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\begin{document}


\def\RunningAuthor{Shweta Parwe et al.}
\firstPage{1116}
\articleType{Review Article}
\receivedDate{21 Aug 2020}
\acceptedDate{13 Oct 2020}
\revisedDate{01 Oct 2020}
\journalVolume{2020, 11 (SPL)}
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\journalDoi{ijrps.v11iSPL1.3552}
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\title{Review on Efficacy of Herbal Antiviral Drugs against COVID-19}
\author{Pooja~P.~Thakre\textsuperscript{1},  
            Vinod~Ade\textsuperscript{1}, 
            Shweta~Parwe\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{2}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Department of Kayachikitsa, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital \& Research Centre, Salod (H.), Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}Department of Panchakarma, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital \& Research Centre, Salod (H.), Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India}}

\begin{abstract}
Coronavirus disease (CoViD-19) is an infection of the respiratory system caused due to various viruses affects the respiratory pathway, and it can spread from one person to another by coughing, sneezing or physical contact. Commonly include cough, cold, fever are the symptoms. Viral diseases increase worldwide concern, including emerging and chronic viruses. The invention of new anti-viral drugs from plants has implicit in the past. The Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) caused due to severe acute respiratory syndrome, which is a transmittable and pathogenic viral infection. Several traditional medicines of plant origin having antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties some have been studied for their anti-viral properties and immune-modulating effects. Herbal drugs are now in massive requirement in the developing countries for primary health care not because of their economical but also for better civilising adequacy, improved compatibility with the human body and significantly fewer side effects. This review gives an overview of some critical traditionally used medicinal herbs with anti-viral properties{\textemdash}the literature regarding the drugs of this group, collected from Ayurveda classics. Research articles are collected from published material and discussed per therapeutic actions. Most of the Herbs are with \textit{Katu Rasa } (pungent) and \textit{Ushna Virya} (hot potency). They are indicated in diseases, viz. \textit{Kasa } (cough), \textit{Shwas} (asthma), \textit{Krumi} (worm/ infection). \textit{Krumihara} property drugs which are correlated with anti-viral action helps to prevent against Novel coronavirus infection. 
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}CoronaVirus,\newline Herbal anti-viral drug,\newline Anti-viral activity
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Shweta~Parwe~\\ Phone:\ ~\\  Email:\ shweta.parwe@dmimsu.edu.in
        \par}\vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\par{\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont ISSN: 0975-7538}\par% 
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        \vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\\{\fontsize{9.12}{10.12}\selectfont Production and Hosted by}\par{IJRPS |~\href{www.ijrps.com}{www.ijrps.com}}\par%
        \vspace*{-2pt}{\fontsize{9.12}{10.12}\selectfont\textcopyright\ \@copyrightYear\ $|$ All rights reserved.}\par%
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        \makeatother
        
    
\section{Introduction}
The Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is one of the transmittable viral infection. On the outer surface of coronavirus, there is crown-like spikes representation; thus named coronavirus. It is pathologically related to bat a virus which is a severe acute respiratory syndrome. The size of the coronavirus is 65-125mm in diameter and having nuclear material, single standard RNA \unskip~\citep{910101:20563014}.\ensuremath{^{}} The corona virus-infected people experience respiratory illness from mild to moderate. Mainly it is spread through salivary droplets or nose discharge of infected person while coughing or sneezing.

A viral disease increases worldwide concern, including emerging and chronic viruses. Due to the increase in viral infection globally, there is a need for effective anti-viral drugs. Nowadays, viral infections lead to danger and may cause death. Due to the metabolic properties of viruses, they become difficult to manage, and there is a lack of availability of drugs for the treatment of viral diseases \unskip~\citep{910101:20563022}. Common medications used against viral infections are often inadequate and create multiple side effects. In previous years, natural home remedies increase popularity in the field of medical science \unskip~\citep{910101:20563017}. Due to trouble-free access, cost-effectiveness, lack of side effects and good tolerability, herbal drugs are admired. For the treatment and prevention from viral respiratory infections (VRI), herbal medicine is very much useful. The effects and benefits of anti-viral herbs are discussed in details. Herbal drugs are having immune-stimulating and inflammation-modulating, which can help to prevent immune overreaction to infection. Herbal medicines continue to play an essential role in preventing and treating VRI. Because of the quick spreading of infection, treatment of coronavirus is done by using herbs. Due to lack of knowledge about the treatment and prevention regarding the infection, increased the worry about self protect from virus. 
    
