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\begin{document}


\def\RunningAuthor{Hari Babu B. et al.}
\firstPage{1311}
\articleType{Original Article}
\receivedDate{15 Jan 2021}
\acceptedDate{12 Mar 2021}
\revisedDate{09 Mar 2021}
\journalVolume{2021, 12}
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\title{Adsorption conceivable consequences of bio-sorbent got from \textit{cordia dichotoma} (lasoda) and \textit{cassia occidentalis} in the removal of methyl red dye}
\author{Venkata~Ramana~K\textsuperscript{1},  
            Venkata~Kishore~C.~H\textsuperscript{2},  
            Chandra~Mohan~K\textsuperscript{1},  
            Sailaja~G\textsuperscript{3}, 
            Hari~Babu~B\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{1}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur {\textendash} 522 510, Andhra Pradesh, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}Department of Environmental Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur {\textendash} 522 510, Andhra Pradesh, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{3}Department of Chemistry, Singareni Colleries Women's Degree College, Kothagudem {\textendash} 507 101, Telangana, India}}

\begin{abstract}
Sorption abilities of the sorbent material derived from Leaves and Barks of Lasoda (\textit{Cordia dichotoma) and Cassia Occidentalis }were explored towards Methyl Red using synthetically prepared simulated wastewaters. Various factors such as initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and the effect of temperature, which affects the adsorption, were evaluated. The equilibrium of adsorption was studied by Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. To identify the kinetics of the adsorption process, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion, Bangham's pore diffusion, and Elovich equations were applied. The interference of  fivefold excess of common anions and cations present in natural waters was studied. Cations like Ca\ensuremath{^{2+}}, Mg\ensuremath{^{2+}}, and Cu\ensuremath{^{2+ }}have shown some interference but Fe\ensuremath{^{2+}} and Zn\ensuremath{^{2+ }}have synergistically maintained the maximum extraction of the dye. The procedures developed have been successfully applied to some industrial effluent. The experimental data were suitable for the pseudo-First order kinetic model. The correlation coefficient (R\ensuremath{^{2}}) and dimensionless separation factor (R\ensuremath{_{L}}) values have confirmed that adsorption obeys Langmuir adsorption, indicating monolayer formation. 
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Adsorption isotherm,\newline Bio-adsorbent,\newline Equilibrium models,\newline Kinetics,\newline Methyl Red (MR),\newline Pollution control
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Hari~Babu~B~\\ Phone:\ +91- 8500338866~\\  Email:\ dr.b.haribabu@gmail.com
        \par}\vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\par{\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont ISSN: 0975-7538}\par% 
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\section{Introduction}
Expulsion of colours from fiber, paper, material effluent, plastic and restorative effluents is one of the complex fields of pollution management science. The vast majority of the manufactured colors were noxious and were not bio-degradable \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713788}. Their conceivable pollution of water sources near colour-based industries is inducing ecological concern \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713813,1040730:21713793,1040730:21713804}. Methyl Red (MeR) is broadly utilized in shading of cotton, paper, fleeces and fabrics, and in planning hair stains. The risk that the effluents mostly of industries identified with them would not be properly handled, MeR colour dye is thrown to water bodies nearby and, because of its non-degradable feature, MeR is stored and is a disadvantage for oceanic life. MeR is unsafe for individuals and makes happen the ascent of heartbeat, spewing, stun, cyanosis, quadriplegia, jaundice, tissue corruption, and also malignant growth \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713790,1040730:21713785}. The shade of the color forestalls the obvious light to spread to amphibian life inside waters and, in this manner, impedes some photograph delicate bio-concoction responses fundamental for supporting oceanic life.

The controlling of the color contamination utilizing regular techniques dependent on biodegradation is not successful as the engineered colors are not biodegradable \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713807,1040730:21713805}. Strategies dependent on the Physical and Chemical cycle, for example, compound oxidation, coagulation, or filtration and layer detachment \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713811,1040730:21713812}, are expensive. The adsorption measures utilizing dynamic carbons are ending up being viable in the expulsion of colors from squandering waters, yet they are costly \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713792,1040730:21713814}.  Expanding research intrigue is staying visualized thru the past ongoing, in investigating the sorption possibilities bio-squander constituents of widely varied vegetation starting point in controlling the dirtying particles. These bio-measures, alongside other synthetic cycles, are ending up being the expected option in contrast to the current techniques for detoxification and the recuperation of poisonous and important particles from modern releases/dirtied waters.

These organic methodologies have invigorated ceaseless and extending research in this field. Fly debris \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713819}, altered calcined diatomite \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713808}, peat \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713786}, unburned carbon \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713789}, sand \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713794}, Chitosan globules \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713783} and plasma processed engineered polyester strands have also been examined for an ability to extract colours from squander water \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713806}. Compost squanders \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713799}, bentonite mud \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713795,1040730:21713817}, spent fading earths \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713801}, farming results \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713803}, olive stones \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713815}, and date pits have additionally been checked for potential sorption ability to be used as bio-sorbents for contamination management. Our exploration workrooms are likewise putting forth attempts in this part of contamination control strategies and some fruitful techniques have been created for some dirtying particles and they have been accounted for to the Literature \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713800,1040730:21713787,1040730:21713782} audited the nonconventional minimal effort adsorbents for colors. 

A few specialists endeavored to eliminate Methyl Red from squander water utilizing bamboo- established initiated carbon \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713810}, processed olive pomace and charcoal \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713809}, and gypsum \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713791} enacted and non-actuated bentonites and water hyacinth \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713816}. That as it may, these examinations experience the ill effects of either detriment and a straightforward, affordable, compelling, and eco-accommodating strategy is as yet escaping the analysts.

The aim in this work is to evaluate the sorption abilities of the sorbents Lasoda (Cordia dichotoma) and \textit{Cassia occidentalis} plant materials towards MeR color dye from dirtied waters. The impacts of various cycle factors, such as the pH, time of equilibration, sorbent dosage, and the involvement of unknown particles on percent MeR expulsion, were investigated.
    
\section{Materials and Methods}
\textbf{Chemicals}

Analytical grade rated chemicals were used.

\textbf{Stock Methyl Red solution (100 ppm)}

 Stock MeR dye color solution was arranged by dissolving an essential MeR dye color quantity (100 ppm) in dual distilled water. Stock MeR dye color solution was suitably watered down as required.

