\documentclass[twocolumn,twoside]{article}
\makeatletter\if@twocolumn\PassOptionsToPackage{switch}{lineno}\else\fi\makeatother

\usepackage{amsfonts,amssymb,amsbsy,latexsym,amsmath,tabulary,graphicx,times,xcolor}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Following additional macros are required to function some 
% functions which are not available in the class used.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\usepackage{url,multirow,morefloats,floatflt,cancel,tfrupee}
\makeatletter


\AtBeginDocument{\@ifpackageloaded{textcomp}{}{\usepackage{textcomp}}}
\makeatother
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{pifont}
\usepackage[nointegrals]{wasysym}
\urlstyle{rm}
\makeatletter

%%%For Table column width calculation.
\def\mcWidth#1{\csname TY@F#1\endcsname+\tabcolsep}

%%Hacking center and right align for table
\def\cAlignHack{\rightskip\@flushglue\leftskip\@flushglue\parindent\z@\parfillskip\z@skip}
\def\rAlignHack{\rightskip\z@skip\leftskip\@flushglue \parindent\z@\parfillskip\z@skip}

%Etal definition in references
\@ifundefined{etal}{\def\etal{\textit{et~al}}}{}


%\if@twocolumn\usepackage{dblfloatfix}\fi
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex\else\if@twocolumn\@ifpackageloaded{stfloats}{}{\usepackage{dblfloatfix}}\fi\fi

\AtBeginDocument{
\expandafter\ifx\csname eqalign\endcsname\relax
\def\eqalign#1{\null\vcenter{\def\\{\cr}\openup\jot\m@th
  \ialign{\strut$\displaystyle{##}$\hfil&$\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfil
      \crcr#1\crcr}}\,}
\fi
}

%For fixing hardfail when unicode letters appear inside table with endfloat
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifpackageloaded{endfloat}%
   {\renewcommand\efloat@iwrite[1]{\immediate\expandafter\protected@write\csname efloat@post#1\endcsname{}}}{\newif\ifefloat@tables}%
}%

\def\BreakURLText#1{\@tfor\brk@tempa:=#1\do{\brk@tempa\hskip0pt}}
\let\lt=<
\let\gt=>
\def\processVert{\ifmmode|\else\textbar\fi}
\let\processvert\processVert

\@ifundefined{subparagraph}{
\def\subparagraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{5}{2\parindent}{0ex plus 0.1ex minus 0.1ex}%
{0ex}{\normalfont\small\itshape}}%
}{}

% These are now gobbled, so won't appear in the PDF.
\newcommand\role[1]{\unskip}
\newcommand\aucollab[1]{\unskip}
  
\@ifundefined{tsGraphicsScaleX}{\gdef\tsGraphicsScaleX{1}}{}
\@ifundefined{tsGraphicsScaleY}{\gdef\tsGraphicsScaleY{.9}}{}
% To automatically resize figures to fit inside the text area
\def\checkGraphicsWidth{\ifdim\Gin@nat@width>\linewidth
	\tsGraphicsScaleX\linewidth\else\Gin@nat@width\fi}

\def\checkGraphicsHeight{\ifdim\Gin@nat@height>.9\textheight
	\tsGraphicsScaleY\textheight\else\Gin@nat@height\fi}

\def\fixFloatSize#1{}%\@ifundefined{processdelayedfloats}{\setbox0=\hbox{\includegraphics{#1}}\ifnum\wd0<\columnwidth\relax\renewenvironment{figure*}{\begin{figure}}{\end{figure}}\fi}{}}
\let\ts@includegraphics\includegraphics

\def\inlinegraphic[#1]#2{{\edef\@tempa{#1}\edef\baseline@shift{\ifx\@tempa\@empty0\else#1\fi}\edef\tempZ{\the\numexpr(\numexpr(\baseline@shift*\f@size/100))}\protect\raisebox{\tempZ pt}{\ts@includegraphics{#2}}}}

%\renewcommand{\includegraphics}[1]{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth]{#1}}
\AtBeginDocument{\def\includegraphics{\@ifnextchar[{\ts@includegraphics}{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth,height=\checkGraphicsHeight,keepaspectratio]}}}

\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathpzc}{OT1}{pzc}{m}{it}

\def\URL#1#2{\@ifundefined{href}{#2}{\href{#1}{#2}}}

%%For url break
\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~\do\'\do\"\do\-}%
\g@addto@macro{\UrlBreaks}{\UrlOrds}



\edef\fntEncoding{\f@encoding}
\def\EUoneEnc{EU1}
\makeatother
\def\floatpagefraction{0.8} 
\def\dblfloatpagefraction{0.8}
\def\style#1#2{#2}
\def\xxxguillemotleft{\fontencoding{T1}\selectfont\guillemotleft}
\def\xxxguillemotright{\fontencoding{T1}\selectfont\guillemotright}

\newif\ifmultipleabstract\multipleabstractfalse%
\newenvironment{typesetAbstractGroup}{}{}%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\usepackage[authoryear]{natbib}



