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\def\RunningAuthor{Rangarajan N et al.}
\firstPage{877}
\articleType{Original Article}
\receivedDate{03 Sep 2020}
\acceptedDate{06 Oct 2020}
\revisedDate{03 Oct 2020}
\journalVolume{2021, 12}
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\journalDoi{ijrps.v12i1.4215}
\copyrightYear{2021}
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\title{UV Spectrophotometry and FTIR analysis of Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant Potentials in Glycyrrhiza glabra and Zingiber officinale}
\author{Rangarajan~N\textsuperscript{*},  
            Sampath~V,  
            Dass~Prakash~M~V, 
            Mohanasundaram~S~\\[5pt]{Department of Biochemistry, Sri Sankara Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Enathur, Kanchipuram 631561, Tamil Nadu, India}}

\begin{abstract}
Notable growth in the usage of herbal remedies could be seen in recent days as an effective alternative choice of drugs. In particular, phenolic compounds have gained the highest attention and priority among the scientific community in exploring them as a novel drug for a wide range of communicable and non-communicable diseases. It has been studied well and proven extensively that the antioxidant potential of plants is largely depending on its phenolic contents. This study was focused to compare and analysis the biochemical composition, antioxidant activity and characterization of phenolic compounds in G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra } and Z\textit{ingiber officinale }root extracts. The ethanolic and chloroform extracts of G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra } and Z\textit{ingiber officinale }roots  were subjected to preliminary screening. The qualitative Phytochemical tests of the G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra } and Z\textit{ingiber officinale }root showed the existence of polyphenols, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, flavanoids, amino acids and proteins. The DPPH assay of G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra }and Z\textit{ingiber officinale }root tissues showed a significant antioxidant property. FT-IR and UV Spectral studies of G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra }and Z\textit{ingiber officinale }roots showed the presence of different biologically significant flavonoids. The results of this study exemplifies that the selected plants are notable sources of phenolic compounds and hence observed that significant antioxidant potential. 
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Glycyrrhiza Glabra,\newline Zingiber Officinale,\newline Flavonoids,\newline Glycyrrhizic Acid,\newline Gingerol
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Rangarajan~N~\\ Phone:\ ~\\  Email:\ n.rangarajan@yahoo.co.in
        \par}\vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\par{\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont ISSN: 0975-7538}\par% 
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        \makeatother
        
    
\section{Introduction}
Herbal medicines are the promising choice of modern day drug discovery experiments. It gives detailed information on how to treat ailments with herbals and exemplifies new platform for drug discovery. The sacred Vedas dating back between 3500 B. C and 800 B. C give many references of the utilization of the medicinal plants. It has been mentioned in Rig Veda', about the use of Cinnamon (\textit{Cinnamom umverum}), Ginger (\textit{Zingiber officinale}) and Sandalwood (\textit{Santalum album}) in the religious ceremonies and in the medical preparations \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394574}. For the past few years, extensive research activities are focusing on identifying functional foods that can aid to manage the oxidative stress in the cell. Functional foods are the potential warrior against long term illness and additionally helps to meet the nutritional balance \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394584}. Traditionally, \textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra} (Figure~\ref{f-fd4974e1927f})\textit{\space }is included in various medical preparations as an expectorant, sweetener, demulcent and laxative. Indian, Chinese, Egyptian, Greek and Roman civilization have been using dried rhizome and root of \textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra} as medicinally important constituents.


\bgroup
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\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/d1362b0d-2a7b-457d-ad16-56a342ab86c6-upicture1.png}{\includegraphics{images/d1362b0d-2a7b-457d-ad16-56a342ab86c6-upicture1.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {\textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra} Root}}
\label{f-fd4974e1927f}
\end{figure}
\egroup
Ginger is scientifically known as \textit{Zingiber officinale }(Figure~\ref{f-146cc232b892}) belongs to the family, Zingiberaceae which has identified to contain 85 species of medicinal plants from East Asia and tropical Australia \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394593}. The root or rhizome that is used for cooking and therapeutic commitments.


