\documentclass[twocolumn,twoside]{article}
\makeatletter\if@twocolumn\PassOptionsToPackage{switch}{lineno}\else\fi\makeatother

\usepackage{amsfonts,amssymb,amsbsy,latexsym,amsmath,tabulary,graphicx,times,xcolor}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Following additional macros are required to function some 
% functions which are not available in the class used.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\usepackage{url,multirow,morefloats,floatflt,cancel,tfrupee}
\makeatletter


\AtBeginDocument{\@ifpackageloaded{textcomp}{}{\usepackage{textcomp}}}
\makeatother
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{pifont}
\usepackage[nointegrals]{wasysym}
\urlstyle{rm}
\makeatletter

%%%For Table column width calculation.
\def\mcWidth#1{\csname TY@F#1\endcsname+\tabcolsep}

%%Hacking center and right align for table
\def\cAlignHack{\rightskip\@flushglue\leftskip\@flushglue\parindent\z@\parfillskip\z@skip}
\def\rAlignHack{\rightskip\z@skip\leftskip\@flushglue \parindent\z@\parfillskip\z@skip}

%Etal definition in references
\@ifundefined{etal}{\def\etal{\textit{et~al}}}{}


%\if@twocolumn\usepackage{dblfloatfix}\fi
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex\else\if@twocolumn\@ifpackageloaded{stfloats}{}{\usepackage{dblfloatfix}}\fi\fi

\AtBeginDocument{
\expandafter\ifx\csname eqalign\endcsname\relax
\def\eqalign#1{\null\vcenter{\def\\{\cr}\openup\jot\m@th
  \ialign{\strut$\displaystyle{##}$\hfil&$\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfil
      \crcr#1\crcr}}\,}
\fi
}

%For fixing hardfail when unicode letters appear inside table with endfloat
\AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifpackageloaded{endfloat}%
   {\renewcommand\efloat@iwrite[1]{\immediate\expandafter\protected@write\csname efloat@post#1\endcsname{}}}{\newif\ifefloat@tables}%
}%

\def\BreakURLText#1{\@tfor\brk@tempa:=#1\do{\brk@tempa\hskip0pt}}
\let\lt=<
\let\gt=>
\def\processVert{\ifmmode|\else\textbar\fi}
\let\processvert\processVert

\@ifundefined{subparagraph}{
\def\subparagraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{5}{2\parindent}{0ex plus 0.1ex minus 0.1ex}%
{0ex}{\normalfont\small\itshape}}%
}{}

% These are now gobbled, so won't appear in the PDF.
\newcommand\role[1]{\unskip}
\newcommand\aucollab[1]{\unskip}
  
\@ifundefined{tsGraphicsScaleX}{\gdef\tsGraphicsScaleX{1}}{}
\@ifundefined{tsGraphicsScaleY}{\gdef\tsGraphicsScaleY{.9}}{}
% To automatically resize figures to fit inside the text area
\def\checkGraphicsWidth{\ifdim\Gin@nat@width>\linewidth
	\tsGraphicsScaleX\linewidth\else\Gin@nat@width\fi}

\def\checkGraphicsHeight{\ifdim\Gin@nat@height>.9\textheight
	\tsGraphicsScaleY\textheight\else\Gin@nat@height\fi}

\def\fixFloatSize#1{}%\@ifundefined{processdelayedfloats}{\setbox0=\hbox{\includegraphics{#1}}\ifnum\wd0<\columnwidth\relax\renewenvironment{figure*}{\begin{figure}}{\end{figure}}\fi}{}}
\let\ts@includegraphics\includegraphics

\def\inlinegraphic[#1]#2{{\edef\@tempa{#1}\edef\baseline@shift{\ifx\@tempa\@empty0\else#1\fi}\edef\tempZ{\the\numexpr(\numexpr(\baseline@shift*\f@size/100))}\protect\raisebox{\tempZ pt}{\ts@includegraphics{#2}}}}

%\renewcommand{\includegraphics}[1]{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth]{#1}}
\AtBeginDocument{\def\includegraphics{\@ifnextchar[{\ts@includegraphics}{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth,height=\checkGraphicsHeight,keepaspectratio]}}}

\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathpzc}{OT1}{pzc}{m}{it}

\def\URL#1#2{\@ifundefined{href}{#2}{\href{#1}{#2}}}

%%For url break
\def\UrlOrds{\do\*\do\-\do\~\do\'\do\"\do\-}%
\g@addto@macro{\UrlBreaks}{\UrlOrds}



\edef\fntEncoding{\f@encoding}
\def\EUoneEnc{EU1}
\makeatother
\def\floatpagefraction{0.8} 
\def\dblfloatpagefraction{0.8}
\def\style#1#2{#2}
\def\xxxguillemotleft{\fontencoding{T1}\selectfont\guillemotleft}
\def\xxxguillemotright{\fontencoding{T1}\selectfont\guillemotright}

\newif\ifmultipleabstract\multipleabstractfalse%
\newenvironment{typesetAbstractGroup}{}{}%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\usepackage[authoryear]{natbib}