\newif\ifnokeywords\nokeywordsfalse

\makeatletter\input{size10-pointfive.clo}\makeatother%
\definecolor{kwdboxcolor}{RGB}{242,242,242}
\usepackage[hidelinks,colorlinks=true,allcolors=blue]{hyperref}
\linespread{1}                 
\def\floatpagefraction{0.8}

\usepackage[paperheight=11.69in,paperwidth=8.26in,top=1in,bottom=1in,left=1in,right=.75in,headsep=24pt]{geometry}

\usepackage{multirow-custom}

\makeatletter

\def\hlinewd#1{%
  \noalign{\ifnum0=`}\fi\hrule \@height #1%
  \futurelet\reserved@a\@xhline}
\def\tbltoprule{\hlinewd{1pt}\\[-14pt]}
\def\tblbottomrule{\noalign{\vspace*{6pt}}\hline\noalign{\vspace*{2pt}}}
\def\tblmidrule{\hline\noalign{\vspace*{2pt}}}



\let\@articleType\@empty
\let\@journalDoi\@empty
\let\@journalVolume\@empty
\let\@journalIssue\@empty
\let\@crossMarkLink\@empty
\let\@receivedDate\@empty
\let\@acceptedDate\@empty
\let\@revisedDate\@empty
\let\@publishedDate\@empty
\let\@copyrightYear\@empty
\let\@firstPage\@empty
\def\articleType#1{\gdef\@articleType{#1}}
\def\journalDoi#1{\gdef\@journalDoi{#1}}
\def\crossMarkLink#1{\gdef\@crossMarkLink{#1}}
\def\receivedDate#1{\gdef\@receivedDate{#1}}
\def\acceptedDate#1{\gdef\@acceptedDate{#1}}
\def\revisedDate#1{\gdef\@revisedDate{#1}}
\def\publishedDate#1{\gdef\@publishedDate{#1}}
\def\copyrightYear#1{\gdef\@copyrightYear{#1}}
\def\journalVolume#1{\gdef\@journalVolume{#1}}
\def\journalIssue#1{\gdef\@journalIssue{#1}}
\def\firstPage#1{\gdef\@firstPage{#1}}
\let\@issuelogo\@empty%
\let\@issuelogoex\@empty%
\def\issuelogo#1{\gdef\@issuelogo{#1}}
\def\issuelogoex#1{\gdef\@issuelogoex{#1}}


\def\author#1{%
  \gdef\@author{%
    \hskip-\dimexpr(\tabcolsep)\hskip5pt%
    \parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-1pt}%
    {\fontsize{11}{13}\selectfont\raggedright #1}%
  }%
}


\usepackage{pharmascope-abs}
\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{lastpage}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage[noindentafter,explicit]{titlesec}
\usepackage{fontspec}

\setmainfont[%
BoldFont=cambriab.ttf,%
ItalicFont=CAMBRIAI.TTF,%
BoldItalicFont=CAMBRIAZ.TTF]{Cambria.ttf}
\lefthyphenmin = 3

\def\title#1{%
  \gdef\@title{%
      \vspace*{-40pt}%
       \ifx\@articleType\@empty\else{\fontsize{10}{12}\scshape\selectfont\hspace{8pt}\@articleType\hfill\mbox{}\par\vspace{2pt}}\fi%
       \minipage{\linewidth}
         \hrulefill\\[-0.7pt]%%{\includegraphics[width=75pt,height=50pt]{ijrps_logo.png}}\hfill
         \mbox{~}\hspace{5pt}\parbox{.1\linewidth}{\IfFileExists{images/\@issuelogo.\@issuelogoex}{\includegraphics[width=79pt,height=61pt]{images/\@issuelogo.\@issuelogoex}}{\includegraphics[width=75pt,height=50pt]{ijrps_logo.png}}}\hfill
         \fcolorbox{kwdboxcolor}{kwdboxcolor}{\parbox{.792\linewidth}{%
          \begin{center}\fontsize{17}{17}\selectfont\scshape\vskip-7pt International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences\hfill\end{center}%
          \vspace*{-10pt}\hspace*{4pt}{\fontsize{8}{9}\selectfont Published by JK Welfare \& Pharmascope Foundation\hfill  Journal Home Page: \href{www.ijrps.com}{\color{blue}\underline{\smash{www.ijrps.com}}}}\hspace*{4pt}\mbox{}}}%
       \par\vspace*{-1pt}\rule{\linewidth}{1.3pt}%
       \endminipage%
    \par\vspace*{9.2pt}\parbox{.98\linewidth}{\linespread{.9}\raggedright\fontsize{14}{17}\selectfont #1}%
    \vspace*{-8pt}%
  }
}


\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
\setlength{\parskip}{0.4pc plus 1pt minus 1pt}

\def\abbrvJournalTitle{Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci.}

\fancypagestyle{headings}{%
  \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}%
  \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.3pt}
  \fancyhf{}%
  \fancyhead[R]{%
    \fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\RunningAuthor,\ \abbrvJournalTitle,\ \ifx\@journalVolume\@empty X\else\@journalVolume\fi%
    \ifx\@journalIssue\@empty\else(\@journalIssue)\fi%
    ,\ \ifx\@firstPage\@empty 1\else\@firstPage\fi-\pageref*{LastPage}%
  }%
  \fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\textcopyright\ International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}%
  \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\thepage}
}\pagestyle{headings}

