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\def\RunningAuthor{Vimala et al.}
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\articleType{Original Article}
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\title{A study to assess the level of knowledge on first aid management of dog bite and treatment modality of rabies among adult}
\author{Vimala~S\textsuperscript{*},  
            Bhuvaneshwari~G,  
            Janaki~Priya~S,  
            Ishwariya~K, 
            Inbarani~S~\\[5pt]{Department of Community Health Nursing\unskip, Saveetha College of Nursing, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India}}

\begin{abstract}
Dog bite lacerations are an extensive community health problem in worldwide. Dogs assault and ensuing lesions can lead to an enduring defect. They also cause a budgetary difficult for the sufferer. So the present study is done to assess the level of knowledge on first aid management of dog bite and treatment modality of rabies among adults living in Mappedu village. A descriptive research design was done in a rural area in Mappedu. 60 samples are included in our study. Purposive sampling techniques method was used in selecting the samples. Self-Structured interviews were used to collect data. The level of knowledge on first aid management of dog bite and treatment modality of rabies.16 (26\%) are inadequate, 42(70\%) are moderate,2(3.3\%) are adequate. The study concludes that there is inadequate knowledge on first aid management of dog bite and treatment modality of rabies among adults. There is a more need for health education regarding a dog bite, rabies among adults. 
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Rabies,\newline First Aid,\newline Dog Bite
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Vimala~S~\\ Phone:\ ~\\  Email:\ stvimala@yahoo.co.in
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\section{Introduction}
Dogbite lacerations are an extensive community health problem worldwide. Dog's assault and ensuing lesions can lead to an enduring defect. They also cause a budgetary difficult for the sufferer. Research studies shows that efforts to raising comprehension among community or individuals, policymakers and health care professionals are efficient in anticipating dog bite 

A bite could be a bite inflicted upon an individual or another animal by a dog. Over one ordered bite is usually thought-about as a dog attack. The bulk of dog bites don't lead to injury, disfigurement, infection or permanent incapacity \unskip~\citep{572555:13217567}. Another variety of bite is that the "soft bite" displayed by well-trained dogs, by puppies, and in non-aggressive play. Things within which dog bites occur embrace dog fighting, practice, trained dogs acting as guard or military animals, angry or motiveless. 

There is a substantial discussion on whether or not or not sure breeds of dogs square measure inherently a lot of at risk of commit attacks inflicting serious injury. Despite the breed of the dog, it's recognized that the chance of dangerous dog attacks is greatly inflated by human actions or in actions. 

In developing countries, a series of things square measure possible to extend bite incidence and bites seriousness: dogs square measure typically not confined, and dog population is uncontrolled. The rural square measure's of developing countries are characterized by the uneven distribution of health infrastructures with typically long distance to travel and from these health care facilities, the scarceness of human resources, the poor quality of services and also the problem of payment.

Rabies leads to the death of roughly 55,000 individuals a year, with most of the causes because of dog bites\unskip~\citep{572555:13217498}. 

Capnocytophaga canimorsus, MRSA, tetanus, and pasteurella is transmitted from a dog to somebody bitten by the dog\unskip~\citep{572555:13217499}. Legislative bodies have addressed considerations regarding dog bites that embrace licensing laws, statutes outlawing organized dogfights, and leash laws. Breed-specific legislation (BSL), has been enacted in some areas limiting the possession and activities of dogs appeared to be a lot of possible to bite and attack. Alternative measures in preventing dog bites square measure assemblage and bolted dog enclosures.\ensuremath{^{}}

Dog house\{owners|homeowners\} typically oppose protecting rules won't stop bites and attacks and/or their rights as dog owners and being infringed. 

Everyday variety of individuals victim`dogbites regarding 30,000 individuals die because zoonosis annually that accounts for 80\% of 36,000 deaths reported to the World Health Organization.

In India, 96\% of the are zoonosis because of a bite from dogs that square measure largely stray and unowned. Regarding one million individuals receive. Postexposure opposed zoonosis immunogen and.youngsters represent 354 of those.

Rabies is one in all the oldest recognized malady poignant humans and one in all the foremost necessary zoonosis in\{india|India|Republic of \{india|India|Republic of India|Bharat|Asian country Asian nation\}|Bharat|Asian country Asian nation\}it's been recognized in India since the religious text amount (1500-500BC) and is delineated in ancient India scripture.

