\documentclass[twocolumn,twoside]{article}
\makeatletter\if@twocolumn\PassOptionsToPackage{switch}{lineno}\else\fi\makeatother

\usepackage{amsfonts,amssymb,amsbsy,latexsym,amsmath,tabulary,graphicx,times,xcolor}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Following additional macros are required to function some 
% functions which are not available in the class used.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\usepackage{url,multirow,morefloats,floatflt,cancel,tfrupee}
\makeatletter


\AtBeginDocument{\@ifpackageloaded{textcomp}{}{\usepackage{textcomp}}}
\makeatother
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{pifont}
\usepackage[nointegrals]{wasysym}
\urlstyle{rm}
\makeatletter

%%%For Table column width calculation.
\def\mcWidth#1{\csname TY@F#1\endcsname+\tabcolsep}

%%Hacking center and right align for table
\def\cAlignHack{\rightskip\@flushglue\leftskip\@flushglue\parindent\z@\parfillskip\z@skip}
\def\rAlignHack{\rightskip\z@skip\leftskip\@flushglue \parindent\z@\parfillskip\z@skip}

%Etal definition in references
\@ifundefined{etal}{\def\etal{\textit{et~al}}}{}


%\if@twocolumn\usepackage{dblfloatfix}\fi
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex\else\if@twocolumn\@ifpackageloaded{stfloats}{}{\usepackage{dblfloatfix}}\fi\fi

\AtBeginDocument{
\expandafter\ifx\csname eqalign\endcsname\relax
\def\eqalign#1{\null\vcenter{\def\\{\cr}\openup\jot\m@th
  \ialign{\strut$\displaystyle{##}$\hfil&$\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfil
      \crcr#1\crcr}}\,}
\fi
}

%For fixing hardfail when unicode letters appear inside table with endfloat
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifpackageloaded{endfloat}%
   {\renewcommand\efloat@iwrite[1]{\immediate\expandafter\protected@write\csname efloat@post#1\endcsname{}}}{\newif\ifefloat@tables}%
}%

\def\BreakURLText#1{\@tfor\brk@tempa:=#1\do{\brk@tempa\hskip0pt}}
\let\lt=<
\let\gt=>
\def\processVert{\ifmmode|\else\textbar\fi}
\let\processvert\processVert

\@ifundefined{subparagraph}{
\def\subparagraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{5}{2\parindent}{0ex plus 0.1ex minus 0.1ex}%
{0ex}{\normalfont\small\itshape}}%
}{}

% These are now gobbled, so won't appear in the PDF.
\newcommand\role[1]{\unskip}
\newcommand\aucollab[1]{\unskip}
  
\@ifundefined{tsGraphicsScaleX}{\gdef\tsGraphicsScaleX{1}}{}
\@ifundefined{tsGraphicsScaleY}{\gdef\tsGraphicsScaleY{.9}}{}
% To automatically resize figures to fit inside the text area
\def\checkGraphicsWidth{\ifdim\Gin@nat@width>\linewidth
	\tsGraphicsScaleX\linewidth\else\Gin@nat@width\fi}

\def\checkGraphicsHeight{\ifdim\Gin@nat@height>.9\textheight
	\tsGraphicsScaleY\textheight\else\Gin@nat@height\fi}

\def\fixFloatSize#1{}%\@ifundefined{processdelayedfloats}{\setbox0=\hbox{\includegraphics{#1}}\ifnum\wd0<\columnwidth\relax\renewenvironment{figure*}{\begin{figure}}{\end{figure}}\fi}{}}
\let\ts@includegraphics\includegraphics

\def\inlinegraphic[#1]#2{{\edef\@tempa{#1}\edef\baseline@shift{\ifx\@tempa\@empty0\else#1\fi}\edef\tempZ{\the\numexpr(\numexpr(\baseline@shift*\f@size/100))}\protect\raisebox{\tempZ pt}{\ts@includegraphics{#2}}}}

%\renewcommand{\includegraphics}[1]{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth]{#1}}
\AtBeginDocument{\def\includegraphics{\@ifnextchar[{\ts@includegraphics}{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth,height=\checkGraphicsHeight,keepaspectratio]}}}

\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathpzc}{OT1}{pzc}{m}{it}

\def\URL#1#2{\@ifundefined{href}{#2}{\href{#1}{#2}}}

%%For url break
\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~\do\'\do\"\do\-}%
\g@addto@macro{\UrlBreaks}{\UrlOrds}



\edef\fntEncoding{\f@encoding}
\def\EUoneEnc{EU1}
\makeatother
\def\floatpagefraction{0.8} 
\def\dblfloatpagefraction{0.8}
\def\style#1#2{#2}
\def\xxxguillemotleft{\fontencoding{T1}\selectfont\guillemotleft}
\def\xxxguillemotright{\fontencoding{T1}\selectfont\guillemotright}

