\documentclass[twocolumn,twoside]{article}
\makeatletter\if@twocolumn\PassOptionsToPackage{switch}{lineno}\else\fi\makeatother

\usepackage{amsfonts,amssymb,amsbsy,latexsym,amsmath,tabulary,graphicx,times,xcolor}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Following additional macros are required to function some 
% functions which are not available in the class used.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\usepackage{url,multirow,morefloats,floatflt,cancel,tfrupee}
\makeatletter


\AtBeginDocument{\@ifpackageloaded{textcomp}{}{\usepackage{textcomp}}}
\makeatother
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{pifont}
\usepackage[nointegrals]{wasysym}
\urlstyle{rm}
\makeatletter

%%%For Table column width calculation.
\def\mcWidth#1{\csname TY@F#1\endcsname+\tabcolsep}

%%Hacking center and right align for table
\def\cAlignHack{\rightskip\@flushglue\leftskip\@flushglue\parindent\z@\parfillskip\z@skip}
\def\rAlignHack{\rightskip\z@skip\leftskip\@flushglue \parindent\z@\parfillskip\z@skip}

%Etal definition in references
\@ifundefined{etal}{\def\etal{\textit{et~al}}}{}


%\if@twocolumn\usepackage{dblfloatfix}\fi
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex\else\if@twocolumn\@ifpackageloaded{stfloats}{}{\usepackage{dblfloatfix}}\fi\fi

\AtBeginDocument{
\expandafter\ifx\csname eqalign\endcsname\relax
\def\eqalign#1{\null\vcenter{\def\\{\cr}\openup\jot\m@th
  \ialign{\strut$\displaystyle{##}$\hfil&$\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfil
      \crcr#1\crcr}}\,}
\fi
}

%For fixing hardfail when unicode letters appear inside table with endfloat
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifpackageloaded{endfloat}%
   {\renewcommand\efloat@iwrite[1]{\immediate\expandafter\protected@write\csname efloat@post#1\endcsname{}}}{\newif\ifefloat@tables}%
}%

\def\BreakURLText#1{\@tfor\brk@tempa:=#1\do{\brk@tempa\hskip0pt}}
\let\lt=<
\let\gt=>
\def\processVert{\ifmmode|\else\textbar\fi}
\let\processvert\processVert

\@ifundefined{subparagraph}{
\def\subparagraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{5}{2\parindent}{0ex plus 0.1ex minus 0.1ex}%
{0ex}{\normalfont\small\itshape}}%
}{}

% These are now gobbled, so won't appear in the PDF.
\newcommand\role[1]{\unskip}
\newcommand\aucollab[1]{\unskip}
  
\@ifundefined{tsGraphicsScaleX}{\gdef\tsGraphicsScaleX{1}}{}
\@ifundefined{tsGraphicsScaleY}{\gdef\tsGraphicsScaleY{.9}}{}
% To automatically resize figures to fit inside the text area
\def\checkGraphicsWidth{\ifdim\Gin@nat@width>\linewidth
	\tsGraphicsScaleX\linewidth\else\Gin@nat@width\fi}

\def\checkGraphicsHeight{\ifdim\Gin@nat@height>.9\textheight
	\tsGraphicsScaleY\textheight\else\Gin@nat@height\fi}

\def\fixFloatSize#1{}%\@ifundefined{processdelayedfloats}{\setbox0=\hbox{\includegraphics{#1}}\ifnum\wd0<\columnwidth\relax\renewenvironment{figure*}{\begin{figure}}{\end{figure}}\fi}{}}
\let\ts@includegraphics\includegraphics

\def\inlinegraphic[#1]#2{{\edef\@tempa{#1}\edef\baseline@shift{\ifx\@tempa\@empty0\else#1\fi}\edef\tempZ{\the\numexpr(\numexpr(\baseline@shift*\f@size/100))}\protect\raisebox{\tempZ pt}{\ts@includegraphics{#2}}}}

%\renewcommand{\includegraphics}[1]{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth]{#1}}
\AtBeginDocument{\def\includegraphics{\@ifnextchar[{\ts@includegraphics}{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth,height=\checkGraphicsHeight,keepaspectratio]}}}

\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathpzc}{OT1}{pzc}{m}{it}

\def\URL#1#2{\@ifundefined{href}{#2}{\href{#1}{#2}}}

%%For url break
\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~\do\'\do\"\do\-}%
\g@addto@macro{\UrlBreaks}{\UrlOrds}



\edef\fntEncoding{\f@encoding}
\def\EUoneEnc{EU1}
\makeatother
\def\floatpagefraction{0.8} 
\def\dblfloatpagefraction{0.8}
\def\style#1#2{#2}
\def\xxxguillemotleft{\fontencoding{T1}\selectfont\guillemotleft}
\def\xxxguillemotright{\fontencoding{T1}\selectfont\guillemotright}

\newif\ifmultipleabstract\multipleabstractfalse%
\newenvironment{typesetAbstractGroup}{}{}%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\usepackage[authoryear]{natbib}



