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\begin{document}


\def\RunningAuthor{Vivek V Paithankar et al.}
\firstPage{1213}
\articleType{Original Article}
\receivedDate{21 Jul 2020}
\acceptedDate{07 Sep 2020}
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\title{\textbf{Pharmacognostical Standardisation} \textbf{of \textit{Ailanthus Excelsa} Leaves and \textit{Randia Dumetorum} Fruit Along with Antioxidant Activity and Free Radical Scavenging Capacity of Its Fractions}}
\author{Vivek~V~Paithankar\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{1},  
            Shailesh~M~Kewatkar\textsuperscript{2},  
            Trupti~A~Nimburkar\textsuperscript{3}, 
            Supriya~S~Deshpande\textsuperscript{4}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Department of Pharmacology, Vidya Bharti College of Pharmacy, Amravati, Maharashtra, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldana, Maharashtra, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{3}Dr Rajendra Gode College of Pharmacy, Amravati, Maharashtra, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{4}Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Medical College, Amravati, Maharashtra, India}}

\begin{abstract}
The world is observing an unprecedented development in the usage of herbal product at national as well as international levels. This requires the improvement of current and aimed standards for estimating the quality, safety and efficacy of these drugs. The leaves of \textit{Ailanthus excelsa} and the fruits of \textit{Randia Dumetorum} are medicinal plants that are used for many diseases around the world. We then collected the flavonoids and saponin fraction extracted from the leaves of Ailanthus excelsa and the fruits of \textit{Randia dumetorum}. To determine the reliability, quality and purity of these particles, we provide a crucial pharmacological profile along with the antioxidant activity. Pharmacological studies, such as morphological, physicochemical, TLC, and phytochemical analysis of all fractions containing total phenol and flavonoids, were performed according to specific methods. DPPH tests estimated the antioxidant action of all fractions, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, and reducing power assay method. Previous phytochemical studies discovered the occurrence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and especially phenolic chemicals. All fractions have antioxidant effects, depending on the existence of a phenolic compound. The above parameters are vital to establishing pharmacological rules for the authentication of Ailanthus excelsa leaves and \textit{Randia Dumetorum} fruits.
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Standardisation,\newline Antioxidant Activity,\newline Ailanthus Excelsa,\newline Randia Dumetorum
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Vivek~V~Paithankar~\\ Phone:\ +919890250523~\\  Email:\ rakeshshivatare@gmail.com
        \par}\vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\par{\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont ISSN: 0975-7538}\par% 
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\section{Introduction}
Presently there is an enormous deal of awareness in herbal medicine today. This interest is mainly because medicinal plants do not have adverse effects. A quarter of the world's population or 1.42 trillion people are not expected to rely on traditional medicines to treat various diseases \unskip~\citep{906092:20524654}. Traditional medical systems such as Ayurveda play an essential role in today's health field, especially in the treatment of malignant diseases \unskip~\citep{906092:20524640}. However, the most significant barriers to the use of alternative drugs in industrialised countries are the lack of documentation and strict quality control. Research on traditional medicines needs to be documented. In this context, it is vital to try to standardise the plant substance that will be utilised as a remedy \unskip~\citep{906092:20524653,906092:20524637}. Normalisation can be done through pharmacological and phytochemical studies. These studies help to define and standardise plant substance. Appropriate detection with a quality guarantee of preliminary materials is essential requirements for the quality of phytotherapy reproduction, which contributes to improving its protection and usefulness \unskip~\citep{906092:20524661,906092:20524641}.

\textit{Ailanthus excelsa} (family- \textit{Simaroubaceae)} is called "Mahanimba" as it resembles a neem plant (\textit{Azadirachta indica}). The statement\textit{ Ailanthus} is resulting as of Ailanthus, and it means procession plant \unskip~\citep{906092:20524646}. The name of one of the species of Moluccas, in Latin, means high excelsa. Recent research has shown that it contains six flavonoids secluded from the leaves of \textit{A. excelsa}\unskip~\citep{906092:20524662}. The bark of the leaves and the alcohol extracted from the stem show excellent anti-implantation activity and early abortion \unskip~\citep{906092:20524658}. \textit{Randia Dumetorum} (\textit{Xeromphis Spinosa}) belonging to family \textit{Rubiaceae} is a vital medicine and is called deciduous \unskip~\citep{906092:20524644}. 

A review of the literature shows that the results are bitter and sweet; warming, aphrodisiac, emetic, vaginal, carminative, antipyretic; It treats abscesses, ulcers, inflammation, wounds, tumours, skin diseases and has an antibacterial effect \unskip~\citep{906092:20524639}. Many experts believe that fruit fibres have anthelmintic properties and are also used in abortion as a folk medicine \unskip~\citep{906092:20524649}. Recently, the antioxidant properties of their components, usually polyphenol compounds, have been attributed to the function of medicinal plants in the manage or prevention of the disease. The intake of natural antioxidants while minimising the risk of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular problems, and other age-related diseases \unskip~\citep{906092:20524660}.

