\documentclass[twocolumn,twoside]{article}
\makeatletter\if@twocolumn\PassOptionsToPackage{switch}{lineno}\else\fi\makeatother

\usepackage{amsfonts,amssymb,amsbsy,latexsym,amsmath,tabulary,graphicx,times,xcolor}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Following additional macros are required to function some 
% functions which are not available in the class used.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\usepackage{url,multirow,morefloats,floatflt,cancel,tfrupee}
\makeatletter


\AtBeginDocument{\@ifpackageloaded{textcomp}{}{\usepackage{textcomp}}}
\makeatother
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{pifont}
\usepackage[nointegrals]{wasysym}
\urlstyle{rm}
\makeatletter

%%%For Table column width calculation.
\def\mcWidth#1{\csname TY@F#1\endcsname+\tabcolsep}

%%Hacking center and right align for table
\def\cAlignHack{\rightskip\@flushglue\leftskip\@flushglue\parindent\z@\parfillskip\z@skip}
\def\rAlignHack{\rightskip\z@skip\leftskip\@flushglue \parindent\z@\parfillskip\z@skip}

%Etal definition in references
\@ifundefined{etal}{\def\etal{\textit{et~al}}}{}


%\if@twocolumn\usepackage{dblfloatfix}\fi
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex\else\if@twocolumn\@ifpackageloaded{stfloats}{}{\usepackage{dblfloatfix}}\fi\fi

\AtBeginDocument{
\expandafter\ifx\csname eqalign\endcsname\relax
\def\eqalign#1{\null\vcenter{\def\\{\cr}\openup\jot\m@th
  \ialign{\strut$\displaystyle{##}$\hfil&$\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfil
      \crcr#1\crcr}}\,}
\fi
}

%For fixing hardfail when unicode letters appear inside table with endfloat
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifpackageloaded{endfloat}%
   {\renewcommand\efloat@iwrite[1]{\immediate\expandafter\protected@write\csname efloat@post#1\endcsname{}}}{\newif\ifefloat@tables}%
}%

\def\BreakURLText#1{\@tfor\brk@tempa:=#1\do{\brk@tempa\hskip0pt}}
\let\lt=<
\let\gt=>
\def\processVert{\ifmmode|\else\textbar\fi}
\let\processvert\processVert

\@ifundefined{subparagraph}{
\def\subparagraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{5}{2\parindent}{0ex plus 0.1ex minus 0.1ex}%
{0ex}{\normalfont\small\itshape}}%
}{}

% These are now gobbled, so won't appear in the PDF.
\newcommand\role[1]{\unskip}
\newcommand\aucollab[1]{\unskip}
  
\@ifundefined{tsGraphicsScaleX}{\gdef\tsGraphicsScaleX{1}}{}
\@ifundefined{tsGraphicsScaleY}{\gdef\tsGraphicsScaleY{.9}}{}
% To automatically resize figures to fit inside the text area
\def\checkGraphicsWidth{\ifdim\Gin@nat@width>\linewidth
	\tsGraphicsScaleX\linewidth\else\Gin@nat@width\fi}

\def\checkGraphicsHeight{\ifdim\Gin@nat@height>.9\textheight
	\tsGraphicsScaleY\textheight\else\Gin@nat@height\fi}

\def\fixFloatSize#1{}%\@ifundefined{processdelayedfloats}{\setbox0=\hbox{\includegraphics{#1}}\ifnum\wd0<\columnwidth\relax\renewenvironment{figure*}{\begin{figure}}{\end{figure}}\fi}{}}
\let\ts@includegraphics\includegraphics

\def\inlinegraphic[#1]#2{{\edef\@tempa{#1}\edef\baseline@shift{\ifx\@tempa\@empty0\else#1\fi}\edef\tempZ{\the\numexpr(\numexpr(\baseline@shift*\f@size/100))}\protect\raisebox{\tempZ pt}{\ts@includegraphics{#2}}}}

%\renewcommand{\includegraphics}[1]{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth]{#1}}
\AtBeginDocument{\def\includegraphics{\@ifnextchar[{\ts@includegraphics}{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth,height=\checkGraphicsHeight,keepaspectratio]}}}

