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\def\RunningAuthor{Yuvaraj Babu K et al.}
\firstPage{1069}
\articleType{Original Article}
\receivedDate{06 Sep 2020}
\acceptedDate{06 Oct 2020}
\revisedDate{03 Oct 2020}
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\title{\textbf{Assessment of oral health behaviour and knowledge among dental and engineering undergraduate students}}
\author{Sundar~R\textsuperscript{1},  
            Yuvaraj~Babu~K\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{2}, 
            Gayathri~R\textsuperscript{3}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Saveetha Dental college and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai-600077, Tamil Nadu, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai-600077, Tamil Nadu, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{3}Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha dental college and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai-600077, Tamil Nadu, India}}

\begin{abstract}
Oral health status is directly proportional to a person's oral health behaviour. Oral health of a person can be determined by their regular oral habits like brushing, flossing, smoking and regular dental check-up. Maintenance of poor oral health can lead to severe dental problems. The aim of the study is to create awareness about oral health and behaviour among the dental and engineering undergraduate students. The self-administered questionnaire prepared about oral health behaviour, distributed to 100 dental and engineering graduate students through online google link and data is collected and analysed. From the collected data, 87.18\% of dental students brush daily, and 84.62\% of engineering students use dental floss to clean the gap between the teeth.\textbf{\space }This survey helps to bring knowledge on the awareness of oral health behaviour among the dental and engineering students. From this survey, we have concluded that dental students have good oral hygiene when compared to engineering students.
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Dental Student,\newline Engineering Student,\newline Oral Health Behaviour,\newline Brushing Habit,\newline Dental Floss
\end{keywords}
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\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Yuvaraj~Babu~K~\\ Phone:\ +91-9840210597~\\  Email:\ yuvarajbabu@saveetha.com
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\section{Introduction}
Oral health status is directly proportional to a person's oral health behavior. Poor oral health of a person can lead to much destructive damage to the teeth such as a formation of plaque, decay in the teeth and also lead to gum disease; Same time-poor health can lead to several other life-threatening diseases such as heart diseases and oral cancer. If the dental student maintains good oral health behavior, it will lead them to be a positive role model for their friends, patients and family members \unskip~\citep{892732:20402828}. In the modern world, oral health care plays a major role to prevent oral disease by providing expensive treatment \unskip~\citep{892732:20402823}. Providing knowledge about oral hygiene to a patient by a dental student creates a strong positive influence on the patient, which makes them move towards better oral health maintenance \unskip~\citep{892732:20402806}.

Oral health plays a main role in general health \unskip~\citep{892732:20402818}. Oral health and systemic diseases are closely related to each other \unskip~\citep{892732:20402822}. Oral health is always neglected by the people until it becomes severe \unskip~\citep{892732:20402821}. Major oral health problems around the world are dental caries and periodontitis \unskip~\citep{892732:20402819}. Oral behavior of dental students can vary due to the culture of their country \unskip~\citep{892732:20402816}.

From the previous article, they have revealed that most of the intermediate school children in Abha were aware of the good oral health and at the same time, few children have visited the dentist due to poor oral health behavior \unskip~\citep{892732:20402811}. They revealed that most females have good oral health habits than male \unskip~\citep{892732:20402808}.


\bgroup
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\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/c0c03f4d-9a63-42d5-8beb-4187b21a5b8a-upicture1.png}{\includegraphics{images/c0c03f4d-9a63-42d5-8beb-4187b21a5b8a-upicture1.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart represents the responses to the question (Do you brush daily). About 96.15\% of dental students brush daily.}}
\label{f-54551fa96d6f}
\end{figure}
\egroup
From the previous study, they have revealed that the smoking habits among university students are not exhibited by the vast majority of students, and only chain smokers are reported with oral health problems \unskip~\citep{892732:20402833}.


\bgroup
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\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart represents the responses to the question (Do you brush daily). About 87.18\% of engineering students brush daily, and 11.54\% of them don't brush daily.}}
\label{f-bc2c4cdcc45c}
\end{figure}
\egroup
\unskip~\citep{892732:20402829,892732:20402815,892732:20402817} Over the past years various research done by our team was on Osteology \unskip~\citep{892732:20402805,892732:20402813,892732:20402825,892732:20402827}, stature estimation \unskip~\citep{892732:20402830}, uses and ill effects of electronic gadgets \unskip~\citep{892732:20402820,892732:20402832}, on RNA \unskip~\citep{892732:20402809,892732:20402831}, animal studies \unskip~\citep{892732:20402812} and in few other fields\unskip~\citep{892732:20402810,892732:20402824}.


