Introduction

Women are a gift of god. Nature had form series of conversion from her birth up to death, which comprises menarche, pregnancy, labour, motherhood, pre-menopause, menopause and post-menopausal stages (Swamy et al., 2017).

Bone metabolism is a dynamic and continuous process to maintain a balance between the resorption of old and injured bone initiated by Osteoclasts and the formation of new bone under the control of Osteoblasts.

Early adulthood, formation exceeds resorption because bone density increases and then plateaus until the age of 30 to 40 years. Henceforth, resorption exceeds formation and bone density decreases through the rest of life, which in turn may lead to osteoporosis, (Indumati, Patil, & Jailkhani, 2007).

Osteoporosis can lead to important clinical outcomes, adversely affecting the quality of life of people and is a frequent cause of pain, spinal deformity, inadequate or severe functional loss and increased fracture risk. (Marchese et al., 2012).

In women, it has been postulated that menopause is followed by an sudden decrease in bone mass and density within a year. Osteoporosis, depicted as low bone mass leading to increased fracture risk, is a major health problem that affects approximately 10 million Americans. The aging U.S. population is predicted to contribute to as much as a 50% increase in prevalence by 2025.

Osteoporotic fracture–related pain and disability affect function and quality of life. (Kling, Clarke, & Sandhu, 2014). Osteoporosis is a major international health problem, accentuated by increasing longevity.

Osteoporosis is estimated to affect 200 million women worldwide-approximately one-tenth of women aged 60, one-fifth of women aged 70, two-fifths of women aged 80 and two-thirds of women aged 90. 1 out of 8 males and 1 out of 3 females in India suffers from osteoporosis, India one of the largest affected countries in the world. (Nikoseet, 2015).

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is a rapid and inexpensive method of measuring bone density. QUS uses high frequency sound waves to measure bone density.

It is cheap, radiation free and quick method of measuring bone density and is a good screening procedure (Najam & Huda, 2012), Plyometric training exercises are designed to develop explosive jumping power and increase speed and power in general.

Plyometric training entails a great impact loading as the before mentioned ground reaction forces, it represents one of the potentially most valued training modality for improving bone mass. The purpose of plyometric studies was to improve bone mass over time periods of 9 weeks. (Gregov & šalaj, 2014).

Regularly performing plyometrics is a major lifestyle measure for osteoporosis prevention. The International Osteoporosis Foundation gives recommendation of exercise schedules, one of which is “45 to 60 minutes of weight-bearing aerobic exercise three days per week (i.e., brisk walking)”.

It’s clear that higher levels of exercises may be associated with additional benefits for bone health, Particularly in young adult women. (Saraví & Sayegh, 2013).

Osteoporosis being a public health problem, basically, regular plyometrics started early in life ensures adequate bone strength and reduces the risk of falling. Nurses play a vital role in preventing this disease thus curtailing its societal ravages. Nurses are purported to value and have an enthusiasm for health promotion.

Statement of the Problem

Plyometrics and lifestyle effects on bone mineral density among premenopausal women demographic and physiological analysis

Objectives

To evaluate the effectiveness of plyometrics on physiological parameters of osteoporosis among premenopausal women

To find out the association between physiological parameters of osteoporosis among premenopausal women with selected demographic variables

Materials and Methods

Study design

The research approach was a Quantitative approach. Design adapted for the study was a true Experimental design with one control group and one experimental group.

Setting and Sampling

The study was conducted among self-help group women from two areas vandalur two zones. The data collection period was from 11/04/2019 to 11/07/2019. 40 self-help group women who meet the inclusion criteria were selected as the sample.

Samples were selected using a simple random sampling technique. From the 9 areas of kanchi women’s sangamam private association, randomly selected 2 urban areas.

In the first phase, 180 premenopausal women were assessed for eligibility by checking the weight, height, Bone mineral density. The subjects were screened for BMD using an ultrasound based on BMD machine.

The machine was portable, reliable, and cost effective and was carried to the and suitable for initial screening180 premenopausal women who did not meet any one of the eligibility criteria were excluded.83 Women met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 40 women were selected by using lottery method.

Inclusion Criteria for the study were premenopausal Women belongs to the age group of 30 to 40 years and Premenopausal women between the age of 30 -40 years residing in selected urban areas during the study. Who were willing to participate in this study. Who are bone mineral density measurement T- scores ranging from -1 to - 2.5, as per Quantitative Ultra Sound Test.