\newif\ifmultipleabstract\multipleabstractfalse%
\newenvironment{typesetAbstractGroup}{}{}%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\usepackage[authoryear]{natbib}



\newif\ifnokeywords\nokeywordsfalse

\makeatletter\input{size10-pointfive.clo}\makeatother%
\definecolor{kwdboxcolor}{RGB}{242,242,242}
\usepackage[hidelinks,colorlinks=true,allcolors=blue]{hyperref}
\linespread{1}                 
\def\floatpagefraction{0.8}

\usepackage[paperheight=11.69in,paperwidth=8.26in,top=1in,bottom=1in,left=1in,right=.75in,headsep=24pt]{geometry}

\usepackage{multirow-custom}

\makeatletter

\def\hlinewd#1{%
  \noalign{\ifnum0=`}\fi\hrule \@height #1%
  \futurelet\reserved@a\@xhline}
\def\tbltoprule{\hlinewd{1pt}\\[-14pt]}
\def\tblbottomrule{\noalign{\vspace*{6pt}}\hline\noalign{\vspace*{2pt}}}
\def\tblmidrule{\hline\noalign{\vspace*{2pt}}}



\let\@articleType\@empty
\let\@journalDoi\@empty
\let\@journalVolume\@empty
\let\@journalIssue\@empty
\let\@crossMarkLink\@empty
\let\@receivedDate\@empty
\let\@acceptedDate\@empty
\let\@revisedDate\@empty
\let\@publishedDate\@empty
\let\@copyrightYear\@empty
\let\@firstPage\@empty
\def\articleType#1{\gdef\@articleType{#1}}
\def\journalDoi#1{\gdef\@journalDoi{#1}}
\def\crossMarkLink#1{\gdef\@crossMarkLink{#1}}
\def\receivedDate#1{\gdef\@receivedDate{#1}}
\def\acceptedDate#1{\gdef\@acceptedDate{#1}}
\def\revisedDate#1{\gdef\@revisedDate{#1}}
\def\publishedDate#1{\gdef\@publishedDate{#1}}
\def\copyrightYear#1{\gdef\@copyrightYear{#1}}
\def\journalVolume#1{\gdef\@journalVolume{#1}}
\def\journalIssue#1{\gdef\@journalIssue{#1}}
\def\firstPage#1{\gdef\@firstPage{#1}}
\let\@issuelogo\@empty%
\let\@issuelogoex\@empty%
\def\issuelogo#1{\gdef\@issuelogo{#1}}
\def\issuelogoex#1{\gdef\@issuelogoex{#1}}


\def\author#1{%
  \gdef\@author{%
    \hskip-\dimexpr(\tabcolsep)\hskip5pt%
    \parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-1pt}%
    {\fontsize{11}{13}\selectfont\raggedright #1}%
  }%
}


\usepackage{pharmascope-abs}
\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{lastpage}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage[noindentafter,explicit]{titlesec}
\usepackage{fontspec}

\setmainfont[%
BoldFont=cambriab.ttf,%
ItalicFont=CAMBRIAI.TTF,%
BoldItalicFont=CAMBRIAZ.TTF]{Cambria.ttf}
\lefthyphenmin = 3

\def\title#1{%
  \gdef\@title{%
      \vspace*{-40pt}%
       \ifx\@articleType\@empty\else{\fontsize{10}{12}\scshape\selectfont\hspace{8pt}\@articleType\hfill\mbox{}\par\vspace{2pt}}\fi%
       \minipage{\linewidth}
         \hrulefill\\[-0.7pt]%%{\includegraphics[width=75pt,height=50pt]{ijrps_logo.png}}\hfill
         \mbox{~}\hspace{5pt}\parbox{.1\linewidth}{\IfFileExists{images/\@issuelogo.\@issuelogoex}{\includegraphics[width=79pt,height=61pt]{images/\@issuelogo.\@issuelogoex}}{\includegraphics[width=75pt,height=50pt]{ijrps_logo.png}}}\hfill
         \fcolorbox{kwdboxcolor}{kwdboxcolor}{\parbox{.792\linewidth}{%
          \begin{center}\fontsize{17}{17}\selectfont\scshape\vskip-7pt International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences\hfill\end{center}%
          \vspace*{-10pt}\hspace*{4pt}{\fontsize{8}{9}\selectfont Published by JK Welfare \& Pharmascope Foundation\hfill  Journal Home Page: \href{www.ijrps.com}{\color{blue}\underline{\smash{www.ijrps.com}}}}\hspace*{4pt}\mbox{}}}%
       \par\vspace*{-1pt}\rule{\linewidth}{1.3pt}%
       \endminipage%
    \par\vspace*{9.2pt}\parbox{.98\linewidth}{\linespread{.9}\raggedright\fontsize{14}{17}\selectfont #1}%
    \vspace*{-8pt}%
  }
}


