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\def\RunningAuthor{Meena Shamrao Deogade}
\firstPage{304}
\articleType{Review Article}
\receivedDate{20 Apr 2020}
\acceptedDate{22 May 2020}
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\title{Agnihotra (Homa)- an Ayurveda therapy in the prevention and control of covid-19}
\author{Meena~Shamrao~Deogade\textsuperscript{*}~\\[5pt]{Department of Dravyaguna, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved Collage Hospital and Research Centre, Datta Meghe Institute of  Medical Sciences(Deemed to be Unversity), Wardha, Maharashtra, India }}

\begin{abstract}
Ayurveda always recommended the holistic approach for the prevention of diseases, health promotion and curing the ailments. Agnihotra/Yagya/ homa is a part of Indian rituals, and one of the ancient therapy of healing recommended by Ayurveda. An agnihotra is a simple form of homa. Various materials are used in this therapy like cow dung cake, rice, ghee and medicinal plants either as a firewood or \textit{Samidha}, which are helpful for purification of the atmosphere resulting in prevention and control of various communicable diseases. In Ayurveda epidemic or pandemic has been described as \textit{Janapadodhwansa} \textit{Rogas}. And causative factors mentioned that vitiation of \textit{Vayu} (air), \textit{Jala} (water), \textit{Desh} (area), and \textit{Kala} (season). \textit{Abhishyangaja} (effects of pathogens, evil forces and unhygienic condition) is also one of the causes of epidemic/ pandemic. For this reason, Ayurveda advocated sterilization of water, air, soil and atmosphere with the help of \textit{Agnihotra}, i.e. \textit{Homa, Yagya, Dhupana}. As \textit{Agnihotra} is applied in Ayurveda for therapeutic purpose is also known as Homa therapy. Many studies showed the antimicrobial activity of smoke raises from \textit{Agnihotra}. When the whole world is facing the pandemic\textit{} Coronavirus disease\textit{\space } (COVID-19), need to think about this therapy. According to world meter, there are 1,853,155 cases, 114,247 deaths till 13 April 2020. Hence it is the right time to think about the control and preventive measures of the infectious agent (SARS-Cov-2) of COVID-19 disease with the help of \textit{Agnihotra}/\textit{Homa} therapy.
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Agnihotra,\newline Homa Therapy,\newline Ayurveda,\newline SARS-Cov-2,\newline COVID-19,\newline Pandemic
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Meena~Shamrao~Deogade~\\ Phone:\ 9404049302~\\  Email:\ drmmeena@rediffmail.com
        \par}\vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\par{\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont ISSN: 0975-7538}\par% 
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\section{Introduction}
Agnihotra is a simple form of homa is a part of Indian rituals. This is performed according to the procedure described in the \textit{Vedas} and other Vedic literature to reap the benefit in the form of good health and ecological balance. As Ayurveda is associated with Atharvaveda, it contains applied knowledge of medicine, so it also recommended the Agnihotra, i.e. Homa therapy. Various medicinal plants are used in this therapy either as a firewood or \textit{Samidha}, which are helpful for purification of the atmosphere resulting in prevention and control of various communicable diseases. If Homa (Agnihotra) is regularly performed, it creates a clean, nutritional and medicinal atmosphere and this atmosphere helpful for reduction of physical/mental diseases. As agnihotra is applied in Ayurveda for therapeutic purpose is also known as Homa therapy \unskip~\citep{794854:18960892}. 

Earth's big part is cover by Microorganisms, i.e. virus, bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and algae. Numbers of microorganisms present in air range from 10 to 10,000 per cubic meter. They can live at less than -20 degrees Celsius to hotter than the boiling point temperatures. Among which 20-25\% are beneficial to our health and remaining are pathogenic \unskip~\citep{794854:18960884}. Communicable, or infectious diseases, are caused by these microorganisms{\textemdash}one billion people affected by natural calamities due to contagious or communicable diseases in the last two decades. Communicable diseases are also considered disasters because which can cause epidemics and pandemics. These diseases have the ability to devastate the capacity of the advancement of science and research done by human and cause harm to the society \unskip~\citep{794854:18960937}.


