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\begin{document}


\def\RunningAuthor{Kamini Rotke and Punam Gaurav Sawarkar}
\firstPage{1622}
\articleType{Review Article}
\receivedDate{30 Apr 2020}
\acceptedDate{25 Jun 2020}
\revisedDate{20 May 2020}
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\journalDoi{ijrps.v11iSPL1.4270}
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\title{Concept of Dhupana {\textendash} A Preventative Approach in Ayurveda for Air Borne Infection}
\author{Kamini~Rotke, 
            Punam~Gaurav~Sawarkar\textsuperscript{*}~\\[5pt]{Department of Panchakrma, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital and ResearchCentre, Salod, Wardha(Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DU)), Maharashtra, India}}

\begin{abstract}
Airborne infections are such type of infections which are caused by pathogens that can be transmitted by air over time and distance by small particles. These pathogens may be viruses, bacteria or fungi that can spread through sneezing, breathing, talking etc. In our surroundings, there are millions and tons of such pathogens that are responsible for spreading such airborne infections. In \textit{Ayurveda}, this airborne infections are correlated with \textit{Aupsargikarogas }which spreads very easily in society. In current days the world is facing such \textit{Aupsargik Roga }which is known as COVID 19 and which is a Pandemic disease. This\textit{ Aupsargikarogas } can sometimes prove fatal if they are not treated at a proper time or if proper prevention against this rogas is not taken. The organisms which are responsible for these airborne infections are opportunistic, as they attack such individuals who are with low immunity. So that these organisms can grow easily inside the individual's body without any type of disturbances can finally cause fatal disease. The whole world is suffering from this pandemic and there is a need to prevent the world from this pandemic disease. The most classical, authentic and best way to prevent from transmission according to \textit{Ayurveda is }\textit{Dhupan karma} which is correlated with fumigation or sterilization. For this \textit{Karma}, there are many such \textit{Dhupan dravyas } which are explained by \textit{A}\textit{charyas}in \textit{S} \textit{amhitas}.
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Air Borne,\newline Aupsargikarogas,\newline COVID19,\newline DhupanKarma( fumigation ),\newline DhupanDravyas,\newline Pandemic
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Punam~Gaurav~Sawarkar~\\ Phone:\ 09860667023 ~\\  Email:\ drsuple.punam@gmail.com
        \par}\vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\par{\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont ISSN: 0975-7538}\par% 
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\section{Introduction}
There are multiple small pathogens which spread airborne infections are very small in size and may cause various diseases. The most common airborne infections are: common cold, influenza, measles, mumps, tuberculosis, chickenpox etc. while the least common include: adenovirus and coronavirus. These pathogens which cause most common infections have a size smaller than 5um, but the pathogens causing less common infections have their size greater than 5um. So now the need for \textit{Dhupan Karma (fumigation)} is more because of the rapid transmission of these coronaviruses causing the deadly disease COVID-19, which is a basic need for the current health status of the world.

Since this coronavirus has a size greater than 5um gets to drop down on the floors, clothes, metallic surfaces, and many such other places, and remains alive at the surfaces for a specific duration. As a result, there is a need for \textit{Dhupan Karma/} fumigation /sterilization of the surrounding which will help in killing this pathogen and helps in prevention.

Through this paper novel efforts are done to review matter about various fumigation techniques narrated by the ancient \textit{Acharyas} in air ancient sciences to prevent pathologies occurred due to such type of airborne infections.Various \textit{Dhupan} \textit{ yoga} and its role in airborne infections are highlighted through this paper.

 For this article, an extensive search for review is done through various \textit{Ayurvedic} compendium including \textit{Bhruhattrayis (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, AshtangSanghraha, AshtangHridaya), Laghutrayis }(\textit{KashyapaSamhita, Nighantus}), various research articles from databases such as Pubmed ,google scholars, etc. In all the above resources, there are scattered references about these special \textit{Dhupan Yogas ha}ve been mentioned for \textit{Dhupan} in different\textit{ thanas} or\textit{ Vastu} which is beneficial for discarding pathogenic contamination.