\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathpzc}{OT1}{pzc}{m}{it}

\def\URL#1#2{\@ifundefined{href}{#2}{\href{#1}{#2}}}

%%For url break
\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~\do\'\do\"\do\-}%
\g@addto@macro{\UrlBreaks}{\UrlOrds}



\edef\fntEncoding{\f@encoding}
\def\EUoneEnc{EU1}
\makeatother
\def\floatpagefraction{0.8} 
\def\dblfloatpagefraction{0.8}
\def\style#1#2{#2}
\def\xxxguillemotleft{\fontencoding{T1}\selectfont\guillemotleft}
\def\xxxguillemotright{\fontencoding{T1}\selectfont\guillemotright}

\newif\ifmultipleabstract\multipleabstractfalse%
\newenvironment{typesetAbstractGroup}{}{}%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\usepackage[authoryear]{natbib}



\newif\ifnokeywords\nokeywordsfalse

\makeatletter\input{size10-pointfive.clo}\makeatother%
\definecolor{kwdboxcolor}{RGB}{242,242,242}
\usepackage[hidelinks,colorlinks=true,allcolors=blue]{hyperref}
\linespread{1}                 
\def\floatpagefraction{0.8}

\usepackage[paperheight=11.69in,paperwidth=8.26in,top=1in,bottom=1in,left=1in,right=.75in,headsep=24pt]{geometry}

\usepackage{multirow-custom}

\makeatletter

\def\hlinewd#1{%
  \noalign{\ifnum0=`}\fi\hrule \@height #1%
  \futurelet\reserved@a\@xhline}
\def\tbltoprule{\hlinewd{1pt}\\[-14pt]}
\def\tblbottomrule{\noalign{\vspace*{6pt}}\hline\noalign{\vspace*{2pt}}}
\def\tblmidrule{\hline\noalign{\vspace*{2pt}}}



\let\@articleType\@empty
\let\@journalDoi\@empty
\let\@journalVolume\@empty
\let\@journalIssue\@empty
\let\@crossMarkLink\@empty
\let\@receivedDate\@empty
\let\@acceptedDate\@empty
\let\@revisedDate\@empty
\let\@publishedDate\@empty
\let\@copyrightYear\@empty
\let\@firstPage\@empty
\def\articleType#1{\gdef\@articleType{#1}}
\def\journalDoi#1{\gdef\@journalDoi{#1}}
\def\crossMarkLink#1{\gdef\@crossMarkLink{#1}}
\def\receivedDate#1{\gdef\@receivedDate{#1}}
\def\acceptedDate#1{\gdef\@acceptedDate{#1}}
\def\revisedDate#1{\gdef\@revisedDate{#1}}
\def\publishedDate#1{\gdef\@publishedDate{#1}}
\def\copyrightYear#1{\gdef\@copyrightYear{#1}}
\def\journalVolume#1{\gdef\@journalVolume{#1}}
\def\journalIssue#1{\gdef\@journalIssue{#1}}
\def\firstPage#1{\gdef\@firstPage{#1}}
\let\@issuelogo\@empty%
\let\@issuelogoex\@empty%
\def\issuelogo#1{\gdef\@issuelogo{#1}}
\def\issuelogoex#1{\gdef\@issuelogoex{#1}}


\def\author#1{%
  \gdef\@author{%
    \hskip-\dimexpr(\tabcolsep)\hskip5pt%
    \parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-1pt}%
    {\fontsize{11}{13}\selectfont\raggedright #1}%
  }%
}


\usepackage{pharmascope-abs}
\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{lastpage}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage[noindentafter,explicit]{titlesec}
\usepackage{fontspec}

\setmainfont[%
BoldFont=cambriab.ttf,%
ItalicFont=CAMBRIAI.TTF,%
BoldItalicFont=CAMBRIAZ.TTF]{Cambria.ttf}
\lefthyphenmin = 3