                                                         
\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
  \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}%
  \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.3pt}%
  \fancyhf{}%
  \fancyhead[R]{%
    \fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\RunningAuthor,\ \abbrvJournalTitle,\ \ifx\@journalVolume\@empty X\else\@journalVolume\fi%
    \ifx\@journalIssue\@empty\else(\@journalIssue)\fi%
    ,\ \ifx\@firstPage\@empty 1\else\@firstPage\fi-\pageref*{LastPage}%
  }%
  \fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\textcopyright\ International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}%
  \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\thepage}
  \ifx\@firstPage\@empty\else\setcounter{page}{\@firstPage}\fi
}


\def\NormalBaseline{\def\baselinestretch{1.1}}
\usepackage{textcase}
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{0}

\titleformat{\section}[block]{\bfseries\boldmath\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{13}\selectfont}
{\thesection}
{6pt}
{\MakeTextUppercase{#1}}
[]
\titleformat{\subsection}[block]{\bfseries\boldmath\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubsection}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\subsubsection}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubsubsection}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\paragraph}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{10}\selectfont}
{\theparagraph}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\subparagraph}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubparagraph}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\paragraph}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subparagraph}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}

\captionsetup[figure]{skip=1.4pt,font=bf,labelsep=colon,justification=raggedright,singlelinecheck=false}
\captionsetup[table]{skip=1.4pt,font=bf,labelsep=colon,justification=raggedright,singlelinecheck=false}

\def\bibyear#1{#1}
%\def\bibjtitle#1{#1}   %%Publisher request
\def\bibauand{}
\setlength\bibsep{3pt}
\setlength\bibhang{8pt}

\makeatother
\date{}


\usepackage{longtable}

\usepackage{float}

\makeatletter
\AtBeginDocument{\@ifpackageloaded{rotating}{\PassOptionsToPackage{figuresright}{rotating}}{\usepackage[figuresright]{rotating}}\setlength{\rotFPtop}{0pt plus 1fil}\setlength{\rotFPbot}{0pt plus 1fil}}
\makeatother

\makeatletter
 \AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifpackagewith{endfloat}{figuresonly}
  {\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{sidewaysfigure}{figure}}%true
  {\@ifpackagewith{endfloat}{tablesonly}{\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{sidewaystable}{table}\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{longtable}{table}\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{landscape}{table}}%true
  {\@ifpackageloaded{endfloat}{\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{sidewaysfigure}{figure}\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{sidewaystable}{table}\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{longtable}{table}\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{landscape}{table}}{}}%false
  }%false
  }
\makeatother

\begin{document}


\def\RunningAuthor{Alfred Maroyi}
\firstPage{5948}
\articleType{Review Article}
\receivedDate{21 Jul 2020}
\acceptedDate{24 Aug 2020}
\revisedDate{22 Aug 2020}
\journalVolume{2020, 11}
\journalIssue{4}
\journalDoi{ijrps.v11i4.3253}
\copyrightYear{2020}
\def\authorCount{1}
\def\affCount{1}

\def\journalTitle{International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}

\title{\textit{\textbf{Cissampelos capensis}}\textbf{ L.f. (Menispermaceae):} \textbf{ Review of its medicinal uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties} \textbf{\space }}
\author{Alfred~Maroyi\textsuperscript{*}~\\[5pt]{Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa}}

\begin{abstract}
\textit{Cissampelos capensis} L.f. is a perennial climber widely used as a traditional medicine in South Africa. This study was aimed at providing a critical review of medicinal uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of \textit{C. capensis}. Documented information on the pharmacological properties, phytochemistry and medicinal uses of \textit{C. capensis } was collected from several online sources such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as book chapters, books, journal articles and scientific publications obtained from the university library. This study revealed that leaf, rhizome and root infusions and decoctions of \textit{C. capensis} \textit{\space } are mainly used as a blood purifier, and traditional medicines for respiratory problems, ulcers, sores and wounds, skin and stomach cancers, snakebite, sexually transmitted infections, skin diseases, diabetes and gastrointestinal problems. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins and tannins. Pharmacological research revealed that \textit{C. capensis} extracts and compounds isolated from the species have anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antimalarial, hepatotoxicity, spermatozoa and cytotoxicity activities. Documentation of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of \textit{C. capensis }is vital as this information provides baseline data required for future research and development of health-promoting and pharmaceutical products. There is a need for extensive toxicological evaluations of crude extracts and compounds isolated from the species since \textit{C. capensis} contains potentially toxic compounds.
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Cissampelos Capensis,\newline Indigenous Knowledge,\newline Menispermaceae,\newline Traditional Medicine
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Alfred~Maroyi~\\ Phone:\ +27406022322~\\  Email:\ amaroyi@ufh.ac.za
        \par}\vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\par{\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont ISSN: 0975-7538}\par% 
        \textsc{DOI:}\ \href{https://doi.org/10.26452/\@journalDoi}{\textcolor{blue}{\underline{\smash{https://doi.org/10.26452/\@journalDoi}}}}\par%
        \vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\\{\fontsize{9.12}{10.12}\selectfont Production and Hosted by}\par{IJRPS |~\href{www.ijrps.com}{www.ijrps.com}}\par%
        \vspace*{-2pt}{\fontsize{9.12}{10.12}\selectfont\textcopyright\ \@copyrightYear\ $|$ All rights reserved.}\par%
        \vspace*{-11pt}\rule{\linewidth}{1.2pt}
        \makeatother
        