No information has been provided on pharmacological studies on the fruiting bodies of the leaves of Ailanthus excelsa and Randia Dumetorum. No data are provided on antioxidant activity. Therefore, this research focused on the standardisation of two plant fractions, measuring several aspects: morphology, physicochemistry, and TLC analysis. The content of qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals was also combined with antioxidant activities to investigate the presence of phytoactive ingredients. 
    
\section{Materials and Methods}
\textbf{Reagent and Chemicals }

The entire reagents and chemicals required for the evaluation of pharmacognostic, phytochemical screening, TLC and antioxidant activity were analytical grade obtained from J.T. Baker, Merck and Rankem.

\textbf{Procurement, authentication and extraction of sample}

The leaves of plant \textit{Ailanthus excelsa} and Fruit of \textit{Randia Dumetorum} were collected from fields of Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) and validated by Safia College of Science, Bhopal. (Madhya Pradesh) were specified the specimen number 157/Bot/Safia/2010 (\textit{Ailanthus excelsa}) and 158/Bot/Safia/2010 (\textit{Randia Dumetorum}). 

The leaves of plant \textit{Ailanthus excelsa} and Fruit of \textit{Randia Dumetorum} were clean and dehydrated below the shade. The desiccated samples were then ground into powdered form. All parts of the plant were crushed and extracted with water, using the method of decoration. This aqueous extract was then filtered, and alcohol (ethanol) was slowly added to this extracted liquid water to make polysaccharides. The solution was then filtered, and the filtered evaporated 1/4 of the total volume. 

The same amount of ethyl acetate was then added using a separatory funnel to obtain a separate fraction of constituents of the roots in ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract was acidified with 0.1 N HCl to increase the amount of the extract. The ethyl acetate fraction was evaporated to give the residue; it was then dissolved in methanol and evaporated to give a crystalline powder. Finally, the obtained powder was also analysed to determine the presence of phytoactive ingredients. In this study, it was seen that Shinoda responded positively to the flavonoid test. Besides, TLC confirmed the positivity of flavonoids in the appropriate solvent system (EAFW).

Same plant materials were used for getting saponins rich fraction. Pulverised plant materials were treated with ethanol: water (70:30) for maceration till seven days after defatting with petroleum ether (40:60). The blend was agitated at a normal interval in this stage. Obtained extract after filtration through muslin cloth followed by filter paper was concentrated using rotary vacuum evaporator (40{\textdegree}C), taking precaution that extract does not get powdered. 

The concentrated extract was further treated with n-butanol to get an n-butanol soluble fraction. N-butanol soluble fraction was further treated with chilled diethyl ether. After treating with chilled diethyl ether, the precipitate was formed. This mixture with precipitate was kept at -20{\textdegree}C for 24 hrs. Precipitates were further separated by centrifugation. This precipitate was further dissolved in methanol and methanol was evaporated slowly, to get crystalline powder.

\textbf{Pharmacognostic Study}

\textit{\textbf{Macroscopical characters}}

External features, dimensions and organoleptic properties of leaves and fruits were studied.

\textit{\textbf{Physicochemical Evaluation}}

The physicochemical properties of the component were evaluated to estimate the superiority and purity of the powder form. On physical evaluation, they were ash value viz., total ash value with acid insoluble ash value and water-soluble ash value were evaluated.  The value of the residue indicates that the drug contains inorganic salts. Values for the extraction of water and soluble alcohol were established. The information obtained from these tests is useful for standardising and maintaining quality standards. These chemical-physical constants are determined according to the procedures mentioned under WHO guidelines \unskip~\citep{906092:20524648,906092:20524638}. 

\textit{\textbf{Phytochemical Investigations}} \textit{\space }

The leaves of the fruits of \textit{Ailanthus excelsa} and \textit{Randia Dumetorum} were subjected to phytochemical studies before extraction. A preliminary phytochemical test was performed to confirm that the occurrence of different pharmacologically active phytochemicals in the crude powered drug. The tests were performed by a regular procedure \unskip~\citep{906092:20524647,906092:20524657}.

\textit{\textbf{TLC characterisation}}

TLC is generally utilised for the quick investigation of drugs and drug preparations. Fractions were put forwarded for the characterisation through thin layer chromatography (TLC; silica gel 60 F254, Merck). Chromatograms are estimated beneath U.V. light at 254 and 365 nm to identify the existence of flavonoids plus saponin, respectively. To verify the existence of flavonoids, TLC is furthermore sprayed by an Ammonia vapour. Saponin was identified by Anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent along with Vanillin-phosphoric acid reagent.

\textit{\textbf{Total phenolics Content }}

The Folin-Ciocalteu technique was applied to find out the entire phenolic content of the plant extract. Gallic acid is utilised as the standard to compare with fractions, and whole phenolic acid was articulated as mg / g gallic acid equivalent (GAE). 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 (\ensuremath{\mu}g / ml) gallic acid concentrations be made in methanol. Sample of 1 mg / mL of plant extract in methanol was prepared, and 0.5 ml of every above-prepared sample was added for analysis and diluted with 2.5ml of a Ciocalteu-Folin reagent (10 times dilute) and mixed with 2 ml of 7.5 per cent sodium carbonate. The tubes are covered with paraffin and set aside at room temperature for 30 mins previous to the absorbance was read at 760 nm spectrometrically. All determination is finished three times. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent is responsive to reducing agents, as well as polyphenols. After the reaction, it turns blue. This blue colour was measured spectrophotometrically \unskip~\citep{906092:20524652}.

