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\def\RunningAuthor{Manjula M and Sankar D S}
\firstPage{315}
\articleType{Review Article}
\receivedDate{05 Nov 2020}
\acceptedDate{09 Dec 2020}
\revisedDate{25 Nov 2020}
\journalVolume{2021, 12}
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\journalDoi{ijrps.v12i1.4296}
\copyrightYear{2021}
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\title{\textbf{Review on biological activities in medicinal plants of acanthaceae family} \textbf{\space }}
\author{Manjula~M\textsuperscript{1}, 
            Sankar~D~S\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{2}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong - BE1410, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}Applied Mathematics and Economics Programme, School of Applied Sciences and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong - BE1410, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam}}

\begin{abstract}
Acanthaceae is popularly known as acanthus family which belong to mint order {\textendash} lamiales. They are distributed from tropics to a temperate region such as India, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Brazil, Central America and Africa. Most members of this family are therapeutically important since they are in the up to date usage by ethnic communities. \textit{Andrographis paniculata, Clinacanthus nutans, Graptophyllum pictum, Hemigraphis alternata, Justicia gendarussa and Strobilanthes Crispus\textbf{\space }}are some of the medicinal plants of Acanthaceae family. These plants are recognized for their biopharmaceutical potential usage in traditional medicine. These plants have a plethora of phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, terpenoids, benzenoids, quinine, triterpenoids and naphthoquinone present in various parts of the plant that plays a vital role in drug industries. The pharmacological properties of these plants such as anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis, hepatoprotective, anti-viral and anti-hypertensive are in general practice as an alternative and complementary medicine in both ethnobotanical and pharmacological fields. This article encompasses not only the comprehensive survey based on the electronic resources, scientific journals but also the books that summarize the botanical, phytochemical properties of these plants and also accentuate their significant role in both ethnobotanical and pharmacological fields. It is felt that this article would provide more insight into the health benefits of some plants of the Acanthaceae family.
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Andrographis paniculate,\newline Biological activities,\newline Clinacanthus nutans,\newline Graptophyllum Pictum,\newline Hemigraphis alternate,\newline Justicia gendarussa,\newline Strobilanthes Crispus
\end{keywords}
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\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Sankar~D~S~\\ Phone:\ +673 2461020~\\  Email:\ duraisamy.sankar@utb.edu.bn
        \par}\vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\par{\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont ISSN: 0975-7538}\par% 
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\section{Introduction}
Acanthaceae belong to mint order {\textendash} Lamiales, it is a dicotyledonous flowering plant, containing about 220 genera and 4000 species They are distributed across the temperate, tropical region. Most members of this family are therapeutically important since they are in the up to date usage by ethnic communities. Species such as \textit{A. paniculata, C. nutans, G. pictum, H. alternate, J. gendarussa and S. Crispus }has enormous phytochemical properties and they are widely used as an alternative and complementary medicine in both ethnobotanical and pharmacological fields to treat various types of disease. This survey article encompasses a comprehensive literature survey based on the sources of electronic resources, scientific journals and books that summarize the botanical, phytochemical properties of these species and also highlights their significant role in both ethnobotanical and pharmacological fields. The purpose of this review is to ensure that the researchers, who are interested can get a glance about the medicinal potency of these plants.

\textbf{Botanical Description Of Species}

Acanthaceae's species (\textit{A. paniculata, C. nutans, G. pictum, H. alternate, J. gendarussa and S. Crispus)} are distributed across the temperate, tropical region such as India, Malaysia, China, Indonesia, Brazil, Central America and Africa. Most of them are habitat to grow in moist tropical forest and they are of shrubs, herbs, epiphytes or twining vines (perennial or annual) and few of them are tree types. As they belong to the sundry family, stems shape vary from quadrangular to circular, cystoliths, leaves are oppositely arranged, exstipulate and flowers are bisexual, usually arranged to terminal or axillary spikes, and racemes or panicles. Sepals and petals can be subactinomorphic to zygomorphi, 4 - 5 each form a tubular structure by often fusing. The ovary is superior, 2-locule, and placentation axile. Fruits are explosive dehiscent capsule, and usually loculicidal with compressed seeds.Tables~\ref{tw-512dd0e36c64} and~\ref{tw-0bc14debc7be} summarize the morphology, distribution and habitat, and vernacular name of the Acanthaceae species such as \textit{A. paniculata, C. nutans, G. pictum, H. alternate, J. gendarussa and S. Crispus}. \textbf{\space }