\def\title#1{%
  \gdef\@title{%
      \vspace*{-40pt}%
       \ifx\@articleType\@empty\else{\fontsize{10}{12}\scshape\selectfont\hspace{8pt}\@articleType\hfill\mbox{}\par\vspace{2pt}}\fi%
       \minipage{\linewidth}
         \hrulefill\\[-0.7pt]%%{\includegraphics[width=75pt,height=50pt]{ijrps_logo.png}}\hfill
         \mbox{~}\hspace{5pt}\parbox{.1\linewidth}{\IfFileExists{images/\@issuelogo.\@issuelogoex}{\includegraphics[width=79pt,height=61pt]{images/\@issuelogo.\@issuelogoex}}{\includegraphics[width=75pt,height=50pt]{ijrps_logo.png}}}\hfill
         \fcolorbox{kwdboxcolor}{kwdboxcolor}{\parbox{.792\linewidth}{%
          \begin{center}\fontsize{17}{17}\selectfont\scshape\vskip-7pt International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences\hfill\end{center}%
          \vspace*{-10pt}\hspace*{4pt}{\fontsize{8}{9}\selectfont Published by JK Welfare \& Pharmascope Foundation\hfill  Journal Home Page: \href{www.ijrps.com}{\color{blue}\underline{\smash{www.ijrps.com}}}}\hspace*{4pt}\mbox{}}}%
       \par\vspace*{-1pt}\rule{\linewidth}{1.3pt}%
       \endminipage%
    \par\vspace*{9.2pt}\parbox{.98\linewidth}{\linespread{.9}\raggedright\fontsize{14}{17}\selectfont #1}%
    \vspace*{-8pt}%
  }
}


\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
\setlength{\parskip}{0.4pc plus 1pt minus 1pt}

\def\abbrvJournalTitle{Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci.}

\fancypagestyle{headings}{%
  \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}%
  \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.3pt}
  \fancyhf{}%
  \fancyhead[R]{%
    \fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\RunningAuthor,\ \abbrvJournalTitle,\ \ifx\@journalVolume\@empty X\else\@journalVolume\fi%
    \ifx\@journalIssue\@empty\else(\@journalIssue)\fi%
    ,\ \ifx\@firstPage\@empty 1\else\@firstPage\fi-\pageref*{LastPage}%
  }%
  \fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\textcopyright\ International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}%
  \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\thepage}
}\pagestyle{headings}

                                                         
\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
  \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}%
  \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.3pt}%
  \fancyhf{}%
  \fancyhead[R]{%
    \fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\RunningAuthor,\ \abbrvJournalTitle,\ \ifx\@journalVolume\@empty X\else\@journalVolume\fi%
    \ifx\@journalIssue\@empty\else(\@journalIssue)\fi%
    ,\ \ifx\@firstPage\@empty 1\else\@firstPage\fi-\pageref*{LastPage}%
  }%
  \fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\textcopyright\ International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}%
  \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\thepage}
  \ifx\@firstPage\@empty\else\setcounter{page}{\@firstPage}\fi
}


\def\NormalBaseline{\def\baselinestretch{1.1}}
\usepackage{textcase}
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{0}

\titleformat{\section}[block]{\bfseries\boldmath\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{13}\selectfont}
{\thesection}
{6pt}
{\MakeTextUppercase{#1}}
[]
\titleformat{\subsection}[block]{\bfseries\boldmath\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubsection}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\subsubsection}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubsubsection}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\paragraph}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{10}\selectfont}
{\theparagraph}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\subparagraph}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubparagraph}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\paragraph}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subparagraph}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}

\captionsetup[figure]{skip=1.4pt,font=bf,labelsep=colon,justification=raggedright,singlelinecheck=false}
\captionsetup[table]{skip=1.4pt,font=bf,labelsep=colon,justification=raggedright,singlelinecheck=false}

\def\bibyear#1{#1}
%\def\bibjtitle#1{#1}   %%Publisher request
\def\bibauand{}
\setlength\bibsep{3pt}
\setlength\bibhang{8pt}

\makeatother
\date{}


\usepackage{float}

\begin{document}


\def\RunningAuthor{Abilasha R and Deepa Viswasini R}
\firstPage{526}
\articleType{Original Article}
\receivedDate{20 Jun 2020}
\acceptedDate{05 Aug 2020}
\revisedDate{18 Jul 2020}
\journalVolume{2020, 11 (SPL)}
\journalIssue{1}
\journalDoi{ijrps.v11iSPL1.2841}
\copyrightYear{2020}
\def\authorCount{2}
\def\affCount{1}