\newif\ifnokeywords\nokeywordsfalse

\makeatletter\input{size10-pointfive.clo}\makeatother%
\definecolor{kwdboxcolor}{RGB}{242,242,242}
\usepackage[hidelinks,colorlinks=true,allcolors=blue]{hyperref}
\linespread{1}                 
\def\floatpagefraction{0.8}

\usepackage[paperheight=11.69in,paperwidth=8.26in,top=1in,bottom=1in,left=1in,right=.75in,headsep=24pt]{geometry}

\usepackage{multirow-custom}

\makeatletter

\def\hlinewd#1{%
  \noalign{\ifnum0=`}\fi\hrule \@height #1%
  \futurelet\reserved@a\@xhline}
\def\tbltoprule{\hlinewd{1pt}\\[-14pt]}
\def\tblbottomrule{\noalign{\vspace*{6pt}}\hline\noalign{\vspace*{2pt}}}
\def\tblmidrule{\hline\noalign{\vspace*{2pt}}}



\let\@articleType\@empty
\let\@journalDoi\@empty
\let\@journalVolume\@empty
\let\@journalIssue\@empty
\let\@crossMarkLink\@empty
\let\@receivedDate\@empty
\let\@acceptedDate\@empty
\let\@revisedDate\@empty
\let\@publishedDate\@empty
\let\@copyrightYear\@empty
\let\@firstPage\@empty
\def\articleType#1{\gdef\@articleType{#1}}
\def\journalDoi#1{\gdef\@journalDoi{#1}}
\def\crossMarkLink#1{\gdef\@crossMarkLink{#1}}
\def\receivedDate#1{\gdef\@receivedDate{#1}}
\def\acceptedDate#1{\gdef\@acceptedDate{#1}}
\def\revisedDate#1{\gdef\@revisedDate{#1}}
\def\publishedDate#1{\gdef\@publishedDate{#1}}
\def\copyrightYear#1{\gdef\@copyrightYear{#1}}
\def\journalVolume#1{\gdef\@journalVolume{#1}}
\def\journalIssue#1{\gdef\@journalIssue{#1}}
\def\firstPage#1{\gdef\@firstPage{#1}}
\let\@issuelogo\@empty%
\let\@issuelogoex\@empty%
\def\issuelogo#1{\gdef\@issuelogo{#1}}
\def\issuelogoex#1{\gdef\@issuelogoex{#1}}


\def\author#1{%
  \gdef\@author{%
    \hskip-\dimexpr(\tabcolsep)\hskip5pt%
    \parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-1pt}%
    {\fontsize{11}{13}\selectfont\raggedright #1}%
  }%
}


\usepackage{pharmascope-abs}
\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{lastpage}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage[noindentafter,explicit]{titlesec}
\usepackage{fontspec}

\setmainfont[%
BoldFont=cambriab.ttf,%
ItalicFont=CAMBRIAI.TTF,%
BoldItalicFont=CAMBRIAZ.TTF]{Cambria.ttf}
\lefthyphenmin = 3

\def\title#1{%
  \gdef\@title{%
      \vspace*{-40pt}%
       \ifx\@articleType\@empty\else{\fontsize{10}{12}\scshape\selectfont\hspace{8pt}\@articleType\hfill\mbox{}\par\vspace{2pt}}\fi%
       \minipage{\linewidth}
         \hrulefill\\[-0.7pt]%%{\includegraphics[width=75pt,height=50pt]{ijrps_logo.png}}\hfill
         \mbox{~}\hspace{5pt}\parbox{.1\linewidth}{\IfFileExists{images/\@issuelogo.\@issuelogoex}{\includegraphics[width=79pt,height=61pt]{images/\@issuelogo.\@issuelogoex}}{\includegraphics[width=75pt,height=50pt]{ijrps_logo.png}}}\hfill
         \fcolorbox{kwdboxcolor}{kwdboxcolor}{\parbox{.792\linewidth}{%
          \begin{center}\fontsize{17}{17}\selectfont\scshape\vskip-7pt International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences\hfill\end{center}%
          \vspace*{-10pt}\hspace*{4pt}{\fontsize{8}{9}\selectfont Published by JK Welfare \& Pharmascope Foundation\hfill  Journal Home Page: \href{www.ijrps.com}{\color{blue}\underline{\smash{www.ijrps.com}}}}\hspace*{4pt}\mbox{}}}%
       \par\vspace*{-1pt}\rule{\linewidth}{1.3pt}%
       \endminipage%
    \par\vspace*{9.2pt}\parbox{.98\linewidth}{\linespread{.9}\raggedright\fontsize{14}{17}\selectfont #1}%
    \vspace*{-8pt}%
  }
}


\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
\setlength{\parskip}{0.4pc plus 1pt minus 1pt}

\def\abbrvJournalTitle{Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci.}

\fancypagestyle{headings}{%
  \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}%
  \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.3pt}
  \fancyhf{}%
  \fancyhead[R]{%
    \fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\RunningAuthor,\ \abbrvJournalTitle,\ \ifx\@journalVolume\@empty X\else\@journalVolume\fi%
    \ifx\@journalIssue\@empty\else(\@journalIssue)\fi%
    ,\ \ifx\@firstPage\@empty 1\else\@firstPage\fi-\pageref*{LastPage}%
  }%
  \fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\textcopyright\ International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}%
  \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\thepage}
}\pagestyle{headings}

