Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is metabolic disorders with booming prevalence worldwide, caused by insufficient insulin secretion or decreased sensitivity to insulin in peripheral tissues. According to the data of International Diabetes Federation (IDF) (Zhou, Tong, & Liu, 2019), about 425 million adults in the world have diabetes in 2017, and the diabetic population is expected to reach 693 million people by 2045. In addition, the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) among adults aged 20–79 in 2017 was 7.3%, and it is expected to reach 8.3% by 2045. Four million people died of diabetes and its complications in 2017, accounting for 10.7% of the total worldwide deaths. Diabetic patients suffering from various symptoms, such as increased urine output, thirst, weight loss, and weakness can't have a normal quality of life like others (Masrar, 2018). On the other hand, in 2017, the healthcare expenditure of diabetes and its complications around the world was hundreds of billions of dollars. It can be seen that diabetes not only seriously endangers human health but also brings a heavy financial burden to individuals, families and society. Hypoglycemia and prevention of diabetes and complications have become the focus of scientific research. In many factors that influence the development of diabetes, nutritional treatments, compared with factors such as genetics, can be modified and proved effective (Grosso, 2018). Many studies have shown that Mol oats, as recommended whole grains, have remarkable hypoglycemic effects (Wang, 2019). In 2014, Bao and others came to a conclusion by 15 randomized controlled studies (from the US, Canada and Europe) that compared with foods such as wheat, daily intake of more than 3 mg oat β-glucan (equivalent to more than 60 g oats) for more than eight weeks can significantly reduce fasting insulin, blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels (Wang, Wang, Zhang, & Li, 2019). This shows that other components in oats may play an important role in blood glucose regulation. In recent years, it has been found that bioactive peptides have many remarkable physiological functions and activities (Mir, Ahmad, Allu, & Sistla, 2018). Compared with proteins, bioactive peptides have simpler structures, higher stability, and lower or no immunogenicity. Domestic and foreign scholars have isolated numerous peptides with hypoglycemic function from natural plants and animals (Masrar, 2018). The protein content in oats is 10–20% (Guan, 2018), which is about twice that of rice, wheat and cornmeal. Oat protein contains 18 kinds of amino acids, and the essential amino acid composition is relatively balanced and comprehensive. For example, lysine is as high as 0.75 g/100 g, which is inferior to other grain crops (Grosso, 2018). Therefore, oat protein is considered to be a better grain protein (Bensalah, Harrat, & Affane, 2018), and also a raw material for preparing high-quality OOPs. At present, however, there is little research on the effect of oat oligopeptides on blood glucose. Meanwhile, there is no study on micturition frequency measurement in diabetic rats as yet. This study will also focus on micturition frequency changes in diabetic rats with OOPs intervention.

Methodology

Experimental animal

Mature male rats Sprague-Dawley. Before the experiment began, male rats were allowed to adapt for a week to the atmosphere of the animal house. Animals ate the quality chow during the experiment and drank spontaneously.

Preparation of n-butanol

Ministry of Agriculture, Iraq (SBSTC) bought oats (Avena sativa) from the local market (Harborne, 1984). According to Soxhlet's equipment, a butane flavor extract was prepared from the methanol extract. Use one weight unit of flavor, extract methanol. Stored in a dry electric refrigerator (40 ° C and 50 to 60 rpm). The dried extract was extracted, and deep freezing was maintained (Guan, 2018).

Induction of diabetes in rats

Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats by 230 to 250 g (60 days) were used to induce diabetes by used Streptozotocin (Mansford & Opie, 1968). The animals were injected with STZ (60 mg/kg b.w., i.p.).

The design of Experimental

Non-diabetic eight male rat and twenty-four STZ rats in each direction were identified to four equal treated for 4 weeks as follows

Subcellular fluid

Immerse water in liver tissue until there is a purple color. Tissue was homogenized by 20 strokes up and down during the bottom glass mill (Ayako & Fridovich, 2002).

Evaluation of ALT and AST activity

Assessment of quantitative chemical analysis methodology was conducted by victimization (Reitman & Frankel, 1957).

Evaluation of total GSH activity

The decreased chromagen absorbance concentration of GSH (Burtis & Ashwood, 1999).

Evaluation of enzyme (SOD) activity in liver subcellular fluid

SOD concentrations were evaluated by victimization (Winterbourn, Hawkins, Brian, & Carrell, 1975).

Evaluation of enzyme (CAT) activity in liver subcellular fluid

CAT activity was evaluated by measuring according to (Aebi, Wyss, Scherz, & František, 1974).

Evaluation of macromolecule peroxidation

Perioxidation product concentration malondialdehyde (MDA) accordance with (Carlberg & Mannervik, 1975).

Glutathione reductase activity

This was evaluated using the technique (Carlberg & Mannervik, 1975).

Glutathione-transferase activity

The technique of estimating protein (Habig, Pabst, & Jakoby, 1974; Lowry, Rosebrough, Farr, & Randall, 1951).

Statistical analysis

Experiment data were evaluated using one-way variance assessment (SPSS) using F-test (Scheffler, 1979). To value less than 0.05.

Results and Discussion

Body weight gain

Body weight gain In all groups, the rats body weight at the start of the research was comparable. At the (Figure 1) untreated diabetic rodents had a considerably lower weight gain (p < 0.05) (2 7 .5 ± 2 .56 g) compared to rats in other groups (G1: 1 20 .2 ± 2 .63 g; G3: 90 .7 ± 4 .55 g; and G4: 9 7 .9 ± 2 .84 g).

