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\def\RunningAuthor{Tanvi Rajesh Balwani et al.}
\firstPage{2037}
\articleType{Review Article}
\receivedDate{01 Sep 2020}
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\title{\textbf{Demystifying Role of Phonetics in Complete Denture} \textbf{\space }}
\author{Tanvi~Rajesh~Balwani\textsuperscript{*},  
            Surekha~Godbole~Dubey,  
            Seema~Sathe, 
            Aditi~Chandak~\\[5pt]{Department of Prosthdontics and Crown \& Bridge, Sharad Pawar Dental College \& Hospital, DMIMS, Sawangi, Maharashtra, India}}

\begin{abstract}
Speech, as formulated, perceived and decoded, is unique to humans. Speech is a learned process which makes use of the anatomical structures designed primarily for deglutition and respiration. The production of sounds requires selective modification and control of an outgoing air stream, which originates from the respiratory apparatus. Speech is a very sophisticated autonomous and unconscious activity. Speech in matured man in a learned habitual neuromuscular pattern which makes use of anatomical structures designed primarily for respiration and deglutition. Because oro-dental morphological features also may influence an individual speech, the dentist should therefore recognize the possible role of prosthetic treatment on speech activity. The loss of teeth and supporting structures alters the main articulatory cavity and produces a marked effect on the speech pattern proportionate to the location and magnitude of alterations. An empiric approach to the phonetic factor in denture construction frequently places the burden for compensating for speech changes for the adaptability of the tongue. Additionally significant is the fact that the speech mechanism is highly susceptible to degenerative diseases. If dentures are to contribute effectively to the functions of speech, dentists should utilize studies in the speech science field to augment their clinical knowledge of the phonetic factor in denture construction. 
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Speech,\newline Complete denture,\newline phonetics,\newline Prosthodontics
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Tanvi~Rajesh~Balwani~\\ Phone:\ +91- 7020874423~\\  Email:\  tbalwani16@gmail.com
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\section{Introduction}
Every living being whether its small or very great, also the little amoeba are interconnected in an unending ebb and stream of message. The procedure through which this interconnection is achieved is of communication. Communication is the essence of life. This action of communication it's a process and not any entity. To explain it in more simpler way itrs actually consisting of transferring messages (M) from a person who sends it that is sender (S) to a person who receives it that is receiver (R). Nonetheless, speech is the fast way of communication for humans. While communicating with this mode there is one person who speaks and the other one is the listener. There is requirement of participation of numerous systems for speech production. Speaking is a complex and highly coordinated process involving many systems of the human body. If there is any imbalance in the structural and functional coordination within the systems it causes impaired speech. \unskip~\citep{907691:20539281}

\textit{``Say now shiboleth; and he said siboleth, for he could not frame to pronounce it right{\ldots}{\ldots}{\ldots}.''}

According to the Bible, failure to pronounce this single word correctly not only cost the Ephraimite who mispronounced it his life, but forty and two thousand of his fellow tribes' men were slain in the ensuring battle with the Giledites. It is probable that consequences of even small inaccurate speech its unparalled in history, but this classical example suggests significance of speech in determining one's destiny. 

The ability to produce, manipulate and articulate with sounds is called speech. Speech it's a integral part of human's function and we hardly ever pause to consider it as a learned process. 

The science of sound which is used for speech is the phonetics. \unskip~\citep{907691:20539273}

Speech consists of a discrete series of sounds that corresponds to the letters and words of a written language. It needs mental processing for production and recognition of sounds of any language as it has very high complex motor and perpetual skill. And hence its proven that speech plays a vital role in man's life but its usually taken for granted.

Role of articulatory system is to produce sounds. It involves several structures of the oral cavity {\textemdash} tongue, lips, teeth, hard palate and soft palate. When any changes are detected in oral cavity it affects speech. This is more evidently seen in edentulous arches where there are no teeth present which ultimately affects the speech quality. It has to be taken into consideration while fabricating complete denture. \unskip~\citep{907691:20539271}
    
\section{Discussion}
The role of phonetics in complete denture is an important aspect to be taken care of during its fabrication. Proper speech delivery is related to patient comfort, satisfaction as well as his mental health. There has been various studies which have been carried out in the past decades keeping in mind to study the importance of phonetics in the denture construction and in all the studies speech has been proved to be highly effective to give a successful denture to the patient. All these studies conducted from the year of 1950 till date have shown the role of speech in complete dentures using various methodologies and devices have been grouped together and simplified in a tabular format (Table~\ref{tw-7b11e1ec9ad6}) for a better understanding.