                                                         
\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
  \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}%
  \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.3pt}%
  \fancyhf{}%
  \fancyhead[R]{%
    \fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\RunningAuthor,\ \abbrvJournalTitle,\ \ifx\@journalVolume\@empty X\else\@journalVolume\fi%
    \ifx\@journalIssue\@empty\else(\@journalIssue)\fi%
    ,\ \ifx\@firstPage\@empty 1\else\@firstPage\fi-\pageref*{LastPage}%
  }%
  \fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\textcopyright\ International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}%
  \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\fontsize{9.12}{11}\selectfont\thepage}
  \ifx\@firstPage\@empty\else\setcounter{page}{\@firstPage}\fi
}


\def\NormalBaseline{\def\baselinestretch{1.1}}
\usepackage{textcase}
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{0}

\titleformat{\section}[block]{\bfseries\boldmath\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{13}\selectfont}
{\thesection}
{6pt}
{\MakeTextUppercase{#1}}
[]
\titleformat{\subsection}[block]{\bfseries\boldmath\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubsection}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\subsubsection}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubsubsection}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\paragraph}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{10}\selectfont}
{\theparagraph}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]
\titleformat{\subparagraph}[block]{\NormalBaseline\filright\fontsize{10.5}{12}\selectfont}
{\thesubparagraph}
{6pt}
{#1}
[]

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\paragraph}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}  
\titlespacing{\subparagraph}{0pt}{.5\baselineskip}{.5\baselineskip}

\captionsetup[figure]{skip=1.4pt,font=bf,labelsep=colon,justification=raggedright,singlelinecheck=false}
\captionsetup[table]{skip=1.4pt,font=bf,labelsep=colon,justification=raggedright,singlelinecheck=false}

\def\bibyear#1{#1}
%\def\bibjtitle#1{#1}   %%Publisher request
\def\bibauand{}
\setlength\bibsep{3pt}
\setlength\bibhang{8pt}

\makeatother
\date{}


\usepackage{longtable}

\usepackage{float}

\makeatletter
\AtBeginDocument{\@ifpackageloaded{rotating}{\PassOptionsToPackage{figuresright}{rotating}}{\usepackage[figuresright]{rotating}}\setlength{\rotFPtop}{0pt plus 1fil}\setlength{\rotFPbot}{0pt plus 1fil}}
\makeatother

\makeatletter
 \AtBeginDocument{%
  \@ifpackagewith{endfloat}{figuresonly}
  {\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{sidewaysfigure}{figure}}%true
  {\@ifpackagewith{endfloat}{tablesonly}{\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{sidewaystable}{table}\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{longtable}{table}\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{landscape}{table}}%true
  {\@ifpackageloaded{endfloat}{\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{sidewaysfigure}{figure}\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{sidewaystable}{table}\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{longtable}{table}\DeclareDelayedFloatFlavor{landscape}{table}}{}}%false
  }%false
  }
\makeatother

\begin{document}


\def\RunningAuthor{Alfred Maroyi}
\firstPage{5777}
\articleType{Review Article}
\receivedDate{27 Jun 2020}
\acceptedDate{07 Aug 2020}
\revisedDate{24 Jul 2020}
\journalVolume{2020, 11}
\journalIssue{4}
\journalDoi{ijrps.v11i4.3225}
\copyrightYear{2020}
\def\authorCount{1}
\def\affCount{1}

\def\journalTitle{International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences}

\title{\textbf{A synthesis and review of ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of \textit{Antidesma venosum} E. Mey. ex Tul. (Phyllanthaceae)}}
\author{Alfred~Maroyi\textsuperscript{*}~\\[5pt]{Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa}}

\begin{abstract}
\textit{Antidesma venosum} is an evergreen to semi-deciduous tree used traditionally to treat various human and animal diseases. This review aims to provide an overview and critically analyze the ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of \textit{A. venosum}. The results of the current study are based on literature survey conducted using various search engines such as Elsevier, Pubmed, Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, Science Direct, Taylor and Francis, and pre-electronic sources such as books, book chapters, scientific journals and other grey literature. The bark, fruit, leaf, root and stem bark decoction or infusion of \textit{A. venosum} are mainly used for magical rituals, as anthelmintic and ethnoveterinary medicine, and traditional cure for epilepsy, hernia, malaria, skin infections, oral candidiasis, snakebites, sexually transmitted infections, abdominal pains, menstrual problems, respiratory infections, infertility, and gastrointestinal infections. The chemical constituents identified from \textit{A. venosum} include essential oils, isoquinoline alkaloids, triterpenoids, lactones, phytosterols, saponins, cardiac glycosides, tannins and flavonoids. The species possesses a wide range of biological activities which include antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antischistosomal, mutagenic and cytotoxicity activities. \textit{Antidesma venosum } is a valuable medicinal plant species, and future research should focus on animal experiments aimed at assessing toxicity and clinical efficacy of species extracts. 
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Antidesma venosum,\newline ethnopharmacology,\newline indigenous knowledge,\newline traditional medicine
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright\textsuperscript{*}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Alfred~Maroyi~\\ Phone:\ +27406022322 ~\\  Email:\ amaroyi@ufh.ac.za
        \par}\vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\par{\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont ISSN: 0975-7538}\par% 
        \textsc{DOI:}\ \href{https://doi.org/10.26452/\@journalDoi}{\textcolor{blue}{\underline{\smash{https://doi.org/10.26452/\@journalDoi}}}}\par%
        \vspace*{-11pt}\hrulefill\\{\fontsize{9.12}{10.12}\selectfont Production and Hosted by}\par{IJRPS |~\href{www.ijrps.com}{www.ijrps.com}}\par%
        \vspace*{-2pt}{\fontsize{9.12}{10.12}\selectfont\textcopyright\ \@copyrightYear\ $|$ All rights reserved.}\par%
        \vspace*{-11pt}\rule{\linewidth}{1.2pt}
        \makeatother
        
