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\begin{document}


\def\RunningAuthor{ Manish Rajak et al.}
\firstPage{2416}
\articleType{Review Article}
\receivedDate{01 Aug 2021}
\acceptedDate{08 Sep 2021}
\revisedDate{04 Sep 2021}
\journalVolume{2021, 12}
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\journalDoi{ijrps.v12i4.4880}
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\title{\textbf{Viruddha ahara and its management - A review article}}
\author{Manish~Rajak\textsuperscript{*},  
            Praveen~Kumar, 
            Ramesh~Prasad~\\[5pt]{Department of Agada Tantra Evam Vidhi Vaidyaka, Government Ayurvedic College Patna {\textendash} 800003, Bihar, India}}

\begin{abstract}
\textit{Ahara }plays an important role in our life. Actually, our healthy life mainly depends on the different types of \textit{Ahara} which we consume in our daily routine. So \textit{Acharya Charak} mentioned \textit{Ahara} in the three \textit{Upastambha} of Ayurveda. \textit{Viruddha Ahara}, or incompatible diet, is a very important issue discussed by ancient \textit{Ayurveda}. The substances which are contrary to \textit{dhatus }behave with \textit{Viruddha} to them. This \textit{Viruddha Ahara} may be in terms of properties, combination, processing, place, time, dose etc. or natural composition. The main aim of this review article is to compile and evaluate the concept of \textit{Viruddha Ahara}. All the descriptions of \textit{Viruddha Ahara} mentioned in different \textit{Ayurvedic} texts were critically analyzed and discussed to check their relation. After critically analyzed it is concluded that if due to \textit{Viruddha Ahara}, various types of diseases appear in our body, so we should take the \textit{Ahara} according to \textit{Ayurvedic }concepts mentioned in different \textit{Ayurvedic} texts.
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Ahara,\newline Upastambha,\newline Incompatible diet,\newline Viruddha  Ahara
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Manish~Rajak~\\ Phone:\ 9452978584~\\  Email:\ rajak.manish51@gmail.com
        \par}\vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\par{\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont ISSN: 0975-7538}\par% 
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\section{Introduction}
\textit{Agada Tantra} is one of the branches of \textit{Ashtang Ayurveda}. \textit{Viruddha Ahara} is a very important topic in this modern era. It is said to be the cause of many systemic disorders, as per \textit{Ayurveda} literature. Persons who consume \textit{Viruddha} \textit{Ahara } are the causative agents of many disorders. 

It is very important to know the relationship of \textit{Viruddha Ahara} with many metabolic disorders because it is the cause of many metabolic disorders \unskip~\citep{1213811:23200167}. \textit{Viruddha Ahara} is defined by different \textit{Acharya}-

Astanga Samgraha of Vagbhata described the \textit{Viruddha Ahara}, those substances, which cause the increase of \textit{doshas } in the body but do not expel them out of the body are known as \textit{Viruddha,} and they remain antagonistic to the \textit{dhatus }\unskip~\citep{1213811:23200168}. Even naturally, incompatibility happens by the combination of substances in respect of their strength of qualities, of unequal or equal proportions or both, or by different processes of cooking.

\textit{Acharya Sushruta} explains the \textit{Viruddha Ahara}, those substances which when consumed, make for an increase of the \textit{doshas} but do not expel them out of the body and which bring about abnormalities in the rasa etc. give rise to diseases and various types of \textit{Viruddha Ahara} are explained, i.e. \textit{Sanyoga Viruddha, Karma Viruddha, Mana Viruddha, Rasa {\textendash} Virya {\textendash} Vipaka Viruddha }\unskip~\citep{1213811:23200170}. 

\textit{Acharya Charaka} explains \textit{Viruddha Ahara}, the substances which are contrary to \textit{dehadhatus} behave with \textit{Viruddha} to them. This \textit{Viruddha Ahara} may be in terms of properties, combination, processing, place, time, dose etc. or natural composition. The entire diet, which excites the \textit{dosha} but does not eliminate it out of the body, becomes harmful \unskip~\citep{1213811:23200188}. 


