Introduction

The role of medicinal plants as primary tools in the preservation of health as well as prevention and management of diseases is realised with alarming concern in recent days. (Pradeep, Manojbabu, & Palaniswamy, 2008) Maximum person shurt at roughly time in their life by restricted incidents of disease in the entrance produced by the inequity in the arrangement of their usual oral flora. (Susumu & Hiroshi, 2005) These illnesses comprise dental caries, periodontic illnesses and oral candidiasis. (Nisengard & Newman, 1994) Oral hygiene is a great problem in today's world because of improper nutrition, junk food, the time interval in between meals, improper brushing and various habits like use of Tobacco chewing, Smoking etc. This all disturbs environment of the oral cavity, which is suitable to develop different oral pathogens. In excess of 700 dissimilar bacterial classes is recognized by human oral crater and the popular of them are connected by dental plaque. (He & Shi, 2009)

These oral pathogens creates simple to sever periodontal disease, which may lead to various diseases of the oral cavity such as Subgingival plaque, Enamel caries and Dental plaque. (Ismail, 2014)

Few measures can be followed to avoid periodontal diseases

• Brush correctly on a systematic foundation at least two times every day.

• Flossing every day and by means of interdental brushes.

• Using a lenient toothbrush to stop injury to tooth coating and delicate gums.

• Avoid tobacco chewing and Smoking.

• Avoid junk foods.

• Steady dental check-up and expert teeth are scrubbing as compulsory. (Shama & Prasanna, 2014)

The Treatment of oral disease includes clinical Treatment like scaling, root planning, synthetic antibiotics therapy for examples Amoxicilline, doxycycline, metronidazole, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin etc.

Drawbacks and Side effects of synthetic drugs

The Treatment for periodontitis is non-surgical scaling which may remove subgingival bacteria but fail to remove pathogenic organisms located in the subepithelial gingival tissue.

Moreover, periodontal pathogens now and again colonize oral mucosa, tongue and furrow joint dorsum, tonsils. (Jain, Mohan, & Bj, 2014) Flouride might get a chance to be used to control caries with effectiveness and wellbeing in regards to all wellbeing alternately dental side impacts, for example, fluorosis.

Flouride accessible in the ionic manifestation in the oral pit will balance the mineral misfortunes brought about by corrosive generation in the biofilm, prompting those precipitations of the less dissolvable mineral stage fluorapatite in the tooth root structure. When accessible at the very low focus in the mouth, fluoride might actuate the precipitation for minerals looking into teeth. Long use of fluorides leads to discolouration of teeth with white spots on tooth enamel. (Tenuta & Cury, 2010)

In modern dentifrices, the herbal drugs are used like Acacia nilotica (babul), Salvadora persica (meswak), Ficus religiosa (banyan), Azadirachta indica (neem), Malus Domestica (apple), Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice). (Sagar, 2015)

Some plants have shown good activity against oral organism and are used in dental disorders they are Arctium lappa, Black Cohosh (Rhizoma Cimicifugae), Black pepper (Piper nigrum), Arecanut. (Tinujoshy, Kuppuswamy, & Peter, 2015)

Psidium cattleianum, (Júnior et al., 2011) Luffa operculata, Peltophorum pterocarpum, (Jagessar, Monamed, & Gomes, 2007) Bioaron C, (Anna & Anna, 2014) Cinnamomum cassia, Allium sativum, (Abdallah, 2011) Cassia fistula Linn, Ficus glomerata Roxb, Ricinus communis Linn. (Panja & Patra, 2011) These are some of the plant and plant products having antimicrobial activity on anaerobic and aerobic pathogens.

Similarly, Psidium guajava leaf, fruits and bark extract has been shown antimicrobial activity. (Ofodile et al., 2013) Mentha piperita is another plant which is used in food preparations and also has an antimicrobial effect. (Indian Drug Manufactures’ Association, 2002)

There are scanty of reports of Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita fresh leaf juice on Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi).

So this learning is planned to appraise the antimicrobial effectiveness of the fresh leaves juice of Psidium guajava and Mentha Piperita.

Materials and Methods

Collection and authentication of plant materials

In the present study, the matured leaves of Psidium guajava belonging to family Myrtaceae and Mentha piperita belonging to family Lamiaceae were collected from fields around Belgaum city in the month April-May and were authenticated by taxonomist Dr Harsha Hegde and the herbarium has been preserved at the regional medicinal centre.

The authentication number for Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita is RMRC-1338 and RMRC-1339, respectively.

Preparation of fresh juice

The fresh leaves were collected from fields of Belgaum and washed thoroughly with water. The leaves are then taken grounded to obtain fresh juice. It is stored in a closed vessel for further studies.

Antimicrobial study

The antimicrobial property of Psidium gaujava and Mentha piperita was done by using the following anaerobic oral pathogens like Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi).

Disc diffusion Method

Agar plates were brought on room temperature preceding use. Utilizing a loop, the states were exchanged of the plates. Outwardly turbidity balanced with juices on the rise to a 0. 5 McFarland turbidity standard that need been vortexed. Alternatively, institutionalized those suspensions with a photometric gadget. Inside 15 min about changing those inoculums to a McFarland 0. 5 turbidity standard, sterile cotton swab might have been dipped under those inoculums And turned it against the divider of the tube over the fluid to uproot abundance inoculum. Whole surface about agar plate might have been swabbed three times, pivoting plates pretty nearly 60ºC between streaking to guarantee Significantly dissemination. Inoculated plate might have been permitted will stand for no less than 3 minutes. Be that never again over 15 min preceding making wells. Empty tube might have been made of 5mm diameter, warmed. Pressed it ahead over inoculated agar plate And evacuated it instantly by making a great in the plate. Likewise, six wells arranged with respect to every plate. 75, 50, 25, 10 and 5µl by compound might have been included under those particular wells around each plate. Plates were incubated inside 15 min by intensifying provision. Plates were altered. Also stacked them close to five helter skelter. At last, incubated to 24-48 hrs In 37ºC On hatchery. Breadth might have been measured about restraint zone on a closest entire millimeter by holding the measuring gadget.