\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Botanical descriptions of species} }
\label{tw-512dd0e36c64}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1300000000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3721999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.24779999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.25000000000000007\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Genus & Morphology & Distribution and Habitat & Vernacular Name\\
\tblmidrule 
A.  \mbox{}\protect\newline paniculata &
  Type-Annual herbs   \mbox{}\protect\newline Height- 70cm.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Stem-quadrangular and swollen   \mbox{}\protect\newline node with Branches.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Foliage- Leaves are simple, oppositely arranged, glabrous, green to pale green with ovate-lanceolate, pinnate venation.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Flowers- small white with purple or pink tint.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Fruits- oblong, hairy capsule.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Seeds- plethora of pale brown.   \mbox{}\protect\newline Propagation- sexual (seed) or asexual   \mbox{}\protect\newline (stem cutting).    &
  Native to India and Sri Lanka.   \mbox{}\protect\newline Widely cultivate in Southeastern   \mbox{}\protect\newline Asia. Found mainly in plains,  \mbox{}\protect\newline hillsides, coastlines and cultivated in areas such as farms, wastelands and roadsides.   &
  Daun pahit (Brunei),   \mbox{}\protect\newline Hempedu bumi   \mbox{}\protect\newline (Malaysia)   \mbox{}\protect\newline King of Bitter (English)   \mbox{}\protect\newline Quasabhuva (Arabic),   \mbox{}\protect\newline Kiriyath (India), Kirayat   \mbox{}\protect\newline (Hindi), Chuan Xin lian   \mbox{}\protect\newline (Chinese), Sambiloto   \mbox{}\protect\newline (Indonesia), Nilavembu   \mbox{}\protect\newline (Tamil), Kalmegha (Sanskrit)  \mbox{}\protect\newline \\
C. nutans  &
  Type- Terrestrial erect shrub or herb.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Height- 3m.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Stem- small, soft, thin and slightly curved  \mbox{}\protect\newline stem that resembles the curve of an  \mbox{}\protect\newline elephant's trunk.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Foliage- Leaves are paired opposite  \mbox{}\protect\newline arrangement, narrowly elliptic-oblong in  \mbox{}\protect\newline shape and pale green in color.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Flowers- Red panicle shaped with tubed  \mbox{}\protect\newline petal.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Fruits- hairy capsule.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Seeds- 4 seeded.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Propagation: asexual (stem cutting).  &
  Native to tropical Asia. Plants of this family can be grown in dense or open forest, bushes, damp field. Ariful.  &
  Lindau, Balalai gajah (Brunei and Malaysia) Snake Grass,  \mbox{}\protect\newline Elephants trunk (English),  \mbox{}\protect\newline Phayayo (Thai),  \mbox{}\protect\newline Dandang gendis  (Jawa).  \mbox{}\protect\newline \\
G. \mbox{}\protect\newline pictum  &
  Type- Perennial small tree or shrub.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Height- 3m   \mbox{}\protect\newline Stem- sparsely branched  \mbox{}\protect\newline Foliage- Leaves are white or black   \mbox{}\protect\newline patches on the surface, simple, glabrous   \mbox{}\protect\newline oppositely arranged with ovate-   \mbox{}\protect\newline lanceolate leaf blade.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Flowers- Tubular reddish or pinkish-purple Inflorescence at terminal cyme.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Propagation- asexual (stem cutting).   &
  Native of the Indo-Pacific region, found in gentle slope and near village. Grow in moist fertile land.  &
  Daun talai (Belait), Ongkalai putih (Dusun), Caricature  \mbox{}\protect\newline Plant (English), Kaala-aduusa (India), Kabi-kabi/  \mbox{}\protect\newline andeuleum (Indonasia), Daun  \mbox{}\protect\newline prada (Malaysia), Kalpueng  \mbox{}\protect\newline (Philippines) Bai Ngeon  \mbox{}\protect\newline (Thai) \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Botanical descriptions of species} }
\label{tw-0bc14debc7be}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1732\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3166000000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2954\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.21479999999999997\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Genus & Morphology & Distribution and Habitat & Vernacular Name\\
\tblmidrule 
H. alternata  &
  Type-Perennial creeping herb  \mbox{}\protect\newline Height- 40 cm   \mbox{}\protect\newline Stem- glabrous, purple, bend out at the   \mbox{}\protect\newline node.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Foliage- Leaves are simple, oppositely arranged, glossy trichome, silver green turn to purple when older. Ovate- oblong rounded leaf blade at the apex.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Flowers- Inflorescence terminal cyme, tubular, small, white with purple tint.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Fruits- dehiscent capsule.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Propagation- asexual (Stem or leaf   \mbox{}\protect\newline cutting).   &
  Native to tropical Asia.   \mbox{}\protect\newline Shade-tolerant species,   \mbox{}\protect\newline capable of growing and   \mbox{}\protect\newline invading into the forest.   \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Metallic plant, red ivy plant, cemetery plant (English),   \mbox{}\protect\newline Seliwah merah (Brunei),   \mbox{}\protect\newline Murikootti (Kerala), lire   \mbox{}\protect\newline buntal / remek getih   \mbox{}\protect\newline (Indonesia).\\
J.gendarussa  \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Type- Deciduous shrub.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Height- 1.5m  \mbox{}\protect\newline Stem- Erect, sub cylinder, glabrous and dark purple.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Foliage- Leaves are simple, opposite   \mbox{}\protect\newline decussate and glabrous with linear   \mbox{}\protect\newline lanceolate leaf blade acute at apex.   \mbox{}\protect\newline Flowers- Inflorescence axillary   \mbox{}\protect\newline spike, white- creamy with purple tinge.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Fruits- capsules club-shaped, glabrous.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Seeds- 4 seeded.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Propagation- sexual (seed) and asexual.   \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Native to China E. Asia - India to  \mbox{}\protect\newline Beds of streams in moister areas of  \mbox{}\protect\newline the Himalayas. Burma   \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Water willow (English),   \mbox{}\protect\newline Variegated Gandarus   \mbox{}\protect\newline (Indonesia) Sarim bangun   \mbox{}\protect\newline hitam (Brunei) Kasanah/   \mbox{}\protect\newline vaidyasinha (Sanskrit)  \\
S. crispus  &
  Type- Perennial shrub.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Height- 1m.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Stem- Woody at base   \mbox{}\protect\newline Quadrangular.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Foliage: Leaves are simple,   \mbox{}\protect\newline oppositely arranged, glossy and trichome with elliptic or oblong-lanceolate leaf blade.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Flowers- Tubular yellow,   \mbox{}\protect\newline Inflorescence at terminal apex.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Fruits- spindle shaped, Capsule  \mbox{}\protect\newline Propagation- asexual (stem   \mbox{}\protect\newline cutting).  &
  Native to Madagascar,   \mbox{}\protect\newline found in Southeast Asia, found   \mbox{}\protect\newline wild in scrublands and   \mbox{}\protect\newline river banks or cultivated.  \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Yellow Strobilanthes   \mbox{}\protect\newline Pecah beling (Brunei)  \mbox{}\protect\newline pokok pecah   \mbox{}\protect\newline kaca or pokok pecah  \mbox{}\protect\newline beling (Malaysia)  \mbox{}\protect\newline Daun picah beling /   \mbox{}\protect\newline Keji belingb (Jakarta-   \mbox{}\protect\newline Indonesia), enyoh   \mbox{}\protect\newline kelo, keci beling   \mbox{}\protect\newline (Javanese).  \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}
\textbf{Phytochemical Properties} \textbf{\space }

The member of the Acanthaceae's family (A. paniculata, C. nutans, G. pictum, H. alternata, J. gendarussa and S. crispus) has abundance of medicinal properties that cures many of the ailments such as diabetes, dysentery, edema, emesis, fever, headache, eye problem, piles and also used to t\textit{reat} varicella-zoster virus\textit{ (VZV) lesions and }herpes simplex virus\textit{ (HSV) \unskip~\citep{951193:20930842}. } \textit{\space }