\def\journalTitle{International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}

\title{General awareness about Covid-19 and the role of Convalescent plasma therapy in the treatment of Covid -19 among post graduate dental students - A KAP Survey}
\author{Deepa~Viswasini~R, 
            Abilasha~R\textsuperscript{*}~\\[5pt]{Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai-600077, Tamil Nadu, India}}

\begin{abstract}
COVID-19, caused by SARS Cov2 virus is a global pandemic and a threat to the world population and economy. It can manifest with a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms ranging from asymptomatic cases to pneumonia or even fatality. One of the treatments suggested is convalescent plasma therapy. The study aims at assessing the general awareness about Covid-19 and knowledge about the role of Convalescent plasma therapy for treatment of Covid -19 among post graduate dental students. The survey was conducted among postgraduate dental students through an online survey tool using google forms. The survey was conducted online among postgraduate dental students on the go with 19 and convalescent plasma therapy.A total of 103 participant were included in the study. The responses were collected, tabulated and analysed using SPSS software. The knowledge regarding covid -19 and the awareness about the usefulness of convalescent plasma was variable. Around 90\% of the participants were aware of the effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy. Advance training, proper PPE and training on handling the patients with any infectious disease should be dealt with in detail for reducing the spread from dental clinics and dentists. 
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}COVID 19,\newline pathogenesis,\newline convalescent plasma therapy,\newline undergraduate dental students
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Abilasha~R~\\ Phone:\ ~\\  Email:\ abilasha@saveetha.com
        \par}\vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\par{\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont ISSN: 0975-7538}\par% 
        \textsc{DOI:}\ \href{https://doi.org/10.26452/\@journalDoi}{\textcolor{blue}{\underline{\smash{https://doi.org/10.26452/\@journalDoi}}}}\par%
        \vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\\{\fontsize{9.12}{10.12}\selectfont Production and Hosted by}\par{IJRPS |~\href{www.ijrps.com}{www.ijrps.com}}\par%
        \vspace*{-2pt}{\fontsize{9.12}{10.12}\selectfont\textcopyright\ \@copyrightYear\ $|$ All rights reserved.}\par%
        \vspace*{-11pt}\rule{\linewidth}{1.2pt}
        \makeatother
        
    
\section{Introduction}
COVID-19 has been caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV 2. The ICTV (international committee of the taxonomy of virus) has labelled SARS CoV 2, which has an outbreak from Wuhan, China, from January 2020 \unskip~\citep{843100:19919524}. It was similar to a different pathogen named SARS Cov (2003) and MERS CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome corona virus 2015) \unskip~\citep{843100:19919523,843100:19919526}. Corona virus belongs to the corona family beta Corona virus family with a size of 65 to 125 nm in diameter. This has led to severe respiratory problems and is at high risk of spreading to the common public; the scenario in India on COVID-19 is better than other tablet affected countries due to the precautionary measures \unskip~\citep{843100:19919524,843100:19919507}. Medical researchers have done a lot of studies to attend vaccination for this single-stranded RNA containing virus \unskip~\citep{843100:19919530}. Passive immunisation therapy has been used since 1890 to treat infectious disease \unskip~\citep{843100:19919506,843100:19919530}. Plasma transfusion is a way to administer neutralising antibodies in patients with the specified clinical disease to reduce symptoms and mortality \unskip~\citep{843100:19919515}. This has increased attention to reduce large-scale epidemic disease. In SARS and severe influenza, convalescent plasma therapy was recommended as the production of endogenous IgM and IgG Antibodies peaks at 2 to 4 weeks after transfusion respectively \unskip~\citep{843100:19919521,843100:19919532}. This led to a recommendation of convalescent plasma therapy for Covid 19 but has to be administered as early as possible. Convalescent plasma therapy as a classic adaptive Therapy which was used for the treatment of SARS, MERS, H1 N1 pandemic, which gave a satisfactory and efficient result. There has been little evidence of the contribution of viral disease in the pathogenesis of pulp stones\unskip~\citep{843100:19919505}. The main aim of 