\textbf{Adsorbents}

While evaluating the Lasoda and Cassia occidentalis plant material's powders for potential sorption character against MeR color dye from dirtied waters, it was seen that those adsorbents got after underlying foundations of Lasoda (Figure~\ref{f-1a4f086e7c38}) and Cassia occidentalis leaves and stems (Figure~\ref{f-86ce0be93cf2}) have indicated liking towards the color. 


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\caption{\boldmath {Leaves of Lasoda (\textit{Cordia dichotoma})}}
\label{f-1a4f086e7c38}
\end{figure}
\egroup
Lasoda tree is utilized generally in the treatment of dyspepsia, fever, ringworm, ulcers, prolapsed of the uterus/vagina, cerebral pain, the warmth of the urinary section, sicknesses of lungs, and spleen. The leaves, organic products, bark, and seeds have been accounted for to show antidiabetic, antiulcer, calming, insusceptible modulator, and pain-relieving exercises. Lasoda or Sabestan Plum bears consumable adhesive organic products (drupes) with a sweet taste. The clingy white substance from the natural products can be separated and as utilized as a paste. Natural products can be eaten new, dry, and salted. The leaves are straightforward, interchange, 6-10.5 cm long, 4-7.5 cm expansive, extensively oval or elliptic-praise, adjusted at the base, unfeeling or subacute at the peak, whole or pretty much coarsely sinuate-serrate in the upper half, glabrous on the two sides, slight. Petioles are 1.7-4.3 cm long and slim. The bark of the tree is dark or earthy colored unpleasant, with shallow longitudinal wrinkles, and wrinkles, and about half an inch thick. Branchlets are glabrous, and the youthful shoots are shimmering dark. The bark is accessible as pieces, 5 to 10 cm long and 6 to 12 mm thick with dim grayish earthy colored shading. The organic products contain sugar, gum, \ensuremath{\beta }-sitosterol, palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids. They have about 70\% mash. In 100 grams, the following supplements are available. Water 6 g Protein 35 g, Calcium 55 mg, Phosphorus 275 mg, Zinc 2 mg, Iron 6 mg, Manganese 2 mg, Chromium 0.2 mg, Copper 1.6 mg, Oxalic corrosive (250mg/100g) is likewise present in organic products. The bark contains, Cathartin, tannin, \ensuremath{\beta }-sitosterol and Gallic corrosive. D-xylose, D-glucose, D-glucuronic corrosive, L-rhamnose, L-fructose, D-arbinose\& lactose amongst sugars. Glycine, glutamic corrosive, leucine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, proline, \& aspartic corrosive among amino acids are likewise existing in the plant. The plant seed comprises 100 g: 32 g water, 46 g fat, and the main unsaturated fats palmitate, arachidonate, stearate, behenate, oleate, \&linoleiate. The bark and products of the tree are utilized in the treatment of an assortment of ailments. The bark is particularly valuable in skin ailments. Literature reports revealed utilization of Cordia dichotoma in Ayurveda medication and Unani medication to treat cold, hack, coryza, flu, skin infections, and fever. Tree products are palatable, disgusting, and substantial for the process. They were chosen to give in colic torment, blood complications, sexual issues, and original shortcoming.  


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\caption{\boldmath {Leaves of \textit{Cassia Occidentalis}}}
\label{f-86ce0be93cf2}
\end{figure}
\egroup
The leaves, roots, and seeds of the plant are laxative. Cassia occidentalis is utilized remotely in skin infections and toxic nibbles. The leaves are applied on scabies, ringworm, and other skin maladies. In spite of the fact that it is named Coffee Senna, yet it has no connection to espresso. Cassia occidentalis is a copious expanded, smooth, partial woody spice or bush nearby tallness of 0.8 to 1.8 m. The stem is upright and hairless. Lanceolate or applaud lanceolate, bipinnately complex leaves nearby length of 20 to 25 cm. It helps in the purifying of ulcers. The Seeds are utilized in skin sicknesses, hack, and challenging hack. The Roots are utilized in the fever, neuralgia, and dropsy. Cassia occidentalis has numerous therapeutic properties and customarily utilized as a laxative, tonic, diuretic, febrifuge, and anthelminthic specialist. It is utilized as people's medication in dropsy, ailment, fevers, heaps, colic torment, snake nibble, and venereal sicknesses. It is utilized topically on ringworm, dermatitis, and other skin maladies. The seeds of the tree are broiled and powdered to get ready solid espresso, which is otherwise called Coffee Senna or Negro Coffee. Cooking devastates the laxative property of seeds. This espresso is given as a substitute to espresso and as a tonic, remedy for asthma, and spasms, mania. The seeds are likewise utilized in the treatment of challenging hack and sicknesses of the heart. 

Lasoda and Cassia occidentalis have been collected at the Ramanagar village at Bapatla, Guntur District, and Andhra Pradesh. Leaves, barks, and stems of Lasoda \& Cassia occidentalis were fresh removed, cleaned by tap water preceded by dual distilled water, and finally left to dry by the sun. Each of the Lasoda \& Cassia occidentalis dried materials were processed to a fine mesh of {\textgreater} 75 microns in size and processed in an oven (tuned at 105\ensuremath{^{o}}C) and had used in this analysis.

\textbf{Adsorption Experimentation}

For the extraction process, the batch system has been adopted \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713797,1040730:21713802}. The adsorbents were weighed carefully and taken into well cleaned 1/0.5 L stoppered bottles holding 500/250mLof solution of MeR Dye of preordained concentrations. The variation in early pH unit values of as prepared suspensions was attuned by using dil. HCl/NaOH solutions and with the help of a pH meter. Shaken the sample solutions in mechanical shakers vigorously and were permitted to be in stabilization for the appropriate duration of time. From these aliquots of the samples were chosen for estimation of the quantity of MeR Dye exploiting Spectrophotometric method. 

At low concentrations, the Dye had a \ensuremath{\lambda }\ensuremath{_{max\ }} of 525 wavelength nm and also obeyed the law of Beer-Lambert's. At this noted \ensuremath{\lambda }\ensuremath{_{max}} value using a UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (Systronics make), the Optical density measurement was taken. The attained O.D scores for the unknown solution (MeR) were denoted to the standard charts drawn amongst the O.D. values against concentrations primed with known MeR Dye by adopting the system of Least Squares. 