A denture can be called successful when cardinal factors involved those are mechanical, esthetics and phonetics altogether these blends so well that perfect harmony is achieved. So that patients not only just chew food but they feel satisfied by denture with its facial expression and phonetics.\unskip~\cite{907691:20539301}

While talking about all the three factors all duce consideration is given to 2 factors that is mechanical and esthetic but phonetics has not been given much priority. This can be justified by ta fact that usually patients get adapted to the dentures over a period of time and improve their speech. \unskip~\citep{907691:20539287}

Its unbearable for singers and public speakers with missing premolars to allow for lateral emission. Usually anterior emission is caused due to missing anteriors which interferes with speaking till an accepting articulating pattern is attained. When a major amount of gingival tissues are lost they deny the tongue to attain its usual contact with tissues. It leaves potential escape for stream of air within the interspaces of parts of teeth which are uncovered. \unskip~\citep{907691:20539284} There are number of factors which affect speech articulation those are tooth movement which has occurred mechanically in upper arch or if the arch is expanded or constricted. And so, it would be appropriate for dentists to be well versed with speech articulations which happens in the oral cavity. In order to provide quality of health service its very important to rehabilitate speech with dental treatment. Its an compulsion of the profession to rehabilitate speech, failing to do so affects the quality of treatment provided to the patient. As speech is a simple ultimate way of communicating it becomes keystone to establish and organize the society. Nowadays a person is not just judged by what he says but also with the way of saying. Dentists they are guardian of oral health and they are involved in modifying structures within the oral cavity to lessen the effects of diseases as well as developmental abnormality. \unskip~\citep{907691:20539298} The foremost amount of articulation of speech is carried out in the oral cavity and when any structures are altered it eventually affects speech of a person. About 2500 year ago studies were conducted on phonetics in ancient India. 

When dentist fails in contouring palate in accommodating normal contact of tongue it leads to inappropriate speech patterns for a long period of time. It also varies with the skills of patient and amount of discrepancy within the palatal contours. This period of inarticulation is for patients to get accustomed to dentures, it could be decreased or eliminated completely if palatal contouring is done appropriately at time of try-in appointments. Inappropriate speech patterns are not at all necessary even for short span of time. It becomes a matter of embarrassment for a person who is listening and as well as for patients. \unskip~\citep{907691:20539270} Eventually it adds up load for patient to adapt to the denture. Although its very true that problems associated with speech patterns gets reduced in practice period of patient 