The vaccines used for pre-exposure and post-exposure vaccination square measure a similar; however, the immunization schedule differs. Zoonosis immunoglobin is employed just for post-exposure prevention. Fashionable vaccines of cell-culture or embryonated-egg origin square measure safer and more practical than the older vaccines, that were made in brain tissue. These fashionable zoonosis immunogenic square measure currently out there in major urban centres of most countries of the developing world. Zoonosis immunoglobin, on the opposite hand, is in brief offer worldwide and should not be out there, even in major urban centres, in several dog rabies-infected countries.

Pre-exposure zoonosis vaccination consists of 3 full contractors (IM) doses of cell-culture-or embryonated-egg-based immunogen given on days zero, seven and twenty-one or twenty-eight. For adults, the immunogen must always be administered within the deltoid space of the arm; for young youngsters (under one year of age), the anterolateral space of the thigh is suggested. Rabies immunogen ought to ne'er be administered within the striated muscle area; administration during this manner can lead to lower neutralizing protein titres. Periodic booster injections don't seem to be suggested for general travelers. However, within the event of exposure through the bite or scratch of associate degree animal renowned or suspected to be speedy people.\ensuremath{^{}}

WHO have antecedently received a whole series of pre- or post-exposure zoonosis immunogen ought to receive 2 booster doses of the immunogen. Ideally, the primary dose ought to be administered on the day of exposure and also the second three days later, this could be combined with through wound treatment. Zoonosis immunoglobin isn't needed for patients who have antecedently received a whole vaccination, series. Consideration of zoonosis prevention is a vital part in the management of bite\ensuremath{^{.}}

A toxin virus found within the secretion of some mammals causes zoonosis. If untreated the condition is fatal in humans. Zoonosis exposure ought to be thought-about if associate degree animal attack wasn't angry, concerned a wild animal, or concerned an animate being not immunized against zoonosis. Rabies prevention is usually given once the animal can not be found or a carnivorous wild animal causes the bite. Associate degree initial injection of zoonosis Ig (RIG) to produce acquired immunity starts the prevention plan. This is often followed by a series of 5 injections of human diploid cell immunogen (HDCV) on days zero, 3, 7, 14 and 27 to produce active immunity. Dose relies on the patient weight\unskip~\citep{572555:13217499}.

Modern zoonosis vaccines square measure well tolerated. The frequency of minor adverse reactions(local pain, erythema, swelling and pruritis) varies wide from one report back to another\unskip~\citep{572555:13217520}. Occasional general reactions (malaise, generalized aches and headaches) are noted when contractor or body covering injections.

Although9 cases of bite represent a tangle of substantial magnitude, not all the victims of a bite request medical facilitate unquestionably the extent of information of the community and college academics the priority regarding dog injuries has a very important role to play in handling this downside\textbf{\space }

\textbf{Objectives}
  
  \begin{enumerate}
  \item \relax To assess the level of knowledge on first aid management of dog bite and treatment modality of rabies among adults.
  \item \relax To find the association between demographic variables with knowledge on adults.
  \end{enumerate}
  
    
\section{Materials and Methods}
A sample of 60 adults are selected by purposive sampling techniques. The descriptive study was conducted during a one week period. Data collection was conducted in Mappedu. After getting permission from the village Panchayat. A demographic variable consists of age, sex, education, occupation, pet animals. A self-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The study investigators explained to the adults about the study's objectives, rational and requirement of consent to participate in the study. The investigators then provided instructions for filling the questionnaire, and then guided the adults. Understanding of each question was checked by asking the adults to repeat the meaning. During the filling of questionnaires, the investigators helped the adults throughout and helped to simplify the meaning of each question, clarifying doubts and checking for completeness of filling up the questionnaire Chi-square test was used to test the association between categorical variables. P \textless\ 0.05 was taken as statistically significant
    