    
\section{Introduction}
\textit{Cissampelos capensis} L.f. is a perennial climber belonging to the Menispermaceae family. The genus \textit{Cissampelos} L. is represented in southern Africa by four species, namely \textit{C. capensis, C. hirta} Klotzsch, \textit{C. mucronata} A. Rich. and \textit{C. torulosa} E. Mey. ex Harv. \unskip~\citep{875707:20238456}. Synonyms of \textit{C. capensis} include \textit{Antizoma capensis} (L.f.) Diels, \textit{Antizoma capensis} (L.f.) Diels var. \textit{pulverulenta} (Harv.) Diels, \textit{Cissampelos fruticosa} L.f. and \textit{Cissampelos humilis} Poir. \unskip~\citep{875707:20238466,875707:20238450}.

\textit{Cissampelos capensis} is an evergreen, dioecious, sprawling or climber with twining stems and can grow up to two meters in height \unskip~\citep{875707:20238450}. The stems grow from a woody root stock below the ground, and the plant supports itself by twining around the stems of other plants. The leaves are arranged spirally, heart-shaped and sometimes rounded, bright green in color, with entire to slightly undulating leaf margins. The inflorescence is axillary, umbel-like cyme, usually solitary or clustered. The male inflorescence is usually solitary or paired while female inflorescence is usually arranged in a short false raceme. \textit{Cissampelos capensis} has been recorded in sandy slopes, among rocks and scrub of the Northern, Western and Eastern Cape provinces in South Africa and northwards into Namibia at an altitude ranging from sea level to 1900 m above sea level \unskip~\citep{875707:20238466,875707:20238450}.

Rhizome and roots of \textit{C. capensis} are sold as traditional medicines in informal herbal medicine markets in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape provinces in South Africa \unskip~\citep{875707:20238463,875707:20238451}. In Cape Town in South Africa, \textit{C. capensis} is sold as herbal medicine in combination with \textit{Alepidea longifolia} E. Mey., \textit{Glycyrrhiza glabra} L., \textit{Stoebe fusca} (L.) Thunb. and \textit{Tulbaghia violacea} Harv. \unskip~\citep{875707:20238443}. The compound cissampareine isolated from \textit{C. capensis}, which is characterized by sedative, anti-spasmodic and anti-tumour properties has potential for commercialization as a vital source of pharmaceutical products.

\textit{Cissampelos capensis} is included in the book ``medicinal plants of South Africa'', a photographic guide to the most commonly used plant medicines in the country, including their botany, main traditional uses and active ingredients \unskip~\citep{875707:20238445}. \textit{Cissampelos capensis} is also included in two monographs focusing on poisonous plants, ``mind-altering and poisonous plants of the world'' and ``poisonous plants of South Africa'' \unskip~\citep{875707:20238472,875707:20238467}.

In these two monographs, \unskip~\citep{875707:20238472,875707:20238467}  provide necessary information about the poisonous ingredients, the pharmacological effects and associated symptoms of human and animal poisoning as a result of ingesting documented plant species. It is, therefore, within this context that this review was undertaken aimed at reviewing the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of \textit{C. capensis} to provide baseline data required in evaluating the therapeutic potential of the species.
    
\section{Materials and Methods}
Results of the current study are based on a literature search on the phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and medicinal uses of \textit{C. capensis} using information derived from several internet databases. The databases included Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct. Other sources of information used included pre-electronic sources such as journal articles, theses, books, book chapters and other scientific articles obtained from the university library.
    
\section{Results and Discussion}
\textbf{Medicinal uses of } \textit{\textbf{Cissampelos capensis}}  \textbf{\space }

The leaf, rhizome and root infusions and decoctions of \textit{C. capensis} \textit{\space } are mainly used as a blood purifier, and traditional medicines for respiratory problems, ulcers, sores and wounds, skin and stomach cancers, snakebite, sexually transmitted infections, skin diseases, diabetes and gastrointestinal problems (Table~\ref{tw-1ef380bdaec7}, Figure~\ref{f-324c7d1d2f68}). Other medicinal applications supported by at least five literature reports include the use of leaves, rhizomes and roots as colic, protective charm and purgative, and traditional medicine against bladder problems, blood pressure, fever, glandular and gravel swelling, menstrual problems and pregnancy problems (Table~\ref{tw-1ef380bdaec7}).