\newif\ifnokeywords\nokeywordsfalse

\makeatletter\input{size10-pointfive.clo}\makeatother%
\definecolor{kwdboxcolor}{RGB}{242,242,242}
\usepackage[hidelinks,colorlinks=true,allcolors=blue]{hyperref}
\linespread{1}                 
\def\floatpagefraction{0.8}

\usepackage[paperheight=11.69in,paperwidth=8.26in,top=1in,bottom=1in,left=1in,right=.75in,headsep=24pt]{geometry}

\usepackage{multirow-custom}

\makeatletter

\def\hlinewd#1{%
  \noalign{\ifnum0=`}\fi\hrule \@height #1%
  \futurelet\reserved@a\@xhline}
\def\tbltoprule{\hlinewd{1pt}\\[-14pt]}
\def\tblbottomrule{\noalign{\vspace*{6pt}}\hline\noalign{\vspace*{2pt}}}
\def\tblmidrule{\hline\noalign{\vspace*{2pt}}}



\let\@articleType\@empty
\let\@journalDoi\@empty
\let\@journalVolume\@empty
\let\@journalIssue\@empty
\let\@crossMarkLink\@empty
\let\@receivedDate\@empty
\let\@acceptedDate\@empty
\let\@revisedDate\@empty
\let\@publishedDate\@empty
\let\@copyrightYear\@empty
\let\@firstPage\@empty
\def\articleType#1{\gdef\@articleType{#1}}
\def\journalDoi#1{\gdef\@journalDoi{#1}}
\def\crossMarkLink#1{\gdef\@crossMarkLink{#1}}
\def\receivedDate#1{\gdef\@receivedDate{#1}}
\def\acceptedDate#1{\gdef\@acceptedDate{#1}}
\def\revisedDate#1{\gdef\@revisedDate{#1}}
\def\publishedDate#1{\gdef\@publishedDate{#1}}
\def\copyrightYear#1{\gdef\@copyrightYear{#1}}
\def\journalVolume#1{\gdef\@journalVolume{#1}}
\def\journalIssue#1{\gdef\@journalIssue{#1}}
\def\firstPage#1{\gdef\@firstPage{#1}}
\let\@issuelogo\@empty%
\let\@issuelogoex\@empty%
\def\issuelogo#1{\gdef\@issuelogo{#1}}
\def\issuelogoex#1{\gdef\@issuelogoex{#1}}


\def\author#1{%
  \gdef\@author{%
    \hskip-\dimexpr(\tabcolsep)\hskip5pt%
    \parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-1pt}%
    {\fontsize{11}{13}\selectfont\raggedright #1}%
  }%
}


\usepackage{pharmascope-abs}
\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{lastpage}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage[noindentafter,explicit]{titlesec}
\usepackage{fontspec}

\setmainfont[%
BoldFont=cambriab.ttf,%
ItalicFont=CAMBRIAI.TTF,%
BoldItalicFont=CAMBRIAZ.TTF]{Cambria.ttf}
\lefthyphenmin = 3

\def\title#1{%
  \gdef\@title{%
      \vspace*{-40pt}%
       \ifx\@articleType\@empty\else{\fontsize{10}{12}\scshape\selectfont\hspace{8pt}\@articleType\hfill\mbox{}\par\vspace{2pt}}\fi%
       \minipage{\linewidth}
         \hrulefill\\[-0.7pt]%%{\includegraphics[width=75pt,height=50pt]{ijrps_logo.png}}\hfill
         \mbox{~}\hspace{5pt}\parbox{.1\linewidth}{\IfFileExists{images/\@issuelogo.\@issuelogoex}{\includegraphics[width=79pt,height=61pt]{images/\@issuelogo.\@issuelogoex}}{\includegraphics[width=75pt,height=50pt]{ijrps_logo.png}}}\hfill
         \fcolorbox{kwdboxcolor}{kwdboxcolor}{\parbox{.792\linewidth}{%
          \begin{center}\fontsize{17}{17}\selectfont\scshape\vskip-7pt International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences\hfill\end{center}%
          \vspace*{-10pt}\hspace*{4pt}{\fontsize{8}{9}\selectfont Published by JK Welfare \& Pharmascope Foundation\hfill  Journal Home Page: \href{https://ijrps.com}{\color{blue}\underline{\smash{https://ijrps.com}}}}\hspace*{4pt}\mbox{}}}%
       \par\vspace*{-1pt}\rule{\linewidth}{1.3pt}%
       \endminipage%
    \par\vspace*{9.2pt}\parbox{.98\linewidth}{\linespread{.9}\raggedright\fontsize{14}{17}\selectfont #1}%
    \vspace*{-8pt}%
  }
}


\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
\setlength{\parskip}{0.4pc plus 1pt minus 1pt}