The sorption characteristics of that same adsorbents became concentrated in terms of equilibrium time, pH including sorbent measurement hours. At static sorbent fixation, the \% MeR expulsion from test water specimens was contemplated differing regarding the equilibration hour at different pH esteems. In Graph~\ref{f-7a0f8375308b}, Graph~\ref{f-2d996ffc05c6}, Graph~\ref{f-bf1b20e24663} and Graph~\ref{f-25e981799b49}, outcomes got were introduced. Extraction experimentation was undertaken to properly assess the base dose required for its most intense MeR particles evacuation for a given sorbent at optimal pH and balance times by considering the extraction percent with regard to sorbent measurements. In Graph~\ref{f-7a0f8375308b}, Graph~\ref{f-2d996ffc05c6}, Graph~\ref{f-bf1b20e24663} and Graph~\ref{f-25e981799b49}, outcomes got were introduced. 

\textbf{The upshot of other ions which are interfering}

Nitrate, chloride, carbonate, sulphate, phosphate, Magnesium (II), Iron (II), Calcium (II), Copper (II), and Zinc (II) are chosen as the interfering ions in this study and are the common ions present in normal, natural water. MeR Dye and the co-ions synthetic mixtures were prepared and the level of foreign ions quantity was managed to hold at a quantity of five times the dye quantity concentration. In stopper bottles, 0.5 L of this solution was taken \unskip~\citep{1040730:21713798}. Then precisely weighted amounts of assuring adsorbents were added as opted by Graph~\ref{f-7a0f8375308b}, Graph~\ref{f-2d996ffc05c6}, Graph~\ref{f-bf1b20e24663}, Graph~\ref{f-25e981799b49}, Graph~\ref{f-84dee7d3204c}, Graph~\ref{f-9f1fc3d67e9e}, Graph~\ref{f-78c3ca9c3e28}, Graph~\ref{f-a46010a6c4c4}, Graph~\ref{f-5fe24fe34992} and Graph~\ref{f-5ba5f2246f5d}. By using a pH gauging device, tuned the optimum pH with dil. NaOH/HCl solution as required. The samples now were placed in mechanical stirrers and were shaken thoroughly for anticipated periods, and then minor volume as aliquots of sample solutions are analyzed for MeR dye color after filtration. The percentage of extraction was calculated.\textbf{\space }
    
\section{Results and Discussion}
The sorption highlights of the penetrable were concentrated regarding different physicochemical credits. At a fixed sorbent porous, concerning the season of equilibration at different pH esteems, the rate of MeR dye color expulsion thru mimicked water tests was examined.  Graph~\ref{f-7a0f8375308b}, Graph~\ref{f-2d996ffc05c6}, Graph~\ref{f-bf1b20e24663}, Graph~\ref{f-25e981799b49}, Graph~\ref{f-84dee7d3204c}, Graph~\ref{f-9f1fc3d67e9e}, Graph~\ref{f-78c3ca9c3e28}, Graph~\ref{f-a46010a6c4c4}, Graph~\ref{f-5fe24fe34992} and Graph~\ref{f-5ba5f2246f5d} show the outcomes got and introduced in the results and conversation segment. 

Extraction experiments were carried out for a particular sorbent at pH optimal and balance time, the basic measurements that need for greater MeR dye color evacuation, by studying the extraction extent concerns regarding the sorbent dosage. Graph~\ref{f-3337faf4ff80} and Graph~\ref{f-26218225af1b} shows outcomes got and introduced in the results and conversation segment.

\textbf{Equilibration period time}

The following results were shown to be interesting for a defined adsorbent at a specific pH and upon a certain period, over time, the percentage of MeR extractability improves and extractability later stays unchanged. i.e. a state of harmony was being achieved (Graph~\ref{f-7a0f8375308b}, Graph~\ref{f-2d996ffc05c6}, Graph~\ref{f-bf1b20e24663}, Graph~\ref{f-25e981799b49}, Graph~\ref{f-84dee7d3204c}, Graph~\ref{f-9f1fc3d67e9e}, Graph~\ref{f-78c3ca9c3e28}, and Graph~\ref{f-a46010a6c4c4}). The adsorption rate and desorption rates are identical during the stationary state. For Lasoda plant materials, MeR percentage extraction at the time period and at pH was yielded as:

\textbf{For Lasoda leaves powders}

At pH 2:15 min - 10.0\%, 30 min - 15.2\%, 45 min - 25.1 \%, 60 min - 30.0 \%, 75 min - 35.4 \%, 90 min - 40.0 \%, 105 min - 45.6 \%, 125 min \& above - 50.0\%.At pH 4: 15 min {\textendash} 16.4 \%, 30 min {\textendash} 20.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 30.0 \%, 60 min - 40.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 50.0 \%, 90 min - 55.2 \%, 105 min - 60 \%, 125 min \& above {\textendash} 65.7\%. At pH 6:15 min {\textendash} 8.3 \%, 30 min {\textendash} 10.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 15.8 \%, 60 min - 20.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 30.0 \%, 90 min - 35.2 \%, 105 min - 40.0\%, 125 min \& above {\textendash} 45.4\%. At pH 8:15 min {\textendash} 6.5 \%, 30 min {\textendash} 8.2\%, 45 min {\textendash} 10.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 15.6 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 22.9 \%, 90 min - 26.2 \%, 105 min - 30.0\%, 125 min \& above {\textendash} 35.0\%. At pH 10:15 min {\textendash} 2.7 \%, 30 min {\textendash} 4.9\%, 45 min {\textendash} 6.7 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 10.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 15.8 \%, 90 min - 20.0 \%, 105 min - 25.4\%, 125 min \& above {\textendash} 30.0\%. 

\textbf{For Lasoda leaves ashes}

At pH 2:15 min {\textendash} 13.5 \%, 30 min {\textendash} 6.3\%, 45 min {\textendash} 30.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 40.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 45.3 \%, 90 min - 50.0 \%, 105 min \& above - 60.0\%.At pH 4:15 min {\textendash} 20.0 \%, 30 min {\textendash} 38.3\%, 45 min {\textendash} 50.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 55.6 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 60.0 \%, 90 min - 65.3 \%, 105 min \& above - 70.0\%. At pH 6:15 min {\textendash} 10.0 \%, 30 min {\textendash} 20.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 30.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 40.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 45.4 \%, 90 min - 50.0 \%, 105 min\& above - 55.6\%.At pH 8:15 min {\textendash} 8.7 \%, 30 min {\textendash} 10.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 20.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 30.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 40.0 \%, 90 min - 45.8 \%, 105 min \& above - 50.0\%. At pH 10:15 min {\textendash} 4.5 \%, 30 min {\textendash} 6.8\%, 45 min {\textendash} 10.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 20.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 25.9 \%, 90 min - 30.0 \%, 105 min \& above - 40.0\%.