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/25211c1f-4e37-435c-bab9-34c0e9c2a493-upicture1.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/25211c1f-4e37-435c-bab9-34c0e9c2a493-upicture1.png}{\includegraphics{images/25211c1f-4e37-435c-bab9-34c0e9c2a493-upicture1.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Percentage of participants who agree that COVID 19 is caused by SARS- CoV-2 virus}}
\label{f-738b2702b8a1}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/f8e7702f-a090-40b9-a231-991e9a5ffcd6-upicture2.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/f8e7702f-a090-40b9-a231-991e9a5ffcd6-upicture2.png}{\includegraphics{images/f8e7702f-a090-40b9-a231-991e9a5ffcd6-upicture2.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Percentage of responses of various symptoms of COVID 19}}
\label{f-044308f6fb42}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/ed037fde-9ca9-45a1-927e-c681ce737fd2-upicture3.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/ed037fde-9ca9-45a1-927e-c681ce737fd2-upicture3.png}{\includegraphics{images/ed037fde-9ca9-45a1-927e-c681ce737fd2-upicture3.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {The association of symptoms of COVID 19 and the participants aware of COVID 19}}
\label{f-eedc83bd1336}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/ec5d3e92-038a-42b2-b564-2be485987daa-upicture4.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/ec5d3e92-038a-42b2-b564-2be485987daa-upicture4.png}{\includegraphics{images/ec5d3e92-038a-42b2-b564-2be485987daa-upicture4.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {The response of participants on the incubation period of coronavirus}}
\label{f-137ed389a9be}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/8c2fd604-b941-4590-b6fa-3275e7678224-upicture5.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/8c2fd604-b941-4590-b6fa-3275e7678224-upicture5.png}{\includegraphics{images/8c2fd604-b941-4590-b6fa-3275e7678224-upicture5.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Distribution of responses for groups who are highly prone to COVID 19}}
\label{f-0fd243c62b6c}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/33836e78-e357-466b-9936-ad9d0ad8a868-upicture6.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/33836e78-e357-466b-9936-ad9d0ad8a868-upicture6.png}{\includegraphics{images/33836e78-e357-466b-9936-ad9d0ad8a868-upicture6.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {The percentage of participants who were aware about convalescent plasma therapy}}
\label{f-4a1e3e1bc46f}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/cfbe1ea1-5709-488e-87ab-c8c480867474-upicture7.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/cfbe1ea1-5709-488e-87ab-c8c480867474-upicture7.png}{\includegraphics{images/cfbe1ea1-5709-488e-87ab-c8c480867474-upicture7.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Frequency distribution of responses for the various pandemic diseases that are treated by convalescent plasma therapy}}
\label{f-a011464f30ca}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/0ad9e0e8-5478-4911-bbef-2bd62a0e9e30-upicture8.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/0ad9e0e8-5478-4911-bbef-2bd62a0e9e30-upicture8.png}{\includegraphics{images/0ad9e0e8-5478-4911-bbef-2bd62a0e9e30-upicture8.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {The response of participants who agree that convalescent plasma therapy could be a vaccine for covid19}}
\label{f-eb72dc309959}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/51f5ef4e-54b3-4521-8550-dfcd0d8924e6-upicture9.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/51f5ef4e-54b3-4521-8550-dfcd0d8924e6-upicture9.png}{\includegraphics{images/51f5ef4e-54b3-4521-8550-dfcd0d8924e6-upicture9.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {The responses for the various groups who are ideal for convalescent plasma therapy}}
\label{f-29cbf1dc6e81}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/8fc446dd-30d7-41c5-adec-329368212141-upicture10.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/8fc446dd-30d7-41c5-adec-329368212141-upicture10.png}{\includegraphics{images/8fc446dd-30d7-41c5-adec-329368212141-upicture10.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {The responses for the suitable group of patients to donate blood for convalescent plasmatherapy}}
\label{f-de1804593788}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/538dfb0b-7d6c-421e-b1c9-41cd2b278e07-upicture11.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/538dfb0b-7d6c-421e-b1c9-41cd2b278e07-upicture11.png}{\includegraphics{images/538dfb0b-7d6c-421e-b1c9-41cd2b278e07-upicture11.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {The responses X axis represents the participants aware of convalescent plasma therapy and Y axis represents the response of the suitable people to donate blood for convalescent plasma therapy}}
\label{f-74e427c59d19}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/d4c9d8ba-afc8-48e7-9268-cec8878fa90e-upicture12.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/d4c9d8ba-afc8-48e7-9268-cec8878fa90e-upicture12.png}{\includegraphics{images/d4c9d8ba-afc8-48e7-9268-cec8878fa90e-upicture12.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {The percentage of participants who are willing to treat the patients with history of Covid-19 }}
\label{f-f76f57b6000c}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/c5f1d842-c0e8-4926-9a65-8f7cd33ac80c-upicture13.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/c5f1d842-c0e8-4926-9a65-8f7cd33ac80c-upicture13.png}{\includegraphics{images/c5f1d842-c0e8-4926-9a65-8f7cd33ac80c-upicture13.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Frequency distribution of willingness of post kinds of treatment for patients with the history of COVID 19}}
\label{f-76adbcbc91f6}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/896fb625-0983-42c0-be73-3fbd2d63966a-upicture14.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/896fb625-0983-42c0-be73-3fbd2d63966a-upicture14.png}{\includegraphics{images/896fb625-0983-42c0-be73-3fbd2d63966a-upicture14.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {X axis represents the participants willing to treat and Y axis represents the type of treatment done}}
\label{f-a43dcf98703f}
\end{figure}
\egroup
Figure~\ref{f-738b2702b8a1}, X axis represents whether the respondents agreed or disagreed, Y axis represents the number of responses. 98.1\% of the participants accepted that COVID-19 was caused by SARS-COV to virus and 1.9\% disagreed. 