\def\abbrvJournalTitle{Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci.}

\fancypagestyle{headings}{%
  \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}%
  \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.3pt}
  \fancyhf{}%
  \fancyhead[R]{%
    \fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\RunningAuthor,\ \abbrvJournalTitle,\ \ifx\@journalVolume\@empty X\else\@journalVolume\fi%
    \ifx\@journalIssue\@empty\else(\@journalIssue)\fi%
    ,\ \ifx\@firstPage\@empty 1\else\@firstPage\fi-\pageref*{LastPage}%
  }%
  \fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\textcopyright\ International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}%
  \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\thepage}
}\pagestyle{headings}

                                                         
\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
  \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}%
  \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.3pt}%
  \fancyhf{}%
  \fancyhead[R]{%
    \fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\RunningAuthor,\ \abbrvJournalTitle,\ \ifx\@journalVolume\@empty X\else\@journalVolume\fi%
    \ifx\@journalIssue\@empty\else(\@journalIssue)\fi%
    ,\ \ifx\@firstPage\@empty 1\else\@firstPage\fi-\pageref*{LastPage}%
  }%
  \fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\textcopyright\ International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}%
  \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\thepage}
  \ifx\@firstPage\@empty\else\setcounter{page}{\@firstPage}\fi
}


\def\NormalBaseline{\def\baselinestretch{1.1}}
\usepackage{textcase}
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{0}

\titleformat{\section}[block]{\bfseries\boldmath\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{13}\selectfont}
{\thesection}
{6pt}
{\MakeTextUppercase{#1}}
[]
\titleformat{\subsection}[block]{\bfseries\boldmath\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubsection}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\subsubsection}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubsubsection}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\paragraph}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{10}\selectfont}
{\theparagraph}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\subparagraph}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubparagraph}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\paragraph}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subparagraph}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}

\captionsetup[figure]{skip=1.4pt,font=bf,labelsep=colon,justification=raggedright,singlelinecheck=false}
\captionsetup[table]{skip=1.4pt,font=bf,labelsep=colon,justification=raggedright,singlelinecheck=false}

\def\bibyear#1{#1}
%\def\bibjtitle#1{#1}   %%Publisher request
\def\bibauand{}
\setlength\bibsep{3pt}
\setlength\bibhang{8pt}

\makeatother
\date{}


\usepackage{float}

\begin{document}


\def\RunningAuthor{Kamalli M et al.}
\firstPage{616}
\articleType{Original Article}
\receivedDate{06 Aug 2020}
\acceptedDate{08 Sep 2020}
\revisedDate{05 Sep 2020}
\journalVolume{2020, 11 (SPL3)}
\journalDoi{ijrps.v11iSPL3.2992}
\copyrightYear{2020}
\def\authorCount{5}
\def\affCount{3}

\def\journalTitle{International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}

\title{Awareness on Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Working Women - A Questionnaire Survey}
\author{Kamalli~M\textsuperscript{1},  
            Kavitha~S\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{2},  
            Sangeetha~A\textsuperscript{3},  
            Vishnupriya~V\textsuperscript{2}, 
            Gayathri~R\textsuperscript{2}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institutions of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institutions of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{3}Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institutions of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India}}

\begin{abstract}
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are becoming a serious health issue across the world and conventional risk factors are associated with lifestyle behaviours in all age groups. According to WHO, heart diseases are rapidly increasing in India and it is noted that CVD is not having any boundaries in terms of sex, socioeconomic or geography. The present study is aimed to determine the awareness of cardiovascular risk factors among working women. Self-administered questionnaire was prepared based on cardiovascular risk factors and circulated through an online survey link. The sample size was about 109 working women. The purpose of the study was explained in detail to the participants. The collected data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software. 89.9\% of the population thought that working women are more prone to cardiovascular risk factors and 10.1\% thought that working women are not prone to CVDs. 60.6\% of the participants responded that PCOS could be a risk factor and remaining 39.4\% responded that it is not a risk factor for CVD. The entire population answered that a healthy lifestyle and diet could reduce the risk of CVD. The Pearson Chi-square analysis showed that there is no association between the age group of the respondents and awareness of cardiovascular risk factors. To conclude, the awareness of the cardiovascular risk factors among working women was satisfactory. 
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Cardiovascular diseases,\newline Risk factors,\newline Working women,\newline Awareness
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Kavitha~S~\\ Phone:\ 9567263096~\\  Email:\ kavithas.sdc@saveetha.com
        \par}\vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\par{\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont ISSN: 0975-7538}\par% 
        \textsc{DOI:}\ \href{https://doi.org/10.26452/\@journalDoi}{\textcolor{blue}{\underline{\smash{https://doi.org/10.26452/\@journalDoi}}}}\par%
        \vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\\{\fontsize{9.12}{10.12}\selectfont Production and Hosted by}\par{IJRPS |~\href{https://ijrps.com}{https://ijrps.com}}\par%
        \vspace*{-2pt}{\fontsize{9.12}{10.12}\selectfont\textcopyright\ \@copyrightYear\ $|$ All rights reserved.}\par%
        \vspace*{-11pt}\rule{\linewidth}{1.2pt}
        \makeatother
        