\textbf{For Lasoda bark powder}

At pH 2:15 min {\textendash} 12.5 \%, 30 min {\textendash} 20.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 32.6 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 40.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 45.8 \%, 90 min - 50.0 \%, 105 min - 55.7\%, 125 min \& above {\textendash} 60.0\%. At pH 4:15 min {\textendash} 18.4 \%, 30 min {\textendash} 30.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 40.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 50.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 60.0 \%, 90 min - 65.4 \%, 105 min - 70.0\%, 125 min \& above {\textendash} 75.0\%. At pH 6:15 min {\textendash} 10.0 \%, 30 min {\textendash} 15.3\%, 45 min {\textendash} 28.2 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 35.2 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 40.0 \%, 90 min - 45.2 \%, 105 min - 50.0\%, 125 min \& above {\textendash} 55.0\%. At pH 8:15 min {\textendash} 7.8 \%, 30 min {\textendash} 10.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 15.2 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 20.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 25.2 \%, 90 min - 30.0 \%, 105 min - 35.7\%, 125 min \& above {\textendash} 40.0\%. At pH 10:15 min {\textendash} 3.2 \%, 30 min {\textendash} 9.6\%, 45 min {\textendash} 13.3 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 15.5 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 20.0 \%, 90 min - 25.1 \%, 105 min - 30.0\%, 125 min \& above {\textendash} 35.2\%. 

\textbf{For the Lasoda bark ashes}

At pH 2:15 min {\textendash} 2.1 \%, 30 min {\textendash} 20.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 30.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 50.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 65.4 \%, 90 min \& above - 70.0 \%. At pH 4:15 min {\textendash} 20.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 35.3\%, 45 min {\textendash} 50.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 60.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 70.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 80.0 \%. At pH 6:15 min {\textendash} 15.5\%, 30 min {\textendash} 25.4\%, 45 min {\textendash} 40.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 55.2 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 60.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 65.1 \%. At pH 8:15 min {\textendash} 11.9\%, 30 min {\textendash} 20.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 35.3 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 40.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 50.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 55.3\%.At pH 10:15 min {\textendash} 5.3\%, 30 min {\textendash} 15.2\%, 45 min {\textendash} 26.6 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 32.7 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 40.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 45.2 \%. \textbf{\space }

\textbf{For Cassia occidentalis leaves powders}

At pH 2:15 min {\textendash} 5.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 10.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 19.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 38.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 54.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 65.0 \%. At pH 4:15 min {\textendash} 15.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 30.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 48.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 55.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 69.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 75.0 \%. At pH 6:15 min {\textendash} 10.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 25.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 33.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 45.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 48.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 50.0 \%. At pH 8:15 min {\textendash} 8.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 20.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 24.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 35.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 40.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 45.0 \%. At pH 10:15 min {\textendash} 5.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 13.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 18.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 25.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 28.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 30.0 \%. 

\textbf{For Cassia occidentalis leaves ashes}

At pH 2:15 min {\textendash} 5.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 15.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 30.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 48.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 65.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 70.0 \%. At pH 4:15 min {\textendash} 10.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 30.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 55.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 62.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 73.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 80.0 \%. At pH 6:15 min {\textendash} 8.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 17.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 22.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 30.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 73.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 50.0 \%. At pH 8:15 min {\textendash} 5.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 10.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 17.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 23.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 34.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 43.0 \%. At pH 10:15 min {\textendash} 3.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 6.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 12.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 18.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 25.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 35.0 \%. 

\textbf{For Cassia occidentalis stem powder}

At pH 2:15 min {\textendash} 15.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 20.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 25.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 30.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 37.0 \%, 90 min - 55.0 \%, 105 min \& above {\textendash} 48.0\%. At pH 4:15 min {\textendash} 20.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 31.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 43.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 50.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 60.0 \%, 90 min - 65.0 \%, 105 min \& above {\textendash} 68.8\%. At pH 6:15 min {\textendash} 18.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 24.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 30.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 42.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 48.0 \%, 90 min - 52.0 \%, 105 min \& above {\textendash} 55.2\%. At pH 8:15 min {\textendash} 13.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 20.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 22.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 30.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 33.9 \%, 90 min - 35.1 \%, 105 min \& above {\textendash} 40.0\%. At pH 10:15 min {\textendash} 10.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 14.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 18.2 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 26.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 29.8 \%, 90 min - 34.8 \%, 105 min \& above {\textendash} 35.0\%. 

\textbf{For Cassia occidentalis stem ashes}

At pH 2:15 min {\textendash} 10.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 20.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 30.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 40.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 50.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 60.0 \%.At pH 4:15 min {\textendash} 20.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 35.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 48.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 65.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 78.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 85.0 \%. At pH 6:15 min {\textendash} 15.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 23.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 30.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 38.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 47.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 55.0 \%. At pH 8:15 min {\textendash} 10.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 20.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 25.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 30.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 40.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 50.0 \%. At pH 10:15 min {\textendash} 5.0\%, 30 min {\textendash} 15.0\%, 45 min {\textendash} 20.0 \%, 60 min {\textendash} 25.0 \%, 75 min {\textendash} 35.0 \%, 90 min \& above - 45.0 \%. 