    
\section{Introduction}
\textit{Antidesma venosum} E. Mey. Ex Tul. is a small tree of the Phyllanthaceae family. The genus name \textit{Antidesma} L. is derived from the Greek words ``\textit{anti}'' meaning ``\textit{for}'' and ``\textit{demos}" meaning "band" about the bark of the species used for cordage \unskip~\citep{844992:19935195}. The species name ``\textit{venosum}" is a Latin word which means "conspicuously veined" about the bold veining of the leaves \unskip~\citep{844992:19935195}. The synonyms of \textit{A. venosum }include \textit{A. bifrons} Tul., \textit{A. boivinianum} Baill., \textit{A. fuscocinereum} Beille, \textit{A. neriifolium} Pax \& K. Hoffm. And \textit{A. tomentosa} Fenzl. \textit{Antidesma venosum} has been recorded in coastal bushveld, woodland, forest margins and grassland in tropical Africa \unskip~\citep{844992:19935177}. The fruits of \textit{A. venosum } are edible in Benin, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa  and Zimbabwe. The stems of \textit{A. venosum} are used as chewing sticks in Ghana while the leaves of the species are browsed by game and livestock. The bark of \textit{A. venosum} is traded as a traditional medicine in informal herbal medicine markets in South Africa and Tanzania. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive appraisal of the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of \textit{A. venosum}.
    
\section{Materials and Methods}
An extensive literature survey related to \textit{A. venosum } was conducted using various search engines such as Elsevier, Pubmed, Google Scholar, Springer, Science Direct, Taylor and Francis, and pre-electronic sources such as books, book chapters, scientific journals and other grey literature. The literature search was conducted using keywords such as ``\textit{Antidesma venosum''}, ``medicinal uses of \textit{Antidesma venosum''}, ``phytochemicals of \textit{Antidesma venosum''}, ``biological activities of \textit{Antidesma venosum''}, ``ethnobotany of \textit{Antidesma venosum'', }and  various other synonyms of the plant species.
    
\section{Results and Discussion}
\textbf{Medicinal uses of } \textit{\textbf{Antidesma venosum }} \textbf{\space }

The bark, fruit, leaf, root, stem, stem bark and twig decoction or infusion of \textit{A. venosum} are mainly used for magical rituals, as anthelmintic and ethnoveterinary medicine, and traditional medicine for epilepsy, hernia, malaria, menstrual problems, skin infections, oral candidiasis, snakebites, sexually transmitted infections, abdominal pains, respiratory infections, infertility and gastrointestinal infections (Table~\ref{tw-5ec70ae02d93}, Figure~\ref{f-88d01c74b3d9}). In South Africa, the leaves of \textit{A. venosum} are mixed with those of \textit{Zanthoxylum capense} (Thunb.) Harv., \textit{Trimeria grandifolia} (Hochst.) Warb., \textit{Graderia scabra} Benth. and \textit{Canthium inerme} (L. f.) Kuntze as traditional medicine for stomach complaints. \unskip~\citet{844992:19935180} argued that the roots of \textit{A. venosum} are mixed with those of \textit{Combretum paniculatum} Vent. and \textit{Grewia microthyrsa} K. Schum. ex Burret or are mixed with those of \textit{Artabotrys brachypetalus} Benth., \textit{Dichrostachys cinerea} (L.) Wight \& Arn. and \textit{Zantedeschia aethiopica} (L.) Spreng. As remedies for infertility. In Nigeria, the stem bark of \textit{A. venosum} is mixed with the grass, \textit{Hyparrhenia subplumosa }Stapf as traditional medicine for mental illness \unskip~\citep{844992:19935174}.

\textbf{Phytochemistry of \textit{Antidesma venosum }}

A variety of chemical compounds have been isolated and identified from \textit{A. venosum}, including essential oils, an isoquinoline alkaloid, triterpenoids, lactones and phytosterols (Table~\ref{tw-863148331367}). 

Other phytochemical compounds identified from the leaves, roots and stem bark of \textit{A. venosum} include carbohydrate, saponins, cardiac glycosides, reducing sugars, steroid, tannins and flavonoids.