    
\section{Introduction}
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the principal health issue in the world and conventional risk factors are associated with lifestyle behaviours in all age groups. The progression of atherosclerotic process initiates from childhood and gradually develops with age due to conventional risk factors \unskip~\citep{870158:20187175}. According to WHO, heart diseases are rapidly increasing in India and it is noted that there are no geographic or socioeconomic boundaries for CVD \unskip~\citep{870158:20187175}. Numerous factors are associated with CVD and in developed countries it is the principal cause of death. The major habits like tobacco use and unhealthy diet can even increase the risk of CVD \unskip~\citep{870158:20187174}. One of the most dangerous complications associated with ischemic heart diseases is acute coronary syndrome \unskip~\citep{870158:20187195}. Ignorance and misperceptions are one of the reasons causing delays in seeking treatment and enhanced risk of sudden death \unskip~\citep{870158:20187196}. Hypertension is attributed to the highest risk factor of CVD as evidence and researchers prove that there is a significant association between blood pressure and CVD \unskip~\citep{870158:20187199}. The risk is evident even in childhood. The developing adulthood is a key period in the progression of health behaviors as it may be influenced by parents, peers, friends, colleagues and society \unskip~\citep{870158:20187177}. 

In previous research, it was found that CVD is the major contributor for non-communicable diseases \unskip~\citep{870158:20187179}. Based on epidemiological studies, there is the presence of both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors \unskip~\citep{870158:20187184}. Prevalence of CVDs is seen even in some genetic diseases \unskip~\citep{870158:20187182}. Prevention of the disease is a key factor in decreasing the mortality due to CVD \unskip~\citep{870158:20187198}. Many misperceptions and barriers for prevention of cervical cancer persist and women facilitate preventive action through environmental approaches \unskip~\citep{870158:20187193}. 

Numerous research on various aspects like cancer biology, which includes breast cancer \unskip~\citep{870158:20187189}, hepatic carcinoma \unskip~\citep{870158:20187176}, laryngeal cancer \unskip~\citep{870158:20187197}, oral cancer \unskip~\citep{870158:20187178,870158:20187186}, and thyroid cancer \unskip~\citep{870158:20187188} etc., metabolic disorders \unskip~\citep{870158:20187183,870158:20187173}, herbal medicines \unskip~\citep{870158:20187191,870158:20187192}, active constituents \unskip~\citep{870158:20187185,870158:20187190}, nanoparticles \unskip~\citep{870158:20187187,870158:20187194} and protein characterization \unskip~\citep{870158:20187180} were conducted by our team. In a study by Lori Mosca et al., the awareness of CVD risk and barriers to prevent were evaluated among American women \unskip~\citep{870158:20187193}. In the study by Chinju George, the level of knowledge of CVD risk factors was assessed among people above 30 years of age \unskip~\citep{870158:20187175}. The present study is aimed to determine the awareness of cardiovascular risk factors among working women.
    
\section{Materials and Methods}
This was a descriptive cross-sectional survey conducted among working women. The sampling method was a random sampling method. Self-administered questionnaire of about 15 closed ended or Yes or No questions were taken based on awareness on cardiovascular risk factors. The questionnaire was distributed through an online survey link. The sample size is about 109. The purpose of the study was explained to the participants in detail. The data were collected and statistically analyzed using SPSS software. The Pearson Chi-square analysis was done in comparison with the age group of the respondents. The method of representation of results used is pie chart and bar diagram.  


