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\begin{document}


\def\RunningAuthor{Kanimozhi S et al.}
\firstPage{6203}
\articleType{Review Article}
\receivedDate{28 Sep 2019}
\acceptedDate{15 Feb 2020}
\revisedDate{06 Feb 2020}
\journalVolume{2020, 11}
\journalIssue{4}
\journalDoi{ijrps.v11i4.3295}
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\title{\textbf{Analgesic effects of Mathan Thylam - A pharmacognostic review}}
\author{Kanimozhi~S\textsuperscript{1},  
            Ponmalar~E\textsuperscript{1},  
            Bupesh~G\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{2},  
            Mathiyazhagan~M\textsuperscript{3},  
            Vasanth~S\textsuperscript{4}, 
            Sahoo~U~K\textsuperscript{5}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Department of Anatomy, Sri Sairam Siddha Medical College and Research Centre, Chennai, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}Department of Forest Science, Nagaland University(Central), Lumami, zunheboto, Nagaland-798627, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{3}Department of Botany, Silapathar Science College, Amritpur, Silapathar, Dhemaji-Dist, Assam-787059, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{4}Research and Development Wing, Sree Balaji Medical College \& Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{5}Department of Forestry, School of Earth Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India}}

\begin{abstract}
Mathan Thylam is a medicated oil which is widely used as a topical medicine. In native of Siddha system, this oil is prescribed to heal all types of ulcers and wounds. It is very effective in curing severe carbuncle ulcer of diabetes, diabetic foot ulcers. The oil has a wide variety of other therapeutic topical applications such as eczema, bedsores itches, weeping eczema, wounds, folliculitis, anal fistula, ear infections, per anal abscess, alopecia, non-healing of cut and burns wounds. The vital compositions of the mathan thylam are constituted with thurusu (copper sulphate), datura leaf and coconut oil. These active ingredients, present in mathan thylam acts to play a major role in healing ulcers. In this study, we aimed to prove the analgesic effect of mathan thylam. As a result of the presence of datura leaf, mathan thylam can be used as an unsurpassed analgesic than any other medicated oils. This oil is used to reduce pain as well as inflammation. The Phytochemical and GCMS analysis of a hydroalcoholic extract of the mathan thylam revealed the presence of coumarin, steroid, alkaloid, saponin, furan, quinine and triterpenoid. This comprehensive review includes information on botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and ethnomedical uses of datura, which is the key ingredient in mathan thylam to be used as a topical analgesic. 
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Mathan Thylam,\newline Datura,\newline Analgesic,\newline Topical medicine,\newline Scopolamine
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Bupesh~G~\\ Phone:\ +91 8012405965~\\  Email:\ bupeshgiri55@gmail.com.
        \par}\vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\par{\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont ISSN: 0975-7538}\par% 
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\section{Introduction}
While oral pain meds have for quite some time been the pillar of treatment, they are not without threats \unskip~\citep{797480:19025203}. In the expectation of delivering comparable viability while lessening the hazard for unfavourable adverse events, substitute formulations have been developed, including buccal, subcutaneous, sublingual, etc., \unskip~\citep{797480:19040531}. To reduce the danger of foundational unfavourable events, topical administration by means of topical patches, gels, creams, ointments and solutions expects to furnish local analgesia with a lesser level of complete distribution \unskip~\citep{797480:19040521}. To pass the hydrophilic, corneum stratum, lipophilic, and low-molecular-weight qualities are required \unskip~\citep{797480:19040525}. Since topically administered stuff keeps away from absorption in the gastrointestinal tract tract and has constrained first-pass digestion, they have notably less systemic disclosure when contrasted to oral drugs, in spite of valuable concentrations in the focused on tissues \unskip~\citep{797480:19040534}. 

\textbf{About Datura Alba}

\textbf{Plant Parts Used}

The whole plant is utilized in therapeutics (Table~\ref{tw-3322e095be12}). Its leaf, bloom, roots, dried leaves, and dried seeds are moreover used freely for different purposes. The plant all in all has anodyne, pain-relieving, rest activating and antispasmodic action\unskip~\citep{797480:19040526}.


\begin{table}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Different classical names} }
\label{tw-3322e095be12}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.30799999999999997\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.692\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Language & Name\\
\tblmidrule 
Tamil  &
  Ummattai, Umate \\
Hindi  &
  Dhattura, Kaladhattura \\
Bengali  &
  Dhotra, Dhatura, Dhutura\\
Kannada  &
  Unmatta, Unmattegida Rotecubung, Ummam\\
Marathi  &
  Dhotra, Dhatura \\
Punjabi  &
  Dhattur, Dhattura \\
English  &
  Thorn apple\\
Telugu  &
  Ummetta, Ummatta \\
Bihari  &
  Khunuk\\
Gujarathi &
  Dhatura, Dhaturo, Dhanturo\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table}
\textbf{Dynamic Components at Different Parts of Datura}