\textbf{Biological activities of \textit{Antidesma venosum}}

Pharmacological research revealed that different extracts of \textit{A. venosum }and compounds isolated from the species  have various biological activities such as antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antischistosomal, mutagenic and cytotoxicity activities. 

\textbf{Antibacterial activities}

\unskip~\citep{844992:19935172} evaluated the antibacterial activities of acetone leaf extracts of \textit{A. venosum}\textit{\space } against \textit{Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis } and \textit{Enterococcus coli} using the following microdilution method. The extract exhibited activities against the tested pathogens with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values as low as 0.02 mg/ml \unskip~\citep{844992:19935172}. \unskip~\citet{844992:19935166} evaluated the antibacterial activities of dichloromethane, petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of \textit{A. venosum} leaves against \textit{Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis} and \textit{Staphylococcus aureus} using the microdilution technique with neomycin (100.0 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml) as a positive control. The extracts exhibited activities against tested pathogens with MIC values ranging from 0.7 mg/ml to 9.4 mg/ml \unskip~\citep{844992:19935166}. \unskip~\citet{844992:19935184} evaluated the antibacterial activities of crude, petroleum ether, dichloromethane and methanol extracts of \textit{A. venosum }roots and stem bark against \textit{Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anthracis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi}\textit{, } \textit{Staphylococcus aureus}, \textit{Escherichia coli}, \textit{Pseudomonas aeruginosa }and \textit{Shigella flexneri }using the broth microdilution method with gentamicin as a positive control. The extracts exhibited activities against the tested pathogens with MIC values ranging from 0.02 mg/ml to 5.0 mg/ml \unskip~\citep{844992:19935184}. \unskip~\citet{844992:19935192} evaluated the antibacterial activities of the compounds (3R,4R,5S)-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-tetradecanyl \ensuremath{\gamma }-lactone, friedelin, lupeol and \textit{\ensuremath{\beta }}-sitosterol isolated from the root bark and stem bark of \textit{A. venosum }against \textit{Enterococcus faecalis}, \textit{Staphylococcus aureus}, \textit{Bacillus cereus}, \textit{Streptococcus pyogenes}, \textit{Escherichia coli}, \textit{Pseudomonas aeruginosa }and \textit{Shigella flexneri }using broth microdilution method with gentamicin as a positive control. All compounds exhibited activities against tested pathogens with MIC values ranging from 0.2 mg/ml to {\textgreater}2.5 mg/ml \unskip~\citep{844992:19935192}. \unskip~\citet{844992:19935193,844992:19935170} evaluated the antibacterial activities of crude extracts of \textit{A. venosum }stem against \textit{Klebsiella pneumoniae}, \textit{Salmonella typhii } and \textit{Proteus mirabilis} using agar dilution method. The extract exhibited activities against  


\begingroup
\makeatletter\if@twocolumn\@ifundefined{theposttbl}{\gdef\TwoColDocument{true}\onecolumn\onecolumn}{}\fi\makeatother \setlength\LTcapwidth{\textwidth}
\begin{longtable}{p{\dimexpr.14109999999999994\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2596\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.31299999999999997\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2863\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\caption{\boldmath {Medicinal uses of Antidesma venosum } }
\label{tw-5ec70ae02d93}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}\\\endfirsthead \hline \noalign{\vskip3pt} \noalign{\textit{Table \thetable\ continued}} \noalign{\vskip3pt} 
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Medicinal use & Part used & Country & Reference\\
\tblmidrule \endhead \hline \noalign{\vskip3pt} \noalign{\textit{\hfill Continued on next page}} \noalign{\vskip3pt} \endfoot \endlastfoot 
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Medicinal use & Part used & Country & Reference\\
\tblmidrule 
Abdominal pains &
  Fruits, leaves, roots and twigs &
  DRC, South Africa, Tanzania &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935178}\\
Anthelmintic &
  Roots &
  DRC and South Africa &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935177}\\
Aphrodisiac &
  Roots &
  DRC &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935169}\\
Backache &
  Stem &
  Tanzania &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935183}\\
Blennorrhoea &
  Roots &
  DRC &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935169}\\
Body pains &
  Roots &
  South Africa &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935177}\\
Diabetes &
  Roots &
  DRC &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935169}\\
Epilepsy &
  Roots &
  Malawi and Tanzania &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935189}\\
Expulsion of retained placenta &
  Roots &
  Tanzania &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935178}\\
Fish poison &
  Leaves &
  Tanzania &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935190}\\
Gastro-intestinal problems (diarrhoea, dysentery, gastritis and stomachache) &
  Leaves, roots and stem bark &
  DRC, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa and Tanzania &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935169}\\
Stomach complaints &
  Leaves mixed with those of Zanthoxylum capense (Thunb.) Harv., Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb., Graderia scabra Benth. and Canthium inerme (L. f.) Kuntze &
  South Africa &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935180}\\
Hernia &
  Roots and stem bark &
  Mozambique and Tanzania &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935178}\\
Hypertension &
  Leaves &
  Guinea &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935168}\\
Infertility &
  Roots &
  DRC, South Africa and Tanzania &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935178}\\
Infertility &
  Roots mixed with those of Combretum paniculatum Vent. and Grewia microthyrsa K. Schum. ex Burret &
  South Africa &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935180}\\
Infertility &
  Roots mixed with those of Artabotrys brachypetalus Benth., Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight \& Arn. and Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. &
  South Africa &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935180}\\
Liver complaints &
  Roots &
  Kenya &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935178}\\
Magical rituals and charm &
  Leaves and roots &
  Malawi and Tanzania &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935187}\\
Menstrual problems &
  Roots &
  DRC, South Africa and Tanzania &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935178}\\
Malaria &
  Leaves and roots &
  DRC and Tanzania &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935178,844992:19935169}\\
Mental illness &
  Stem bark mixed with Hyparrhenia subplumosa Stapf &
  Nigeria &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935174}\\
Oral candidiasis &
  Roots &
  Namibia and Tanzania &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935173}\\
Respiratory infections (chest pain, cough and tuberculosis) &
  Roots &
  Namibia, South Africa and Tanzania &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935178}\\
Schistoso \mbox{}\protect\newline miasis &
  Roots &
  Tanzania &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935178}\\
Sexually transmitted infections (gonorrhoea syphilis and venereal diseases) &
  Roots &
  DRC, Mozambique and Tanzania &
  \unskip~\cite{844992:19935178}\\
Skin infections (abscess and acne) &
  Fruits and roots &
  Angola, DRC and South Africa &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935169}\\
Snakebites &
  Bark, leaves and roots &
  DRC and Tanzania  &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935169}\\
Tonic &
  Roots &
  South Africa &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935180}\\
Toothache &
  Roots &
  DRC &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935169}\\
Ulcers &
  Bark &
  Tanzania  &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935178}\\
Uterine prolapse &
  Roots &
  Tanzania &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935178}\\
Vomiting &
  Roots &
  Mozambique &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935180}\\
Ethnovete \mbox{}\protect\newline rinary medicine (anthelmintic and wounds) &
  Stem and stem bark &
  Kenya and C{\^o}te d'Ivoire &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935179}\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{longtable}
\endgroup
\makeatletter\@ifundefined{TwoColDocument}{}{\twocolumn}\makeatother 