\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Phytochemical constituents of species} }
\label{tw-de0d56521b12}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1913\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.261\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2977\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.25\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Genus  & Methods and parts of the plants & Phytochemical constituent & References\\
\tblmidrule 
A. paniculata   \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Preliminary phytochemical analysis of A.   \mbox{}\protect\newline paniculata leaves in various solvents.  \mbox{}\protect\newline TLC (CHCL3 / CH3OH (9:1)) fraction of   \mbox{}\protect\newline whole plant; SGCC (CHCL3 / CH3OH (19:1)).   \mbox{}\protect\newline HPTLC  &
  Steroids, alkaloids, phenols, catechine,   \mbox{}\protect\newline flavonoids, saponins and tannins.  \mbox{}\protect\newline 1,1,3-triethoxy- Propane, n-hexadeconic   \mbox{}\protect\newline acid, Phytol, Squalene, 1,2-  \mbox{}\protect\newline benzenedicarboxylic acid; Retinoic acid   \mbox{}\protect\newline methyl ester, \ensuremath{\beta }-sitosterol, Methyl ferulate, methyl caffeate, apigenin and 7-O- methylwogonin.   \mbox{}\protect\newline 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydro andrographolide, paniculide-A, B, and C, 14-deoxy oxoandrographolide, andragrapholide, panicoline, andrographnin, neoandrographolide.  &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930837} \mbox{}\protect\newline \\
C. nutans   \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Preliminary phytochemical analysis.   \mbox{}\protect\newline 100\% or 70\% methanol extract of leaf.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Leaf and stem are mixed with absolute  \mbox{}\protect\newline methanol, absolute ethyl acetate extracts. Analyzed by GC-MS methods.  \mbox{}\protect\newline 30\% ethanol of aerial extract of the plant analyzed - HPLC.  \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Alkaloid, saponin, flavonoids,steroids   \mbox{}\protect\newline (triterpenoids lupeol, \ensuremath{\beta }- sitosterol and   \mbox{}\protect\newline stigmasterol) diterpenes, phytosterol,   \mbox{}\protect\newline tannin, quinone, phenolic compound,   \mbox{}\protect\newline glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins and   \mbox{}\protect\newline aminoacid.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Squalene, botulin, \ensuremath{\beta }-tocopherol, lupeol  \mbox{}\protect\newline \ensuremath{\gamma }-sitosterol, vitamin E, campsterol,   \mbox{}\protect\newline stigmasterol, \ensuremath{\alpha }-amyrin, \ensuremath{\beta }-amyrin, propanoic acid.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Vitexin, isovitexin, isoorientin, orientin,   \mbox{}\protect\newline schaftoside, 6, 8- apigenin-C-\ensuremath{\alpha }-L-  \mbox{}\protect\newline pyranarabinoside.  &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930841} \mbox{}\protect\newline \\
G. pictum   \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  The preliminary phytochemical   \mbox{}\protect\newline screening of G. pictum, leaves in different fractions. TLC using silica gel 60   \mbox{}\protect\newline GF254 aluminum sheets.  \mbox{}\protect\newline GC-FID and GC-MS analysis.   &
  Flavonoids, saponins, phenolics,   \mbox{}\protect\newline anthraquinones, steroids, tannins,   \mbox{}\protect\newline sugars and coumarins.  \mbox{}\protect\newline The major constituents were   \mbox{}\protect\newline hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (2.6 \%), n-  \mbox{}\protect\newline nonacosane (6.5 \%) and phytol (75.7 \%).  &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930840} \mbox{}\protect\newline \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Phytochemical constituents of species} }
\label{tw-04a636cf6857}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.19400000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.30599999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.25\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.25\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Genus & Methods and parts of the plants & Phytochemical constituent & References\\
\tblmidrule 
H. alternata   \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  The preliminary phytochemical   \mbox{}\protect\newline screening of H. alternata leaves in   \mbox{}\protect\newline various solvents.  &
  Steroids, phenol, carbohydrates, proteins, saponins, coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, amino acids and tannins.  &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930923}\\
J. gendarussa   \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  The preliminary phytochemical   \mbox{}\protect\newline screening of J. gendarussa   \mbox{}\protect\newline (Brum.f.) leaves in various   \mbox{}\protect\newline solvents. Leaves were dried at room temperature and finely powdered. The powder was extracted with different solvent (1:5) by soxhlet extraction method.  \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Alkoloids, gums, starch, glycosides,   \mbox{}\protect\newline saponins, steroids, flavonoids,   \mbox{}\protect\newline anthraquinones, lignin, proteins, coumarin, tannins, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and terpenoids. Vitexin , apigenin flavonoid glycoside (Gendarusin A and B) and ustidrusamide alkaloids A, B, C and D; O-di-substituted aromatic amines, friedelin, lupeol, O~methyl ethers, 2- aminobenzyl alcohol, and \ensuremath{\beta }-sitosterol.  &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930844} \mbox{}\protect\newline \\
S. crispus   \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Proximate analyses is employed water- soluble vitamins are determined by Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometer (UV-VIS) spectrophotometer and fluorimeter (Vitamin C and Vitamin B1 and B2) and other compound studied respectively and mineral content of the leaves is determined by TLC, paper chromatography and Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer (UV).   \mbox{}\protect\newline Flavonoid compound by HPLC.  \mbox{}\protect\newline TLC, paper chromatography and UV   \mbox{}\protect\newline spectrophotometric techniques.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Methanolic extract of S. crispus;   \mbox{}\protect\newline 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl) -2, 5- diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.  &
  High mineral content, especially iron,   \mbox{}\protect\newline sodium, phosphorus, potassium and calcium. Nutrients such as fiber, Thiamin, riboflavin and ascorbic acid, other chemical compound such as caffeic acid, verbascoside, Polyphenol, catechin, alkaloids and tannin are present.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Catechin, naringenin, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin, rutin and myricetin are the eight flavonoids.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Seven phenolic compounds such as caffeic, vanilic, syringic, p- coumeric, gentisic, p-hydroxy benzoic and ferulic.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Stigmasterol and \ensuremath{\beta }-sitosterol  \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930899} \mbox{}\protect\newline \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}
Treating of various aliment is possible, due to the presence of significant phytochemical constituents such as steroids, alkaloids, catechine, flavonoids, saponins, phytosterol, tannin, quinone, phenolic compound, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acid, anthraquinones, coumarins, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, terpenoids in these species. These constituents are generally extracted by several techniques for instance preliminary phytochemical analysis using various solvents (ethanol, methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate etc.,) and GC-MS techniques. 14-deoxy-11,12-dehydroandrographolide, 14-deoxyandrographolide, andrographnin, lupeol, propanoic acid, neoandrographolide, botulin from A. paniculata; vitexin, schaftoside, isoorientin, isovitexin, 6, 8-apigenin-C-\ensuremath{\alpha }-L-pyranarabinoside, orientin from C. nutans; anthraquinones, steroids, tannins, sugars and coumarins from G. pictum; n-nonacosane and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone from H. alternata; lupeol, O~methyl ethers, \ensuremath{\beta }-sitosterol, and friedelin from J. gendarussa; verbascoside from S. crispus are extracted from various parts of these plants using the techniques such as high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) or by thin-layer chromatography TLC (CHCL3 /CH\ensuremath{_{3}}OH (9:1)) fraction of whole plant.Tables~\ref{tw-de0d56521b12} and~\ref{tw-04a636cf6857} encapsulate some of the phytochemical constituents of the A. paniculata, C. nutans, G. pictum, H. alternata, J. gendarussa and S. crispus and Figure~\ref{f-bf7a032ac40b} depicts the phytochemical constituent's structures of these species. \textbf{\space }