\begingroup
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\begin{longtable}{p{\dimexpr.12649999999999995\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.11510000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3600999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3983\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\caption{\boldmath {Studies Quoting Role Of Phonetics In Complete Denture} }
\label{tw-7b11e1ec9ad6}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}\\\endfirsthead \hline \noalign{\vskip3pt} \noalign{\textit{Table \thetable\ continued}} \noalign{\vskip3pt} \hline \endhead \hline \noalign{\vskip3pt} \noalign{\textit{\hfill Continued on next page}} \noalign{\vskip3pt} \endfoot \endlastfoot 
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor} & Year  & Study  & Results \\
\tblmidrule 
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539290} &
  1957  &
  ``Conducted a study by which they measured quantitatively, with the help of electronic means, using the VDO which was determined beforehand, there is role of pressure applied in the palate in pronouncing palatolingual speech sounds. &
  ``It was observed that during the act of speech and swallowing remunerative changes occurring in the tongue results just not in changing the intensity of pressure applied by palate but also to the various time intervals dusring those that pressures are applied.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539289} &
  (1973)  &
  ``Studied the speech patterns in edentulous patients related to speech'' &
  ``Most of the patients showed speech improvement when the dentures were first inserted.'' \mbox{}\protect\newline ''The palatal ridge formation of complete denture will affect the acoustic distortion of affricative and fricative sound ``s''. \\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539279} &
  (1978) &
  ``Studied the feasibility of using conditioning prosthesis for speech adaptation.'' &
  ``speech improved with adaptation and this adaptation pattern is stored as memory.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539280} &
  (1982) &
  ``In this study contours of palate could be altered by a person's tongue-to-palate contact for proclamation of speech normally on immediate denture insertion.'' &
  ``The speech after modification showed drastic improvement since the modification made in palatal surface of complete denture compromises of greater physiologic and ``natural'' tactile sensation to the tongue while speech production when compared with the smooth surface of a conventional complete denture.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539288} &
  (1983)  &
  ``Studied the various types of speech tests such as spontaneous samples, imitative samples, samples by reading, and deep samples have been discussed.'' &
  `` The suggestive speech test for dentistry is articulation screening test.\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539274} &
  (1985)  &
  ``Evaluated the role of speech sound which is due changes occurring in the oral cavity dimensions accompanied by denture of various morphologies were assessed.'' &
  ``While concluding some reasonable value were found helpful for clinical applications in denture fabrication.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539275} &
  (1986)  &
  ``Conducted an investigation in which the values of various mandibular movements while reading of a regular passage of text were calculated with the help of magnets and softwares.'' &
  ``The relationship between closest speaking space and the vertical overlap of the incisor teeth shows that there is a trend in this direction, but it is not as definitive a correlation as has been previously assumed.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539276} &
  (2006)  &
  ``They compared the improvement in speech function of upper complete denture with and without sand blasting of the palatal region of denture.'' &
  ``Substantial amount of development in the speech after sand blasting the palatal region of the upper dentures, especially for stops and fricatives.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539269} &
  (2008) &
  ``This study proposed a technique to customize palatal contours of a maxillary complete denture.'' &
  ``This method does not affect mastication, retention and comfort significantly, it does help the patient to get accustomed to the denture.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539292} &
  (2004)  &
  ``Proposed the phonetic assessment of the patient who are non dentulous co-related with the numerous artificial teeth arrangements assessed the phonetic alterations in complete denture patients'' &
  This were conducted using palatography and spectrography.\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539293} &
  (2006)  &
  ``This study utilized the speech to simplify a personalized denture service, stated that the range of various movements of mandible which were seen with speech speech restored the patient's original horizontal and vertical overlaps. These could be helpful in managing factors affecting occlusion.'' &
  ``The values derived by progressive function refinement of this information through the controlled use of diagnostic treatment dentures incorporating tissue treatment material, and a free running occlusal scheme have been reviewed.''.\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539272} &
  (2008)  &
  ``In this critical review was established of the role of palatal rugae and their relevance for complete dentures'' &
  ``In this study patients whose speech is sensitive to a changed relationship of the tongue to a palatal prosthesis may require surface texture to orient the tongue.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539286} &
  (2010)  &
  ``They assessed speech of patients when they were wearing dentures and also when they were not wearing it. They assessed using automatic, computer {\textendash}based methods.'' &
  ``It has been proved that Automatic Speech Recognition is significantly helpful tool for application in assessing speech assessment in a standard manner.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539283} &
  (2011)  &
  ``They evaluated grounding stop place systems in the perceptuo-motor substance of speech on the universality of the labial{\textendash}coronal-velar stop series.'' &
  ``Authors have used an articulatory acoustic model of the vocal tract to examine stop consonant place in terms of both articulation and formant values.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539298} &
  (2012)  &
  ``The assessment of speech quality and intelligibility after replacement of lost teeth with removable dentures: review of literature'' &
  ``After analysis of data in current literature conclude that alterations in oral cavity caused by tooth loss and resorption of alveolar ridges can produce changes in speech quality and intelligibility.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539294} &
  (2012)  &
  ``In the article `phonetics related to prosthodontics' stated the correlation between occlusion and speech.'' &
  ``This study emphasizes to utilize phonation for placing upper anteriors in complete and partial denture rehabilitation if pre extraction records have been lost.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539278} &
  (2012)  &
  ``They performed the study on dentures which were modified using phonetics. Its palate was contoured.'' &
  ``A simple technique of addition customized rugae and palate contours to the maxillary denture{\ldots}..introduced this method for achieving normal speech after denture fabrication.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539282} &
  (2013)  &
  ``They experimented the automatic evaluation of speech impairment caused by wearing a dental appliance.'' &
  ``The results of the automatic test system and the conventional evaluation system by humans were co-related.Their findings suggested that these systems could be helpful in evaluating speech intelligibility of denture wearers.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539295} &
  (2013)  &
  ``They Performed a study on patients with and without rugae incorporated in dentures by use of Acoustic analysis and speech intelligibility.'' &
  ``Findings of this study suggested that when acoustic analysis was carried out pronunciation of S, SH, T, D. was clear in dentures with rugae.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539297} &
  (2014)  &
  ``This study aimed in evaluation of the effects of various methods for palatal denture base configurations in pronouncing various speech sounds.'' &
  ``With proper denture fabrication, the palatine rugae played a significant role in pronouncing various speech sounds. They stated that there has to be anatomic landmark where tongue could best recognize and produce certain sound.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539291} &
  (2015)  &
  `` They did the spectrogram analysis of complete dentures with different thickness and palatal rugae materials on speech production.'' &
  ``It is recommended to reproduce the rugae area in complete denture because the phonetic quality of complete denture with rugae was superior to the conventional denture.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539296} &
  (2016)  &
  ``This describes an original experimental procedure to measure mechanical interactions between tongue and teeth during speech production.'' &
  ``The device permits the measurement of contact pressure without introducing any additional perturbation other than the prosthesis itself. The preliminary results show a well synchronization between the two signals.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539277} &
  (2017) &
  ``This study aims to compare difference in speech sounds of different phonemes at different phonemes at different syllable positioning observed with conventional and customized palatal contoured denture'' &
  ``It proved that there was difference in pronunciation of various phonemes at different positions.''\\
\unskip~\citep{907691:20539285} &
  (2018) &
  ``This study aimed in comparing patients with conventional CD, without dentures and dentures with modified palatal contours. In these groups speech intelligibility was assessed.  &
  ``There was a substantial difference found in pitch and intensity of speech sound amongst 4 stages. The small opening type of palatal coverage enhanced speech intelligibility''\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{longtable}
\endgroup
\makeatletter\@ifundefined{TwoColDocument}{}{\twocolumn}\makeatother 
but still its completely unethical to avoid palatal contouring while try in phase. 