\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {\textit{Acharya Charaka }are 18 types \textit{Viruddha Ahara }are described below} }
\label{tw-9810024ee689}
\centering 
\begin{threeparttable}

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\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S. No. & \cAlignHack \textit{Viruddha Ahara} & \cAlignHack S. No. & \cAlignHack \textit{Viruddha Ahara}\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Desha Viruddha} &
  \cAlignHack 10. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Avastha Viruddha}\\
\cAlignHack 2. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Kala Viruddha} &
  \cAlignHack 11. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Krama Viruddha}\\
\cAlignHack 3. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Angi Viruddha} &
  \cAlignHack 12. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Parihara Viruddha}\\
\cAlignHack 4. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Matra Viruddha} &
  \cAlignHack 13. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Upachara Viruddha}\\
\cAlignHack 5. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Satmya Viruddha} &
  \cAlignHack 14. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Paka Viruddha}\\
\cAlignHack 6. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Dosha Viruddha} &
  \cAlignHack 15. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Samyoga Viruddha}\\
\cAlignHack 7. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Sanskara Viruddha} &
  \cAlignHack 16. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Hridya Viruddha}\\
\cAlignHack 8. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Virya Viruddha} &
  \cAlignHack 17. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Sanpada Viruddha}\\
\cAlignHack 9. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Koshtha Viruddha} &
  \cAlignHack 18. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Vidhi Viruddha}\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\begin{tablenotes}\footnotesize 
    
\item{\unskip~\citep{1213811:23200327}}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}

\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Examples of \textit{Viruddha Ahara} according to \textit{Charaka}} }
\label{tw-1be5239e0882}
\centering 
\begin{threeparttable}

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\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S. No. & \cAlignHack \textit{Viruddha Ahara} & \cAlignHack Examples\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Desha Viruddha} &
  Consuming \textit{rooksha} and \textit{teeksha dravyas} in \textit{jangala desha} and \textit{snigdha} and \textit{sheeta} \textit{guna dravyas} in \textit{anoopa desha}.\\
\cAlignHack 2. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Kaala Viruddha} &
  Consuming \textit{sheeta kaala} and \textit{katu- usha} \textit{aahara} in \textit{ushna kaala (greeshma ritu)}\\
\cAlignHack 3. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Agni Viruddha} &
  Consuming food which is not in accordance to these varieties of \textit{jatharagni.}\\
\cAlignHack 4. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Matra Viruddha} &
  Consuming an equal quantity of madhu and \textit{ghrita(ghee).}\\
\cAlignHack 5. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Satmya Viruddha} &
  For a person who is habituated to katu and \textit{ushna aahara}, \textit{swadu} and \textit{sheeta} \textit{veerya aahara.}\\
\cAlignHack 6. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Dosha Viruddha} &
  Consumption of ahara and \textit{aushada}, which are similar to the qualities of \textit{vatadi dosha} but adverse to the person's practice constitutes.\\
\cAlignHack 7. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Samskara Viruddha} &
  The meat of a peacock bird roasted on a castor stick.\\
\cAlignHack 8. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Veerya Viruddha} &
  Consumption of \textit{aahara } and \textit{aushada}, which are cold potency along with those which are hot in potency.\\
\cAlignHack 9. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Koshtha Viruddha} &
  Administration of medicines having \textit{manda veerya} and mild purgatives to a person having. \textit{Koora koshta } and, on the Contrary, administering medications that are a guru in nature and strong purgatives to a person with \textit{mrudu} \textit{koshhta } is considered as \textit{koshta.}\\
\cAlignHack 10. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Avastha Viruddha} &
  The use of foods that cause aggravation of \textit{vata dosha} by the persons indulging in exertion, copulation and physical exercise and use of food that cause aggravation of \textit{kapha dosha} by the persons who sleep more and are lazy constitute.\\
\cAlignHack 11. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Karma Viruddha} &
  Consumption of food by a person without elimination of urine and faeces, or when he is not hungry or when he is very much hungry etc.\\
\cAlignHack 12. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Parihara Viruddha} &
  Consuming \textit{ushna veerya aahara} after consumption of meat of \textit{varaha} etc.\\
\cAlignHack 13. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Upachara Viruddha} &
  Consumes \textit{sheetala jala } after \textit{ghrita } \textit{pana.}\\
\cAlignHack 14. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Paka Viruddha} &
  Consumption of food cooked using fuels of forbidden trees like \textit{dishtadaru, } \textit{durdaru }etc. and consumption of food which is inadequately cooked or overcooked or burnt.\\
\cAlignHack 15. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Samyoga Viruddha} &
  \textit{Amla rasa} with milk\\
\cAlignHack 16. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Hridi Viruddha} &
  Consumption of food which is not liked by one's \textit{manas}.\\
\cAlignHack 17. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Sampat Viruddha} &
  Consumption of diets and drugs which have not yet acquired their natural taste or which have lost their natural taste or which have unnatural or bad taste.\\
\cAlignHack 18. &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Viddhi Viruddha} &
  Eating in an open place.\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\begin{tablenotes}\footnotesize 
    