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/eca39bab-a5cb-42b0-9dd7-22f42241f33a-upicture3.png}
\begin{graph}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/eca39bab-a5cb-42b0-9dd7-22f42241f33a-upicture3.png}{\includegraphics{images/eca39bab-a5cb-42b0-9dd7-22f42241f33a-upicture3.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Lasuda leaves powder}}
\label{f-7a0f8375308b}
\end{graph}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/f4f1c811-3894-4ce7-8322-9c152b1d84b1-upicture4.png}
\begin{graph}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/f4f1c811-3894-4ce7-8322-9c152b1d84b1-upicture4.png}{\includegraphics{images/f4f1c811-3894-4ce7-8322-9c152b1d84b1-upicture4.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Lasuda leaves ash}}
\label{f-2d996ffc05c6}
\end{graph}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/eb5e9ddd-4472-419a-aea6-a3e1160868bb-upicture5.png}
\begin{graph}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/eb5e9ddd-4472-419a-aea6-a3e1160868bb-upicture5.png}{\includegraphics{images/eb5e9ddd-4472-419a-aea6-a3e1160868bb-upicture5.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Lasuda bark powder}}
\label{f-bf1b20e24663}
\end{graph}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/876e43c3-5841-4e9e-aef4-619c6a0d0a21-upicture6.png}
\begin{graph}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/876e43c3-5841-4e9e-aef4-619c6a0d0a21-upicture6.png}{\includegraphics{images/876e43c3-5841-4e9e-aef4-619c6a0d0a21-upicture6.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Lasuda bark ash}}
\label{f-25e981799b49}
\end{graph}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/a1889e3c-3126-45c9-8d0c-ab3791d8c0f9-upicture7.png}
\begin{graph}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/a1889e3c-3126-45c9-8d0c-ab3791d8c0f9-upicture7.png}{\includegraphics{images/a1889e3c-3126-45c9-8d0c-ab3791d8c0f9-upicture7.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Cassia occidentalis leaves powder}}
\label{f-84dee7d3204c}
\end{graph}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/0c0d9bd2-f638-4f9c-9c7e-c9124dd4c48e-upicture8.png}
\begin{graph}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/0c0d9bd2-f638-4f9c-9c7e-c9124dd4c48e-upicture8.png}{\includegraphics{images/0c0d9bd2-f638-4f9c-9c7e-c9124dd4c48e-upicture8.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Cassia occidentalis leaves ash}}
\label{f-9f1fc3d67e9e}
\end{graph}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/6cd7ab3a-fa6b-4c4e-9731-d36dd433f23f-upicture9.png}
\begin{graph}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/6cd7ab3a-fa6b-4c4e-9731-d36dd433f23f-upicture9.png}{\includegraphics{images/6cd7ab3a-fa6b-4c4e-9731-d36dd433f23f-upicture9.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Cassia occidentalis stem powder}}
\label{f-78c3ca9c3e28}
\end{graph}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/de3ac1a1-0dc6-407e-9e8a-40310ed58ef1-upicture10.png}
\begin{graph}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/de3ac1a1-0dc6-407e-9e8a-40310ed58ef1-upicture10.png}{\includegraphics{images/de3ac1a1-0dc6-407e-9e8a-40310ed58ef1-upicture10.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Cassia occidentalis stem ash}}
\label{f-a46010a6c4c4}
\end{graph}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/22e06874-2ca3-4963-a7a9-8a252c637b6c-upicture11.png}
\begin{graph}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/22e06874-2ca3-4963-a7a9-8a252c637b6c-upicture11.png}{\includegraphics{images/22e06874-2ca3-4963-a7a9-8a252c637b6c-upicture11.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Conc. of Methyl red=100 ppm}}
\label{f-5fe24fe34992}
\end{graph}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/ae04d862-820e-4f85-a1f4-67d59105e630-upicture12.png}
\begin{graph}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/ae04d862-820e-4f85-a1f4-67d59105e630-upicture12.png}{\includegraphics{images/ae04d862-820e-4f85-a1f4-67d59105e630-upicture12.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Conc. of Methyl red=100 ppm}}
\label{f-5ba5f2246f5d}
\end{graph}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/5789cbcf-8ada-4cbf-8b2a-09eefc8271ac-upicture13.png}
\begin{graph}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/5789cbcf-8ada-4cbf-8b2a-09eefc8271ac-upicture13.png}{\includegraphics{images/5789cbcf-8ada-4cbf-8b2a-09eefc8271ac-upicture13.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Conc. of Methyl red=100 ppm at pH=4}}
\label{f-3337faf4ff80}
\end{graph}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/75856732-081e-419e-8276-d416b34bacf8-upicture14.png}
\begin{graph}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/75856732-081e-419e-8276-d416b34bacf8-upicture14.png}{\includegraphics{images/75856732-081e-419e-8276-d416b34bacf8-upicture14.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Conc. of Methyl red=100 ppm at pH=4}}
\label{f-26218225af1b}
\end{graph}
\egroup