It is not going to reduce responsibilities of prosthodontist's to rehabilitate speech following denture delivery. Palatal contouring is not at all a difficult task it just require immense knowledge of anatomy of tongue and phonetics for speech articulation. \unskip~\citep{907691:20539271}

Changes in complete denture affects speech due to this reasons {\textendash} 


  
  \begin{enumerate}
  \item \relax Articulation and Resonance is affected by surface changes. 
  \item \relax When denture is thick in palatal region it decreases tongue space, ultimately which affects Articulation and Resonance.
  \item \relax Sensory feedback mechanism is affected. 
  \item \relax Behavioral responses of the patients. 
  \end{enumerate}
  There is important role of dental practitioner to recognize importance of prosthodontics treatment on speech patterns. \unskip~\citep{907691:20539287}

In prosthodontics speech plays a vital role as it's been used to attain appropriate tooth positions, and to establish vertical dimensions which eventually simplifies denture design. 

Though, there are few studies which have been done in the literature which have used sound spectrographic analysis combined with perception of individual for analysis of variations seen in the use of denture. 

Complete dentures they have 3 common requirements those are: ``Esthetics'', ``Mastication'' and ``Speech''. Since from patients view point they prioritize mastication and esthetics as compared to speech, whereas while the period when patient remains edentulous esthetics as well as mastication both are not affected more than speech. Speech is drastically altered during edentulous span so that is why speech should me given maximum consideration while fabrication of complete denture. \unskip~\citep{907691:20539290}
    
\section{Conclusions}
Speech problems as consequences of oral rehabilitation with complete dentures are usually a transitory issue. When this speech problem arises it is difficult to be resolved. And so struggle is to ignore speech issues with the help of pretreatment records. Also by assessing speech by various speech test and takin proper history of patients so that initially only the abnormalities in speech could be detected, immediately after oral rehabilitation. In the past speech therapist have been expected to undertake the diagnosis as well as the management of ones who suffer from speech disorders. 

Not only the face but speech also reflects an individual's inner being. Any abnormality or defect in the same can affect his/her psychology and social behavior. Hence, a prosthodontist play a pivotal role in understanding the basic mechanisms involved in the various speech pathology and provide prudent treatment for the same to enhance an Individual's personality.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest for this study.

\textbf{Funding Support}

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study.
    

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