\bgroup
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\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/a6fefe88-2571-4229-8b81-ec81f4ea852d-upicture3.png}{\includegraphics{images/a6fefe88-2571-4229-8b81-ec81f4ea852d-upicture3.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart represents the responses to the question (Do you use dental floss to clean gaps between the teeth).}}
\label{f-82d6e0e92f51}
\end{figure}
\egroup
There is a lack of much information on the current topic of comparing oral health habits between dental and engineering students, The main aim of the study is an assessment of oral health behavior and knowledge among dental and engineering undergraduate students.
\bgroup
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\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart represents the responses to the question (Do you use dental floss to clean gaps between the teeth).}}
\label{f-2b974b698ee5}
\end{figure}
\egroup

    
\section{Materials and Methods}
\textbf{Study Design}

A survey was conducted among dental students and engineering students to evaluate their oral health behavior. The sampling method is simple random sampling method. The sample size of the study is 100 (79+21). The participants did the survey voluntarily, and no incentives were given to them. This study was approved by the SRB of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals and informed consent from the participants was obtained. The study was conducted in the month of May 2020.


\bgroup
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\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart represents the responses to the question (Have you undergone any dental treatment previously).}}
\label{f-d1f5d479fc73}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
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\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart represents the responses to the question (Have you undergone any dental treatment previously).}}
\label{f-0597268217b3}
\end{figure}
\egroup
\textbf{Survey Instrument}

The survey instrument, which was a questionnaire, was prepared after an extensive review of the existing literature. The questionnaire was reviewed, and amendments were made to improve the clarity of the questions to eliminate ambiguous responses. The questionnaire consisted of a total of 15 questions. The questionnaire was shared to dental and engineering students using online survey platform.


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/856be34d-529f-41fa-adb7-32fee350f46c-upicture7.png}
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\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/856be34d-529f-41fa-adb7-32fee350f46c-upicture7.png}{\includegraphics{images/856be34d-529f-41fa-adb7-32fee350f46c-upicture7.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart represents the responses to the question (Do you visit a dental clinic for regular dental check-up).}}
\label{f-5236a9320b5f}
\end{figure}
\egroup
\textbf{Data Analysis}

Only completed surveys were taken for analysis, and the incompleted surveys were eliminated. The statistical test used is descriptive statistics. All the responses obtained were tabulated, and the reliability of the data was checked. Bar graph with a frequency table was prepared and analyzed for each question using SPSS statistics 19 data analysis software.
\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/b3ad7a20-60bc-4bf5-88f2-005ebc51c838-upicture8.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/b3ad7a20-60bc-4bf5-88f2-005ebc51c838-upicture8.png}{\includegraphics{images/b3ad7a20-60bc-4bf5-88f2-005ebc51c838-upicture8.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart represents the responses to the question (Do you visit a dental clinic for regular dental check-up).}}
\label{f-609c80c3f976}
\end{figure}
\egroup

    
\section{Results and Discussion}
Do you brush daily 96.15\% of dental students said yes [Figure~\ref{f-54551fa96d6f}] whereas 87.18\% of engineering students said yes, and 11.54\% of them said no [Figure~\ref{f-bc2c4cdcc45c}]? Among dental students, 84.62\% of them used dental floss to clean the gap between the teeth, and 15.36\% of them don't use it [Figure~\ref{f-82d6e0e92f51}].


\bgroup
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\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart represents the responses to the question (How many times in the year you would undergo regular dental check-up).}}
\label{f-c9118b479ce6}
\end{figure}
\egroup
When compared with engineering students 74.36\% of the engineering students use the dental floss to clean the gap of the tooth, and only 17.95\% of them didn't use dental floss, and 7.69\% of them have no idea about it [Figure~\ref{f-2b974b698ee5}]. Among dental students, 84.62\% of them have undergone dental treatment, and only 15.38\% of them didn't have any among dental students previously [Figure~\ref{f-d1f5d479fc73}].