\textit{\textbf{Total flavonoid content}}

The colourimetric technique of aluminium chloride evaluated the total flavonoids contained inside the plant extract. Briefly, part of the sample was diluted (1 mg / ml) or standard solution (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 \ensuremath{\mu}g / ml) to 75 \ensuremath{\mu}l. A solution of NaNO2 was added, and 0.15 ml of A1Cl3 was mixed 6 min earlier. Following 5 min, 1/2 ml of NaOH be added. The last amount was changed to 2.5 ml with purified water and mixed well. 

The absorption of the combination is set at 510 nm compared to the similar combination, without the addition of the sample, as a blank. The entire flavonoid content was articulated as mg / g dry weight (mg / g D.W.) using the normal calibration curve. Every sample is scrutinised three times \unskip~\citep{906092:20524651}.

\textbf{Studies of Antioxidant Activities}

In vitro antioxidant activity of the different fractions at different concentration (Table~\ref{tw-e986c17ae315}) was studied by three procedures: with free radical scavenging by DPPH, Hydrogen peroxide assay and reducing power assay procedures.

\textit{\textbf{Sample preparation}}

\textbf{AEFF: } \textit{Ailanthus excelsa} Flavonoid Fraction

\textbf{AESF: } \textit{Ailanthus excelsa }Saponin Fraction\textbf{\space }

\textbf{RDFF:} \textit{ Randia Dumetorum} Flavonoid Fraction

\textbf{RDSF: } \textit{Randia Dumetorum }Saponin Fraction\textbf{\space }

\textit{\textbf{DPPH}}\ensuremath{^{\textit{\textbf{\space }}}}\textit{\textbf{free}}\ensuremath{^{\textit{\textbf{\space }}}}\textit{\textbf{radical}}\ensuremath{^{\textbf{\textit{\space }}}}\textit{\textbf{scavenging}}\ensuremath{^{\textit{\textbf{\space }}}}\textit{\textbf{activity}} \textit{\space }

To measure the DPPH radical scavenging activity, \unskip~\cite{906092:20524656}  was carried out to the method. The drop of DPPH radicals was measured by determining the absorption at 517 nm. The radical scavanging activity was measured as a percentage of DPPH strains by the following equation,

DPPH radical scavenging \%
\begin{eqnarray*}=\lbrack(A_0-A_1)/A_0\rbrack\;\times\;100 \end{eqnarray*}
Where A\ensuremath{_{0}} is the absorbance of the DPPH solution and A\ensuremath{_{1}} is the absorbance of the sample \unskip~\citep{906092:20524656}.\ensuremath{^{}}

\textit{\textbf{Hydrogen}}\textit{\textbf{ peroxide}}\textit{\textbf{ radical}}\textit{\textbf{ inhibition}}\textit{\textbf{ assay}}\textit{\textbf{ (H}}\ensuremath{_{\textit{2}}} \textit{\textbf{O}\ensuremath{_{2}} \textbf{)}}

\unskip~\cite{906092:20524650} were used the method to determine the H\ensuremath{_{2}}O\ensuremath{_{2}} scavenging ability of extracts. The H\ensuremath{_{2}}O\ensuremath{_{2}} scavenging capacities of the extracts were calculated using formula, \unskip~\citep{906092:20524650}.

H\ensuremath{_{2}}O\ensuremath{_{2}} radical scavenging \%
\begin{eqnarray*}=\;\lbrack(A_{Blank}-A_{Sample})/A_{Blank}\rbrack\;\times\;100 \end{eqnarray*}
\textit{\textbf{Reducing}}\ensuremath{^{\textit{\textbf{\space }}}}\textit{\textbf{power}}\ensuremath{^{\textit{\textbf{\space }}}}\textit{\textbf{assay}} \textit{\space }

The extracts were prepared in different concentrations. Phosphate buffer (2.5 ml, 2 M, pH 6.6) and potassium ferricyanide were mixed with 1 ml of each in distilled water. The blend was incubated at 50\ensuremath{^{o}}C for 20 min. A portion of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was added to the combination which was then centrifuged at 2000 RPM for 20 min. 

The superior layer of the solution was mixed with water and FeCl\ensuremath{_{3}} (0.5ml), and the absorbance was calculated at 700 nm. Increased reducing power was indicated by increased in absorbance of the reaction mixture \unskip~\citep{906092:20524642}.
    
\section{Results and Discussion}
\textbf{Pharmacognostical studies}

\textit{\textbf{Physical Evaluation}}

The correct identity of the leaves of \textit{Ailanthus excelsa} and the fruits \textit{of Randia Dumetorum} is determined by pharmacological research. Morphological research of drugs includes evaluation of drugs by colour, odour, taste, size, shape and unique features, like touch, texture etc. 