\begingroup
\makeatletter\if@twocolumn\@ifundefined{theposttbl}{\gdef\TwoColDocument{true}\onecolumn\onecolumn}{}\fi\makeatother \setlength\LTcapwidth{\textwidth}
\begin{longtable}{p{\dimexpr.2349\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2498\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2653\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.25\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\caption{\boldmath {Phytochemical compounds isolated from Antidesma venosum} }
\label{tw-863148331367}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}\\\endfirsthead \hline \noalign{\vskip3pt} \noalign{\textit{Table \thetable\ continued}} \noalign{\vskip3pt} 
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Phytochemical compound & Value & Plant part & Reference\\
\tblmidrule \endhead \hline \noalign{\vskip3pt} \noalign{\textit{\hfill Continued on next page}} \noalign{\vskip3pt} \endfoot \endlastfoot 
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Phytochemical compound & Value & Plant part & Reference\\
\tblmidrule 
1-methyl-2,4-bis(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexane (\%) &
  1.7 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-(E,E)-1,6,10,14-Hexadecatetraen-3-ol (\%) &
  1.6 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
(3R,4R,5S)-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-tetradecanyl \ensuremath{\gamma }-lactone  &
  - &
  Root bark &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935192}\\
14-Heptadecenal (\%) &
  0.1 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Antidesmone  &
  - &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935186,844992:19935167}\\
Betulinic acid  &
  - &
  Root bark &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935181}\\
Caryophyllene (\%) &
  7.1 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Caryophyllene oxide (\%) &
  4.7 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
cis-1,2- Cyclohexanedimethanol (\%) &
  0.4 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
(R)-(+)-Citronellal (\%) &
  29.0 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Citronellol (\%) &
  0.03 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Citronellyl acetate (\%) &
  12.0 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Condensed tannin (\%) &
  0.7 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935165}\\
Docosane (\%) &
  1.1 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
epifriedelanol  &
  - &
  Root bark &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935181}\\
Eucalyptol (\%) &
  3.2 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
\ensuremath{\beta }-Eudesmene (\%) &
  0.6 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
\ensuremath{\alpha }-Farnesene (\%) &
  0.6 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
(E)-\ensuremath{\beta }-Farnesene (\%) &
  0.2 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Farnesol (\%) &
  0.6 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Farnesyl acetone (\%) &
  0.9 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Flavonoid (mg CE/g) &
  2.8 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935165}\\
Friedelin  &
  - &
  Root bark and stem bark &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935181,844992:19935192}\\
Gallotannin (\ensuremath{\mu }g GAE/g) &
  0.8 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935165}\\
cis-Geranylacetone (\%) &
  1.1 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Heneicosane (\%) &
  0.6 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (\%) &
  0.1 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Humulene (\%) &
  0.9 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
trans-\ensuremath{\beta }-Ionone (\%) &
  0.5 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Isopulegol (\%) &
  2.2 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Lupeol   &
  - &
  Stem bark &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Methyl citronellate (\%) &
  1.3 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Neo-Menthol (\%) &
  0.4 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Neryl acetate (\%) &
  0.9 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Pheophytin A  &
  - &
  Root bark &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935181}\\
Phytol (\%) &
  4.1 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Presqualene acetate  &
  - &
  Root bark &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935181}\\
Presqualene alcohol &
  - &
  Root bark &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935181}\\
\ensuremath{\beta }-sitosterol  &
  - &
  Root bark and stem bark &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935192}\\
Stigmasterol   &
  - &
  Stem bark &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935192}\\
Tetracosane (\%) &
  6.0 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
Tetradecanal (\%) &
  7.0 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
n-Tridecan-1-ol (\%) &
  0.7 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
(Z)-7-Hexadecenal (\%) &
  2.6 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
(Z)-7-Tetradecenal (\%) &
  0.2 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
\ensuremath{\alpha }-tocopherol  &
  - &
  Root bark &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935181}\\
Toddaculin  &
  - &
  Root bark &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935181}\\
Total phenolics (mg GAE/g) &
  13.0 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935165}\\
(Z)-2,6,10-trimethyl-1,5,9-Undecatriene (\%) &
  0.6 &
  Leaves &
  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935171}\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{longtable}
\endgroup
\makeatletter\@ifundefined{TwoColDocument}{}{\twocolumn}\makeatother 