The roots of \textit{C. capensis} are taken as a brandy tincture or mixed with roots of \textit{Pentzia incana} (Thunb.) Kuntze and \textit{Pentzia globosa} Less. As traditional medicine for erysipelas \unskip~\citep{875707:20238448,875707:20238456}.


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/f94f61b4-70ca-4058-8797-ecdcd9df140a-upicture1.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/f94f61b4-70ca-4058-8797-ecdcd9df140a-upicture1.png}{\includegraphics{images/f94f61b4-70ca-4058-8797-ecdcd9df140a-upicture1.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Medicinal applications of Cissampelos capensis derived from literature records.}}
\label{f-324c7d1d2f68}
\end{figure}
\egroup
\textbf{Phytochemistry of \textit{Cissampelos capensis} \textit{\space }}

Several alkaloids and flavonoids (Table~\ref{tw-33870eedb7ba}) have been identified from the aerial parts, leaves, roots and stems of \textit{C. capensis}. \unskip~\citet{875707:20238473,875707:20238465} also identified essential oils, phenolics, saponins and tannins from aerial parts and roots of \textit{C. capensis} \textit{}and research by \unskip~\citet{875707:20238448} showed that the alkaloid cissampeline characterizes \textit{C. capensis}. \textit{}Some of these phytochemical compounds identified from the \textit{}species may be resp-\textit{}


\begingroup
\makeatletter\if@twocolumn\@ifundefined{theposttbl}{\gdef\TwoColDocument{true}\onecolumn\onecolumn}{}\fi\makeatother \setlength\LTcapwidth{\textwidth}
\begin{longtable}{p{\dimexpr.2437\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.41629999999999995\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.34\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\caption{\boldmath {Medicinal uses of Cissampelos capensis} }
\label{tw-1ef380bdaec7}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}\\\endfirsthead \hline \noalign{\vskip3pt} \noalign{\textit{Table \thetable\ continued}} \noalign{\vskip3pt} 
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\textbf{Medicinal use} & \textbf{Parts used} & \textbf{References}\\
\tblmidrule \endhead \hline \noalign{\vskip3pt} \noalign{\textit{\hfill Continued on next page}} \noalign{\vskip3pt} \endfoot \endlastfoot 
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\textbf{Medicinal use} & \textbf{Parts used} & \textbf{References}\\
\tblmidrule 
Appetite stimulant &
  Roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238461,875707:20238458}\\
Backache &
  Roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238447}\\
 &
   &
  \\
Bilious complaints &
  Rhizome &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238458,875707:20238454}\\
Bladder problems &
  Roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238468,875707:20238457}\\
Blood pressure &
  Rhizome and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238458,875707:20238470}\\
Blood purification &
  Rhizome and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238456,875707:20238460}\\
Colic &
  Roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238448,875707:20238473}\\
Diabetes &
  Leaves, rhizome and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238456,875707:20238446}\\
Diuretic &
  Rhizome &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238444,875707:20238457}\\
Emetic &
  Rhizome and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238472,875707:20238470}\\
Epilepsy &
  Roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238447}\\
 &
   &
  \\
Erysipelas &
  Roots taken as a brandy tincture or mixed with roots of Pentzia incana (Thunb.) Kuntze and Pentzia globosa Less. &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238448,875707:20238456}\\
 &
   &
  \\
Fever &
  Rhizome and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238464,875707:20238457}\\
 &
   &
  \\
Gallstones &
  Roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238456,875707:20238454}\\
Gastro-intestinal problems (cholera, diarrhoea, flatulence, gastroenteritis, stomach ache and stomach problems) &
  Leaves and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238448,875707:20238456}\\
 &
   &
  \\
Glandular and gravel swelling &
  Roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238456,875707:20238460}\\
 &
   &
  \\
Headache &
  Rhizome &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238456,875707:20238447}\\
Heart problems &
  Roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238470,875707:20238471}\\
Infertility &
  Rhizome &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238464,875707:20238457}\\
 &
   &
  \\
Influenza &
  Roots mixed root with those of Agathosma betulina (Berquis) Pillans &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238456,875707:20238458}\\
 &
   &
  \\
Kidney problems &
  Roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238447}\\
 &
   &
  \\
Menstrual problems &
  Roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238464,875707:20238457}\\
Pain &
  Rhizome and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238456,875707:20238447}\\
Pregnancy problems (difficult labour, expelling the placenta and prevention of miscarriage) &
  Roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238456,875707:20238465}\\
 &
   &
  \\
Protective charm (against evil spirits, bring good luck and strength) &
  Rhizome and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238456,875707:20238454}\\
Purgative &
  Rhizome &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238456,875707:20238470}\\
 &
   &
  \\
Respiratory problems (chest pains and tuberculosis) &
  Rhizome and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238456,875707:20238460}\\
Sedative &
  Rhizome &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238456,875707:20238460}\\
Sexually transmitted infections (syphilis and venereal diseases) &
  Leaves, rhizomes and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238448,875707:20238456}\\
Skin and stomach cancers &
  Rhizome and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238456,875707:20238454}\\
Skin diseases (boils, measles, rashes and ringworm) &
  Leaves, rhizomes and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238448,875707:20238456}\\
Snakebite &
  Leaves, rhizomes and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238456,875707:20238447}\\
Sores and wounds &
  Leaves, rhizomes and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238448,875707:20238454}\\
Stimulates body energy &
  Roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238442,875707:20238468}\\
Tonic &
  Roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238447}\\
 &
   &
  \\
Toothache &
  Roots  &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238456,875707:20238458}\\
Ulcers &
  Leaves, rhizomes and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238448,875707:20238456}\\
Weight loss &
  Roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238442,875707:20238470}\\
Ethnoveterinary medicine (skin problems and wounds) &
  Roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238469}\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{longtable}
\endgroup
\makeatletter\@ifundefined{TwoColDocument}{}{\twocolumn}\makeatother 