Exclusion Criteria for the study

Women were having cognitive impairment, chronic illness affected with mental health problems who are not willing to participate the plyometrics demonstration. Women who are under Hormonal Replacement Therapy Women who are previously diagnosed as osteoporosis. In post menopausal period

Ethical consideration

The Institutional Ethical Committee approved this study of Saveetha Medical college Hospital (006/04/2019/Institutional Ethical Committee/ Saveetha Medical College Hospital). Setting permission was obtained from kanchi women’s sangamam private self help group association. To ensure anonymity, no name was written in the demographic datasheet. At the beginning of the study, participant information sheet was provided, and informed consent was taken from the study participants.

Instruments

The demographic characteristics of 40 pre-menopausal women in terms of consists of age, marital status, education, religion, no of children, type of family, socioeconomic status, family history of osteoporosis, age of attainment of menarche, mensural regularity, dietary habits, source of information regarding osteoporosis.

The physiological parameters were weight a bathroom scale was used to take the weight. The subjects were weighed barefoot and with minimal clothing on a standard portable bathroom scale. The scale was set to zero before each measurement. Height a perpendicular wall against a flat floor was identified as the field and was marked using fiber tape to an accuracy of 0.1 cm.

The subjects were asked to stand bare feet on the floor against the wall. The feet of the subjects were parallel and with heels, buttocks, shoulders and back of the head touching the wall. The head was held comfortably erect and marked for measuring height with a flat scale touching the top of the head horizontally and its vertical edge flat against the wall.

Measurement of index body mass index was calculated by dividing weight (in kilograms) by the square of the height (in meters) the classification of obtained BMI values (WHO, 2004).

The demonstration of plyometrics was demonstrated by the researcher. The investigator underwent training for six months plyometrics training and certified. The plyometrics that include Hip(strengthening), knee (strengthening), shoulder (resistance) spine(resistance) At the end of the demonstration the same plyometrics will redemo by premenopausal women and pamphlet are issued to the premenopausal women, The pamphlet had pictorial representations. Each wing was divided into two groups, in total 2 groups were formulated. Two groups were selected for demonstration. Each group consists of 10 subjects. The pamphlets are validated for its content, language, clarity, accuracy and feasibility from the experts before its utilization. Reinforcement on every weakened by the researcher. The subjects are instructed to go regular walking 30 minutes per day for 5 days a week. Physical activity will be assessed by using a General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ) in both experimental and control group.

Dietplan:24-hour nutritional recall was done. Calcium rich diet plan were given to the participants as per the directions of a dietician. The daily diary was maintained to monitor the intake of prescribed diet

Data collection

Data collection was done from April 2019 to July 2019 after obtaining permission from the kanchiwomen’s sangamam private association. Women who meet the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned into two groups, one control group and one experimental. Group. The pre-test was done. After the assessment plyometrics was given to the Experimental group. The control group did not receive any response. The post-test was done after 12 weeks of intervention among two groups.

Data analysis

Data was entered in a master data sheet, categorical variables were summarized using frequency and percentage. Quantitative variables are summarized using mean, standard deviation, median. To assess the effectiveness of plyometrics benefits on physiological parameters of osteoporosis, study the association of plyometrics with selected socio demographic variables test and kruskal Wallis test were performed. is p<0.001, considered as statistically significant. Complete data analysis was performed using software (SPSS version20).

Results and Discussion

Demographic characteristics of the participants

Table 1 shows the description of premenopausal women according to their demographic variables in the experimental and control group. In experimental group, with half of women were between the Age 30 to 35 years and 35 to 40 years.17 of them was married and 3 of them widow. In Educational qualification 3 of them were illiterate, ¾ women were primary education and only 2of them high school education. 14 of them in Hindu religion, 4 of them Christian, 2 of them muslim.

In no of children ¾ of them were 1 to 2 children and 5 of them only have 3 to 5 children. In type of family ¾ nuclear family and 5 of them were joint family.12 of them were low socioeconomic status and 8 of them were middle class.18 of them were no family history of osteoporosis and 2 of them have family history of osteoporosis.

In age of attainment menarche <10 years only 12 of them attain menarche in the age 10-13yrs,5 of them were >13 years attain the menarche. ¾ have regular mensuration, only 4 of them have irregular menstruations. Dietary habits ¾ were non vegetarian and only 4 of them were vegetarian. Source of information about osteoporosis only 2 of them were knew about mass media and 18 of them were not known about information about osteoporosis.