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/3b847db8-0835-4282-be00-b290815ca9b5-upicture1.png}
\begin{figure*}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/3b847db8-0835-4282-be00-b290815ca9b5-upicture1.png}{\includegraphics{images/3b847db8-0835-4282-be00-b290815ca9b5-upicture1.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Medicinal uses of Antidesma venosum based on literature records}}
\label{f-88d01c74b3d9}
\end{figure*}
\egroup
\textit{Salmonella typhii }and \textit{Proteus mirabilis }with MIC values ranging from 6.3 mg/ml to 12.5 mg/ml \unskip~\citep{844992:19935193,844992:19935170}. \unskip~\citet{844992:19935191} evaluated the antibacterial activities of methanol, ethyl acetate, n-pentanol and water extracts of stem bark of \textit{A. venosum} against \textit{Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli }and\textit{ Salmonella typhi }using the agar well diffusion method.  The extracts exhibited activities against tested pathogens with the zone of inhibition ranging from 0.3 mm to 6.3 mm \unskip~\citep{844992:19935191}. \unskip~\citet{844992:19935182} evaluated the antibacterial activities of methanol and ethanol leaf extracts of \textit{A. venosum }against \textit{Staphylococcus aureus}, \textit{Escherichia coli}, \textit{Proteus Vulgaris}, \textit{Salmonella typhi}, \textit{Streptococcus lactis }and\textit{ Shigella } spp. Using the agar well diffusion method with gentamycin (1.0 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml) as a positive control. The extracts exhibited activities against tested pathogens with a zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 mm to 21.0 mm, MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranged from 6.3 mg/ml to 12.5 mg/ml and 6.3 mg/ml to 50.0 mg/ml, respectively \unskip~\citep{844992:19935182}.  \unskip~\citep{844992:19935188}  evaluated the antibacterial activities of aqueous and organic extracts of \textit{A. venosum} leaves against \textit{Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides vulgatus, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium varium, Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli }and\textit{ Enterococcus faecalis } using the microdilution method. The extracts exhibited the best activities against \textit{Clostridium perfringens} with MIC value of 60.0 \ensuremath{\mu }g/mL \unskip~\citep{844992:19935188}.

\textbf{Antimycobacterial activities }

\unskip~\citet{844992:19935172} also evaluated the antimycobacterial activities of acetone leaf extracts of \textit{A. venosum} \textit{\space } against \textit{Mycobacterium fortuitum} and \textit{Mycobacterium smegmatis} using the serial microdilution method. The extract exhibited activities against the tested pathogens with MIC values as low as 0.02 mg/ml \unskip~\citep{844992:19935172}. \unskip~\citet{844992:19935194} evaluated the antimycobacterial activities of acetone, dichloromethane, hexane and methanolic extracts of \textit{A. venosum} leaves against \textit{Mycobacterium smegmatis} using the broth microdilution  with rifampicin as a positive control. The extracts exhibited activities with MIC values ranging from 0.3 mg/ml to 1.3 mg/ml and total activity ranging from 16.0 ml/g to 126.6 ml/g \unskip~\citep{844992:19935194}.

