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\def\RunningAuthor{Elsayed A. et al.}
\firstPage{3016}
\articleType{Original Article}
\receivedDate{07 Nov 2020}
\acceptedDate{16 Dec 2020}
\revisedDate{11 Dec 2020}
\journalVolume{2020, 11 (SPL4)}
\journalDoi{ijrps.v11iSPL4.4598}
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\title{\textbf{Antibacterial activity of \textit{Calotropis procera} against some common human pathogens}}
\author{Ashraf~Elsayed\textsuperscript{1},  
            Ahmed~Gebreil\textsuperscript{1},  
            Amal~Alyamani\textsuperscript{2},  
            Auf~A.~Ahmad\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{1}, 
            Yasser~A.~El-Amier\textsuperscript{1}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 1109, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia}}

\begin{abstract}
\textit{Calotropis procera} (Oshaar, family Asclepiadaceae) is a species of flowering plant used as a folk medicine for the treatment of various ailments. This study aimed to evaluate antibacterial and antioxidant activities of \textit{C. procera} aerial parts collected from Eastern Desert of Egypt (Wadi Hagul). The different extracts of \textit{C. procera }aerial parts showed a significant antimicrobial inhibitory effect (\textit{P \textless\ 0.05}) on growth of nine pathogenic bacterial using filter paper disc assay. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening was carried out on water and different extracts. The present study indicated that this plant has a good inhibitory activity against \textit{Klebsiella pneumonia} (21.3 mm), \textit{Escherichia coli} (22.5 mm),\textit{\space } and \textit{Staphylococcus aureus }(21.6 mm). Moreover, methanol extract of \textit{C. procera} exhibited wide broad spectrum (100\%) followed by petroleum ether and water extracts (60\%, each). Activity index (AI) illustrated variable antibacterial activities, that support the folkloric usage of medicinal plants for treatment of infectious pathogenic microorganism. The crude extract of \textit{C. procera} showed adequate antioxidant activity, wherein methanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts have an IC\ensuremath{_{50}} value of 0.81, 0.88 and 1.09 mg mL\ensuremath{^{-1}}, respectively. Therefore, phytochemicals from \textit{C. procera} could be used as a raw material for producing cheaper pharmaceuticals, pesticides in addition to many more important commercialized products of public use. 
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Antibacterial,\newline Antioxidant,\newline Calotropis,\newline Phytochemical,\newline Xerophytes
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Auf~A.~Ahmad~\\ Phone:\ 00201014939695~\\  Email:\ auf098@gmail.com
        \par}\vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\par{\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont ISSN: 0975-7538}\par% 
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\section{Introduction}
Plants and plant extracts were used in ancient times for treatment of diseases. This is because of the diversity of natural products (secondary metabolites) of plant origin that were used in ethnomedicine than that from any other source. The secondary metabolites are very important as they integrated into several industries such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agro-industrial and nutritional products \unskip~\citep{985267:21240616,985267:21240607}. Around four billion of people living in the developing countries depend on herbal medicine as the main source of their health care. The traditional medical practices using herbs are considered as the main component of the culture in these communities \unskip~\citep{985267:21240610}.

The genus of \textit{Calotropis} belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae that comprises 180 genera and 2200 species broadly distributed in the tropical and subtropical areas. According to \unskip~\citet{985267:21240591}, this genus is comprised of about three species of shrubs distributed in tropical and warm Africa and Asia, which is commonly known as Milkweed. \textit{Calotropis procera} (Oshaar) is a species of flowering plant abundant in North Africa (Morocco-Egypt), Palestine, Arabia, Iraq, Pakistan and India. This species is a large shrub or small tree. Its stems are erect (2-4 m), up to 20 cm in diameter and it is a large broadleaf evergreen plant with a strong odour. In Egypt, it occurs in the Nile Delta, Oases, all the Deserts of Egypt, Gebel Elba and the entire Sinai Peninsula including the coastal Mediterranean strip \unskip~\citep{985267:21240591}.