It evaluates special features, among others. It is a qualitative assessment technique based on an analysis of the morphological and sensory profiles of each drug (Table~\ref{tw-6a33b50747b6}).


\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Concentration of different extracts for Antioxidant activity} }
\label{tw-e986c17ae315}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.2417\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.25419999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2541\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.25\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack AEFF (\ensuremath{\mu}g/ml) & \cAlignHack AESF (\ensuremath{\mu}g/ml) & \cAlignHack RDFF (\ensuremath{\mu}g/ml) & \cAlignHack RDSF (\ensuremath{\mu}g/ml)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 10 &
  \cAlignHack 100 &
  \cAlignHack 10 &
  \cAlignHack 100\\
\cAlignHack 20 &
  \cAlignHack 200 &
  \cAlignHack 20 &
  \cAlignHack 200\\
\cAlignHack 40 &
  \cAlignHack 400 &
  \cAlignHack 40 &
  \cAlignHack 400\\
\cAlignHack 60 &
  \cAlignHack 600 &
  \cAlignHack 60 &
  \cAlignHack 600\\
\cAlignHack 80 &
  \cAlignHack 800 &
  \cAlignHack 80 &
  \cAlignHack 800\\
\cAlignHack 100 &
  \cAlignHack 1000 &
  \cAlignHack 100 &
  \cAlignHack 1000\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Morphological characters} }
\label{tw-6a33b50747b6}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1317\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2127\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.30600000000000005\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3496\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Sr. No. & \cAlignHack Particulars & \cAlignHack \textit{Ailanthus excelsa} Leaves & \cAlignHack \textit{Randia Dumetorum} Fruit\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1. &
  \cAlignHack Colour &
  \cAlignHack Greyish green &
  \cAlignHack yellowish-brown\\
\cAlignHack 2. &
  \cAlignHack Odour &
  \cAlignHack Pleasant &
  \cAlignHack Unpleasant\\
\cAlignHack 3. &
  \cAlignHack Taste &
  \cAlignHack Slightly Bitter &
  \cAlignHack Bitter\\
\cAlignHack 4. &
  \cAlignHack Length &
  \cAlignHack 40{\textendash}100 cm &
  \cAlignHack 1.8 {\textendash} 4.5 cm\\
\cAlignHack 5. &
  \cAlignHack Surface &
  \cAlignHack soft and velvety &
  \cAlignHack Smooth\\
\cAlignHack 6. &
  \cAlignHack Shape &
  \cAlignHack Pinnate &
  \cAlignHack Ovoid\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Determination of Ash values of crude drugs} }
\label{tw-c7399edd989a}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.0964\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.21899999999999995\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3517\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3329\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Sr. No. & \cAlignHack Particulars & \cAlignHack \textit{A. excelsa} Leaf (\% w/w) & \cAlignHack \textit{R. Dumetorum} Fruit (\% w/ w)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1. &
  \cAlignHack Total ash &
  \cAlignHack 9.00 &
  \cAlignHack 10.50\\
\cAlignHack 2. &
  \cAlignHack Acid-insoluble ash &
  \cAlignHack 1.92 &
  \cAlignHack 0.5\\
\cAlignHack 3. &
  \cAlignHack Water-insoluble ash &
  \cAlignHack 6.10 &
  \cAlignHack 4.65\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Preliminary Phytochemical testing of parent Ethanolic extract} }
\label{tw-61fdb8927ea3}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1302\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.293\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.24143999999999995\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16855999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16680000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Sr. No & \cAlignHack Test & \cAlignHack Observation & \cAlignHack A. excelsa  \mbox{}\protect\newline Leaf & \cAlignHack R. Dumetorum Fruit\\
\tblmidrule 
\multicolumn{3}{p{\dimexpr(.66464\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\textbf{A. Alkaloids}} &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Hager's test &
  \cAlignHack Yellow ppt &
  \cAlignHack (+) &
  \cAlignHack (+)\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Mayer's test &
  \cAlignHack White ppt &
  \cAlignHack (+) &
  \cAlignHack (+)\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack Wagner's test &
  \cAlignHack Reddish brown ppt &
  \cAlignHack (+) &
  \cAlignHack (+)\\
\multicolumn{3}{p{\dimexpr(.66464\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\textbf{B. Carbohydrates}} &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Molish's Test &
  \cAlignHack Violet ring formed &
  \cAlignHack (+) &
  \cAlignHack (+)\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Fehling's test &
  \cAlignHack Brick red ppt &
  \cAlignHack (-) &
  \cAlignHack (+)\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack Barfoed's test &
  \cAlignHack No change &
  \cAlignHack (-) &
  \cAlignHack (-)\\
\multicolumn{3}{p{\dimexpr(.66464\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\textbf{C. Cardiac glycosides}} &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Legal test &
  \cAlignHack No red color &
  \cAlignHack (-) &
  \cAlignHack (-)\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Keller Killiani test &
  \cAlignHack No change &
  \cAlignHack (-) &
  \cAlignHack (+)\\
\multicolumn{3}{p{\dimexpr(.66464\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\textbf{D. Flavonoids}} &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Shinoda test &
  \cAlignHack Pink color &
  \cAlignHack (+) &
  \cAlignHack (+)\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Lead acetate test &
  \cAlignHack Yellow color &
  \cAlignHack (+) &
  \cAlignHack (+)\\
\multicolumn{3}{p{\dimexpr(.66464\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\textbf{E.Protein and amino acids}} &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Biuret test &
  \cAlignHack No change &
  \cAlignHack (-) &
  \cAlignHack (+)\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Millon's test &
  \cAlignHack No change &
  \cAlignHack (+) &
  \cAlignHack (-)\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack Ninhydrin test &
  \cAlignHack No change &
  \cAlignHack (+) &
  \cAlignHack (-)\\
\multicolumn{3}{p{\dimexpr(.66464\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\textbf{F.Saponins}} &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Foam test &
  \cAlignHack No foam formation &
  \cAlignHack (+) &
  \cAlignHack (+)\\