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\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {\textit{Zingiber officinale }Rhizome}}
\label{f-146cc232b892}
\end{figure}
\egroup
Glycyrrhizin, the compound present in \textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra }is in commercial use as a flavoring agent and sweetener \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394589} . For many years, \textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra }has been used to treat ulcers, dyspepsia and allergenic reactions \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394570}. Ginger has been proven for its triggering roles in immune response \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394587}. Ginger contains natural organic materials that facilitate growth, anti-stress, environmentally friendly and antimicrobial properties \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394592}. The gingerol present in Ginger has been characterized well for its antimicrobial, anti-sedative and antipyretic roles. 

Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites found in plants. Phenolic acids are always found in association with other metabolites in plants. Phenolic acid increases bile secretion, reduces blood cholesterol and lipid levels and antimicrobial activity against some bacteria \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394598}. The flavonoids exhibit a wide range of biological effects including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-thrombotic actions. The epidemiological studies point out their possible role in preventing cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Flavonoids play a crucial role in the management of oxidative stress management on macromolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and DNA \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394577}.

The major active components of \textit{Zingiber officinale} (Figure~\ref{f-bc9a4bbd58da}) include 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, and 6-paradol. Oleoresin comprising of non-volatile pungent principles gingerols (mainly [6]-gingerol). Volatile oil containing sesquiterpene hydrocarbon viz zingiberene, sesquiphellandrene and curcumene as major constituents. The pungency of Ginger is due to an alcoholic group of the oleoresin gingerol and zingerone (5 to 8\%). Bisabolene, zingiberene and zingiberol are the major volatile compounds responsible for the aroma.


\bgroup
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\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/2b93ccac-e9de-4899-b8d2-c365009371a9-upicture3.png}{\includegraphics{images/2b93ccac-e9de-4899-b8d2-c365009371a9-upicture3.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Structures of Gingerol, Shogaol, Zingiberenol and Glabridin}}
\label{f-bc9a4bbd58da}
\end{figure}
\egroup
Glabridin, found in \textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra, } is an isoflavane, a type of isoflavonoid. Glabridin is a yellowish-brown powder, insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents such as propylene glycol. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the phenolic compounds present in both \textit{Zingiber officinale }and G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra. }The antioxidant potential of both plants was also studied by in vitro assays.


\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Qualitative Analysis of Phytochemicals of Ethanol and Chloroform Extracts of \textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra} Root} }
\label{tw-c81e0ecf6864}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
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\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.0821\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2514\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.15699999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.169\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.15550000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.185\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.NO & \cAlignHack Phytochemicals & \multicolumn{2}{p{\dimexpr(.32599999999999994\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\cAlignHack Glycyrrhiza glabra} & \multicolumn{2}{p{\dimexpr(.34050000000000004\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\cAlignHack Zingiber officinale}\\
\rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack  & \cAlignHack  & \cAlignHack Ethanol extract & \cAlignHack Chloroform extract & \cAlignHack Ethanol extract & \cAlignHack Chloroform extract\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Alkaloids &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack +\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Flavonoids &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack +\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
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  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack +\\
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  \cAlignHack - &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack -\\
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  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack +\\
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  \cAlignHack +\\
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  \cAlignHack + &
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  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack +\\
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  \cAlignHack \_ &
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  \cAlignHack + &
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  \cAlignHack - &
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\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {The Levels of Flavonoids and Phenolic Compounds in the \textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra} and \textit{Zingiber officinale} Root Tissue} }
\label{tw-544bbea49c85}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
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\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Plant Name & \cAlignHack Flavonoid (\ensuremath{\mu}g/gm of tissue) & \cAlignHack Phenolic Compound (\ensuremath{\mu}g/gm of tissue)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack Glycyrrhiza glabra &
  \cAlignHack 50.9 &
  \cAlignHack 41.3\\
\cAlignHack Zingiber officinale &
  \cAlignHack 64.4 &
  \cAlignHack 45\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {The Levels and Activity of Antioxidants in the \textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra} Root Tissue} }
\label{tw-5aaec174a360}
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\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.13\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.6941\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1759\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.No & Parameters & \cAlignHack Amount\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  Ascorbic acid (mg/gm of tissue) &
  \cAlignHack 33.3\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  Tocopherol (mg/gm of tissue) &
  \cAlignHack 26\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  Superoxide Dismutase (\ensuremath{\mu}g of pyrogallol auto-oxidation inhibition/min) &
  \cAlignHack 0.5\\
\cAlignHack 4 &
  Catalase (\ensuremath{\mu}g of hydrogen peroxide utilized/min) &
  \cAlignHack 51\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {The Levels and Activity of Antioxidants in the \textit{Zingiber officinale} Root Tissue} }
\label{tw-345220d893be}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.12780000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.7007000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1715\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.No & Parameters & \cAlignHack Amount\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  Ascorbic acid (mg/gm of tissue) &
  \cAlignHack 37.5\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  Tocopherol (mg/gm of tissue) &
  \cAlignHack 26.5\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  Superoxide Dismutase (\ensuremath{\mu}g of pyrogallol auto-oxidation inhibition/min) &
  \cAlignHack 0.28\\
\cAlignHack 4 &
  Catalase (\ensuremath{\mu}g of hydrogen peroxide utilized/min) &
  \cAlignHack 68\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {FTIR Spectral Peak Values and Functional Groups of \textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra} Root} }
\label{tw-60c50741aaef}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.4708\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.5292\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Peak values & \cAlignHack Functional groups\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 3284.92 &
  \cAlignHack OH group\\
\cAlignHack 2976.71 &
  \cAlignHack CH stretching\\
\cAlignHack 2896.43 &
  \cAlignHack OH stretching; H-bonded\\
\cAlignHack 1643.64 &
  \cAlignHack C=O carbonyl group\\
\cAlignHack 1384.32 &
  \cAlignHack C-H bending\\
\cAlignHack 1084.86 &
  \cAlignHack OH bending\\
\cAlignHack 1043.38 &
  \cAlignHack C-O group\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