\item{\unskip~\citep{1213811:23200342}}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}

\end{table*}
\textit{Acharya Sushruta} explain the \textit{Viruddha Ahara} in Chapter-20 \textit{Hitahit } in described below:


  
  \begin{enumerate}
  \item \relax \textit{Sanyoga Viruddha}
  \item \relax \textit{Karma Viruddha}
  \item \relax \textit{Mana Viruddha}
  \item \relax \textit{Rasa {\textendash} Virya {\textendash} Vipaka Viruddha}\unskip~\citep{1213811:23200483}
  \end{enumerate}
  \textbf{Sanyoga Viruddha}

Some substances in combination with some others become similar to \textit{visha} sush as; \textit{Valliphala kavaka, Karira, amla phala, lavana, kulathha}, \textit{pinyaka, dadhi, taila, virohi} (germinated grains), \textit{pista, Shushkashaka}, the meat of goat and sheep, wine\textit{, jambuphala, chilichim, matsya}, the meat of \textit{godha, varaha} etc. should never be consumed along with milk.

Further on, We will describe some other substances, which in their combinations are unsuitable such as the following {\textendash}


  
  \begin{enumerate}
  \item \relax The meat of animals living in villages, marshy lands, and water should not be consumed combined with freshly harvested grains, sprouted grains, muscles fat, honey, milk, jaggery, and black gram.
  \item \relax \textit{Rohini shaka} or \textit{Jatuka shaka} should not be partaken mixed with milk or honey.
  \item \relax The meat of the \textit{balaka} bird should not be consumed with \textit{Varuni}.
  \item \relax \textit{Kakamachi} should not be consumed with \textit{pippali }and \textit{maricha}.
  \item \relax \textit{Nadibhangshaka, kukkuta} curd should not be taken together.
  \item \relax Honey followed by hot water as after drink, uncooked meat along with \textit{pitta, sura, khichdi} along with green gram and \textit{payasa} should not mixed together.
  \item \relax \textit{Papadi} of \textit{tila} should not be mixed together \textit{Sauviraka.}
  \item \relax The product of sugarcane along with fish should not be mixed together.
  \end{enumerate}
  \textbf{\textit{Karma Viruddha}}

Now I~would describe the examples of \textit{Karma Viruddha} in given below- \unskip~\citep{1213811:23200499}


  
  \begin{enumerate}
  \item \relax The pigeon fried in mustard oil should not be taken.
  \item \relax The meat of \textit{kapinjala} peacock, \textit{lava}, \textit{tittira} and \textit{godha } cooked in \textit{eranda} or \textit{daruharidra} wood fire or cooked with \textit{eranda} oil should not be eaten
  \item \relax The \textit{ghrita} kept in a \textit{kamsya} pot for ten days should not be eaten.
  \item \relax The honey should neither be taken with hot substances nor in the summer season.
  \item \relax The \textit{Kakamachi} cooked in a pot in which fish or ginger have already been cooked should not be taken.
  \item \relax The vegetable of \textit{Upadika} cooked with \textit{tila} paste should not be taken.
  \item \relax The meat of \textit{bakala} fried with the fat of a pig should not be eaten along with coconut.
  \item \relax The meat of \textit{Bhasa} cooked on an iron rod should also not be eaten.
  \end{enumerate}
  \textbf{\textit{Mana Viruddha}}

Now I~would describe the examples of \textit{Mana Viruddha} is given below-


  
  \begin{enumerate}
  \item \relax Honey and water, as also honey and \textit{ghrita}, should not be eaten in equal quantities.
  \item \relax Two different types of fats, honey and fat, and water and fat should not be taken in equal quantities. \unskip~\citep{1213811:23200499}
  \end{enumerate}
  \textbf{\textit{Rasa {\textendash} Virya {\textendash} Vipaka Viruddha}}

Now I~would describe the groups of two tastes that are incompatible from the points of taste, potency and final taste after digestion of the substances. \unskip~\citep{1213811:23200508}