\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
\setlength{\parskip}{0.4pc plus 1pt minus 1pt}

\def\abbrvJournalTitle{Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci.}

\fancypagestyle{headings}{%
  \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}%
  \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.3pt}
  \fancyhf{}%
  \fancyhead[R]{%
    \fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\RunningAuthor,\ \abbrvJournalTitle,\ \ifx\@journalVolume\@empty X\else\@journalVolume\fi%
    \ifx\@journalIssue\@empty\else(\@journalIssue)\fi%
    ,\ \ifx\@firstPage\@empty 1\else\@firstPage\fi-\pageref*{LastPage}%
  }%
  \fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\textcopyright\ International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}%
  \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\thepage}
}\pagestyle{headings}

                                                         
\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
  \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}%
  \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.3pt}%
  \fancyhf{}%
  \fancyhead[R]{%
    \fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\RunningAuthor,\ \abbrvJournalTitle,\ \ifx\@journalVolume\@empty X\else\@journalVolume\fi%
    \ifx\@journalIssue\@empty\else(\@journalIssue)\fi%
    ,\ \ifx\@firstPage\@empty 1\else\@firstPage\fi-\pageref*{LastPage}%
  }%
  \fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\textcopyright\ International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}%
  \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\thepage}
  \ifx\@firstPage\@empty\else\setcounter{page}{\@firstPage}\fi
}


\def\NormalBaseline{\def\baselinestretch{1.1}}
\usepackage{textcase}
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{0}

\titleformat{\section}[block]{\bfseries\boldmath\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{13}\selectfont}
{\thesection}
{6pt}
{\MakeTextUppercase{#1}}
[]
\titleformat{\subsection}[block]{\bfseries\boldmath\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubsection}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\subsubsection}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubsubsection}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\paragraph}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{10}\selectfont}
{\theparagraph}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\subparagraph}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubparagraph}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\paragraph}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subparagraph}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}

\captionsetup[figure]{skip=1.4pt,font=bf,labelsep=colon,justification=raggedright,singlelinecheck=false}
\captionsetup[table]{skip=1.4pt,font=bf,labelsep=colon,justification=raggedright,singlelinecheck=false}

\def\bibyear#1{#1}
%\def\bibjtitle#1{#1}   %%Publisher request
\def\bibauand{}
\setlength\bibsep{3pt}
\setlength\bibhang{8pt}

\makeatother
\date{}


\usepackage{float}

\begin{document}


\def\RunningAuthor{Insanu M et al.}
\firstPage{921}
\articleType{Review Article}
\receivedDate{21 May 2020}
\acceptedDate{17 Sep 2020}
\revisedDate{10 Aug 2020}
\journalVolume{2020, 11 (SPL4)}
\journalDoi{ijrps.v11iSPL4.4225}
\copyrightYear{2020}
\def\authorCount{3}
\def\affCount{1}

\def\journalTitle{International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}

\title{A Review of the Phytochemical Compounds and Pharmacological Activities from Selected Ficus Plants}
\author{Insanu~M\textsuperscript{*},  
            Santoso~F~R~C, 
            Fidrianny~I~\\[5pt]{Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung-40132, Indonesia}}

\begin{abstract}
The Ficus genus belongs to the Moraceae family were used for medicinal purposes. Distributed in America, Asia, Africa, and Australia, there were sixteen species accepted in Indonesia. They were \textit{Ficus callosa, Ficus melinocarpa, Ficus elastica, Ficus drupaceae, Ficus geocarpa, Ficus Superba, Ficus heteropoda, Ficus fistulosa, Ficus hirta, Ficus ampelas, Ficus adenosperma, Ficus ardisioides, Ficus consociate, Ficus ribes, Ficus lyrata, Ficus virens Aiton}. This article reviewed the scientific work of the Ficus genus. Their traditional usage, phytochemical compounds, and pharmacological activity were summarized. This study aims at providing a collection of publications on selected species of Ficus genus. A critical review of the literature data revealed secondary metabolite like triterpenoid, steroid, saponin, flavonoid, phenolic compound and alkaloid were found in some species of Ficus. Some pure compounds such as quercetin,  quercetin 3-O-\ensuremath{\alpha }-L-arabinopyranoside, epilupeol acetate, oleanolic acid, friedelin, elastiquinone,  pinocembrin-7-O-\ensuremath{\beta }-D-glucoside, and ficusoside B were isolated. A wide range of pharmacological activities was observed. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antiparasitic, cytotoxic, and antimalarial were found in previous researches. Ficus genus was potential to be developed as a medicinal plant.
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Ficus,\newline Moraceae,\newline Traditional,\newline Phytochemical
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Insanu~M~\\ Phone:\ +62-222504852~\\  Email:\ muhamad.insanu@gmail.com
        \par}\vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\par{\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont ISSN: 0975-7538}\par% 
        \textsc{DOI:}\ \href{https://doi.org/10.26452/\@journalDoi}{\textcolor{blue}{\underline{\smash{https://doi.org/10.26452/\@journalDoi}}}}\par%
        \vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\\{\fontsize{9.12}{10.12}\selectfont Production and Hosted by}\par{IJRPS |~\href{www.ijrps.com}{www.ijrps.com}}\par%
        \vspace*{-2pt}{\fontsize{9.12}{10.12}\selectfont\textcopyright\ \@copyrightYear\ $|$ All rights reserved.}\par%
        \vspace*{-11pt}\rule{\linewidth}{1.2pt}
        \makeatother
        