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/3cb02230-c6f8-45d3-abac-cc5c628a6e74-upicture1.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/3cb02230-c6f8-45d3-abac-cc5c628a6e74-upicture1.png}{\includegraphics{images/3cb02230-c6f8-45d3-abac-cc5c628a6e74-upicture1.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart depicting the awareness of the gender as a risk factor for CVD among working women}}
\label{f-e1b67ff612cf}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/6deffdb3-d839-470a-8b9f-10454cfe88e4-upicture2.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/6deffdb3-d839-470a-8b9f-10454cfe88e4-upicture2.png}{\includegraphics{images/6deffdb3-d839-470a-8b9f-10454cfe88e4-upicture2.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart depicting whether working women are susceptible to CVD}}
\label{f-28ef1f52f58d}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/a841528c-53d6-4de7-b5e6-088f5eac3d79-upicture3.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/a841528c-53d6-4de7-b5e6-088f5eac3d79-upicture3.png}{\includegraphics{images/a841528c-53d6-4de7-b5e6-088f5eac3d79-upicture3.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart depicting the awareness of CVD among working women}}
\label{f-0e170e7cc853}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/0a4a2021-0ae5-499b-9f46-529caea0a8f3-upicture4.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/0a4a2021-0ae5-499b-9f46-529caea0a8f3-upicture4.png}{\includegraphics{images/0a4a2021-0ae5-499b-9f46-529caea0a8f3-upicture4.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart depicting whether the age is a CVD risk factor }}
\label{f-f971722ad643}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/43cadf67-02ea-453d-9e2d-fa59f94a4cf2-upicture5.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/43cadf67-02ea-453d-9e2d-fa59f94a4cf2-upicture5.png}{\includegraphics{images/43cadf67-02ea-453d-9e2d-fa59f94a4cf2-upicture5.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart depicting whether physical inactivity is a CVD risk factor}}
\label{f-427598c24d7a}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/fab97329-1929-4aa3-8325-c1fede34dc17-upicture6.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/fab97329-1929-4aa3-8325-c1fede34dc17-upicture6.png}{\includegraphics{images/fab97329-1929-4aa3-8325-c1fede34dc17-upicture6.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart depicting whether obesity is a risk factor for CVD}}
\label{f-370ae082f9af}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/d5c086af-4e08-4222-a7d5-a4f683694984-upicture7.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/d5c086af-4e08-4222-a7d5-a4f683694984-upicture7.png}{\includegraphics{images/d5c086af-4e08-4222-a7d5-a4f683694984-upicture7.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart depicting whether fat food consumption as a CVD risk factor}}
\label{f-9758fa0871c1}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/9e2ef77c-18a9-4db0-befe-cb82324ccadf-upicture8.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/9e2ef77c-18a9-4db0-befe-cb82324ccadf-upicture8.png}{\includegraphics{images/9e2ef77c-18a9-4db0-befe-cb82324ccadf-upicture8.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart showing whether mental stress/depression is a risk factor for CVD}}
\label{f-faba62c234d9}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/f11818e0-6925-4a2c-9287-68bbd291c4b1-upicture9.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/f11818e0-6925-4a2c-9287-68bbd291c4b1-upicture9.png}{\includegraphics{images/f11818e0-6925-4a2c-9287-68bbd291c4b1-upicture9.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart depicting whether past family history is a risk factor for CVD }}
\label{f-5a058b2350b0}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/9b24da93-fd4d-4245-8bca-f5e24a81cb99-upicture10.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/9b24da93-fd4d-4245-8bca-f5e24a81cb99-upicture10.png}{\includegraphics{images/9b24da93-fd4d-4245-8bca-f5e24a81cb99-upicture10.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart depicting whether diabetes is a risk factor for CVD}}
\label{f-ffce2dfc39b4}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/e76004a7-8133-4ee6-ab8f-764f084c0f10-upicture11.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/e76004a7-8133-4ee6-ab8f-764f084c0f10-upicture11.png}{\includegraphics{images/e76004a7-8133-4ee6-ab8f-764f084c0f10-upicture11.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart depicting whether PCOD is a CVD risk factor}}
\label{f-4eeadef1683b}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/dc825e6f-32ae-48d5-a38a-f0d0fd08723b-upicture12.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/dc825e6f-32ae-48d5-a38a-f0d0fd08723b-upicture12.png}{\includegraphics{images/dc825e6f-32ae-48d5-a38a-f0d0fd08723b-upicture12.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart whether working women are susceptible to CVD after menopause}}
\label{f-c819d4fb6bfd}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/689940e3-7fef-4f6c-aaf1-f1ce58b7896a-upicture13.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/689940e3-7fef-4f6c-aaf1-f1ce58b7896a-upicture13.png}{\includegraphics{images/689940e3-7fef-4f6c-aaf1-f1ce58b7896a-upicture13.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart depicting whether alcohol consumption is a CVD risk factor}}
\label{f-d170adb22823}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/8adabfba-1f71-420d-b115-91af8a60f503-upicture14.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/8adabfba-1f71-420d-b115-91af8a60f503-upicture14.png}{\includegraphics{images/8adabfba-1f71-420d-b115-91af8a60f503-upicture14.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Pie chart depicting whether smoking is a CVD risk factor}}
\label{f-d588fa22092d}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/ce1b43e0-f04e-4f1c-be16-94a9c81ca458-upicture15.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/ce1b43e0-f04e-4f1c-be16-94a9c81ca458-upicture15.png}{\includegraphics{images/ce1b43e0-f04e-4f1c-be16-94a9c81ca458-upicture15.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Bar graph depicting the association between age group and awareness on gender as arisk factor for CVD}}
\label{f-c01cbdef3b22}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/cd455810-a080-48bd-ace0-321885a9d380-upicture16.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/cd455810-a080-48bd-ace0-321885a9d380-upicture16.png}{\includegraphics{images/cd455810-a080-48bd-ace0-321885a9d380-upicture16.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Bar graph depicting the association between age group and awareness on the risk factors of CVD}}
\label{f-89b5f95cbbf2}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/b17fc8a0-698d-4f77-b241-d6cf7f9001de-upicture17.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/b17fc8a0-698d-4f77-b241-d6cf7f9001de-upicture17.png}{\includegraphics{images/b17fc8a0-698d-4f77-b241-d6cf7f9001de-upicture17.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Bar graph depicting the association between age group and awareness on age as arisk factor of CVD}}
\label{f-3e0d02c0ceed}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/2b29a3ef-9c9a-43f3-b131-4b883f3d2704-upicture18.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/2b29a3ef-9c9a-43f3-b131-4b883f3d2704-upicture18.png}{\includegraphics{images/2b29a3ef-9c9a-43f3-b131-4b883f3d2704-upicture18.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Bar graph depicting the association between age group and awareness on obesity as a risk factor of CVD}}
\label{f-564f6d38847d}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/019ac220-026f-4a11-982e-7021f7997265-upicture19.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/019ac220-026f-4a11-982e-7021f7997265-upicture19.png}{\includegraphics{images/019ac220-026f-4a11-982e-7021f7997265-upicture19.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Bar graph depicting the association between age group and awareness on fat food consumption as a risk factor of CVD}}
\label{f-98a18c91ff62}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/86d7fbb3-2a70-4cdf-bbeb-d98b32db9486-upicture20.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/86d7fbb3-2a70-4cdf-bbeb-d98b32db9486-upicture20.png}{\includegraphics{images/86d7fbb3-2a70-4cdf-bbeb-d98b32db9486-upicture20.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Bar graph depicting the association between age group and awareness on mental stress as a risk factor of CVD}}
\label{f-ed5a7f47960f}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/15ef7bb3-d13a-4ea4-b4c6-106e46899fa7-upicture21.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/15ef7bb3-d13a-4ea4-b4c6-106e46899fa7-upicture21.png}{\includegraphics{images/15ef7bb3-d13a-4ea4-b4c6-106e46899fa7-upicture21.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Bar graph depicting the association between age group and awareness on post menopause phase as a risk factor of CVD}}
\label{f-639c5f45860e}
\end{figure}
\egroup

