath{\pm}6.1) days in gynecology \& obstetrics, 8.8 (\ensuremath{\pm}3.6) days in chest \& TB and 11.8 (\ensuremath{\pm}5.2) days in the orthopedics.

A total of 314 possible drug-drug interactions were observed in this study and among them 47 (14.9\%) were of minor interactions, 201 (64.1\%) were of moderate interactions and 66 (21\%) were of major interactions (Table~\ref{tw-a13f8a74303a}). Most of the possible DDIs were of moderate severity followed by major and minor.

Based on the department wise categorization (Table~\ref{tw-ca768f5f486b}), 29.6\% were observed in the psychiatry, 42.4\% were in the gynecology \& obstetrics, 17.2\% were in the chest \& TB and 10.8\% were in the orthopedics. Majority of the possible DDIs were observed in the gynecology \& obstetrics (42.4\%) followed by psychiatry (29.6\%).

Table~\ref{tw-bad5dfdb5832} represents the most commonly observed DDIs in this study. The drug combinations clozapine + lorazepam, haloperidol + trihexyphenidyl Hcl and lorazepam + olanzepine were the most commonly observed possible DDIs of minor, moderate and major severities respectively in the psychiatry. 

In gynecology \& obstetrics, calcium + iron, ciprofloxacin + diclofenac and ondansetron + metronidazole were found to be the most commonly observed possible DDIs of minor, moderate and major severities respectively. Glimipride + rifampicin, isoniazid + phenytoin and rifampicin + phenytoin were the most commonly observed possible DDIs of minor, moderate and major severities respectively in the department of chest \& TB while, the drug combinations calcium carbonate + folic acid, diclofenac + telmisartan and atorvastatin + colchicine were the most commonly observed possible DDIs of minor, moderate and major severities respectively in the orthopedics department.
    
\section{Conclusions}
The prevalence of possible DDIs in this study was found to be 58.5\%. Among all the departments, moderate polypharmacy was observed to be more in the prescriptions. A total of 314 possible DDIs were observed where most of the possible DDIs were of moderate severity. The drug combinations  lorazepam + olanzepine, ondansetron + metronidazole, rifampicin + phenytoin and atorvastatin + colchicine were found to be the most commonly observed possible DDIs of major severity in the departments of psychiatry, gynecology \& obstetrics, chest \& TB and orthopedics respectively. In order to reduce the DDIs, rationale prescriptions must be prescribed by considering the risk benefit ratio.  Clinical pharmacists should take the responsibility in assisting the prescribers for screening the possible DDIs in the prescriptions there by preventing them and providing a better pharmaceutical care in various specialties.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

None.

\textbf{Funding Support}

None.
    

\bibliographystyle{pharmascope_apa-custom}

\bibliography{\jobname}
\end{document}