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Effect of interfering ions} }
\label{tw-b2f7bfc931b8}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1809\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1478\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.07379999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.07240000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.06679999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.066899999999999995\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.0634\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.07040000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.06269999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.060600000000000005\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.0634\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.0709\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Adsorbent and its concentration & \cAlignHack Maximum \mbox{}\protect\newline Extractability at prime  & \multicolumn{10}{p{\dimexpr(.6713000000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\cAlignHack \% of Extraction of Methyl Red in presence fivefold excess of interfering ions at prime conditions:  Conc. of Methyl Red: 100 ppm at pH:4}\\
\rowcolor{kwdboxcolor} & \cAlignHack Conditions & \cAlignHack SO\ensuremath{_{4}}\ensuremath{^{2-}} & \cAlignHack PO\ensuremath{_{4}}\ensuremath{^{3-}} & \cAlignHack Cl\ensuremath{^{{-}}} & \cAlignHack CO\ensuremath{_{3}}\ensuremath{^{2-}} & \cAlignHack F\ensuremath{^{-}} & \cAlignHack Fe\ensuremath{^{2+}} & \cAlignHack Ca\ensuremath{^{2+}} & \cAlignHack Mg\ensuremath{^{2+}} & \cAlignHack Cu\ensuremath{^{2+}} & \cAlignHack Zn\ensuremath{^{2+}}\\
\tblmidrule 
Leaves Powder of Lasoda (Cordia dichotoma) \mbox{}\protect\newline 2.5gms/lit &
  68.0\%; pH:4 and 105 min &
  \cAlignHack 719.0 &
  \cAlignHack 812.1 &
  \cAlignHack 814.2 &
  \cAlignHack 817.0 &
  \cAlignHack 816.0 &
  \cAlignHack 812.5 &
  \cAlignHack 617.5 &
  \cAlignHack 714.0 &
  \cAlignHack 618.0 &
  \cAlignHack 613.0\\
Leaves Powder of Cassia occidentalis \mbox{}\protect\newline 2.0gms/lit &
  74.0\%; pH:4 and 8, 90 min &
  \cAlignHack 813.0 &
  \cAlignHack 819.2 &
  \cAlignHack 912.0 &
  \cAlignHack 818.9 &
  \cAlignHack 911.2 &
  \cAlignHack 816.6 &
  \cAlignHack 831.4 &
  \cAlignHack 616.5 &
  \cAlignHack 819.4 &
  \cAlignHack 913.0\\
Bark Powder of Lasoda (Cordia dichotoma) \mbox{}\protect\newline 2.0gms/lit &
  75\%; pH:4 and 8,125 min &
  \cAlignHack 717.0 &
  \cAlignHack 619.2 &
  \cAlignHack 817.5 &
  \cAlignHack 812.1 &
  \cAlignHack 918.3 &
  \cAlignHack 717.5 &
  \cAlignHack 619.1 &
  \cAlignHack 618.3 &
  \cAlignHack 717.5 &
  \cAlignHack 815.5\\
Bark Powder of Cassia occidentalis 2.5gms/lit &
  64.0\%; pH:4 and 8,105min &
  \cAlignHack 912.0 &
  \cAlignHack 717.5 &
  \cAlignHack 814.2 &
  \cAlignHack 817.0 &
  \cAlignHack 816.0 &
  \cAlignHack 821.5 &
  \cAlignHack 617.5 &
  \cAlignHack .10.9 &
  \cAlignHack 618.0 &
  \cAlignHack 613.0\\
leaves Ashes of Lasoda (Cordia dichotoma)  \mbox{}\protect\newline  2.0 gms/lit &
  74.0\%; pH:4, 90 min &
  \cAlignHack 813.1 &
  \cAlignHack 814.0 &
  \cAlignHack 815.0 &
  \cAlignHack 818.1 &
  \cAlignHack 912.0 &
  \cAlignHack 819.5 &
  \cAlignHack 813.1 &
  \cAlignHack 85.0 &
  \cAlignHack 718.5 &
  \cAlignHack 83.0\\
leaves Ashes of Cassia occidentalis \mbox{}\protect\newline 3.0gms/lit &
  73\%; pH:4 and 8, 105 min &
  \cAlignHack 719.2 &
  \cAlignHack 811.4 &
  \cAlignHack 815.7 &
  \cAlignHack 816.5 &
  \cAlignHack 815.2 &
  \cAlignHack 811.3 &
  \cAlignHack 69.1 &
  \cAlignHack 73.8 &
  \cAlignHack 68.6 &
  \cAlignHack 64.5\\
Bark Ashes of Lasoda (Cordia dichotoma) 1.5 gms/lit &
  80.0\%; pH:4 and 8, 105 min &
  \cAlignHack 812.6 &
  \cAlignHack 813.2 &
  \cAlignHack 814.6 &
  \cAlignHack 817.2 &
  \cAlignHack 911.8 &
  \cAlignHack 818.0 &
  \cAlignHack 85.4 &
  \cAlignHack 79.2 &
  \cAlignHack 717.6 &
  \cAlignHack 82.1\\
Bark Ashes of Cassia occidentalis 2.0gms/lit &
  73.0\%; pH:4 and 8 , 90 min &
  \cAlignHack 819.5 &
  \cAlignHack 816.2 &
  \cAlignHack 816.1 &
  \cAlignHack 718.5 &
  \cAlignHack 921.1 &
  \cAlignHack 918.5 &
  \cAlignHack 68.3 &
  \cAlignHack 714.0 &
  \cAlignHack 618.0 &
  \cAlignHack 613.0\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {\% MeR Extract ability from effluents by bio-sorbents established in our work} }
\label{tw-dac679eeaeb4}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.2397\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.12920000000000005\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.11749999999999995\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1282\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.13639999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.12689999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.12209999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack  & \multicolumn{6}{p{\dimexpr(.7603\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\cAlignHack \% MeR extractability in diverse samples}\\
\rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Bio-Sorbents & \cAlignHack Sample-1 & \cAlignHack Sample-2 & \cAlignHack Sample-3 & \cAlignHack Sample-4 & \cAlignHack Sample-5 & \cAlignHack Sample-6\\
\rowcolor{kwdboxcolor} & \cAlignHack Fed with MeR (10.0ppm) & \cAlignHack Fed with MeR (15.0ppm) & \cAlignHack Fed with MeR (20.0ppm) & \cAlignHack Fed with MeR (25.0ppm) & \cAlignHack Fed with MeR (30.0ppm) & \cAlignHack Fed with MeR (35.0ppm)\\
\tblmidrule 
Cassia occidentalis leaves to powder {\textendash} 2.0 gms/lit &
  \cAlignHack 80.5 &
  \cAlignHack 92.1 &
  \cAlignHack 85.5 &
  \cAlignHack 88.3 &
  \cAlignHack 87.4 &
  \cAlignHack 82.1\\
Lasoda (Cordia dichotoma) leaves powder {\textendash} 3.0 gms/lit &
  \cAlignHack 75.5 &
  \cAlignHack 92.5 &
  \cAlignHack 82.3 &
  \cAlignHack 81.2 &
  \cAlignHack 85.5 &
  \cAlignHack 86.3\\
Lasoda (Cordia dichotoma) Bark powder {\textendash} 2.5 gms/lit &
  \cAlignHack 78.1 &
  \cAlignHack 72.2 &
  \cAlignHack 85.6 &
  \cAlignHack 88.3 &
  \cAlignHack 81.5 &
  \cAlignHack 83.5\\
Cassia occidentalis bark powder {\textendash} 2.0gms/lit &
  \cAlignHack 91.1 &
  \cAlignHack 79.2 &
  \cAlignHack 85.2 &
  \cAlignHack 86.4 &
  \cAlignHack 88.2 &
  \cAlignHack 85.5\\
Lasoda (Cordia dichotoma) leaves ashes {\textendash} 2.5gms/lit &
  \cAlignHack 88.3 &
  \cAlignHack 79.5 &
  \cAlignHack 85.5 &
  \cAlignHack 85.4 &
  \cAlignHack 79.0 &
  \cAlignHack 85.2\\
Cassia occidentalis leaves ashes {\textendash} 1.75 gms/lit &
  \cAlignHack 82.5 &
  \cAlignHack 81.3 &
  \cAlignHack 86.4 &
  \cAlignHack 81.5 &
  \cAlignHack 85.3 &
  \cAlignHack 84.6\\
Lasoda (Cordia dichotoma) Bark ashes {\textendash} 2.0gms/lit &
  \cAlignHack 66.5 &
  \cAlignHack 85.3 &
  \cAlignHack 89.0 &
  \cAlignHack 85.2 &
  \cAlignHack 83.5 &
  \cAlignHack 86.5\\
Cassia occidentalis bark ashes {\textendash} 1.5gms/lit &
  \cAlignHack 76.3 &
  \cAlignHack 86.5 &
  \cAlignHack 84.4 &
  \cAlignHack 88.3 &
  \cAlignHack 89.5 &
  \cAlignHack 83.5\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}
For the respective raw plant matter, the initial agitation period for ashes was discovered to be short. The initial period is estimated to be 125 min for Lasoda plant stem powder; however, 105 min is adequate for Lasoda plant stem ashes as sorbents. The initial period is estimated to be 105 min for Cassia occidentalis leaves powder; however, 90 min is adequate for Cassia occidentalis leaves ashes as sorbents. The initial period is estimated to be 125 min for Cassia occidentalis stems powder; however, 90 min agitation is adequate for Cassia occidentalis stems ashes as sorbents. Graph~\ref{f-7a0f8375308b}, Graph~\ref{f-2d996ffc05c6}, Graph~\ref{f-bf1b20e24663}, Graph~\ref{f-25e981799b49}, Graph~\ref{f-84dee7d3204c}, Graph~\ref{f-9f1fc3d67e9e}, Graph~\ref{f-78c3ca9c3e28} and Graph~\ref{f-a46010a6c4c4} show the outcomes. 