\textit{Calotropis procera} is used as a folk medicine for the treatment of many diseases. It was reported that the plant possess potential anthelmintic, antimicrobial, anticancer, anticoagulant, analgesic, antiinflammatory, purgative and antipyretic properties and is also used in the treatment of leprosy, leucoderma, liver and abdomen \unskip~\citep{985267:21240622,985267:21240592}. The plant contains many secondary metabolites with unique structure and obvious biological activities and that could be helpful for generation of new pharmaceutics and therapeutic applications \unskip~\citep{985267:21240621}. Phytochemicals like alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, resin, steroid, glycosides, tannins carbohydrates, aluminum, iron, magnesium, and sodium were reported in literature \unskip~\citep{985267:21240622,985267:21240592}. In addition, plant secretes important indigenous milky sap (latex) which is a large source of ethnomedicines. The current work determine the chemical constituents of \textit{C. procera} aerial parts collected from Eastern Desert and antimicrobial properties, as well as asses the antioxidant activity.
    
\section{Materials and Methods}
\textbf{Collection of plant material and preparation of extract}

In the flowering stage, the investigated plant, \textit{Calotropis procera} (Willd.) R.Br. (family Asciepiadaceae) in the present study was collected from their different natural habitats in the northern part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt (Wadi Hagul). The samples were identified according to \unskip~\citet{985267:21240591} by Dr Yasser A, El-Amier, Lecturer of Plant Ecology. \textbf{\space }

Plant sample was handily cleaned, washed several times with distilled water, dried for 24 hours at 55-60 \text{\textordmasculine}C in air-forced oven for reduction of moisture content before grinding. 100 grams of the dried plant were socked separately in water, 95\% methanol, petroleum-ether and ethyl-acetate and shake periodically. These extracts were filtered and evaporated and the dried residue was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for further use.

\textbf{Antibacterial Bioassay }

\textbf{Tested bacteria}

The different extracts of \textit{Calotropis procera} were tested against five gram negative bacteria: \textit{Klebsiella pneumonia }(ATCC10031),\textit{ Listeria monocytoyenes } (ATCC19116),\textit{ Escherichia coli } (ATCC10536),\textit{ Salmonella typhi } (ATCC25566) and\textit{ Pseudomonas aeruginosa} (ATCC9027) and four gram positive bacteria; \textit{Streptococcus epidermis }(EMCC1353\ensuremath{^{t}}),\textit{ Staphylococcus aureus }(ATCC6538)\textit{, Bacillus subtilis } (DMS1088) and\textit{ Enterobacter cloacae }(DMS30054).

\textbf{Antibacterial activity}

Sterilized filter paper discs with five milliliter diameter were immersed overnight in the prepared plant extracts then loaded over the nutrient agar medium seeded with the tested pathogenic microorganisms to be used for the antibacterial assay \unskip~\citep{985267:21240606}. The Petri dishes were incubated at 37 \ensuremath{^\circ}C for 24 hours then the inhibition zone diameter (mm) was measured. The antibacterial activity of the tested extract was compared with standard antibiotics using the Activity Index (AI) \unskip~\citep{985267:21240614}. 

Activity index (AI)= Inhibition Zone of the sample / 

                                  Inhibition Zone of the standard

\textbf{Qualitative phytochemical screening}

Standard procedures were followed for identification of the phytochemical components as described by \unskip~\citet{985267:21240617}.

\textbf{Quantitative determination of the chemical constituents}

Total phenolics, flavonoid and alkaloids were estimated according to the assays described by \unskip~\citet{985267:21240612}. Saponins content was determined using the method described by \unskip~\citet{985267:21240619}, while tannins according to \unskip~\citet{985267:21240618}.

\textbf{Antioxidant activity}

Antioxidant activity was estimated using the free radical DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) \unskip~\citep{985267:21240615}. One milliliter of 0.15x10\ensuremath{^{-3}} M DPPH was added to one milliliters of the prepared extracts with different concentrations (1000, 800, 600, 400, 200 and 100 ppm). A control was prepared by adding one milliliters of DPPH to one milliliters of the solvent. The mixture was incubated at exclusion of light at the room temperature for thirty minutes and the absorbance was measured at 517 nm. IC\ensuremath{_{50}} values were graphically determined and the antioxidant activity was expressed as,

$\%\;scavenging\;activity=\lbrack1-\frac{A_{sample}}{A_{control}}\rbrack\ast100 $