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Phytochemical compounds identified from Cissampelos capensis.} }
\label{tw-33870eedb7ba}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.41720000000000006\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.30700000000000006\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2758\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\textbf{Phytochemical compound} & \textbf{Plant part} & \textbf{Reference}\\
\tblmidrule 
5,6-dehydro-4,5-dihydroxy-1,3,6-trimethoxy-17-methylmorphinan-7-one &
  Aerial parts and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238465}\\
1,2-methylenedioxy-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxyaporphine &
  Aerial parts and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238465}\\
5,6-didehydro-4-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-17-methylmorphinan-7-one &
  Aerial parts and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238465}\\
3,7,8,3'-tetramethoxy-6-C-methyl-5,4'-dihydroxyflavone (6{\textendash}C-methylquercetin 3,3',7,8-tetramethyl ether) &
  Aerial parts and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238465}\\
5,7,8-trihydroxy-2\ensuremath{'},5\ensuremath{'}-dimethoxy-3\ensuremath{'},4\ensuremath{'}-methylenedioxyisoflavanone &
  Aerial parts and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238465}\\
3-methoxy-6-C-methyl-3',4',5,7,8-pentahydroxyflavone (6-C-methylquercetin-3-methyl ether) &
  Aerial parts and roots &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238465}\\
12-O-methylcurine  &
  Rhizomes and stems &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238444}\\
(S)-dicentrine  &
  Aerial parts &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238449}\\
(S)-neolitsine  &
  Aerial parts &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238449}\\
Bulbocapnine  &
  Leaves and stems &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238444}\\
Cissacapine  &
  Stems &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238444}\\
Crotsparine  &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238444}\\
Cycleanine  &
  Leaves, rhizomes and stems &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238444}\\
Dicentrine  &
  Leaves and stems &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238444}\\
Glaziovine  &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238444}\\
Insulanoline  &
  Stems &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238444}\\
Insularine  &
  Stems &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238444}\\
Lauroscholtzine  &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238444}\\
Pronuciferine  &
  Stems &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238444}\\
Reticuline  &
  Stems &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238444}\\
Salutaridine  &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{875707:20238444}\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}
onsible for \textit{}the biological activities exhibited by \textit{C. capensis}.

\textbf{Pharmacological properties of \textit{Cissampelos capensis} \textit{\space }}

The following pharmacological activities have been documented from the leaves and roots of \textit{C. capensis} \textit{\textbf{\space }}and phytochemical compounds isolated from the species: anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antimalarial, hepatotoxicity, spermatozoa, cytotoxicity and toxicity activities.

\textbf{Anthelmintic activities}

\unskip~\citet{875707:20238449} evaluated the anthelmintic activities of aporphine alkaloids, (S)-dicentrine and (S)-neolitsine isolated from the aerial parts of \textit{C. capensis} using an in vitro assay using \textit{Haemonchus contortus} with ivermectin as a positive control. The compounds (S)-dicentrine and (S)-neolitsine exhibited activities with EC\ensuremath{_{90}} values (concentration at which 90\% loss of larval motility observed) of 6.3 \ensuremath{\mu }g/mL and 6.4 \ensuremath{\mu }m/mL, respectively which were higher than the potent control with an EC\ensuremath{_{90}} value of 0.2 \ensuremath{\mu }m/mL. The compounds were evaluated for in vivo activities in Swiss Webster mice using \textit{Heligmosomoides polygyrus}. At a concentration of 25.0 mg/kg, the compound (S)-dicentrine exhibited 67.0\% reduction in worm count when the mice were dosed orally 40.0\% when dosed intramuscularly against 99.0\% reduction exhibited by the positive control \unskip~\citep{875707:20238449}.