\section{Materials and Methods}
\textbf{Data source}

The literature is collected from Ayurvedic text, new reference publication and Articles published for reviewing selected herbs. Published research works on individual herbs have been collected based on their therapeutic actions from net resources and reviewed.


\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {The anti-viral target of Plant Species against Corona Virus} }
\label{tw-bef317310db4}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{LLL}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Virus & Potential target & Susceptible to\\
\tblmidrule 
Corona Virus (HcoV, SARS CoV) (Coronaviridae) &
  Membrane Components &
  Echinacea (Asteraceae)\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Herbal Anti-viral drug and its action} }
\label{tw-7fccd4ffc9bc}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{LLLLLLL}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Drug  & Latin name & Taste  & Attributes  & Potency  & Biotransformation  & Action of drugs \\
\tblmidrule 
Tulsi  &
  Ocimum Sanctum &
  Pungent, bitter  &
  Light, dry  &
  Hot  &
  Pungent  &
  Krumighna \\
Akhuparni  &
  Merremia emarginata Hall.f.  &
  Tikta, Katu &
  Laghu, Ruksha, Tishna &
  Sheeta &
  Katu  &
  Krumighna \\
Kirattikta  &
  Swertia chirata Buch Ham &
  Tikta  &
  Laghu, Ruksha &
  Shita  &
  Katu  &
  Krumighna  \\
Haldi  &
  Curcuma longa Linn. &
  Tikta, Katu &
  Ruksha, Laghu &
  Ushna  &
  Katu  &
  Krumighna  \\
Vidanga  &
  Embella ribes Burm f &
  Katu, Kashaya &
  Tishna &
  Ushna  &
  Katu  &
  Krumighna  \\
Palash  &
  Butea monosperma Kuntz. &
  Katu, Tikta, Kashaya &
  Laghu, Snigdha &
  Ushna  &
  Katu  &
  Krumighna  \\
Ingudi  &
  Balanitis aegyptiaca  &
  Pungent, bitter &
  Light Snigdha  &
  Hot  &
  Bitter &
  Krumighna  \\
Sunthi  &
  Zingiber officinale &
  Bitter  &
  Dry, Tishna &
  Hot   &
  Sweet  &
  Krumighna  \\
Bhandira  &
  Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn. &
  Pungent  &
  Light, dry &
  Hot   &
  Bitter &
  Krumighna  \\
Kampillak  &
  Mallotus philippensis &
  Katu  &
  Laghu, Ruksha &
  Ushna  &
  Katu  &
  Krumighna  \\
Yasthimadhu  &
  Glyzeria glabra &
  Madhur  &
  Guru, Snigdha  &
  Shita  &
  Madhur  &
  Vishahara \\
Sugandhaka  &
  Leucas cephalotes \mbox{}\protect\newline Spreng. &
  Katu, Lavan  &
  Guru, Snigdha &
  Ushna  &
  Madhura  &
  Krumighna \\
Rajika  &
  Brassica juncea \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Pungent, bitter &
  Light, dry &
  Hot  &
  Bitter &
  Krumighna \\
Kampala  &
  Myrica nagi Thumb &
  Kashay, Katu, Tikta &
  Laghu, Tikshna  &
  Ushna  &
  Katu  &
  Krumighna \\
Nirgundi  &
  Vitex negundo  &
  Pungent  &
  Light, dry &
  Hot   &
  Bitter  &
  Krumighna \\
Bharangi  &
  Clerodendrum indicum &
  Pungent, bitter &
  Light, dry &
  Hot   &
  Bitter  &
  Krumighna \\
Kasamarda  &
  Cassia occidentalis  &
  Bitter, Madhur &
  Light, dry &
  Hot   &
  Bitter  &
  Krumighna \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Drugs and its property } }
\label{tw-1a02bc5ec133}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.14749999999999996\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.305\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.5475\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Sl.No  & Drugs  & Properties \\
\tblmidrule 
1. &
  Tulsi  &
  It has antibacterial, antifungal, anti-viral, abortifacient, antispasmodic, anti-cataract, antipyretic, gastric antiulcer activity, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumour, anti-genotoxic, anti-coagulase, nematicidal, larvicidal, antioxidant, anticancer, hypotensive properties [29]\\
2.  &
  Sugandhaka  &
  It has antipyretic, expectorant, depurative, anthelmintic, carminative, digestive action [30].\\
3. &
  Katphala  &