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/c17a8c49-9a9c-4fb5-b415-fe1f273acda5-upicture10.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/c17a8c49-9a9c-4fb5-b415-fe1f273acda5-upicture10.png}{\includegraphics{images/c17a8c49-9a9c-4fb5-b415-fe1f273acda5-upicture10.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart represents the responses to the question (How many times in the year you would undergo regular dental check-up).}}
\label{f-d82cdfd3e99e}
\end{figure}
\egroup
When compared with dental students, 73.08\% of engineering students underwent dental treatment previously it is in less ratio by comparison with the dental student, and 24.36\% of them didn't have any previous dental history [Figure~\ref{f-0597268217b3}].


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/1c1ffb0d-f48b-4ea3-b768-6c7cdd6b59fc-upicture11.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/1c1ffb0d-f48b-4ea3-b768-6c7cdd6b59fc-upicture11.png}{\includegraphics{images/1c1ffb0d-f48b-4ea3-b768-6c7cdd6b59fc-upicture11.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart represents the responses to the question (Do you know poor oral health can lead to dental caries).}}
\label{f-16dcaf5e122a}
\end{figure}
\egroup
92.31\% of dental students visit dental clinics for a regular dental check-up regularly, and 7.69\% of them didn't visit dental clinics for a regular check-up [Figure~\ref{f-5236a9320b5f}]. Only 74.36\% of engineering students visit dental clinics for a regular dental check-up regularly, and 20.51\% of them didn't visit dental clinics for regular check-up [Figure~\ref{f-609c80c3f976}].


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/0865d0bf-fb43-49e8-845f-72adee85ea90-upicture12.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/0865d0bf-fb43-49e8-845f-72adee85ea90-upicture12.png}{\includegraphics{images/0865d0bf-fb43-49e8-845f-72adee85ea90-upicture12.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart represents the responses to the question (Do you know poor oral health can lead to dental caries).}}
\label{f-8e9bb5e7d1bf}
\end{figure}
\egroup
Among engineering students, 71.79\% of them go for a dental check-up two times/year, and 15.38\%of them visit for a dental check-up three times/year, but 7.69\% of them don't go for their dental check-up regularly [Figure~\ref{f-d82cdfd3e99e}]. When compared with engineering students, dental students 80.77\% of them go for a dental check-up two times/year, and 15.38\% of them go for regular dental check-up 3 times/year [Figure~\ref{f-c9118b479ce6}].

Among dental students, 88.46\% of them are aware that poor oral health can lead to dental caries, whereas only 11.54\% of them were not aware of it [Figure~\ref{f-16dcaf5e122a}]. When comparing with dental students, engineering students, 67.95\% of them were only aware that poor oral health can lead to dental caries and 23.08\% of them were not even aware of it [Figure~\ref{f-8e9bb5e7d1bf}].


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/54a63be8-f4fb-4d87-8cda-15d2712ba781-upicture13.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/54a63be8-f4fb-4d87-8cda-15d2712ba781-upicture13.png}{\includegraphics{images/54a63be8-f4fb-4d87-8cda-15d2712ba781-upicture13.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Consumption of alcohol and habit of smoking among college students.}}
\label{f-a38eeed2eefb}
\end{figure}
\egroup
In the bar graph representing Chi-square analysis between dental and engineering students, the habit of smoking among dental students is 61.54\%, and engineering student is about 69.23\%, the habit of thumb suking among engineering student is 23.08\% wherein the dental student is less as 7.69\%, and no habits were opted by dental students is 14.10 \%, and for engineering students, it is 7.69\%. On performing Chi-square analysis, the P-value was 0.018 ({\textless}0.050) hence having statistical significance [Figure~\ref{f-a38eeed2eefb}].


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/5dc7c2c7-10b1-4b2e-a024-cc1209fa816a-upicture14.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/5dc7c2c7-10b1-4b2e-a024-cc1209fa816a-upicture14.png}{\includegraphics{images/5dc7c2c7-10b1-4b2e-a024-cc1209fa816a-upicture14.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Awareness of smoking as a reason for oral cancer.}}
\label{f-849133a8c10e}
\end{figure}
\egroup
In the bar graph representing Chi-square analysis between dental and engineering students awareness on smoking habits can lead to oral cancer 83.33\% among dental students and 88.46\% among engineering students were aware of it, The P-value was 0.848, and it was not statistically significant [Figure~\ref{f-849133a8c10e}].