\section{Results and Discussion}
Regarding age out of 60 samples 22(37\%) samples were come under type of age group of 20-30 yrs, 17(28\%) samples were under the age group of 30-40 yrs, 21(35\%) samples were under the age group of 40-50 yrs. Regarding gender out of 60 samples 25(42\%) samples were male, 35(58\%) samples were female. Regarding education out of 60 samples, 3(5\%) samples were under illiteracy, 26(43\%) samples were under sscl, 14(23\%) samples were under hsc, 17(28\%) samples were under any degree. Regarding occupation out of 60 samples, 3(5\%) samples were under a farmer, 14(23\%) samples were under company worker, 11(18\%) samples were under daily wages, 32(53\%) samples were under housewife. Regarding pet animals out of 60 samples 16(27\%) samples were dogs, 12(20\%) samples were cats, 32(53\%) samples were nil are showed (Table~\ref{tw-fb35e450135d}). Frequency and percentage distribution of the level of knowledge on first aid management of dog bite and treatment modality of rabies. (16) are inadequate,(42) are moderate,(2)are adequate are showed (Table~\ref{tw-42ec071a40dd}). The mean is 10.51, and the standard deviation is 2.93 represented (Table~\ref{tw-0969cf97e876}). The results shows approximately that out of 60 samples, 16(27\%) samples were come under Inadequate knowledge, 42(70\%) samples were come under Moderate knowledge, 2(3\%) samples were come under Adequate knowledge are showed (Figure~\ref{f-2b40da1a9472}). 


\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Presentation of the Frequency distribution of demographic variables of rural people in Mappedu} }
\label{tw-fb35e450135d}
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\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}S.No & Demogrphic variable & Frequency & Percentage\\
\tblmidrule 
1 &
  Age \mbox{}\protect\newline a)20-30 years \mbox{}\protect\newline b)30-40 years \mbox{}\protect\newline c)40-50 years &
   22 \mbox{}\protect\newline  17 \mbox{}\protect\newline  21 &
   37\% \mbox{}\protect\newline  28\% \mbox{}\protect\newline  35\%\\
2 &
  Sex \mbox{}\protect\newline a) male \mbox{}\protect\newline b)female &
   25 \mbox{}\protect\newline  35 &
   42\% \mbox{}\protect\newline  58\%\\
3  &
  Education \mbox{}\protect\newline a)illiteracy \mbox{}\protect\newline b)sslc \mbox{}\protect\newline c)hsc \mbox{}\protect\newline d)any degree &
   3 \mbox{}\protect\newline  26 \mbox{}\protect\newline  14 \mbox{}\protect\newline  17 &
   5\% \mbox{}\protect\newline  43\% \mbox{}\protect\newline  23\% \mbox{}\protect\newline  28\%\\
4 &
  Occupation \mbox{}\protect\newline a)farmer \mbox{}\protect\newline b)company worker \mbox{}\protect\newline c)daily wages \mbox{}\protect\newline d)housewife &
   3 \mbox{}\protect\newline  14 \mbox{}\protect\newline 11 \mbox{}\protect\newline  32 &
   5\% \mbox{}\protect\newline  23\% \mbox{}\protect\newline 18\% \mbox{}\protect\newline 53\%\\
5 &
  Pet animals \mbox{}\protect\newline a)dog \mbox{}\protect\newline b)cat \mbox{}\protect\newline c)nil &
   16 \mbox{}\protect\newline  12 \mbox{}\protect\newline  32 &
   27\% \mbox{}\protect\newline  20\% \mbox{}\protect\newline  53\%\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Frequency and percentage distribution of the level of knowledge on first aid management of dog bite and treatment modality of rabies} }
\label{tw-42ec071a40dd}
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\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Level of knowledge & Frequency & Percentage\\
\tblmidrule 
Inadequate knowledge &
   16 &
   27\%\\
Moderate knowledge &
   42 &
   70\%\\
Adequate knowledge &
   2 &
   3\%\\
Total &
   60 &
  100\%\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Mean and Standard deviation of level of knowledge on first aid management of dog bite and treatment modality of rabies} }
\label{tw-0969cf97e876}
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\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Sl.No & Mean & Standard Deviation\\
\tblmidrule 
1 &
  10.51 &
  2.93\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

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\caption{\boldmath {This figure shows the percentage distribution level of knowledge on first aid management of dog bite and treatment modality of rabies}}
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The present study assess the level of knowledge. The results shows approximately that out of 60 samples, 16(27\%) samples were come under Inadequate knowledge, 42(70\%) samples were come under Moderate knowledge, 2(3\%) samples were come under Adequate knowledge. 