  It is indicated in fever, asthma, bronchitis, urinary discharge, chronic dysentery, ulcer, carminative, eye diseases [31].\\
4. &
  Undurukarnika  &
  Krumighna dashemani, useful in the kidney, bladder, lungs, uterus, abdomen diseases, helminthiasis, and fever [32] \\
5. &
  Nirgundi  &
  It has antibacterial, antifungal, anti-viral, abortifacient, antispasmodic, anti-cataract, antipyretic, gastric antiulcer activity, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumour, anti-genotoxic, anti-coagulase, nematicidal, larvicidal, antioxidant, anticancer, hypotensive properties [33]\\
6. &
  Vishmushtika  &
  Useful in the skin, reproductive, respiratory tract diseases, worm infestation and gum in splenic enlargement [34]\\
7. &
  Vidanga  &
  Useful in psychological disorders, fever, dental caries, asthma, bronchitis [35]\\
8. &
  Kakamachi  &
  Useful in rheumatisms, cough, asthma, bronchitis, wounds, ulcers, flatulence, and dyspepsia [36]\\
9. &
  Bharangi  &
  Indicated in helminthiasis, cough, asthma, bronchitis, flatulence, and dyspepsia [37]\\
10. &
  Rajika  &
  Useful in urinary discharge, helminthiasis, skin disease, fever [38]\\
11. &
  Kulahala  &
  Used as intelligence promoter and indicated in dysurea, helminthiasis/infection, Filariasis, cough, fever, haemorrhoids [39]\\
12. &
  Surasi  &
  Useful in diarrhoea, cholera, fever, haemorrhages, hepatopathy and cardiac disorders [40]\\
13. &
  Arjaka  &
  Useful in diabetes, dyspnoea and fever [41]\\
14. &
  Kasamarda  &
  Kasaghna (eliminate cough) [42]\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {The 26 Chinese herbals screened and the possible time for usage} }
\label{tw-927327271106}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{LLLL}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Sl. No  & Herbs & Standards  & Time is taken\\
\tblmidrule 
1 &
  Forsythia Fructus   &
  Antipyretic detoxifying  &
  Complete course\\
2 &
  Glycyrrhiza glabra  &
  Qi-reinforcing  &
  Full course\\
3 &
  Mori Cortex  &
  Antitussive antiasthmatics  &
  Full course\\
4 &
  Flos Chrysanthemi Indici  &
  Pungent, cool diaphoretics  &
  Full course\\
5 &
  Tussilago farfara L.  &
  Antitussive antiasthmatics  &
  Full course\\
6 &
  Lonicera japonica  &
  Antipyretic detoxifying drug  &
  Full course\\
7 &
  Chrysanthemum morifolium &
  Pungent, cool diaphoretics  &
  Full course\\
8 &
  Peucedani radix  &
  Phlegm-resolving medicine  &
  Full course\\
9 &
  Rhizoma fagopyri cymose  &
  Antipyretic detoxifying  &
  Full course\\
10 &
  Cacumen Tamaricis   &
  Pungent-warm exterior-releasing medicine &
  Early\\
11 &
  Erigeron breviscapinus  &
  Pungent-warm exterior-releasing medicine &
  Early\\
12 &
  Radix bupleuri  &
  Pungent, cool diaphoretics  &
  Early\\
13 &
  Coptidis rhizome  &
  Heat-clearing and dampness drying medicine  &
  Middle\\
14 &
  Houttuynia herba  &
  Antipyretic detoxifying &
  Middle \\
15 &
  Hovnanian dulcis semen  &
  Antipyretic detoxifying &
  Middle \\
16 &
  Inulae flos  &
  Phlegm resolving medicinal  &
  Middle and later\\
17 &
  Eriobotrya folium  &
  Antitussive antiasthmatics  &
  centre and later on\\
18 &
  Hedysarum multijugum maxim.  &
  Qi-reinforcing  &
  centre and later on\\
19 &
  Lepidii semen descurainiae semen  &
  Antitussive antiasthmatics &
  centre and later on\\
20 &
  Ardisiae japonicae herba  &
  Antitussive antiasthmatics &
  centre and later on\\
21 &
  Asteris radix et rhizome  &
  Antitussive antiasthmatics &
  Middle and later\\
22 &
  Euphorbiae helioscopiae herba  &
  Diuretic dampness-excreting  &
  centre and later on\\
23 &
  Ginkgo semen  &
  Antitussive antiasthmatics  &
  Middle and later\\
24 &
  Anemarrhenae rhizome  &
  flames removal &
  Later on \\
25 &
  Epimrdii herba  &
  Yang-reinforcing  &
  Later on\\
26 &
  Fortunes bossfern  &
  Warming internal &
  preclusion \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}
\textbf{Observation and result }