\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Ethnobotanical properties of species} }
\label{tw-73a868cb832d}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1883\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2117\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Genus  & Folks and Tribes & Parts Utilized & Treatments for Ailments & References\\
\tblmidrule 
A. paniculata   \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Tripura tribe of   \mbox{}\protect\newline Bangladeshi, Malaysia folklores, Indian Ayurvedic healers and tribes of Mayurbhanj district of North Orissa.  &
  Whole plant or  \mbox{}\protect\newline leaves or shoots;  \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Edema, emesis, diabetes, headache,   \mbox{}\protect\newline dysentery, fever, acute diarrhea, anorexia,   \mbox{}\protect\newline blood purifier, common cold, cough,   \mbox{}\protect\newline constipation, helminthiasis, hypertension, liver diseases, vitiligo, treats eye problem and piles.  &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930837} \mbox{}\protect\newline \\
C. nutans   \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Malaysia healer,  \mbox{}\protect\newline Thailand herbalist and   \mbox{}\protect\newline  Indonesia tribes  &
  Alcoholic   \mbox{}\protect\newline extract of   \mbox{}\protect\newline fresh leaves or  \mbox{}\protect\newline whole plant  &
  Consumed as herbal tea to treat as diuretics, skin rashes, dysentery, fever and diabetes, treats VZV lesions and HSV.  &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930842} \mbox{}\protect\newline \\
G. pictum   \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Asian and African folklore  \mbox{}\protect\newline medicine \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Leaf extract  \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Treats hemorrhoids, ulcers, abscesses and also used it enhances the fertility,  \mbox{}\protect\newline poultice on swelling, cuts and wounds, rheumatism, hepatomegaly, laxative and ear disease, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory and anti-plaque. &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930926} \mbox{}\protect\newline \\
H. alternata   \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Lako Akediri Village,  \mbox{}\protect\newline West Halmahera district,  \mbox{}\protect\newline North Moluccas {\textendash}  \mbox{}\protect\newline Indonesia and tribal folk villages at Thrissur forest circle, Kerala, India  \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Leaf or  \mbox{}\protect\newline whole plant  &
  Used to prepare Oke sou herbal drink to  \mbox{}\protect\newline maintain health of women reproductive  \mbox{}\protect\newline function. \mbox{}\protect\newline Stomach ache, antidiabetic, anemia, skin ailment, wound healer (psoriasis) bone  \mbox{}\protect\newline fracture. &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930919}\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Ethnobotanical properties of species} }
\label{tw-26cc7436e711}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.20490000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.19509999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Genus & Folks and Tribes & Parts Utilized & Treatments for Ailments & References\\
\tblmidrule 
J. gendarussa   \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Mirzapur village of  \mbox{}\protect\newline Dinajpur district,  \mbox{}\protect\newline Bangladesh. \mbox{}\protect\newline Herbalist in China,  \mbox{}\protect\newline Sri Lanka, India and  \mbox{}\protect\newline Malaysia \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Leaf or   \mbox{}\protect\newline whole   \mbox{}\protect\newline plant or twig  &
  Relieve back pain. pills are made from the crushed leaves and orally taken.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Decoction is used to treat fever, arthritis, respiratory disorder, digestive trouble,   \mbox{}\protect\newline headache, haemorrhoids, muscle pain, cure bone fracture and also used as Herbal bath at the time of child birth.  &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930922} \mbox{}\protect\newline \\
S. crispus   \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Kampung Bawong \mbox{}\protect\newline People, Perak of  \mbox{}\protect\newline West Malaysia.  &
  Whole plant  or leaves &
  Plant contains calcium carbonate makes  \mbox{}\protect\newline water mildly alkaline after boiling this  \mbox{}\protect\newline makes the way for frequent urination.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Leaves are chewed and swallowed to enhance immunization and also extracted as tea decoction and drank for cancer treatment.  &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930924}\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Pharmacological properties of species} }
\label{tw-34c2ed62978e}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.2056\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.23060000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.18619999999999997\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.04250000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1932\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.14189999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Genus  & Experiment Methods & Extraction, plant part and Dose & \multicolumn{2}{p{\dimexpr(.2357\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{ Result } & References\\
\tblmidrule 
A. paniculata   \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Pharmacological activity-   \mbox{}\protect\newline Anti-Inflammatory.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In-vivo.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- Randall-  \mbox{}\protect\newline Selitto test in rat. Acetic-   \mbox{}\protect\newline induce writhing test in   \mbox{}\protect\newline mice.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity-   \mbox{}\protect\newline Anti-hyperglycemic Effect.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In vivo.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- Diabetic   \mbox{}\protect\newline rats.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity-   \mbox{}\protect\newline Hepatoprotective Effect.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In-Vitro.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- CCL4 {\textendash}   \mbox{}\protect\newline induced microsomal lipid   \mbox{}\protect\newline peroxides.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity-   \mbox{}\protect\newline Anti-Viral effect  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In -Vitro.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity-   \mbox{}\protect\newline Cardiovascular Effect.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In Vivo.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject-   \mbox{}\protect\newline Spontaneous hypertensive rats and normotensive Wister-  \mbox{}\protect\newline Kyoto rats.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity-   \mbox{}\protect\newline Contraceptive Effect  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In Vivo  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- Female   \mbox{}\protect\newline mice.  &
  Extraction- SGCC   \mbox{}\protect\newline (CHCL3/MEOH \mbox{}\protect\newline (19:1))  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- Whole plant  \mbox{}\protect\newline Dosage- 300 mg/Kg.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- SGCC  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- whole plant  \mbox{}\protect\newline Dosage- 50mg/kg.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- Alcohol  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- leaf  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- Hot   \mbox{}\protect\newline aqueous and also   \mbox{}\protect\newline methanol extract  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- aerial or whole   \mbox{}\protect\newline plant.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- Aqueous  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- leaf.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Dosage- Plant mixed   \mbox{}\protect\newline with food eaten   \mbox{}\protect\newline by mice daily.  \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  \multicolumn{2}{p{\dimexpr(.2357\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{Shows significant   \mbox{}\protect\newline analgesic activity.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Reduced blood glucose   \mbox{}\protect\newline level, improved \ensuremath{\beta } {\textendash} cell   \mbox{}\protect\newline functions and also   \mbox{}\protect\newline islet in diabetic rat.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Protect the high   \mbox{}\protect\newline concentration of  \mbox{}\protect\newline  CCL4- induced   \mbox{}\protect\newline microsomal   \mbox{}\protect\newline lipid peroxides.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Decreases the HIV   \mbox{}\protect\newline antigen-positive H9  \mbox{}\protect\newline cell percentage.   \mbox{}\protect\newline Inhibits against the   \mbox{}\protect\newline activity of dengue virus (DENV-1).  \mbox{}\protect\newline Shows definite   \mbox{}\protect\newline antihypertensive activity   \mbox{}\protect\newline in both the subjects and   \mbox{}\protect\newline also improved the blood   \mbox{}\protect\newline pressure in animals.  \mbox{}\protect\newline There was no pregnancy   \mbox{}\protect\newline in the female mice   \mbox{}\protect\newline noticed after matting   \mbox{}\protect\newline with untreated male,   \mbox{}\protect\newline show that plant has   \mbox{}\protect\newline contraceptive effect   \mbox{}\protect\newline in female mice. } &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930837,951193:20930920,951193:20930917} \mbox{}\protect\newline \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Pharmacological properties of species} }
\label{tw-ae4d53e307ca}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.15769999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2821\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2233\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.19569999999999993\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.14120000000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Genus & Experiment Methods & Extraction, plant part and Dose &  Result  & References\\
\tblmidrule 
\textit{C. nutans } \textit{\textbf{\space }} &
  Pharmacological activity- Neuromodulating activity \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In vitro; \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- OGD reoxygenation  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- 30min  \mbox{}\protect\newline subjected OGD injured  \mbox{}\protect\newline primary cortical neuron mouse. \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity-  \mbox{}\protect\newline Anti- Inflammatory \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In vitro \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- FMLP/CB induced elastase release. \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- Human neutrophils  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity- Immunomodulating effect \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In vitro \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- IL-4 Production {\textendash} ELISA; Incubation period- 72h \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- HPBMC; 0.5-5000\ensuremath{\mu }g/ml. \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity-  \mbox{}\protect\newline \ensuremath{\alpha }-glucosidase inhibition activity. \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In vitro \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- \ensuremath{\alpha }-glucosidase inhibition activity. \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity-  \mbox{}\protect\newline Anti-diabetic \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In vivo  \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- Alloxan induced model-daily treatment for 9 days. \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- Swiss webster mice (male). \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity-  \mbox{}\protect\newline Anti- cancer \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In vivo \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- \textit{Allium cepa } chromosome assay {\textendash} post and suppressive treatment  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- MMS induced. &
  Extraction- 80\% of ethanol. \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- leaf  \mbox{}\protect\newline Dosage {\textendash} 10\ensuremath{\mu }g/ml. \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- 80\% ethanol  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- Aerial  \mbox{}\protect\newline Dosage- 10\ensuremath{\mu }g/ml. \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- Ethanol Soxhlet \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- Leaf. \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- Methanol; Oven dry; Sonication \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- Leaf, Stem \mbox{}\protect\newline Dosage- 5000\ensuremath{\mu }g/ml (in stock). \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- Hot water;  \mbox{}\protect\newline Sun dry \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- Leaf \mbox{}\protect\newline Dosage- 50, 100, 150 mg/kg body weight (B.Wt.), P.O. oral glibenclamide. \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- water; methanol; oven dry \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- Leaf \mbox{}\protect\newline Dosage: 100, 200, 400, 800mg/kg. &
  The level of expression of cPLA2 mRNA is reduced and also the suppression of HDAC and hypoxic neuronal death in an OGD assay is found in the mouse. \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline Result shows that the 80\% of ethanol extract has higher capacity to inhibit release of elastase about 68.33\% in human neutrophils. \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline 2.5 and 5 mg/mL- raise in IL-4 production and Natural killer cells activity is suppressed by 1 and 5 mg/ml of extract. \mbox{}\protect\newline 17.67 (stem) and 13.57 (leaf) percentage of inhibition. \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline 150 mg/kg significantly lower blood glucose serum level from 442 \ensuremath{\pm} 149mg/dl (day 0) to195 \ensuremath{\pm} 66mg/dl (day 9). \mbox{}\protect\newline 440mg/kg of aqueos extract has repairing and anti-mutagenic effect against MMS. &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930841,951193:20930842,951193:20930925}\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Pharmacological properties of species} }
\label{tw-61b6704e9a72}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2432\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.205\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2315\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.12030000000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Genus & Experiment Methods & Extraction, plant part and Dose & Result  & References\\