\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Medicinal plants used for Agnihotra} }
\label{tw-677817c64984}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.14040000000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20419999999999995\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.15430000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.13899999999999993\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.36209999999999994\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Name  & Botanical name & Family  & Part used in  \mbox{}\protect\newline Homa & Therapeutic action/Indications \\
\tblmidrule 
Udumbara  &
  Ficus glomerata Roxb. &
  Moraceae &
  Twig, Bark, Heart Wood &
  Diarrhoea, Emesis, Wound, Haemorrhages, Skin diseases, Diabetes \\
Agaru  &
  Aquilaria agallochum (Lour.) Roxb. ex Finl. &
  Thymelaeaceae  &
  Heart Wood &
  Asthma, Diarrhoea, Gout, Skin diseases, Antiseptic, Sexual debility, Carminative, \\
Khadir  &
  Acacia catechu willd. &
  Fabaceae &
  Stem &
  Cough, Irritable bowel, Fever, Wound, Skin diseases\\
Ashwattha  &
  Ficus religiosa L. &
  Moraceae &
  Twig, Bark, Heart Wood &
  Antiseptic, Vaginal infection, Infected wound, Diarrhoea\\
Guggulu  &
  Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl. &
  Burseraceae  &
  Gum-resin &
  Hyperlipidemia, Inflammation, Hemiplegia, Bronchitis\\
Nyagrodha  &
  Ficus benghalensis L. &
  Moraceae &
  Twig, Bark  &
  Gynaecological disorders, Erysipelas, Ulcers, Wounds, antimicrobial \\
Chandana  &
  Santalum album L. &
  Santalaceae  &
  Heart Wood &
  Antiseptic, Bacteriostatic, Antifungal, Urinary antiseptic, STD \\
Aamra  &
  Mangifera indica L. &
  Anacardiaceae &
  Stem bark &
  Anti-bacteria, Antifungal, Anthelmintic\\
Ark  &
  Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br.  &
  Asclepiadaceae  &
  Twig, Flowers &
  Tuberculosis, Asthma, Leprosy, Syphilis\\
Haridra  &
  Curcuma longa L.  &
  Zingiberaceae  &
  Rhizome powder &
  Antioxidant, Antiprotozoal, Antitumour, Antitumor, DNA damage protects\\
Nyagrodha  &
  Ficus benghalensis L.  &
  Moraceae &
  Twig, Bark &
  Wound, Diabetes, erysipelas, Ulcer, Antiemetic\\
Narikela  &
  Cocos nucifera L.  &
  Arecaceae &
  Fruit Wood &
  Fever, Urinary disorders, Antiseptic, Gastroenteritis, Erysipelas \\
Palash  &
  Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. &
  Fabaceae &
  Twig, heartwood &
  Anthelmintic, Diuretic, Antibacterial, Antifungal,\\
Plaksh  &
  Ficus racemosa L &
  Mimosaceae &
  Bark  &
  Ulcer, Leucorrhoea, Epistaxis, Leprosy\\
Bilva  &
  Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa. &
  Rutaceae  &
  Leaves, Heart Wood &
  Enteric infection, Colitis, Antimicrobial\\
Doorva  &
  Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. &
  Poaceae &
  Whole plant &
  Haematuria, Inflamed tumours, Wound, Cystitis, Antiseptic, Styptic, Scabies\\
Apamarga  &
  Achyranthes asper L. &
  Amaranthaceae &
  Whole plant &
  Hepatoprotective, Cough, Asthma, Antifunal\\
Haritaki  &
  Terminalia chebula Retz. &
  Combretaceae &
  Fruit  &
  Purgative, Hepatomegaly, Spleenomegaly, Antioxidant, Chronic/intermittent fever\\
Deodaru  &
  Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G.Don &
  Pinaceae  &
  Stem  &
  Inflammation, Diptheria, Antiviral, Fever, Pulmonary, Urinary disorders, Diarrhoea\\
Shami  &
  Dichrostachys cinerea(L.) Wight. \& Arn.  &
  Mimosaceae &
  Twig &
  Urinary disorders, Diarrhoea\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Medicinal plants used for Agnihotra} }
\label{tw-ddb876114173}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1543\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1695\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1751\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1584\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.34269999999999996\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Name  & Botanical name & Family & \textbf{Part used in } \mbox{}\protect\newline \textbf{Homa} & Therapeutic action/indications \\
\tblmidrule 
Darbha  &
  Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. &
  Poaceae &
  Leaves  &
  Antiviral, Dysuria, Vaginal discharge, Erysipelas, \\
Bakul &
  Mimusops elengi L.  &
  Sapotaceae &
  Fruit &
  Chronic dysentery, Promoting fertility in woman, antimicrobial, Good for cardiovascular activity\\
Babul  &
  Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. &
  Fabaceae &
  Bark  &
  Urogenital disorders, Antifungal, Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Diabetes, Demulcent\\
Parijat  &
  Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. &
  Oleaceae &
  Twig &
  Anti-inflammatory, Antispasmodic, Hypotensive, Anti-allergic, Amoebicidal, Asthma\\
Nirgundi &
  Vitex negundo L. &
  Verbenaceae &
  Twig &
  Infected ulcer, Sinus, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Helminthiasis, anti-histaminic\\
Aragwadha  &
  Cassia fistula L. &
  Fabaceae &
  Fruit &
  Amoebiasis, Purgative, antipyretic, Skin disorders\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/d2be56d7-ba4a-4fb9-a02d-38a5e4de84a6-upicture1.png}
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\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/d2be56d7-ba4a-4fb9-a02d-38a5e4de84a6-upicture1.png}{\includegraphics{images/d2be56d7-ba4a-4fb9-a02d-38a5e4de84a6-upicture1.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Types of microorganisms in Ayurveda}}
\label{f-ba8811bbb1be}
\end{figure*}
\egroup
Once again, the whole world is facing the invisible enemy novel \textit{Coronavirus } SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19). It is widely spread in the world from Wuhan city of China. According to world meter, till 13 April 2020, there are 1,853,155 cases, 114,247 deaths and 423,625 recovered worldwide \unskip~\citep{794854:18960938}. It is spread by Human-to-human transmission. It is found that spread among family members, relatives and friends who are closely contacted with patients or incubation carriers \unskip~\citep{794854:18960885}. The atmosphere got contaminated by such pathogen. Thus it carries a lot of significance to disinfect the area where we reside, which in turn result in prevention and control of disease COVID-19. Hence it is the right time to think about the control and preventive measures of an infectious agent (SARS-Cov-2) of COVID-19 disease with the help of Agnihotra/Homa therapy. 
    