    
\section{Materials and Methods}
\textbf{Plant source}

The roots of \textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra }and \textit{Z} \textit{ingiber officinale} were collected from the in and around villages of Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India. The roots were dried for 10-12 days in the shadow, ground into a fine powder and stored. Using 5gm of powder, ethanolic and chloroform extracts were prepared.

\textbf{Test for Phytochemicals}

The major secondary metabolites available in the plant extracts are identified by standard methods \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394585,1002269:21394594}.

\textbf{Quantitative Analysis}

100 mg of the plant sample was homogenized with 1.0 ml of 0.5 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.9). The level of ascorbic acid \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394583}, Tocopherol \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394580}, Flavonoids \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394567}, Total Phenol Compounds \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394567}, Catalase \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394596}, Superoxide Dismutase \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394590} and DPPH assay ~ (Mohanasundaram \textit{et al}., 2019) were performed as per the standard proven methods.

\textbf{UV Spectrophotometry Analysis }

The G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra }and \textit{Zingiber officinale }fresh roots were extracted and analysed by UV spectrophotometer at the wavelength range between 200 and 500nm and the spectra obtained were analysed by comparing with the UV spectra of standard phenolic compounds and flavonoids.

\textbf{FT-IR Analysis}

The G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra }and \textit{Zingiber officinale }roots were dried at 60\text{\textordmasculine}C and made into powder. 2mg of the sample was added with 100mg of KBr and pressed into a disc of 3mm thickness. The disc was observed in the wavelength range between 500 and 3500cm\ensuremath{^{-1}}.
    
\section{Results and Discussion}
The ethanol and chloroform extracts of G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra} and \textit{Zingiber officinale} roots shows (Table~\ref{tw-c81e0ecf6864}) the presence of important metabolites as phytochemicals constituents. G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra} is an important ingredient of herbal formulation used for the treatment of many diseases like rheumatism, hemorrhagic diseases, etc. \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394571}. Because of the presence of notable secondary metabolites, the extract shows antimicrobial activity \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394595}. Phenolic compounds have crucial roles in the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and hence the plant was identified with antimicrobial activity \unskip~\cite{1002269:21394576}.

Table~\ref{tw-544bbea49c85} shows the levels of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra }and \textit{Zingiber officinale} roots. The results show significant levels of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra }and \textit{Zingiber officinale} roots. The more important compounds of \textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra} are glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhizic acid, which are believed to be responsible for anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diuretic, antiepileptic, anti-hepatotoxic, anti-viral, antiallergic and antioxidant properties of the plant \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394586,1002269:21394579}. 

