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\def\RunningAuthor{Ashish Budhrani et al.}
\firstPage{203}
\articleType{Review Article}
\receivedDate{18 Aug 2020}
\acceptedDate{28 Sep 2020}
\revisedDate{16 Sep 2020}
\journalVolume{2021, 12}
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\journalDoi{ijrps.v12i1.3979}
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\title{A Rare Medicinal Herb \textit{Remusatia Vivipara}}
\author{Mayur~Bhurat\textsuperscript{1},  
            Mrinal~Sharma\textsuperscript{2},  
            Ashish~Budhrani\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{3},  
            Sanjay~Nagdev\textsuperscript{4},  
            Rupal~Bhurat\textsuperscript{5}, 
            Manish~Deshmukh\textsuperscript{6}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Department of Pharmacognosy, Shri. Prakashchand Jain College of Pharmacy and Research, Palaskhede (Bk.), Jamner, Pin-424206, Maharashtra, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}Department of Pharmacology, Dreamz College of Pharmacy, Sundernagar, Pin-175019, Himachal Pradesh, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{3}Department of Pharmaceutics, Datta Meghe College of Pharmacy, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DU), Wardha, Pin-442001, Maharashtra, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{4}Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Shri. Prakashchand Jain College of Pharmacy and Research, Palaskhede (Bk.), Jamner, Pin-424206, Maharashtra, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{5}Department of Pharmaceutics, Shri. Prakashchand Jain College of Pharmacy and Research, Palaskhede (Bk.), Jamner, Pin-424206, Maharashtra, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{6}Department of Research and development, Jawarharlal Nehru Medical College; Department of Pharmacology, Datta Meghe College of Pharmacy, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DU), Wardha, Pin-442001, Maharashtra, India}}

\begin{abstract}
In this current era, the demand for herbal medicines and products is increasing globally, and herbal medicines are being used traditionally as well as for the modern systems for treatment of various diseases and ailments. There are so many plants that are under research for their potential therapeutic and pharmaceutical applications, and \textit{Remusatia Vivipara } is one of that rare plants belonging to the family Araceae. There are 105 Genera; more than 3300 species persist locally in tropical and sub-tropical areas and world widely. \textit{Remusatia Vivipara } is commonly known as ``Hitchhiker Elephant ear''. Tribal people also named it as Lalkand. The root juice of \textit{Remusatia Vivipara } used on the wound to dispel any germ and worms. \textit{Remusatia Vivipara } has many folkloric applications like for Inflammation and arthritis treatment, analgesic, for disinfecting the Genitourinary tract, and treatment of reddish boils. Upon hydrolysis arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose, and various uronic acids are the most commonly observed components. This review is an attempt to compile all the aspects and details of plant \textit{Remusatia vivipara. }
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Remusatia Vivipara,\newline Medicinal Herb,\newline Phytochemical Constituents,\newline Herbal Plants,\newline Flavonoids,\newline Terpenoids
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Ashish~Budhrani~\\ Phone:\ +91-8888944700~\\  Email:\ ashu.budhrani123@gmail.com
        \par}\vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\par{\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont ISSN: 0975-7538}\par% 
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\section{Introduction}
There are so many plants reported for their therapeutic purposes, and \textit{Remusatia Vivipara } is one of the rare plants having many pharmaceutical purposes belonging to the family Araceae. There are 105 Genera, more than 3300 species, persist locally, tropical areas, sub-tropical areas and world widely. \textit{Remusatia Vivipara } is commonly known as ``Hitchhiker Elephant ear''. Tribal people also named it as Lalkand. The root juice of \textit{Remusatia Vivipara } used on the wound to dispel any germ and worms \unskip~\citep{898434:20457518}.\ensuremath{^{}} \textit{Remusatia Vivipara} also reported for its folkloric application like for Inflammation and arthritis treatment, analgesic, for disinfecting Genitourinary tract and treatment of reddish boils \unskip~\citep{898434:20457519}. 

Upon hydrolysis arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose and various uronic acids are most commonly observed components. Mucilage was also isolated from the tubers for pharmaceutical purposes \unskip~\citep{898434:20457520}, mainly used parts of the plant are leaves, tubers and corm studied for different activities. The root paste with turmeric is made into an ointment and used in itching, and root juice with cow's urine is considered to be alexipharmic \unskip~\citep{898434:20457521}. The tubers are strongly poisonous but used externally to treat breast mastitis, abscesses and ascariasis \unskip~\citep{898434:20457522}.\ensuremath{^{}}

In this context, we have deliberated various aspects of plant \textit{Remusatia Vivipara.} Starting from its, Vernacular names, taxonomic classification, occurrence and distribution, Phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities and Pharmaceutical applications.