\textit{Dhupan Karma }is also beneficial for the prevention of internally which method is classically known as \textit{Dhumapan Vidhi}. As per recent condition, there is a need of this \textit{Dhumapan Vidhi } which can be used for two purposes, one for preventive aspect and another one for curative aspect. \textit{Acharyas} have explained it as follows
  
  \begin{enumerate}
  \item \relax Shirovirechanik Dhumapan- This is a preventive aspect just like that of Nasya which means inhalation of the medicated fumes with the help of Dhumavarti prepared with Dravyas such as Aparajita, Hartals, Manashila, Agaru, Tejpatta and Gandhavarga Aushadhis.
  \item \relax Kasaghna Dhumapan- This is a curative aspect which is helpful to relieve the symptoms such as Shwasa, Kasa, Swarabheda etc.
  \end{enumerate}
  
    
\section{Observation and Result}
Information regarding this topic is collected and narrated under headings as follows-

\textbf{Concept of \textit{Dhupan Karma} (Fumigation)}

\textit{Dhupan Karma i-e fumigation} is one of the ancient classical remedy of sterilization in which medicated herbal fumes, animal products fumes etc. are used to maintain a healthy biological environment all over the world. In\textit{Ayurveda}the term \textit{Krimi } is correlated with pathogens which are responsible for causing airborne infections such as COVID-19. This includes both pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms. To get prevention from such \textit{krimi }(causative pathogens), \textit{Rakshoghna Vidhi is} indicated in our \textit{classics.} For this\textit{ human Karma ( fumigation)}, varieties of are uniquely told by our \textit{A} \textit{charyas.}


\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Dhuapn Dravyas as per Acharya charak} }
\label{tw-57fb02fc009c}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1101\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.5499\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.34\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}S.N. & Dhupan ingredients & Dhupansthanas (use of fumigation for subject) \\
\tblmidrule 
1 &
  Sarshap, atasi,hingu, guggulu, vacha, brahmi, jatamansi &
  Shayaa, vastras, surroundings\\
2 &
  Guggulu ,neemba, vachasarshap ghee &
  Vishamjwara\\
3 &
  Peacock feathers ,sirisha and ghee &
  Vastra ,rooms,shayya\\
4 &
  Agaru, chandana, Ghee, majja ,vasa &
  Vranakathinyakardhupa, \mbox{}\protect\newline Varanamridukaradhupa\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Dhupan Dravyas as per Acahrya Sushrutha} }
\label{tw-932fca6d99f6}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.12669999999999995\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.5333\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.34\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}S.N. & Dhupan Ingredients & Dhupansthanas(use of fumigation for subject) \\
\tblmidrule 
1 &
  Guggulu, Agaru, Sarjarasa, Vacha, ShwetaSarshap, Lavan ,Neemba , Ghee &
  Shalyamandir \mbox{}\protect\newline (operation theatre)\\
2 &
  Sarshap, ghee, neemba,lavan &
  Vranaagar\\
3 &
  Haridra, ativisha, abhaya, ela, musta &
  Vayushuddhi\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Dhupan Dravyas as per AcharyaVagbhata} }
\label{tw-1855d36aa1b0}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.12460000000000004\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.53540000000000006\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.34\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}S. N. & Dhupan Ingredients & DhupanSthanas(use of fumigation of subject)\\
\tblmidrule 
1 &
  Shikhipiccha(plumes of peacock),Sarshap, chandana  &
  Agara, vastras, Shayyas and chairs\\
2 &
  Guggulu ,neeba, vacha, kushtha, haritaki,sarshap &
  Jwara\\
3 &
  Guggulu, tivritta. &
  For child`s bed , clothes , pillows, blankets\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Some Dhupanyoga in Dhupakalpaadhyaya in Kashyapa Samhita} }
\label{tw-7b71b7b2fe3a}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.15780000000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.5022\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.34\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}S. N. & Dhupan Ingredient & DhupanSthanas(use of fumigation of subject)\\
\tblmidrule 
1 &
  Ghruta ,sarjaras, haridra, Daruharidra, usheera, sarshap, vidanga, vacha &
  Kumar dhoopa (facilitates proper devlopement of children )\\
2 &
  Ghruta &
  Agneya dhupam( useful in all diseases)\\
3 &
  Ghrita ,sarshapa, hingu, dev nirmalya, sarpatvaka &
  RakshoghnaDhupa( offers protection)\\
4 &
  Ghruta, jatamansi, hartala , musta , ela &
  ShishukDhoopa(deatroys all diseases)\\
5 &
  Ghrita, nimbi patra, puspa ,phala, tvaka &
  ArishtaDhupa(destroysall diseases)\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Dhupan Dravyas and their properties} }
\label{tw-0797f984f6bf}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.06590000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.12129999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2223\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.18069999999999997\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1932\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2166\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}S.N. & Dravya & Latin Name  & Properties & Active Principle & Karma \\
\tblmidrule 
1 &
  Guggulu &
  Commiphoramukul &
  Tikta,Katu,  \mbox{}\protect\newline Laghu \mbox{}\protect\newline Saugandhi &
  Diterpinoids, amino acids &
  Krimighna \\
2 &
  Neemba &
  Azadiractaindica &
  Tikta,Laghu, \mbox{}\protect\newline Ruksha &
  Azadicar \mbox{}\protect\newline thinnimbin &
  Krimighna, \mbox{}\protect\newline vishgna\\
3 &
  Vacha &
  Acoruscalamus &
  Katu,Laghu, \mbox{}\protect\newline Tikshna &
  asarynidehyde &
  krimighna\\
4 &
  Sarshap &
  Brassicacompesteris &
  Katu,Tikta, \mbox{}\protect\newline Teekshna \mbox{}\protect\newline Ruksha &
  Allylisothiocyanate &
  Krimighna \\
5 &
  Haridra &
  Crucumalonga &
  Tikta, Katu, \mbox{}\protect\newline Ruksha &
  Resin curcumene &
  krimighna\\
6 &
  Sarjarasa &
  Resin of Shorear Obusta Garten &
  Tikta,  \mbox{}\protect\newline kashaya &
  Resin &
  Grahanashaka\\
7 &
  Devdaru &
  Cedrusdeodara &
  Tikta,kashaya, \mbox{}\protect\newline Ruksha Laghu,  &
  Deodarin, toxifolin  &
  Krimighna, vranashodhak\\
8 &
  Ela &
  Eletteria cardamomm &
  Katu,Madhura, \mbox{}\protect\newline Laghu &
  Camphenecyaniol &
  Krimighna \\
9 &
  Agaru &
  Aqualariaagollacha &
  Katu, Laghu &
  Agarospirol &
  Krimighna\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}
\textbf{Various uses of Dhupan Karma }