    
\section{Introduction}
Family Moraceae consists of over 50 genera and nearly 1400 species distributed in the tropical and subtropical region as American, Asia, Afrika, and Australia \unskip~\citep{879140:20269758}. Ficus is one large family plant comprises of over 800 species \unskip~\citep{879140:20269722} and one of about 40 genera of mulberry family Moraceae \unskip~\citep{879140:20269721}. Twenty-two species were recorded in Indonesian, among which 16 are accepted name and six synonyms, which are all deciduous plants, and most are essentially hemi-epiphytic. Ficus plant species can be edible food and traditional medicine to improve the human health of about ten thousand years. Several species used were recorded in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine \unskip~\citep{879140:20269731}. People who live at Xishuangbanna in Southwest China consumed Ficus leaves as wild vegetables by the ethnic group. Ficus have many edible species such as \textit{Ficus virens Ait var. sublanceolata } (Miq.) Corner, \textit{Ficus auriculata } Lour., \textit{Ficus vasculosa } Wall ex Miq\textit{.}, \textit{Ficus callosa } Willd, \textit{Ficus virens Ait var. verins}, \textit{Ficus racemosa } L. and \textit{Ficus oligodon } Miq \unskip~\citep{879140:20269744}\textit{.} \textit{\space }


\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Traditional uses of Ficus genus in Pakistan} }
\label{tw-544f2cfab134}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.18009999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.18830000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2133\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2183\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Ficus species & Local name & Plant Part & Traditional uses & \\
\tblmidrule 
\textit{F. elastica} &
  rabber plant &
  bark, fruits and leaves &
  Enlargement of liver and spleen, dysentery, diarrhea, diabetes, leprosy, lung complaints, leucorrhoea, heart diseases, cough, asthma, piles, ulcers, gonorrhea, rheumatism and for different skin diseases  &
  \unskip~\citep{879140:20269737,879140:20269748}\\
\textit{F. lyrata} &
  beeri patta &
  whole plant &
  Gastrointestinal problems, anthelmintic, diabetes, anti- tumor activity, asthma, cough, sexual disorders, diarrhea, ear-ache and toothache, migraine, eye troubles, scabies, gonorrhea, bleeding, paralysis, bone fracture, antiseptic and astringent  &
  \unskip~\citep{879140:20269737}. \\
\textit{F. virens} &
  jangli pipit &
  leaves, fruit and bark &
  Diabetes, ulcer, menstrual disorder, leucorrhea &
  \unskip~\citep{879140:20269723}\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {IC\ensuremath{_{50}} from various extracts of Ficus species} }
\label{tw-ddeb94ef938e}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1669\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.19\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.18669999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.21490000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2415\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Ficus species  & Plant Part  & Extract  & IC\ensuremath{_{50\ }} & Ref. \\
\tblmidrule 
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.1669\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{3}{\linewidth}{\textit{F. carica}}} &
  \multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.19\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{2}{\linewidth}{Leaves}} &
  Water &
  76.38 mg/ml  &
  \unskip~\citep{879140:20269752}. \\
 &
   &
  Methanol &
  275.23 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml  &
  \unskip~\citep{879140:20269711}\\
 &
  Fruits &
  Water &
  33.38 mg/ml  &
  \unskip~\citep{879140:20269752}. \\
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.1669\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{2}{\linewidth}{\textit{F. pareintalis}}} &
  Leaves  &
  Water &
  44.01 mg/ml  &
  \multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.2415\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{2}{\linewidth}{\unskip~\citep{879140:20269752}. }}\\
 &
  Fruits &
  Water &
  35.69 mg/ml  &
  \\
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.1669\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{2}{\linewidth}{\textit{F. deltoidea}}} &
  \multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.19\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{2}{\linewidth}{Leaves }} &
  Methanol  &
  111.2 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml  &
  \unskip~\citep{879140:20269735}.\\
 &
   &
  Ethanol &
  16.5 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml  &
  \unskip~\citep{879140:20269747}\\
\textit{F. maclellandii} &
  Fruits &
  Ethanol &
  210.3 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml  &
  \multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.2415\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{2}{\linewidth}{\unskip~\citep{879140:20269746}}}\\
\textit{F. racemosa} &
  Fruits &
  Ethanol &
  228.4 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml  &
  \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Antimicrobial activity of Ficus genus} }