\tblmidrule 
\textit{G. pictum } &
  Pharmacological activity- Anti- oxidant \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In vitro \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- DPPH and ABTS. \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity- Anti-cancer \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In vitro  \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- REMA \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- 3 cancerous human cell lines, KB (epidermoid carcinoma), NCI-H187 (small cell lung carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma). \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity- Anti-bacterial  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In vitro \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- disc diffusion assay \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- \textit{S. aureus and E. coli.} \textit{\textbf{\space }} \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity- ALP marker of osteoblast differentiation \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique-  \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- ALP  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell Analyzes- \mbox{}\protect\newline Analysis of \mbox{}\protect\newline Variance \mbox{}\protect\newline (ANOVA). &
  Extraction- Ethyl acetate \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- leaves. \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fraction \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- leaves. \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- Hydro-distillation \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- Leaves oil \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- 70\% Ethanol- water extract and sequential fractions with n-butanol, ethyl acetate and water solvent. \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- leaves \mbox{}\protect\newline Dosage: 10 to 50\ensuremath{\mu }g/ml. &
  Highest antioxidant. \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline Exhibits the cytotoxic activities of fractions against MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values of 38.66, 26.01 and 20.41\ensuremath{\mu }g/ml. and Non {\textendash} cytotoxic activities against Vero cells is seen. \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline The oil exhibited antibacterial activity with Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 11.75 and 35.25 \ensuremath{\mu}g/disc, respectively. \mbox{}\protect\newline  \mbox{}\protect\newline ALP assay result shows that n {\textendash} butanol and water fractions of \textit{G. pictum} has significant stimulating activity of ALP (112\% and 122\% respectively) against MC3T3-E1. &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930840,951193:20930838,951193:20930973}\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Pharmacological properties of species} }
\label{tw-fd310aeb0ee3}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1785\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2215\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2333\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20490000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1618\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Genus  & Experiment Methods & Extraction, plant part and Dose &  Result  &  References\\
\tblmidrule 
H. alternata   &
  Pharmacological activity-   \mbox{}\protect\newline Anti-bacterial activity  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In vitro  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- Acinetobacter  species and  Streptococcus aureus   \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity-   \mbox{}\protect\newline Anti-diabetic activity  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In vivo  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- Rats  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity- Wound healing activity  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In vivo  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- mice  \mbox{}\protect\newline Studies- Excision and incision   \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity-   \mbox{}\protect\newline Anti-oxidant activity  \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- Ferrous iron activity and Nitric oxides radical scavenging   \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity-  \mbox{}\protect\newline Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anti diarrheal  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In vivo  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- Swiss albino mice  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test- Cotton pellet-induced granuloma anti-inflammatory;   \mbox{}\protect\newline Formalin-induced paw licking; Acetic acid-induced writhing; castor oil induced anti-diarrheal.  &
  Extraction- Benzene  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- leaves  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- n-Hexane and ethanol  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- Whole plant  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- Methanol   \mbox{}\protect\newline Part: Leaves  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- Ethanol, petroleum ether, aqueous and standard ascorbic acid  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- Leaves  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- Ethyl acetate and methanol  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- Leaves  \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter  species and  Streptococcus aureus  \mbox{}\protect\newline Presence of steroids and coumarins lowers the blood glucose levels of the rats.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Crude paste cure the wound by providing epithelization and contraction in mice. Scaffold made from chitosan are highly haemostatic and are more effective for treating infectious wound.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Ethanol extract exhibit free radical scavenging.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Leaves exhibit good scavenging activity. In nitric oxide 65.8\% and in ferrous ion 56.9\% higher  \mbox{}\protect\newline Concentration of scavenges is seen.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Highest percentage of inhibition is exhibited by ethanol 400mg/kg dose for anti-inflammatory; All the extracts shows a significant reduction of abdominal writhing and paw licking of mice in anti-nociceptive test; For anti-diarrheal methanol inhibit the percentage of diarrhea.  &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930918,951193:20930519,951193:20930921} \mbox{}\protect\newline \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Pharmacological properties of species} }
\label{tw-8e2d915bb232}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.18\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3248000000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1983\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.18490000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.11200000000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Genus & Experiment Methods & Extraction, plant part and Dose & Result  & References\\
\tblmidrule 
J. gendarussa &
  Pharmacological activity- Anticancer and Anti-oxidant.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In vitro.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- MTT   \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- HT-29, BxPC-3 and HeLa.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity-   \mbox{}\protect\newline Anti- bacterial.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In vitro.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- disc diffusion.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Proteus vulgaris (MTCC 426), Shigella flexneri (MTCC 1457), Micrococcus luteus (MTCC 1538), Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC 109), Escherichia coli (MTCC 443), Staphylococcus mutans (MTCC 497) and Bacillus substilis (MTCC 441).  \mbox{}\protect\newline Evaluation- Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity-   \mbox{}\protect\newline Anti- Inflammatory activity.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In Vitro.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- HRBC membrane stabilization method; Spectrometer at 560nm  \mbox{}\protect\newline Incubation period: 37\ensuremath{^\circ}C for 30min.Test Subject- Blood sample of healthy Volunteers.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity-   \mbox{}\protect\newline Anti-arthritic activity  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In-Vivo  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- Arthritic induced Collagen and FCA rat models.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity- Anthelmintic activities  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique: In -Vitro  \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- Bio assay  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- Albendazole   \mbox{}\protect\newline (control) and Pheretima   \mbox{}\protect\newline posthuma worms.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity- Immunosuppressive effect  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In-Vitro  \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- Lymphocyte proliferation assay by adding H thymidine.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Incubation- 16h  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) healthy volunteers.  &
  Extraction- Methanolic extract.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- Leaf.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- Methanol fractions  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- Leaves.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- Ethanol  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- leaf  \mbox{}\protect\newline Dosage- To 1ml of HRBC suspension add 1000, 500 and 250 g / mL of extract.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- Ethanol   \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- Leaves  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- Methanol fraction   \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- leaves and stem  \mbox{}\protect\newline Dosage- 10,20,30,40 and 50mg/mL  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- Methanol fraction  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- whole plant  \mbox{}\protect\newline Dosage- 50 - 150\ensuremath{\mu }g/ml  \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Flavonoids (kaempferol and naringenin) has significant anti- cancer activity and Anti-oxidant activity.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Significant inhibition was seen on Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli bacteria.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Shows a significant anti-inflammatory activity.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Ethanolic leaf extract treated rat shows a significant inhibiton of paw edema say about 43\% (FCA) and 47\% (Collagen) respectively than the aspirin.  \mbox{}\protect\newline 50mg/mL methanolic extract leaves paralysis and killed the Pheretima posthuma worm  at 35.3min and 70,7 mins Whereas stem paralyzed and killed the Albendazole at 17 and 48 mins respectively.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Maximum inhibitory activity at a concentration of 100\ensuremath{\mu }g/ml shows that this plant has immunosuppressive effect  &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930844,951193:20930972}\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Pharmacological properties of species} }
\label{tw-5e3fde736516}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1817\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2831\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2381\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1652\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1319\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Genus & Experiment Methods & Extraction, plant part and Dose & Result  & References\\
\tblmidrule 
S. crispus &
  Pharmacological activity-   \mbox{}\protect\newline Anti-Diabetic  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In Vivo   \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- Streptozotocin {\textendash} induced hyperglycemic rats.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity- Anti-microbial activities.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In vitro  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- Staphylopoccus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Vibrio cholera and Pseudorrwnas aeruginosa.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity- Toxicology properties  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In Vivo  \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- Oral test  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- Liver and Kidney function of Sprague Dawley female rats  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity- Anti {\textendash} Cancer activity  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In Vitro  \mbox{}\protect\newline Assay- TUNEL, Apoptosis Detection System, Fluorescein, CLSM.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- HepG-2 Cells (Liver Cancer Cell).  \mbox{}\protect\newline Pharmacological activity-   \mbox{}\protect\newline Wound healing properties  \mbox{}\protect\newline Technique- In Vivo  \mbox{}\protect\newline Test Subject- Male Sprague Dawley rats wounded in the posterior area of the neck.  &
  Extraction- Aqueous of fermented and unfermented tea  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- Leaves  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction: Methanolic and water solvent and butanol fraction.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part: leaves  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- Ethanol extract  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- Leaves  \mbox{}\protect\newline Dosage- 150, 300 and 600mg/kg (Single oral dose daily for 14 days)  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- Chloroform extracts  \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- Leaves  \mbox{}\protect\newline Dosage- 20 and 30\ensuremath{\mu }g/ml  \mbox{}\protect\newline Extraction- ethanol extract   \mbox{}\protect\newline Part- leaves  \mbox{}\protect\newline Dosage- 100 and 200mg/ml.  \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Both show positive result in hyperglycemic rats.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Shows effective antibacterial activity.  \mbox{}\protect\newline There is no changes in Serum parameters (AST, Urea, Creatinine ALP, and ALT) with no lethal effects are seen in rats and also Liver and Kidney functions are normal.  \mbox{}\protect\newline HepG-2 cell by exposing to S. crispus, shows a dose - dependent induction of apoptosis.  \mbox{}\protect\newline Wound part healed quickly.  &
  \unskip~\citep{951193:20930899,951193:20930843,951193:20930520}\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}
\textbf{Ethnobotanical Properties }