Figure~\ref{f-044308f6fb42}, 67.0\% of the participants felt that the symptoms of COVID was a combination of fever, Cough and shortness of breath.

Figure~\ref{f-eedc83bd1336}, X axis represents the symptoms of Covid 19 and y axis represents the participants aware that COVID 19 were caused by SARS-CoV-2virus. The Pearson Chi Square test shows p value is 0.730. (p value{\textgreater}0.05). Hence, it is statistically not significant.

Figure~\ref{f-137ed389a9be} shows, 1-14 days- 55.3 \% and 1 to 12.5 days 35.9 \%

Figure~\ref{f-0fd243c62b6c} shows, 61.2\% agreed that elderly individuals, immuno-compromised individuals, people with systemic illness are at high risk, 19.4 \% strongly felt that only elderly individuals are at higher risk.

Figure~\ref{f-4a1e3e1bc46f} represents, 90.3\% of participants are aware of convalescent plasma therapy.

Figure~\ref{f-a011464f30ca} depicts, CP therapy was suggested that treatment of SARS be 49.5\%, MERS by 14.6 \% and SARS, MERS and H1 N1 by 34\%

Figure~\ref{f-eb72dc309959} shows, 94.2\% of the participants suggested convalescent plasma therapy to be used as a vaccine prior to the incidence COVID 19.

Figure~\ref{f-29cbf1dc6e81} shows, 78.6\% of participants accepted that severe cases of COVID-19 are the ideal people to receive convalescent plasma therapy whereas only 20.4 \% accepted it to be in the initial face of COVID-19

Figure~\ref{f-de1804593788} shows, 74.8\% by those recovered from COVID-19, 22.3\% by healthy person with no viral history and 2.9 \% by healthy persons with viral history.

Figure~\ref{f-74e427c59d19} depicts, The Pearson Chi Square test shows p value is 0.491 (p value{\textgreater}0.05). Hence, it is statistically not significant.

Figure~\ref{f-f76f57b6000c} shows, 95.1\% are willing to treat the patients with Covid or history of Covid 19 when provided with PPE.

Figure~\ref{f-76adbcbc91f6} represents, 47.6\% of postgraduate were willing to provide only palliative treatment, 13.6 \% were ready to do emergency treatment.

Figure~\ref{f-a43dcf98703f} shows, The Pearson Chi Square test shows p value is 0.212 (p value{\textgreater}0.05). Hence, it is statistically not significant.