\textbf{Vernacular Name}

English- Hitchhiker Elephant ear

Sanskrit- Laksmana

Kannada- Kadu gadde

Marakesu; Malayalam- Marachembu, Maratal

Marathi- Lalkand, Rukhalu

Nepali- Jalukaa, Kaalo pidaalu  \ensuremath{^{}}

\textbf{Taxonomic Classification}

Kingdom {\textendash} Plantae

Phylum- Tracheophyta

Class- Liliopsida

Order- Arales

Family- Araceae

Genus- Remusatia \unskip~\citep{898434:20457525}\ensuremath{^{}}

\textbf{Occurrence and Distribution}

Remusatia (Araceae) mainly consists of 4 different species. \textit{Remusatia Vivipara } is a rare monsoon plant (Figure~\ref{f-f72454e4f703}) found in hilly regions, widely distributed in East and West Africa, Himalayan area, East Asia and Tropical Asia. In India, it is distributed subtropical Himalaya, Khosla hills, Chota Nagpur, Maharashtra and Western Peninsula \unskip~\citep{898434:20457524}.

\textbf{Morphology}

It is a monsoon plant grows on the tress.

\textbf{Tubers}

They are of 1-2 inches in diameter and 6-12 inches long, clustered depressed, rooting from the crown, short bulbiferous \unskip~\citep{898434:20457526}  (Figure~\ref{f-d3059b83573a}).

\textbf{Flowers}

They are very rare and usually grow before the leaves. Peduncle surrounded by seven cataphylls, 6-20 cm long, 5-8 mm diameter. The spathe is tube ovoid, green and about 17 cm long \unskip~\citep{898434:20457528}\ensuremath{^{}} (Figure~\ref{f-86e5cac24188}).

\textbf{Leaves}

They are peltate, membranous orbicularovate, spathe 4-5 inches long, golden yellow, nerves 3-4 on either side of the midrib and 2-3 from the basal costae \unskip~\citep{898434:20457527} (Figure~\ref{f-a049fabd70bc}).

\textbf{Corm}

They are thick, pink from outside, pinkish-white within and about 2.5-5 cm in diameter.\ensuremath{^{}}


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\caption{\boldmath {Whole Plant of \textit{Remustia Vivipara}}}
\label{f-f72454e4f703}
\end{figure}
\egroup

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\caption{\boldmath {Tubers of \textit{Remustia Vivipara}}}
\label{f-d3059b83573a}
\end{figure}
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\caption{\boldmath {Leaves of \textit{Remustia Vivipara}}}
\label{f-a049fabd70bc}
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\egroup

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\caption{\boldmath {Flower of \textit{Remustia Vivipara}}}
\label{f-86e5cac24188}
\end{figure}
\egroup
\textbf{Phytochemical constituents}

Phyto-Chemical Constituents present in Parts of plant \textit{Remustia Vivipara }are given in Table~\ref{tw-1efec8301423}.


\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Chemical Constituents present in Parts of plant Remustia Vivipara} }
\label{tw-1efec8301423}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.3672\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.6328\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Parts Used & Phyto-Chemical Constituents\\
\tblmidrule 
Tubers &
  Starch, Lectins\\
Corms &
  Phenylpropanoid Glucoside, Coniferen, Caffeyl alcohol,  \mbox{}\protect\newline coniferyl alcohol,Methyl proto-taccaoside, Saxifragifolin B,  \mbox{}\protect\newline (2E, 4E)-N-isobutyl-2, 4-decadienamide,  \mbox{}\protect\newline Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4-\ensuremath{\beta }-D-glucoside,  \mbox{}\protect\newline (7R,8S)-\ensuremath{\Delta }7'-3,3'-dimethoxy-4,7,9,9'- \mbox{}\protect\newline tetrahydroxy-8-O-4'-neolignan-7-O-\ensuremath{\beta }-D-Glcoside, \mbox{}\protect\newline 4, 7, 9, 9'-tetra-hydroxy-3, 3-dimethoxy-8-O-4'-neolign-7'-ene.\\
Leaves &
  Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Alkaloids and reducing sugars\\
Roots &
  Flavonoids, Terpenoids and reducing sugars\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}
\textbf{Pharmacological Activities}

\textbf{Cataleptic property}

\textit{Bhurat et al}. Studied the effect of chloroform, ethanol and ether extract of leaves of \textit{Remusatia Vivipara } on haloperidol-induced catalepsy in mice. The evaluation of catalepsy was done by standard procedure. From results, they found that extract of leaves has cataleptic property maybe by the blockade of dopaminergic receptors or other receptors \unskip~\citep{898434:20457519}.

\textbf{Anti-inflammatory activity}

\textit{Bhurat et al}. studied the anti-inflammatory activity of chloroform, ethanol and ether extract of leaves of \textit{Remusatia Vivipara } with the standard drug Diclofenac by Human Red blood corpuscles (HRBC) membrane-stabilizing method. Results showed the significant anti-inflammatory activity of all the extracts \unskip~\citep{898434:20457529}.