\textbf{pH sensitivity}

The MeR extraction proportion related to here is pH-sensitive. The percent MeR extraction is indeed increasing with pH- 4 \& above. The percent MeR extraction is indeed weakening with below pH- 4 (Graph~\ref{f-5fe24fe34992} and Graph~\ref{f-5ba5f2246f5d}).

For Lasoda (Cordia dichotoma) plant materials, MeR percentage extraction using leaves powder at pH was yielded as: pH 0 {\textendash} 0.0\%, pH 2 {\textendash} 50.0\%, pH 4 {\textendash} 65.0\%, pH 6 {\textendash} 45.0\%, pH 8 {\textendash} 30.0\%, pH 10 {\textendash} 20.0\% (Graph~\ref{f-5fe24fe34992}). For Lasoda (Cordia dichotoma) Bark powder, MeR percentage extraction at pH was yielded as: pH 0 {\textendash} 0.0\%, pH 2 {\textendash} 60.0\%, pH 4 {\textendash} 70.0\%, pH 6 {\textendash} 48.0\%, pH 8 {\textendash} 40.0\%, pH 10 {\textendash} 30.0\% (Graph~\ref{f-5fe24fe34992}). For Lasoda (Cordia dichotoma) Leaves ashes, MeR percentage extraction at pH was yielded as: pH 0 {\textendash} 0.0\%, pH 2 {\textendash} 60.0\%, pH 4 {\textendash} 70.0\%, pH 6 {\textendash} 55.0\%, pH 8 {\textendash} 50.0\%, pH 10 {\textendash} 40.0\% (Graph~\ref{f-5ba5f2246f5d}). For Lasoda (Cordia dichotoma) Bark ashes, MeR percentage extraction at pH was yielded as: pH 0 {\textendash} 0.0\%, pH 2 {\textendash} 70.0\%, pH 4 {\textendash} 80.0\%, pH 6 {\textendash} 65.0\%, pH 8 {\textendash} 55.0\%, pH 10 {\textendash} 45.0\% (Graph~\ref{f-5ba5f2246f5d}). 

For Cassia occidentalis plant materials, MeR percentage extraction using leaves powder at pH was yielded as: pH 0 {\textendash} 0.0\%, pH 2 {\textendash} 65.0\%, pH 4 {\textendash} 75.0\%, pH 6 {\textendash} 50.0\%, pH 8 {\textendash} 45.0\%, pH 10 {\textendash} 30.0\% (Graph~\ref{f-5fe24fe34992}). For Cassia occidentalis stem powder, MeR percentage extraction at pH was yielded as: pH 0 {\textendash} 0.0\%, pH 2 {\textendash} 45.0\%, pH 4 {\textendash} 65.0\%, pH 6 {\textendash} 55.0\%, pH 8 {\textendash} 55.0\%, pH 10 {\textendash} 35.0\% (Graph~\ref{f-5fe24fe34992}). For Cassia occidentalis leaves ashes, MeR percentage extraction at pH was yielded as: pH 0 {\textendash} 0.0\%, pH 2 {\textendash} 70.0\%, pH 4 {\textendash} 80.0\%, pH 6 {\textendash} 50.0\%, pH 8 {\textendash} 43.0\%, pH 10 {\textendash} 35.0\% (Graph~\ref{f-5ba5f2246f5d}). For Cassia occidentalis stem ashes, MeR percentage extraction at pH was yielded as: pH 0 {\textendash} 0.0\%, pH 2 {\textendash} 60.0\%, pH 4 {\textendash} 85.0\%, pH 6 {\textendash} 55.0\%, pH 8 {\textendash} 50.0\%, pH 10 {\textendash} 45.0\% (Graph~\ref{f-5ba5f2246f5d}). 

\textbf{Adsorbent Dose}

While percent eviction is tested at set peak pH-4 with regard to adsorbent dosage and at peak equilibrium timings periods, the graphs increase to some specific doses and plateaus are achieved once then there (Graph~\ref{f-3337faf4ff80} and Graph~\ref{f-26218225af1b}). The greatest sorbent dose for ashes was discovered found to be small relative to its plant's raw materials.

The greatest sorbent dose for the Lasoda plant was yielded as Leaves {\textendash} 2.4 gm/L, leaves ashes {\textendash} 2.8 gm/L, bark powders - 2.4 gm/L, bark ashes {\textendash} 2.8 gm/L.

The greatest sorbent dose for Cassia occidentalis plant was yielded as Leaves {\textendash} 2.5 gm/L, leaves ashes {\textendash} 2.0 gm/L, stem powders - 2.0 gm/L, stem ashes {\textendash} 1.5 gm/L Graph~\ref{f-3337faf4ff80} and Graph~\ref{f-26218225af1b} illustrations the results.