\textbf{Anti-viral }

The term anti-viral is the substance regarding virus or vaccine against virus or specific antibodies which can produce protective as well as therapeutic effect to apparent virus-infected host \unskip~\citep{910101:20563016}.

\textbf{Anti-viral substances in plants }

Plants are having an ample variety of phytochemicals like alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, lignans, coumarins, and many more components \unskip~\citep{910101:20563018,910101:20563020}. The substances are multiple modes of actions and often not yet broadly explored. In this review, particularly tradition ayurvedic herbal drugs are used{\textemdash}the number of a compound extracted from a various plant having anti-viral activity.

\textbf{Herbal anti-viral drugs }

For the treatment of viral infection, new search anti-viral activity compound is needed. The previously available anti-viral compound was not good enough with the problem of viral latency and contradictory effectiveness due to the problem of viral resistance in recurrent infection in immune-compromised patients \unskip~\citep{910101:20563023}. In India,\textit{ Rigveda } which is said written between 3500-1600 BC having references of use of the plant as medicine. Later the physician was studied in detail about the properties and therapeutic use of Medicinal plant and recorded in Ayurveda which is ancient medical science in India \unskip~\citep{910101:20563021}. Ethno-botanical text and other remedies have described the usage of plant extract, infusion and century of the disease known to be the viral origin \unskip~\citep{910101:20563024}. A potential plant has an anti-viral target [Table~\ref{tw-bef317310db4}]. A list of anti-viral herbal drugs, its anti-viral activity and its properties are shown [Tables~\ref{tw-7fccd4ffc9bc} and~\ref{tw-1a02bc5ec133}].

\textbf{Herbs for the treatment of Coronavirus infection }

In traditional Chinese medicine, 13 natural compounds were tested positive for the treatment of CoVid-19 infection. out of 125 Chinese herbs, only 13 were found, and other 26 herbs are used for the treatment of breathing problem caused due to virus [Table~\ref{tw-927327271106}]. Reduction of MHV (mouse hepatitis virus) produced and the intracellular viral RNA and protein expression with EC50 (effective concentration) from 2.0 - 27.5 micron/ml due to Cimicifuga rhizoma, Meliaecortex, Coptidis rhizoma, Phellodendron cortex and Sephorasubstrata radix. The production of PEDV (porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus) and VSV (vesicular stomatitis virus) also get reduced, which can be used in coronavirus infection \unskip~\citep{910101:20563015}.