The indigenous traditional medicinal plants and plant-derived medicinal drugs are the powerful source of alternative medicine and are chiefly used to treat various ailments. These traditional medicines are prepared from the various plant parts of acanthaceae species such as \textit{A. paniculata, C. nutans, G. pictum, H. alternata, J. gendarussa and S. crispus.} Some of the tribe's, folklore's, locals and herbalists from countries like India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore, Bangladesh, Africa, China, Sri Lanka practice to use these plant's extracts either in the form of decoction, infusion, herbal tea, or in the form of herbal shower or topical administrations to treat numerous kinds of diseases. Tables~\ref{tw-73a868cb832d} and~\ref{tw-26cc7436e711}  sketches the ethnic uses of these medicinal plants as a remedy for several ailments.

\textbf{Pharmacological Properties}

Members of this family have more traditional medicinal values that have been utilized by the ethnic groups, but for commercial utilization, scientific authenticity and favored evidence are more essential. Thus, some of the available reports about the pharmacological budding of these plant extracts have been discussed in the following sub-sections. Tables~\ref{tw-34c2ed62978e}, \ref{tw-ae4d53e307ca} and~\ref{tw-61b6704e9a72} and Tables~\ref{tw-fd310aeb0ee3}, \ref{tw-8e2d915bb232} and~\ref{tw-5e3fde736516}  demonstrate the overview of the pharmacological properties of these family members. Members of this family have numerous medicinal values such as anti {\textendash}oxidant, anti- microbial, anti- cancer, anti- diabetics, anti {\textendash} viral, anti- inflammatory, wound healing properties, hypoglycemic effects, immunomodulatory effect, hepatoprotective effect, contraceptive effect, cardiovascular effect, neuroprotective, \ensuremath{\alpha }-glucosidase inhibition activity, ALP marker of osteoblast differentiation, anti- arthritic, anthelmintic activities, hypolipidemic activity effects etc.\textbf{\space }


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/03fc1130-3710-4394-9648-66559f314797-upicture1.png}
\begin{figure*}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/03fc1130-3710-4394-9648-66559f314797-upicture1.png}{\includegraphics{images/03fc1130-3710-4394-9648-66559f314797-upicture1.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Phytochemical constituent's structures of Acanthaceae family members (A) A.paniculata, (B) C. nutans, (C) G. pictum, (D) H.alternata, (E) J.gendarussa, (F) S. crispus }}
\label{f-bf7a032ac40b}
\end{figure*}
\egroup
\textit{\textbf{A. paniculata}}