\label{tw-91ea3285f196}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1767\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.11599999999999994\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.12120000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.26160000000000004\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3245\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\textit{Ficus} species & Plant Part & Extract & Bacterial/Fungi & \\
\tblmidrule 
\textit{F. callosa} &
  Leaves &
  Methanol &
  \textit{Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis} &
  \multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.3245\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{2}{\linewidth}{\unskip~\citep{879140:20269754}}}\\
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.1767\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{3}{\linewidth}{\textit{F. drupacea}}} &
  Leaves &
  Methanol &
  \textit{E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis} &
  \\
 &
  \multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.11599999999999994\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{2}{\linewidth}{Stem bark}} &
  \multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.12120000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{2}{\linewidth}{n-Hexane}} &
  \textit{Aspergillus flavus, A. versicolor, A. niger, A. ochraceus, Candida albicans, Penicillium funiculosum, P. ochrochloron} &
  \multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.3245\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{2}{\linewidth}{\unskip~\citep{879140:20269757}}}\\
 &
   &
   &
  \textit{B. cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Micrococcus flavus, S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae} &
  \\
\textit{F. melinocarpa} &
  Leaves &
  Methanol &
  \textit{S. aureus, B. subtilis} &
  \multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.3245\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{4}{\linewidth}{\unskip~\citep{879140:20269754}}}\\
\textit{F. geocarpa} &
  Leaves &
  Methanol &
  \textit{E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis} &
  \\
\textit{F. consociata} &
  Leaves &
  Methanol &
  \textit{E. coli, S.aureus, B. subtilis} &
  \\
\textit{F. ribes} &
  Leaves &
  Methanol &
  \textit{E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis} &
  \\
\textit{F. ardisioides} &
  Leaves &
  Methanol &
  \textit{E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis} &
  \multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.3245\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{3}{\linewidth}{\unskip~\citep{879140:20269754}}}\\
\textit{F. heteropoda} &
  Leaves &
  Methanol &
  \textit{S. aureus, B. subtilis} &
  \\
\textit{F. hirta} &
  Leaves &
  Methanol &
  \textit{S. aureus } &
  \\
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.1767\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{2}{\linewidth}{\textit{F. elastica}}} &
  Roots &
  Methanol &
  \textit{S. aureus, E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia stuartii, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans} &
  \unskip~\citep{879140:20269748}\\
 &
  Root barks &
  MeOH/ CHCl3 &
  \textit{Enterococcus faecalis, S. aureus, S. saprophyticus, S. epidermididis, Trichophyton rubrum, C. albican, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and S. typhi} &
  \unskip~\citep{879140:20269733}\\
\textit{F. fistulosa} &
  Leaves &
  Methanol, Water &
  \textit{E. coli, E. coli mutants, } \mbox{}\protect\newline \textit{S. aureus, B. subtilis, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosae} &
  \unskip~\citep{879140:20269741}\\
\textit{F. hirta} &
  Fruits &
  Ethanol &
  \textit{Penicillium italicum} &
  \unskip~\citep{879140:20269753}\\
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.1767\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{2}{\linewidth}{\textit{F. lyrata}}} &
  Latex &
  Ethyl acetate &
  \textit{C. albicans} &
  \unskip~\citep{879140:20269712}\\
 &
  Leaves &
  Ethanol &
  \textit{S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, S. pneumoniae} &
  \unskip~\citep{879140:20269751}\\
\textit{F. carica} &
  Leaves &
  Ethanol &
  \textit{E. coli, P. aeruginosa, MRSA, S. aureus} &
  \unskip~\citep{879140:20269750}\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Cytotoxic activity of isolated compound} }
\label{tw-38f172b0a55e}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1863\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.13370000000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}{\multirow{2}{*}{Compounds}} & \multicolumn{5}{p{\dimexpr(.8137\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\cAlignHack Tumor cell line (IC\ensuremath{_{50}} \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml)}\\
\rowcolor{kwdboxcolor} & HeLa & MCF-7 & Jurkat & HT-29 & T24\\
\tblmidrule 
Oleanolic acid &
  20.38 \ensuremath{\pm} 2.6 &
  16.28 \ensuremath{\pm} 1.3 &
  21.17 \ensuremath{\pm} 2.2 &
  25.58 \ensuremath{\pm} 1.3 &
  27.61 \ensuremath{\pm} 1.3\\
Friedelin &
  20.42 \ensuremath{\pm} 2.3 &
  22.81 \ensuremath{\pm} 2.1 &
  29.15 \ensuremath{\pm} 2.3 &
  37.21 \ensuremath{\pm} 3.61 &
  12.81 \ensuremath{\pm} 1.4\\
Epilupeol acetate &
  15.16 \ensuremath{\pm} 1.6 &
  20.03 \ensuremath{\pm} 3.2 &
  19.64 \ensuremath{\pm} 2.6 &
  26.21 \ensuremath{\pm} 1.7 &
  58.26 \ensuremath{\pm} 2.3\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}
\textbf{Traditional uses}