\textbf{\textbf{Antimicrobial activity}}

\textit{Kurdekar} \textit{et al}. worked on ethanolic, chloroform and ether extract of corm of \textit{Remusatia Vivipara } by soxhlet and cold percolation method against the five different microorganism species using disc diffusion method. Results showed that any of extract by either method did not show any antimicrobial activity against any one species of microorganism \unskip~\citep{898434:20457530}.

\textbf{\textbf{Depressant activity}}

\textit{Bhurat et al.} compared the ethanolic extract of tubers of \textit{Remusatia Vivipara } depression activity with the drug Imipramine and Diazepam. The results of the Force swim test and Tail suspension test showed a significant increase in the activity with extract as compared to the control group and drug-treated group. In the locomotor activity done with Actophotometer, there were no significant changes as compared to the control group or drug-treated group. With the FST and TST results, they concluded that the extract has a depression activity \unskip~\citep{898434:20457536}.

\textbf{Antioxidant activity}

\textit{Marwah } \textit{et al}. worked on different edible plant antioxidant activity and some for wound healing activity. Extraction of tubers of \textit{Remusatia Vivipara } done by maceration process with chloroform and then followed by aqueous alcohol. For antioxidant activity, they followed the free radical scavenging assay and found the extract of \textit{Remusatia Vivipara} showed weaker antioxidant activity \unskip~\citep{898434:20457528}.

\textbf{Limits growth, motility and invasiveness of human breast cancer cells}

\textit{Sindhura } \textit{et al}. worked on the binding of lectin to a specific site, apoptosis, growth inhibition and induction of reactive oxygen species for cell death by the use of different cell lines like MDA-MB-468, MCF-7 and MCF-10A. The results and findings suggested that \textit{Remusatia Vivipara } Lectin (RVL) showed very high cell surface binding to cell lines, different dose of RVl on different time intervals showed a decrease in cell viability, after treatment with RVL from 0-24 hours microscopic studies showed cell changes, RVL also reported for inducing the apoptosis in both MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7 through oxidative stress or DNA damage. Hence, they concluded that the RVL exerts the cytotoxic effect on human breast cells by inducing apoptotic effects \unskip~\citep{898434:20457537}.

\textbf{Anti-Urolithiatic activity}

\textit{Anbuselvi et al.,} Analyzed the extracts of Remusatia vivipara for anti-urolithic activity, and the effect of different extract concentration was applied to measure the dissolution rate, turbidity, nucleation aggregation assay. The extract of Theriophonum minutum and Remusatia vivipara reflected the blocking action in both of nucleation and aggregation to better level and has more remarkable ability to dissolve artificial calcium stones and kidney stones rather than the standard drug \unskip~\citep{898434:20457538}.

\textbf{Pharmaceutical applications}

\textbf{Gelling Property}

\textit{Bhurat et al., }extracted the mucilage from the tubers of \textit{Remusatia Vivipara} by dissolving in water and precipitating in 90 \% alcohol. Six batches of Diclofenac sodium were prepared with different concentration of the mucilage to check the gelling property of it with some other needed substances. The gel with 3.5\% mucilage concentration showed the desired gel characteristics and hence used as gelling agent \unskip~\citep{898434:20457520}.

\textbf{Binding property}

\textit{Shelke et al. }evaluated the mucilage of \textit{Remusatia Vivipara } by prepared the tablets with different concentration of the mucilage. They found 6\% w/w mucilage tablet with the desired characteristics and found that the mucilage of \textit{Remusatia Vivipara } useful for the preparation of uncoated tablets as binder \unskip~\citep{898434:20457539}.

\textbf{Suspending property}

\textit{Bhurat et al. }studied suspending properties of Remusatia Vivipara were evaluated with Acacia at concentrations of 2-6\% w/v in cefixime trihydrate suspension. Characterization test was carried out on purified Remusatia Vivipara mucilage. Sedimentation profile, re dispersibility, rheology, pH, particle size analysis, degree of flocculation, stability study were employed as an evaluation parameter for formulation. The results suggested that Remusatia Vivipara mucilage could be used as a suspending agent \unskip~\citep{898434:20457540}.
    
\section{Conclusions}
This review provides valuable, accessible sources like Vernacular names, taxonomic classification, occurrence \& distribution, Phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities and Pharmaceutical applications of plant \textit{Remusatia Vivipara } and it will help other researchers for further investigations and exploring properties present in this plant.

\textbf{Acknowledgement}

Authors would like to Thank Management of Shri. Prakashchand Jain College Pharmacy and Research, Palaskhede (Bk.), Jamner and Datta Meghe College of Pharmacy, Wardha (DMIMS) for their constant support.

\textbf{Funding Support}

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study. 

\textbf{Conflict Of Interest}

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest for this study. 
    

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