A. paniculata is a key medicinal plant that is used widely in most region of the countries, as a complementary and alternative medicine in Ayurvedic, Unani and TCHM. Whole plant, roots, shoot. Leaves extract of this species are used by folklore, tribal's and local herbalist as a remedy to cure both communicable and non-communicable diseases in most of the continent. According to \unskip~\citep{951193:20930837} studies in Randall-Selitto tested rat and Acetic-induced writhing tested mice the SGCC (CHCL\ensuremath{_{3}}/MEOH (19:1)) extract of whole plant part at the dosage of 300mg/kg shows significant analgesic activity. This \textit{In-Vivo} model shows that this plant has an anti-inflammatory effect. \textit{A. paniculata } has an anti-hyperglycemic effect that shows a reducing blood glucose level, improved \ensuremath{\beta }-cell functions and also islet in diabetic rat, when treated with SGCC extract of whole plant in the dosage of 50 mg/kg \unskip~\citep{951193:20930917}. The comparative studies, tested against carbon tetra chloride (CCL\ensuremath{_{4}}) induced hepatic microsomal lipid peroxides with the leaf extract and andrographolide of this species. This \textit{In-vitro} model shows that extract of the leaf shows a high protective against carbon tetra chloride (CCL\ensuremath{_{4}}) - induced hepatic microsomal lipid peroxides but not by the andrographolide phyto compound. This indicates hepatoprotective properties of the plant\unskip~\citep{951193:20930837} .Research of \unskip~\citep{951193:20930920} reported that hot aqueous and methanol aerial extract of the plant show the remarkable decreases in the Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) antigen-positive H9 cell percentage this proof that plant have an anti-viral effect. Aqueous leaf extract of this species, indicate a definite antihypertensive activity in both normotensive Wister-Kyoto rats and spontaneous hypertensive rats and it shows a notable improvement in the blood pressure of the animals. This \textit{In-Vivo} studies of \unskip~\citep{951193:20930837} report that plant has a cardiovascular effect. According to \unskip~\citep{951193:20930920}, In {\textendash}Vivo studies on female rat, which are fed with the plant mixed food, noticed that there is no sign of pregnancy in the female mice after matting with untreated male mice, this show that plant has contraceptive effect in female mice.\textbf{\space }

\textit{\textbf{C. nutans}}

\textit{C.} \textit{nutans}, is a popular traditional vegetable and medicinal herb in Southeast Asia countries. Leaf is most frequently used by the folks in the form of decoction either oral ingestion with water or topical administration with alcohol on the affected part \unskip~\citep{951193:20930841}. National Drug Committee of Thailand know this plant as National List of Essential Medicine and service as a safety and cost effective native primary medicine, of Thailand. \unskip~\citep{951193:20930925}, examined the 30min subjected OGD injured primary cortical neuron mouse. The mouse was treated with less than 10\ensuremath{\mu }g/ml dose of 80\% ethanol leaf extract, after treatment the \textit{in-vitro} studies, shows that the level of expression of cytosolic phospholipase2 (cPLA2) mRNA is reduced and also the suppression of HDAC and hypoxic neuronal death in an OGD assay is found in the mouse this exhibit the neuromodulating activity in plant. An anti-inflammatory effect of the plant was studied by \unskip~\citep{951193:20930841}, by evaluating human neutrophil after treating with the extract of 80\% ethanol aerial part, through a Formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine / Cytochalasin B (FMLP/CB) assay. The result shows that the 80\% of ethanol extract has higher capacity to inhibit release of elastase about 68.33\% in human neutrophils. \textbf{\space }

Investigation by \unskip~\citep{951193:20930842},\textbf{\space }propound that immunomodulating effect of plant by treating an ethanol extract on Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (HPBMC). The IL-4 Production {\textendash} enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Assay result reveal that the extract has raise in the production of IL-4 and also it suppress the natural killer cell activity. \textit{In-vitro} study of \unskip~\citep{951193:20930841} examine \ensuremath{\alpha }- glucoside inhibition activity in plant through \ensuremath{\alpha }- glucosidase inhibition assay. When dosage of extract is about 5000\ensuremath{\mu }g/ml it exhibits 17.67 (stem) and 13.57 (leaf) percentage of inhibition respectively. The hot aqueous extract of leaf is orally administrated with the dosage of 50, 100 and 150mg/kg and also with oral glibenclamide to Alloxan induced model Swiss Webster mice (male) daily for about 9 days. The \textit{In-vivo} studies of \unskip~\citep{951193:20930842}, exhibit the evidences that 150mg/kg of extracted leaf shows the significant decrease in serum blood glucose level from beginning of the day (day0) is about 442 \ensuremath{\pm} 149mg/dl to end of the day (day 9) is about 195 \ensuremath{\pm} 66 mg/dl respectively. Studies of \unskip~\citep{951193:20930841}. investigate the antimutagenic properties of \textit{C. nutans} against MMS. In their \textit{In -vivo} studies through \textit{Allium cepa} chromosome assay reveal that the 400mg/kg of aqueous extract of leaf has high capacity of repairing and anti- mutagenic properties against MMS, this shows that the plant has an anticancer effect.\textbf{\space }

\textit{\textbf{G. pictum}} \textit{\textbf{\space }}

\textit{G. pictum }is an ornamental plant, has medicinal value among the ethnic groups of Asian folk to cure many ailments such as diuretic, and antipyretic and as an antihelmentic. The pharmacological activities of the plant extracts have been reported by many researchers as follows.\textbf{\space }

\textit{In {\textendash}vitro,} 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) Assay of antioxidant using different solvent fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, butanolic and aqueous) of \textit{G. pictum } plant species were studied by \unskip~\citep{951193:20930840}. They reported that the ethyl acetate extract of leaves has richest antioxidant activities in these 2 methods when compare to rest of the solvent. For cytotoxic activity of the plant, they took 3 cancerous human cell lines, KB (epidermoid carcinoma), MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) and NCI-H187 (small cell lung carcinoma) and treated with different solvent fractions, with the use of Resazurin microtitre assay (REMA) they determined that 3 fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous ) has the highest capacity of cytotoxic against MCF-7 growth cell lines (with the IC\ensuremath{_{50\ }} values of 38.66, 26.01 and 20.41\ensuremath{\mu }g/ml respectively) and there is no cytotoxic action of fractions against Vero cells is seen. \textit{In-vitro}, disc diffusion assay, examined by \unskip~\citep{951193:20930838} to determine antibacterial properties of the plant, reveals that the oil extract of leaves has a strong antibacterial activity against\textit{ Escherichia coli} and \textit{Staphylococcus aureus} with MIC values (11.75 and 35.25\ensuremath{\mu }g/disc) respectively. ALP marker of osteoblast differentiation is evaluated by \unskip~\citep{951193:20930973}, by using 70\% Ethanol- water extract with sequential fractions (n-butanol, ethyl acetate and water solvent) against  MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell. The ALP assay result shows that n {\textendash} butanol and water fractions of \textit{G. pictum } has significant stimulating activity of ALP (112\% and 122\% respectively) against MC3T3-E1.\textbf{\space }