Several of Ficus plants have been applied in traditional medicine for many countries. Thailand people used fresh young leaves of leab (\textit{F. Superba) } and phak huead Daeng (\textit{F. virens) } as a vegetable as a curry or used in a salad \unskip~\citep{879140:20269714}. The Ayurveda book recorded that traditional people use bark, latex, leaves and fruit of F. virens Aiton for vertigo, blood diseases, diabetes, rheumatism and antioxidant \unskip~\citep{879140:20269708}. People in Vanuatu used latex from leaves of \textit{F. adenosperma} for menorrhagia; this plant is added to the coconut water \unskip~\citep{879140:20269713}. Different from people in Papua New Guinea, used for sores and scabies, but fresh roots of \textit{F. adenosperma} is chewed to treat malaria \unskip~\citep{879140:20269728}. In Vietnam, leaves of \textit{F. drupaceae} is taken to treat malaria, paragonimiasis, nasosinusitis, sinusitis, and anasarca \unskip~\citep{879140:20269730}. Still, the leaves, roots and bark from \textit{F. microcarpa} were applied to reduce fever and anti-inflammatory. The usage of Ficus species in Pakistan for traditional medicine can be seen in Table~\ref{tw-544f2cfab134}.

Many kinds of Ficus have been used in Indonesian culture like leaves of uyah-uyah (\textit{F. quercifolia}) to treat skin disease in Balinese people. Gayo ethnic used leaves of leng (\textit{F. deltoidea}) for aphrodisiac like Sundanese people. Another kind of Ficus, fruits of amis Mata (\textit{Ficus Montana}) is used by Sundanese ethnic to treat urinary stones. \textit{Ficus fistulosa} leaves also are used to treat wounds by sharp objects and for anthelmintic in Sumba people. The bark of \textit{Ficus septic } is used for sprue, but the leaves can use for mothers who have just given birth. 


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/4bf3bcd6-5b6f-4de3-9b06-31b7cf3875b9-upicture1.png}
\begin{figure*}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/4bf3bcd6-5b6f-4de3-9b06-31b7cf3875b9-upicture1.png}{\includegraphics{images/4bf3bcd6-5b6f-4de3-9b06-31b7cf3875b9-upicture1.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Structure of chemical compounds isolated from Ficus genus}}
\label{f-367346fd44ce}
\end{figure*}
\egroup
\textbf{Phytochemical compound}

Phytochemical screening found that many secondary metabolites such as flavonoid and phenolic compound, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, kaemferol, quercetin and leucoanthocyanins frequently occurred in leaves. Triterpenoid \unskip~\citep{879140:20269715,879140:20269719}, steroid, flavonoid \unskip~\citep{879140:20269725}, lignin \unskip~\citep{879140:20269729}, saponin, and alkaloid were known from some species of Ficus \unskip~\citep{879140:20269710}. The structure of some phytochemical compound is shown in Figure~\ref{f-367346fd44ce}.

Flavonoid was discovered in all Ficus genus, and several isolates were found from methanol extract of \textit{F. callosa} leaves as megastigmane glycoside, ficalloside \unskip~\citep{879140:20269726}. Quercetin, quercetin-3-O-\ensuremath{\alpha }-D-arabinopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-\ensuremath{\beta }-D- galactopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-\ensuremath{\alpha }-D-arabinopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-\ensuremath{\beta }-D- galactopyranoside, and vogelin J. were obtained from methanol extract of \textit{F. virens Aiton}\unskip~\citep{879140:20269739}. Other biochemical compounds from stem bark extracts of \textit{F. drupaceae} included \ensuremath{\beta }-amyrin, \ensuremath{\beta } -sitosterol-3-O- \ensuremath{\beta }-D-glucopyranoside, 5-O-methyllatifolin, oleanolic acid, epifriedelanol, friedelin and epilupeol acetate were isolated and identified \unskip~\citep{879140:20269757}. 