\textbf{Statistical analysis}

The experiments were done in triplicates and mean \ensuremath{\pm} standard deviation (M\ensuremath{\pm}SD) was measured. The data of antimicrobial and antioxidant were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's test at probability level of 0.05 using CoStat (version 6.311, CoHort Software, USA, \BreakURLText{www.cohort.com).}


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\caption{\boldmath {\% of antimicrobial spectrum of \textit{Calotropis procera} extract against pathogenic strains under investigation}}
\label{f-e3feb51a49c1}
\end{figure}
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\caption{\boldmath {The concentration of the active constituents in mg g\ensuremath{^{-1}} dry weight for the \textit{Calotropis procera}}}
\label{f-27dbcfd4c8ca}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Inhibitory activity of \textit{Calotropis procera} extract against the tested organisms (inhibition zone = mm).} }
\label{tw-02ac956d0a7b}
\centering 
\begin{threeparttable}

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\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{LLLLLLLL}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Bacterial test & \multicolumn{3}{p{\dimexpr(\mcWidth{2}+\mcWidth{3}+\mcWidth{4})}}{\cAlignHack Plant extract} & \multicolumn{3}{p{\dimexpr(\mcWidth{5}+\mcWidth{6}+\mcWidth{7})}}{\cAlignHack Standard antibiotic (Ab)} & LSD0.05\\
\rowcolor{kwdboxcolor} & Methanol & Petroleum ether & Water & Amp. & Gen. & Chl. & \\
\tblmidrule 
\multicolumn{8}{p{\dimexpr(\mcWidth{1}+\mcWidth{2}+\mcWidth{3}+\mcWidth{4}+\mcWidth{5}+\mcWidth{6}+\mcWidth{7}+\mcWidth{8})}}{\cAlignHack Gram-negative bacteria}\\
KP &
  21.3\ensuremath{\pm}0.58 &
  20\ensuremath{\pm}0.54 &
  9\ensuremath{\pm}0.24 &
  17\ensuremath{\pm}0.46 &
  22\ensuremath{\pm}0.39 &
  33\ensuremath{\pm}0.89 &
  0.57***\\
LM &
  12.5\ensuremath{\pm}0.34 &
  n.a &
  n.a &
  n.a &
  23\ensuremath{\pm}0.62 &
  n.a &
  0.58***\\
EC &
  22.5\ensuremath{\pm}0.61 &
  15.6\ensuremath{\pm}0.42 &
  8\ensuremath{\pm}0.21 &
  11\ensuremath{\pm}0.30 &
  21\ensuremath{\pm}0.57 &
  23\ensuremath{\pm}0.42 &
  0.62***\\
ST &
  13.8\ensuremath{\pm}0.37 &
  n.a &
  7\ensuremath{\pm}0.19 &
  n.a &
  25\ensuremath{\pm}0.68 &
  22\ensuremath{\pm}0.59 &
  0.23***\\
PA &
  14.2\ensuremath{\pm}0.31 &
  10\ensuremath{\pm}0.27 &
  9d\ensuremath{\pm}0.14 &
  10\ensuremath{\pm}0.27 &
  19\ensuremath{\pm}0.51 &
  25\ensuremath{\pm}0.68 &
  1.18***\\
\multicolumn{8}{p{\dimexpr(\mcWidth{1}+\mcWidth{2}+\mcWidth{3}+\mcWidth{4}+\mcWidth{5}+\mcWidth{6}+\mcWidth{7}+\mcWidth{8})}}{\cAlignHack Gram-positive bacteria}\\
SE &
  14.5\ensuremath{\pm}0.39 &
  n.a &
  n.a &
  n.a &
  31\ensuremath{\pm}0.84 &
  30\ensuremath{\pm}0.81 &
  0.42***\\
SA &
  21.6\ensuremath{\pm}0.48 &
  17.3\ensuremath{\pm}0.47 &
  n.a &
  13\ensuremath{\pm}0.35 &
  27\ensuremath{\pm}0.73 &
  28\ensuremath{\pm}0.76 &
  0.57***\\
BS &
  17.5\ensuremath{\pm}0.37 &
  10.3\ensuremath{\pm}0.28 &
  8\ensuremath{\pm}0.22 &
  n.a &
  10\ensuremath{\pm}0.27 &
  19\ensuremath{\pm}0.51 &
  1.19***\\
EC &
  14.5\ensuremath{\pm}0.39 &
  12\ensuremath{\pm}0.32 &
  8\ensuremath{\pm}0.10 &
  17\ensuremath{\pm}0.46 &
  14\ensuremath{\pm}0.38 &
  23\ensuremath{\pm}0.32 &
  0.36***\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\begin{tablenotes}\footnotesize 
    