\textbf{Prevention measure from coronavirus }

According to the World Health Organization, Coronavirus can be effectively prevented by using alcohol-based hand rub, using soap and water often clean your hands, use of mask and maintain a social distance.

According to Ayurveda, eat properly cooked veg food, do not split in a public place, and avoid close contact. Ayurveda experts have worried because people run to keep themselves protected. Daily intake of \textit{Rasayan} like \textit{Chywanprash} increases immunity power and it may help prevent spreading of infection, some of the medicinal herbs help to build the immunity and prevents from infection, "In \textit{Ayurveda}, good digestion or strong digestive fire plays a significant role in fighting diseases. Eat a piece of fresh ginger or drink ginger tea. Mint tea, cinnamon tea, and fennel tea are also good". 

\textbf{Discussion }

In this review, numerous step selection processes directly inhibit the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which helps in prevention and treatment. Viral infection currently spreading and has affect persons worldwide, especially in China.

Based on two principles, the first one is to give absorbable via oral prescription containing anti-corona virus (2019-nCoV) components. For this biologically established anti-corona virus (2019-nCoV) ingredient requires for oral bioavailability evaluations. This is biologically confirmed that the selected compounds are effective as anti-corona virus effects and the inherent similarities between coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and SARS or MERS coronavirus. The novel coronavirus compared to SARS coronavirus, there is slight alteration, so in present new virus, the natural herbal compounds are not very much effective as these two previous coronaviruses. Clinically, SARS-CoV-2 infection immune response is categorised in two-phased. An immune response is required to eliminate the virus and to prevent disease development to severe stages in the incubation and non-severe stages. So at this stage, the strategies to anti-viral responses (anti-sera or pegylated IFN\ensuremath{\alpha }) are important. At the incubation and non-severe stages, for the development of an endogenous protective immune response, the congregation should be in good physical health and suitable genetic conditions (e.g. HLA) that elicits specific anti-viral immunity. Genetic differences are well-known to contribute to person variations in the immune response to pathogens. However, when the impairment of protective immune response, the virus will increase, and huge destruction of the affected tissues will occur, especially high ACE2 expression organs, such as intestine and kidney. The damage cells induce largely mediated by pro-inflammatory macrophages and granulocytes innate inflammation in the lungs. The major cause of life-threatening respiratory disorders is lung inflammation at a severe stage \unskip~\citep{910101:20563025}.

According to Ayurveda, anti-viral are correlated with \textit{Krumighna} action. All drugs which are herbal anti-viral are \textit{Krumighna} in nature and \textit{Ushna Viryatmaka}. Most of the drug has \textit{Ushna } \textit{Veerya} so it can be used in \textit{Vata Kapha Janya Dushta Vyadhi}. \textit{Madhur Rasa } reduces the action of \textit{Visha } so act as \textit{Vishaghna } and \textit{Balya}. Some of the drugs have \textit{Sheeta Veerya, } so it acts on \textit{Visha.} Due to its \textit{Krumighna} action, it acts against coronavirus and prevents to spread infection in the body. 
    
\section{Conclusion}
Nowadays and in the past viral infections caused due to the global disease burden, and there is a need for traditional compounds with anti-viral properties. For the improvement of public health, especially in developing countries, medicinal herbs might be used. Majority of the population has not the economic strength to financial credit for pricey anti-viral drugs. Hence, \textit{Krumihara} property drugs which are correlated with anti-viral action helps to prevent against Novel coronavirus infection. 
\section*{Acknowledgement}Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars who cited and included in references to this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

\textbf{Funding Support }

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest }

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest for this study.
    

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