Smallest repressive attentiveness (SRA)

9 dilutions by each drug must have a chance to be done with Thioglycollate stock for MIC. In the beginning tube, 20 microliters for drug might have been included under those 380 microliters of Thioglycollate juices. To dilutions, 200 microliters about Thioglycollate juices might have been included under those following 9 tubes independently. Then starting with those starting tube, 200 microliters might have been exchanged of the principal tube holding 200 microliters of Thioglycollate juices. This might have been acknowledged as 10-1 weakening. Starting with 10-1 weakened tube, 200 microliters might have been exchanged with the second tube will aggravate 10-2 weakening. The serial weakening might have been repeater dependent upon 10-9 weakening for each drug. Starting with those looked after stock societies by needed organisms, 5 microliters might have been made and included under 2ml for Thioglycollate stock. In every serially weakened tube, 200 microliters about over society suspension might have been included. Those tubes were incubated for 24 hours also watched to turbidity. (Schwalbe, 2007)

Results

Both the fresh leaves juice was exposed to qualitative test for the attendance of numerous phytochemical residents: The Psidium guajava leaves juice found presence of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Amino acids, Steroids, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Tannins and Phenolic compounds whereas Mentha piperita leaves juice found presence of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Glycosides, Flavonoids and Alkaloids.

The In vitro antimicrobic doings of Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita against anaerobic pathogens and the action abilities stayed quantitatively measured by the attendance or nonappearance of reserve zones, zone diameters and MIC standards. In Table 1, Psidium guajavaand Mentha piperita has shown maximum inhibition zones for Fn, Pg and Pi at 75 µl concentration. Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita has the highest effect on Pg as compare other pathogens. The maximum inhibition of zones against Fn for Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita juice was 15mm and 11mm respectively. The maximum inhibition of zones against Pg for Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita juice was 19mm and 15mm respectively. The maximum inhibition of zones against Pi for Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita juice was 18mm and 14mm respectively.

In Table 1, the MIC values against Fn for Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita juice were

3.12 µl and 12.5 µl, respectively. The MIC values against Pg for Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita juice were 3.12µl and 6.25µl, respectively. The MIC values against Pi for Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita juice were 3.12µl and 6.25 µl respectively. This shows Psidium guajava juice has better antimicrobial effects on Fn, Pg, and Pi than Mentha piperita juice.

Discussion

The current study is aimed to discover antimicrobial action of leaves of Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita. It is observed that these plants have been used traditionally for its antiulcer action, antidiabetic action, antineoplastic action anti-inflammatory action, antioxidant activity etc.

The phytochemical analysis of Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita leaves revealed the presence of active constituents in Psidium guajava leaves juice like carbohydrate, proteins, amino acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides and tannins whereas in Mentha piperita like carbohydrate, proteins, flavonoids, glycosides and alkaloids.

In the present study, are anaerobic pathogens namely Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia of antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita.

Antimicrobial operators’ demonstration specifically with respect to key microbial capacities with negligible impacts alternately without influencing host works. Separate antimicrobial operators’ enactment in distinctive routes. Antimicrobial operators might have a chance to be portrayed by whichever bacteriostatic or bactericidal.

Bacteriostatic antimicrobial operators best restrain the Growth or duplication of the microscopic organisms providing for the safe framework of the group period should reasonable them from the framework. Finish disposal of the microscopic organisms in this instance Hence will be subject to those abilities of the safe framework. Bactericidal operators murder the microscopic organisms And Hence with alternately without a skillful safe framework of the host, those microscopic organisms will be dead.

Antimicrobial operators can be sorted further dependent upon the structure of the microscopic organisms alternately those work that is influenced by those operators. These incorporate by those following: restraint of the cell divider synthesis, restraint by ribosome function, restraint by nucleic corrosive synthesis, restraint about folate metabolism, restraint of cell layer work. (Byarugaba, 2009)

Research is still going on to know the constituents responsible for this activity. Reports show that Antimicrobial activity is because of the presence of flavonoids, steroids and tannins. The flavonoids are the derivative compound of benzopyrane. These are commonly found in various parts of plants and are rich in leaves. Flavonoids are having antioxidant properties. These flavonoids are reported to possess various pharmacological activities and also have Antibacterial activity. Flavonoids rich plants are used as antimicrobial agents. (Cushnie & Lamb, 2005; Dogan, 2017)

Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita leaves coumarins, essential oil, flavonoids, triterpenes and ellagitannins which known to have antimicrobial properties. (Garode & Waghode, 2014) In the present study, the effect of each drug is seen on anaerobic bacteria which is not evaluated earlier.

However, further studies need to be carried out to confirm the chemical constituents responsible for the antibacterial effect.

Conclusion

The present study is aimed to explore the Antimicrobial activity of leaves of Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita by using perio pathogens. On phytochemical analysis, fresh leaves juice of Psidium guajava confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. Whereas leaves juice of Mentha piperita carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids are confirmed respectively. In the present study with the referred to the obtained result the fresh juice of Psidium guajava leaves remains more antimicrobial activity compared to Mentha piperita attributed to the presence of phytoconstituent most like Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Tannins, Amino acids, Glycosides and steroids. All these phytoconstituents already have been reported with Antimicrobial activity. The present findings indicate that these plants are utilized in the Treatment of periodontal diseases, further studies need to be carried out to confirm it clinically.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest for this study.

Funding Support

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study.