Chemical investigation of the ethyl acetate extract of \textit{F. consociata} leaves led to the isolation and structural elucidation of seven compounds. They were luteolin, cirsiliol, isoquercetin, quercetin 3-O-\ensuremath{\alpha }-L-arabinopyranoside, nikotoflorin, hesperidin, and (2E,4E,1'S,2'R,4'S,6'R)- dihydrophaseic acid \unskip~\citep{879140:20269716}. Ursolic acid and oleanolic acid were isolated from the dichloromethane extract \textit{F. ampelas. } Butyrospermol cinnamate and isolation of lutein from leaves of \textit{F. ampelas} were also exposed \unskip~\citep{879140:20269740}.

Methanol extract roots of \textit{Ficus elastic} contained steroidal glucosides called as sitosteryl 3-O-\ensuremath{\beta }-D-glucopyranoside, elasticamide, and the highest antimicrobial are elastiquinone, ficusoside B \unskip~\citep{879140:20269748},  ficusamide, and elasticoside \unskip~\citep{879140:20269733}. Pinocembrin-7-O-\ensuremath{\beta }-D-glucoside, in the ethanol extract of \textit{F. hirta} fruits, had antifungal activity \unskip~\citep{879140:20269753}.

\textbf{Pharmacological activities}

Pharmacological activities of some Ficus species were shown in the explanation below:

\textbf{Antioxidant Activity}

Ethanol extract of young leaves of \textit{F. virens Aiton} and \textit{Ficus callosa} had antioxidant activity with DPPH and ABTS assays, which IC\ensuremath{_{50}} of DPPH\textit{ F. virens } Aiton was 0.34 mg/ml, and IC\ensuremath{_{50}} of ABTS 0.23 mg/ml. It was different with \textit{F. callosa}, IC\ensuremath{_{50}} of DPPH 0.95 mg/ml, and ABTS 0.35 mg/ml. \textit{F. virens Aiton} had higher flavonoid and phenolic compounds, which correlated with its antioxidant activity \unskip~\citep{879140:20269744}. 

Quercetin from methanol leaves extract of \textit{F. virens Aiton} was the most active DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC\ensuremath{_{50}} 14 \ensuremath{\pm} 1.12 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml \unskip~\citep{879140:20269739}. \unskip~\citep{879140:20269717}, reported that ethanol extract of \textit{F. elastic } gave antioxidant activity with EC\ensuremath{_{50\ }} DPPH 6.4166 mg/ml and 0.0768 mg/ml with ABTS. Ficuselastic acid and (1'S,6'R)-8-O-\ensuremath{\beta }-D- glucopyranosyl abscisate sodium showed antioxidant activity \unskip~\citep{879140:20269727}. The methanol extract of leaves of \textit{Ficus fistulosa} presented IC\ensuremath{_{50}} DPPH 16.66 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml \unskip~\citep{879140:20269741}. 

Some Ficus from other country had antioxidant compounds, such as C-glycosylflavone from ethanolic leaves extract of \textit{F. microcarpa}\unskip~\citep{879140:20269725}, and aqueous roots extracts of \textit{F. beecheyana}\unskip~\citep{879140:20269756}. Philippines peoples used antioxidants from the ethanol extract of leaves and fruits of \textit{F. nota }\unskip~\citep{879140:20269742}. \textit{F. sur} is a traditional medicine from Togo, had antioxidant activity for the whole plant, the highest activity was given by ethanolic bark extract (56.50 \ensuremath{\pm} 0.29 \ensuremath{\mu}g QE/mg), and the ripe fruit had lowest activity (7.3 \ensuremath{\pm} 0.30 \ensuremath{\mu}g QE/mg) \unskip~\citep{879140:20269743}. The old leaves of \textit{F. deltoidea} had more potent antioxidant activity than the fresh leaves \unskip~\citep{879140:20269732}. The value of IC\ensuremath{_{50}} from other extracts of Ficus species are reported in Table~\ref{tw-ddeb94ef938e}. 

\textbf{Antiparasitic Activity}

Methanol roots extract of \textit{Ficus elastica} exhibited antiparasitic activity against \textit{Trypanosoma brucei}, with IC\ensuremath{_{50}} 0.9 \ensuremath{\mu}g/mL \unskip~\citep{879140:20269748}. The antischistosomal activity was shown by ether latex extract of \textit{F. elastica} (after washing off toxic rubber materials) \unskip~\citep{879140:20269745}. 

\textbf{Antimalarial Activity}

The methanol extract of \textit{F. elastica} roots demonstrated plasmocidal activity (IC\ensuremath{_{50}} 9.5 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml) against \textit{Plasmodium falciparum} strain 3D7 \unskip~\citep{879140:20269748}. 