\section{Materials and Methods}
Reviewed ancient, Ayurveda literature and published articles on various search engines. Compiled all relevant data and trying to interpret the significance of \textit{Agnihotra} in the prevention and control of pandemic COVID-19.
    
\section{Results and Discussion}
Existence of microorganism was accepted by Ancient Indians. They were aware about pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganism (Figure~\ref{f-ba8811bbb1be}). They are also believed that diseases can be caused by pathogenic microorganism since Vedic period. The references in ancient literature for microorganisms and infectious diseases are found on the name of \textit{Kurumi} and \textit{Krumirogas or Aupasargik rogas, } respectively. Microorganisms (\textit{Krumi}) are thought to be the causative factors of infectious diseases \unskip~\citep{794854:18960883}. Acharya Sushruta has mentioned about communicable diseases, and the way of it spreads from one person to the other by contact. Sexual contact, frequent interaction, touching, through breath, by eating together, by sitting together, by sleeping together and by wearing the same garlands and ornaments of someone who is infected, these are the modes of transmission of the disease has been mentioned in Sushruta Samhita. It is clearly mentioned in Charaka Samhita about epidemic or pandemic as \textit{Janapadodhwansa} \textit{Rogas}; such diseases spread and kill a large number of people at the same time.\textit{\space } Epidemic or pandemic (\textit{Janapadodhwansa)} occurs due to vitiation of \textit{Vayu} (air), \textit{Jala} (water), \textit{Desh} (area), and \textit{Kala} (season). \textit{Abhishyangaja} (effects of pathogens, evil forces and unhygienic condition) is also one of the causes of epidemic/ pandemic \unskip~\citep{794854:18960883}. 

For this reason, Ayurveda advocated sterilization of water, air, soil and atmosphere with the help of \textit{Agnihotra}, i.e. \textit{Homa, Yagya, Dhupana}. They reduced the microbial load to non-pathogenic levels and helpful for the prevention and control of epidemic conditions \unskip~\citep{794854:18960891}. \textit{Agnihotra} (\textit{Homa} therapy) not only maintain the human health but also plants, animals and the whole atmosphere. \textit{Homa} is a technical term of bio-energy from the Vedic science. It indicating the purification and removing the toxic conditions of the atmosphere through the constituent electrons of the substances fumigated in the \textit{Homa} is an obvious effect of this process \unskip~\citep{794854:18960934}. Here fire is the medium, which heals and purify the atmosphere. When heals the atmosphere, the healed atmosphere healed the whole world. \textit{Agnihotra}/ \textit{Homa} performed in copper pyramid shape vessel with cow dung cakes, or medicinal plants stem and ghee, rice as offerings to the fire with whisper of mantras at sunrise and sunset. At the time of sunrise, a flood of subtle energies reaches the \textit{agnihotra} pyramid. These energies move in a pyramid form, created an energy channel and withdrawn in the same way at sunset. With the classical sound of agnihotra mantra and specific materials/ medicinal plants (Tables~\ref{tw-677817c64984} and~\ref{tw-ddb876114173}) used for homa, this energy stream reaches to the whole atmosphere into the solar range. It induces a strong purification effect on all levels \unskip~\citep{794854:18960889}. 

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly spread more than 85 countries from Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 (\ensuremath{\beta }-coronavirus) is a cause of this pandemic. The seriousness of this pandemic can be understood with 114,247 deaths worldwide till date. Primarily it is spread through the respiratory tract, by droplets, respiratory tract secretions, and direct contact. But SARS-CoV-2 found in faecal swabs and blood, indicating the possibility of multiple routes of transmission \unskip~\citep{794854:18960940} Fever, cough, fatigue, sputum production, shortness of breath, sore throat, and headache are the common clinical symptoms of COVID-19. Infected elderly with COVID-19 and associated with hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the high-risk patients. It is communicable with an incubation period of 1{\textendash}14 days, mostly 3{\textendash}7days \unskip~\citep{794854:18960885}. As per the new study conducted at National Institutes of Health, CDC, UCLA and Princeton University scientists in the UK, SARS-CoV-2 is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces. It is widely spread because people may acquire the virus through the air and after touching contaminated objects \unskip~\citep{794854:18960890}.