\textit{\textbf{H. alternata }} \textit{\textbf{\space }}

\textit{H. alternata }is exotic plant, adapted to grow in Bangladesh and India. The notable phytochemical compounds and their secondary metabolites possesses various medicinal properties. The benzene extract of leaves has an antibacterial effect against \textit{Acinetobacter} species and \textit{Streptococcus aureus.} The ethanol and n-hexane extraction of whole plant found to have hypoglycemic and anti-diabetics properties in glucose fed rats \unskip~\citep{951193:20930918}. \unskip~\citep{951193:20930519} reported that the plant has antioxidant properties by analyzing with two different assay namely nitric oxide radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelatin in dose dependent manner. \unskip~\citep{951193:20930921} investigated and evaluated that administration of ethyl acetate leaves extract of \textit{H. alternata, }over swiss albino mice by cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation test shows significant anti-inflammatory effect than methanol extract. They also used castor oil induced antidiarrheal test, which show that methanol extraction has significant inhibition of diarrhea activities in mouse compare to ethyl acetate.\textbf{\space }

\textit{\textbf{J. gendarussa}}

J. gendarussa is a renowned plant, grown throughout various regions of India. The plant leaves are used in the form of infusion, decoction and also as a paste for treating various ailments in the ancient periods by the ethnic groups. Most of the phytochemical compounds and also secondary metabolites derived from the plants have plethora of pharmacological values that have been reported by many of the researchers. This significant reports of J. gendarussa species by the researcher have been discussed as follows.\textbf{\space }

The in-vitro studies on methanol extraction of the leaf from J. gendarussa plant, using MTT assay against HT-29, BxPC-3 and HeLa human cancer cells was postulated by \unskip~\citep{951193:20930972}. Their studies reported that flavonoids (kaempferol and naringenin) present in the leaf of J. gendarussa plant, has a significant anti- cancer activity and anti-oxidant activity. Methanol leaf extraction is treated against gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial micro-organism such as Micrococcus luteus (MTCC 1538), Staphylococcus mutans (MTCC 497), Bacillus substilis (MTCC 441), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96) as gram positive organism and Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC 109), Proteus vulgaris (MTCC 426), Escherichia coli (MTCC 443), and Shigella flexneri (MTCC 1457) as gram negative organism. This in-vitro studies of the plant antibacterial activity have been determined through disc diffusion assay, reveals that the extract have maximum inhibition against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli bacteria compare to rest of the bacteria. The anti-inflammatory activities of J. gendarussa, is examined by treating 1ml of Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) with different concentration (250, 500 and 1000g/ml) of plant extract through in-vitro by HRBC membrane stabilization method \unskip~\citep{951193:20930844}. Their investigation manifest that plant has notable anti-inflammatory activities in a dose dependent manner. To evaluate anti-arthritic activity in J. gendarussa the \unskip~\citep{951193:20930972} took Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) and Collagen arthritis induce rat models. In their studies they treated the rat with aspirin and ethanolic extract of leaf from this plant and reported that the leaf extract treated rat shows a significant inhibiton of paw edema say about 43\% (FCA) and 47\% (Collagen) respectively than the aspirin. To postulate the anthelmintic activities in J. gendarussa species, \unskip~\citep{951193:20930844} treated the Pheretima posthuma worm with methanolic crude extract of leaf and stem of this plant at different concentration (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50mg/ml), the study was then examined for paralysis time and death time of the worm. The investigation result that the 50mg/ml of methanolic crude extract can paralyze and kill the worm at 35.3min and 70.7min respectively and Albendazole (used as a control) at 17 and 48 mins respectively this evident shows that the plant has anthelmintic properties. \unskip~\citep{951193:20930972} investigation of immunosuppressive effect, of this plant have been done by testing the crude methanolic extraction of four plants, such as (J. gendarussa, Plumbago indica, Aloe vera, and Aegle marmelos) in different concentrations (50- 150\ensuremath{\mu }g/ml), for the lymphocyte proliferation inhibition, through lymphocyte proliferation assay by adding H thymidine. Their study reveal that compare to other plants, J. gendarussa show the increasing amount of lymphocyte inhibition say about 84\% in 100\ensuremath{\mu }g/ml. This indicates that the plant exhibit immunosuppressive properties.\textbf{\space }

\textit{\textbf{S. crispus}} \textit{\textbf{\space }}

\textit{S. crispus} plant also has an indigenous medicinal value that are mainly used in Jamu {\textendash} Malay medicine and also in tropical Asian medicine. Many researchers has reported in their research about the pharmacological values of this plants that has been discussed below.\textbf{\space }

\textit{In-Vivo} studies of \unskip~\citep{951193:20930899}  on Streptozotocin {\textendash} induced hyperglycemic rats elucidated that the aqueous tea extract shows a significant decrease in blood glucose level in the tested rats that show this plant has an anti-diabetic property. According to \unskip~\citep{951193:20930899}, 30days oral administration of the plant juice to the normal rats, Sprague Dawley female rats, and Streptozotocin {\textendash} induced hyperglycemic male rats with the dosage of 2.0, 1.5 and 1.0 ml/kg b.wt shows not only remarkable decrease in the serum blood glucose level but also decrease in the cholesterol and triglyceride level with an increase in the High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) level in the diabetic rats. This reveals that the plant also has a hypolipidemic effect. The anti {\textendash} microbial effect of the plant has been reported by \unskip~\citep{951193:20930899}, by testing the methanol and aqueous crude extract and butanol fractions of the plant against both gram negative and positive bacteria namely \textit{Streptococcus faecalis,} \textit{Staphylopoccus aureus, Pseudorrwnas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholera, } exhibit that the fraction and the crude extract of the plant has anti- microbial properties.\textbf{\space }

Ethanol leaves extract of the plant examined by \unskip~\citep{951193:20930843} on the kidney and liver function of Sprague Dawley rats with daily dosage of 150, 300 and 600mg/kg for 14 days elucidated that there is no changes in the serum (ALP, creatinine, urea, ALT, AST) biochemical parameters and the kidney and liver of the rats shows a normal functions. \unskip~\citep{951193:20930899} reported the effect of anti-carcinogen of \textit{S. crispus } extract through apoptotic pathway. By using Apoptosis Detection System Fluorescein, the samples were assessed by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) was also used to show that HepG-2 cells expose to the extract result a dose-dependent manner induction of apoptosis. This plant also has wound healing properties that has been reported by \unskip~\citep{951193:20930520} by applying topically (100 and 200mg/ml) the ethanol extract of \textit{S. crispus} plant on the wounded part of posterior neck of male Sprague Dawley rats. The application of the extract (100mg/ml and 200mg/ml) shows that time taken to heal were about 14.80, 13.00days approximately.\textbf{\space }
    
\section{Conclusions}
Acanthaceae plants such as \textit{A. paniculata}, \textit{C. nutans,} \textit{G. pictum}, \textit{H. alternata}, \textit{J. gendarussa} and \textit{S. crispus} are known for their biological activities. Ever since from the ancient periods, locals and ethnic groups has a practice of using these plant extracts either in the form of oral infusion or decoction or in the form of topical administration to treat various kinds of aliments. The ethnobotanical value of these plants is known for their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetics, anti-cancer, anti-arthritis properties among medicinal practitioner in Ayurvedic, TCHM and Unani fields. This review article not only discusses about the botanical and phytochemical properties of these plants, but also it signifies these herbal plant's importance in both ethnobotanical and pharmacological fields. Thus, it is hoped that this research article would provide more insights into the health benefits of some plants of acanthaceae family. 

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest for this study.

\textbf{Funding Support }

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study.
    

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