\item{- n.a: Not active, Values are means \ensuremath{\pm} standard error of triplicates. DMSO: Not active against plant extract and antibiotics}
    
\item{- Amp.: Ampicillin, Gen.:Gentamicin, Chl.: Chloramphenicol}
    
\item{- KP: \textit{K. pneumoniae}, LM: \textit{L. monocytoyenes}, EC: \textit{E.coli}, ST: \textit{S. typhi}, PA: \textit{P. aeruginosa}, SE: \textit{S. epidermis}, SA: \textit{S. aureus}, BS: \textit{B. subtilis}, EC: \textit{E. cloeoae}}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}

\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Activity index (AI) analysis of Calotropis procera extracts against human pathogenic bacteria} }
\label{tw-ea5a200a4af2}
\centering 
\begin{threeparttable}

\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.14179999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.21660000000000004\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.10870000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3329\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Pathogens & \multicolumn{3}{p{\dimexpr(.4671000000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\cAlignHack Solvents} & Antibiotics\\
\rowcolor{kwdboxcolor} & Methanol & Petroleum ether & Water & \\
\tblmidrule 
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{4}{\linewidth}{\textit{K. pneumoniae}}} &
  1.25 &
  1.18 &
  0.53 &
  Ampicillin (17)\\
 &
  E{\textgreater}A &
  E{\textgreater}A &
  E{\textgreater}A &
  Penicillin (0) \\
 &
  0.97 &
  0.91 &
  0.41 &
  Gentamicin (22)\\
 &
  0.65 &
  0.61 &
  0.27 &
  Chloramphenicol (33) \\
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{4}{\linewidth}{\textit{L. monocytoyenes}}} &
  E{\textgreater}A &
  - &
  - &
  Ampicillin (0)\\
 &
  1.56 &
  - &
  - &
  Penicillin (8) \\
 &
  0.54 &
  - &
  - &
  Gentamicin (23)\\
 &
  E{\textgreater}A &
  - &
  - &
  Chloramphenicol (0) \\
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{4}{\linewidth}{\textit{E. coli}}} &
  2.05 &
  1.42 &
  0.73 &
  Ampicillin (11)\\
 &
  1.41 &
  0.98 &
  0.50 &
  Penicillin (16) \\
 &
  1.07 &
  0.74 &
  0.38 &
  Gentamicin (21)\\
 &
  0.98 &
  0.68 &
  0.35 &
  Chloramphenicol (23) \\
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{4}{\linewidth}{\textit{S. typhi}}} &
  E{\textgreater}A &
  - &
  E{\textgreater}A &
  Ampicillin (0)\\
 &
  1.15 &
  - &
  0.58 &
  Penicillin (12) \\
 &
  0.55 &
  - &
  0.28 &
  Gentamicin (25)\\
 &
  0.63 &
  - &
  0.32 &
  Chloramphenicol (22) \\
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{4}{\linewidth}{\textit{P. aeruginosa}}} &
  1.42 &
  1.00 &
  0.90 &
  Ampicillin (10)\\
 &
  1.78 &
  1.25 &
  1.13 &
  Penicillin (8) \\
 &
  0.75 &
  0.53 &
  0.47 &
  Gentamicin (19)\\
 &
  0.57 &
  0.40 &
  0.36 &
  Chloramphenicol (25) \\
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{4}{\linewidth}{\textit{S. epidermis}}} &
  E{\textgreater}A &
  - &
  - &
  Ampicillin (0)\\
 &
  E{\textgreater}A &
  - &
  - &
  Penicillin (0) \\
 &
  0.47 &
  - &
  - &
  Gentamicin (31)\\
 &
  0.48 &
  - &
  - &
  Chloramphenicol (30) \\
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{4}{\linewidth}{\textit{S. aureus}}} &
  1.66 &
  1.33 &
  - &
  Ampicillin (13)\\
 &
  1.20 &
  0.96 &
  - &
  Penicillin (18) \\
 &
  0.80 &
  0.64 &
  - &
  Gentamicin (27)\\
 &
  0.77 &
  0.62 &
  - &
  Chloramphenicol (28) \\
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{4}{\linewidth}{\textit{B. subtilis}}} &
  E{\textgreater}A &
  E{\textgreater}A &
  E{\textgreater}A &
  Ampicillin (0)\\
 &
  E{\textgreater}A &
  E{\textgreater}A &
  E{\textgreater}A &
  Penicillin (0) \\
 &
  1.75 &
  1.03 &
  0.80 &
  Gentamicin (10)\\
 &
  0.92 &
  0.54 &
  0.42 &
  Chloramphenicol (19) \\
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{4}{\linewidth}{\textit{E. cloeoae}}} &
  0.85 &
  0.71 &
  0.47 &
  Ampicillin (17)\\
 &
  1.12 &
  0.92 &
  0.62 &
  Penicillin (13) \\
 &
  1.04 &
  0.86 &
  0.57 &
  Gentamicin (14)\\
 &
  0.63 &
  0.52 &
  0.35 &
  Chloramphenicol (23) \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\begin{tablenotes}\footnotesize 
    