Tables~\ref{tw-5aaec174a360} and~\ref{tw-345220d893be} show the levels and activities of antioxidants in G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra }and \textit{Zingiber officinale} roots. The results show significant levels and activities of antioxidants in G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra }and \textit{Zingiber officinale} root tissues. \textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra }L is identified with huge antioxidant activity \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394597}. The flavonoids and phenolic compounds present in Ginger are strong anti-oxidant substances and considered a safe herbal medicine \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394572}. This antioxidant potential was further confirmed by the DPPH assay of both plant extracts.


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/ecd259f6-28fa-42a3-92cd-e41cc00c1ea3-upicture4.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/ecd259f6-28fa-42a3-92cd-e41cc00c1ea3-upicture4.png}{\includegraphics{images/ecd259f6-28fa-42a3-92cd-e41cc00c1ea3-upicture4.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {DPPH Scavenging Activity of \textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra}}}
\label{f-70725e7f71ce}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/d67ef0b7-67cd-43ec-aa5c-608c33d9eae2-upicture5.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/d67ef0b7-67cd-43ec-aa5c-608c33d9eae2-upicture5.png}{\includegraphics{images/d67ef0b7-67cd-43ec-aa5c-608c33d9eae2-upicture5.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {DPPH Scavenging Activity of \textit{Zingiber officinale}}}
\label{f-135cff3e566f}
\end{figure}
\egroup
Figures~\ref{f-70725e7f71ce} and~\ref{f-135cff3e566f} show the results of standard ascorbic acid, G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra }and \textit{Zingiber officinale} used in DPPH assay\textit{. }Our results show a significant DPPH scavenging activity of G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra }and \textit{Zingiber officinale} roots tissue.


\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {FTIR Spectral Peak Values and Functional Groups of \textit{Zingiber officinale} Root} }
\label{tw-dbffe4d06229}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.45510000000000005\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.54489999999999995\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Peak values & \cAlignHack Functional groups\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 3324.99 &
  \cAlignHack OH group\\
\cAlignHack 2973.71 &
  \cAlignHack C-H stretching; H-bonded\\
\cAlignHack 2887.38 &
  \cAlignHack OH stretching\\
\cAlignHack 1647.77 &
  \cAlignHack C=O carbonyl group\\
\cAlignHack 1382.94 &
  \cAlignHack C-H bending\\
\cAlignHack 1324.06 &
  \cAlignHack C-H bending\\
\cAlignHack 1085.87 &
  \cAlignHack OH bending\\
\cAlignHack 1043.72 &
  \cAlignHack C-O group\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}
The UV spectra of G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra }and \textit{Zingiber officinale} are given in Figures~\ref{f-a46c189730b6} and~\ref{f-49f52ab708af}. Strong absorption peaks are obtained between 203 nm - 232.5 nm, 233 nm - 281nm and 281.5nm - 383nm for G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra} \textit{.} Strong absorption peaks are obtained between 200nm - 257.5nm, 258nm - 290.5nm and 291nm - 366nm for \textit{Zingiber officinale}.


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/f049d889-1bbb-423d-b1d5-27754195f033-upicture6.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/f049d889-1bbb-423d-b1d5-27754195f033-upicture6.png}{\includegraphics{images/f049d889-1bbb-423d-b1d5-27754195f033-upicture6.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {UV Spectra of \textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra}}}
\label{f-a46c189730b6}
\end{figure}
\egroup
The strong absorption peaks of G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra }and \textit{Zingiber officinale} UV spectra reveal the presence of some phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the roots of these plants. It has been proved that the maximum UV absorption peak for flavones was lies within 300-380 nm and glycosides, 240-280 nm. A study confirmed the UV absorption of flavanones in the range 270-295 nm \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394578}.


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/b48d00ec-75c3-4fa1-adec-060a6afce47c-upicture7.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/b48d00ec-75c3-4fa1-adec-060a6afce47c-upicture7.png}{\includegraphics{images/b48d00ec-75c3-4fa1-adec-060a6afce47c-upicture7.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {UV Spectra of \textit{Zingiber officinale}}}
\label{f-49f52ab708af}
\end{figure}
\egroup
G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra} contains glabridin, the major flavonoid has various physiological activities such as cytotoxic, anti-tumour, antimicrobial, estrogenic and anti-proliferative activity \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394575}. Gingerol is the principle of the pungent nature in \textit{Zingiber officinale}. \textit{Glycrrhiza glabra} contains 6-Gingerol as an important gingerol \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394573}.