Which is comparable to findings according to by \unskip~\citep{572555:13217521} Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards rabies: form survey in rural unit heads of Gondar Zuria District, Ethiopia. This study indicated that nearly all (99.3\%) of the surveyed people were awake to the illness zoonotic disease. 

\{rabies|hydrophobia|lyssa|madness|zoonosis|zoonotic illness\} is taken into account to be a fatal disease in humans by 67.8\% of the respondents whereas 27.8\% believe that it's a treatable illness. Dogs were indicated as the supply of infection for humans by all respondents followed by equines (27.2\%) and cats (12.1\%). The bite was referred to as a mode of zoonotic disease transmission by a majority of the respondents (94\%) whereas alternative means that got less weight. Aggression was delineate as a serious clinical sign of zoonotic disease in animals. Consumption of broiled or poached meat from fanatic animals was thought of as safe by 67.0\% of the respondents and concerning 19\% replied even meat is safe for human consumption. The requirement for immediate treatment once exposure was mentioned by less than half (47.4\%) of the respondents, and solely 38.8\% of the respondents thought of trendy drugs as an applicable treatment once exposure to fanatic animals. Nearly 42\% of respondents had seasoned a bite. Following the dog bites, only 30.7\% practised laundry of the injuries with water as care. The zoonotic disease was found to be familiar within the study space. However, information and practices in hindrance of zoonotic disease were restricted. Education of zoonotic disease concerning potential sources of infection, mode of transmission and measures to be taken once the exposure is incredibly vital within. The study.area\unskip~\citep{572555:13217521}. 

Another study \unskip~\citep{572555:13217523} information concerning care, wound management and vaccination for the cases of dog bite: a cross-sectional study among the scholars of a management and technology institute in western UP 96 believe correct wound management of animal bite, 37 assume dressing of wound is important, 400 assume immediate stitching of wound is vital, wherever as ninetieth study subjects were awake to Anti-rabies vaccine. Conclusions: Awareness assessment concerning wound management is sort of satisfactory. Since the majority of subjects understand \{the right the correct the correct\} live of first-aid and believe proper wound management once bite at the side of the information concerning anti-rabies vaccinum\unskip~\citep{572555:13217523}. \unskip~\citep{572555:13217393} The zoonotic disease incidence and variety of dogs in Kampuchea area unit a lot of above in near countries. Information and behaviours that area unit associated with zoonotic disease and/or dogs area unit thought of to be contributory factors for zoonotic disease infection management within the community; but, such info in rural Kampuchea is restricted. This prevalence study focused on evaluating information and occurrence associated with zoonotic disease also as dog-connected action between individuals in Siem Reap region, and to spot the precise part related to sufficient information. Foursome period experiment was used to spot community and family circle. In whole, 360 answerer more discussion with employing a organize form. Information were faithful condense with provision reversion was execute to evaluation difference proportion of sufficient information associated with the zoonotic disease as a communicator' feature. Alone 9.3\% of answerer own acceptable information of zoonotic disease. Of the answerer, 86.9 and 18.3\% had seasoned ability to hear or perceive a surmise fanatic doggy and a surmise fanatic person, severally. Quite common fraction (70.6\%) of the family circle had a minimum of one dog, and also the magnitude relation of dog to person society was 1: 2:8. solely a number of homeowners had an unsusceptible doggy, second-hand a confine, or affianced particular doggy. Interview a treatment room the primary alternative of therapy for answerer once crunch by a doggy. Though, post-hazard prevention wasn't unremarkably anticipated as a therapy alternative before answerer. The teaching more a lot of probably to own adequate information otherwise no teaching. Countryman, as well as people, exist conjointly fewer probably to own satisfactory information differently these of alternative carrier as well as indigent group. Excessive doggy community, insufficient information about the zoonotic disease, short identification about person zoonotic disease, as well as indigent doggy authority exist establish significant provocation as a dominant zoonosis. Healthiness teaching associated with zoonotic disease ought to be introduced, targeting farmers specifically United Nations agency simply encounter stray dog show ever have very little information of zoonotic disease danger part with the symptom. By constant hour, life distribution as well as dog administration, ought to act improved\unskip~\citep{572555:13217393}.
    
\section{Conclusion}
The study concludes that there is inadequate knowledge on first aid management of dog bite and treatment modality of rabies among adults. There is a more need of health education regarding a dog bite, rabies among adults. 
    

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