\item{E: extract; A:antibiotics}
    
\item{E {\textgreater} A and {\textgreater}1 values indicate extracts have higher effect against bacterial pathogens compared to antibiotics.}
    
\item{E \textless\  A and \textless\  1 values indicate antibiotics have higher effect against bacterial pathogens compared to extracts.}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}

\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Phytochemical screening for the active constituents of aerial parts \textit{Calotropis procera}.} }
\label{tw-ae67c2343d89}
\centering 
\begin{threeparttable}

\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.25\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.25\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.25\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.25\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Screening test & \multicolumn{3}{p{\dimexpr(.75\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\cAlignHack Plant extract}\\
\rowcolor{kwdboxcolor} & Methanol & Petroleu ether & Aqueous \\
\tblmidrule 
Alkaloids &
  ++ &
  - &
  -\\
Flavonoids &
  +++ &
  - &
  +\\
Saponins &
  ++ &
  + &
  +\\
Tannins &
  ++ &
  - &
  -\\
Phenols &
  ++ &
  - &
  -\\
Sterol &
  ++ &
  - &
  -\\
Triterpenoids &
  +++ &
  - &
  +\\
Coumarins &
  - &
  - &
  -\\
Anthraquinones &
  + &
  - &
  -\\
Cardiac glycosides &
  +++ &
  + &
  -\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\begin{tablenotes}\footnotesize 
    
\item{Positive mark (+) indicates the presence of the phytochemical. }
    
\item{Negative mark (\ensuremath{-}) indicates the absence of the phytochemical.}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}

\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Percentage of DPPH radical scavenging activity and IC\ensuremath{_{50}} values of different extracts of \textit{Calotropis procera }} }
\label{tw-24c10ae1ee50}
\centering 
\begin{threeparttable}

\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.2465\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.18669999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1818\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.185\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Concentration \ensuremath{\mu }g mL\ensuremath{^{-1}} & \multicolumn{4}{p{\dimexpr(.7535\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\cAlignHack \% of scavenging activity}\\
\rowcolor{kwdboxcolor} & Methanol & Petroleum ether & Ethyl acetate & Catechol\\
\tblmidrule 
1000 &
  55.75\ensuremath{\pm}1.69 &
  46.55\ensuremath{\pm}1.41 &
  52.34\ensuremath{\pm}1.59 &
  83.11\ensuremath{\pm}2.52\\
800 &
  51.07\ensuremath{\pm}1.55 &
  37.68\ensuremath{\pm}1.14 &
  48.66\ensuremath{\pm}1.47 &
  80.56\ensuremath{\pm}2.44\\
600 &
  44.95\ensuremath{\pm}1.36 &
  31.64\ensuremath{\pm}0.96 &
  41.54\ensuremath{\pm}1.26 &
  73.54\ensuremath{\pm}2.23\\
400 &
  30.56\ensuremath{\pm}0.93 &
  20.27\ensuremath{\pm}0.61 &
  27.15\ensuremath{\pm}0.82 &
  62.22\ensuremath{\pm}1.89\\
200 &
  23.99\ensuremath{\pm}0.73 &
  14.35\ensuremath{\pm}0.43 &
  20.58\ensuremath{\pm}0.62 &
  48.56\ensuremath{\pm}1.47\\
100 &
  21.99\ensuremath{\pm}0.67 &
  10.21\ensuremath{\pm}0.31 &
  18.58\ensuremath{\pm}0.56 &
  28.33\ensuremath{\pm}0.86\\
LSD\ensuremath{_{0.05}} &
  \multicolumn{4}{p{\dimexpr(.7535\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{4.23}\\
IC\ensuremath{_{50}} (mg mL\ensuremath{^{-1}}) &
  0.81 &
  1.09 &
  0.88 &
  0.29\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\begin{tablenotes}\footnotesize 
    