In the bar graph representing Chi-square analysis between dental and engineering students awareness on the relationship between gum disease and risk of cardiovascular disorder, 80.77\%of engineering students and 93.59\% dental students accepted that a person with gum disease has the risk of cardiovascular disease, the P-value was 0.769, and it was not statistically significant [Figure~\ref{f-9a87b940359d}].


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/24449045-fa83-446e-b268-1b5ebe6dd116-upicture15.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/24449045-fa83-446e-b268-1b5ebe6dd116-upicture15.png}{\includegraphics{images/24449045-fa83-446e-b268-1b5ebe6dd116-upicture15.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Awareness on the relationship between gum diseases and cardiovascular disease.}}
\label{f-9a87b940359d}
\end{figure}
\egroup
Among dental students, 88.46\% of them accept that fluoridated water can prevent tooth decay, and only 11.54 \% of them didn't accept this statement [Figure~\ref{f-6bc7c70c74eb}]. Engineering students 71.79\% of them accept this statement [Figure~\ref{f-aac185de845c}].


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/45e52cdb-0a0b-4275-8002-c7a0fa799c17-upicture16.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/45e52cdb-0a0b-4275-8002-c7a0fa799c17-upicture16.png}{\includegraphics{images/45e52cdb-0a0b-4275-8002-c7a0fa799c17-upicture16.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart represents the responses to the question (Do you know the use of fluorinated water can prevent tooth decay).}}
\label{f-6bc7c70c74eb}
\end{figure}
\egroup
Excess of fluoride can lead to dental fluorosis 84.62\% of dental students agree with the statement [Figure~\ref{f-8f4069713702}], whereas among engineering students 69.23\% of them agree that excess of fluoride can lead to dental fluorosis [Figure~\ref{f-6cc96dc71a5a}].

From the previous study, the usage of dental floss among dental students is 55.1\%, when it is compared with our study of dental floss use by dental students we had a higher percentage of 74.36\% \unskip~\citep{892732:20402807}.


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/f0d937ee-37aa-4c26-898c-9674babdc4ac-upicture17.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/f0d937ee-37aa-4c26-898c-9674babdc4ac-upicture17.png}{\includegraphics{images/f0d937ee-37aa-4c26-898c-9674babdc4ac-upicture17.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart represents the responses to the question (Do you know the use of fluorinated water can prevent tooth decay).}}
\label{f-aac185de845c}
\end{figure}
\egroup
From the previous study of Shabeer Ahamed et al., with preclinic and dental students with the statement that the fluoride can prevent tooth decay was accepted by 81\% of them compared with our study the result was more (Or) less similar 71.79\% of them accepted that statement \unskip~\citep{892732:20402826}.


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/d1e4f162-6ebe-4728-8fed-f49732d000d6-upicture18.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/d1e4f162-6ebe-4728-8fed-f49732d000d6-upicture18.png}{\includegraphics{images/d1e4f162-6ebe-4728-8fed-f49732d000d6-upicture18.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart represents the responses to the question (Do you think an excess of fluoride can lead to fluorosis).}}
\label{f-8f4069713702}
\end{figure}
\egroup
 From the previous study of Gupta et al., the habit of smoking was 12.1\% of dental students when compared with our study the value was high as 61.54\% of them have the habit of smoking \unskip~\citep{892732:20402814}.


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/736ee912-a6c7-4968-b5ba-5f6502812031-upicture19.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/736ee912-a6c7-4968-b5ba-5f6502812031-upicture19.png}{\includegraphics{images/736ee912-a6c7-4968-b5ba-5f6502812031-upicture19.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart represents the responses to the question (Do you think an excess of fluoride can lead to fluorosis).}}
\label{f-6cc96dc71a5a}
\end{figure}
\egroup
The limitation of this study is this was a cross-sectional study done only among 79 dental and 21 engineering undergraduate students. In future, this study will be helpful to spread awareness about maintaining good oral health and its uses among rural people and preschool children can prevent them from oral health problems.
    
\section{Conclusion}
From this survey, we have concluded that dental students have good oral hygiene when compared to engineering students. This study is helpful to know about oral health and behavior habits among dental and engineering students.

\textbf{Funding Support}

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest for this study.
    

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