  
  \begin{enumerate}
  \item \relax Preventive Aspect: It includes fumigation for creating an aseptic environment for healthy beings, so that no infection can develop especially forwards and mess area fumigation i-e Kumaragaradhupan, Vranitagaradhupan, Sutikagardhupan \unskip~\citep{990049:21285797}.
  \item \relax Curative Aspect: Useful for curing or preventing both pathogenic and non-pathogenic diseases especially in Jwara, Vrana etc \unskip~\citep{990049:21285797}.
  \end{enumerate}
  \textbf{Preparation of Dhupa }

The preparation of fumigation material and their collection is done in \textit{Pushya / MaitrayaNakshatra f}rom southeast/north direction. The desired \textit{Dhupan Dravyas} are taken in required quantity and are coarsely powdered and then the homogeneous paste is formed. Then required a number of cow dung cakes are taken and burnt in \textit{S} \textit{arvasamput} and on the burnt cakes mixture is poured which produces smoke and as a result, the \textit{Dhupan } is produced which initiates \textit{Dhupan procedure (fumigation).}

\textbf{Various kalpa of Dhupan from different Samhitas}

Various \textit{Kalpa } of \textit{Dhupan}according to different\textit{ Acharyas } and collected from different\textit{ Samhitas }are described in a tabular manner \unskip~\citep{990049:21285803}. 

\textit{Acharya Charaka} has mentioned \textit{DhupanKarma( fumigation) of Vastra and Vranitagara } in \textit{Jatisutriyaadhayay and Dhupan Karmaof Vranain VranachikitsaAdhyaya.Various Dhupana Yoga } given by\textit{ Acharya Charaka } is mentioned in Table~\ref{tw-57fb02fc009c}.

\textit{AcharyaSushruta }has mentioned \textit{Dhupan Karma} (fumigation) of \textit{ShalyaMnadir } in \textit{Vranitoupasniyaadhyaya.} \textit{ Various Dhupana Yoga } given by\textit{ Acharya Sushruta } is mentioned in Table~\ref{tw-932fca6d99f6}.

\textit{AcharyaVagbhatta}has mentioned \textit{Dhupan Karma (fumigation ) of Vastra, Shayya} in \textit{S} \textit{utrasthana. Various Dhupana Yoga } given by\textit{ Acharya Vagbhata } is mentioned in the Table~\ref{tw-1855d36aa1b0}.