The study aims at assessing the general awareness about Covid-19 and the effective role of Convalescent plasma therapy in Covid-19 treatment among post graduate dental students.
    
\section{Materials and Methods}
A KAP survey was conducted online among Postgraduate dental students on the pathogenesis and convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19. A total of 15 questions were included in the study. All the questions framed were close-ended, and the question was conducted online. The survey was conducted to analyse the cause of COVID-19, symptoms, incubation time, recovery time and The people at higher risk.10 questions were based on the above mentioned. The rest ten questions were based on convalescent plasma therapy, its application, suitable people to receive and donate blood and the attitude and practice towards the patients with a history of COVID-19 for dental treatment. The dependent variables used in the study are awareness knowledge attitude and perception and convalescent plasma therapy and COVID-19, and the independent variables are pathogenesis, convalescent plasma therapy. The data were analysed using SPSS software. The statistical test used to be percentage analysis, mean and standard deviation.
    
\section{Results and Discussion}
Pneumonia associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2SARS-COV-two named coronavirus disease 2019 (covid19) By WHO emerged in December 2019 from Wuhan, China. As this epidemic spread within three months WHO categorised it as a pandemic in March 2020. Even though the positive cases and the mortality are being increased day by day, no approved specific anti-viral agent is targeting the novel virus such as remdesivir, lopinavir, and ritonavir is an understudy for determining the efficacy and safety \unskip~\citep{843100:19919521,843100:19919517,843100:19919533,843100:19919529}.\textit{\space }

Convalescent plasma therapy as a standard adaptive immune therapy that has been applied for the prevention and treatment of other infectious diseases for more than one century. [for the past decade's CP therapy has been successfully used for the treatment of say RS, MARS, H1 N1 2009 pandemic with satisfactory efficacy and safety \unskip~\citep{843100:19919516,843100:19919513}. Since the virology and clinical characteristics shared similarly among SARS, MERS, H1N1 and COVID-19, CP has been proposed as a treatment option for COVID-19 \unskip~\citep{843100:19919525}. Kai Duan et al. has suggested that the first endpoint for COVID-19 as safety for convalescent plasma transfusion and the second endpoint being the improvement of clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters within three days after CP transfusion. The exact pathogenesis of COVID-19 is under study, and there are several kinds of research on it. Other parameters like increased lymphocyte count, decrease C-reactive protein has been proved due to convalescent plasma therapy, thereby increasing the likelihood of individuals to recover. There was a radiological examination done which revealed that there are varying degrees of absorption in lesions within seven days \unskip~\citep{843100:19919525}.

A survey was conducted among postgraduate dental students, where 103 Participated in the study. The survey was conducted online, and 15 questions were included. In the study, 98.1\% of the participants accepted that SARS-COV caused COVID-19 to the virus and 1.9\% disagreed with that (Figure~\ref{f-738b2702b8a1}). There are several studies on the symptoms of COVID- 19 \unskip~\citep{843100:19919517} describing the primary symptoms be cough and fever \unskip~\citep{843100:19919518,843100:19919525}, other symptoms of SARS, MERS, Covid 19 being myalgia, fatigue, dyspnea and anorexia \unskip~\citep{843100:19919717,843100:19919522,843100:19919524}. In our study, we observed that 67.0\% of the participants felt that the symptoms of COVID were a combination of fever, cough and shortness of breath (Figure~\ref{f-044308f6fb42}). Association of symptoms of COVID 19 and the participants aware of COVID 19 where the p-value is 0.730. (p value{\textgreater}0.05) which is statistically not significant (Figure~\ref{f-eedc83bd1336}). 

The incubation period of COVID-19 was suggested to be 1-14 days by 55.3 \% and 1 to 12.5 days by 35.9 \% (Figure~\ref{f-137ed389a9be}).I Inthe study, 61.2 percentage agreed that elderly individuals, immuno compromised individuals, people with the systemic illness are at high risk, 19.4\% strongly felt that only elderly individuals are at higher risk (Figure~\ref{f-0fd243c62b6c}). The recovery period suggested by 51.6 \% with 3 to 6 weeks, whereas 38.8\% agreed that the recovery period was two weeks. We observe that 90.3\% of the participants were aware of convalescent plasma therapy, and correlation was done (Figure~\ref{f-4a1e3e1bc46f}). 