\unskip~\citep{797480:19025203} The plant includes select useful groups of secondary metabolites such as steroids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenols and glycosides. All components of the plant are harmful, yet the greatest measures of alkaloids are contained in the ripe seeds\unskip~\citep{797480:19040526}. All Datura plants contain tropane alkaloids such as scopolamine, hyoscyamine and atropine \unskip~\citep{797480:19040527,797480:19040535}.

\textbf{Datura Leaves}

\textit{Datura} leaves have a bitter taste and comparable trademark smell like datura seeds. It is used in making herbal plasters. It is likewise used as anodyne and antispasmodic \unskip~\citep{797480:19040521}. \textit{Datura} leaves are maximum toxic a part of datura plant. Leaves comprise a high amount of toxic alkaloids called \textit{Daturine} and albumen in addition to mucilage and ash. These alkaloids include about 25\% potassium nitrate.

\textbf{Preparation of Mathanoil}

The formula for the preparation of the Mathan oil \unskip~\citep{797480:19040534}.

It contains 3 ingredients, namely\ensuremath{^{}}


  
  \begin{enumerate}
  \item \relax Thurusu purified (Copper sulphate) powder {\textendash} 350 gm.
  \item \relax Umathai leaf juice(Datura alba)- 5 lit
  \item \relax Coconut oil- 2 lit
  \end{enumerate}
  First, the thurusu crystals were fired in a dry pan and powered well as a part of purification. Then the datura leaves were washed, and the juice was taken by crushing the leaves. These are added to the boiling coconut oil one by one. At correct stage the oil was taken off from fire and allowed to cool. Then it is filtered and used for various purposes.
    
\section{Discussion}
Many experience pain because of poor calcium assimilation brought about by the general absence of good quality normal nourishment worldwide for certain decades now. Plain datura oil, when applied topically influences the sensory system locally and very quickly \unskip~\citep{797480:19040517}. Datura increases body temperature and improves blood circulation by the tropical application. 

Atropine and scopolamine be aggressive adversaries of muscarinic cholinergic receptors and are nervous system depressants. Datura is very effective for Nerve, Muscle, Tendon Pain Relief and Healing from fresh wounds Old Injury. Datura oil can be utilized accurately on those responsive regions, much the same as the face, wherein the nerve endings are high-quality and susceptible. It offers profound rest and agony cure. T gradually mends and revives the skin. It is brilliant for those with pain and aches brought about by intense injury or rehashed injury to a territory or related to a zone of the body. 

The scopolamine is an alkaloid present in Datura, which has a therapeutic use because of its antimuscarinic and anticholinergic effects \unskip~\citep{797480:19040523}. Scopolamine is on the list of essential drugs of the World Health Organization. Scopolamine crosses the blood-brain barrier very easily, causing alterations in the brain \unskip~\citep{797480:19040518}. It has inhibitory outcomes on muscarinic receptors (especially M1), blocking them in order that nerve cells can't receive Acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is an essential neurotransmitter in our frame because it participates in muscle contraction. The basal nucleus of Meynert is part of our mind full of cholinergic cells (freeing and receiving acetylcholine), scopolamine appears to have a special effect on this place. 

Specifically, it prevents the information to be remembered from being transmitted to memory storage locations along with the hippocampus. That is, it prevents the facts from being set in memory. It is also feasible that scopolamine blocks the pastime of other neurotransmitters inclusive of Serotonin, Mostly in the limbic gadget. This could produce psychosis and different documented psychiatric signs and symptoms in some sufferers who are predisposed to suffer them.

The maximum disturbed cognitive functions beneath the outcomes of this drug are: Word studying, running memory, free recall, Semantic memory, autobiographical reminiscence, facts retrieval, lexical retrieval, and speed of facts processing \unskip~\citep{797480:19040519,797480:19040520}.

Scopolamine combines with central nervous system depressants like benzodiazepines and phenothiazines and causes GABAergic effects. GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the nervous system, which causes analgesic, sedative effects, and drowsiness.
    
\section{Conclusion}
Topical application of mathan thylam is the best solution for the management of pain. The bioactive compound scopolamine is one of the important metabolites in \textit{Datura alba} leaves which possess a potent anti analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity helps in the control and management of various types of pains.

\textbf{Funding Support}

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest for this study.
    

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