    
\section{Results and Discussion}
36.7\% of the population answered that males are more prone to CVD and 63.3\% of the population answered that females are more susceptible to CVD Figure~\ref{f-e1b67ff612cf}. 63.3\% of the participants answered that females are more proneto cardiac diseases than males

89.9\% of the participants answered that working women are susceptible to CVD and remaining 10.1\% answered that they are not prone to cardiac diseases Figure~\ref{f-28ef1f52f58d}.  89.9\% of the participants responded that working women are susceptible to CVD. 96.3\% were aware and 3.7\% were not aware of CVD risk factors Figure~\ref{f-0e170e7cc853}. 96.3\% of the participants were aware of  CVD.

76.1\% answered that age as a risk factor and the remaining 23.9\% answered that age is not a risk factor of cardiac diseases Figure~\ref{f-f971722ad643}. 76.1\% of the respondents were aware and 23.9\% were not aware.

82.6\% responded that physical inactivity could lead to cardiac diseases and 17.4\% responded that physical inactivity is not a risk factor Figure~\ref{f-427598c24d7a}. 82.6\% of the respondents were aware 17.4\% were not aware.

It was inferred that 98.2\% responded that obesity could cause CVD whereas least of 1.8\% felt obesity is not a risk factor Figure~\ref{f-370ae082f9af}. 98.2\% of the working women were aware and 1.8\% were not aware.

97.2\% of the population responded that fat food consumption is associated with cardiac diseases and remaining 2.8\% responded that fat food consumption is not a risk factor Figure~\ref{f-9758fa0871c1}. 97.2\% of the working women were aware and 2.8\% were not aware.

It was inferred that 99.1\% thought that mental stress/depression is a risk factor and at least 0.9\% thought that mental stress/depression is not a CVD risk factor Figure~\ref{f-faba62c234d9}. 99.1\% of the respondents were aware 0.9\% were not aware.

51.4\% of the participants answered that past family history could be a risk factor and remaining 48.6\% answered that past family history could not be a risk for cardiac diseases Figure~\ref{f-5a058b2350b0}. 51.4\% of the respondents were aware and 48.6\% were not aware. It was inferred that 59.6\% of the participants responded that diabetes could lead to cardiac diseases and 40.4\% responded that diabetes could not lead to cardiac diseases Figure~\ref{f-ffce2dfc39b4}. 59.6\% of the respondents were aware and 40.4\% were not aware. 60.6\% of the population responded that PCOS could be a cause for CVD Figure~\ref{f-4eeadef1683b}.  60.6\% of the respondents were aware and 39.4\% were not aware. 40.4\% of the participants said that working women are susceptible to cardiac diseases after menopause and majority of 59.6\% answered that working women are not prone to cardiac diseases after menopause Figure~\ref{f-c819d4fb6bfd}. 