\item{Values are means \ensuremath{\pm} standard error of triplicates. }
    
\item{LSD\ensuremath{_{0.05}}: least significant difference at 0.05 probability level.}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}

\end{table*}

    
\section{Results and Discussion}
\textbf{Inhibitory effect of medicinal plant}

The antibacterial activity of \textit{Calotropis procera } was estimated in vitro by agar well diffusion assay using eight different pathogenic strains. The different extracts of \textit{C. procera } aerial parts showed a significant antimicrobial inhibitory effect (\textit{P \textless\ 0.05}) on growth of the tested Gram positive and negative bacteria (Table~\ref{tw-02ac956d0a7b} ). In this study, methanol extract of \textit{C. procera} expressed wide antimicrobial spectrum (100\%) against both Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria (Figure~\ref{f-e3feb51a49c1}), followed by petroleum ether and water extracts (60\%, each). Highest antibacterial activity was shown by methanol extract against \textit{Escherichia coli } (22.5 mm),\textit{ Staphylococcus aureus } (21.6 mm) and\textit{ Klebsiella pneumoniae} (21.3 mm). 

The pathogen \textit{Escherichia coli} was the most sensitive bacteria in case of methanol extract (22.5 mm), whereas \textit{Staphylococcus aureus }and\textit{ Klebsiella pneumoniae } were the most susceptible in case of methanol and petroleum ether extracts (21.6, 17.3 mm and 21.3, 20 mm, respectively), while the most resistant bacteria were \textit{Listeria monocytoyenes} and \textit{Streptococcus epidermis}. Moreover, it was noted that the antibacterial performance of methanol extract is better than ampicillin and penicillin (Ab), suggesting that methanol extract can be a good alternative for antibiotics (Table~\ref{tw-02ac956d0a7b}).

From the obtained results, it could be concluded that Gram negative bacteria are more sensitive to \textit{C. procera} extracts than Gram positive bacteria as previously reported in literature \unskip~\citep{985267:21240611,985267:21240608}. 

Many wild plants exhibited inhibition zones of different diameters due to several parameters likeability of substances in the extract to diffuse through the agar, the antimicrobial potential of the diffused substances and the growth and metabolic activity of the examined microorganisms \unskip~\citep{985267:21240611}. The phytochemicals may be related with its ethnomedicinal use in the treatment of various diseases. Generally, alkaloids are known to have antimicrobial and antiinflammatory effects \unskip~\citep{985267:21240623}.  Flavonoids are beneficial for human health. They possess biological and pharmacological activities such as antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Alkaloids and saponins have been ability to cause protein leakage as well as certain enzymes from the cell \unskip~\citep{985267:21240613}.