In the present study, 90.3 \% of participants are aware of convalescent plasma therapy. There are several studies on convalescent plasma therapy on SARS, MERS, H1N1. In our research, CP was suggested that treatment of SARS by 49.5\%, MERS by 14.6 \% and SARS, MERS and H1 N1 by 34\%  (Figure~\ref{f-a011464f30ca}). This revealed that dentists are aware of the management of pandemic disease with the help of convalescent plasma therapy. 

In the present study, 94.2\% of the participants suggested convalescent plasma therapy be used as a vaccine before the incidence COVID 19 (Figure~\ref{f-eb72dc309959}). Few authors conducted a study on convalescent plasma therapy and found that early stage of the disease is the ideal time for convalescent plasma therapy for most effective results \unskip~\citep{843100:19919521}. In our study, we observed that 78.6 \%of participants accepted that severe cases of COVID-19 are the ideal people to receive convalescent plasma therapy. In contrast, only 20.4 \% accepted it to be in the first face of COVID-19 (Figure~\ref{f-29cbf1dc6e81}). The suitable people to donate blood for convalescent plasma therapy according to our responses were - 74.8\% by those recovered from COVID 19, 22.3\% by a healthy person with no viral history and 2.9 \% by healthy persons with viral history (Figure~\ref{f-de1804593788}). Association between participants who were aware of convalescent plasma therapy and the ideal people to donate blood for convalescent plasma therapy shows p-value is 0.491 (p value{\textgreater}0.05)which is statistically not significant (Figure~\ref{f-74e427c59d19}).

The mean time for the onset of symptoms to receive convalescent plasma therapy was reported to be 16.5 days by \unskip~\citep{843100:19919513}. In our study, we observe that the mean time was agreed to be 16.5 days by 52.4 \% and ten days by 36.9\%. 95.1\% of, the participants were willing to treat the patients during Covid 19 pandemic even though they were aware that dentists are the most vulnerable and are at higher risk of covid 19.

Among the 103 participants, 95.1 \% are willing to treat the patients with Covid or history of Covid 19 when provided with PPE (Figure~\ref{f-f76f57b6000c}), and 96.1\% do agree that dentists are at higher risk of transmission of COVID-19. In the study 47.6\% of postgraduate were willing to provide only palliative treatment, 13.6 \% were ready to do an emergency treatment like surgical or endodontic treatment, 11.7 \% were prepared for providing oral prophylaxis including scaling and curettage and 27.2\% were prepared to do all the dental procedures (Figure~\ref{f-76adbcbc91f6}). Association of responses of the dentist willing to treat patients with a history of COVID 19 and various treatments are done where the p-value is 0.212 (p value{\textgreater}0.05) which is statistically not significant (Figure~\ref{f-a43dcf98703f}). Previously, different research was done by our team on awareness \unskip~\citep{843100:19919520}, molecular diagnostic studies \unskip~\citep{843100:19919512,843100:19919510,843100:19919509,843100:19919527,843100:19919528}, immunohistochemical studies \unskip~\citep{843100:19919514,843100:19919533}, histological assessment \unskip~\citep{843100:19919531,843100:19919508,843100:19919519}, case report \unskip~\citep{843100:19919505,843100:19919511,843100:19919516} and systematic review \unskip~\citep{843100:19919512}, on advances in pathology to know the pathogenesis and the prognosis. Advance training, proper PPE and training on handling the patients with any infectious disease should be dealt with in detail for reducing the spread from dental clinics and dentists.
    
\section{Conclusions}
In this study, we found that postgraduate dental students have a varied knowledge of COVID-19, and most of them suggested that plasma therapy is beneficial. Despite the spread and severity of COVID-19, most of them are willing to treat patients by providing palliative treatment by limiting the spread from dental clinics or hospitals.
\section*{Acknowledgement}We thank the management and students of Saveetha Dental college for their timely support.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

Nil.

\textbf{Funding Support}

Nil.
    

\bibliographystyle{pharmascope_apa-custom}

\bibliography{\jobname}
\end{document}