\textbf{Antifungal activities}

\unskip~\citet{844992:19935166} evaluated the antifungal activities of dichloromethane, petroleum ether, and ethanol extracts of \textit{A. venosum} leaves against \textit{Candida albicans} using the microdilution technique with amphotericin B as a positive control. The extracts exhibited activities against tested pathogen with MIC values ranging from 3.1 mg/ml to 6.3 mg/ml \unskip~\citep{844992:19935166}. \unskip~\citet{844992:19935184} evaluated the antifungal activities of crude, petroleum ether, dichloromethane and methanol extracts of \textit{A. venosum }roots and stem bark against \textit{Candida albicans } and \textit{Cryptococcus neoformans} using the broth microdilution method with fluconazole as a positive control. The extracts exhibited activities against tested pathogens with MIC values ranging from 2.5 mg/ml to 5.0 mg/ml \unskip~\citep{844992:19935184}. \unskip~\citet{844992:19935192} evaluated the antifungal activities of the compounds (3R,4R,5S)-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-tetradecanyl \ensuremath{\gamma }-lactone, friedelin, lupeol and \textit{\ensuremath{\beta }}-sitosterol isolated from the root bark and stem bark of \textit{A. venosum }against \textit{Candida albicans }and \textit{Cryptococcus neoformans }using broth microdilution method with fluconazole as a positive control. All compounds, except for friedelin, exhibited weak activities against the tested pathogens with MIC values of {\textgreater}2.5 mg/ml \unskip~\citep{844992:19935192}.\textit{}

\textbf{Anti-inflammatory activities }

\unskip~\citet{844992:19935165} evaluated the anti-inflammatory activities of \textit{A. venosum} by assessing the ability of dichloromethane, ethanol, petroleum ether and water leaf extracts of the species to inhibit cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX 1 and COX 2) enzymes. The dichloromethane, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts showed suitable activities against COX 1 enzymes with inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis of 72.8\% to 103.0\% at the highest test concentration of 250 \ensuremath{\mu}g/mL \unskip~\citep{844992:19935165}.

\textbf{Antioxidant activities}

\unskip~\cite{844992:19935168} evaluated the antioxidant activities of methanol, water and ethyl acetate extracts of \textit{A. venosum} leaves using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay with quercetin as a positive control. The extract exhibited activities with percentage inhibition of about 80.0\% \unskip~\citep{844992:19935168}.

\textbf{Antischistosomal activities}

\unskip~\citep{844992:19935176} evaluated the antischistosomal activities of crude extracts of \textit{A. venosum} roots against the schistosomula of \textit{Schistosoma haematobium} with praziquantel as a positive control. The schistosomula were placed into a culture medium to which the plant extract was added. The extract exhibited activities at 12.5 mg/ml, killing 33.3\% of the schistosomula worms and killing 100.0\% of the worms at a concentration of 1.6 mg/ml in comparison to MIC value was 1.0 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml exhibited by the positive control \unskip~\citep{844992:19935176}.

\textbf{Mutagenic activities }

\unskip~\citet{844992:19935185} evaluated the mutagenic activities of dichloromethane and 90.0\% methanol extracts of leaf twigs of \textit{A. venosum} using the Ames test, micronucleus test, comet assay and VITOTOX{\textsuperscript{\textregistered}} test. The dichloromethane extract exhibited mutagenicity or DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations in the micronucleus test and comet assay \unskip~\citep{844992:19935185}.\unskip~\citet{844992:19935175} evaluated the mutagenic activities of dichloromethane extract of leaves and twigs of \textit{A. venosum} using the Ames test, micronucleus test, comet assay and VITOTOX{\textsuperscript{\textregistered}} test. The extracts exhibited activities in the micronucleus test and comet assay \unskip~\citep{844992:19935175}.

\textbf{Cytotoxicity activities}

\unskip~\citet{844992:19935164} evaluated the cytotoxicity activities of crude root extracts of \textit{A. venosum } against human adenocarcinoma cells of the cervix (HeLa), human breast cells (MCF-12A), lymphocytes (both resting and stimulated) as well as primary porcine hepatocytes using the using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2- thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The acute systemic toxicity of the crude extract was determined using the BioTox\textsuperscript{TM} and vertebrate test against \textit{Vibrio fischerii } and \textit{Poecilia reticulata}, respectively. The extract exhibited concentration-dependent activities with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC\ensuremath{_{50}}) values of 25.4 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml and 44.0 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml against HeLa and MCF-12A cells, respectively. The extract caused 100\% mortality of the bacterial pathogens indicating that the species is cytotoxic and possesses acute systemic toxicity \unskip~\citep{844992:19935164}. \unskip~\citet{844992:19935184} evaluated the cytotoxicity activities of crude, petroleum ether, dichloromethane and methanol extracts of \textit{A. venosum }roots and stem bark using the brine shrimp lethality test with cyclophosphamide as a positive control. The extracts exhibited activities with half-maximal lethal concentration (LC\ensuremath{_{50}}) values ranging from 25.5 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml to 80.3 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml \unskip~\citep{844992:19935184}.
    
\section{Conclusions}
This review showed that several phytochemicals characterize A. venosum and the species exhibited antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antischistosomal, mutagenic and cytotoxicity activities. However, the majority of these biological activities lack bio guided isolation strategies and mechanisms of action. Therefore, future research should focus on pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action and structural activity relationships of the compounds of the species. Future research should also focus on animal experiments aimed at assessing toxicity and clinical efficacy of species extracts. 
    
\section{Acknowledgement}
I am grateful to the reviewers who kindly commented on my manuscript.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest for this study.

\textbf{Funding Support}

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study.
    

\bibliographystyle{pharmascope_apa-custom}

\bibliography{\jobname}
\end{document}