59.6\% of the respondents were not aware and 40.4\% were aware. Majority of 97.2\% of the working women responded that alcohol consumption could cause CVD and 2.8\% responded that it is not a risk factor Figure~\ref{f-d170adb22823}. 97.2\% of the respondents were aware and 2.8\% were not aware. It was inferred that 80.7\% of the participants answered that smoking is a risk factor of CVD and the remaining 19.3\% answered that smoking could cause CVD Figure~\ref{f-d588fa22092d}. It was inferred that all participants 100\% responded that leading a healthy lifestyle and following a healthy diet can reduce the risk of CVD. 80.7\% of the respondents were aware 19.3\% were not aware

The awareness about the risk factors of CVD was correlated with the age group of working women by using Pearson Chi-square analysis Figures~\ref{f-c01cbdef3b22}, \ref{f-89b5f95cbbf2}, \ref{f-3e0d02c0ceed}, \ref{f-564f6d38847d}, \ref{f-98a18c91ff62}, \ref{f-ed5a7f47960f} and~\ref{f-639c5f45860e}. The results revealed that there is no association between the age group and awareness of CVD risk factor, except for the awareness of age as a risk factor for CVD in which the participants aged 26-35 years were more aware than the participants of other age groups (p value=0.010) Figure~\ref{f-3e0d02c0ceed}.

The study was done among working women because they are more prone to cardiovascular problems as they handle both personal and professional work which can lead to hypertension and stress issues. Hence, awareness of the risk factors of cardiovascular problems is very much essential.

In the study by Grace Mary George, it was concluded that school children don't have sufficient knowledge regarding CVD risk factors \unskip~\citep{870158:20187181}. The study was done by Chinju George et al., showed that there was a need for increasing awareness among the population utilizing community based education programmes \unskip~\citep{870158:20187175}. The authors F.Esra Gunes et al., concluded in their study that awareness levels should be enhanced among university students and it was important for screening CVD risk factors \unskip~\citep{870158:20187174}. 

Another study by Edward Yu et al., revealed that there are significant differences between the patients' medical history data and that of objective examination for several CVD risk factors \unskip~\citep{870158:20187195}. In the study by Deborah Koniak-Griffin et al., they concluded that there should be an improvement in the understanding of the awareness of CVD risk factors among the population \unskip~\citep{870158:20187196}. 

In the study by Udaykiran Bhalge et al., it was concluded that good awareness on CVD risk factors among first year medical students \unskip~\citep{870158:20187199}. The authors Karl Peltzer et al. concluded in their study that there is a high prevalence of behavioural risk factors of CVD \unskip~\citep{870158:20187177}. 

The study was done by Leopold Ndemnge Aminde et al., showed that the population is lacking awareness on the CVDs and the advantage of low cost community health education interventions \unskip~\citep{870158:20187179}. The authors Iqbal Fahs et al. concluded that despite profound awareness about the CVD risk factors, there is a prevalence of CVD in high scale \unskip~\citep{870158:20187184}. The study by M.Bernardo et al., showed that there is poor awareness about the CVD risk factors among the population \unskip~\citep{870158:20187182}. 

The authors Teresa Haidinger et al., in their study concluded that knowledge regarding the risk factors for CVD should be increased among both sexes and particularly women have difficulty in accurately assessing their cardiovascular risk \unskip~\citep{870158:20187198}. Lori Mosca et al., in their study concluded that lack of awareness is one of the leading causes of death and hence awareness programs should be concluded in order to clear the misperceptions \unskip~\citep{870158:20187193}.

In the present study, 63.3\% of the respondents answered that women are more prone to CVD. In the study by Udaykiran Bhalge et al., 69.8\% answered that male are at risk of getting cardiac diseases \unskip~\citep{870158:20187199}. In our study, 89.9\% of the respondents answered that working women are prone to CVD. In the study by Deborah Koniak-Griffin et al., 91.1\% answered that heart disease is the principal cause of death in women \unskip~\citep{870158:20187196}. 

In the present study, 96.3\% of the respondents answered that they were aware of the CVD. The study by Leopold Ndemnge Aminde et al., it was reported that male had higher levels of education \unskip~\citep{870158:20187179}. In our study, 76.1\% of the respondents answered that age can be a risk factor for CVD. In the study by Teresa Haidinger et al., it was reported that the major barrier to cardiac health in adults was inaccurate assessment of personal CVD risk \unskip~\citep{870158:20187198}. 

In the present study, 82.6\% of the participants answered that physical inactivity can lead to CVD. Previous study by Karl Peltzer et al., 39\% men and 53\% women were engaged in low physical activity which can be a risk factor for cardiac diseases \unskip~\citep{870158:20187177}. In the present study, 98.2\% of the respondents answered that obesity can be a risk factor for CVD. Another study was done by Chinju George et al., 100\% answered that smoking is a major risk factor \unskip~\citep{870158:20187175}. In the present study, 97.2\% of the participants answered that fat food consumption can accelerate the onset of CVD. 

In the study by Udaykiran Bhalge et al., 97.06\% answered that high fat food is a major risk factor of cardiac diseases \unskip~\citep{870158:20187199}. In the present study, 99.1\% of the participants answered that mental stress/depression can cause CVD. In the study by F.Esra Gunes et al., 58.8\% men and 71.8\% women answered that stress is a major risk factor \unskip~\citep{870158:20187174}.