\multicolumn{3}{p{\dimexpr(.66464\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\textbf{G.Steroids}} &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Salkowski reaction &
  \cAlignHack Yellow fluorescence &
  \cAlignHack (+) &
  \cAlignHack (-)\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Liebermann {\textendash} Burchard reaction &
  \cAlignHack Green color &
  \cAlignHack (+) &
  \cAlignHack (+)\\
\multicolumn{3}{p{\dimexpr(.66464\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\textbf{H.Tannins and Phenolic compounds}} &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Ferric chloride test &
  \cAlignHack Deep blue-black color &
  \cAlignHack (+) &
  \cAlignHack (-)\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Gelatin test &
  \cAlignHack White ppt &
  \cAlignHack (-) &
  \cAlignHack (+)\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack Lead acetate test &
  \cAlignHack White ppt &
  \cAlignHack (+) &
  \cAlignHack (+)\\
\cAlignHack 4 &
  \cAlignHack Potassium dichromate test &
  \cAlignHack Red ppt &
  \cAlignHack (+) &
  \cAlignHack (+)\\
\cAlignHack 5 &
  \cAlignHack Acetic acid test &
  \cAlignHack Red color &
  \cAlignHack (+) &
  \cAlignHack (-)\\
\cAlignHack 6 &
  \cAlignHack Iodine test &
  \cAlignHack Red color &
  \cAlignHack (+) &
  \cAlignHack (+)\\
\multicolumn{3}{p{\dimexpr(.66464\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\textbf{I.Glycosides}} &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Borntrager's Test &
  \cAlignHack NA &
  \cAlignHack (+) &
  \cAlignHack (+)\\
\multicolumn{2}{p{\dimexpr(.4232\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\textbf{J.Mucilage}} &
   &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Ruthenium red &
  \cAlignHack NA &
  \cAlignHack (-) &
  \cAlignHack (+)\\
\multicolumn{3}{p{\dimexpr(.66464\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\textbf{K.Cyanogenetic glycoside}} &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Sodium picrate test &
  \cAlignHack NA &
  \cAlignHack (-) &
  \cAlignHack (-)\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Chemical test for rich fractions} }
\label{tw-c6b8012e3a7e}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.097\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.24490000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1767\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1768\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3046\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Sr.no. & \cAlignHack Test & \cAlignHack AAFF  & \cAlignHack RDFF & \cAlignHack Inference\\
\tblmidrule 
\multicolumn{5}{p{\dimexpr(1\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\textbf{Flavonoid rich fraction of crude drugs}}\\
\cAlignHack 1. &
  \cAlignHack Shinoda test &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack Flavonoids present\\
\cAlignHack 2. &
  \cAlignHack Acid base test &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack Flavonoids present\\
\multicolumn{5}{p{\dimexpr(1\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\textbf{Saponin rich fraction of crude drugs}}\\
\cAlignHack \textbf{Sr.no.} &
  \cAlignHack \textbf{Test} &
  \cAlignHack \textbf{AASF} &
  \cAlignHack \textbf{RDSF} &
  \cAlignHack \textbf{Inference}\\
\cAlignHack 1. &
  \cAlignHack Foam test &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack + &
  \cAlignHack Saponins present\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {TLC characterization of Fractions} }
\label{tw-8697777ba6e4}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.054399999999999995\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.205\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.17369999999999997\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.10740000000000006\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.11040000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.12295000000000005\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.10945000000000007\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.11670000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Sr. No & \cAlignHack Mobile Phase & \cAlignHack Spraying Reagent & \multicolumn{2}{p{\dimexpr(.2178000000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\cAlignHack No. of Spots} & \multicolumn{2}{p{\dimexpr(.23240000000000013\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\cAlignHack Rf Value} & \cAlignHack Inference\\
\rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack  & \cAlignHack  & \cAlignHack  & \cAlignHack AEFF & \cAlignHack RDFF & \cAlignHack AEFF & \cAlignHack RDFF & \\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Chloroform: Methanol &
  \cAlignHack Ammonia vapour/ VS reagent &
  \cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack 0.25, 0.80  &
  \cAlignHack  0.65 &
  \cAlignHack Flavonoids\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Ethyl acetate: Formic acid: Glacial acetic acid: Water &
  \cAlignHack Ammonia vapour/ VS reagent &
  \cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack 0.34, \mbox{}\protect\newline 0.50  &
  \cAlignHack  0.25, 0.45, 0.75 &
  \cAlignHack Flavonoids\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack \textbf{AESF} &
  \cAlignHack \textbf{RDSF} &
  \cAlignHack \textbf{AESF} &
  \cAlignHack \textbf{RDSF} &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Chloroform: Gallic acid: Methanol: Water &
  \cAlignHack Anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent &
  \cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack 0.25 &
  \cAlignHack 0.45, \mbox{}\protect\newline 0.70 &
  \cAlignHack Saponins\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Chloroform: Methanol: Water &
  \cAlignHack Vanillin-phosphoric acid reagent &
  \cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack 0.15, \mbox{}\protect\newline 0.19 &
  \cAlignHack 0.55, \mbox{}\protect\newline 0.60 &
  \cAlignHack Saponins\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Extract yield percentage, total phenolics and total flavonoid content in \textit{A.excelsa }and \textit{R. Dumetorum}} }
\label{tw-2b8acb17b330}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1053\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.13030000000000005\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1451\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2997\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.31959999999999997\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S. No. & \cAlignHack Extract & \cAlignHack \% Yield & \cAlignHack Total Phenolic Content & \cAlignHack Total flavonoid content\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1. &
