Introduction

Zingiber officinale roscae (ginger) is a well-known tropical and sub-tropical shrub medical plant. It belongs to the Family: zingerberaca which contains about 1200 species in 50 genera belongs to monocotyledon family. It is semi-woody perennial rhizome plant about 3-4 mm higher. It grows rapidly in all the parts and of used for flavor and as therapeutic agents. This plant contains a wide variety of biologically active compounds, non-active compounds called phytochemicals, moreover it contains 400 compounds (Gupta, 2010; Mele, 2019) which include alkaloids, saponins, steroids, tannins, glycosides, amnioacids, proteins, vitamins which is widely used and has the properties like anticancer, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective , hepto-protective activity, antiemetic, analgesic, hypotensive, antioxidant etc. (Ugwoke & Nzekwe, 2011). This plant is being used from ancient times to treat various disorders like diabetes, snakebites, stomach disorder, toothaches respiratory disorders, bleedings and skin burns.

Materials and Methods

Collection & preparations of the samples

The rhizome of zingiber officinale (ginger) were collected from a farm near Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. The collection of the sample was done by plucking the plants from the soil and placed into a plastic bag. The collected samples were washed and then dried, powdered and stored.

The Apparatus and reagent

The analysis of Na, Manganese, Fe, Cr, Cd, Lead, N, Hg (Table 1) were done by atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

To quantify the level of Sodium was done by flame photometer using standard Enlrich volumetric concentrated metallic ion calibration method. All the chemical reagents were grade checked and double distilled water were used.

Quantitative and Qualitative analysis -Gas chromatography technique and mass spectroscopy analysis

It consists of gc-2010 gas chromatography. The components were separated on Rtx-MS quartz capillary (60M x0.26M) with the cross band 95%. Dimethyl poly silicone at stationary phase 80 degree for 1min. 0.3mµ volume of sample injections with spilt ratio 1: 20 for 30mins.

This analysis is used for quantitative and qualitative compositions of the extract (Akindahunsi & Salawu, 2005; Bora & Sharma, 2010).

Phytochemical screening

To analyze the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids, phlobotannins were carried out by method harbored.

Alkaloid

5g of ginger extract with 5 ml of pure honey was mixed with 5ml of 1% aqueous HCL stream 1ml few drops of dragged off reagent. The presence of blue-black color turbidity indicates that the presence of alkaloids.

Saponin

5grams of ginger extract with 5 ml honey was shaken with distilled water it results frothing, presence of saponins.

Tannins

5grams of ginger extract with 5-6ml honey with distilled water and filtered. Tannins results Blue black color appearance.

Phlobotannins

Observation of red precipitate, determine that phlobo-tannins is present.

Flavonoids

5 ml of dilute of ammonium solution were added with filt. Con. H₂ SO₄ inside of the test tube. Yellow colorations -determine that the presence of flavonoids.

Steroids

2 ml of acidic hydride with 0.5grams of extracts with 5ml of con.H₂SO_{4 ,} were added inside of the test tube. The presence of violet coloration results steroid.

Terpenods

0.6 grams of ginger extract with 2ml of chloroform was added with con.H₂SO₄ results brown coloration.

Results and Discussion

The Phytochemical analysis of zingiber officinalis shows with peak value of the chemical composition of the extract by CG-MS facilitate to identify the bioactive compounds (Ajedi, Widodo, Widyarti, & I, 2019). The major substance which are present in the ethanolic extract (Table 2, Table 4, Table 5), (Rahmani, Al, & Aly, 2014) were Gingiberene (20.4%), Beta- seiquphelendene (12.1%), Curcumin (11.2%), Glycohexanonal (0.6%), Gingerol (4.46%), Shagoal (7.45%) and etc. The methanolic petroleum ether extract were Gingiberene (15.4%), Beta- seiquphelendene (18.1), Curcumen (11.2%), Glycohexanonal (0.6%), Gingerol (4.46%), Shagoal (7.45%), Cadinene (1.2%) etc. (Ajedi et al., 2019) are present.

Phytochemical screening

To analyze the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, phlobotannins were present (Table 3) in the methanolic and ethanolic and petroleum ether extract (Morakinyo, Oludare, Aderinto, & Tasdup, 2011) in the absence of steroids (Bora et al., 2010).

The glycoside plays the vital role to the support its strength and the rate of contraction, alkaloids have more physiological effects on the humans is more used in the relief of pain, saponions (Table 2) shows the strong expectorant and it help in the absorption of nutrient. Flavoids were possess more antioxidant properties to strengthen the capillary walls. Overall, the phytochemical and bioactive compounds of the zingiber officinalis (Uddin, Kim, Lee, & Park, 2013) shows many properties like anticancer, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepto-protective activity, antifungal, antibacterial, Gastro-protective activity (Weidner & Sigwart, 2000).

Spectrophotometer is to analysis the mineral elements (Table 1) which are zingiber officinalis like iron, sodium, zinc, calcium, Mn, Cr, Cd,Hg and N. Zingiber officinalis contain less amount of iron(26.6%g), low amount of mercury and zinc. The amount of sodium which present in zingiberofficinalis 31.2% and calcium [1] obtained more amount 47.60%, its plays important role for blood coagulation and also for the intracellular component.

Conclusion

Zingiber officinalis extract solvents of various forms have more pharmacological values, because it contains alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, phlobatannin and other essential compounds. So it is considered to be a potential source of medicinal herbs. We can extend research on its properties.