Therefore the ancient sterilization method of \textit{Agnihotra/Homa} should be adopted in this pandemic condition for prevention and control of COVID-19. Ancient day's people used the natural sources to fight the bacteria and pollution. All the materials used for \textit{Homa} have medicinal properties. Cow dung cake used for \textit{Homa} contains 24 minerals. It harbours a diverse group of microorganisms that may be beneficial to humans due to their ability to produce a range of metabolites. It contains great power of protection from atomic radiation \unskip~\citep{794854:18960888}. Burnt cow dung has a good conductivity and retention of energy with high specific surface area \unskip~\citep{794854:18960886}. Researches proved that the smell of cow-dung kills the bacteria of cholera and Tuberculosis TB \unskip~\citep{794854:18960934}. Similarly, it might be kills the SARS-CoV-2.

Medicinal plants are used (Tables~\ref{tw-677817c64984} and~\ref{tw-ddb876114173}) having the antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and indicated in infectious diseases. The fumes of cow's ghee have the potential to lessen the effect of atomic radiation to a great extent. Unpolished whole brown rice should be used because subtle energy structure is broken in broken rice \unskip~\citep{794854:18960934}. All this material, when exposed to fire raise medicinal fumes from \textit{Agnihotra} in the atmosphere so as to detoxify, de-pollute, eradicate bacteria and other microorganisms, which are the root cause of illness and diseases. Further, when Vedic \textit{mantras} are chanted simultaneously, the influence on the atmosphere is that much more potently positive. Thus not only clear the atmosphere but that individuals nearby \textit{Homa} benefit with physical and mental health also \unskip~\citep{794854:18960935}. \textit{Agnihotra} has a close connection with fire, heat, electro-magnetic force and cosmic energy fields. The pyramid shape copper vessel creates bacteria static atmosphere and the energy is concentrated at the middle portion. The shape of the vessel helps to spread the effects of \textit{Agnihotra} to a wider area \unskip~\citep{794854:18960935}. Fumes of \textit{Homa} sterilise the atmosphere of homa or place where performed may help to eradicate the SARS-CoV-2 as it live on surface and aerosols. 

Elisabeth M., from Madrid, Spain has performed \textit{Agnihotra} regularly and also took \textit{Agnihotra} Ash daily. She has reported that her tenant runs a much-frequented restaurant in Madrid. She had shared the same kitchen, had meals together, shared the same bathroom, and even had a birthday party some days earlier with him. When he got tested positive for coronavirus, Elisabeth M. and her partner also got tested. Tests results were negative of both of them. The doctors who did the tests be much surprised, as coronavirus is highly contagious. It seems \textit{Agnihotra} has helped to avoid getting infected \unskip~\citep{794854:18960936}. Homa therapy stimulates the hormones, boost the immune system \unskip~\citep{794854:18960887} and the immune response is vital for the control and resolution of CoVid-19 infections, so prevention from infection of CoVid-19 might be possible by \textit{Homa}.

It is reported that carbon dioxide gas from \textit{Agnihotra} is converted into formaldehyde (CO2 + H2O$\rightarrow $ HCHO + O2), which has antiseptic properties and thereby destroys the pathogenic bacteria in the atmosphere and the air appears relatively much clear after \textit{Agnihotra} is practiced. The smoke of medicinal plants for curing disorders if its smoke can be consumed for half an hour then the germs of typhoid is destroyed and cures the respiratory problems also \unskip~\citep{794854:18960888}. Therefore, it might be helpful to cure the respiratory symptoms of Covid-19. The whole world is searching for the medicine/vaccine for this pandemic. In this deadly situation \textit{Agnihotra} (\textit{Homa}) therapy can be tested with the help of scientist/ researchers.
    
\section{Conclusions}
With the past incidences, it may be concluded that \textit{Agnihotra} (\textit{Homa}) therapy is very simple, economic and extremely effective in bacteriostatic effect. It cleans the atmosphere, boosts the immune system and heals the physical and mental ailments. However, there has not been one single study showing the effects of \textit{Homa} therapy on COVID-19. So there is a need to establish a compute evidences of \textit{Agnihotra} against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).
\section*{Acknowledgement}Datta Meghe Institute of  Medical Sciences(Deemed to be Unversity), Wardha, Maharashtra, India.

\textbf{Funding Support}

Nil.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

Nil.
    

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