  \cAlignHack AEFF &
  \cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack 65.14 &
  \cAlignHack 26\\
\cAlignHack 2. &
  \cAlignHack AESF &
  \cAlignHack 2.3 &
  \cAlignHack NA &
  \cAlignHack NA\\
\cAlignHack 3. &
  \cAlignHack RDFF &
  \cAlignHack 4 &
  \cAlignHack 62.44 &
  \cAlignHack 19\\
\cAlignHack 4 &
  \cAlignHack RDSF &
  \cAlignHack 2.6 &
  \cAlignHack NA &
  \cAlignHack NA\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Effect of Fractions in DPPH free radical scavenging assay (\% Inhibition)} }
\label{tw-242915a98eba}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.16666666666666664\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1666666666666667\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16253333333333337\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16526666666666674\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.17220000000000006\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1666666666666667\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S. No & \cAlignHack Conc. (ug/ml) & \cAlignHack AEFF & \cAlignHack AESF & \cAlignHack RDFF & \cAlignHack RDSF\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack 10 &
  \cAlignHack 43.91 &
  \cAlignHack 30.99 &
  \cAlignHack 41.51 &
  \cAlignHack 17.89\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack 20 &
  \cAlignHack 45.38 &
  \cAlignHack 33.21 &
  \cAlignHack 43.17 &
  \cAlignHack 20.84\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack 40 &
  \cAlignHack 49.81 &
  \cAlignHack 39.66 &
  \cAlignHack 46.49 &
  \cAlignHack 25.46\\
\cAlignHack 4 &
  \cAlignHack 60 &
  \cAlignHack 53.50 &
  \cAlignHack 45.38 &
  \cAlignHack 48.71 &
  \cAlignHack 30.44\\
\cAlignHack 5 &
  \cAlignHack 80 &
  \cAlignHack 56.82 &
  \cAlignHack 49.07 &
  \cAlignHack 51.85 &
  \cAlignHack 37.45\\
\cAlignHack 6 &
  \cAlignHack 100 &
  \cAlignHack 61.07 &
  \cAlignHack 53.50 &
  \cAlignHack 54.06 &
  \cAlignHack 44.28\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack IC\ensuremath{_{50}} &
  \cAlignHack 42.63 &
  \cAlignHack 83.42 &
  \cAlignHack 68.92 &
  \cAlignHack 123.22\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Effect of Fractions in Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay (\% Inhibition)} }
\label{tw-bd33bf9cadc6}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.14596666666666664\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1818666666666667\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16523333333333337\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16806666666666672\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1680666666666667\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.17080000000000005\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S. No & \cAlignHack Conc. (ug/ml) & \cAlignHack AEFF & \cAlignHack AESF & \cAlignHack RDFF & \cAlignHack RDSF\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack 10 &
  \cAlignHack 36.95 &
  \cAlignHack 30.40 &
  \cAlignHack 32.51 &
  \cAlignHack 27.24\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack 20 &
  \cAlignHack 38.00 &
  \cAlignHack 31.90 &
  \cAlignHack 34.01 &
  \cAlignHack 28.97\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack 40 &
  \cAlignHack 42.89 &
  \cAlignHack 38.53 &
  \cAlignHack 40.63 &
  \cAlignHack 31.30\\
\cAlignHack 4 &
  \cAlignHack 60 &
  \cAlignHack 46.12 &
  \cAlignHack 40.33 &
  \cAlignHack 42.74 &
  \cAlignHack 34.01\\
\cAlignHack 5 &
  \cAlignHack 80 &
  \cAlignHack 48.68 &
  \cAlignHack 44.02 &
  \cAlignHack 45.67 &
  \cAlignHack 37.02\\
\cAlignHack 6 &
  \cAlignHack 100 &
  \cAlignHack 51.32 &
  \cAlignHack 46.28 &
  \cAlignHack 47.18 &
  \cAlignHack 39.13\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack IC\ensuremath{_{50}} &
  \cAlignHack 88.47 &
  \cAlignHack 115.75 &
  \cAlignHack 108.4 &
  \cAlignHack 181.13\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Effect of Fractions in Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay (Absorbance)} }
\label{tw-e87130129c89}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.12270000000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1973\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S. No & \cAlignHack Conc. (ug/ml) & \cAlignHack AEFF & \cAlignHack AESF & \cAlignHack RDFF & \cAlignHack RDSF\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack 10 &
  \cAlignHack 0.087 &
  \cAlignHack 0.068 &
  \cAlignHack 0.082 &
  \cAlignHack 0.046\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack 20 &
  \cAlignHack 0.122 &
  \cAlignHack 0.103 &
  \cAlignHack 0.118 &
  \cAlignHack 0.088\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack 40 &
  \cAlignHack 0.204 &
  \cAlignHack 0.186 &
  \cAlignHack 0.201 &
  \cAlignHack 0.157\\
\cAlignHack 4 &
  \cAlignHack 60 &
  \cAlignHack 0.269 &
  \cAlignHack 0.236 &
  \cAlignHack 0.263 &
  \cAlignHack 0.195\\
\cAlignHack 5 &
  \cAlignHack 80 &
  \cAlignHack 0.337 &
  \cAlignHack 0.317 &
  \cAlignHack 0.332 &
  \cAlignHack 0.278\\
\cAlignHack 6 &
  \cAlignHack 100 &
  \cAlignHack 0.398 &
  \cAlignHack 0.338 &
  \cAlignHack 0.386 &
  \cAlignHack 0.294\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/da77abfd-405b-4781-bc2c-c77222119965-upicture1.png}
\begin{graph}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/da77abfd-405b-4781-bc2c-c77222119965-upicture1.png}{\includegraphics{images/da77abfd-405b-4781-bc2c-c77222119965-upicture1.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Effect of Fractions in DPPH free radical scavenging assay}}
\label{f-dca8b0a9a4f1}
\end{graph}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/7c6fc3ac-15cb-43c9-ae6e-c2ec0e8d9a4d-upicture2.png}
\begin{graph}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/7c6fc3ac-15cb-43c9-ae6e-c2ec0e8d9a4d-upicture2.png}{\includegraphics{images/7c6fc3ac-15cb-43c9-ae6e-c2ec0e8d9a4d-upicture2.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Effect of Fractions in Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay}}
\label{f-864ef45a4fbd}
\end{graph}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/ebda9a4e-c377-4214-b46e-44e6dd0bdb7f-upicture3.png}
\begin{graph}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/ebda9a4e-c377-4214-b46e-44e6dd0bdb7f-upicture3.png}{\includegraphics{images/ebda9a4e-c377-4214-b46e-44e6dd0bdb7f-upicture3.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Effect of Fractions in Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay}}
\label{f-a17081a1cd44}
\end{graph}
\egroup
\textit{\textbf{\textbf{Physicochemical Evaluation }}}