 In the present study, 51.4\% of the participants answered that past family history can be a risk factor for CVD. In the study by Udaykiran Bhalge et al., 89.7\% answered that family history of hypertension is a major risk factor of cardiac diseases \unskip~\citep{870158:20187199}. In the present study, 59.6\% of the participants answered that diabetes can lead to CVD. In the study by F.Esra Gunes et al., 41.7\% men and 52.7\% women answered that diabetes is a major risk factor of CVD \unskip~\citep{870158:20187174}. 

In the present study, 60.6\% of the participants answered that PCOD can be a risk factor for CVD and 59.6\% of the participants answered that working women are susceptible to CVD after menopause. In the study by Lori Mosca et al., married women are more prone to CVD \unskip~\citep{870158:20187193}. In the present study, 97.2\% of the participants answered that alcohol consumption can lead to CVD. In the study by Udaykiran Bhalge et al., 94.2\% answered that consumption of alcohol is a CVD risk factor \unskip~\citep{870158:20187199}. 

In the present study, 80.7\% of the participants answered that smoking can lead to CVD. In the study by Chinju George et al., 92\% answered that smoking can cause CVD \unskip~\citep{870158:20187175}. In the present study, 100\% answered following a healthy diet and lifestyle can reduce the risk of CVD. In the study by Grace Mary George et al., 43\% of the students consume fruits every day and 76\% of the students consume vegetables everyday \unskip~\citep{870158:20187181}.

In Figure~\ref{f-c01cbdef3b22}, X-axis indicates the age group and Y-axis indicates the number of participants. The color blue denotes male and green denotes female. (Pearson Chi-square value-1.408, p-value-0.704[{\textgreater}0.05]-statistically not significant). 

In Figure~\ref{f-89b5f95cbbf2}, X-axis indicates the age group and Y-axis indicates the number of participants. The colour blue denotes yes and green denotes no (Pearson Chi-square value-3.721, p-value-0.293[{\textgreater}0.05]-statistically not significant). Out of 109 participants, 11 participants aged 18-25 years, 57 participants aged 26-35 years, 20 participants aged 36-45 years and 17 participants aged 46 years and above were aware of the risk factors of CVD.

In Figure~\ref{f-3e0d02c0ceed}, X-axis indicates the age group and Y-axis indicates the number of participants. The color blue denotes yes and green denotes no (Pearson Chi-square value-11.372, p-value-0.010 [{\textless}0.05]-statistically significant). Out of 109 participants, 9 participants aged 18-25 years, 47 participants aged 26-35 years, 18 participants aged 36-45 years and 9 participants aged 46 years and above answered that age is a risk factor of CVD.

In Figure~\ref{f-564f6d38847d}, X-axis indicates the age group and Y-axis indicates the number of participants. The color blue denotes yes and green denotes no (Pearson Chi-square value-3.661, p-value-0.301[{\textgreater}0.05]-statistically not significant). Out of 109 participants,11 participants aged 18-25 years, 59 participants aged 26-35 years, 19 participants aged 36-45 years and 18 participants aged 46 years and above answered that obesity is a risk factor of CVD.

In Figure~\ref{f-98a18c91ff62}, X-axis indicates the age group and Y-axis indicates the number of participants. The color blue denotes yes and green denotes no (Pearson Chi-square value-1.383, p-value-0.710[{\textgreater}0.05]-statistically not significant). Out of 109 participants, 11 participants aged 18-25 years, 58 participants aged 26-35 years, 19 participants aged 36-45 years and 18 participants aged 46 years and above answered that fat food consumption is a risk factor of CVD.

In Figure~\ref{f-ed5a7f47960f}, X-axis indicates the age group and Y-axis indicates the number of participants. The color blue denotes yes and green denotes no. (Pearson Chi-square value-0.855, p-value-0.836[{\textgreater}0.05]-statistically not significant). Out of 109 participants,11 participants aged 18-25 year, 58 participants aged 26-35 years, 20 participants aged 36-45 years and 19 participants aged 46 years and above answered that mental stress is a risk factor of CVD.

In Figure~\ref{f-639c5f45860e}, X-axis indicates the age group and Y-axis indicates the number of participants. The color blue denotes yes and green denotes no (Pearson Chi-square value-2.146, p-value-0.543[{\textgreater}0.05]-statistically not significant). Out of 109 participants, 4 participants aged 18-25 years, 26 participants aged 26-35 years, 9 participants aged 36-45 years and 5 participants aged 46 years and above answered that working women are susceptible to CVD after menopause.

This study was done among a small population and hence this study can be used as a basis for further studies for more specific outcomes.
    
\section{Conclusion}
From the study, it was concluded that the awareness of the cardiovascular risk factors among working women was satisfactory. 
    
\section{\textbf{Acknowledgement}}
The author expresses their sincere thanks to saveetha dental college for extending full support to complete this study. 

\textbf{Funding support}

The authors declare that there is no funding support for this study.

\textbf{Conflict of interest }

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest for this study.
    

\bibliographystyle{pharmascope_apa-custom}

\bibliography{\jobname}
\end{document}