Blood glucose

At the (Figure 2) no significant differences between groups G3 and G4, but control rats recorded a significant lower level.

Evaluation ALT and AST activity

As in Table 1, the diabetic group showed a significant increase in ALT concentration (p < 0.05) and normalized AST concentration in liver tissue, while both enzymes were normalized by n-butanol seed extract fraction and insulin therapy.

Evaluation anti-oxidant activity

Diabetic group showed significantly increased GSH, MDA , SOD ,CAT,Gr and GSH-transferase concentrations (p < 0.05) and decreased GSH-reductase activity (p < 0.05). All antioxidant enzyme activity was normalized by oat seed N-butanol extract and insulin therapy (Table 2).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Avena sativa seed extract in male rats caused by STZ dose. The use of this compound to cause diabetes (Panhwar & Begum, 2018) and oxidative stress (Junod, Lambert, Stauffacher, & Renold, 1969). since it was discovered that STZ possesses the characteristics of diabetes by destroying beta-pancreatic cells. In the laboratory gaskets. Recent studies have shown that oat seed extract works to lower blood lipids and antioxidants because there is free radicals (Zhang, 2005). The hypoglycemic effect of oat seed extract, which contains antioxidants of phenolic compound in oat seeds (Singh & Handa, 1995) or may suggest high standards of alkaloids and flavonoids in oat seed-butanol extract (Häring & Vinck, 2000). responsible for the effect of oral hypoglycemia included in this paper. It has been suggested that strong lipid peroxide by modified collagen gene expression can be linked between tissue injury and cirrhosis (Poli, Parola, Leonarduzzi, & Pinzani, 1993). Pure oxygen in diabetes due to hyperglycemia, which generates free radicals after auto-oxidation of the disease, oxygen-free radical production was shown by STZ (Ivorra, Paya, & Villar, 1989). Types of Diabetes Previous tests was an increase in lipid peroxide in the liver of diabetic and kidney in rats (Hussein, 2012). They were able to strengthen themselves rat treated with STZ subcellular cell concentration in ALT while rats group that treated with n-butanol and insulin reduced the level of the same enzyme. On the other hand (Venkateswaran & Pari, 2002) was discovered oat extract had no side effects, so that weight loss or impaired liver function, as evidenced by subcellular ALT and AST activity. The antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, Gr, GSH-transferase and GSH-reductase) (Wang et al., 2019) and non-enzymatic (GSH) are studied here in the content of subcellular GSH in the liver of rat treated with n-butanol and insulin may be associated with inhibition of lipid fracture of tissues of this organs. GSH plays an important role in the antioxidant cellular system because there is free radicals and other reactive oxygen types of metabolic activity (Zhou, 2004). During diabetes, we observed a significant reduction in GSH liver (G2 group). (Zhou, 2004). Reduced growth hormone levels in the body are associated with increased use due to reactive oxidative stress (Baynes & Thorpe, 1999). GSH concentrations in the liver may reduce antioxidant activity such as GSH as the mainstay of this vital activity (Anuradha & Selvam, 1993). The level of MDA concentration SOD, GR, CAT and GSH-transferase concentration and are determined in rat induced by diabetic STZ in response to oxidative pressure in both lipid peroxide.

The depletion of GSH in the liver reduces the metabolism of antioxidants, such as GSH as a base material for this activity (Winterbourn et al., 1975). The concentration of MDA and the antioxidant protection mechanism imagined by SOD, GR, Cat and GSH-transfer are determined in rat caused by STZ diabetes in response to the oxidative forces in both lipid peroxides. These results were controlled. SOD and CAT activity are main enzymes that contain free radicals from the toxins from it. Previous experiments revealed a low level of diabetes in SOD (Vucic, William, Kaiser, Harvey, & Miller, 1997). Absolute oatmeal intake has been active in controlling free radicals where N-butanol is rich in flavonoids that mains, a globally known antioxidant. (Middleton, Kandaswami, & Theoharides, 2000). This free radical scan CAT is an enzyme that converts toxins into hydrogen peroxide in water. The concentration of CAT in malignant species was reduced, and SOD could be improved in n-BF treated rat due to improved GSH ratio restored. This intervention may include cellular metabolic processes. Some studies have identified the relationship between the efficacy of high xanthine oxidase (XOD) and oxygen root formation for diabetes (Masrar, 2018). XOD inhibitors are recognized that reduce oxidative stress in diabetes. XOD inhibitors in clinical practice are known to reduce oxidative stress in diabetes. N-butanol oat seed extract can interact with the active subtypes of Cl3OO, making the activity of XOD, SOD and CAT enzymes. For positive results on flavonoids. N-BF oat seed extract can be extracted with Cl3OO subtypes, making the activity of XOD, SOD and CAT enzymes. For positive results on flavonoids. In rats treated with thioacetamide in addition to insulin, an effect was observed on the liver of oats (Mir et al., 2018). Inner flavonoids can interfere with metabolism by free radical scavenging or by weakening the microenvironment enzyme necessary for this metabolism at the beginning of the stage of peroxide.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that whole oats (Avena sativa) has a positive effect. The effect is beneficial, as an antihyperglysimia and effective Antioxidant agent in the diabetes experience Male rat used for 4 weeks. Further investigation is needed Conducted in order to recommend the use of oats in the clinical features of a different disease or Tough conditions.