When raw materials are burned, ash residues are formed consisting of inorganic materials (metal salts and silica). This value is within a reasonably wide range and is, therefore, an essential parameter for evaluating raw materials. The value of the ash identifies more direct dirt, such as sand or dirt (Table~\ref{tw-c7399edd989a}).

\textit{\textbf{Phytochemical Investigations}} \textit{\space }

Phytochemical screening of crude extracts of leaves of \textit{A.excelsa} and fruit of \textit{R. Dumetorum} by using chemical method revealed the presence of bioactive constituents such as Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins and Phenolic compounds, Glycosides (Table~\ref{tw-61fdb8927ea3} and Table~\ref{tw-c6b8012e3a7e}). 

\textit{\textbf{TLC characterisation}}

TLC is primary; easy to use an analytical method, and the solvent used are not hazardous and do not require advanced tools. Depending on the solvent fraction compounds, the solvent system was chosen. TLC examined all fragments of \textit{A. excelsa} and \textit{R. Dumetorum}, and the results of this study are, flavonoids and saponins are present infractions (Table~\ref{tw-8697777ba6e4}).

\textbf{Yield Percentage, Total Phenolics and Total Flavonoids}

The fraction yield percentage, total phenolics and flavonoid contents of the extracts obtained from the aqueous extract of \textit{A.excelsa} leaves and fruit of \textit{R. Dumetorum} are presented in Table~\ref{tw-2b8acb17b330}. Among the different fractions, the maximum yield was obtained for the Flavonoid fraction of \textit{R. Dumetorum} (4\%) followed by \textit{A.excelsa }(3\%). For total flavonoid content (TFC) estimation standard curve of Rutin was used, and content was estimated as Rutin equivalent (RE). For total phenol content estimation (TPC) standard curve of Gallic acid was used and estimated as Gallic acid equivalent (GAE). TFC in \textit{Ailanthus excelsa } and \textit{Randia Dumetorum } were found to be 26 and 19 \ensuremath{\mu}g/mg RE respectively. Total Phenol Content in \textit{Ailanthus excelsa } and \textit{Randia Dumetorum } were found to be 65.14 and 62.44 \ensuremath{\mu}g/mg GAE, respectively.