\textbf{Antibacterial activities}

\unskip~\citet{875707:20238473,875707:20238465} evaluated antibacterial activities of aqueous, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and methanol extracts of \textit{C. capensis} aerial parts and roots against \textit{Pseudomonas}\textit{ aeruginosa, Proteus Vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus} and \textit{Bacillus licheniformis} using the disc diffusion assay with amoxicillin (40 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml) as a positive control. All extracts exhibited activities against tested pathogens with a zone of inhibition ranging from 11.0 mm to 45.0 mm in comparison to 42.0 mm to 61.0 mm exhibited by the positive control \unskip~\citep{875707:20238465,875707:20238473}. \unskip~\citet{875707:20238465} also evaluated the antibacterial activities of the compounds 5,6-dehydro-4,5-dihydroxy-1,3,6-trimethoxy-17-methylmorphinan-7-one, 1,2-methylenedioxy-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxyaporphine, 5,6-didehydro-4-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-17-methylmorphinan-7-one, 3,7,8,3'-tetra methoxy-6-\textit{C}-methyl-5,4'-dihydroxyflavone (6{\textendash} \textit{C-}methyl quercetin 3,3',7,8-tetramethyl ether), 5,7,8-trihydroxy-2\ensuremath{'},5\ensuremath{'}-dimethoxy-3\ensuremath{'},4\ensuremath{'}-methylenedioxyisoflavanone and 3-methoxy-6-\textit{C}-methyl-3',4',5,7,8-pentahydroxyflavone (6-\textit{C-}methyl quercetin-3-methyl ether) isolated from \textit{C. capensis} using the disc diffusion assay.

The compounds exhibited activities against the tested pathogens with a zone of inhibition ranging from 10.0 mm to 41.0 mm \unskip~\citep{875707:20238465}. \unskip~\citet{875707:20238452} evaluated the antibacterial activities of aqueous and dichloromethane: methanol (1:1) extracts of leaves of \textit{C. capensis} using the microtitre plate dilution technique against dermatologically relevant pathogens such as \textit{Brevibacillus Agri} ATCC 51663, \textit{Propionibacterium acnes} ATCC 11827, \textit{Pseudomonas aeruginosa} ATCC 27858, \textit{Staphylococcus aureus} ATCC 25923, methicillin-resistant \textit{Staphylococcus aureus} (MRSA) ATCC 43300, gentamycin-methicillin-resistant \textit{Staphylococcus aureus} (GMRSA) ATCC 33592 and \textit{Staphylococcus epidermidis} ATCC 2223 with ciprofloxacin as the positive control. The extracts showed activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.3 mg/ml to {\textgreater}16.0 mg/ml in comparison to MIC values of 0.3 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml to 1.3 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml exhibited by the positive control \unskip~\citep{875707:20238452}. 

\textbf{Antifungal activities}

\unskip~\citet{875707:20238473,875707:20238465} evaluated antifungal activities of aqueous, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and methanol extracts of \textit{C. capensis} aerial parts and roots against \textit{Candida albicans, Candida eropiralis} and \textit{Aspergillus niger} using the disc diffusion assay with fluconazole (120 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml) as a positive control. All extracts except for dichloromethane extract exhibited activities against tested pathogens with a zone of inhibition ranging from 14.0 mm to 38.0 mm in comparison to 39.0 mm to 53.0 mm exhibited by the positive control \unskip~\citep{875707:20238473,875707:20238465}. \unskip~\citet{875707:20238465} also evaluated the antifungal activities of the compounds 5,6-dehydro-4,5-dihydroxy-1,3,6-trimethoxy-17-methylmorphinan-7-one, 1,2-methylenedioxy-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxyaporphine, 5,6-didehydro-4-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-17-methylmorphinan-7-one, 3,7,8,3'-tetra methoxy-6-\textit{C}-methyl-5,4'-dihydroxyflavone (6{\textendash} \textit{C-}methyl quercetin 3,3',7,8-tetramethyl ether), 5,7,8-trihydroxy-2\ensuremath{'},5\ensuremath{'}-dimethoxy-3\ensuremath{'},4\ensuremath{'}-methylenedioxyisoflavanone and 3-methoxy-6-\textit{C}-methyl-3',4',5,7,8-pentahydroxyflavone (6-\textit{C-}methyl quercetin-3-methyl ether) isolated from C. capensis using the disc diffusion assay.

All compounds except for 5,6-dehydro-4,5-dihydroxy-1,3,6-trimethoxy-17-methylmorphinan-7-one exhibited activities against the tested pathogens with a zone of inhibition ranging from 11.0 mm to 35.0 mm \unskip~\citep{875707:20238465}. Similarly, \unskip~\citet{875707:20238452} evaluated antifungal activities of aqueous and dichloromethane: methanol (1:1) extracts of leaves of \textit{C. capensis} using the microtitre plate dilution technique against dermatologically relevant pathogens such as \textit{Candida albicans} ATCC 10231, \textit{Microsporum canis} ATCC 36299 and \textit{Trichophyton mentagrophytes} ATCC 9533 with amphotericin B as the positive control. The extracts showed activities with MIC values ranging from 1.0 mg/ml to 8.0 mg/ml in comparison to MIC value of 1.3 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml to 25.0 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml exhibited by the positive control \unskip~\citep{875707:20238452}.

\textbf{Antidiabetic activities}

\unskip~\citet{875707:20238446} evaluated the antidiabetic activities of aqueous and organic extracts of \textit{C. capensis }leaves against Chang liver, C2C12 muscle and 3T3-L1 adipose cells using a glucose utilisation assay with one \ensuremath{\mu}M insulin for C2C12 and 3T3-L1 cells and 1 \ensuremath{\mu}M metformin for Chang liver cells as positive controls. The extracts exhibited activities with negligible toxicity \unskip~\citep{875707:20238446}.