\textbf{Activity index (AI) of extracts}

The significance of using the prepared methanol, petroleum ether and water extracts with standard antibiotics was calculated using activity index (Table~\ref{tw-ea5a200a4af2}). Four antibiotics were used against all tested pathogenic strains. The maximum inhibition was recorded by chloramphenicol and Gentamicin against \textit{Klebsiella pneumonia,} \textit{\space } \textit{Streptococcus epidermis }and\textit{ Staphylococcus aureus. } On the other hand, ampicillin and penicillin expressed both moderate and low effects against all tested pathogens as mentioned in Table~\ref{tw-02ac956d0a7b}. The sensitivity of different \textit{C. procera } extracts was compared with antibiotics using activity index (Table~\ref{tw-ea5a200a4af2}). Activity index (AI) values above one expressed the reasonable role of herbal extracts while those below zero expressed higher antibiotics potential against tested pathogenic strains \unskip~\citep{985267:21240614}. Results confirmed the potential use of methanol extract as compared to antibiotics except chloramphenicol.\textbf{\space }

\textbf{Phytochemical constituents}

The powder and crude extract of \textit{C. procera} aerial parts was subjected to phytochemical screening and the results were recorded in Table~\ref{tw-ae67c2343d89}. In this study, the use of different solvents showed different response for the presence of phytoconstituents and according to the intensity of colour or precipitates produced the terms of scores are using as -, +, ++, +++. In case of methanol solvent, the extract showed the presence of all tested chemical constituents except coumarins not detected. While traces or absence of phytoconstituents were in petroleum ether and water solvents (Table~\ref{tw-ae67c2343d89}). Extraction efficiency of biologically active compounds is affected by the properties of phytochemicals, the extraction method, the solvent used, time and temperature of extraction \unskip~\citep{985267:21240624}. The quantitative analysis of aerial parts of wild \textit{C. procera} has been showed in Figure~\ref{f-27dbcfd4c8ca}. The results show that the aerial parts contained mainly alkaloids compound (20.62 mg g\ensuremath{^{-1}}) and phenolics (17.64 mg g\ensuremath{^{-1}}). While tannins, flavonoids and saponins attained values (13.27, 11.24 and 9.31 mg g\ensuremath{^{-1 }}dry weight, respectively).\textbf{\space }

The phytochemical analysis of \textit{C. procera} relatively agrees with the results of \unskip~\citet{985267:21240620,985267:21240622} on same species from Nigeria and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, respectively and agrees with the results of \unskip~\citet{985267:21240608} on \textit{Senecio glaucus} present in the arid regions.

\textbf{Antioxidant activity}

The crude extract from the aerial parts of \textit{C. procera} expressed adequate radical scavenging activity of the DPPH in a concentration-dependent manner (Table~\ref{tw-24c10ae1ee50}). In case of methanol, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts the increase was up to 1000 \ensuremath{\mu }g/mL where the scavenging activity was 55.75\%, 46.55\% and 52.34, respectively. The crude extract from methanol solvent of \textit{C. procera} revealed more antioxidant activity than that of the other solvents, where IC\ensuremath{_{50}} values of methanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extract 0.81, 0.88 and 1.09 mg mL\ensuremath{^{-1}}, respectively. 

However, the IC\ensuremath{_{50}} value for catechol (standard antioxidant) was 0.29 mg mL\ensuremath{^{-1}} (Table~\ref{tw-ae67c2343d89}). The significant variation in the antioxidant activity of \textit{C. procera} extracts could be ascribed to the variation in the solvent used. Plant secondary metabolites are not only a useful array of natural products but helping plants to acclimatize to stress environments (salinity, drought, heavy metals, pesticides, temperature, etc.). 

Severe stress conditions stimulate the production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) plant cells, and consequently triggering the antioxidant defense systems (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) \unskip~\citep{985267:21240594}. \textit{C. procera} aerial parts have a high content of flavonoid and phenolic compounds (Figure~\ref{f-27dbcfd4c8ca}), this explains the more antioxidant activity of \textit{C. procera} extracts.
    
\section{Conclusions}
\textit{Calotropis procera} (Oshaar) is an important wild plant, used in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases. The present study indicated that this plant has a good inhibitory activity against \textit{Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli} and \textit{Staphylococcus aureus}. Activity index (AI) expressed a reasonable antibacterial activity, which helps in the folkloric usage of medicinal plants for treatment of infectious pathogens. In addition, phytochemicals of \textit{C. procera} can be used as a raw material for production of cheaper pharmaceuticals, pesticides and many more important commercialized products of public use.
\section*{Acknowledgement}I would like to thank the Faculty of Science, Botany Department, at Mansoura University.

\textbf{Conflict of interest}

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest for this study. 

\textbf{Funding support}

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study.
    

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