\textbf{Antimicrobial Activity}

The antimicrobial activity of Ficus species has been evaluated by the agar diffusion method. It can be proposed that flavonoids, triterpenoid, and steroid had antimicrobial activities \unskip~\citep{879140:20269755}\textit{.} Ficus species showed antimicrobial activity against at least one bacteria, which can be seen in Table~\ref{tw-91ea3285f196}.

\textbf{Antiviral Activity}

Antiviral activity \textit{in vitro} of flavonoids, which was found from \textit{F. virens Aiton} on Coxsackie B4 (CVB4), and hepatitis A virus (HAV) were also carried out. Antiviral activities were also given by quercetin and quercetin-3-O-\ensuremath{\beta }-D- galactopyranoside isolated from \textit{F. virens Aiton. } It was tested\textit{\space } by 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Quercetin gave the highest inhibitory activity (20.3\%) on CVB4; meanwhile, quercetin-3-O-\ensuremath{\beta }-D- galactopyranoside presented the highest inhibitory activity (12.3\%) on HAV \unskip~\citep{879140:20269739}. 

\textit{F. fistulosa} leaves extract showed antiviral activity (IC\ensuremath{_{50}} 15.0 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml) against HCV J6/JFH1-P47 strain and HCV J6/JFH1-P1 strain with IC\ensuremath{_{50\ }} 5.7 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml. The chloroform fraction had an anti-HCV activity with IC\ensuremath{_{50}} 5.67 \ensuremath{\pm} 1.54 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml, while butanol fraction gave lower activity (IC\ensuremath{_{50}} 74.10 \ensuremath{\pm} 18.24 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml) \unskip~\citep{879140:20269720}. Methanol leaves extract of \textit{F. septica } had antiviral activity against Dengue virus (DENV-1 and DENV-2) with IC\ensuremath{_{50\ }} 13.3\ensuremath{\pm}2.6 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml and 10.6\ensuremath{\pm}1.1 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml \unskip~\citep{879140:20269724}. 

\textbf{Cytotoxic Activity}

Flavonoid compounds are the secondary metabolites responsible for pharmacological activity in Ficus species. The flavonoid from \textit{F. virens Aiton} showed low cytotoxic activity in Vero cells by the MTT method \unskip~\citep{879140:20269739}.  The ethanol leaves extract of \textit{F. fistulosa} had cytotoxicity concentration (CC\ensuremath{_{50}}) {\textgreater}200 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml, which was not toxic, while butanol and chloroform fractions gave  CC\ensuremath{_{50}} {\textgreater}100 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml \unskip~\citep{879140:20269720}. The methanol extract of \textit{F. septica } root inhibited nasopharyngeal carcinoma (HONE-1) and gastric adenocarcinoma (NUGC) cell \unskip~\citep{879140:20269718} while the ethanolic extract of roots from \textit{F. beecheyana} inhibited HL-60 cell \unskip~\citep{879140:20269756}. 

Ficusamide is an isolated compound from \textit{F. elastica} that had medium cytotoxic activity on A-549 lung cancer \unskip~\citep{879140:20269733}. Other compounds from \textit{F. elastica} showed weak cytotoxic activity (IC\ensuremath{_{50}} values 20 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml) on HeLa cell \unskip~\citep{879140:20269748}. Meanwhile, compounds from \textit{F. drupacea} stem barks demonstrated the highest antiproliferative activities against most cancer cells, are reported in Table~\ref{tw-38f172b0a55e}\unskip~\citep{879140:20269757}. 

\textbf{Other Pharmacological Activities}

Methanol fruit extract of \textit{Ficus carica} with a concentration of 924 \ensuremath{\mu}mol/l reduced 54\% the formation of uric acid in mice, which injected with potassium oxonate \unskip~\citep{879140:20269736}. \textit{F. carica} leaves showed oedema inhibitory activity (anti-inflammatory) in rats induced by carrageenan as much as 48.8\% \unskip~\citep{879140:20269709}. Previous research demonstrated that ethanolic fruit extract of \textit{F. carica } could\textit{\space } inhibit \ensuremath{\alpha }-glucosidase, \ensuremath{\alpha }-amylase, and pancreatic lipase \unskip~\citep{879140:20269738}. 
    
\section{Conclusions}
We summarized the traditional usage, phytochemical compounds, and pharmacological activity of selected Ficus plants. Based on the literature review was reported that most of the species were used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries such as Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Vietnam, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vanuatu. Some species of the Ficus genus need further research on pharmacological activities, based on mechanisms and chemical contents. 
\section*{Acknowledgement}The authors are thankful to the Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia, for providing the facilities. 

\textbf{Conflict Of Interest}

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest for this study.

\textbf{Funding Support}

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study.
    

\bibliographystyle{pharmascope_apa-custom}

\bibliography{\jobname}
\end{document}