\textbf{Antimalarial activities}

\unskip~\citet{875707:20238453} evaluated the antimalarial activities of methanol extracts of \textit{C. capensis} rhizome against a chloroquine-resistant \textit{Plasmodium falciparum }strain using the [\ensuremath{^{3}}H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay. The extract exhibited activities at a concentration of less than 5 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml \unskip~\citep{875707:20238453}.

\textbf{Hepatotoxicity activities}

\unskip~\citet{875707:20238459} evaluated the hepatotoxicity activities of aqueous extracts of \textit{C. capensis} stem bark against N-diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic tumors in Wistar rats. The extract resulted in reduced tumor incidences and reversed fibrosis and hepatic stellate cells growth \unskip~\citep{875707:20238459}.

\textbf{Spermatozoa activities}

\unskip~\citet{875707:20238464} evaluated the spermatozoa activities of aqueous extracts of \textit{C. capensis} by assessing sperm motility, vitality, acrosome reaction, reactive oxygen species (ROS), capacitation, Annexin V binding, DNA fragmentation and mitochondrial membrane potential. The extract resulted in a dose-dependent increase in ROS, DNA fragmentation, capacitated and hyper activated spermatozoa \unskip~\citep{875707:20238464}. Similarly, \unskip~\citet{875707:20238457} evaluated the spermatozoa activities of methanol fractions of \textit{C. capensis} by assessing sperm motility, ROS, DNA-fragmentation, acrosome reaction and capacitation. The extract resulted in higher values for ROS, capacitation and hyper-activation \unskip~\citep{875707:20238457}.

\textbf{Cytotoxicity activities}

\unskip~\citet{875707:20238455} evaluated cytotoxicity activities of crude alkaloidal extracts isolated from the leaves and rhizomes of \textit{C. capensis} using MCF7 (breast), UACC62 (melanoma) and TK10 (renal) cancer cell lines with adriamycin and 5- fluorouracil as positive controls. The extracts exhibited weak activities with total growth inhibition (TGI) values ranging from 22.0 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml to 50.0 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml. The GI\ensuremath{_{50}} (concentration required for 50\% inhibition of cell growth) values ranged from 12.5 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml to 25.0 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml \unskip~\citep{875707:20238455}.

\textbf{Toxicity activities}

\unskip~\citet{875707:20238473,875707:20238465} evaluated the toxicity activities of aqueous, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and methanol extracts of \textit{C. capensis} aerial parts and roots using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. All the extracts exhibited activities with half maximal lethal concentration (LC\ensuremath{_{50}}) values ranging from 0.3 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml to 64.9 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml \unskip~\citep{875707:20238473,875707:20238465}. \unskip~\citet{875707:20238465} also evaluated the toxicity activities of the compounds 5,6-dehydro-4,5-dihydroxy-1,3,6-trimethoxy-17-methylmorphinan-7-one, 1,2-methylenedioxy-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxyaporphine, 5,6-didehydro-4-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-17-methylmorphinan-7-one, 3,7,8,3'-tetramethoxy-6-\textit{C}-methyl-5,4'-dihydroxyflavone (6{\textendash} \textit{C-}methylquercetin 3,3',7,8-tetramethyl ether), 5,7,8-trihydroxy-2\ensuremath{'},5\ensuremath{'}-dimethoxy-3\ensuremath{'},4\ensuremath{'}-methylenedioxyisoflavanone and 3-methoxy-6-\textit{C}-methyl-3',4',5,7,8-pentahydroxyflavone (6-\textit{C-}methylquercetin-3-methyl ether) isolated from \textit{C. capensis} using the brine shrimp lethality bio assay. All compounds with the exception of 3-methoxy-6-\textit{C}-methyl-3',4',5,7,8-pentahydroxyflavone (6-\textit{C-}methylquercetin-3-methyl ether) exhibited activities with LC\ensuremath{_{50}} values ranging from 0.8 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml to 320.7 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml \unskip~\citep{875707:20238473,875707:20238465}.
    
\section{Conclusions}
\textit{Cissampelos capensis} is a known poisonous plant and there is need for detailed clinical and toxicological evaluations of crude extracts and compounds isolated from the species. Although the leaves of \textit{C. capensis} are known to be toxic to cattle, there is no information on human poisoning. Therefore, the widespread use of \textit{C. capensis }in South Africa as traditional medicine suggest that the species is not taken at toxic dosages. But the use of \textit{C. capensis} for the treatment of human diseases and ailments should be treated with caution and rigorous toxicological and clinical studies of the leaves, rhizomes, roots, stems and compounds isolated from the species are necessary.
\section*{Acknowledgement}I am grateful to the reviewers who kindly commented on my manuscript.

\textbf{Financial Support}

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest for this study.
    

\bibliographystyle{pharmascope_apa-custom}

\bibliography{\jobname}
\end{document}