\textbf{Interfering Ions}

In the context to the fivefold surplus of prevalent ions found in normal waters, notably sulphate, copper, phosphate, carbonate, chloride, carbonate, fluoride, zinc, iron, and magnesium ions, the MeR extractability was already investigated. The outcomes are reported in Table~\ref{tw-b2f7bfc931b8}. Anions foresaw a relatively modest impact on the percent extractability of MeR with the sorbents of the current project in maximum balance time, pH, and sorbent intensity conditions. 

Cations such as Fe\ensuremath{^{2+}} and Zn\ensuremath{^{2+}} have not messed with and retained the full percentage of extraction cannabinoid, while cations such as Ca\ensuremath{^{2+}}, Mg\ensuremath{^{2+}} and Cu\ensuremath{^{2+}} actually clashed slightly with the percentage of dye extraction.

In addition to classical elemental chemical spectroscopy (EDS), the existing information is sufficient to contend theoretically for every other inference made as it includes surface studies to understand sorption chemistry utilizing advanced equipment such as XPES (X-ray Photo Electron Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), FTIR (Fourier's Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectrum) approaches.

The findings can, even then, be counted as mentioned down:

All bio-sorbents generated from barks, leaves, and roots have -OH / COOH units and whose disorientation relies with pH and this infuses a feeble capacity for anion swap in low pH values and a feeble capacity for cation swap in high pH values as according to balances:

In high values of pH: 
\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{l}Adsorbent-OH\;\rightleftharpoons Adsorbent-O^{-}+H^{+}\\Adsorbent-COOH\;\rightleftharpoons Adsorbent-COO^{-}+H^{+}\end{array} \end{eqnarray*}
In low pH values:
\begin{eqnarray*}Adsorbent-OH+H^{+}\;\rightleftharpoons Adsorbent-O^{+}HH \end{eqnarray*}
The decrease in the rate of adsorption with the improvement in the balance period may be attributed to the initial greater accessibility of adsorption sites and is gradually used up over time due to the creation of an adsorbent film on the active adsorbent sites, culminating in a drop in the capacity of the adsorbent. Perceptions that arose concerning unfamiliar particles are have been additionally affirming according to the normal idea of extraction. On the contrary, the surface that is charged with higher pH esteems exhibit minimum liking en-route to anions. Thus, \% of extractability isn't influenced steady within the scene of five-phase anions' overabundance picked for present work. Be that as it may, a few cations like Ca\ensuremath{^{2+}}, Mg\ensuremath{^{2+,}} and Cu\ensuremath{^{2+}} compete with MeR dye color for sorption destinations on the sorbents, coming about some deduction. In any instance, due to Zn\ensuremath{^{2+ }}and Fe\ensuremath{^{2+}}, this is not discovered in view of the likelihood that the Zn\ensuremath{^{2+ }}particle forms contrary charged zincate at the higher ph resulting in no bias at the sorbent while Fe\ensuremath{^{2+}} is accelerated at high pH as ferrous hydroxide and thus promotes additional adsorption or catches the MeR color disrupting the complete deportation of MeR color from the high pH.

\textbf{Implementations of the Bio-sorbents Established}

The methodology created in this thesis work has been employed for the MeR dye color expulsion from genuine dirt/profluent tests gathered from few coloring businesses at Mangalore city \& Hyderabad city. Consequently, tests are gathered from businesses effluents and the examples are investigated for MeR genuine measures and afterwards, the examples are taken care of with known MeR measures. At that point, these examples were exposed to MeR dye color extraction utilizing the bio-sorbents created in existent work at ideal extraction states. In Table~\ref{tw-dac679eeaeb4}, outcomes got introduced. 

The implementation of the research methods established in this study has been checked in relation to the actual samples of various kinds obtained from waste/effluents of the dyeing industries that are fed with different amounts of MeR dye color. The sorbents generated in this study have been reported to be efficacious in eliminating Methyl Red at optimal pH, balance time and sorbent dosage constraints, as referenced in Table~\ref{tw-dac679eeaeb4}. Removal \% of MeR is estimated in the range: 80.5\% - 95.0\% pro leaves as well as bark powder of Lasoda; 75.5\% - 95.0\% pro leaves \& stem powder of Cassia occidentalis; 91.5\% - 100.0\% Leaves \& stem ashes of Cassia occidentalis, 92.0\% - 100.0 \% with ashes of Lasoda.
    
\section{Conclusion }
Sorbents extracted from \textit{Cordia dichotoma} (Lasoda) roots, \textit{Cassia occidentalis} leaves and stems and also been identified to own a good affinity at greater pH of MeR. The extraction requirements, viz pH, the concentration of sorbent, and balance time for optimum trash removal of MeR dye color, were enhanced. In the case of leaves powders of \textit{Cassia occidentalis}, the period of maximal equilibration is estimated at 90 min with the powder of the bark. The equilibration has been reduced to 30 minutes. In the case of Lasoda leaves powders, the optimum equilibration time was found to be 90 minutes and 120 minutes, respectively. The concentration of Sorbent of Cassia occidentalis's leaves power is estimated as 2.0 g/500mL and 1.5 gm/500 mL. with its bark powders. The Lasoda leaves powder has been proved to very effective even at the 1.0 gm/500 mL of the sorption concentration.  It is appealing to observe that higher than 95 percent of MeR dye color extraction was identified with Cassia occidentalis bark powders at all pH of every analysis. The MeR extractability under maximal extraction standards did not conflict with the fivefold surplus of typical anionions existing in normal waters. Cations such as Ca\ensuremath{^{2+}}, Mg\ensuremath{^{2+,}} and Cu\ensuremath{^{2+ }} have displayed a few interventions, but while Fe\ensuremath{^{2+}} and Zn\ensuremath{^{2+}} have retained the full dye extraction synergistically. Effective approaches for the near total elimination of MeR dye color with the bio-sorbents in research from artificially formulated wastewater are being generated. The methodologies have been observed to be surprisingly effective in extracting MeR dye color from industrial pollutants. 
\section*{Acknowledgement}The authors are thankful to Acharya Nagarjuna University, AP, India for their constant support and encouragement.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest for this study.

\textbf{Funding Support}

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study.
    

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