\textbf{Studies of Antioxidant Activities}

Due to the complexity of phytochemicals, the antioxidant activity of plant extracts cannot be evaluated using a single method. Therefore, it is vital to use generally accepted tests to evaluate the antioxidant activity of plant extracts. Many methods of antioxidants have been developed to evaluate antioxidant activity and explain how antioxidants work.

\textit{\textbf{DPPH free}} \textit{\textbf{ radical scavenging activity}}

The DPPH oxidation test used in this document to measure the capacity of radical-scavenging capacity (RSC) is used worldwide. The ability of radical biological agents to remove DPPH can be expressed as a unit capable of producing antioxidants. The DPPH alcohol solution has a bright purple colour, with an absorption peak at 517 nm when one of the radical scavengers disappears in the reaction system and only one electron of nitrogen is attached to the DPPH. The reaction rate and potential of the radical promoter depend on the rate and maximum value of the DPPH event  \unskip~\citep{906092:20524643,906092:20524645}. 

Compared to other methods, the DPPH test has many advantages, such as good stability, reliable accuracy, simplicity, and feasibility. The results of the DPPH process are presented in several ways. Most studies indicate an IC50 value that is defined as the amount of antioxidant needed to reduce the initial DPPH concentration by 50. 

This value is measured by plotting inhibition proportion against Fractions concentration. However, for plant extracts or pure compounds, the \ensuremath{^{}}IC\ensuremath{_{50\ }}Value changes according to the final concentration of the DPPH used. AEFF showed \ensuremath{^{}}IC\ensuremath{_{50}} of 42.63 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml, AESF showed IC\ensuremath{_{50}} of 83.42 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml, RDFF showed IC\ensuremath{_{50}} of 68.92 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml, and RDSF showed IC\ensuremath{_{50}} of 123.22 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml against \ensuremath{^{}}DPPH radical (Table~\ref{tw-242915a98eba} and Graph~\ref{f-dca8b0a9a4f1}).\ensuremath{^{}}

\textit{\textbf{Hydrogen peroxide scavenging}} \textit{\textbf{\space }}

Hydrogen peroxide itself is not very reactive, but it sometimes becomes toxic to cells because it can carry hydroxyl radicals into the cells. Therefore, the elimination of H\ensuremath{_{2}}O\ensuremath{_{2}} is essential to protect antioxidants in cell or food systems. It was noted that all of the samples tested in this study had the effect of removing hydrogen peroxide \unskip~\citep{906092:20524659}. IC50 values are 88.47, 115.75, 108.4, and 181.13 for AEFF, AESF, RDFF, and RDSF respectively (Table~\ref{tw-bd33bf9cadc6} and Graph~\ref{f-864ef45a4fbd})

\textbf{Reducing power assay}

All test samples were also found to be having better-reducing power with good goodness of fit (R\ensuremath{^{2}} {\textgreater} 0.9) for all test samples. Substances with reduced potency react with potassium burkianide (Fe3 +) to form potassium burkianide (Fe2 +) and then react with iron chloride with the absorption of up to 700 nm to form a ferric, ferrous complex iron (Table~\ref{tw-e87130129c89} and Graph~\ref{f-a17081a1cd44}). With an increase in concentration, absorbance increased for all test samples \unskip~\citep{906092:20524655}. 
    
\section{Conclusion }
Pharmacological standardisation of the two plants includes physicochemical assessment, identification, verification, and detection of adulteration and quality control of the crude drug. Hot aqueous extract from the leaves of \textit{Ailanthus excelsa} and the fruits of \textit{Randia Dumetorum}, which have the most significant value for extraction. Therefore, we come to the breakdown of the aqueous extract. Analysis of the ash value shows that inorganic substances are present in very normal quantities. If physical and chemical methods are not sufficient, a phytochemical test can be used identified from their impurities. Phytochemical tests are helpful to detect various phyto components. Over the past two decades, the TLC method has been an essential tool for qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of herbal products and preparations. The results of this study show that the leaves of \textit{Ailanthus excelsa} and the fruits of \textit{Randia Dumetorum} showed free radical scavenging, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging and reducing power activity. The antioxidant activity of each fraction of the two plants can be attributed to the polyphenol content and phytochemical components. The results of this study suggest that fractions of both plants could be a natural source of antioxidants as a therapeutic agent for a biological system that is sensitive to free-reaction intermediates. 
\section*{Acknowledgement}The authors thank Rajarshi Shahu college of pharmacy, Buldana for providing facilities to conduct the research.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

There are no conflicts of interest among all the authors with the publication of the manuscript.

\textbf{Funding Support}

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study.
    

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