In control group, with 6 women were between the Age 30 to 35 years and 14 women 35 to 40 years. 17 of them were married and 3 of them widow. In Educational qualification 2 of them were illiterate, ¾ women were primary education and only 2of them high school education. ¾ of them in Hindu religion, 3 of them Christian, 1 of them muslim.

In no of children ¾ of them were 1 to 2 children and 2 of them only have 1 to 2 children. In type of family ¾ nuclear family and 1 of them were joint family.17 of them were low socioeconomic status and 3 of them were middle class.19 of them were no family history of osteoporosis and 1 of them have family history of osteoporosis.

In age of attainment menarche <10 years only 3 of them attain menarche, In the age 10-13yrs 16 of them were >13years only 1 attain the menarche. ¾ have regular mensuration, only 3 of them have irregular menstruations. Dietary habits ¾ were non vegetarian and only 2 of them were vegetarian.

Source of information about osteoporosis only 1 of them were Knew about mass media and19 of them were not known about information about osteoporosis

Physiological parameters

Table 2 Depicted data regarding body weight of the subjects were measured and body mass index was calculated (BMI, kg/m2). For BMI, the WHO criteria were applied and the percentage of experimental group in pretest overweight 1(5.0%), obese 19(95.0), under weight and normal weight there is no subject and the post test overweight 2(10.0%), obese 18(90.0), under weight and normal weight there is no subject. Control group in pretest and post test, obese 20(100.0), under weight, normal weight and overweight there is no subject.

Table 3 Deals about the plyometrics of the premenopausal women. In pre test experimental group inactive 18(90.0%), moderately inactive 2(10.0%), moderately active and active no subjects in group.

In post test experimental group active 13(65.0%), moderately active 5(25.0%), moderately inactive 2(10.0) and inactive no subjects in group. In pretest and post test control group inactive 18(90.0%), moderately inactive 2(10.0%), moderately active and active no subjects in group. It implies that the BMD is improved and had effect on plyometrics.

Table 4 shows that effectiveness of improving bone health in experimental group there was significant difference between the pretest & posttest level of bone mineral density among pre menopausal women in the experimental and control group.

Association between socio-demographic variables in physiological parameters of osteoporosis

In the present study reveals the association of demographic variables among premenopausal women. Table 5 krustal Wallis test was performed to find out the association between the demographic variables and plyometrics. It reveals that there is significant association activity regarding prevention of osteoporosis. The average of physiological parameters in the plyometrics group during pre-test and post-test as compared to the experimental group (p<0.001).

The primary aims of this randomized controlled trial are to examine the immediate and long-term effects of a 12-weeks supervised group exercise programme on habitual walking speed in older women with osteoporosis (Stanghelle, Bentzen, Giangregorio, Pripp, & Bergland, 2018).

The exercise is essential in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. But we are also of the idea that methods for evaluating the Quality of Life in osteoporotic and osteopenic patients (Marchese et al., 2012).

The exercises appear extremely site-specific, able to increase muscle mass and BMD only in the stimulated body regions. Multicomponent exercises consist of a combination of different methods (aerobics, strengthening, progressive resistance, balancing, and dancing) aimed at increasing or preserving bone mass (Benedetti, Furlini, Zati, & Mauro, 2018).

Exercise have additive effects by increasing bone mineral density, the increase in muscular strength and functional capacity that occurs in response to exercise also reduces the incidence of osteoporotic fractures by reducing the risk of falling. (Metcalfe et al., 2001).

The present study examined the effectiveness plyometrics accord that the experimental group boosts up their bone mineral density. There is a significant difference in the physiological parameters of osteoporosis among premenopausal women.

Conclusions

The pilot study was conducted among premenopausal women among 30 to 40 years. The results reveal that three months of plyometrics significantly improved the bone mineral density among premenopausal women.The experimental group showed more effectiveness compared to the control group. In the present study, statistical analysis was carried out by using Mann Whitney Rank Sum Test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. No ramifications were found in the study. . This pilot study was found feasible for the main study. Participants were very co-operative throughout the study. The pilot study concluded that was an improvement in bone mineral density at the end of intervention. The main study data collection was included after discussing with the experts.