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/ca322f95-3ea1-4692-b4d3-af6e68789621-upicture8.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/ca322f95-3ea1-4692-b4d3-af6e68789621-upicture8.png}{\includegraphics{images/ca322f95-3ea1-4692-b4d3-af6e68789621-upicture8.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {FT-IR spectrum of \textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra}}}
\label{f-c9039d9f2765}
\end{figure}
\egroup
The FT-IR spectrum of G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra }and \textit{Zingiber Officinale} are given in Figures~\ref{f-c9039d9f2765} and~\ref{f-07a0f674b69d}. The characteristic absorption bands corresponding to the vibration frequencies of 1643.64 cm\ensuremath{^{-1 }}and 1647.77 cm\ensuremath{^{-1}} in the IR spectra are due to the carbonyl groups of phenolic compounds. The characteristic absorption bands corresponding to the vibration frequencies of 3284.92 cm\ensuremath{^{-1}} and 3324.99 cm\ensuremath{^{-1}}are due to the -OH groups of phenolic compounds and flavonoids present in the G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra }and \textit{Zingiber officinale} roots. The characteristic absorption bands corresponding to the vibration frequencies of 1084.86 cm\ensuremath{^{-1}}and 1085.87 cm\ensuremath{^{-1}}in the IR spectra are due to the OH bending of the phenolic compounds and flavonoids.

The phyto-chemical groups identified are tabulated in Tables~\ref{tw-60c50741aaef} and~\ref{tw-dbffe4d06229}. The vibration frequencies obtained by FT-IR analysis corresponding to {\textendash}OH group, -OH bending, C=O group, C-H stretch and C-H bends indicate the presence of phenolic compounds, flavanoids and other phytochemicals in the extracts \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394599}.

The root extracts of G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra }and\textit{ Zingiber officinale }contain various biologically active functional groups that may belong to diverse compounds which might be responsible for the various biological activities. It has been reported that phenolic components of these medicinal plants such as rutin, glabridin, liquiritin and gingerol have anticancer activities and was able to inhibit cancer cell growth \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394588,1002269:21394581}.


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/066d8497-295e-4b04-96ee-f7a2ff486550-upicture9.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/066d8497-295e-4b04-96ee-f7a2ff486550-upicture9.png}{\includegraphics{images/066d8497-295e-4b04-96ee-f7a2ff486550-upicture9.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {FT-IR Spectrum of \textit{Zingiber officinale}}}
\label{f-07a0f674b69d}
\end{figure}
\egroup
Glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhizic acid, the important phenolic compounds of G\textit{lycyrrhiza glabra }have been reported for the treatment of HIV-1, hepatitis C. It also functions as an inhibitor of replication in the SARS virus \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394568,1002269:21394582}. Glycyrrihizic acid has also been observed for cytotoxicity against KSHV virus \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394569}.

Major compounds of Ginger include camphene, b-phellandrene, and 1,8-cineol \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394573}. Shogaols is found only in semi dried Ginger and found occasionally in fresh Ginger \unskip~\citep{1002269:21394603,1002269:21394602}. Other constituents in \textit{Zingiber officinale} include oleoresins. The presence of these phenolic compounds makes \textit{Zingiber officinale} a powerful medicinal plant in treating a range of disorders and diseases.
    
\section{Conclusions}
The root components glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid are generally regarded as the major biologically active principle of Glycyrrhiza\textit{ glabra}.  Gingerol and shogaol, the important phenolic compounds present in the rhizomes of \textit{Zingiber officinale} are renowned for their contribution to human health and nutrition.  The present study was mainly focused on evaluating the activities of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in Glycyrrhiza\textit{ glabra }and \textit{Zingiber officinale} root extracts. The results obtained have revealed the potential antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Glycyrrhiza\textit{ glabra }and\textit{ zingiber officinale.} UV and FT-IR spectral studies pointed out the presence of biologically significant flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the Glycyrrhiza\textit{ glabra }and \textit{Zingiber officinale} root. Determining the potency of the various chemical components for various biological activities may predict the expected clinical effects of these herbal plants.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest for this study.

\textbf{Funding Support}

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study.
    

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