\textit{AchayraKashyapa} has mentioned \textit{40 dhupanyogas in Dhupakalpaadhyaya}. In this various medicinal plants are burnt on fire and the smoke generated from plants is used for \textit{Dhupan} of the surrounding or infected areas. \textit{Various Dhupana Yoga } given by\textit{ Acharya Kashaypa } is mentioned in Table~\ref{tw-7b71b7b2fe3a}.

\textbf{Discussion}

\textit{Dhupankarma (fumigation)} is an \textit{Ayurvedic } procedure which helps in the prevention of airborne infections by ceasing the growth of pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic organisms on various surfaces and surroundings. Description of some \textit{Dhupan Dravyas} and their properties are given in Table~\ref{tw-0797f984f6bf}.This \textit{Dhupan Dravyas } posses the quality of killing both gm+ve and gm-vebacterias, viruses and fungi few drugs mentioned are: \textit{Guggulu} (Commiphoramukul), \textit{Nimba} (Azadiractaindica), \textit{Sarshap} (Brassicacompesteris), \textit{Vacha} (Acoruscalamus), \textit{Haridra} (Crucumalonga), \textit{Lavana (Sodiumchloride}),\textit{ Agaru } (Aqualariaagollacha)etc.\textit{}

\textbf{Mode of action of dhupandrvayas }

\textbf{Guggulu }

It posses properties such as Tikta, Laghu and Saugandhit. Also, it extracts has antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The most effective extract of Guggulu is ethanol which works more efficiently and I~used in Dhupan Karma (fumigation) \unskip~\citep{990049:21285800}.

\textbf{Neemba }

The main active component is azadiracthin which possess antimicrobial properties. And also Neemba is Vayu and Akash Mahabhuta Pradhan because of TiktaRasa this Vayu and Akash Mahabhuta along with Laghuand Vishad Guna of the Neemba helps azadiracthin to dry up the intracellular fluid present inside the bacterial wall. As a result, this hampers the growth of the bacteria and Neemba acts as an antibacterial and antifungal agent in DhupanKarma (fumigation) \unskip~\citep{990049:21285739}.

\textbf{Vacha }

This contains volatile oils, Asaryl aldehyde, Eurganol. It is Laghugunatmak and also acts as Krimighna and excellently works as an antibacterial agent, so it is used for Dhupan Karma (fumigation) \unskip~\citep{990049:21285799}.

\textbf{Sarshapa }

 This contains a contrasting profile of glucosinolates which have the biocidal action on different pathogens. Hence it is useful in Dhupan Karma (fumigation) \unskip~\citep{990049:21285734}.

\textbf{Haridra }

 The active component is curcumene which acts as resins and possess antibacterial properties against gm+ve and gm{\textendash}vebacterias and is useful in DhupanKarma( fumigation).

\textbf{Sarjarasa }

It is a resin of Shorear Obusta Garten which is Tikta and Kashaya Rasatmak, Sheeta in nature and most importantly it is Grahanashaka. And hence it is useful in Dhupan Karma (fumigation) of operation theatres \unskip~\citep{990049:21285733}.

\textbf{Devdaru }

Wood of Cedrus deodar is used for air purification which has anti microbial potential this acts as a disinfectant and prevent from various infectious diseases \unskip~\citep{990049:21285736}.

\textbf{Ela }

It contains camphenecyaniol which is a volatile oil and shows antibacterial activities against pathogens \unskip~\citep{990049:21285801}.

\textbf{Agaru }

It contains agarospirol which acts as volatile oil. The properties such as Katy and Laghualso helps in killing microbes. The Dhupanis specially used in human karma ( fumigation) of the Sutikagara because of its anti-inflammatory nature in Dhupan karma ( fumigation) \unskip~\citep{990049:21285737}.
    
\section{Conclusion}
The above \textit{Dhupan Dravyas} mentioned poses properties such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral and helps in fumigation of the entire surrounding with the help of \textit{DhupanKarma.} This \textit{Dhupan Karma }(fumigation) can prove the best method for protection against the worldwide deadly pandemic disease COVID 19.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest }

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

\textbf{Funding Support }

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study.
\section*{Acknowledgement}I am very grateful to Dean Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital \& ResearchCentre, Salod, Wardha for giving me the opportunity.
    

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