Examples of \textit{Rasa- Virya- Vipaka Viruddha} is given below-


  
  \begin{enumerate}
  \item \relax \textit{Madhura} and \textit{Amla}, \textit{Madhura} and \textit{lavana} are \textit{Rasa }and \textit{Virya Viruddha.}
  \item \relax \textit{Madhura} and \textit{Katu} are \textit{Viruddha} from all points of view.
  \item \relax \textit{Madhura }and \textit{Tikta, Madhura} and \textit{Kashaya Rasa}, are \textit{Rasa} and \textit{Vipaka Viruddha.}
  \item \relax \textit{Amla} and \textit{Lavana rasa} are only for \textit{Rasa Viruddha.}
  \item \relax \textit{Amla} and \textit{Katuka rasa}, these are \textit{Rasa} and \textit{Vipaka Viruddha.}
  \item \relax \textit{Amla} and \textit{Tikta, Amla} and \textit{Kashaya rasa} \textit{Viruddha} in all respects.
  \item \relax \textit{Lavana} and \textit{Katu rasa}, are \textit{Viruddha} in \textit{Rasa } and \textit{Vipaka.}
  \item \relax \textit{Lavana } and \textit{Tikta rasa}, \textit{Lavana} and \textit{Kashaya rasa} are \textit{Viruddha} in all respects.
  \item \relax \textit{Katu} and \textit{Tikta rasa, Katu} and \textit{Kashaya rasa Viruddha} in \textit{Rasa} and \textit{Virya.}
  \item \relax \textit{Tikta} and \textit{Kashaya rasa} are \textit{Viruddha} in relation to \textit{rasa.}
  \end{enumerate}
  \textbf{Diseases Due to \textit{Viruddha Ahara} According to \textit{Acharya Charaka}}

Due to Intake of unwholesome diet, responsible for the causation of- \unskip~\citep{1213811:23200566}


  
  \begin{enumerate}
  \item \relax \textit{Napunsakata} (Sterility)
  \item \relax \textit{Andhapana }(blindness)
  \item \relax \textit{Visharpa} (erysipelas)
  \item \relax \textit{Jalodara} (ascites)
  \item \relax \textit{Visphota} (eruption)
  \item \relax \textit{Unmada} (insanity)
  \item \relax \textit{Bhagandara} (fistula-in-ano)
  \item \relax \textit{Murchha} (faintiong)
  \item \relax \textit{Mada} (intoxication)
  \item \relax \textit{Aadhmana} (tympanitis)
  \item \relax \textit{Galagraha} (spasm in throat)
  \item \relax \textit{Pandu }(anaemia)
  \item \relax \textit{Amavisha }
  \item \relax \textit{Kalasa} (Leucoderma)
  \item \relax \textit{Kushtha roga} (Leprosy)
  \item \relax \textit{Grahaniroga }
  \item \relax \textit{Shotha} (oedema)
  \item \relax \textit{Amlapitta} (acid gastritis)
  \item \relax \textit{Jwara} (fever)
  \item \relax \textit{Peenasa} (rhinitis)
  \item \relax \textit{Santanadosha }(foetal diseases)
  \item \relax \textit{Mritu} (death)
  \end{enumerate}
  \textbf{Diseases Due to \textit{Viruddha Ahara} According to \textit{Acharya Vagbhatta}}

\textit{Acharya Vagbhata} has mentioned that due to intake of \textit{Viruddha Ahara}, various types of diseases appears, which are listed below- \unskip~\citep{1213811:23200567}


  
  \begin{enumerate}
  \item \relax \textit{Visphota}
  \item \relax \textit{Shopha}
  \item \relax \textit{Mada}
  \item \relax \textit{Vidradhi}
  \item \relax \textit{Gulma}
  \item \relax \textit{Yakshma}
  \item \relax \textit{Tejas}
  \item \relax \textit{Bala}
  \item \relax \textit{Smriti}
  \item \relax \textit{Indriya and Chitta}
  \item \relax \textit{Jwara} (Fever)
  \item \relax \textit{Raktapitta} (bleeding disorder)
  \item \relax \textit{Ashta mahagadas} (eight mahagadas)
  \end{enumerate}
  \textbf{Treatment}

These are the measures, which are used to counteract the above and other disorders caused by antagonistic {\textendash} Such as \textit{Vamana} (emesis), \textit{Virechana } (purgation), use of antidotes for pacification and conditioning of the body with similar substances. \unskip~\citep{1213811:23200569}

Purgation, emesis, pacification and use of wholesome substance alleviates the disorders caused by antagonistic food. The antagonism becomes insert due to suitability, small quantity, strong digestive power, in young age and persons having unction, physical exercise, and strength.
    
\section{Conclusion}
This study can be concluded that various kinds of \textit{Viruddha Ahara} are mentioned in different \textit{Ayurvedic} texts, and due to this, \textit{Viruddha Ahara} different types of diseases appears in our body. So if we follow the right rule of taking food mentioned in \textit{Ayurvedic} texts, we will be free from these types of diseases in our life. From today perspective, we also follow healthy food habits in our daily routine. 

\textbf{Funding Support}

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
    

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